fasle1 moj azmun shimi olgoo

7/23/2019 Fasle1 Moj Azmun Shimi Olgoo

1/41

94 94 93 93 92 92

-1----

1-1-1-

--11-1

-11111

1-----

223222

.3 2 35

:

.-1

.-2

.-3

1

5

2


2/41

:

) (

.2500

.

2500

.

.

.

.

)(

.

.

. )( -1

-2

..

.

.

.

)

10 1

)

.)ZnS( -1

( )Sn( Cl( )2

-2

.) SnCl( )2

)II(

.C

g/ 81 76 10 e

m( ) -3

. g/ 289 109 10 C/ 191 602 10 -4

. cm1310 cm810 -5

.


3/41

3

1

. )(

(2 (

. )(

3

(

(.

4

.

5.

6.

.

7.-2 :-1

.

)

(

)

(

)(

-1

.

-2

.

.

)

(

-3

.-4

).(

X.

.

.-1

.-2

.

-1.

-2

.

. -1

-2

. lm l n

.


4/41

4 :

.1 . ( )

.

2.( ) . ( )

3.

4 > > : > > :

590

.

.6

.7

.)n(

8 lm l n .

.)( sm .

))amu

e0110/0005

100

.

+P11

+11/0073.1837

n1001/0087

. amu1

11 (

14

)

. T T( )4 3

-1

.

. 131-2

.

)

24/2

( Cl3717

)

75/8

( Cl3517

-3

279 -42300().

.

. Al( )13

P( )15

F( )9

-5

. .

) D( )21

( H( )11

. -6

. ) T( )31

(

1. A( ) Z( )

AZ X

o jk UH jk

] Na

2311

12( 11 )11

2. .

3 ( N147

O168

( H( )11

.


5/41

5

4H11 .

.) T31

( H31

( D21

( H21

)(

5.

.

.

6 84 .

1/5 .

.

amuatomicmassunit7

amu C( )= 121112

. C12 1

12 amu.

8 .

.

M a M a

M a a

H NUqH UH o H NUqH HHo j NUqH UH o j NUqH HHo

IUH o INUqH HHo \

] ]

]

( ) ( ) ...

( )

+ + + +

= = + +1 1 2 2

1 2

9.

10.

.:-1

)amu( :-2

.

.:-3

. -1

.-2

) )( -3

. ).

n ):). 1= n-1

n. n

. , , , ...1 2 3

:)

(l-2

l.l .

.ps .

l0123

spdf

lm .:)( lm -3

. , ,+ 1 0 1 lm l =1 . l+ l

.:)( sm -4

.

+1 1

2 2


6/41

6 :

n , , , ,=1 2 3 7l n, , ,= 0 1 1

lm l l, , , ,= +0 sm ,= + 1 1

2 2

l+ =2 1 l( )+ =2 2 1

n =2 n =22

n = n( )= 3

l s

l p

l d

= = =

0 3

1 3

2 3

:

15 (

19

)

. KNO( )3

-1

.

-2 Al( ) Mg( ) Ba( ) Sr( ) Cu( ) -3

.

:-4

>X>>>>>

-5

.

380 .750 380 -6

:.750


7/41

7

20

(

28

)

. -1

: -2

)He( )Ne( ))Ar ))Kr ))Xe ))Rn

21018365486

:-3

Cr( )24

( )Cu29

Mo( )42

( )Ag47

Ar d s[ ] /5 13 4Ar d s[ ] /10 13 4Kr d s[ ] /5 14 5Kr d s[ ] /10 14 5

1.

. .

2.

n =2 3.)n(

4

.

X g X g e IE kJ mol( ) ( ) ( . )+ + 11

5.

6

. .

7:

+1 =

=


8/41

1 2426

2

17

.

( .20( 12

1-

. )1

.)2

. )3

.)4

2-

.)

.

)

.)

.)

4 )4 3 )3 2 )2 1 )1

3-

. )1

.)2

)3.

. )4

4-

CA)1

.A

. CAB)2

AC)3

. C

B)4

.

5-

.

)1

.)2

.)3

. )4

6-

.)

. )

.)

(.

)4

)3

)2

)1


9/41

9

-7 157.29 A

108 64 )4 93 49 )3 108 49 )2 93 64 )1

8-

.

X

.

-- )2 )1--

--)4 --)3

9-. Se34

amu79 .8

amu

89 )4 88 )3 76 )2 79 )1

10-

.

)1

.)2

. )3

12/000. )4

11-:

)1

.

. )2

. )3

.

)4

12-

)). )1

. )2

. )3

)4

.

13-

.)1

.

lm

)2

)3n.

. l( )+2 1 lm )4

-14

. )1

)2

.

Kr36

p4 s3 )3

.

.

)4


10/41

10 :

15-

.ps)

(.

.)

.

NiCO28 3

Mg OH( )12 2

lm (

)4 )3 )2 )1

16- d3 p2

Sc21

)4 V23

)3 Fe26

)2 Cu29

)1

17-.28 A+

)1A.

. A+ )2

. A)3

. Ar d s[ ] 10 13 4 A+ )4

18- sm = 1

2 sm = +

1

2

D23

)4 C24

)3 B49

)2 A52

)1

-19

.

.

n =2

l =1

9

)1

. )2

.s )3

.)4

20-

. Ar d[ ] 103 )1

. )2

. sm = 1

2 sm = +

1

2)3

.

)4

............................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................................


11/41

22630

2

18.

( .20( 14

1- .

.

- - )2 - - )1

- - )4 - - )3

2-

. )

)

.

)

.

.)

4 )4 3 )3 2 )2 1 )1

3-

)1

.

. 84 )2

. ZnS( ) )3

. )4

4-

4

2

Ce25258

).(

246 )4 244 )3 236 )2 248 )1

5-

. )1

. )2

. )3

)4

.


12/41

12 :

6-

0

90 )( )1

.

. m1510 m1010 )2

. )3

. )4

7-

. )2( ))1 )1

)2.

D O2

100 H O2

100 )3

.

D O2

)4

.

8-B

B +3

A 80 2

75 )4 85 )3 81 )2 79 )1

9- O( )3

O O O, ,18 17 16

)( .

7 18 )4 6 18 )3 7 10 )2 6 10 )1

10-

amu/106 9 . amu/107 86

48

/108 9 )4 /109 1 )3 /109 4 )2 /108 7 )1

11-

.

Ni28

Se34

)

.

)

. (s

.( )+1 As33

)

amu/0 00054 1500 (

.

amu/3 996 He4

2

4 )4 3 )3 2 )2 1 )1

12-

. )1

. n =2 n =5 )2

)3

.

.)4

13-

s lm m l n, , ,= = = =1

0 2 32

)2 s lm m l n, , ,= = = =0 0 1 2 )1

s lm m l n, , ,= = = =

13 2 4

2)4

s lm m l n, , ,= + = = =

10 1 1

2)3


13/41

13

14-

. sm )

.

lm (

. n +2 1)

.

l +2 1) )4 )3 )2 )1

15-

S16

( C6

( As33

( Ca20

)

)2 )1

)4 )3

16-

.

979 X 2

.

)

( .

6 16 36 )2 6 16 34 )1

6 18 36 )4 6 18 34 )3

17-

.

n = 3 n =2 A

.)1

. lm =0 )2

. +1 )3

.

26

)4

18- 28 A +3

. n = 3 A16 )1

. A +3 )2

. A +3 )3A

.28 A)4

19- A13

)1

.

)2.

. s3 )3

. IE2 IE

1)4

20-

. d5 f5 s6 )( )1

.p)2

.X)3

.

)4


14/41

33033

2

19

( .20( 16 .

1-)90- )

. )1

. )2

)3

.

. ZnS( ) )4

2-

. )1

. )2

.)3

.)4

3-)94 - )

. )1

.12 1920 )2

2000 )3

.

.)4

4-

.

)91 -

(

3 2 1 )1

2 2 1 )2

2 3 2 )3

3 1 2 )4

5-

. )1

. )2

.)3

.

)4


15/41

15

6-

.3/5 )()

. g100 g100 )

. (

.

l

m )

. Ar d[ ] 1018

3 )

4 )4 3 )3 2 )2 1 )1

7-

amu/55 8 amu59 amu55 )1

.20

.)2

.AlFP10 )3

.)4

8-

60

46

Ag( )+

amu

)93 - )

, ,107 107 107 )4 , ,107 47 107 )3 , ,106 106 106 )2 , ,106 46 106 )1

DT-9 H( D O2

).

O168

D O2

O188

O168

. amu4 )

.12)

.

g H O2100

100g)

. )

4 )4 3 )3 2 )2 1 )1

10-)92 -

(

.)1

.)2

. )3

. sm lm l n )4

11-

.

)1

.

)2

n = 3

. n =2

n = 3 n =4 )3

. n =5 n =6

.

)4


16/41

16 :

12-

.)1

.)2

)3.

.)4

13-.

n n)

l l)

s3 lm =0 p2 lm ( )= +1 )

)

4 )4 3 )3 2 )2 1 )1

14-

. l+4 2 )1

.8 A d93 A +64 2 )2

)3

.

.5 2 4 nl d4 )4

-15 V23

)90 - ( ).( . n = 3 sm = +1

2

, ,7 10 13 )4 , ,7 1113 )3 , ,6 1114 )2 , ,6 10 14 )1

16- s p2 34 4 A

. lm =0 15 )1

.33 )2

.

d3

)3.)4

17- 3619

4 )4 3 )3 2 )2 1 )1

18-)89 - )

Ga +331

)4 Zn +230

)3 Cu+29

)2 Ni +228

)1

19-sm . A

A

654321

2845072305000340020101050

kJ mol( . )1

1 )4 + 32

)3 32

)2 )1

20-:

. )1

. )2

n =2 n =6 )3

.

.

amu

)4


17/41

43438

2

20.

( .20( 18

1-)91 - )

)1.

.

)2

.1

2000( )1 )3

. )4

2-)92 - )

) CO2

)

) )

)4 )3 )2 )1

))2-3 )6(

)( .X)5( .

-4 )4 -3 )3 -5 )2 -2 )1

4-)( )(

.

)

(

(

)

)4 )3 )2 )1

5-

.)1

.28 M +138 256

)2

131. )3

90 )4

.


18/41

18 :

6-

C

]

oTH o

U ]H o121

24000 )2

O

ToU IoU nI

IUoQ {I

{

n=

188

1

5)1

]rnk UH o

Uo ]Q o

4 )4M

M

{nHjnIM Inl nI

nIM kM I {nl nI

+=

86 238

3919

15

4

)3

7-.A bY + A X

.YbX)1

.YbX)2

.YX)3

.XY)4

8- H H H ,3 2 11 1 1

O O O ,18 17 168 8 8

21 g mol. 1

)

( .

5 , 4 )4 6 , 3 )3 6 , 4 )2 5 , 3 )1

)-9 241 10 289 10

)93-

( .)1840

3/3921 )4 3/3129 )3 3/1932 )2 3/1239 )1

10-20 g mol/ . 136 8 X18

(

.

70

2018

)90 - ) .) amu1

24 )4 23 )3 22 )2 21 )1

11-

)1.

)2.

.)3

)4.

12-

.)1

.)2

. )3

.

)4

13-

. +2 lm n = 3 )1

)2

.

. sm P15 )3

. )4

14-

)94 - ) . l =2 n =4

lm ,= +3 32 )4 lm ,= 3 16 )3 lm ,= 2 32 )2 lm ,= +2 16 )1


19/41

19

15-

.

n n4 6

n n1 2

)

(

.

.1 Si14

10)

.4

10 )

4 )4 3 )3 2 )2 1 )1

16-)92 - )

)1

. n n6 2

.)2

. 12

+ 12

)3

. n =4 l = 3 lm = 3 )4

17-

. Mn+25

A d43 A +2 )1

.

Zn( )30

)2

.7 Cu29

)3

. TiCl22 4

)4

18- sm = +1

2 l =2 10 . 63A

n =4 l =0 lm =0

.

l =0 6 )133. )2

)3.

. Br35

)4

19-

BA)1

.

2 12 )2

.

n =1

.

l 1= n =2 5 4 3 )3

s2 x)4

.

20-

M24

.

lm 13)

.

3 sm (

.

(6

(s.

4 )4 3 )3 2 )2 1 )1


20/41

53841

2 28

.

.

( .20( 20

1-

.)

. (

(.

. )

4 )4 3 )3 2 )2 1 )1

2-

.

-) -e

m( )-

- ) (-

5 )4 4 )3 3 )2 2 )1

3-:

.

)

.

)

. (

(.

)4 )3 )2 )1

4-

Cl37 Cl36 Cl35 C13 C12 )

.

CCl4

10 CCl4

.8000)

.

amu

1

12

C

12

)

B11 B10 70

(

.

amu/10 3

4 )4 3 )3 2 )2 1 )1

5-

).

.

)

.)

.

)

4 )4 3 )3 2 )2 1 )1


21/41

21

6-

b a)

. ed c

.

)

.

)

. n n6 2

(

4 )4 3 )3 2 )2 1 )1

7-

. )

. lm )

. )

. )

)4 )3 )2 )1

8-

.

-

n =2 -)

-n-n)

-

-

)

qm

- - )

4 )4 3 )3 2 )2 1 )1

)-9

).

.fc )

.fg)

.fc)

.

d b c f < < < (. )

4 )4 3 )3 2 )2 1 )1

10-

. )

.

)

.)

.6

10 )

4 )4 3 )3 2 )2 1 )1


22/41

22 :

11-

.-)

(-

(-

-

)

(-

(-

5 )4 4 )3 3 )2 2 )1

12-

. )

. O g O g e( ) ( )+ + +2 )

. sm = +1

2 )

. n)

4 )4 3 )3 2 )2 1 )1

13-

M22

. Ar d[ ] 418

3 )

. lm = +1 )

. IIB (

.

Cr24

sm = +1

2

lm =0 )

4 )4 3 )3 2 )2 1 )1

14-

.

3

)

. CaCl20 2

FeCl26 3

lm )

.)

. Ar d s[ ] 10 118

3 4 )

4 )4 3 )3 2 )2 1 )1

X4Y.-15 Y X+

YX

.

2)

.2)

.2)

.

)

)4 )3 )2 )1

16-

.

Cl17

O8

)

.

1

2

sm (

lm lm (

.

. sm = 1

2 sm = +

1

2 (

)4

)3

)2

)1


23/41

23

17-

.

+3 Ar18

)

(l )0 . lm

l

l

n(

l =0 l

m =0 Ag+ Ag47

(

. n =6

.32 l, =6 )

4 )4 3 )3 2 )2 1 )1

18-

.

.-20 - A +52 3 )

.-24 - B60 )

.

(-C-33

.

D

-

-D

)

4 )4 3 )3 2 )2 1 )1

19-

. Cl g Cl g e( ) ( )+ +2

1

2)

.

n = n =1 (

. IE7

IE6

S16

)

l =2 Ti22

)

. n = 3

)4

)3

)2

)1

20-

. Zn30

sm = +1

2 Se

34 lm =0 )

sm Br35 sm lm (

.

. Ar18

sm = 1

2 Y

39 n =4 )

.

8 Fe26

)

4 )4 3 )3 2 )2 1 )1

............................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................................


24/41

1

1 -. 3

2 -.

)

(

)

( )

(

3

:

.

)

3 - 2

.)( .

4 -:

4

.

)

( C )( ACA:)3( ))1

.

CB A:)2(

.

) B A C> > ) )( B:)4(

5 - 1

. )( .

6 -:

2

.:.:1

)(

:2:.. )(

:

.

90

:3

)

( .

( .(

7 -1

P ZN P N

N P P Z=+ = = = = =

157 93

29 64

.

8 -X 3

..

9

-

.

A A>( ) A Se

34

A Se34

3

:8

A

pSe

N p N N

= = = =

34

34

8 34 8 42

A Se A p N amu = + = + = 34

34 42 76 :

:

A

M M ASe Se

F F

= = = = =

?1 276

34 341 2

76

3 1

M F M F MM M M

F F

+ + = = = + =

+ +

1 1 2 2 2

2 2

1 2

76 3 179 316 228 88

3 1

:


25/41

25

10 -

(

amu1 1

.

amu7 4 3 .)

11 -. 3

:

:

)

(

12

-

.

3

.

13 -

.

n ( )1

0

l( )

n

1

. n( )

:

.

)l(

:)2(

. l+2 1

))l. :)3(

. l+2 1 l

m ):)4

14 -.)2( )4( )3( )1( 2

15 -:

3

.ps)

:.Ni +2 NiCO3

Mg +2 Mg OH( )2

)

lm

)

(Mg s s p+ : /2 2 2 6

121 2 2Mg s s p s: / /2 2 6 2

121 2 2 3

lm

+ + + + + + = ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )2 2 2 1 0 1 1 1 2 3

Ni s s p s p d+ : / /2 2 2 6 2 6 828

1 2 2 3 3 3Ni s s p s p d s: / / /2 2 6 2 6 8 228

1 2 2 3 3 3 4

16 -p2p 3d 3

:)3d4s ( 3 3d

s s p s p d s/ / /6 32 2 2 6 2

1 2 2 3 3 3 4

.

V( )23


26/41

26 :

17 -:29 28.A A+ 2

eA s s p s p d s A s s p s p d +

oTH 8 oTH

: / / / : / /12 2 6 2 6 10 1 2 2 6 2 6 102929

18

1 2 2 3 3 3 4 1 2 2 3 3 3

:

. A:)1(

.

A+

:)2(

. A:)3(

.

Ar d[ ] 1018

3

A+

:)4(

18 :- 4

A Kr d s p:[ ] /10 2 452 36

4 5 5 sm = 1

2 sm = +

1

2

B Kr d s p:[ ] /10 2 149 36

4 5 5 sm = 1

2 sm = +

1

2

C Ar d s:[ ] /5 124 18

3 4 sm = 1

2

sm = +1

2

D Ar d s:[ ] /3 223 18

3 4 sm =1

2

sm = +1

2

.

sm = 1

2

sm = +1

2

D23

19 -:. Mg( ) 3

Mg s s p s: / /2 2 6 212

1 2 2 3:

.

n =

2

l =

0

s

2

9

:)1(

.Mg:)2(

.

s

:)3(

.

18

Ar12 :)4(

20 -

Mg +2 ))3. 3

. sm =1

2 sm = +

1

2

s

s

m

m

= + = = =

HnHj IoTH nI

HnHj IoT

{

{H nI

15

2

15

2

2

1 -. 3

. .

2 -.)( )( 2

:

.

)

)

.


27/41

27

3 - q

m( ) 1

.

:

1/5 84 :)2(

.

))ZnS. :)3(

.

):)4

.

4 -: 3

4

2

He +4 22

)1

A AZ ZX Y

+

4 4

2 2:

4

)2

A AZ zX Y + +

0

1 1 :

.

)3

A AZ ZX X +

0

0 :

.8 2 4

. =252 8 244 : Ce25258

8

2

5 -: 3

.

):)1

)

(

:)2(

.

:)4(

.

6 -. m cm( ) 15 1310 10 m cm( ) 10 810 10 2

:

.

0

90

)

(

:)1(

. ( ) )2000( ):)3

. ):)4

.

7 -:

3

D O2

oe]\( )

.

H O2

100

D O2

100

:)4(

)1(

)4( . D O2

)1( H O2

:)2(

.

. D O2

100 H O2 100 D O

2 H O

2:)3(

8 -:B BA A AA 3

P eAA A N P N e N e

= = + = + = = +: ( )280 2 80 2 80 82

P eB BB A N P A N e N e

= ++ = + = + + = + +: ( )33 3 3

BA = + =82 3 85 :


28/41

28 :

9 -:

4

54*O O O 18 18 1851*O O O 17 17 1748*O O O 16 16 16

52O O O 17 18 1749O O O 16 17 1650*O O O 17 16 17

50O O O 16 18 1653*O O O 18 17 1852*O O O 18 16 18

53O O O 18 18 1750O O O 17 17 1649*O O O 16 16 17

52O O O 18 18 1653O O O 17 17 1850O O O 16 16 18

51O O O 17 16 1851O O O 16 17 1850O O O 16 18 16

. 7 18 3

).

*

7

(

)18 17 16

(

:

:

= )( )( +1

10 -: 4

M F M FM

F F

+=

+1 1 2 2

1 2

) F F,1 2

:

M M,1 2

:

M:(

F( )1

= =100 48 52

MM

+ = =

( / ) ( )/ /2

2

106 9 52 48107 86 108 9

100

11 -.)( )( )( 3

:

. .)

. s11 H1 (

:

2

2

2

)

He amu= + = =]UH o ( / ) ( / ) / /42

4 1500 0 00054 2 0 00054 6002 0 00054 3 241

:

)

As s s p s p d s p: / / /2 2 6 2 6 10 2 333

1 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 )

.

lm = +1 7


29/41

29

12 - 1

.

.

13 -:

2

.

12

+ 12

sm( ) :)1(

. l n =3 n 1 0 l( ) :)3(

lm

l =2 l+ l lm( ) :)4(

.

( , , , , ) + + +2 1 0 1 2 2 2

14 -: 2

.

lm Cr24 (

. n2 (

15 -3

( Ca Ar s:[ ] 220 18

4 ) (

sm ) As Ar d s p:[ ] /10 2 3

33 183 4 4 ) (

lm

) C He s p:[ ] 2 26 2

2 2 ) ( lm ) S Ne s p:[ ]2 4

16 103 3 ) ( sm lm

.

lm( )

16 -1

P eN P N P

N PN e N P N P

= + = + = = = = + = = ,

( )2

79 7945 34

9 2 9 11)(

:

X34

X s s p s p d s p: / / /2 2 6 2 6 10 2 434

1 2 2 3 3 3 4 4

. s p( )2 44 4 6 16 X34

17 -2

16

s p( , )2 62 2

8

2

d3 s4 d3 8 p3 6 s3

.

Ne s p d s[ ] /2 6 8 210

3 3 3 4

A

:

) d3 ( .:)1(

) d3 2 s4 )2 lm =0 d s8 2

3 4

A:)2(

) d3 p3 p2 2( . +1 :)3(

28. ):)4

P = + + + + =( )10 2 6 8 2 28


30/41

30 :

18 31.- A28 A +3 2

.Z =31 :)Z( A s s p s p d s p

oTH

: / / /2 2 6 2 6 10 2 131

18

1 2 2 3 3 3 4 4

A s s p s p d+ : / /3 2 2 6 2 6 1031

1 2 2 3 3 3

A.)1 ( n =3 18 A

A +3 .)4 ( 31 A)3 ( A +3

.)2 (

19 -. s3 ) s s p s p/ /2 2 6 2 11 2 2 3 3 ( Al13

3

:

IE12

IE11

Al13

:)1(

.

):)2:

s s p s p

nqM ]y j nqM y Tvh]

/ /2 2 6 2 11 2 2 3 3

. IE4

IE3

:)4(

20 -: 2

. f4 p5 s6 )( ):)1

.X)( :)3(

.:)4(

3

1 -. ( )42

2 2 3

. .

.

:

2500. ):)1

.

):)2

.

.

.

Zns( ) :)4(

2

-

4

.

3 ( .- 4

) O C H, ,16 12 18 6 1

4 .- >> 2

. , 3 2 1

:1

.

.:2

.

:3


31/41

31

5 -

3

.

6 -.)( 1

:

.4/5 s4 s14 )

l sn l m m+ + + = + + + =( / )1

4 0 0 4 52

. H O2

100 D O2

100 H O2

D O2

)

.

)

.

lm )

.

s4 .)

7 .- 4

. amu2 H( )2

( )42

amu4

:x:)1(

x x x+ = =( ) ( ( )) /59 55 100 55 8 20100

D(21

(

H( )11

:)2(

.

T( )31

8 -: ( )+1 4 Z = + =: 46 1 47

:

.

= + Z N= + = + =47 60 107)( amu

.107

A Z N= + =107amu

A amu107

9 -.

4

:

amu +2 3 18 24 :)

amu +2 2 16 20 : D O2

amu24 20 4 :

:

)

O16HH

O18HH

O16HDO18HD

O16HTO18HT

O16DTO18DT

O16DDO18DD

O16TTO18TT

12.

. g H O2

100 100 g H O2

D O2

)

O D( , )16 2

8 1 .

10

D O2

)


32/41

32 :

10 .- lm l n 4

.

sm . n =3 l =1 lm =0 p3

. sm lm l n

11 - n =3 . n 3

n =6 n =3 n =4 . n 6= n =5 n =4

n n= =4 3 .. n =5

. n n= =6 5

12 -. 4

.

13 -.)( )( 2

:

. n =3 d3 n =4 s4 )

. l =1 p4 l =2 d3 )

. s3 p2 )

.)

.

)

(

:

14 -2

A s s p s p d A s s p s p d s+ : / / : / / /64 2 2 2 6 2 6 9 64 2 2 6 2 6 10 11 2 2 3 3 3 1 2 2 3 3 3 4

A = A = A =29

A = =64 29 35

A = =35 29 6

l+2 1 )1( . l l + = +( )2 2 1 4 2

15 -

(

V23

4

.

)

= + + + + + + =1 1 3 1 3 3 1 13

= + + + + + + =1 1 3 1 3 0 1 10

sm = +1

2

p3 s3 n 3= d3 p3 s3

.

sn m= = +1

32

+ +( )1 3 3

7

sm( ) = +1

2

d3

16 -

p

2

:

s s p s p d s p / / /2 2 6 2 6 10 2 31 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 .33 33 33

: p4

.

p4


33/41

33

17 -:

36

19

2

K Ar sSo

4:[ ] 119 18

Cr Ar d sSo

:[ ] 5 124 18

3 4

s)d( ps:

.

n d ns (( ) , )1

d

18 -1

s4 :

.

d3

Ni Ar d+ :[ ]2 828

3Ni Ar d s:[ ] 8 228

3 4

Cu Ar d+ :[ ] 1029

3Cu Ar d s:[ ] 10 129

3 4

Zn Ar d+ :[ ]2 1030

3Zn Ar d s:[ ] 10 230

3 4

Ga Ar d+ :[ ]3 1031

3Ga Ar d s p:[ ] 10 2 131

3 4 4

Ni. +2

19 5- .A 3

. sm

.

sm A sm

: 5

: sm

+ + + + + + + + = +( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )1 1 1 1 1 32 2 2 2 2 2

20 .- )12- ( amu 4

:

)3(

:

n n= =3 2n n= =4 2n n= =5 2n n= =6 2

656486434410

. n =2

.


34/41

34 :

4

1 - . 1

. .

2

-

.)

(

1

.

.

3 - . , , , , 6 5 4 3 2 1 4

.

.

.X

4 -: 3

.)

. )

.

)

5 -0

90 )( 4

.

6 -:

amu12 C12

amu1

2000

2

C=

oTH o

UH

]

]o121 1

2000 12 24000

:

O= =

ToU IoU nI

IUoQ

{

{nI188

2 1

8 4 :)1(

M

M

+

= =

{IUoQ IoTH nHjnIM Inl nI

IoU nIM kM Inl nI {

( )

( )

86 2

38

39

19

74 37

20 10 :)3(

.

:)4(

rnk UH o

IA UoQ o

]

]1

4

7 -: 1

X Y YA A bZ Z

X Y

e Z e Z b Z e bX Y

N A Z N A Z+

= = = +

= = ,

:

:YX:)1(

X

Y

Z eX X X

Z e b

Y Y Y Y

N A Z N A e

N A Z N A e b A e b

=

= +

= =

= = + = ( )

Y XN N b= : X Ye e=

.)1( YbX

X Ye eX

Y Y

e ZZ Z b

e Z b Z e b

== = + = = + :YX:)2(

))2(

( .

)Z

( X

b

)Z

( Y

))3(

( .

Y

X:)3(


35/41

35

:

Y X:)4(

X

X X XX

N A ZN P A Z Z A Z A e A e

P Z

= = = = = =

2 2 2

YY Y Y

Y

N A ZN P A Z Z A Z A e b A e b A e b

P Z

= = = = + = + = =( ) ( )2 2 2 2 2

A e A e b > 2 2 2 : A e b 2 2 Y A e2 X

.)4(

8 -: g mol. 121 2

g

mol( )

g

mol( )

g

mol( )

g

mol( )

162321

172221

173121

182121

H O H3 18 31 8 1

10101434

H O H1 16 11 8 1

1010828

.

=( )34 28 6 6

: ::

9 -:

3

)(e e

H m m = + =( )21 2 1840 1 3681

g g = /28 243681 9 10 10 3 3129

10 -2

))a )M(

120+ =18 20 38

270+ =18 18 36

3 + =( )100 20 70 10

M a M a M a M

M+ + + +

= = =( ) ( ) ( )

/1 1 2 2 3 3 33

38 20 36 70 1036 8 40

100 100

= + = +40 18 =22

. amu1 :

11 -:

4

):)1.

):)2.

.

:)3(


36/41

36 :

12 -) nm656 .) n =2 n =3 2

:

. ):)1

. n =1 :)3(

.

:)4(

13

-lm

l =2 l =1 l =0 n =3 1

. +2

:

. :)2(

.

. sm = +1

2):)3p

)( .:)4(

ll m l + :l:

14

-, , ,14 10 6 2

f

dp s

.

32

2

lm = 3 l 2= l+ l lm .32

)4

3

( .

n n= 22 :

n n= 2

15 -.)( )( )( 3

:

n n1 2

)

.

.

.

)

)

= =4

4

8

1010

10

: cm410 cm810 )

16 -:

1

. n =2 )1

. )2

. n n6 2

n =2

.

:

. 9

):)2

. :)3(

.

f4

:)4(

.

f4


37/41

37

17 :- Cu( )29

2

Cu s s p s p d s

oTH 18 IM w

: / / /2 2 6 2 6 10 129

1 2 2 3 3 3 4

:

.

Mn +25

d s/

5 13 4

A

d43

A +2

:)1(

:

s )l( :)3(

Cu s s p s p d s

l

: / / /

:

=

2 2 2 16 6 10

291 2 2 3 3 3 4

0 2 2 2 1

:

Ti +4 Cl 4 TiCl4

:)4(

18 -

.

d10 d l =2 2

+ 1

2

s

m

.

s4

)

(

s4 d3 s( )14 .

Cu29

. d s/10 13 4 A

Cu s s p s p d s: / / /2 2 6 2 6 10 129

1 2 2 3 3 3 4 :

. =63 29 34 :

n )n( :

l ln.

.ln.

19 -s s p s/ /2 2 6 21 2 2 3 :12 3

.

p2

8

3

s3

2

1

:

. 12

+ 12

:)1(

.BA

. n =3 12 :)2(

. s2 x:)4(

.

)n( :

20 -.)( )( 2

:

M24

)

:

M s s p s p d s: / / /2 2 6 2 6 5 124

1 2 2 3 3 3 4 :

:

+ + + + + + =2 2 2 2 2 1 1 12 : M24

lm

.

sm = +1

2

6

d3

s4

)

sm

.

=( ( ) )1

6 32 3

M24

sm

.

sm =1

2

sm =+1

2


38/41

38 :

. sm sm :

Cr( )M d)

.

6

d3 s4

.

d

d

)

5

1 -.)( 1

:

.

)

.)

(.

2 -.5 4

3

-:

3

.

)

.

)

4 -.

4

:

.161 160 159 158 157 156 155 154 153 152 )

:

= +1

CCl4 = + =161 152 1 10 :)(

.

1

2000

amu1

.

2

2

( )4

2

)

:

p n amuamu amu

eamu

+ += = =IA nl ooTH

]o

] 2 2 42 21 1

2000amu

1

2000

=8000

.8000

. C12 1

12 amu1 )

+

=( ) ( )

/70 10 30 11

10 3100

:)

5

-.

)

(

)

( )

(

3

:

. )

.

(131-.

. sm =+1

2.)

sm = +1

2 sm =

1

2 sm =

1

2

.

sm .

.

)


39/41

39

6 -.

)

(

)

(

2

:

. )

c. dba.

.

)

( e

. lm l n)

.

(

.

n n6 2

)

7 -: 4

.

)

.n)

8 -.)( )( )( 3

:

.

n =3 d3 n =4 s4 (. 8000 q)(

9 -.)( )( 2

:

.

n =2 n =3 n =4 n =5 n =6 )

.gf)

.)

d. (

fcb. d b c f , , ,

:

f

c

f c b d< < < :

d b c f < < < :

ag.b c d f, , , (

.

10 -. 1

:

.)

.

)

.

ZnS( )

)

.

5

10

)

11 -.)( )( )( 2

:

.

)

..)

. 9 (

12 -.)( )( )( 3

:

.

3d

4s

)


40/41

40 :

13 -.

)

(

)

(

2

:

. Ar d s[ ] 2 218

3 4 )

lm = +1 lm = +1 M22 (

.

.

)

( IVB (

: M22

)

6

Cr24

.

sm = +1

2

6

12

lm =0

) d3 s4 ( .

14 -.)( 1

:

.

H( )11

D( )21

)

.)( n)

. Cu29

)

15 -: 3

A AZ Z

e Z e ZX Y

n A Z A e n A Z A e+ +

= = +

= + = + = = + ,4

1 1

4 3 1

:

:YX)

X Yn A e n A e= + = +,3 1

X Yn n A e A e A e A e = + + = + + =( )3 1 3 1 2.)(

:YX)

X Y

X Y

P e P e

P P e e e e

= + =

= + = + + =

,

( )

1 1

1 1 1 1 2

.)(

.2 )! Y X+ ( 2 YX)

F9

Na11

Na +2311

F199

)

:

Na s s p s

F s s p

: / /

: /

2 2 6 1

11

2 2 5

9

1 2 2 3

1 2 2

16 -:

1

ln l m= = = ,3 1 0 Cl17 n =2 l =1 lm = 1 O8 )

.

sm sm = +1

2 )

. 1

2 sm . +

1 1

2 2 sm

lm lm (

. lm

.

)


41/41

41

17 -.

)

(

)

(

2

:

. Ar18

Sc +321

)

.n

n

10

l

n

lm

l(

.

ln l m= = = ,5 0 0 s5 Ag47 (

.

26

.

) + =2 6 1 13 (

)

18 -.)( )( )( 3

:

) =52 23 29 ( :29 23 3 )

.

1/5 . = /36 1 524

36 24 )

.

3. )

.

Cr24 )

19 -:

4

. Cl g Cl g e+ +( ) ( ) )

. n = n =2 (

. n =4 l =0 s4 Ti22

)

20 -.)( )( )( 3

.15 Zn30

sm =+1

2 Se

34 lm =0 )

sm . 1

2

Br35

sm lm (

)-1 lm +1

2 sm ( .

1

2

.

Ar18

sm = 1

2

Y39

n =4)

Y s s p s p d s p d s: / / / /2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 1 239

1 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 5

l sn l m m( , , , )= = = = +1

4 0 02

s4 Fe26

)

.8 l sn l m m( , , , )= = = =1

4 0 02

fasle1 moj azmun shimi olgoo

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