ESPAÑOL 3

LIBRO DE GRAMATICA

Livia Gostin

3. Preterite- usage

4. Trigger Words

5. -car,-gar,-zars

6. Spock verbs

7. Cucaracha verbs

8. Snake/snakeys

9. Imperfect- usage

10. Trigger words

11. Irregulars

12. Preterite vs. Imperfect

13. Ser

14. Estar

15. Verbs like gustar

16. Comparatives/superlatives

17. Connecter words

18. Future

19. Trigger words

20. Irregulars

21. Por

22. Por expressions

23. Para

24. Para expressions

25. Conditional + irregulars

26. Perfect Tenses

27. Present

28. Past

29. Present perfect irregulars o Subjunctive perfect

30. tanto y tan

31. Impersonal „se‟

32. Saber vs. Conocer

33. Los Mandatos

34. Informal/Formal

35. Affirmative

36. Negative

37. Irregular

38. OP + IOP placement

39. Nosotros command

40. -mono verbs

41. Subjunctive + irregulars

42. Demonstrative Adjectives + Pronouns

- AR

-

IR / - ER

Yo é í

Tu aste iste

El/Ella/Ud. ó ió

Nosotros amos imos

Vosotros ** asteis isteis

Ellos/Ellas/U

ds.

aron ieron

USAR EL PRETERITO Actions at one time/single events

Actions repeated a specific number

of times

Actions that occurred during a

specific period of time

Actions as part of a chain of events

The beginning or end of an action

eriod of time

nd of an action

eginning of an action

ingle events

Repeated Action

Chain of Events

TRIGGER WORDS

Ayer (yesterday)

Anteayer (day before yesterday)

Anoche (last night)

La semana pasada (last week)

El mes pasado (last month)

El año pasado (last year)

El fin de semana pasado (last weekend)

El __________ pasado (insert: lunes, martes,

miercoles, etc.)

-CAR, -GAR, -ZARS

-qué, -gué, -cé

-car, -gar, -zar

**ONLY CHANGE IN THE

YO FORM!**

IR/SER DAR HACER

Yo fui di hice

Tu fuiste diste hiciste

El/Ella/Ud. fue dio hizo

Nosotros fuimos dimos hicimos

Vosotros** fuisteis disteis hicisteis

Ellos/Ellas/Ud

s.

fueron dieron hicieron

Andar

Estar

Poder

Poner

Querer

Saber

Tener

Venir

Anduv-

Estuv-

Pud-

Pus-

Quis-

Sup-

Tuv-

Vin-

Irregular

End

-e

-iste

-o

-imos

-isteis**

-ieron

-ar s and –er s do NOT

change in the preterite.

-ir s change e:i and o:u

in third person singular

and plural

For verbs that end in double

letters (such as creer or

leer), change the third

person singular and plural

to –yó and –yeron

respectively.

preferir

preferí preferimos

preferiste preferisteis

prefirió prefirieron

dormir

dormí dormimos

dormiste dormisteis

durmió durmieron

leer

Leí leímos

leíste leísteis

Leyó leyeron

creer

creí creímos

creíste creísteis

creyó creyeron

EL IMPERFECTO

Use for…

Habits

Telling actions

that precede

another past action

Telling time

Age

Mental states **

Physical sensations **

Describe characteristics

** = usually

haracteristics

ge

ental condition

hysical condition

Past Action

ime

abits

- AR - ER / - IR

Yo aba ía

Tu abas ías

El/Ella/Ud. aba ía

Nosotros ábamos íamos

**Vosotros abais íais

Ellos/Ellas/Uds

.

aban ían

Todos Every

Veces Some

Cada every

Mucho much

Nunca never

Siempre always

Frequentemente frequently

Generalmente generally

SER

era

eras

era

éramos

erais

eran

IR

iba

ibas

iba

íbamos

ibais

iban

VER

veía

veías

veía

veíamos

veíais

veían

D- descriptions

Es una lapiz.

O- origin

Es de Guatemala.

C- characteristics

Es rubia.

T- time

Es la una.

O- occupation

Es un doctor.

R- relationship

Es mi mama.

P- possession

Esto lapiz es de Maria.

E- events

La fiesta es en el parque.

D- dates

Hoy es domingo.

H- health

Estoy enferma.

E- emotion

Estoy triste.

L- location

Esta en la caja.

P- present condition

La clase esta aburrida.

ING-

-ando Estoy jugando.

-iendo Estas comiendo.

-yendo** Estan leyendo.

**-- only for 3 vowels in a row (like leer–leiendo = leyendo= )

Aburrir

Encantar

Faltar

Fascinar

Importar

Interesar

Molestar

Quedar

Caer bien/mal

Doler

Disgustar

Hacer falta

Preocupar

Sorprender

Apetecer

To bore

To love

To fail

To fascinate

To be important

To interest

To bother

To remain

To fall well/badly

To hurt

To disgust

To lack

To worry

To suprise

To desire

Endings are the same as

whatever tense you are

using unless specified…

keep in mind the ending

signifies what is being

verb-ed

Indirect Objects:

Go before the

cojugated verb

Me Nos

Te Os

Le Les

The comparison of one thing to another (better/worse/more)

Shows: Superiority (Mas… que)

Inferiority (Menos… que)

Equality (tan… como)

(tanto… como)

Mas +noun/pronoun +que

When using mas/menos, use of “que…” is optional. El es mas alto que ella = El es

mas alto.

For tan/tanto como, you MUST use the noun. El es tan guapo como el otro.

Indicates the best/worst/most of something

Shows The most superior (el mas que)

The most inferior (el menosque)

definite article + noun + másor menos + adjective

Aunque

También

Mientras

A pesar de

Pero

Por lo tanto

Sin embargo/no

obstante

Even though

Also

While

In spite of

But

Therefore

Nevertheless

EL FUTURO

YO--- infinitive+é

TU--- infinitive+ás

EL--- infinitive+á

NOSOTROS--- infinitive+emos

VOSOTROS--- infinitive+éis

ELLOS--- infinitive+án

Doesn‟t matter what the verb endings are– it‟s always the same.

Mañana

_____ que viene

Despues de ____, ___

Tomorrow

____ that comes (next)

After ___, _____.

IRREGULARS IN THE FUTURE TENSE

Decir

Hacer

Poner

Salir

Tener

Valer

Venir

Poder

Querer

Saber

Caber

Haber (auxillary verb)

Dir+ending

Har+ending

Pondr+ending

Saldr+ending

Tendr+ending

Valdr+enging

Vendr+ending

Podr+ending

Querr+ending

Sabr+ending

Cabr+ending

Habr+eding OR he ____

POR

Use for

Passing through

General location

How long something lasts

Cause of something

An exchange

Doing something for someone else

A means of transportation

PORtal

PORtugal

PORever

PORpose

imPORt

I‟m POR, pay for me.

transPORtation

por adelantadoin advance

por ahorafor now

por allíaround there; that way

por amor de Diosfor the love of God

por aquíaround here; this way

por casualidadby chance

por cientopercent

por ciertocertainly

por completocompletely

por dentroinside

por desgraciaunfortunately

por ejemplofor example

por esotherefore

por favorplease

por finfinally

por lo generalgenerally

por lo vistoapparently

por medio deby means of

por lo menosat least

por lo tantoconsequently

por mi parteas for me

por ningún ladonowhere

por otra parteon the other hand

palabra porpalabraword for word

por primera vezfor the first time

por separadoseparately

por supuestoof course

por suertefortunately

por todas parteseverywhere

por todos ladoson all sides

por últimofinally

PARA

For whom something

was done

Destination

Purpose of something

that was done

To express an opinion

To contrast/ compare

To express a deadline

Surprise PARAty

Going to PARAguay

In order to prePARA

It‟s PARAfect!

ComPARAson

My PARAper is due

tomorrow!

estar para to be about to

para entonces by that time

para esa época by that time

para otra vez for another occasion

para que so that, in order that

¿para qué? why? for what purpose?

¿Para qué echar la soga tras el caldero? Why

throw good money after bad?

para siempre forever

para variar just for a change

ser tal para cual to be two of a kind

CONDITIONAL TENSE

For the conditional tense, expressing probability,

possibility, wonder or conjecture, use the infinitive

and add these endings:

SUBJECT ENDING SUBJECT ENDING

Yo ía Nosotros íamos

Tu ías Vosotros íais

El/Ella/Ud. ía Ellos/Ellas/Uds. ían

Hablar-

Hablaría Hablaríamos

Hablarías Hablaríais

Hablaría Hablarían

Estaría en su casa.

He must have been at home.

Estaríamos ocupados cuando

llamaste.

We were probably busy when you

called.

CONDITIONAL TENSE IRREGULARS

SAME IRREGULARS as in the future tense.

oCaber

oPoner

oDecir

oHaber

oSalir

oHacer

oPoder

oTener

oQuerer

oValer

oSaber

oVenir

oCabr

oPondr

oDir

oHabr

oSaldr

oHabr

oPodr

oTendr

oQuer

oValdr

oSabr

oVendr

PRESENT PERFECT

Compound Tense

Requires: Main verb + auxiliary verb

Indicates:

recently completed action

what you have/haven‟t done

An action true in the past and present

He Hemos

Has Habéis

Ha Han

PRESENT PERFECT

Infinitive HABER+ __________

Abrir Abierto

Ir Ido

Poner Puesto

Ver Visto

Hacer Hecho

Decir Dicho

Morir Muerto

Romper Roto

Volver Vuelto

Resolver Resuelto

Cubrir Cubierto

SUBJUNCTIVE PERFECT

Used when an expression using the subjunctive in

the main clause is in the present, future, or present

perfect

Conjugation of haber is different, but participle

endings are the same

Haya Hayamos

Hayas Hayais

Haya hayan

IMPERSONAL SE

Someone doing the verb, not specific

Conjugate in third person

Can be used in all tenses

Replace IOP

•Le

+ •Lo

= •Se Lo

TO KNOW

To know facts and information

To know people, places, things, or literature

TAN VS. TANTO

• As ___ as (como)

• Adjectives and adverbs

Tan

• As much as/ as many ____ as (como)

• Nouns and verbsTanto

FORMAL COMMANDS

-ar

Conjugate to yo

Drop –o and add –e

-er and –ir

Conjugate to yo

Drop –o and add –a

FORMAL COMMANDS

T

Tener

Tenga

V

Venir

Venga

D

DarDecir

DeDega

I

Ir

Vaya

S

Ser

Sea

H

Hacer

Haga

E

Estar

Este

S

Saber

Sepa

INFORMAL COMMANDS (TU)

• Conjugate to third person (change to tu and drop s)

Affirmative

• Put in yo form

• Opposite vowel

• Add s

Negative

INFORMAL COMMANDS

Affir

mative • Di

• Haz

• Ve

• Pon

• Sal

• Se

• Ten

• Ven

Nega

tive (

TV

DIS

HE

S) • Tengas

• Vengas

• Digas/Des

• Vayas

• Seas

• Hagas

• Estes

• Sepas

NOSOTROS COMMANDS

Let‟s ____________

Verb Yo formOpposite ending

(amos/emos)

MONOS

Usually a command would be the conjugated verb

then the reflexive pronoun

When giving a reflexive NOS command, normally it

would be “_______mosnos”

You can‟t say MOSNOS, so you drop the first

s, making it “______monos”

DOP & IOPS

Estar + ing

Put DOPs and IOPs on the end of the ing verb and put

an accent on the 3rd to last syllable

Commands

Affirmative: put them on the end and put the accent on

first vowel

Negative: not attached to verb (between no and

command)

Ir + infinitive

Put at end of infinitive

In front of conjugated verb

Yo Form

Drop the -O

Opposite ending

Subjunctives

Es necesario

que

Es importante

que

Es terrible que

Es horrible que

Es loco que

SUBJUNCTIVES

Car

• -que

Gar

• -gue

Zar

• -ce

T-tener/tengo

V-venir/venga

D- dar/dedecir/diga

I- ir/vaya

S- ser/sea

H-hacer/haga

E-estar/este

S-saber/sepa

E -> I

O -> U

DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS

This/These

Este/estos

Esta/estas

That/Those

Ese/esos

Esa/esas

That over there/Those over there

Aquel/aquellos

Aquella/aquellas