uma proposta de uso de gamification para o ensino de software

7/23/2019 Uma proposta de uso de Gamification para o ensino de software

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PMGY@RSGNDN@ I@N@RDL N@ Z@RMDKBPCA

C@M^RA N@ GMIARK^GCD

HAS _@LGMO^AM N@ DLK@GND IGLFA

PKD ZRAZAS^D N@ PSA N@ ODKGIGCD^GAM ZDRD A @MSGMA N@SAI^_DR@

^rdbdlfa n` Ordnuda

R`cgi`DOAS^A N@ 2:40


2/70

HAS _@LGMOÂM N@ DLK@GND IGLFA

PKD ZRAZAS^D N@ PSA N@ ODKGIGCD^GAM ZDRD A @MSGMA N@SAI^_DR@

^rdbdlfa dpr`s`mtdna da Zraordkd nÒrdnuda k Cgmcgd nd Cakputda naC`mtra n` Gmiarktgcd nd Pmgv`rsgndnÌ`n`rdl n` Z`rmdkbuca caka r`qugsgtapdrcgdl pdrd abt`ma na ordu n` Bdcfdr`l`k Cgmcgd nd Cakputda, sab darg`mtda na Zrai. Nr. Ygmgcgus Cdrnasa

Odrcgd.

R`cgi`

DOASÂ N@ 2:40


3/70

d N`us, pags s`k @l` mdnd s`rgd passv`l.


4/70

DORDN@CGK@MÂS

Zrgk`grdk`mt`, ` n` kdm`grd `sp`cgdl, ù oastdrgd n` dordn`c`r d Nùs p`ld

sdb`nargd ` iard pdrd sup`rdr cdnd n`sdiga n`std `tdpd.

Dordnà da kù pdg p`la `siara `k ai`r`c`r ds k`lfar`s camng`s n`

`stuna ` d kgmfd k`, p`la gmc`mtgva ` cugndna, sabr`tuna, mds ids`s kdgs ngic`gs.

Dordnà d kgmfd magvd p`la dpaga gmcamngcgamdl ` dhund gmt`l`ctudl nurdmt`

tanas as kak`mtas nd r`dlgzda n`st` trdbdlfa.

Dordnà da prai`ssar Ygmgcgus Odrcgd, a kù arg`mtdnar, p`ld cakpr``msa `

p`lds gmt`rv`m`s sbgds nurdmt` tand d `ldbarda n`st` trdbdlfa.

Zar igk, tdkbk dordnà das n`kdgs idkglgdr`s ` dkgoas p`ld pdcgmcgd `

gmc`mtgva mas kak`mtas `k qu` `stgv` dus`mt` pdrd k` n`ngcdr d `std kamaordigd.


5/70

Mgmouk suigcg`mt`k`mt` p`ri`gta qu`

ma passd dpr`mn`r cak a autra `,

mgmouk tatdlk`mt` n`stgtuna n` vdlar`squ` ma passd `msgmdr dloa da s`u grka

(Sa Irdmcgsca n` Dssgs)


6/70

R@SPKA

Odkgigcdtgam uk camc`gta qu` v`k s` n`stdcdmna tdmta `k dplgcd`s cak`rcgdgsqudmta k p`squgsds dcdnkgcds. Sùs b`mìcgas n` l`vdr a modhdk`mta ` katgvdrd`s nas usurgas, d igk n` r`salv`r prabl`kds au prakav`r a dpr`mngzdna, tkn`sp`rtdna a gmt`r`ss` n` kugtas s`tar`s, sabr`tuna, a n` t`cmalaogd nd gmiarkda.Gsta icgl n` cakpr``mn`r, pags as saitwdr`s dtudgs passu`k uk gk`msa mk`ra nìumcgamdlgndn`s, kds as sùs usurgas ma tk d cdpdcgndn` n` dpr`mn-ldsgmtòrdlk`mt` dtrdvs nas ktanas dtudgs n` msgma. Sòumna a Nautar k Zsgcalaogd@xp`rgk`mtdl nd Calukbgd Pmgv`rsgty, Hafm Cdrrall, d dbarndo`k kdgs prakgssards`rgd d n` sgst`kds n` `msgma qu` utglgzdk tutargdgs gmt`rdtgvas. Ma `mtdmta, `ssdsdplgcd`s ma tk camqugstdna uk mv`l sdtgsidtrga n` `modhdk`mta. Bds`dna mgssa,

a abh`tgva n`st` trdbdlfa prapar ukd dbarndo`k n` utglgzda n` odkgigcdtgampdrda `msgma n` usa n` saitwdr`s dtrdvs n` ukd pldtdiarkd qu` utglgzd tutargdgsgmt`rdtgvas.

Zdldvrds-cfdv`8 Odkgigcdtgam. @nucda. @msgma n` saitwdr`.


7/70

DBS^RDC^

Odkgigcdtgam gs d camc`pt wfgcffds staan aut batf gm cakk`rcgdl dpplgcdtgams ds gmdcdn`kgc r`s`drcf. Gts b`m`igts ta gmcr`ds` `modo`k`mt dmn katgvdt` us`r dctgams,gmarn`r ta salv` prabl`ks ar prakat` l`drmgmo, fdv` draus`n tf` gmt`r`st ai kdmygmnustrg`s, `sp`cgdlly tf` gmiarkdtgam t`cfmalaoy. ^fgs gs `dsy ta umn`rstdmn b`cdus`tf` curr`mt saitwdr`s fdv` d ldro` mukb`r ai i`dtur`s, but yaur us`rs nam't fdv` tf`dbglgty ta l`drm tf`k iully tfrauof tf` curr`mt t`dcfgmo k`tfans. Dccarngmo ta HafmCdrrall, Zf.N. gm @xp`rgk`mtdl Zsycfalaoy dt Calukbgd Pmgv`rsgty, tf` kast prakgsgmodppradcf wauln b` t`dcfgmo syst`ks usgmo gmt`rdctgv` tutargdls. Faw`v`r, tf`s`dpplgcdtgams fdv` mat dcfg`v`n d sdtgsidctary l`v`l ai `modo`k`mt. Bds`n am tfgs, tf`abh`ctgv` ai tfgs ware gs ta prapas` dm us` dppradcf ai odkgigcdtgam ta saitwdr`

`nucdtgam tfrauof d pldtiark tfdt us`s gmt`rdctgv` tutargdls.

E`ywarns8 Odkgigcdtgam. @nucdtgam. Saitwdr` `nucdtgam.


8/70

LGS^D N@ IGOPRDS

Igourd 48 Zogmd na p`rigl na usurga ....................................................................... 3>

Igourd 28 Bdno`scamqugstdnas p`la usurga ........................................................... 3>

Igourd 38 Crgda na Can`bgt .................................................................................. 30

Igourd >8 Zogmd gmgcgdl na cursa n` F^KL ` CSS ................................................... 39

Igourd 08 Hdm`lds n` supart` pdrd ougdr usurgas .................................................... 3?

Igourd 98 Zogmd prgmcgpdl na dkbg`mt` n` `msgma ................................................... 3?

Igourd ?8 Dl`rtd n` rra ........................................................................................... 36

Igourd 68 R`cakp`msd par cakpl`tdr dtgvgndn`s .................................................... 36Igourd 78 Cgcla n` vgnd na Ougd Gmt`rdtgva ................................................................ >4

Igourd 4:8 ^`ld Gmgcgdl na Fawâal R`dn`r ............................................................. >4

Igourd 448 Cdtòargds nas Ougds Gmt`rdtgvas ........................................................... >2

Igourd 428 N`scrga na Ougd Gmt`rdtgva .................................................................. >2

Igourd 438 @l`k`mtas n` uk ougd ............................................................................ >3

Igourd 4>8 ^`ld gmgcgdl na Fawâal _rgt`r ................................................................ >>

Igourd 408 ^`ld n` `nga n` pdssas n` uk Ougd ................................................... >>

Igourd 498 Zasgcgamdk`mta nas `l`k`mtas `k uk pdssa na Ougd .......................... >0Igourd 4?8 N`scrga na ougd cak mv`l n` ngigculndn` ............................................ >?

Igourd 468 Gmstru`s n` uk pdssa na ougd ............................................................. >6

Igourd 478 Sòk`mtda n` ukd tdr id cakpl`xd .................................................. >6

Igourd 2:8 Dl`rtd n` `rra ma r`camf`cgk`mta nd t ld na usurga ............................. >7

Igourd 248 Matgigcda na trkgma nd `x`cua n` uk ougd .................................... 0:

Igourd 228 Zogmd n` p`rigl na usurga ..................................................................... 04

Igourd 238 Bdno`ma camqugstdna .......................................................................... 04

Igourd 2>8 Bdno`n` c`rtgigcda `k Zfatasfap p`ld Dnab` .................................. 04Igourd 208 Bdno`sn` crgda caldbardtgvd ............................................................. 02

Igourd 298 Bdno`snas p`rigs n` cakpartdk`mta na usurga ................................... 03

Igourd 2?8 Bdno`sp`ld qudmtgndn` n` nawmladns n` ougds .................................... 03

Igourd 268 Bdno`sp`ld qudmtgndn` n` vgsudlgzd`s n` ougds ............................... 0>

Igourd 278 Bdno`scdrdct`rstgcas na Bugln`r .......................................................... 00

Igourd 3:8 Zrattgpa nd t`ld n` rdmegmon` usurgas ................................................ 00

Igourd 348 Zrattgpa nd t`ld n` rdmegmon` ougds ..................................................... 09

Igourd 328 Suo`sta n` ougds pdrd `msgmdr fdbglgndn`s t`gs .................................. 06Igourd 338 Salu`s suo rgnds pdrd r`salv`r uk prabl`kd ..................................... 06


9/70

Igourd 3>8 Zrattgpa nd pogmd Kgmfds @stdtstgcds .............................................. 94

Igourd 308 Zrattgpa nd pogmd dnkgmgstrdtgvd @stdtstgcds na Sgst`kd.................. 93


10/70

LGS^D N@ ^DB@LDS

^db`ld 48 Crgtrgas n` pamtuda na p`rigl cr`dtar ................................................... 03

^db`ld 28 Crgtrgas n` pamtuda na p`rigl vg`w`r.................................................... 0>

^db`ld 38 Crgtrgas n` pamtuda na p`rigl bugln`r ................................................... 0>

^db`ld >8 Lgstd nas r`cursas prapastas ................................................................... 9:


11/70

SPKRGA

4 GM^RANPA ...................................................................................................... 42

4.4 N`sdigas na @msgma n` Saitwdr`s ....................................................................... 4>

4.2 Abh tgvas ............................................................................................................ 40

4.3 Iard na @scapa .................................................................................................. 40

4.> @struturd na ^rdbdlfa......................................................................................... 40

2 ODKGIGCD^GAM .................................................................................................... 4?

2.4 Abh`tgvas nd Odkgigcdtgam.................................................................................. 46

2.2 @l`k`mtas nd Odkgigcdtgam................................................................................ 2:

2.2.4 gpas n` Psurgas ........................................................................................... 24

2.2.2 Mv`gs .............................................................................................................. 22

2.2.3 Tu`sts` Cfdll`mo`s ....................................................................................... 22

2.2.> R`cakp`msds ................................................................................................. 23

2.2.0 @l`k`mtas Subh`tgvas nd Odkgigcdtgam............................................................ 20

2.3 Dvdlgda n` N`s`kp`mfa ................................................................................ 2?

2.> Camsgn`rd`s Igmdgs na Cdptula ...................................................................... 26

3 @NPCDA .......................................................................................................... 273.4 Odkgigcdtgamdplgcdna @nucda ..................................................................... 3:

3.4.4 @x`kpla8 Odkgigcdtgam`k Da md @nucda ................................................ 33

3.2 Camsgn`rd`s Igmdgs na Cdptula ...................................................................... 37

> ZRAZAS^D N@ PSA N@ ODKGIGCD^GAM ZDRD A @MSGMA N@ SAI^_DR@ ... >:

>.4 A Sgst`kd n` @msgma n` Saitwdr` ...................................................................... >:

>.2 As R`cursas n` Odkgigcdtgam Zrapastas ............................................................ >9

>.2.4 r`d Caomgtgvd................................................................................................. >?

>.2.2 r`d @kacgamdl ............................................................................................... >7>.2.3 r`d Sacgdl ...................................................................................................... 02

>.2.> gpas n` Psurgas ........................................................................................... 0?

>.2.0 Zrapastd n` Dvdlgda n` n`s`kp`mfa .......................................................... 94

>.3 Camsgn`rd`s Igmdgs na Cdptula ...................................................................... 9>

0 CAMCLPSA ....................................................................................................... 99

0.4 Lgkgtd`s ` ^rdbdlfas Iuturas ......................................................................... 99


12/70

42

4 GM^RANPA

@k 2:4:, ds p`ssads, ma kumna tana, odstdvdk trs bglf`s n` fards par

s`kdmd `k haoas amlgm` U4[. Tudmtgndn` `ssd qu` sairù sgomgigcdtgvd `l`vda, mas

ltgkas dmas, ir`mt` da cr`scgk`mta dmudl knga n` 6% na s`tar n` haoas U2[. Dlk

ngssa, sòumna U3[, dt as 24 dmas n` gndn`, as dk`rgcdmas odstdk c`rcd n` n`z kgl

fards cak haoas. @ss` mk`ra `qugvdl`mt` da qu` `l`s pdssdk mds gmstgtug`s n`

`msgma nd qugmtd srg` na @msgma Bsgca dt d Pmgv`rsgndn` U4[.

Ngdmt` n` dkbas as idtas igcd mtgnd d ordmn` cdpdcgndn` n` `modhdk`mta qu`

as haoas x`rc`k mds p`ssads. Da k`ska t`kpa, n`spamtd-s` a gmt`r`ss` n` r`plgcdrtdgs r`sultdnas k autras camt`xtas, sabr`tuna, pdrd igms nucdcgamdgs. M`st` dsp`cta,

suro` d cfdkdnd odkgigcdtgam, qu` camsgst` md utglgzda n` `l`k`mtas ` r`cursas n`

haoas `k camt`xtas qu` ma idz`k pdrt` n` uk haoa. Sùs prgmcgpdgs abh`tgvas sa8

`modhdr p`ssads, katgvdr d`s, dp`ri`gadr a dpr`mngzdna, b`k caka r`salv`r

prabl`kds U>[ U0[.

N`vgna das sùs vdlgasas b`mìcgas, `std tcmgcd t`k o`rdna ukd odkd n`

dplgcd`s `k ngi`r`mt`s r`ds pranutgvgndn`, igmdmds, sdn`, `nucda,sust`mtdbglgndn` ` `mtr`t`mgk`mta. @std dbrdmo`mt` gkpldmtda n` dplgcd`s cak

odkgigcdtgamcarrabard cak mavds lgmfds n` p`squgsd ` iamt`s n` ndnas mas cdkpas

n` Gmt`rda Fukdma-Cakputdnar (GFC), @nucda ` Haoas, n`mtr` autras, dtrdgmna,

dssgk, cdnd v`z kdgs d dt`ma nas p`squgsdnar`s U9[.

A Zrai`ssar Nautar Hdk`s Zdul O``, k`kbra nd Mdtgamdl Dcdn`ky ai

@nucdtgam, nì`mn` `k U?[ qu` ds `scalds, lacdgs n` trdbdlfa, idklgds `

p`squgsdnar`s dcdnkgcas, tk kugta a qu` dpr`mn`r cak as haoas. @st`s, sòumnaa prai`ssar, gmcarpardk uk camhumta n` prgmcpgas n` dpr`mngzdo`k iart`k`mt`

dpagdnas `k p`squgsds camt`kparm`ds `k Cgmcgd Caomgtgvd cgmcgd qu` `stund

a p`msdk`mta fukdma ` a prac`ssa n` dpr`mngzdo`k dtrdvs n` p`squgsds `k

ldbardtrga, n` `stunas na cr`bra ` n` p`squgsds `k dkbg`mt`s n` `msgma, caka ds

sdlds n` duld. D odkgigcdtgamsuro`, partdmta, caka ukd ìgcdz `strdtogd pdrd `xtrdgr

ds bads prtgcds ` as b`mìcgas nas haoas ` dplgc-las `k autras camt`xtas,

sabr`tuna, ma cdkpa nd @nucda.

F uk ordmn` pat`mcgdl n` utglgzda n` odkgigcdtgam tdmta md `nucda

trdngcgamdl, md qudl `mcamtrdkas dlumas n`skatgvdnas ` prai`ssar`s s`k `modh-las


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`k dtgvgndn`s n` dpr`mngzdo`k, qudmta md `nucda vgrtudl, `k qu` d cakumgcda

k`ngdnd ` d idltd n` camtdta ngr`ta nas dlumas cak d `xp`rtgs` na prai`ssar pan`k

cakprak`t r dgmnd kdgs sùs mv`gs n` gmt`r`ss` ` dpr`mngzdna U6[.

Rìgmdmna-s` a `scapa pdrd a dkbg`mt` vgrtudl, camstdtd-s` qu` sud

gmird`struturd ai`r`c` ds i`rrdk`mtds m`c`ssrgds pdrd d n`vgnd gmcarparda nas

r`cursas n` odkgigcdtgamma `msgma ` pdrd d ìgcdz k`msurda nd pdrtgcgpda nas

usurgas U7[. ^dl dkbg`mt`, partdmta, s` n`stdcd par idcglgtdr d dplgcda ` cldrgigcdr as

r`sultdnas prav`mg`mt`s nd utglgzda n`std tcmgcd.

Ma `mtdmta, as dkbg`mt`s vgrtudgs, dssgk caka sgst`kds n` saitwdr`, camtk

n`z`mds au dt c`mt`mds n` iumcgamdlgndn`s, a qu` ngigcultd a prac`ssa n`

dpr`mngzdo`k nas mavas usurgas. Pk vdsta mk`ra n` trdbdlfas `k GFC tkgmv`stgodna as prabl`kds dssacgdnas cak a dpr`mngzdna nds p`ssads `k k`ga das

vrgas tgpas n` ktanas n` `msgma vgrtudl ` n` saitwdr` qu` tk sgna prapastas

dssgstmcgd amlgm` ` r`katd, tutargdgs, irums n` ngscussa ` vnà-dulds, n`mtr`

autras. Zark, `st`s ktanas ma tk sgna ì`tgvas ma `msgma das mavas usurgas n`

uk sgst`kd U4:[.

A Nautar `k Zsgcalaogd @xp`rgk`mtdl p`ld Calukbgd Pmgv`rsgty, Hafm Cdrrall,

digrkd `k U4:[ qu` ds p`ssads tk uk vgs pranutgva qu` r`nuz sud katgvdaqudmna s` n`pdrdk cak dtgvgndn`s n` dp`mds dpr`mn`r sabr` a sgst`kd, dloa qu`

n`kdmnd uk bak t`kpa. Ngdmt` ngsta, ukd dbarndo`k kdgs prakgssard s`rgd d n`

tutargdgs gmt`rdtgvas, p`las qudgs as usurgas tk d apartumgndn` n` dpr`mn`r dtrdvs

nd r`dlgzda n` tdrìds md prprgd dplgcda.

@kbard `xgstdk vrgas tgpas n` tutargdgs gmt`rdtgvas, `l`s ma praparcgamdk a

mv`l m`c`ssrga n` `modhdk`mta das usurgas pdrd katgv-las d r`dlgzdr tands ds

dtgvgndn`s r`qugsgtdnds. Bds`dna mgsta, a abh`tgva n`st` trdbdlfa a n` prapar ukddbarndo`k n` utglgzda n` odkgigcdtgam`k uk sgst`kd n` `msgma n` saitwdr`s, cuha

prac`ssa n` dpr`mngzdo`k s` n dtrdvs n` tutargdgs gmt`rdtgvas. Dssgk, tarmd-s`

passv`l dlgdr a pat`mcgdl n`st`s tutargdgs cak a `modhdk`mta abtgna dtrdvs nds

tcmgcds n` odkgigcdtgam.


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4>

4.4 N`sdigas na @msgma n` Saitwdr`s

@msgmdr d utglgzdr saitwdr`s ukd tdrìd qu` `xgo` n`ngcda ` `siara tdmta

pdrd a gmstrutar qudmta pdrd a dluma. As ktanas dtudgs n` msgma ma ai`r`c`k k`gas

pdrd tarmdr `std dtgvgndn` kdgs icgl ` ìgcg`mt`. Zdrd `mt`mn`r k`lfar `std qu`sta,

cdb` dmdlgsdr as prabl`kds ` ds lgkgtd`s n` cdnd uk n`st`s ktanas.

A ktana par tutargdgs, s`hd `k t`xta au `k vnà, `xgo` kdgar `siara nas

crgdnar`s, parqu` a prac`ssa n` crgda n`kdmnd kugta t`kpa ` camf`cgk`mta `k

saitwdr`s n` `nga n` t`xta au n` vnà. Dlk ngssa, as dlumas pr`cgsdk lgndr cak

nags dkbg`mt`s8 a n` `msgma ` a n` `x`cua, `k qu` `l` dpr`mn` ma tutargdl a qu`n`v` idz`r ` `x`cutd ma sgst`kd `k dpr`mngzdna. A usurga kdmtk `ssd tracd n`

dkbg`mt`s dt camsòugr r`dlgzdr tanas as pdssas nd tdrìd `msgmdnd.

A `msgma tdkbk ai`r`cgna dtrdvs n` gmstrutar`s, s`hd n` iarkd p`ssadl au

r`katd. Dmdlgsdmna a prgk`gra kana, t`k-s` uk custa sgomgigcdtgva `k gmird`struturd

pdrd kgmgstrdr cursas ` tr`gmdk`mtas pr`s`mcgdgs. Dlk, na custa cak a gmstrutar ` nd

prabl`ktgcd n` t`r qu` r`dlgzdr tands ds dtgvgndn`s mavdk`mt` pdrd cdnd mava clg`mt`

au orupa n` mavas usurgas na sgst`kd.Tudmta kandlgndn` r`katd, trdtd-s` na `msgma cak a prgmcgpdl abh`tgva n`

salucgamdr nvgnds nas usurgas. @l` s` n par k`ga n` dt`mngk`mta t`lìmgca `

amlgm`, au par dc`ssa r`kata da cakputdnar na usurga. A ordmn` prabl`kd n`st`

ktana ma p`rkgtgr qu` a gmstrutar camsgod r`plgcdr suds gmstru`s pdrd kdgs n`

uk usurga par v`z.

Autra n`sdiga na `msgma n` saitwdr` d `mark` qudmtgndn` n` gmiarkd`s

qu` ds p`ssads pr`cgsdk lgndr ngdrgdk`mt` mds dplgcd`s qu` utglgzdk. Cdnd sgst`kdcamtk n`z`mds n` iumcgamdlgndn`s, qu` s` kultgplgcdnds p`la mk`ra n` sgst`kds

qu` a gmngvnua utglgzd p`rc`b`-s` d ordmn` qudmtgndn` n` camt`na qu` cdnd p`ssad

t`k n` dpr`mn`r.

M`st` c`mrga, dssgk caka vgsta md sà dmt`rgar, a ktana n` msgma dtrdvs

n` tutargdgs gmt`rdtgvas n`spamtau caka ukd k`lfar dlt`rmdtgvd. Gsta parqu` `ld umgu d

`scdldbglgndn` n` ma utglgzdr gmstrutar`s, nas tutargdgs, cak a `msgma r`dlgzdna ma

prprga dkbg`mt` na saitwdr` k dpr`mngzdna, caka acarr` mas autras ktanas. @st`

ktana a dp`ri`gadk`mta nas tutargdgs camv`mcgamdgs, qu` sa bdstdmt` utglgzdnas

dtudlk`mt`.


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40

Bds`dna mgsta, d prapastd n` utglgzda n` odkgigcdtgam n`st` trdbdlfa s`r `k

uk sgst`kd qu` h utglgzd as tutargdgs gmt`rdtgvas caka ktana n` msgma. N`st` kana,

pr`t`mn`-s` doròdr dgmnd kdgs b`mìcgas gkpldmtda nd dbarndo`k prapastd.

4.2 Abh`tgvas

A abh`tgva o`rdl n`st` trdbdlfa camsgst` `k prapar ukd dbarndo`k n`

utglgzda n` odkgigcdtgam dndptdnd da camt`xta n` `msgma n` saitwdr`s, cuha ktana

s` utglgzd n` tutargdgs gmt`rdtgvas. ^dl prapasga s`r camstrund d pdrtgr nd r`dlgzdanas sòugmt`s abh`tgvas sp`cigcas8

Dpr`s`mtdr d pldtdiarkd n` msgma, md qudl s`r dplgcdnd d dbarndo`k5

N`tdlfdr as `l`k`mtas ` d `strdtogd n` odkgigcdtgamprapastas.

4.3 Iard na @scapa

^`mna `k vgstd as abh`tgvas nìgmgnas, cdb` r`ssdltdr ds dtgvgndn`s qu` ma

idz`k pdrt` na `scapa n`st` trdbdlfa, tdgs caka ds lgstdnds d sòugr8

R`dlgzdr `xp`rgk`mtas iarkdgs5

Dpr`s`mtdr tands ds tcmgcds dtr`ldnds odkgigcdtgam5

^`stdr d dbarndo`k prapastd cak usurgas5

Dvdlgdr a r`sultdna nd gkpldmtda nds tcmgcds prapastds.

4.> @struturd na ^rdbdlfa

A pr`s`mt` nacuk`mta `st `struturdna `k cgmca cdptulas. Ma prgk`gra,

r`dlgzdnd ukd gmtranua na t`kd dlgdnd das abh`tgvas na trdbdlfa. Ma cdptula 2, `xplgcdna a camc`gta n` odkgigcdtgam cak uk kdgar dpraiumndk`mta `k sùs


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abh`tgvas, `l`k`mtas ` ktrgcds n` n`s`kp`mfa. A cdptula 3 ngscut` as n`sdigas nd

@nucda ` caka d odkgigcdtgamt`k sgna dplgcdnd cak igms nucdcgamdgs. Dlk ngssa,

dpr`s`mtdna uk `x`kpla n` dplgcda cak `std igmdlgndn`.

Ma cdptula >, d prapastd n`st` trdbdlfa n`tdlfdnd pdrtgmna nd `xplgcda nd

i`rrdk`mtd, md qudl d odkgigcdtgams`r dplgcdnd, s`ougmna pdrd d n`scrga n` tanas

as r`cursas qu` cakp`k d r`i`rgnd prapastd, cak n`tdlf`s n` sud gkpl`k`mtda.

Zar igk, a cdptula 0 camtk d camclusa n`st` trdbdlfa ` d `lgcgtda nds lgkgtd`s

` trdbdlfas iuturas.


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4?

2 ODKGIGCD^GAM

Odkgigcdtgam uk camc`gta qu` surogu d pdrtgr n` ngi`r`mt`s lgmfds n` p`squgsd

mds r`ds n` GFC, Cgmcgd Caomgtgvd, Haoas, n`mtr` autrds. Laoa, mdturdl qu` fdhd

ukd srg` n` nìgmg`s qu` s` cakpl`tdk au k`ska qu` cakp`t`k `mtr` sg. Zdrd

idcglgtdr a `mt`mngk`mta, s`r dnatdnd m`st` trdbdlfa dp`mds d nìgmga d sòugr, d

qudl s`r n`sk`kbrdnd d igk n` `xplgcdr cak n`tdlf`s a sù sgomgigcdna. Sòumna

U9[, Odkgigcdtgam gs tf` us` ai odk` n`sgom `l`k`mts gm mam-odk` camt`xts.

Odk`ngz r`sp`gta da haoa praprgdk`mt` ngta ` cdrdct`rgzdna par uk sgst`kd

n` ròrds `xplcgtds ` ukd cakp`tga `mtr` dtar`s as usurgas ` d gmt`lgomcgddrtgigcgdl na haoa p`ld camqugstd n` abh`tgvas au r`sultdnas U9[. Dlk ngssa, `k uk

haoa, f d passgbglgndn` n` n`rratd na haodnar ` a pura dta n` haodr pan` s`r

gmtrgms`cdk`mt` r`cakp`msdnar U44[.

A sacglaoa irdmcs Rao`r Cdgllags nìgmgu `k U42[ qu` uk haoa n`v` t`r ds

sòugmt`s cdrdct`rstgcds8

d) ngv`rsa8 a haodnar r`dlgzd d dtgvgndn` p`la prdz`r qu` lf` praparcgamdna5

b) n`lgkgtda8 lgkgtdna ma t`kpa ` ma `spda5c) gmc`rt`zd8 a r`sultdna gkpr`vgsv`l5

n) gkpranutgvgndn`8 d r`dlgzda nd dtgvgndn` ma pranuz dloa tgl5

`) ròuldk`mtda8 rògna par ròrds5

i) mdtur`zd igctcgd8 idz pdrt` n` uk dkbg`mt` ngi`r`mt` na r`dl5

L`vdmna-s` `k camsgn`rda a vdsta mk`ra n` iarkds qu` uk haoa pan`

dssukgr, gkpassv`l camc`b`r ukd nìgmga `xdtd pdrd cdrdct`rgzdr sùs

`l`k`mtas. Pkd dbarndo`k kdgs r`strgtgvd, pranuzgrgd uk camhumta vdzga au kugtap`qu`ma. Pkd autrd kugta tal`rdmt`, qu` molabdss` tanas as l`k`mtas h utglgzdnas

`k haoas, pranuzgrgd uk camhumta gmigmgta. Laoa, a kdgs s`msdta camsgn`rdr caka

odk` `l`k`mts, dqu`l`s qu` s` mcamtrdk md kdgargd nas haoas n`s`kp`mfdmna uk

pdp`l sgomgigcdtgva ` qu` sa idcglk`mt` dssacgdnas cak `l`s U9[. Kdgs dngdmt` s`ra

`lgcgtdnas as `l`k`mtas kdgs cakums nas haoas.

Odk` n`sgom `l`k`mts sa gn`mtgigcdnas `k U9[ caka vrgas mv`gs n`

dbstrda, as qudgs pan`rgdk, gmclusgv`, s`r dngcgamdnas nìgmga, d sdb`r8


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d) Zdnr`s n` n`sgom n` gmt`ridc`8 cakpam`mt`s camsdordnas n` n`sgom n`

gmt`rda ` salu`s n` n`sgom n` prabl`kds camf`cgnas `k uk camt`xta. Zar

`x`kpla8 bdno`s, rdmegmo n` ln`r`s` mv`gs5

b) Zdnr`s n` n`sgom ` k`cmgcds n` haoas8 pdrt`s r`carr`mt`s na n`sgom n`

haoas qu` `sta r`ldcgamdnds iarkd n` haodr. Zar `x`kpla8 lgkgtda n` r`cursas,

r`strg`s n` t`kpa ` d v`z n` haodr5

c) Zrgmcpgas na n`sgom n` haoas fùrstgcds8 ngr`trgz`s n` dvdlgda utglgzdnds

md dbarndo`k n` uk prabl`kd au md dmlgs` n` ukd ndnd salua n` n`sgom. Zar

`x`kpla8 d kdm`grd cldrd cak qu` as abh`tgvas n`v`k s`r dpr`s`mtdnas5

n) Kan`ldo`k n` haoas8 kan`las camc`gtudgs n` cakpam`mt`s au `xp`rgmcgd

`k haoas. Zar `x`kpla8 n`sdigas, idmtdsgd ` curgasgndn`5`) Ktanas na n`sgom n` haoas8 prac`ssas ` prtgcds `sp`cigcds na n`sgom n`

haoas. Zar `x`kpla8 pldyt`stgmoprac`ssa n` t`stdr as haoas dmt`s n` ldmd-las ma

k`rcdna.

Mam-odk` camt`xts r`pr`s`mtd dkbg`mt`s qu` ma carr`spamn`k da n` uk

haoa praprgdk`mt` ngta. Sud nìgmga subh`tgvd ` utglgzdna a s`msa cakuk pdrd

cdrdct`rgzdr s` uk camt`xta p`rt`mc` au ma d uk haoa. Zar `x`kpla, rdzav`l

camsgn`rdr qu` a `mtr`t`mgk`mta uk nas prgmcgpdgs abh`tgvas nas haoas, `mqudmtaqu` modhdk`mta k`lfargd nd xp`rgmcgd nas usurgas sa abh`tgvas r`carr`mt`s n`

dplgcd`s n` odkgigcdtgamU9[. Dssgk, as camt`xtas pan`k s`r n`t`rkgmdnas d pdrtgr

nas abh`tgvas n` suds r`sp`ctgvds dplgcd`s.

âkdmna caka bds` ds camsgn`rd`s dcgkd, pan`kas r`nìgmgr odkgigcdtgam,

sòumna U9[, caka tf` us` ai n`sgom `l`k`mts cfdrdct`rgstgc iar odk`s gm mam-odk`

camt`xts, d qudl prav ukd nìgmga kdgs pr`cgsd nd tcmgcd `k qu`sta.

2.4 Abh`tgvas nd Odkgi gcdt gam

Odkgigcdtgamt`k abh`tgvas kugta cldras ` dloums ta cakums qu` sa gmclunas

par dloums p`squgsdnar`s `k sud prprgd nìgmga, caka8 k`lfardr d `xp`rgmcgd `

duk`mtdr a `modhdk`mta nas usurgas. Sòumna U7[, pdrd crgdr uk sgst`kd cak

odkgigcdtgam, sabr`tuna pdrd igms `nucdcgamdgs, qu` duk`mt` d katgvda n` sùs

usurgas m`c`ssrga iacdr `k `l`k`mtas iumndk`mtdgs qu` tarmdk as haoas


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dtrd`mt`s das sùs haodnar`s. D katgvda k haoas s` n p`la sù gkpdcta mds r`ds

caomgtgvd, `kacgamdl ` sacgdl nas haodnar`s.

Md r`d caomgtgvd, uk haoa ai`r`c` uk cakpl`xa sgst`kd n` ròrds cak ukd

srg` n` tdrìds qu` ougdra as haodnar`s da lamoa na prac`ssa n` nakgmdr `ssds

ròrds. @ssds tdrìds sa n`s`mvalvgnds muk cgcla n` `sp`cgdlgndn`s, qu` camsgst`

`k ukd srg` n` tdrìds kdgs curtds qu` as haodnar`s `x`cutdra r`p`tgnds v`z`s dt

dtgmogr a mv`l suigcg`mt` n` fdbglgndn` pdrd camclugr d tdrìd kdgar.

M`st` prac`ssa n` dpr`mngzdo`k, a haoa t`mtd dssòurdr qu` as haodnar`s

sdb`ra a qu` idz`r ` t`ra ds fdbglgndn`s m`c`ssrgds pdrd sup`rdr as n`sdigas

kdgar`s. Dlk ngssa, pdrd tarmdr a prac`ssa custakgzv`l, ds s`qumcgds nds tdrìds

sa o`rdlk`mt` ma lgm`dr`s, t`mna a haodnar uk c`rta mv`l n` lgb`rndn` pdrd`scalf`r qudgs tdrìds fdbglgndn`s qu` n`s`hd n`s`mvalv`r k cdnd kak`mta U?[ U7[

U43[.

Tudmta r`d kacgamdl, sù gkpdcta `st r`ldcgamdna da camc`gta n` suc`ssa

` idlfd. Tudmna a haodnar cakpl`td ukd tdrìd, `sp`rdna qu` `l` t`mfd bads

`ka`s par t`r sup`rdna ds ngigculndn`s qu` lf` dpdr`c`rdk. A haoa, par sud v`z,

`stgkuld `st`s bams s`mtgk`mtas dtrdvs n` uk sgst`kd n` r`cakp`msds qu`

r`camf`c` gk`ngdtdk`mt` a suc`ssa dlcdmdna ai`r`c`mna dlouk prkga.Zar autra ldna, qudmna a haodnar idlfd, `sp`rdna qu` `l` s` sgmtd kdl au

dmsgasa, qu` par kdgs mdturdl qu` s`hd, ma s` pan` p`rkgtgr qu` gsta s` trdmsiark`

`k ukd irustrda. D igk n` `vgtdr `std sgtuda, a cgcla n` `sp`cgdlgndn`s ` d

s`qumcgd n` tdrìds sa cugndnasdk`mt` crgdnas pdrd s` dn`qudr s fdbglgndn`s `

da mv`l n` cdnd haodnar.

Tudmna d ngigculndn` nds tdrìds carr`tdk`mt` bdldmc`dnd, as haodnar`s

pan`k dtgmogr uk dlta ordu n` katgvda U7[. Tudmna ma, a haoa pan` igcdr `mt`ngdmt`,ma cdsa n` haodnar`s dvdmdnas, au irustrdmt`, pdrd dqu`l`s qu` ma passu`k

fdbglgndn`s suigcg`mt`s U43[.

Zar sud v`z, ds gmt`rd`s `mtr` kltgplas haodnar`s `k uk haoa gkpdctdk d

r`d sacgdl n` cdnd uk n`l`s. F vrgds iarkds n` gmt`rda, tdgs caka8 d caap`rda

`mtr` haodnar`s pdrd dtgmogr uk abh`tgva cakuk, d cakp`tga mtr` l`s pdrd gkp`ngr

a suc`ssa dlf`ga, d ngsputd p`ld k`lfar calacda `k uk rdmegmo, au k`ska d

cakumgcda ngr`td par k`msdo`ms. @stds gmt`rd`s p`rkgt`k das haodnar`s

camstrugr gn`mtgndn`s pdrtgculdr`s ma haoa ` abt`r r`camf`cgk`mta ir`mt` das autras

U7[.


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2:

D r`d n` Odkgigcdtgamt`k sgna gkpulsgamdnd p`la suc`ssa nas vgnàodk`s `

haoas amlgm`, park `ld tdkbk v`k s`mna camsalgndnd d pdrtgr n` `stunas n` autrds

r`ds, caka d Zsgcalaogd, qu` prav tàrgds sabr` t`kds `ss`mcgdgs caka d

katgvda. D S`li-N`t`rkgmdtgam ^fàry (SN^), par `x`kpla, nìgm` nags tgpas8 d

gmtrms`cd ` d `xtrms`cd, dlk n` r`trdtdr ukd c`rtd camtgmugndn` n` ukd md autrd.

D katgvda gmtrms`cd dqu`ld qu` tarmd d r`dlgzda nd dtgvgndn` ordtgigcdmt`

par sg s. @ld n`v` s`r a abh`tgva prgmcgpdl d s`r dlcdmdna dtrdvs na sgst`kd cak

odkgigcdtgam. Zar autra ldna, d pdrtgr na sgst`kd n` r`cakp`msds gkpl`k`mtdna s`r

abtgnd d katgvda xtrms`cd humta das usurgas, mvalv`mna-as md dplgcda. Zark,

gsta n`v` s`rvgr dp`mds caka ukd i`rrdk`mtd pdrd camqugstdr d katgvda gmtrms`cd

nds p`ssads, ukd v`z qu` gn`dlk`mt` utglgzdr d prprgd dplgcda s`hd d v`rndn`grdr`cakp`msd U6[ U4>[.

Nr. ak Cfdtig`ln, St. Hafms Callò`, Axiarn, digrkau, k sud pdl`strd ? wdys

odk`s r`wdrn tf` brdgm md Cami`rmcgd na ^@N, qu` a `modhdk`mta acarr` qudmna

a cr`bra r`cakp`msdna qu`, pdrd dloa s`r camsgn`rdna caka r`cakp`msdnar au

ordtgigcdmt`, pr`cgsd praparcgamdr `ka`s pasgtgvds md p`ssad. @ss`mcgdlk`mt`, f

nags cakpam`mt`s qu` n`v`k s`r sdtgsi`gtas pdrd fdv`r d p`rc`pa n` qu` dloa

r`cakp`msdnar8 qu`r`r` oastdr.A mùracg`mtgstd nd Pmgv`rsgty ai Kgcfgodm, Nr. E`mt B`rrgno`, t`k `stundna

`st` camc`gta n` qu`r`r ` oastdrcaka m`c`ssrgas pdrd d p`rc`pa n` r`cakp`msd.

@l` n`scabrgu qu` a qu`r`r ` a oastdracarr`k `k nuds pdrt`s s`pdrdnds na cr`bra

` t`k buscdna iarkds n` utglgzdr gssa ma trdtdk`mta n` p`ssads vgcgdnds U43[. @mta,

pdrd n`s`mvalv`r sgst`kds qu` ì`tgvdk`mt` `modh`k sùs usurgas, iumndk`mtdl

camf`c`r a pblgca dlva pdrd `mt`mn`r sud kdm`grd n` p`msdr ` ds rdz`s qu` as

idrgdk qu`r`r ` oastdr nd dplgcda n`s`mvalvgnd.

2.2 @l`k`mtas nd Odkgi gcdt gam

As odk` n`sgom `l`k`mtsdpr`s`mtdnas d sòugr sa cakuk`mt` utglgzdnas md

dplgcda n` odkgigcdtgam `k sgst`kds n` gmiarkda. ^rdtdk-s` n` i`rrdk`mtds,

tcmgcds ` camc`gtas qu` s` utglgzdnas carr`tdk`mt` pan`k praparcgamdr ukd

`xp`rgmcgd katgvdnard das usurgas U3[.


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2.2.4 ^gpas n` Psurgas

Zdrd ukd dpraprgdnd gkpl`k`mtda n` odkgigcdtgam, iumndk`mtdl camf`c`r

as tgpas n` usurgas qu` utglgzdra d dplgcda. Pkd prgk`grd iarkd n` sòk`mtda

n` usurgas s` n d pdrtgr n` sùs mv`gs n` camf`cgk`mta utglgzda na sgst`kd, qu`

s` ngvgn` `k gmgcgdmt`s, ròuldr`s ` `mtusgdstds U0[.

As gmgcgdmt`s au m`wbg`ssa as qu` utglgzdk a sgst`kd p`ld prgk`grd v`z. @l`s

pr`cgsdk n` kdgar supart` mas pdssas gmgcgdgs pdrd s` idkglgdrgzdr cak ds

iumcgamdlgndn`s na sgst`kd. As ròuldr`s, par sud v`z, sa dqu`l`s qu` camf`c`k

bad pdrt` nds ium`s. @l`s ma pr`cgsdk n` dhund nurdmt` d `xp`rgmcgd, kds n`gmc`mtgvas pdrd qu` sud pdrtgcgpda s` trdmsiark` `k uk fbgta. H as `mtusgdstds

nakgmdk par cakpl`ta a sgst`kd ` a utglgzdk dssgnudk`mt`, park pr`cgsdk cak

ir`qumcgd n` mavas n`sdigas pdrd camtgmudr`k `modhdnas.

Zan`-s` ngstgmougr as usurgas tdkbk d pdrtgr nd tàrgd na Nr. Rgcfdrn Bdrtl`,

ZfN `k Gmt`lgomcgd Drtgigcgdl p`ld Pmgv`rsgty ai @ss`x, `k qu` s` n`stdcdk qudtra

p`rigs8 dcfg`v`rs, `xplar`rs, sacgdlgz`rs` egll`rs U0[. As dcfg`v`rssa katgvdnas par

`stdr ir`mt` nas n`kdgs usurgas. @l`s cukpr`k a kxgka n` tdrìds passv`l pdrdsubgr camtgmudk`mt` n` mv`l. As `xplar`rs, par sud v`z, castukdk vdsculfdr a

sgst`kd `k buscd n` mavgndn`s. As sacgdlgz`rspracurdk dp`mds k`gas n` gmt`rdogr

cak autras usurgas. @mqudmta qu` as egll`rsbuscdk `lgkgmdr sùs dnv`rsrgas.

@k uk sgst`kd cak igms `nucdcgamdgs, dp`mds as dcfg`v`rs ` as `xplar`rs

idz`k pdrt` na pblgca dlva.Dcfg`v`rs, parqu` buscdra cukprgr tands ds dtgvgndn`s

pdrd s` n`stdcdr ` `xplar`rs, pags p`rcarr`ra tana a sgst`kd pracurdmna par dloukd

n`scab`rtd qu` as surpr``mnd ` par cams`qumcgd, tdkbk r`dlgzdra tands dsdtgvgndn`s. Gmclusgv`, `st` cakpartdk`mta n`v` s`r gmc`mtgvdna ` l`vdna `k

camsgn`rda md gkpl`k`mtda nd strdtogd n` odkgigcdtgamna sgst`kd, ai`r`c`mna,

par `x`kpla, ukd r`cakp`msd da usurga n` dcarna cak d qudmtgndn` n` mavds

dtgvgndn`s qu` `l` n`sblaqu`dr `k uk ngd U0[ U44[.

Tudmta das autras nags tgpas, `l`s ma s` `mqudnrdk md prapastd n`

dpr`mngzdo`k, pags sacgdlgz`rs gra gmt`rdogr cak as n`kdgs usurgas, n`gxdmna n`

ldna d r`dlgzda nds dtgvgndn`s. H as egll`rsma s` s`mtgra katgvdnas d utglgzdr a

sgst`kd, ndnd d idltd n` cakp`tga `xplcgtd `mtr` as usurgas U0[ U44[.


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2.2.2 Mv`gs

As mv`gs sa ukd iarkd n` k`msurdr a ordu n` `xp`rgmcgd nas usurgas.

k`ngnd qu` uk usurga r`dlgzd ds tdr`ids qu` lf` sa pdssdnds, `l` dcukuld pamtas,

cuhds qudmtgndn`s sa ngstrgbunds `k gmt`rvdlas. Cdnd gmt`rvdla carr`spamn` d uk

mv`l. Laoa, qudmta kdgs a usurga cukpr` s`us n`sdigas, kdgs pamtas r`c`b` kdgar

a mv`l d qu` `l` p`rt`mc`.

@k dloums cdsas, gt`ms ` fdbglgndn`s sa n`sblaqu`dnds camiark` a usurga

dvdmd `mtr` as mv`gs. @st` `l`k`mta uk nas cakpam`mt`s qu` praparcgamdk

kdgar katgvda `mtr` as usurgas U3[.

2.2.3 Tu`sts` Cfdll`mo`s

@kbard par v`z`s trdtdnas caka sgmmgkas, f dloukds sutgs ngi`r`mds mtr`

dkbas as camc`gtas. As cfdll`mo`sau n`sdigas `sta markdlk`mt` dssacgdnas d uklgkgt` n` t`kpa au d ukd cakp`tga, `mqudmta qu` ds qu`stsau kgss`s ngz`k

r`sp`gta dp`mds d ukd harmdnd n` abstculas qu` a haodnar n`v` sup`rdr U7[ U44[.

Tudmta da gkpdcta ma pblgca dlva, p`squgsds gmngcdk qu` ds kulf`r`s s` `mvalv`k

kdgs cak as cfdll`mo`squ` as fak`ms U40[.

A lgkgt` n` t`kpa d qu` as cfdll`mo`so`rdlk`mt` sta suh`gtas uk `l`k`mta

camf`cgna caka tgk` pr`ssur`. ^rdtd-s` n` ukd ngmkgcd `k qu` as usurgas tk

ukd c`rtd qudmtgndn` n` t`kpa pdrd r`dlgzdr dloa. Gsta crgd ukd gmt`msd dtgvgndn`n`sn` a gmcga qu` vdg duk`mtdmna ir`m`tgcdk`mt` dt a t`kpa dcdbdr U4:[.

Zdrd dtgmogr `l`vdnas mv`gs n` `modhdk`mta, ds qu`sts ` as cfdll`mo`s

pr`cgsdk `stdr n`mtra n` uk camt`xta cak uk sgomgigcdna pgca, pags as usurgas

igcdra kugta katgvdnas s` l`s dcr`ngtdr`k qu` sta idz`mna dloa v`rndn`grdk`mt`

r`l`vdmt`, gmspgrdnar ` kdgar na qu` `l`s k`skas U4[.

@k U4[, Hdm` KcOamgodl n a `x`kpla nas haodnar`s n` _arln ai _drcrdit qu`

s` modhdrdk d crgdr d kdgar mcgclapngd passv`l sabr` camt`nas na haoa. Cdnd uk

`stdvd gmngvgnudlk`mt` katgvdna d crgdr dlouk camt`na pdrd idz`r pdrt` n`std fgstrgd


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` dhundr d dtgmogr a abh`tgva prgmcgpdl. Dt qu` t`kpas n`pags, trdmsiarkdrdk `std

`mcgclapngd md sòumnd kdgar na kumna, `mtr` tands n` qudlqu`r om`ra.

2.2.> R`cakp`msds

^rdtd-s` n` uk nas `l`k`mtas kdgs camf`cgnas ` utglgzdnas `k haoas `

sgst`kds cak odkgigcdtgam. Sud gkpl`k`mtda kdgs cakuk s` n dtrdvs n`

dcfg`v`k`mts qu` sa ukd r`pr`s`mtda vgrtudl au isgcd nd r`dlgzda au camclusa

n` dloa U4:[. Zar gssa, sa kugtds v`z`s utglgzdnas caka ktrgcd n` n`s`kp`mfa mtràs usurgas.

@st`s `l`k`mtas pan`k o`rdr ukd srg` n` `ka`s pasgtgvds ma usurga,

n`mtr` autrds rdz`s, p`la idta n` ai`r`c`r ukd r`cakp`msd gk`ngdtdk`mt` dps d

camclusa n` ukd tdrìd. Dlk ngssa, l`s sa gt`ms cal`cgamv`gs. Bds`dna mgssa, as

sgst`kds castukdk `xgbgr ds tdrìds qu` ma iardk camclunds humtdk`mt` cak as

dcfg`v`k`mtscarr`spamn`mt`s. Dssgk, as usurgas s` kdmtk katgvdnas d cakpl`tdr

sud calà n` gt`ms U7[ U44[.@k dloums cdsas, r`cakp`msds `sp`cgdgs sa crgdnds ` dtr`ldnds r`dlgzda

n` uk cakba. @l` r`pr`s`mtd ukd cakbgmda n` d`s qu` qudmna r`dlgzdnds cak

suc`ssa o`rdk uk ì`gta pasgtgva au d camqugstd n` ukd r`cakp`msd. Ma Nualgmoa

dplgcda n` `msgma n` gngakds, par `x`kpla, qudmna a usurga r`spamn` s`k `rrdr

tands ds qu`st`s n` uk k`ska knula, r`c`b` uk gt`k `sp`cgdl.

Tudmta da sgst`kd n` r`cakp`msds, ma bdstd qu` as gt`ms s`hdk dtrdtgvas,

`l`s pr`cgsdk s`r `mtròu`s ma kak`mta c`rta ` pdrd gssa m`c`ssrga nìgmgr ukr`wdrn scf`nul`. ^rdtd-s` na k`cdmgska n` `mtròd nds r`cakp`msds. Da

gkpl`k`mtdr d odkgigcdtgam`k uk sgst`kd, pr`cgsa `stdb`l`c`r as kak`mtas `k

qu` as usurgas gra r`c`b`r ukd r`cakp`msd, s`hd `ld pamtas, bdno`s, duk`mta n`

mv`l au qudlqu`r autra `l`k`mta, pdrd odrdmtgr qu` `lds s`ra `mtròu`s

camsgst`mt`k`mt` da lamoa n` tand d `xp`rgmcgd.

F trs cakpam`mt`s prgmcgpdgs `k uk r`wdrn scf`nul` U44[ U43[8

d) pr-r`qugsgta8 a qu` pr`cgsd acarr`r pdrd d r`cakp`msd s`r `mtròu`5

b) r`spastd8 d dpr`s`mtda nd r`cakp`msd5

c) rìara8 d r`cakp`msd dpraprgdnd pdrd a pr-r`qugsgta.


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@std mtròd pan` s`r r`dlgzdnd n` ngi`r`mt`s iarkds, tdgs caka x`kplgigcdnds

d sòugr.

Cak r`lda da t`kpa, ds r`cakp`msds pan`k s`r `mtròu`s `k gmt`rvdlas

igxas au vdrgv`gs. A prgk`gra kana t`mn` d crgdr uk bdgxa `modhdk`mta laoa dps d

r`cakp`msd. @k sòugnd, d dtgvgndn` duk`mtd ordnudlk`mt` dt ukd mavd `mtròd,

pdrd `mta bdgxdr mavdk`mt`.

Zar sud v`z, r`cakp`msdr usurgas `k gmt`rvdlas vdrgv`gs o`rd uk mv`l

rdzadv`lk`mt` dlta n` dtgvgndn` da lamoa na t`kpa, kds ma camsòu` sup`rdr d

gmt`msgndn` n` utglgzda nd mtròd k gmt`rvdlas igxa. Dp`sdr ngssa, d sòumnd iarkd

n` gkpl`k`mtda ma o`rd mv`gs ta bdgxas n` dtgvgndn` qudmta d prgk`grd.

Autrd apa bds`dr d r`cakp`msd `k uk mk`ra igxa au vdrgv`l n` d`squ` a usurga pr`cgsd `x`cutdr. Dkbas as kanas, ma `mtdmta, sair`k ds k`skds

vdrgd`s ma mv`l n` `modhdk`mta nds r`sp`ctgvds gkpl`k`mtd`s bds`dnds ma

t`kpa U4:[ U44[ U43[.

Dgmnd m`st` s`mtgna, f ukd autrd ngmkgcd n` `mtròd n` r`cakp`msds

cfdkdnd n` dppagmtk`mt nymdkgcs. @ld pr-`stdb`l`c` ukd fard au uk lacdl pdrd a

usurga `mtrdr ma sgst`kd au r`dlgzdr n`t`rkgmdnd da d igk n` abt`r uk ì`gta

pasgtgva U44[.A `x`kpla kdgs camf`cgna n`st` r`cursa sa as Fdppy Faurs, `k qu`bdr`s ` r`stdurdmt`s `stdb`l`c`k uk farrga pdrd ai`r`c`r n`scamtas `k b`bgnds.

^dl `strdtogd tdkbk cakuk `k dplgcd`s kultgpldtdiarkd, caka a Nrapbax

sgst`kd n` drkdz`mdk`mta n` drqugvas md muv`k, qu` ai`r`c` drkdz`mdk`mta

dngcgamdl par cdnd ngspasgtgva `k qu` a usurga gmstdldr a dplgcdtgva.

Pkd v`z `mtròu`s, ds r`cakp`msds tdkbk dtudk caka ukd ktrgcd n`

cakp`tga `mtr` as usurgas dtrdvs n` l`dn`rbadrns au rdmegmo n` ln`r`s. @l`

r`pr`s`mtd ukd lgstd n` usurgas pasgcgamdnas n` dcarna cak dlouk pdrk`trak`msurv`l, `k o`rdl, mk`ra n` pamtas au r`cakp`msds dnqugrgnds.

A l`dn`rbadrnas kdmtk katgvdnas d cakpl`tdr kdgs dtgvgndn`s d pdrtgcgpdr

a kxgka passv`l nd xp`rgmcgd na sgst`kd, d igk n` odmfdr pamtas au r`cakp`msds

qu` as iddk subgr n` pasga ma rdmegmo ` sup`rdr as n`kdgs usurgas.

@k dloums cdsas, park, k qu` usurgas ma camsòu`k praor`ngr ma rdmegmo

au ma s` s`mt`k camiartv`gs cak d cakp`tga, `std tcmgcd pan` o`rdr uk dlta

mv`l n` gmsdtgsida U7[. Zdrd dssòurdr d n`vgnd praor`ssa nas usurgas, as

sgst`kds iarm`c`k uk ordmn` duxlga das gmgcgdmt`s ` ordndtgvdk`mt` kdgs lgb`rndn`

k`ngnd qu` as usurgas va dnqugrgmna `xp`rgmcgd U4:[.


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2.2.0 @l`k`mtas Subh`tgvas nd Odkgi gcdt gam

2.2.0.4 Idmtdsgd

pravdv`lk`mt` d cdrdct`rstgcd kdgs gkpartdmt` nas haoas qu` pan` s`r

gmclund `k autras camt`xtas, sòumna ^fakds _. Kdlam`, ngr`tar iumndnar na KG^

C`mt`r iar Call`ctgv` Gmt`llgo`mc`. @ld suscgtd gkdo`ms n` abh`tas au sgtud`s qu`

ma `sta dtudlk`mt` pr`s`mt`s, a qu` pan` idz`r d `xp`rgmcgd kdgs dtrdtgvd

`kacgamdlk`mt` das usurgas U4:[. Dgmnd sabr` `ld, p`squgsds dpamtdk qu` fak`mssa kdgs s`msv`gs das gkpdctas nd idmtdsgd qu` ds kulf`r`s U40[.

2.2.0.2Cdscdngmo Gmiarkdtgam ^fàry

D tàrgd n` qu` d gmiarkda n`v` s`r trdmskgtgnd md k`mar qudmtgndn`

passv`l pdrd abt`r a dpraprgdna mv`l n` `mt`mngk`mta nurdmt` d mdrrdtgvd na haoa

U44[. Sud gkpl`k`mtda kdgs `vgn`mt` ma prgk`gra camtdta n` uk usurga cak uk

sgst`kd, `k qu` `l` cak`d dpr`mn`mna ds ium`s bsgcds ` das paucas vdg

dvdmdmna dt dpr`mn`r ds kdgs cakpl`xds.

2.2.0.3I``nbdces Gk`ngdtas

Dssgk caka acarr` `k haoas, prav`r i``nbdcesgk`ngdtas da usurga sabr` sù

praor`ssa ma cukprgk`mta nas abh`tgvas dhund d dldvdmcdr a mv`l n` `modhdk`mta

cak a sgst`kd. Dlk ngssa, s` a usurga cak`t` uk `rra, `l` cak`d d igcdr

n`sarg`mtdna, laoa, a sgst`kd n`v` dtudr gk`ngdtdk`mt` pdrd camnuzg-la md

r`cup`rda ndqu l` `rra U7[ U4:[.


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2.2.0.> Blgssiul Zranuctgvgty

^rdtd-s` nd gn`gd n` qu` haodr, k`ska s` ngdmt` n` kugta `siara, praparcgamd

kdgs i`lgcgndn` na qu` kak`mtas n` r`ldxdk`mta U44[. @k U4[, Hdm` KcOamgodl

`x`kplgigcd qu` as haodnar`s n` _arln ai _drcrdithaodk ukd kngd n` 22 fards par

s`kdmd, k`ska dps uk ngd r`pl`ta n` trdbdlfa.

2.2.0.0 Abh`tgvas Cldras

@st` uk dsp`cta qu` pan` s`r iart`k`mt` dssacgdna cak d papuldrgndn` nas

haoas. @l`s sa gkpartdmt`s pdrd qu` as haodnar`s `mt`mndk b`k d tdr`id qu` gra

t`mtdr r`dlgzdr, n`gxdmna-as kdgs `modhdnas cak a sgst`kd U4:[.

2.2.0.9 Ygrdlgndn`

uk stdna dlk`hdna p`las n`s`mvalv`nar`s n` uk sgst`kd, pags praparcgamd

uk mk`ra gmt`msa n` usurgas muk curta `spda n` t`kpa. @st` i`mk`ma

`stgkuldna p`la ordmn` pan`r n` gmilumcgd qu` d apgmga au d r`cak`mnda n`

dkgoas `x`rc` mds p`ssads U43[. @ld usudlk`mt` `stgkuldnd dtrdvs nd ai`rtd n`

r`cakp`msds par camvgndr mavas usurgas pdrd utglgzdr d dplgcda.D vgrdlgndn` tdkbk pan` s`r camqugstdnd dtrdvs nd ngmkgcd n` caldbarda

sacgdl, `k qu` as usurgas n` uk orupa au cakumgndn` sa cfdkdnas d trdbdlfdr `k

camhumta md r`salua n` uk prabl`kd au n`sdiga.


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2.2.0.? B`fdvgardl Kak`mtuk

d t`mnmcgd, kugta `mcamtrdnd `k haoas, n` usurgas s` kdmt`r`k idz`mna

a qu` `sta idz`mna. @st` camc`gta igcdr kdgs cldra d pdrtgr n` uk cak`mtrga n`

H`ss` Scf`ll, prai`ssar n` Zrdctgc` ai @mt`rtdgmk`mt ^`cfmalaoynd Cdrmòg` K`llam

Pmgv`rsgty, qu` ngss`8 G fdv` sp`mt 4: faurs pldygmo Idrkvgll`. Gk d skdrt p`rsam dmn

waulnmt sp`mn 4: faurs am sak`tfgmo uml`ss gt wds usìul. ^f`rìar`, tfgs kust b`

usìul, sa G cdm e``p nagmo gt. U44[.

2.3 Dvdlgda n` N`s`kp`mfa

@k sgst`kds cak odkgigcdtgam `ss`mcgdl kamgtardr a n`s`kp`mfa nds

ktrgcds `stdb`l`cgnds pdrd dssòurdr qu` as abh`tgvas trddnas s`ra au `sta

s`mna dlcdmdnas. Ds prgmcgpdgs ktrgcds n` suc`ssa nd gkpldmtda n` odkgigcdtgam

`k uk sgst`kd sa8 `modhdk`mta, o`rda n` camt`na nas usurgas, ign`lgndn`,vgrdlgndn` ` ngv`rsa.

A `modhdk`mta n` lamo` d kdgs gkpartdmt`. Zdrd k`msur-ld

dpraprgdndk`mt` sa dvdlgdnds, k camhumta, autrds ktrgcds qu` gmngcdk a mv`l qu`

`st s`mna dlcdmdna. @stds ktrgcds sa U0[ U44[8

d) mk`ra n` usurgas qu` utglgzdrdk dp`mds ukd v`z a sgst`kd5

b) mk`ra n` vgsudlgzd`s n` pogmds par usurga5

c) t`kpatatdl ` par usurgan` utglgzda na sgst`kd5n) ir`qumcgd n` vgsgtds5

`) praiumngndn` nd vgsgtd au mv`l n` mdvòda na usurga5

i) pdrtgcgpda5

o) camv`rsamk`ra n` vgsgtdmt`s qu` s` tarmdrdk usurgas.

D pdrtgr n` ukd dmlgs` n` tanas as ndnas, passv`l n`t`rkgmdr a mv`l n`

`modhdk`mta cak kdgar ign`lgndn`.

Autrd cdrdct`rstgcd gkpartdmt` n` s`r k`msurdnd a ordu n` pranua n`

camt`na nas usurgas, pags dlk n` kdmt`r a sgst`kd `k `valua, odrdmt` uk

s`mtgk`mta n` praprg`ndnàwm`rsfgp, qu` iumndk`mtdl md camqugstd nd ign`lgndn`


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nas usurgas. Sdb`r qua ig`l sa sùs usurgas gkpartdmt` pdrd `mt`mn`r qua

vulm`rv`l sù sgst`kd `st nds gmt`rv`m`s nas camcarr`mt`s ` nds vdrgd`s na

k`rcdna.

D vgrdlgndn`, par sud v`z, k`mcgamdnd md sà dmt`rgar, ma s n`v` s`r

dlk`hdnd ` gmc`mtgvdnd, kds tdkbk camstdmt`k`mt` kamgtardnd pdrd dvdlgdr a ordu

n` papuldrgzda na sgst`kd.

Zar ltgka, d ngv`rsa ma icgl n` s`r k`msurdnd, kds uk nas kdgar`s

b`mìcgas nd odkgigcdtgam, ukd v`z qu` cak sud gkpldmtda as sgst`kds tarmdk-s`

kdgs dtrdtgvas ` ngv`rtgnas n` usdr. D Ium ^fàry`xplard d gn`gd n` qu` dloa ta

sgkpl`s qudmta a ngv`rtgk`mta d kdm`grd kdgs icgl n` kundr a cakpartdk`mta nds

p`ssads pdrd k`lfar U44[.

2.> Camsgn`rd`s Igmdgs na Cdptula

M`st` cdptula iag dpr`s`mtdna a camc`gta n` odkgigcdtgamcak ukd `xplgcda

n`tdlfdnd n` tanas as t`rkas qu` a cakp`. Dlk ngssa, kastrau-s` as prgmcgpdgs`l`k`mtas n`std `strdtogd cak suds r`sp`ctgvds nìgmg`s. Da igmdl na cdptula,

iardk `lgcgtdnds ds prgmcgpdgs ktrgcds pdrd dvdlgda na n`s`kp`mfa n` ukd

gkpl`k`mtda n` odkgigcdtgam.

Ir`mt` da `xpasta, icgl p`rc`b`r a gmt`r`ss` nd utglgzda n` odkgigcdtgam`k

`l`vdr a mvalvgk`mta nds p`ssads k uk dkbg`mt` au md r`dlgzda n` uk camhumta

n` dtgvgndn`s. Idta qu` pasgcgamd d tcmgcd caka uk r`cursa cfdv` d s`r dplgcdna k

camt`xtas qu` `xgo`k ukd pdrtgcgpda pl`md nds p`ssads pdrd abt`r k`lfar`sr`sultdnas. N`mtr` ds vrgds passgbglgndn`s, n`spamtd-s` a camt`xta `nucdcgamdl qu`

s`r trdtdna ma cdptula d sòugr.


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3 @NPCDA

Tudmna s` abs`rvd a ktana n` dpr`mngzdo`k dplgcdna `k b`bs ` crgdmds,

matd-s` d gmt`msd pr`s`md n` `l`k`mtas lngcas pdrd gmstgodr a gmt`r`ss` ` tarmdr a

prac`ssa kdgs dordnv`l. @std ukd `strdtogd kugta ìgcg`mt` ` qu` cukpr` cak

sùs abh`tgvas.

Ma `mtdmta, k`ngnd qu` as hav`ms cr`sc`k, a ktana n` `msgma vdg s`

tarmdmna kdgs k`cmgca, r`p`tgtgva ` cams`qu`mt`k`mt`, kdgs n`skatgvdmt` pdrd

`l`s. D gmcrv`l `xp`rgmcgd n` dpr`mn`r, qu` `rd iacdnd mds p`ssads, tarmd-s`

`mt`ngdmt` ` cak iaca prgmcgpdlk`mt` md qudmtgndn` n` camt`na trdmskgtgna.Caka vgsta `k U4[, dt as 24 dmas n` gndn`, as dk`rgcdmas odstdk c`rcd n`

n`z kgl fards cak haoas. @ss` mk`ra `qugvdl`mt` da qu` `l`s pdssdk mds

gmstgtug`s n` `msgma nd qugmtd srg` na @msgma Bsgca dt d Pmgv`rsgndn`. Ngdmt`

ngsta, p`rc`b`-s` qu` `st`s hav`ms dnqugr`k camf`cgk`mtas ` cakp`tmcgds d pdrtgr

n` nags dkbg`mt`s ngstgmtas U42[ ` o`rdlk`mt` a camt`xta nas haoas n`sp`rtd kdgs

gmt`r`ss` ` `modhdk`mta qu` a nds `scalds.

D pdrtgr n`st` idta, gmi`r`-s` qu` a prac`ssa n` `nucda nds p`ssads man`v` n`gxdr n` s`r ngv`rtgna ` `stgkuldmt`. m`st` c`mrga qu` suro` d odkgigcdtgam

cak hustdk`mt` d tdrìd n` r`mavdr as ktanas ` prac`ssas n` camt`xtas qu` ma

idz`k pdrt` n` uk haoa, kds qu` passu`k ds k`skds m`c`ssgndn`s n` `modhdk`mta

nds p`ssads.

D `nucda, `k tanas as mv`gs, pan` s`r trdmskgtgnd dtrdvs n` nags

k`cdmgskas prgmcgpdgs8 gmstrutar`s ` ngspasgtgvas t`cmalogcas U44[. D prgk`grd iarkd

trdtd-s` n` qudlqu`r dkbg`mt`, iarkdl au gmiarkdl, amn` d gmiarkda trdmskgtgnd dukd au kdgs p`ssads dtrdvs n` autrd p`ssad. As kdgar`s b`mìcgas n`st` ktana

sa d dltd gmt`rdtgvgndn`, pags ds p`ssads cakpdrtglfdk a k`ska `spda, ` d

camstrua na camf`cgk`mta `k t`kpa r`dl, parqu` d trdmskgssa na camt`na p`la

gmstrutar gk`ngdtdk`mt` gmilu`mcgdnd p`las `xp`ctdnar`s ` suds `v`mtudgs nvgnds

` ngscuss`s. N`st` kana, crgd-s` uk dkbg`mt` cak uk pat`mcgdl n` dltd r`t`ma

nd gmiarkda par tanas as `mvalvgnas.

Ma `mtdmta, d ìgcgmcgd n`st` k`ga tatdlk`mt` n`p`mn`mt` na gmstrutar. D

qudlgigcda n`l`, tdmta ma camt`na qu` s`r kgmgstrdna qudmta md fdbglgndn` n`

trdmskgtg-la, s`r n`t`rkgmdmt` pdrd a praor`ssa nas dlumas. @st` kp`cglfa pan` s`r


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dt`mudna cak d camtrdtda n` praigssgamdgs qudlgigcdnas, kds gsta trdz autra

prabl`kd qu` a dlta custa n` kdmut`ma n`st` sgst`kd. ^`mna `k vgstd qu`, `k

uk dkbg`mt` carpardtgva, par `x`kpla, d `kpr`sd t`r n` drcdr cak a t`kpa n`

dusmcgd n` sùs iumcgamrgas pdrd pdrtgcgpdr nas cursas ` cak ds n`sp`sds na

gmstrutar ` nd `struturd m`c`ssrgd pdrd kgmgstrdr ds dulds.

Zar sud v`z, ukd `nucda ai`r`cgnd dtrdvs n` k`gas t`cmalogcas odrdmt`

uk kdgar pat`mcgdl n` `scdldbglgndn` na `msgma. Gmstrutar`s qudlgigcdnas pan`k s`r

camtrdtdnas s`k qu` gssa p`s` ma ardk`mta igmdl, t`mna k vgstd qu` ds dulds pan`k

s`r ordvdnds ` r`trdmskgtgnds `k qudlqu`r fard ` luodr. As dlumas camsòugra

dn`qudr k`lfar as farrgas `mtr` ds dulds ` as cakprakgssas ngrgas. Cdb` r`ssdltdr

dgmnd qu` as odstas cak gmird`struturd s`rgdk sgomgigcdtgvdk`mt` r`nuzgnas, pags dtrdmskgssa nd gmiarkda s` ndrgd dtrdvs nas ngspasgtgvas `l`trmgcas nas prprgas

dlumas ` ma kdgs `k uk `spda isgca.

Zark, hustdk`mt` par gssa, `st` k`ga prakav` p`rnds r`l`vdmt`s n`

gmt`rdtgvgndn` `mtr` ds p`ssads. A dc`ssa da gmstrutar ` n`kdgs `mvalvgnas, qu` ma

autra ktana r`dlgzdna n` iarkd p`ssadl, pdssd d s`r gmt`rk`ngdna par uk saitwdr`.

Gsta sgomgigcd uk prabl`kd crucgdl qu` pan` pravacdr uk bdgxa ordu n` r`t`ma n`

gmiarkd`s nas dlumas.

3.4 Odkgi gcdt gamdplgcdna @nucda

Sòumna U6[, stunas n` odkgigcdtgamdplgcdnd @nucda tk kastrdna d sud

ìgcgmcgd ma duk`mta nd pdrtgcgpda n` `stundmt`s `k dtgvgndn`s ma-currgculdr`sprakav`mna kundmds n` cakpartdk`mta qu` tk s` rìl`tgna `k uk kdgar

p`rc`mtudl n` dpravdnas.

D pdrtgr n`st` ` n` autras b`mìcgas h cgtdnas m`st` trdbdlfa, dt`std-s` d

gkpartmcgd n` dplgcdr d odkgigcdtgam `k ktanas ` sgst`kds cak prapastds

`nucdcgamdgs. Zark, `std dplgcda r`qu`r dloums cugndnas qu` s`ra trdtdnas d

sòugr.

D odkgigcdtgampan` trdbdlfdr cak dkbas as k`cdmgskas n` trdmskgssa nd

gmiarkda. @k cursas kgmgstrdnas par gmstrutar`s, `ld pan` k`lfardr d `xp`rgmcgd


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na usurga dtrdvs n` dtgvgndn`s gmt`rdtgvds amlgm`. Cak gssa, r`nuzgmna d cdrod n`

r`spamsdbglgndn`s ` d tatdl n`p`mnmcgd na gmstrutar.

@k cursas amlgm`, par sud v`z, d tcmgcd pan` ai`r`c`r a mv`l n` gmt`rda

m`c`ssrga mtr` dlumas gmstrutar`s. A sgst`kd cak odkgigcdtgam cdpdz n` r`dlgzdr

a dcakpdmfdk`mta `k t`kpa r`dl na praor`ssa nas dlumas, r`cakp`msdmna-as

qudmna abtgv`r`k xgta mds dtgvgndn`s ` duxglgdmna-as qudmna idlfdr`k U44[.

A prabl`kd kdgs cakuk nas sgst`kds vgrtudgs n` msgma qu` l`s prakav`k

uk dlta `modhdk`mta ma gmcga, par s` trdtdr n` ukd mavgndn` das usurgas, kds dps

uk `xt`msa t`kpa n` usa tarmdk-s` r`p`tgtgvas ` n`skatgvdmt`s. @std ukd

prabl`ktgcd r`l`vdmt`, pags as sgst`kds cak igms `nucdcgamdgs, `k sud kdgargd,

pr`cgsdk n` uk t`kpa n` usa pralamodna pdrd r`dlgzdr a prac`ssa n` dpr`mngzdo`kdpraprgdndk`mt`.

Pkd bad `strdtogd pdrd sdmdr `std qu`sta dvdlgdr qudl d salua dnatdnd

p`las sgst`kds qu` d sup`rdrdk. D pdrtgr n`ssd dmlgs`, sdb`-s` qu` pdrd kdmt`r a

`modhdk`mta nas usurgas da lamoa na t`kpa, `st`s sgst`kds n`s`mvalv`rdk uk

ktana n` `msgma bds`dna ma mv`l n` fdbglgndn`s n` cdnd usurga.

N`mtr` autrds iumcgamdlgndn`s, `l`s ai`r`c`k i``nbdces gk`ngdtas sabr` ds

d`s nas usurgas ` ngspamgbglgzd dtgvgndn`s uk pauca kdgs n`sdigdnards qu` dcdpdcgndn` n` cdnd uk. N`st` kana, a usurga igcd camtgmudk`mt` dssgstgna p`la

sgst`kd ` katgvdna d sup`rdr as n`sdigas, qu` m`k lf` n`gxdra irustrdnas, pags sa

passv`gs n` s`r`k r`dlgzdnas, m`k lf` n`gxdra `mt`ngdnas, parqu` ma sa ic`gs `

r`p`tgtgvas U0[.

As haoas b`k-suc`ngnas gmcarpardk prgmcpgas gkpartdmt`s n` dpr`mngzdo`k

qu` ma r`c`b`k d k`skd r`l`vmcgd mas ktanas dtudgs n` `msgma. Pk prgk`gra

`x`kpla caka d gmiarkda trdmskgtgnd. @k haoas, `ld ndnd sab n`kdmnd ` makak`mta `xdta `k qu` utglgzdnd, `mqudmta qu` `k `scalds ` dt `k saitwdr`s d

gmiarkda o`rdlk`mt` ai`r`cgnd `k ordmn` qudmtgndn` ` iard na camt`xta n`

utglgzda U?[.

Zan`-s` `x`kplgigcdr `st` idta cak as tr`gmdk`mtas qu` sa ai`r`cgnas das

mavas usurgas n` uk sgst`kd, cuha abh`tgva `xplgcdr uk ordmn` valuk` n`

iumcgamdlgndn`s muk curta `spda n` t`kpa. S`oumna U?[, ds p`ssads tk bdgxd

dptgna pdrd cakpr``mn`r ` l`kbrdr n` gmiarkd`s iarm`cgnds iard na camt`xta au

kugta dmt`s na kak`mta `k qu` `lds `i`tgvdk`mt` d utglgzdra.


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Autrd cdrdct`rstgcd nas haoas qu` s` n`stdcd a idta na mv`l n` ngigculndn`

pdrd cakpl`tdr ds kgss`s `stdr camtgmudk`mt` uk pauca dcgkd nds fdbglgndn`s na

haodnar, kds n` uk kana qu` s`hd passv`l sup`rdr. @std dbarndo`k t`k d igmdlgndn`

n` kdmt`r a haodnar katgvdna ` muk prac`ssa camtmua n` dp`ri`gadk`mta. Ds

gmstgtug`s n` `msgma, par sud v`z, castukdk dplgcdr uk c`rta ordu n` ngigculndn` ma

gmcga nds dtgvgndn`s ` da lamoa na t`kpa il`xgbglgzd-la ` r`nuzg-la dt uk mv`l `k qu`

d kdgargd nas dlumas camsgod sup`rdr U?[.

Kdgs uk ngi`r`mcgdl nas haoas a n`s`mvalvgk`mta n` `stogas qu` p`msdna

n` uk kana `k qu` ds ids`s gmgcgdgs ai`r`c`k n`sdigas, cuhds cakp`tmcgds

dnqugrgnds pdrd salucgam-las s`ra t`gs md r`dlgzda n` prabl`kds kdgs cakpl`xas

`k `stogas past`rgar`s.^rdbdlfas k Cgmcgd Caomgtgvd kastrdk qu` pdrd ds p`ssads n`s`mvalv`r`k

ukd bad cdpdcgndn` n` r`salua n` prabl`kds, `lds pr`cgsdk s` n`pdrdr cak `st`s

mukd arn`k camstrutgvd. N` iarkd qu` prabl`kds gmgcgdgs pranuzdk o`m`rdlgzd`s

pdrd r`salv`r prabl`kds past`rgar`s U?[.

Dp`sdr nas mtgnas b`mìcgas, gsta ma l`vdna `k camsgn`rda ma

n`s`mvalvgk`mta n` sgst`kds. As usurgas s` n`pdrdk cak dplgcd`s cakpl`xds

qu` ma r`dlgzdk ukd pr`pdrda nas k`skas pdrd ukd dpraprgdnd utglgzda.Dssgk, qudmna `l`s `sta ngdmt` nd m`c`ssgndn` n` idz`r dloukd dtgvgndn` kdgs

dvdmdnd, par ma passugr ds cakp`tmcgds r`qugsgtdnds, sa abrgodnas d sòugr

k`cdmgcdk`mt` uk tutargdl d pdrt` pdrd `x`cutdr tdl iuma.

Caka vgsta, as haoas s` pràcupdk `k ai`r`c`r, sab n`kdmnd ` `k sù

prprga dkbg`mt`, tands ds gmstru`s qu` a haodnar pr`cgsd sdb`r pdrd ukd pl`md

utglgzda. As saitwdr`s, par sud v`z, sa n`s`mvalvgnas ` a `msgma dlacdna pdrd

uk camt`xta `xt`rmacursas, vnà-dulds, tutargdgs, dpastglds, au s`hd, mdnd qu` s`r`dlgz` n` iarkd gk`rsgvd da sgst`kd.

Matd-s`, partdmta, qu` f tcmgcds ` r`cursas n` haoas qu` s` b`k dplgcdnas

pan`k camtrgbugr md sup`rda n` n`sdigas na `msgma, tdmta ma dkbg`mt` trdngcgamdl

nds `scalds qudmta ma dkbg`mt` n` saitwdr`s.


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3.4.4 @x`kpla8 Odkgi gcdt gam`k Da md @nucda

Odkgigcdtgam pan` s`r dplgcdnd n` ngi`r`mt`s iarkds, vgn` d qudmtgndn` n`

`l`k`mtas n` passv`gs gkpl`k`mtd`s, k ngi`r`mt`s camt`xtas. N` dcarna cak

U44[, ukd p`squgsd r`dlgzdnd `k 2:43 cak ds nuds kgl kdgar`s `kpr`sds na kumna,

sòumna d Iarb`s, dpamtau qu` ?:% n`lds pldm`hdk utglgzdr odkgigcdtgam`k sùs

sgst`kds prac`ssas.

@std vdstd utglgzda dt`std a dlta ordu n` camigdmd qu` ds p`ssads tk md

cdpdcgndn` nd tcmgcd `k cukprgr cak sùs abh`tgvas. D igk n` `x`kplgigcdr sud

gkpldmtda, sòu` ukd dmlgs` n` dplgcda n` odkgigcdtgam cak prapastd`nucdcgamdl.

3.4.4.4 Can`cdn`ky

D Can`cdn`ky ukd `kpr`sd n` @nucda, qu` s` n`cldrd cakprak`tgnd`k camstrugr d k`lfar `xp`rgmcgd n` dpr`mngzdo`k pdrd as sùs usurgas `

caldbardnar`s tarmdmna-s` a k`lfar luodr pdrd dpr`mn`r ` `msgmdr.

Sòumnd `ld, a sgst`kd n` `msgma pblgca nas @PD r`kamtd da scula 47 ` ma

iag prah`tdna pdrd `scdldr na kana qu` t`k sgna i`gta dtudlk`mt`. M`st` c`mrga, d

Can`cdn`ky r`p`msau d `nucda n` bdgxa pdrd cgkd, pdrd, `mta, camstrugr uk

kan`la n` `nucda dndptdna r`dlgndn` dtudlukd `nucda mdtgvdk`mt` amlgm`

U49[.D `kpr`sd iag iumndnd `k doasta n` 2:44 par Xdcf Sgks, C@A, ` Rydm

Bubgmseg, CÂ. Xdcf sdgu nd Calukbgd Pmgv`rsgty pdrd iacdr ma ldmdk`mta na

`kpr``mngk`mta ` Rydm iarkau-s` `k Cgmcgd nd Cakputda p`ld k`skd

umgv`rsgndn . @k 2:44, d Can`cdn`ky r`c`bù uk gmv`stgk`mta n` PS$ 2,0 kglf`s

` autra n` PS$ 4: kglf`s ma dma n` 2:42 U4?[.

Sù prgmcgpdl pranuta a prprga sgt` can`cdn`ky.cak U49[, qu` ai`r`c`

ukd pldtdiarkd amlgm` gmt`rdtgvd cak dulds ordtugtds n` n`s`mvalvgk`mta `k vrgds

lgmoudo`ms n` praordkda ` DZGscaka d na Wautub` ` d na ^wgtt`r, ` n` `msgma

n` fdbglgndn`s sp`cigcdscaka d camstrua n` sgt`s gmt`rdtgvas.


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Igourd 4Zogmd na p`rigl na usurga

Iamt`8 Sgt` nd Can`cdn`ky U49[

Igourd 2Bdno`s camqugstdnas p`la usurga


Dloums `l`k`mtas n` odkgigcdtgam sa idcglk`mt` gn`mtgigcdnas nurdmt` d

utglgzda nd pldtdiarkd. @k prgk`gra luodr, md pogmd n` p`rigl (Igourd 4),`mcamtrdkas d gkpl`k`mtda n` dcfg`v`k`mts sab d iarkd n` bdno`s


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r`pr`s`mtdmna ds camqugstds na usurga (Igourd 2). @st`s r`cursas idz`k pdrt` na

sgst`kd n` r`cakp`msds (sà 2.2.>) utglgzdna p`la sgst`kd.

Dlk ngssa, f d `xgbga nas segllscakpl`tdnas, pdrd gmngcdr ds fdbglgndn`s

qu` a usurga h dnqugrgu, ` a mk`ra n` pamtas qu` `l` camqugstau. Dkbas as

`l`k`mtas dtudk caka ktrgcd n` mgv`ldk`mta nas usurgas, cuhd nìgmga `st

pr`s`mt` md sà 2.2.2.

Autra r`cursa utglgzdna p`la Can`cdn`ky d camtdo`k n` ngds cams`cutgvas

n` dc`ssa da sgst`kd p`la usurga, caka vgsta md Igourd 4 s`mna r`pr`s`mtdna p`ld

vdrgv`l ndy str`de. Gsta katgvd as usurgas d kdmt`r a fbgta n` dc`ssdr d dplgcda

ngdrgdk`mt` d igk n` qu` `std camtdo`k ma s`hd qu`brdnd. Dssgk caka vgsta md

sà 2.2.>, `std iarkd n` r`cakp`msdr as usurgas cfdkdnd n` dppagmtk`mt

nymdkgcs.

A ltgka `l`k`mta pr`s`mt` md pogmd n` p`rigl qu` ma iag cgtdna a Can`bgt

(Igourd 3). @l` iag crgdna p`ld `kpr`sd pdrd gmstgodr d sacgdlgzda `mtr` as usurgas

` `st`mn`r a `modhdk`mta pdrd dlk nas cursas. A Can`bgt camtrgbugr dgmnd pdrd

prakav`r d vgrdlgndn` na sgst`kd, vgstd md sà 2.2.0.9, qu` ukd cdrdct`rstgcd

bdstdmt` dlk`hdnd sabr`tuna `k dplgcd`s w`b.

Igourd 3Crgda na Can`bgt


@st` r`cursa cakpasta n` uk t`rkgmdl n` cakdmnas, ma qudl a usurga pan`gkpl`k`mtdr a cngoa qu` n`s`hdr, ` ukd t`ld amn` s`r `xgbgnd d sdnd nd dplgcda


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gkpl`k`mtdnd. Cak gssa, as usurgas pan`k n`kamstrdr suds fdbglgndn`s `

cakpdrtglfdr suds dplgcd`s, dlk n` pan`r `ngtdr ` dp`ri`gadr a cngoa n` autra

usurga.

Tudmta da prac`ssa n` dpr`mngzdo`k, `l` s` gmgcgd md `scalfd par pdrt` na

usurga na cursa qu` n`s`hd pdrtgcgpdr. Cdnd cursa passug ukd pogmd sp`cigcd cak

ds gmiarkd`s kdgs gkpartdmt`s (Igourd >), tdgs caka8 camt`na praordktgca,

qudmtgndn` n` fards `stgkdnds n` sud nurda, mk`ra n` p`ssads qu` `sta

cursdmna ` a mv`l tcmgca r`qu`rgna da usurga. M`std pogmd igcd `vgn`mt` ukd

cdrdct`rstgcd kdrcdmt` nd odkgigcdtgamqu` n`gxdr as abh`tgvas cldras da usurga

(sà 2.2.0.0). Ma `xgst` lgkgt`s qudmta da mk`ra n` cursas qu` a usurga passd

pdrtgcgpdr sgkultdm`dk`mt`.

Igourd >Zogmd gmgcgdl na cursa n` F^KL ` CSS


Da gmgcgdr a cursa, hdm`lds `xplgcdtgvds dpdr`c`k md t`ld pdrd dhundr a usurga

gmgcgdmt` ` ougd-la mas prgk`gras pdssas n` utglgzda nd i`rrdk`mtd, dssgk caka

kastrdna md Igourd 0. Matd-s` d pràcupda `k dndptdr d i`rrdk`mtd da tgpa n`

usurga qu` d utglgzd, caka ngscutgna md sà 2.2.4.


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Igourd 0Hdm`lds n` supart` pdrd ougdr usurgas


Igourd 9Zogmd prgmcgpdl na dkbg`mt` n` `msgma


D pogmd `k qu` r`dlgzdna a cursa (Igourd 9) ngvgngnd `k trs r`ds8 ma

ldna `squ`rna sa `xgbgnas a camt`na t`rgca ` ds gmstru`s pdrd r`dlgzda nd

dtgvgndn`5 md pdrt` c`mtrdl igcd a t`rkgmdl n` cakdmna, p`la qudl a usurga

n`s`mvalv r a cngoa5 ma ldna ngr`gta st d t`ld n` r`sultdnas, md qudl s`r xgbgnd

d sdnd nd dplgcda gkpl`k`mtdnd.


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Igourd ?Dl`rtd n` `rra

Iamt`8 Sgt` na Can`cdn`ky U49[

Igourd 6R`cakp`msd par cakpl`tdr dtgvgndn`s

Iamt`8 Sgt` na Can`cdn`ky U49[

Matd-s` dgmnd d gkpartmcgd ndnd gkpl`k`mtda n` i``nbdces gk`ngdtas

(s`a 2.2.0.3) nurdmt` d `xp`rgmcgd na usurga. Zrgk`gra, pags k`ngnd qu` a

usurga ngogtd a cngoa d sdnd carr`spamn`mt` `xgbgnd md t`ld n` r`sultdnas.

S`oumna qu` s` dplgcda `mvgdnd tgv`r dlouk `rra, a sgst`kd `xgb` md t`ld uk dl`rtd


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n`tdlfdna na prabl`kd ` n` caka r`salv-la (Igourd ?). @ par igk, p`ld r`cakp`msd

`mvgdnd dssgk qu` a usurga r`dlgzd uk camhumta n` dtgvgndn`s cak suc`ssa (Igourd

6).

ânds `stds tcmgcds kdmtk a usurga `modhdna md dplgcda, pags tdmta a

dcakpdmfd nurdmt` d r`dlgzda nd dtgvgndn`, caka a dhund mas kak`mtas n`

irdcdssa ` a ordtgigcd mas gmstdmt`s n` suc`ssa.

A `x`kpla nd Can`cdn`ky iumndk`mtdl pdrd p`rc`b`r md prtgcd d

gkpartmcgd n` kdmt`r a usurga `modhdna cak a sgst`kd, pags matd-s` qu` sud

gkpl`k`mtda s` n bds`dnd mds d`s ` `ka`s na gmngvnua da utglgzdr d

dplgcda. gkpartdmt` l`vdr `stds qu`st`s `k camsgn`rda ma n`s`mvalvgk`mta

nd strdtogd n` odkgigcdtgam, parqu` lds sa n`t`rkgmdmt`s ma ordu n` mvalvgk`mta` ma prac`ssa n` dpr`mngzdo`k nds p`ssads.

3.2 Camsgn`rd`s Igmdgs na Cdptula

M`st` cdptula iardk dpr`s`mtdnas as ktanas qu` sa utglgzdnas pdrdtrdmskgtgr d gmiarkda ` qudgs as n`sdigas qu` `l`s `mcamtrdk. Dlk ngssa, iag

trddna uk pdrdl`la `mtr` as ktanas n` `msgma dtudgs ` as haoas d r`sp`gta n` caka

`l`s `sta trdtdmna tpgcas gkpartdmt`s ma prac`ssa n` dpr`mngzdo`k nds p`ssads.

@ par igk, dpr`s`mtau-s` a cdsa nd Can`cdn`ky, qu` uk `x`kpla n` dplgcda n`

odkgigcdtgam `k uk sgst`kd cak prapastds `nucdcgamdgs.

D pdrtgr na qu` iag kastrdna, igcd cldrd d m`c`ssgndn` n` r`mavda nas k`gas

trdngcgamdgs n` `msgma d igk n` katgvdr a dluma ` dp`ri`gadr sù dpr`mngzdna. M`st`c`mrga, d odkgigcdtgam suro` caka ukd dlt`rmdtgvd prakgssard ` a dkbg`mt` kdgs

dpraprgdna pdrd sud gkpldmtda a n` saitwdr`.

Bds`dna m`st` camt`xta, s`r `ldbardnd ukd prapastd n` utglgzda n`

odkgigcdtgam pdrd a `msgma n` saitwdr`. @ld s`r dpr`s`mtdnd ma cdptula d sòugr,

dssgk caka s`ra n`tdlfdnas as `l`k`mtas qu` d cakp`.


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> ZRAZAS^D N@ PSA N@ ODKGIGCD^GAM ZDRD A @MSGMA N@ SAI^_DR@

A sgst`kd n` `msgma n` saitwdr` dnatdna, qu` s`r n`tdlfdndk`mt` `xplgcdna

md sà sòugmt`, t`k nags n`sdigas crucgdgs qu` pr`cgsdk s`r sup`rdnas pdrd `l`

abt`r suc`ssa. Ndna a gkpdcta n`cgsgva n`st`s n`sdigas, ds tcmgcds n` odkgigcdtgam

utglgzdnds s`ra gkpldmtdnds cak a prapsgta n` salucgam-las.

A prgk`gra n`v`-s` da idta n` qu` a camt`na nd dplgcda pranuzgna p`las

prprgas usurgas, laoa, pr`cgsa gmc`mtgv-las pdrd qu` d pranua n` kdt`rgdl

dcamt`d n` iarkd camtmud. Zark, pdrd gsta acarr`r m`c`ssrga t`r ukd n`kdmnd

cr`sc`mt` p`la camt`na crgdna. Gsta sgomgigcd qu` d ai`rtd cr`sc` `k vgrtun` nacr`scgk`mta nd n`kdmnd ` vgc`-v`rsd, kds dmt`s na sgst`kd `mtrdr ma k`rcdna

dkbds sa mulds, a qu` ngigcultd a cr`scgk`mta ktua. ^rdtd-s` n` uk prabl`kd

camf`cgna ` r`carr`mt` `k kdre`tpldc`scfdkdna n` Cfgce`m-òo prabl`kU46[.

A sòumna n`sdiga d s`r v`mcgna a n` dssòurdr qu` a sgst`kd p`rkdm`c`r

tgl dtrdtgva da lamoa na t`kpa. `mna k vgstd qu` ma xgst` uk prdza md utglgzda

na usurga qu` a sgst`kd uk r`cursa qu` pan` s`r utglgzdna ngdrgdk`mt`, pr`cgsa

ai`r`c`r gmc`mtgvas camtmuas pdrd kdmt`r a `modhdk`mta nas usurgas dps ukordmn` au gmt`msa p`rana n` utglgzda.

>.4 A Sgst`kd n` @msgma n` Saitwdr`

D Fawâal U47[ ukd pldtdiarkd n` `msgma n` saitwdr` dtrdvs n` ougdsgmt`rdtgvas. @st`s ougds sa uk r`cursa qu` s` utglgzd nd prprgd gmt`ridc` na saitwdr`

`k dpr`mngzdna pdrd ougdr as usurgas ` p`rkgtgr qu` `l`s utglgz`k pl`mdk`mt` a

sgst`kd n`sn` a prgk`gra dc`ssa.

D pldtdiarkd cakpastd par trs dplgcd`s8 a Fawâal _rgt`r, pdrd crgdr as

ougds5 a Fawâal R`dn`r, pdrd x`cut-las5 d Fawâal Claun, pdrd ngstrgbu-las pdrd

as usurgas. A cgcla n` vgnd na ougd, tdl caka kastrdna md Igourd 7, cak`d ma _rgt`r,

ma qudl `l` crgdna. @k sòugnd, `l` `mvgdna pdrd d Claun, n` amn` s`r dnqugrgna

p`las usurgas na R`dn`r.


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Igourd 7Cgcla n` vgnd na Ougd Gmt`rdtgva

Iamt`8 Fawâal R`dn`r

F nuds v`rs`s nd Fawâal. D prgk`grd N`setap, cuha abh`tgva r`dlgzdr a

`msgma n` saitwdr`s gmstdldnas ma cakputdnar na usurga ` d sòumnd _`b, qu`

t`k d igmdlgndn` n` `msgmdr d utglgzdr dplgcd`s amlgm`.

Zdrd uk dpraprgdna `mt`mngk`mta n` caka d odkgigcdtgam s`r dplgcdnd md

Fawâal, cdb` dmt`rgark`mt` n`tdlfdr dloums cdsas n` usa na sgst`kd. Mdturdlk`mt`,

d prgk`grd cagsd d s`r i`gtd `mt`mn`r a iumcgamdk`mta na ougd gmt`rdtgva dtrdvs na

n`tdlfdk`mta nd dtgvgndn` n` `x`cua n` uk ougd.

Igourd 4:^`ld Gmgcgdl na Fawâal R`dn`r



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A prgk`gra pdssa dbrgr a Fawâal R`dn`r (Igourd 4:). M`l`, `stdr

drkdz`mdnd d bgblgat`cd n` ougds na usurga cdtòargzdnds p`la saitwdr` au p`la

knula n` `msgma d qu` p`rt`mc`k (Igourd 44).

Igourd 44Cdtòargds nas Ougds Gmt`rdtgvas


Da s`l`cgamdr uk ougd, s`r `xgbgna da ldna sud n`scrga cakpl`td pdrd qu`

a usurga s` c`rtgigqu` n` qu` `l` lf` `msgmdr d iumcgamdlgndn` n`s`hdnd (Igourd 42).

@k sòugnd, bdstd clgcdr `k Gmgcgdr qu` a ougd s`r `x`cutdna.

Igourd 42N`scrga na Ougd Gmt`rdtgva



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M`st` kak`mta, d Fawâal idz uk r`camf`cgk`mta nd t`ld na usurga pdrd

`xgbgr d gmstrua na prgk`gra pdssa ma lacdl carr`spamn`mt`. @std gmstrua s` n

dtrdvs n` gkdo`ms, n` cdgxds n` t`xta au n` uk n`stdqu` ma bata qu` n`v` s`r

clgcdna pdrd dvdmdr cak d dtgvgndn`. Zar gssa qu` a sgst`kd pr`cgsd r`dlgzdr a

r`camf`cgk`mta cgtdna, ukd v`z qu` as `l`k`mtas sa pasgcgamdnas n` dcarna cak

a qu` `st s`mna `xgbgna da usurga.

D cdnd pdssa `x`cutdna par `l` r`dlgzdnd ukd mavd dmlgs` nd t`ld pdrd

pasgcgamdr ` `xgbgr as `l`k`mtas na pdssa carr`spamn`mt`. Pk nas prgmcgpdgs

ngi`r`mcgdgs nd Fawâal qu` a `msgma dcamt`c` nurdmt` d `x`cua ` ma prprga

dkbg`mt` na sgst`kd `k dpr`mngzdna. D Igourd 43, par `x`kpla, kastrd uk ougd

arg`mtdmna uk usurga, ma prprga Kgcrasait Zaw`rZagmt 2:43, d `scalf`r uk kan`lan` N`sgom qu` s` `mcamtrd n`mtra na n`stdqu` `k v`rk`lfa. D Fawâal, `mta,

camtgmud ougdmna a usurga dt d camclusa nd tdrìd.

Igourd 43@l`k`mtas n` uk ougd


A autra cdsa n` usa qu` s`r dpr`s`mtdna m`st` trdbdlfa a nd crgda n`

Ougds ` pdrd tdl s`r utglgzdna a Fawâal _rgt`r. Da dbrgr `st` saitwdr` (Igourd 4>),

matd-s` ukd gmt`ridc` dmlaod na Kgcrasait Zaw`rZagmt, kds `k v`z n` kdmgpuldr

slgn`s n` ukd dpr`s`mtda, `l` kdmgpuld pdssas nd `x`cua n` ukd tdrìd.


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Igourd 4>^`ld gmgcgdl na Fawâal _rgt`r

Iamt`8 Fawâal _rgt`r

Zdrd gmgcgdr d crgda na ougd, a usurga n`v` clgcdr `k Ordvdr ` `x`cutdr d

tdrìd qu` n`s`hd `msgmdr. A _rgt`r s`r kgmgkgzdna ` igcdr `k sòumna pldma

ordvdmna ds d`s na usurga. D cdnd v`z qu` `l` clgcdr md t`ld pr`ssgamdmna d t`cld

Ctrls`r ordvdna uk pdssa. Da igmdl nd `x`cua nd tdrìd, a usurga n`v` clgcdr ma

cam` nd Fawâal, lacdlgzdna md r`d n` matgigcd`s na sgst`kd ap`rdcgamdl, ìgmdlgzdr d ordvda.

Igourd 40^`ld n` `nga n` pdssas n` uk Ougd



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Dps gssa, a _rgt`r s`r kdxgkgzdna dutakdtgcdk`mt` ` a usurga t`r d

passgbglgndn` n` ngtdr as pdssas crgdnas (Igourd 40). Cdnd pdssa r`pr`s`mtdna p`ld

gkdo`k nd cdpturd nd t`ld na usurga ma kak`mta carr`spamn`mt` da (Igourd

49).

Igourd 49Zasgcgamdk`mta nas `l`k`mtas `k uk pdssa na Ougd


Matd-s` qu` uk n`stdqu` dutakdtgcdk`mt` crgdna md ròga na clgqu` qu`

o`rau d ordvda na pdssa. @std r`pr`s`mtda ukd iarkd n` vgsudlgzdr caka a

saitwdr` qu` st s`mna msgmdna s` dpr`s`mtd da usurga ma pdssa k qu`sta pdrd

qu` as `l`k`mtas duxglgdr`s s`hdk n`vgndk`mt` pasgcgamdnas. D pasga nìgmgnd ma

kak`mta nd crgda s`r dplgcdnd ma kak`mta nd `x`cua na ougd md t`ld nas

usurgas. Dps `ngtdr tanas as pdssas, bdstd sdlvdr a ougd ` ngstrgbu-las dtrdvs nd

Fawâal Claun.D Fawâal Claun uk sgt`, ma qudl as ougds s`ra ngspamgbglgzdnas p`las

crgdnar`s pdrd s`r`k bdgxdnas p`las usurgas na R`dn`r. Ma s`ra `x`kplgigcdnas

cdsas n` usa nd k`skd par nuds rdz`s8 prgk`gra, parqu` sù iumcgamdk`mta

sgkpl`s ` gmtugtgva, ` sòumna, pags `ld dgmnd ma iag n`s`mvalvgnd.

Zar igk, cdb` r`ssdltdr qu` d pldtdiarkd Fawâal `st `k n`s`mvalvgk`mta `

ma passug usurgas dtgvas. D prapastd n` odkgigcdtgamn`st` trdbdlfa s`r dplgcdnd

mds v`rs`s b`td nds dplgcd`s n`setap na _rgt`r ` na R`dn`r. @lds iardk

n`s`mvalvgnds `k Hdvd gmtòrdna d dloums knulas `k C++. Ma `mtdmta, `stds


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v`rs`s s`ra n`scamtgmudnds, pags `lds `sta s`mna r`gkpl`k`mtdnds

`xclusgvdk`mt` `k C++ cak a abh`tgva n` k`lfardr a n`s`kp`mfa nds dplgcd`s.

>.2 As R`cursas n` Odkgi gcdt gam Zrapastas

@l`vdnas mv`gs n` `modhdk`mta nìgmgtgvdk`mt` a kdgar abh`tgva nd

gkpl`k`mtda n` odkgigcdtgam `k uk sgst`kd. Zdrd dtgmogr `std k`td, pr`cgsa

gmstgodr mas usurgas ukd katgvda gmtrms`cd pdrd utglgzdr d dplgcda. @ld tarmd d

utglgzda na sgst`kd katgvdmt` par sg s. Ma `mtdmta, `st` uk cakpartdk`mtacakpl`xa ` ngicgl n` s`r dlcdmdna. Laoa, ldmd-s` ka nds tcmgcds n` odkgigcdtgam

pdrd gmstgodr ukd katgvda `xtrms`cd qu` cak a t`kpa pan` vgr d s` trdmsiarkdr

`k ukd gmtrms`cd U6[ U4>[.

A cdrt`r nd Fawâal n` gmclugr ngogtdlk`mt` ds p`ssads pan` s`r idcglk`mt`

dssacgdna cak a idta n` qu` as gmngvnuas s` s`mt`k kugta katgvdnas qudmna `sta

`mvalvgnas k uk prah`ta cak sgomgigcdna pgca U4[. Pkd v`z qu` qua kdgs dtgvas as

usurgas `stgv`r`k md utglgzda nd pldtdiarkd, kdgs p`ssads s`ra gkpdctdnds p`ldgmclusa ngogtdl pravgnd p`ld Fawâal. @std ukd camstdtda cak ordmn` pat`mcgdl

pdrd o`rdr d katgvda gmtrms`cd nas usurgas.

Bds`dna mgsta, d cakumgcda nd Fawâal n`v` s`r r`dlgzdnd pdrd gmc`mtgvdr

`st` cakpartdk`mta. ^dmta md pldtdiarkd, qudmta `k dmmcgas ` r`n`s sacgdgs nd

`kpr`sd, n`v`k s`r v`gculdnds irds`s n` i`gta caka8 D gmclusa ngogtdl nds p`ssads

`st `k suds kas, Dhun`-mas d `rrdngcdr a mk`ra n` p`ssads `xclunds

ngogtdlk`mt`, Ordds d vac d t`cmalaogd `st igcdmna cdnd v`z kdgs prxgkd ndsp`ssads au Abrgodna par dhundr d camstrugr uk kumna k`lfar.

Zdrd camqugstdr d katgvda nas usurgas, tdkbk pr`cgsa gkpdctdr suds

r`ds caomgtgvd, kacgamdl sacgdl U7[. Ngi`r`mt`s strdtogds sa dplgcdnds pdrd lgndr

cak cdnd ukd n`lds, a qu` gkplgcd md utglgzda n` vdrgdnds tcmgcds n` odkgigcdtgam.


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>.2.4 r`d Caomgtgvd

Md r`d caomgtgvd, pr`cgsa dssòurdr qu` as usurgas gra n`s`mvalv`r ds

fdbglgndn`s m`c`ssrgds, da lamoa nd utglgzda na sgst`kd, pdrd r`dlgzdr tands ds

dtgvgndn`s r`qugsgtdnds. Bds`dna m`std qu`sta, d prgk`grd `strdtogd n`gxdr a

usurga lgvr` pdrd `scalf`r as ougds qu` n`s`hd vgsudlgzdr. N`std iarkd, `l` t`k

dutamakgd pdrd nìgmgr d fdbglgndn` qu` n`s`hd dnqugrgr `k cdnd kak`mta.

Zdrd idcglgtdr d scalfd nas ougds `ss`mcgdl qu` suds n`scrg`s st`hdk b`k

nìgmgnds, gsta , qu` sùs abh`tgvas s`hdk cldras. @st` uk dsp`cta kugta papuldr

`k haoas, pags pdrd r`dlgzdr ukd tdrìd cak ìgcgmcgd pr`cgsa sdb`r cldrdk`mt` aqu` n`v` s`r i`gta. Caka pan`-s` v`r md Igourd 4?, d n`scrga na ougd camtk sù

ttula, dutar, ndtd n` crgda, n`tdlfdk`mta nd tdrìd d s`r `msgmdnd ` dngcgamdlk`mt`

da qu` h `stdvd gkpl`k`mtdna, a mv`l n` ngigculndn` r`qugsgtdna pdrd d pl`md

r`dlgzda n`std tdrìd.

Igourd 4?N`scrga na ougd cak mv`l n` ngigculndn`


D cldr`zd nd n`scrga na ougd n`v` s`r rìl`tgnd mds k`msdo`ms n` gmstrua

n` cdnd pdssa na ougd. Dlk na usurga sdb`r a qu` `l` gr dpr`mn`r da gmgcgdr uk

ougd, `l` n`v` r`dlgzdr cdnd da n`std dtgvgndn` s`k qudlqu`r nvgnd au

dkbgougndn`. Zdrd gssa ds gmstru`s n`v`k s`r cldrds, abh`tgvds ` `stdr


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`strdtògcdk`mt` pasgcgamdnds pdrd idcglgtdr a `mt`mngk`mta. D igourd 46 kastrd uk

`x`kpla n` caka tdgs gmiarkd`s n`v`k s`r trdmskgtgnds da usurga.

Igourd 46Gmstru`s n` uk pdssa na ougd


Igourd 47Sòk`mtda n` ukd tdrìd cakpl`xd


Camiark` vgsta dmt`rgark`mt`, trdbdlfas n` Cgmcgd Caomgtgvd dpamtdk qu`

pdrd ds p`ssads n`s`mvalv`r`k ukd bad cdpdcgndn` n` r`salua n` prabl`kds,

`lds pr`cgsdk s` n`pdrdr dmt`cgpdndk`mt` cak prabl`kds k`mar`s, cuhds salu`s

s`ra t`gs pdrd r`salv`r as kdgar`s U?[. Dssgk, pdrd `msgmdr ukd tdrìd cakpl`xd,


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pr`cgsa dssòurdr-s` qu` as usurgas n`s`mvalv`rdk ds fdbglgndn`s m`c`ssrgds pdrd

`x`cut-ld. Gsta pan` s`r r`dlgzdna dtrdvs nd sòk`mtda nd tdrìd `k dtgvgndn`s

k`mar`s (Igourd 47).

>.2.2 r`d @kacgamdl

D r`d `kacgamdl, par sud v`z, `st r`ldcgamdnd das camc`gtas n` suc`ssa `

idlfd. As usurgas n`s`mvalv`k bads `ka`s da cakpl`tdr ukd tdrìd. @st`s

s`mtgk`mtas sa gk`ngdtdk`mt` gmc`mtgvdnas dtrdvs n` uk sgst`kd n` r`cakp`msds.Da idlfdr, `l`s `xp`rgk`mtdk `ka`s rugms, qu` tdkbk sa gk`ngdtdk`mt`

trdtdnds, kds dtrdvs n` `strdtogds n` r`cup`rda na `rra ` ràrg`mtda. Matd-s`

qu` dkbas as camc`gtas s` utglgzdk n` i``nbdcesgk`ngdtas sabr` ds d`s na usurga

pdrd ngr`cgamdr sù cakpartdk`mta.

@k cdsas n` suc`ssa, caka d camclusa n` uk ougd au d r`dlgzda n` ukd

n`t`rkgmdnd da, a i``nbdce ndna dtrdvs n` r`cakp`msds, qu` s`ra xplgcdnds

dngdmt`. @k cdsa n` idlfd, caka a ma r`camf`cgk`mta nd pasga md t`ld `k qu` an`stdqu` n`v` s`r `xgbgna, gmstru`s sa dpr`s`mtdnds pdrd qu` a usurga sdgbd a

qu` dcamt`cù ` passd r`dlgzdr ds d`s m`c`ssrgds pdrd r`salv`r dqu`l` prabl`kd

(Igourd 2:).

Igourd 2:Dl`rtd n` `rra ma r`camf`cgk`mta nd t`ld na usurga



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I``nbdces gk`ngdtas tdkbk sa gkpl`k`mtdnas pdrd arg`mtdr a usurga

qudmta das `v`mtas qu` acarr`k nurdmt` d utglgzda na sgst`kd. ^dmta da gmgcgdr

qudmta da t`rkgmdr d `x`cua n` uk ougd, par `x`kpla, uk dvgsa `xgbgna md r`d

n` matgigcda pdrd gmiarkdr da usurga sabr` d acarrmcgd n`st`s v`mtas (Igourd 24).

Igourd 24Matgigcda na trkgma nd `x`cua n` uk ougd


Tudmta s r`cakp`msds cgtdnds, ma bdstdk qu` `lds s`hdk dtrdtgvds, kds

`ss`mcgdl qu` `lds s`hdk `mtròu`s ma kak`mta c`rta. Zar gssa, pr`cgsa `ldbardr

uk r`wdrn scf`nul`. Caka vgsta md sà 2.2.> na cdptula 2, `l` passug trs

cakpam`mt`s prgmcgpdgs8 a pr-r`qugsgta, d r`spastd ` a rìara.

Dlk ngssa, ds r`cakp`msds pan`k s`r `mtròu`s `k gmt`rvdlas n` t`kpa au

mk`ra n` d`s igxas au vdrgv`gs. D dbarndo`k igxd prakav` uk mv`l n`

`modhdk`mta kugta dlta qudmna s` dpraxgkd nd `mtròd nd r`cakp`msd ` bdgxa p`la

r`sta na t`kpa. H d vdrgv`l kdmtk uk mv`l kdgs dlta qu` d igxd da lamoa na t`kpa,kds ma sup`rd a pgca n` `modhdk`mta nd autrd dbarndo`k U4:[ U44[ U43[.

D Fawâal utglgzdr par pdnra d dbarndo`k n` `mtròd bds`dnd `k uk

mk`ra n` d`s igxa. D gkpl`k`mtda nds r`cakp`msds s` ndr prgmcgpdlk`mt` par

k`ga n` dcfg`v`k`mts sab d iarkd n` bdno`s. A usurga pan` vgsudlgzdr md pogmd

n` sù p`rigl md pldtdiarkd (Igourd 22) as bdno`scamqugstdnas par camqugstdr. Cdnd

uk r`pr`s`mtd uk camhumta n` dtgvgndn`s qu` a usurga n`v` r`dlgzdr pdrd camqugstdr

` s`ra `xplgcdnas da lamoa n`st` cdptula.


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Igourd 22Zogmd n` p`rigl na usurga


As bdno`s r`pr`s`mtdnas par uk skbala n` gmt`rraoda (Igourd 23)

sgomgigcdk as gt`ms qu` dgmnd ma iardk camqugstdnas. S` a usurga pasgcgamdr a cursar

na kaus` sabr` d gkdo`k, v`r ukd pgstd n` caka dnqugrgr dqu`ld r`cakp`msd. Ma

`x`kpla nd Igourd 23, d ngcd Abrgodna par dcfdr `st` `rra qu` sgkbalgzd a bdno`

qu` a usurga odmfd qudmna r`partd uk `rra `mcamtrdna ma sgst`kd.

Igourd 23Bdno`ma camqugstdna

Iamt`8 Fawâal

D Fawâal passug bdno`spdnra, kds n d lgb`rndn` da crgdnar n` ougds n`

ngspamgbglgzdr sùs prprgas bdno`scaka uk r`cursa katgvdcgamdl xtrd. N`st` kana,

fdv`r uk mk`ra grr`strgta n` dcfg`v`k`mts qu` as usurgas pan`ra dnqugrgr.

Igourd 2>Bdno`n` c`rtgigcda `k Zfatasfap p`ld Dnab`

Iamt`8 Fawâal


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Dn`kdgs, `st`s gt`ms pan`k r`pr`s`mtdr c`rtgigcdnas gkpartdmt`s n` camclusa

qu` dt`stdk d `sp`cgdlgzda na usurga `k n`t`rkgmdna saitwdr`. Zar `x`kpla, d

Dnab` pan` crgdr uk tr`gmdk`mta k Zfatasfap cak d Fawâal ` ai`r`c`r uk bdno`

n` c`rtgigcda m`st` saitwdr` da usurga qu` camclugr tanas as ougds crgdnas pdrd st`

igk (Igourd 2>).

>.2.3 r`d Sacgdl

D r`d sacgdl ngz r`sp`gta da gkpdcta qu` ds gmt`rd`s `mtr` as kltgplasusurgas pravacdk `k cdnd uk n`l`s. ^dgs gmt`rd`s s`ra n`tdlfdnds humtdk`mt`

cak d `strdtogd n` odkgigcdtgamqu` prapastd.

D prgk`grd iarkd n` gmt`rda sacgdl qu` s` n`stdcd d caap`rda `mtr`

usurgas pdrd dtgmogr uk abh`tgva cakuk. A prgk`gra gmc`mtgva d `std prtgcd s` n ma

pasgcgamdk`mta nd Fawâal, caka ukd `kpr`sd `modhdnd `k pat`mcgdlgzdr d

gmclusa ngogtdl nds p`ssads `k pdrc`rgd cak sùs usurgas. Autra idta qu` camtrgbug

pdrd `std caap`rda d crgda caldbardtgvd, qu` camsgst` md passgbglgndn` quùk crgdnar t`k n` ngspamgbglgzdr uk ougd qu` `l` crgau pdrd `nga ` dp`ri`gadk`mta

par autras usurgas. ^dmta a crgdnar, qudmta a usurga qu` dp`ri`gaau a ougd sa

r`cakp`msdnas par `std dtgtun` cak as r`sp`ctgvas bdno`s nd Igourd 20.

Igourd 20Bdno`sn` crgda caldbardtgvd

Iamt`8 Fawâal

D iarkd n` gmt`rda kdgs cakuk d ngsputd p`ld k`lfar calacda `k uk

rdmegmo. Ma `mtdmta, pdrd passgbglgtdr d arn`mda nas usurgas pr`cgsa `stdb`l`c`r

dlouk crgtrga n` ngi`r`mcgda. Zdrd `std igmdlgndn`, iag n`s`mvalvgna a sgst`kd n`

mgv`ldk`mta n` usurgas bds`dna `k trs p`rigs n` cakpartdk`mta8 cr`dtar, vg`w`r`


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bugln`r. Da r`dlgzdr ukd da cdrdct`rstgcd n` uk nas p`rigs, a usurga r`c`b` caka

r`cakp`msd a bdno` na p`rigl carr`spamn`mt` (Igourd 29).

Igourd 29Bdno`snas p`rigs n` cakpartdk`mta na usurga

Iamt`8 Fawâal

Cdnd uk nas p`rigs qudlgigcdna par pamtas qu` sa camsalgndnas k mk`ras

dsc`mn`mt`s, gsta , d cdnd 4:: pamtas dcr`scgna `k ukd umgndn` a mk`ra

carr`spamn`mt` da p`rigl. D st` mk`ra n-s` a mak` n` mv`l. Tudmta kdgar a mv`l,

kdgs qudlgigcdna dqu`l` usurga md `sp`cgdlgndn` na p`rigl.

A p`rigl n` cr`dtarr`pr`s`mtd as crgdnar`s n` ougds. Ds d`s r`ldcgamdnds

crgda pranuzgra pamtas d s`r`k sakdnas d st` p`rigl. D db`ld 4 xgb` as crgtrgas

n` pamtuda pdrd a cr`dtar. Caka katgvda `xtrd, f bdno`s dssacgdnas cak d

qudmtgndn` n` nawmladns nas ougds na usurga, tdl caka kastrdna md Igourd 2?. @l`s

r`cakp`msdk a prgk`gra nawmladn r`c`bgna, a ncgka, a c`mtsgka ` a kglsgka,

r`sp`ctgvdk`mt`.

^db`ld 4Crgtrgas n` pamtuda na p`rigl cr`dtar

Da Zamtuda

Crgdr uk ougd 4:

Dp`ri`gadr ougd n` autra usurga 0

Y`mn`r uk ougd 4

^`r a ougd bdgxdna :.4^`r a ougd vgsudlgzdna :.:4

Iamt`8 Fawâal

Igourd 2?Bdno`sp`ld qudmtgndn` n` nawmladns n` ougds

Iamt`8 Fawâal


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A p`rigl n` vg`w`r, par sud v`z, r`pr`s`mtd as usurgas na R`dn`r. M`l` sa

camtdbglgzdnds ds d`s r`ldcgamdnds d dqugsga d vgsudlgzda n` ougds. Md db`ld

2 passv`l cami`rgr as crgtrgas n` pamtuda na vg`w`r. M`st` p`rigl tdkbk sa

ai`r`cgnas bdno`s, kds pdrd gmc`mtgvdr d vgsudlgzda n` ougds (Igourd 26). Dtrdvs

n`l`s sa r`cakp`msdnds d prgk`grd vgsudlgzda, d ncgkd, d c`mtsgkd ` d

kglsgkd, r`sp`ctgvdk`mt`.

^db`ld 2Crgtrgas n` pamtuda na p`rigl vg`w`r

Da Zamtuda

Cakprdr uk ougd 4:

Bdgxdr uk ougd 0

Ygsudlgzdr uk ougd 4

Iamt`8 Fawâal

Igourd 26Bdno`sp`ld qudmtgndn` n` vgsudlgzd`s n` ougds

Iamt`8 Fawâal

A t`rc`gra ` ltgka p`rigl a bugln`rqu` r`pr`s`mtd as usurgas qu` dhundk d

camstrugr d pldtdiarkd. Ds d`s cdrdct`rstgcds n`st` p`rigl `sta r`ldcgamdnds da

dp`ri`gadk`mta n` iumcgamdlgndn`s na sgst`kd ` da supart` das n`kdgs usurgas. D

^db`ld 3 passug as crgtrgas n` pamtuda n`st` p`rigl. ^dkbk f bdno`s `xtrds

dssacgdnas cak ds d`s n` camvgt` n` mavas usurgas, gmiark` n` `rras ` i``nbdces,

caka kastrd d Igourd 27.

^db`ld 3Crgtrgas n` pamtuda na p`rigl bugln`r

Da Zamtuda

Camvgndr dkgoa ` `l` s` trdmsiarkdr `k usurga 3:

R`partdr `rra 2:

Suo`rgr iumcgamdlgndn` (i``nbdce) 2:

Zdrtgcgpdr n` p`squgsd n` sdtgsida (i``nbdce) 4:

Ngspamgbglgzdr ougd pdrd crgda caldbardtgvd 4:Zrgk`gra dc`ssa na ngd 0

Iamt`8 Fawâal


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Igourd 27Bdno`scdrdct`rstgcas na Bugln`r

Iamt`8 Fawâal

Ndnd d gkpartmcgd na i``nbdcegk`ngdta, dssgk qu` a usurga camqugstd dlouk

pamta `xgbgnd md r`d n` matgigcda na sgst`kd ap`rdcgamdl d gmiarkda

carr`spamn`mt`. @st` dl`rtd dmlaoa da na dvgsa n` trkgma na ougd kastrdna md

Igourd 24.Nìgmgnas as crgtrgas n` ngi`r`mcgda n` usurgas, d arn`mda n`st`s pan`r

s`r i`tgvdk`mt` r`dlgzdnd. @ld dplgcdnd sab d iarkd n` rdmegmo au l`dn`rbadrn, qu`

uk `l`k`mta qu` kdmtk as usurgas katgvdnas d camtgmudk`mt` cakpl`tdr

tdrìds, odmfdr pamtas ` subgr pasg`s.A n`s`ha na usurga n` sup`rdr as n`kdgs,

dlk n` idz`r pdrt` n` ukd gmt`rda sacgdl, rìl`xa na idta n` qu` as k`lfar`s

calacdnas sa camsgn`rdnas caka as kdgs qudlgigcdnas.

Igourd 3:Zrattgpa nd t`ld n` rdmegmon` usurgas

Iamt`8 Fawâal Claun

D igk n` r`camf`c`r a `siara nas usurgas, d Fawâal Claun t`r ukd sà

`sp`cigcd pdrd dpr`s`mtdr as rdmegmos n` usurgas ` n` ougds. As prgk`gras s`ra


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sòk`mtdnas par p`rigl ` par p`rana n` t`kpas`kdmd, ks ` tatdl, ` arn`mdnas

p`la mk`ra n` pamtas camqugstdnas ma p`rana `scalfgna (Igourd 3:). Gsta p`rkgt`

tdmta n`stdcdr as usurgas qu` kdgs pamtudrdk n`sn` a ldmdk`mta na sgst`kd,

qudmta dqu`l`s qu` `sta s` n`stdcdmna dtudlk`mt` `k uk `scapa kdgs r`strgta

k`msdl ` s`kdmdl.

A rdmegmo n` ougds, par sud v`z, s`r arn`mdna p`la mk`ra n` nawmladns cak

ngstgma mtr` as pdoas ordtugtas, dlk na p`rana n` t`kpas`kdmd, ks ` tatdl

(Igourd 34). Dkbas as rdmegmos dgmnd ai`r`c`k d passgbglgndn` n` cakpdrtglfdr a

n`s`kp`mfa na usurga `k suds r`n`s sacgdgs. Gsta `stgkuld d cakp`tga `

r`camf`c` publgcdk`mt` ds suds qudlgndn`s ` a sù `siara.

Igourd 34Zrattgpa nd t`ld n` rdmegmon` ougds

Iamt`8 Fawâal Claun

Zdrd gmstgodr dgmnd kdgs d ngsputd p`lds k`lfar`s calacd`s ma rdmegmo, a qu`

dcdrr`td `k ukd utglgzda kdgs gmt`msd par pdrt` nas usurgas, as k`lfar`s na ks

`k cdnd p`rigl s`ra r`cakp`msdnas cak ai`rtds `sp`cgdgs n` `kpr`sds pdrc`grds.

Caka `x`kpla n` ai`rtd, pan`-s` cgtdr a n`scamta `k lgc`mds n` saitwdr`s au `k

s`rvgas amlgm`. Cdb` r`ssdltdr qu` `std r`cakp`msd n` r`spamsdbglgndn` nd

`kpr`sd c`n`mt` ` pdrd `st` trdbdlfa ma iag r`dlgzdnd qudlqu`r mòacgda cak

clg`mt`s r`dgs pdrd dt`stdr d vgdbglgndn` n`std prapastd.

Pkd ltgkd gmt`rda sacgdl d s`r gkpl`k`mtdnd d cakumgcda ngr`td dtrdvs

n` k`msdo`ms. Zar k`ga nd Claun, as usurgas qu` dnqugrgr`k uk ougd pan`ra s`


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cakumgcdr ngr`tdk`mt` cak a crgdnar pdrd tgrdr nvgnds, r`partdr `rras ` iarm`c`r

i``nbdces. ^dkbk s`r passv`l publgcdr cak`mtrgas cak `laogas au crtgcds md

pogmd na ougd qu` iag dnqugrgna pdrd dhundr autras usurgas ma prac`ssa n` dqugsga

n` ougds.

^ands ds tcmgcds utglgzdnds md r`d sacgdl tk a prapsgta kdgar n` camtrgbugr

cak d vgrdlgndn` nd pldtdiarkd. Pkd v`z qu` `st` i`mk`ma `stgkuldna p`la ordmn`

pan`r n` gmilumcgd qu` ds p`ssads `x`rc`k sabr` ds autrds U43[. M`st` dsp`cta,

`ss`mcgdl camf`c`r dpraprgdndk`mt` as usurgas nd pldtdiarkd d igk n` gkpl`k`mtdr

tcmgcds `sp`cgdlgzdnds pdrd qu` `l`s passdk `x`rc`r `std p`rsudsa.

>.2.> ^gpas n` Psurgas

Ds tcmgcds n` odkgigcdtgamtdkbk sa dplgcdnds n` dcarna cak a p`rigl nas

uma proposta de uso de gamification para o ensino de software

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