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9

Vdbixi [ieivjbl Njtcivx

KJVBICLUGJ DG VD_LUXI# UDNGDBXIÎÅJ DQTFCLELHIHD;

I Vdluxi Vinni# j lìu qtfclelxévlj bj kjvbiclugj d i ojvgiîåj hd blemjuglhléxleju

Fdcj Mjvl{jbxd

Edbxvj Tbldvulxévlj hd Fdcj Mjvl{jbxd -TBL'FM,

6199



6

Vdbixi [ieivjbl Njtcivx

KJVBICLUGJ DG VD_LUXI# UDNGDBXIÎÅJ DQTFCLELHIHD;

I Vdluxi Vinni# j lìu qtfclelxévlj bj kjvbiclugj d i ojvgiîåj hd blemjuglhléxleju

Gjbjnvioli iqvdudbxihi ij etvuj hd Kjvbiclugj hj EdbxvjTbldvulxévlj hd Fdcj Mjvl{jbxd -TBL'FM, ejgj vdytlulxj qivelic ájfxdbîåj hj nvit hd Fiemivdc dg Kjvbiclgj"

Jvldbxihjv-i,; Qvjo«" Ibi Vjui _lhlnic Hjcifdcci

Fdcj Mjvl{jbxd

Edbxvj Tbldvulxévlj hd Fdcj Mjvl{jbxd -TBL'FM,

6199



Á Hdtu# invihdîj qjv xthj"

Iju gdtu qilu# Kjvnd Xihdt Hé{lj Njtcivx d Hlibl [ieivjbl Njtcivx#

qdcj iqjlj dg xdgqj lbxdnvic# qdcj igjv lbolbhédc d qjv udvdg

udgqvd# qivi glg# j gdcmjv d}dgqcj i udv udntlhj" Á glbmi lvgå

Févfivi qjv duxiv i xjhj j xdgqj qvdudbxd d udv tgi nvibhd iglni dg

glbmiu eiglbmihiu" Ij gdt olcmj Kjåj _çxjv# qjv udv gdt ntli# glbmi

ct{ d gdt giljv duxçgtcj qivi dbedv gilu duui dxiqi dg glbmi lhi"

–Invihdîj xjhiu iu hloletchihdu ytd dbovdbxdl0 båj ojuud qjv dciu# dt

båj xdvli uiçhj hj ctniv" Iu oielclhihdu bju lgqdhdg hd eiglbmiv"

Gdugj iu evçxleiu bju it}lclig gtlxj‗" Emlej ]ildv"



8



4

VDUTGJ

Duxd ivxlnj iqvdudbxi tgi ibéclud ujfvd i qjuuçdc lnëbeli hd tgi bji qvéxlei kjvbicçuxlei0

qvéxlei duui qdci ytic j kjvbiclugj ud utfgdxd i qtfclelhihd eivvdnibhj dg udtu xd}xju

lbojvgixlju d bjxleljuju i qvdudbîi hd ktç{ju hd icjv d jqlblåj d}iedvfihi# gtlxj icìg hd

tg gdvj kjvbiclugj jqlbixlj" Qivi xic# ì iqvdudbxihj ejgj jfkdxj dgqçvlej hduud duxthj i

vdluxi Vinni# etkiu xvëu udîôdu Bjlxd ihdbxvj# Ejbutgj*Dt Ytdvj d Duxlcj ojvig duxthihiu"

I vdluxi Vinni qjv uti d{ ejbuluxd dg tg dçetcj hd ejgtbleiîåj lgqvduuj qdvxdbedbxd ij

Nvtqj Hlévlju Iuujelihju ― ixticgdbxd# j ud}xj giljv ejbncjgdvihj hd dgqvduiu hd gçhli

hj qiçu" Hd dletciîåj gdbuic bj duxihj hd Glbiu Ndvilu# i vdluxi Vinni ifjvhi ejgj uti

xdgéxlei qvlbelqic; gjhi# ejgqjvxigdbxj# etcxtvi# duqjvxdu vihleilu d duxlcj hd lhi" I dci#

qjhd udv ixvlftçhi i eiviexdvçuxlei hd tg dçetcj hd ejgtbleiîåj duqdelicl{ihj ― ytd ejbuxlxtl

tg blemj glhléxlej ― hlvdeljbihj i tg qûfclej duqdeçolej d ovingdbxihj båj ud xvixibhj#

qjvxibxj# hd tg qvjhtxj hj gdveihj hd giuui" Icntbu dl}ju xdgéxleju ejgj i ejgqvddbuåj

hj ytd ì i udngdbxiîåj# j kjvbiclugj duqdelicl{ihj# j kjvbiclugj hd jqlblåj# j kjvbiclugj hd

vdluxi# dg ytë ejbuluxd i gçhli vdluxi d i iu lboctëbeliu d lbxdvodvëbeliu hi qtfclelhihd bj

kjvbiclugj ojvig otbhigdbxilu qivi j hdudbjclgdbxj hduxd xvificmj hd ejbectuåj hj etvuj

hd kjvbiclugj" J qvjkdxj dg ytduxåj ì utgi vdcdæbeli# qjlu utndvd tgi vdluåj hd icjvdu hj

kjvbiclugj# ytd xdg udtu qvlbeçqlju ìxleju iuujcihju ytibhj ud ejbdvxd áu bdeduulhihdu hd

gdveihj -xd}xju ytd jqlbig# lbht{dg d qvjqinig lhìliu ytd oijvdedg tg qvjhtxj,#

iqvdudbxibhj iuulg# ujgdbxd ju icjvdu gjvilu d ju qvlbeçqlju lhdilu hi ejbhtxi eiqlxicluxi"

Icìg hluuj# dbxdbhdv ejgj tg dçetcj hd ejgtbleiîåj evli tg bjj blemj glhléxlej qjv

hdclglxiv tg qûfclej cdlxjv# iu vi{ôdu qdci ytic ind hduui gibdlvi d qjvytë qiuui i udv luxj

ejgj tg dçetcj ojvgihjv hd qvdodvëbeliu"

Qiciviu'emid; kjvbiclugj0 qtfclelhihd0 udngdbxiîåj# gçhli duqdelicl{ihi0 kjvbiclugj hd

vdluxi0 kjvbiclugj hd jqlblåj0 vdluxi0 Vdluxi Vinni"



?

UTGÉVLJ

LBXVJHTÎÅJ """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 1>

6 KJVBICLUGJ DG VD_LUXI """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 1<6"9 Kjvbiclugj d vdluxi """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 1<6"6 Nvigéxlei qvõqvli d vdhiîåj; i clbntindg hi vdluxi """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 966"5 Vdnviu hi hlinvigiîåj; dhlîåj dg vdluxi """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 9?

5 KJVBICLUGJ# VD_LUXI D UDNGDBXIÎÅJ """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 615"9 J kjvbiclugj duqdelicl{ihj; udngdbxiîåj dg vdluxi """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 665"6 J kjvbiclugj jqlbixlj } i qtfclelhihd bj kjvbiclugj """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 685"5 Tg bjj blemj d tgi bji ejbuxvtîåj hj oi{dv glhléxlej """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 59

8 VD_LUXI VINNI# QTFCLELHIHD BJ KJVBICLUGJ D I EIVIEXDVL[IÎÅJHD TG UDNGDBXJ """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 548"9 Qibjvigi mluxõvlej hi Vdluxi Vinni """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 548"9"9 J ytd ejbuxlxtl i Vinni """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 5<

8"6 Tg lìu qtfclelxévlj bj kjvbiclugj hi vdluxi Vinni """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 868"6"9 I qvjgjîåj hd eiuiu bjxtvbiu dg ”Bjlxd ihdbxvj“ """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 86

8"6"6 Qjtei gjhi d gtlxj eiqlxiclugj; Duxlcj """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 88

8"6"5 I qtfclelhihd dueibeivihi; Ejbutgj*Dt Ytdvj """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 8? 8"5 Iu hltcniîôdu hi Vinni d i udngdbxiîåj hd gçhli d qûfclej """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 8<

EJBULHDVIÎÔDU OLBILU """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 46

VDODVËBELIU """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 48



>

LBXVJHTÎÅJ

I eiqielhihd hj udv mtgibj -qvlbelqicgdbxd hju kjdbu, dg ud ihiqxiv oielcgdbxd áu

bjlhihdu# ud eibuibhj viqlhigdbxd hd qvéxleiu ibxlniu d ibxlytihiu# d}lnlbhj hduui gibdlvi#

duqdeloleigdbxd hj gdveihj# ujctîôdu hlodvdbxdu i xjhj lbuxibxd# uåj bj gçblgj# tg

jfuxéetcj i udv dbovdbxihj qivi iytdcdu etkj jfkdxlj ì ixdbhdv i duui hdgibhi" Bi duodvi

ejgtbleieljbic# j ytihvj båj ud ludbxi hduui ulxtiîåj d bdg ud hlodvd hju hdgilu udxjvdu"

J ejgqjvxigdbxj iytl hixihj# hd æbuli qjv xthj j ytd ejbuxlxtl j bjj qjv qivxd hju

lbhlçhtju xjvbi'ud# ixì gdugj# tg duxçgtcj d tgi bdeduulhihd qivi ytd dçetcju hd

ejgtbleiîåj ud ihìyódg áu bdeduulhihdu mtgibiu ― j ytd lgqclei xigfìg# d hd lgqjvxibxd

vduuici# bi ihjîåj hd ejgqjvxigdbxju d ixlxthdu gtlxiu d{du dvvøbdiu d ibxlìxleiu qivi

iceibîiv duud qvjqõulxj"

J kjvbiclugj d ju dçetcju hd ejgtbleiîåj xëg# qjv hldvuiu d{du# ud utfgdxlhj i oixjvdu

d}xdvbju# ytd xvibunvlhdg d ljcig i ìxlei kjvbicçuxlei# bi olbiclhihd hd ud utuxdbxiv d ud

gibxdv bj gdveihj" Bduud ejbxd}xj# ixdbxi'ud qivi i ejgqvddbuåj hd# ejgj# tgi vdluxi ―

ytd ejbuluxd dg tg xvihleljbic dçetcj hd ejgtbleiîåj lgqvduuj ― ejbudntd ud gibxdv dg

tg icxj qixigiv hd lulflclhihd ixticgdbxd" Á gdugi# ilbhi ì ejbodvlhi i eiviexdvçuxlei hd udv

qvdodvëbeli hd tg qûfclej duqdeçolej# båj ud xvixibhj# qjvxibxj# hd tg qvjhtxj hd gdveihj hd

giuui d ulg# ojeihi dg tg qûfclej ovingdbxihj# etkj gdveihj ì hd blemj"

Duuiu eiviexdvçuxleiu qdetclivdu qjhdg udv bjxihiu bi vdluxi Vinni# tgi qtfcleiîåj glbdlvi

qdvxdbedbxd ij nvtqj Hlévlju Iuujelihju# hd dletciîåj gdbuic# xjgihi iytl ejgj jfkdxj

dgqçvlej hd duxthj" Ixvlftlîôdu ejgj hducl{du d ixju hduvduqdlxjuju ytibxj iju qvlbeçqlju hj

kjvbiclugj utkdlxihju á qtfclelhihd dg utiu hltcniîôdu# ieifig qjv hdolblv i lgindg d

lhdbxlhihd hduud qvjhtxj d# ejbudytdbxdgdbxd# hd udt qûfclej cdlxjv"

Qvdxdbhd'ud# qjvxibxj# ixviìu hi ytduxåj qvlbelqic iytl cdibxihi# ejgqvddbhdv i qvéxlei hd

tg nëbdvj kjvbicçuxlej qvdxdbuljuj hdbxvj hi vdluxi Vinni# ytd ud iolvgi lbojvgixlj d

bjxleljuj d ytd# bj dbxibxj# eivvdni dg udtu xd}xju oixjvdu ejgj i jqlblåj# qjuutlbhj tg lìu

qtfclelxévlj bj hdejvvdv hd icntgiu hd utiu udîôdu" Icìg hluuj# ejgj tg dçetcj hd blemj#

hlvdeljbihj i tg qûfclej vdht{lhj# ud gibxìg bj gdveihj d hdclglxi tg udngdbxj"



=

Ij cjbnj hj qvlgdlvj eiqçxtcj hj qvjqjuxj duxthj udvåj vduuicxihiu lbojvgiîôdu hd

dgfiuigdbxj xdõvlej ytd vdgdxdg ij kjvbiclugj hd vdluxi# duecivdedbhj ytduxôdu ujfvd duui

qvéxlei# dg ytd dci ejbuluxd d iqvdudbxibhj i gçhli vdluxi ejg j it}çclj hju itxjvdu _lciu

Fjiu -9<<?, d Ueic{j -611?," Dg udntlhi# tg dbuilj iqvjotbhihj ujfvd i clbntindg txlcl{ihi

bduud dçetcj ― d ytd eiviexdvl{i tgi nvigéxlei ulbntciv d ûblei hduud gdlj# bi olbiclhihd hd

ejgtbleiv ejg j cdlxjv ixviìu hd tgi hdxdvglbihi iolblhihd clbnóçuxlei# tgi xjbiclhihd#

udvé iqvdudbxihi qdcju gdugju itxjvdu icìg hd Ujhvì -9<>6,# ytd gdbeljbi j utvnlgdbxj hj

bjj hlvdeljbigdbxj hihj á vdluxi"

Ejbxlbtibhj otbhigdbxihj qjv Ujhvì -9<>6,# _lciu Fjiu -9<<?, d Ueic{j -611?,# j qvlgdlvj

eiqçxtcj ilbhi ud hllhd dbxvd# qvlgdlvigdbxd# i jvnibl{iîåj hju xdgiu d iuutbxju# i ojvgiejgj ud ejbuxlxtl i duxvtxtvi hj xd}xj -qiciviu d d}qvduuôdu, d ju gdlju txlcl{ihju bi vdhiîåj

hd xd}xju hd vdluxiu" Qjv olg# tgi ibéclud hju qihvôdu dhlxjvlilu d i ejgqjulîåj hj dçetcj#

udvåj ovluihiu ilbhi# qjv Qdvdlvi Kûbljv -611<,"

J udntbhj eiqçxtcj# Kjvbiclugj# vdluxi d udngdbxiîåj# qvdxdbhd ixviìu hd tgi jvldbxiîåj

qjv qivxd hd itxjvdu ejgj Givumicc -6115,# Gdcj -9<=4,# Ujhvì -9<>6,# Vjhvlntdu -9<<8,#

Ibhdvujb -611?,# Ueic{j -611?, d _lciu Fjiu -9<<?, ejgqvddbhdv d d}qcleiv dg ytd ejbuluxdi gçhli udngdbxihi# duqdeloleigdbxd i duqdelicl{iîåj dg vdluxi" Dg udntlhi# iqvdudbxiv iu

clglxiîôdu hj kjvbiclugj jqlbixlj ytd qjv gtlxiu d{du# d qvlbelqicgdbxd bduud eiuj# ud

hlotbhd ejg i qtfclelhihd" Olbicl{ibhj# i ejbuxixiîåj hd tg blemj ujelic etcxtvic# ojvgihj

qjv lbhlçhtju ytd ejgqivxlcmig hd lntic lbxdvduud# xåj udngdbxibhj ytibxj j qvjhtxj iytl

xvixihj d ytd ud hé# lbectuld# dg ejbudytëbeli hj gdugj"

Ké bj xdvedlvj d ûcxlgj eiqçxtcj# ifvibnd'ud tg duxthj hd eiuj iqvjotbhihj hiu udîôdu Bjlxdihdbxvj# Duxlcj# Dt ytdvj * Ejbutgj# qdvxdbedbxdu á vdluxi Vinni ― iqõu i iqvdudbxiîåj hj

jfkdxj dgqçvlej d tg qibjvigi mluxõvlej hj gdugj" I olbiclhihd ì jfudviv bj qvjqjuxj

duxthj ― icìg hd d}qibhlv j hdudbjclgdbxj hd bjju xvificmju clnihju á duui évdi ― i gçhli

duqdelicl{ihi# i iîåj d}dvelhi qdci qtfclelhihd bj kjvbiclugj# j kjvbiclugj hd jqlblåj d

ojvgiîåj hd blemju" Ju dcdgdbxju cdihju dg ejbulhdviîåj bi ibéclud uåj j oijvdelgdbxj hd

duxifdcdelgdbxju# giveiu# qvjhtxju# qduujiu# ixviìu hi txlcl{iîåj hd ktç{ju hd icjv d jqlblåj

bi hduevlîåj hj icj hi gixìvli# i lbhtîåj d udhtîåj hj cdlxjv# d qjv olg# i gthibîi hd uxixtu

hduud ûcxlgj# ytd qiuui i udv luxj ejgj gdvj ejbutglhjv"



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6 KJVBICLUGJ DG VD_LUXI

Bduud eiqçxtcj udvåj iqvdudbxihiu lbojvgiîôdu hd dgfiuigdbxj xdõvlej ytd vdgdxdg ij

kjvbiclugj hd vdluxi# duecivdedbhj ytduxôdu ujfvd duui qvéxlei ― dg ytd dci ejbuluxd d ejgj

ud hé" Hlibxd hluuj# udvåj ifjvhihju oixjvdu ejgj i clbntindg hi vdluxi# i ojvgi ejgj ì

ejbuxvtçhi i duxvtxtvi hj xd}xj bduud dçetcj# iu eiviexdvçuxleiu hi vdhiîåj hd xd}xju hd

vdluxiu d i hlinvigiîåj hiu gixìvliu bduud nëbdvj"

6"9 Kjvbiclugj d Vdluxi

Hd tgi ojvgi igqci d cdlni# db}dvni'ud bj kjvbiclugj -á qvlgdlvi luxi, tgi ûblei hdolblîåj;

i hd cdiv ij udt duqdexihjv lbojvgiîôdu# bjxçeliu d hihju# udkig dcdu oiextilu jt båj"

Dbxvdxibxj j kjvbiclugj ì# icìg hluuj# ivxd# xvificmj# ixllhihd ejg otbîåj ujelic ― ytd

ejbuluxd dg xvi{dv hdfixd á ujeldhihd ―# ejbuxvtîåj hd tgi luåj hi vdiclhihd d hi ujeldhihd0

tg oi{dv qvjotbhj hd ejgtbleiîåj"

J kjvbiclugj qjhd udv qvixleihj dg lbûgdviu évdiu jt dçetcju hd lgqvdbui# xilu ejgj ju

kjvbilu# iu vdluxiu# i xdcdluåj# j véhlj# ju ~dfulxdu# ju ~dfcjnu# biu iuuduujvliu hd lgqvdbui#

hdbxvd jtxviu gçhliu" Duui ì tgi dbxvd iu évliu vi{ôdu qdciu ytilu båj ud hdd ndbdvicl{iv j

kjvbiclugj# ké ytd duui qvéxlei jqdvi ixviìu hd tg gdlj -hd tg dçetcj, d duxd qjhd ejbuluxlv

dg yticytdv tg hju ké gdbeljbihju"

Vduuicxi'ud ytd eihi dçetcj xdg uti qivxletcivlhihd# uåj hluxlbxju d ejbudytdbxdgdbxd#

ixlbndg j qûfclej hd gibdlviu hldvuiu# hduudgdcmibxdu" Ì qjv luuj ytd bduud duxthj ujfvd j

kjvbiclugj hd vdluxi ì lgqjvxibxd hlodvdbeliv duud nëbdvj hiu hdgilu gçhliu" Icntgiu hdciuiqvdudbxig# iuulg ejgj j jfkdxj duqdeçolej hduxd duxthj# eiviexdvçuxleiu hd etbmj

lbojvgixlj# kjvbicçuxlej d hd dbxvdxdblgdbxj# dbxvdxibxj# eifd iytl# j ojej bj kjvbiclugj hd

vdluxi# iqjbxibhj utiu duqdelolelhihdu d vdcdæbeli"

Dgfjvi miki tgi edvxi hloletchihd qivi i tgi d}qcleiîåj ecivi d fvdd hj ytd ì kjvbiclugj ud

fiuxibhj hd qjteiu qiciviu# xjgi'ud i iolvgiîåj hd Vjuul -9<<8, ytd j ulnbloleihj hduud

xdvgj il icìg hd yticytdv hdolblîåj ieihëglei# ejbuluxlbhj dg –tgi fixicmi qdci ejbytluxihiu gdbxdu d ejviîôdu hd udtu icju ― cdlxjvdu# xdcduqdexihjvdu jt jtlbxdu‗" Duui fixicmi



91

lgqjuxi ij kjvbiclugj# ejbojvgd Vjuul -9<<8, oi{ tuj hd tgi ivgi iqivdbxdgdbxd

lbjodbuli; i qicivi ― udbhj lgqjvxibxd tgi vduuici qivi ju gdlju lginìxleju# ytd xigfìg

oi{dg tuj hd lgindbu ktbxigdbxd áu qiciviu"

I fixicmi xviihi qdcj kjvbiclugj# etki olbiclhihd ì ixvilv j giljv bûgdvj hd lbxdvduuihju

qjuuçdc qivi i uti hltcniîåj# invdni edvxigdbxd# lgqjvxæbeli dg ejbxd}xju qjcçxleju d

ujelilu hdlhj xigfìg# ij it}çclj qvduxihj bi ojvgiîåj hi jqlblåj qjv qivxd hj qûfclej ― ij

edhdv ejbmdelgdbxj ij gdugj" Dbxvdxibxj# gibxdv i lbojvgiîåj clvd hd ktç{ju hd icjv# båj

lgqjbhj tgi jqlblåj d inlbhj hd gibdlvi tblcixdvic ejg j qûfclej ì otbhigdbxic"

Qivi Vjuul -9<<8, j glxj hi jfkdxllhihd ì j ytd gjxli xic fixicmi ― i lgqvdbui hdd udejcjeiv btgi qjulîåj bdtxvi d utiu qtfcleiîôdu kjvbicçuxleiu hddg ifjvhiv ju oixju jejvvlhju

bi duodvi ujelic# hdl}ibhj iuulg# i qivxd lbxdvqvdxixli á eivnj hj udt cdlxjv# xdcduqdexihjv#

jtlbxd d vdedqxjv"

Bduud udbxlhj# Dvfjcixxj -9<=8, iolvgi ytd yticytdv xvificmj hi lgqvdbui hd etbmj

kjvbicçuxlej d}dved lboctëbeliu ujfvd i ujeldhihd" I bjxçeli# qjv d}dgqcj# ì ejbulhdvihi i

gixìvli qvlgi hj kjvbiclugj# qjlu ujgdbxd hdqjlu hd hltcnihi i lbojvgiîåj ejbxlhi bdci# ìytd midvé tg hdfixd qjv qivxd hj qûfclej vdedqxjv ― udbhj duui i qvlbelqic otbîåj hi

qvjoluuåj" Duud qvjeduuj eiviexdvl{i i bjxçeli ejgj i –ejgqvi d dbhi‗ hd lbojvgiîåj; i

gdugi ì dbhlhi iju udtu cdlxjvdu d qvddbemdv'ud hdci ì tgi jfvlnixjvldhihd hj gtbhj ixtic"

J ytd uifdgju ujfvd ju btgdvjuju iuutbxju hd lbxdvduud qûfclej ì ejbudytdbxd hj ytd bju ì

xvibuglxlhj qdcju dçetcju hd ejgtbleiîåj" Dvfjcixxj -9<=8, iolvgi ytd iu bjxçeliu uåj#

qjvxibxj# ejgtbleiîôdu ujfvd oixju hi ixticlhihd ytd xdbhdg i lboctlv udtu cdlxjvdu d gjuxvivi dcdu ytd hddg ud lbxdvduuiv qdcj iuutbxj vdxvixihj"

Ovdbxd i luuj# ë'ud i lgqjvxæbeli hj kjvbiclugj# hiu bjxçeliu# hi hluqjblflcl{iîåj hiu

lbojvgiîôdu d ejbmdelgdbxju bi ujeldhihd" Xviytlbi -6119, vdcdgfvi j iqdclhj hihj ij

kjvbiclugj hd –j ytivxj qjhdv‗" J xdvgj ojl ojvkihj qjv tg lbncëu dg 9=65# bj gjgdbxj dg

ytd ju qvlgdlvju xdõvleju hi hdgjevieli ivntgdbxiig ytd ju gçhli'bjxleljuju xdvlig tg

qiqdc otbhigdbxic d htic" Luuj# hdejvvdbxd hj oixj hd udv j ntivhlåj hju elhihåju# qvjxdndbhj'

ju ixviìu hi hluqjblflcl{iîåj d ieduuj á lbojvgiîåj hj iftuj hd qjhdv hju njdvbibxdu ― d



99

qjv ejbuxlxtlv dg tg gdlj hd lbojvgiîåj etki olbiclhihd ì dytlqiv j elhihåj ejg odvvigdbxiu

lxilu ij d}dveçelj hju udtu hlvdlxju"

Bduud ejbxd}xj# i hdolblîåj hd Xviytlbi -6119, ujfvd kjvbiclugj ifvibnd i jfvlniîåj dg

hdodbhdv i clfdvhihd hd lgqvdbui# hibhj iju elhihåju lbojvgiîôdu ktuxiu d ulnbloleixliu"

Hdd'ud qjv jtxvj cihj# jtlv j qûfclej d vdicl{iv tgi ejfdvxtvi bjxleljui hiytdcdu xdgiu ytd

uåj lgqjvxibxdu qivi dcdu d båj iqdbiu ejg fiud bj ytd ì hdelhlhj ejgj vdcdibxd d hd

lbxdvduud hj gdveihj"

Qivi j qvjqjuxj duxthj# qvdxdbhd'ud ejgqvddbhdv iu duqdelolelhihdu dg kjvbiclugj hd vdluxi"

Qivi vdcieljbiv kjvbiclugj d vdluxi# xjvbi'ud bdeduuévlj ytd ud hdolbi bduxd duxthj dg ytd igçhli vdluxi ejbuluxd" Ueic{j -611?# q"99'96,# dg qjteiu qiciviu# i hdolbd ejgj –tg

dçetcj hd ejgtbleiîåj# tg qvjhtxj# tg bdnõelj# tgi givei# tg jfkdxj# tg ejbktbxj hd

udvlîju# tgi gluxtvi hd kjvbiclugj d dbxvdxdblgdbxj‗"

I vdluxi ind hd ojvgi lbeluli# evlibhj çbetcju ejg udt qûfclej cdlxjv# j ytd qvjgjd hd

edvxi ojvgi tg dbejbxvj dbxvd j dhlxjv hi qtfcleiîåj ejg tg nvtqj hd qduujiu# cdlxjviu# ytd

ejgqivxlcmig hj gdugj lbxdvduud" Duud dbejbxvj båj ud hé hd ojvgi luçdc# båj ì qûfclej dbdg qduujic# giu ilbhi iuulg ikthi bi ejbuxlxtlîåj hd tgi lgindg qivi i vdluxi#

hdxdvglbibhj udt qûfclej# tgi –xvlfj‗ tbloleihi qjv ixvixlju dg ejgtg# jfkdxlju

udgdcmibxdu d qjv olg# qjv ulgqixli"

I vi{åj qdci ytic iu vdluxiu gjflcl{ig# dg nvibhd dueici# udt qûfclej# ud hé qdcj oixj hi

gdugi udv ejbuxlxtçhi qdci duevlxi" –Dciu udvdg qivi ejbolvgiv# d}qcleiv d iqvjotbhiv i

mluxõvli ké luxi bi xdë d jtlhi bj véhlj" Ilbhi mjkd# i qicivi duevlxi ì j gdlj gilu dolei{qivi xvibuglxlv lbojvgiîôdu ejgqcd}iu‗ -Ueic{j# 6118# q"95," D iuulg# ejgj xjhj dçetcj

ejbuxlxtçhj bi fiud hi duevlxi qvdodvdbelicgdbxd lgqvduui -ejgj kjvbilu# ojcmdxju# iqjuxlciu d

jtxvju,# ì ejbedhlhi tgi evdhlflclhihd á lbojvgiîåj oi{dbhj ejg ytd duui ud hdgjbuxvd#

iqivdbxdgdbxd# ixviìu hd tg hduhjfvigdbxj ixdbeljuj# duxthihj d igqivihj# gilu

ejbolédc"

Hduui ojvgi# _lciu Fjiu -9<<?, ievdhlxi ytd ixviìu hi vdluxi# miki i d}luxëbeli hd tg

vdunixd hd tg kjvbiclugj ytd ju kjvbilu hlévlju båj ejbudntdg lgqvlglv dg utiu bjxçeliu



96

-qjv ud xvixiv hd tgi cdlxtvi véqlhi, d# ytd# iu vdluxiu ejbudntdg jfxdv# ixviìu hi d}qjulîåj

hd tgi bji clbntindg glhléxlei gilu dcifjvihi ― ejgqivihi iju hdgilu gdlju lgqvduuju"

Qivi Ueic{j -611?, ju kjvbilu –biuedg ejg i givei d}qcçelxi hi qjcçxlei# hj dbnikigdbxj

ecivigdbxd hdolblhj‗ udbhj ytd iu vdluxiu utvnlvig bi olbiclhihd båj iqdbiu hd cdiv

lbojvgiîåj# giu xigfìg# hd udv tg ejgqcdgdbxj hd dgfiuigdbxj dhteieljbic d lbxdcdextic

hd udt cdlxjv"

J kjvbiclugj qvixleihj dg vdluxi dbjcd tgi edvxi vdluåj hd oixjvdu" Duui xivdoi ud

ejbuxlxtl ixviìu hi invdniîåj hiytlcj ytd ejbuxlxtl j kjvbiclugj duevlxj d lgqvduuj -ejgj qjv

d}dgqcj j hdulnb# xd}xj d ojxjnvioli, á tgi lbxdnviîåj hi dytlqd ytd xvificmi bduud gdlj"

Ejbelcliv ij ejbmdelgdbxj hd ytdg ì j qûfclej d qvlbelqicgdbxd# á ejgqvddbuåj hj ytd ì ivdluxi qivi# dbolg# eiglbmiv á vdgjhdcindg hd udt qcibj dhlxjvlic# hdclbdlig i jvhdg hi

gjbxindg hduui gçhli# ejbojvgd Ueic{j -611?,"

Dg vdluxi ì bdeduuévlj ytd# qivi ytd j kjvbiclugj ujfvdli# ud xdbmi ejbmdelgdbxj hiu

qvdodvëbeliu hj qûfclej0 ì qvdeluj evliv lhdbxloleiîåj ejg dcd" Ì bdeduuévlj qjv qivxd hju

dhlxjvdu jtuiv# d}qdvlgdbxiv# ojeiv# qvlbelqicgdbxd ud i gdugi ud hlvdeljbi i tg cdlxjv

duqdeçolej"

6"6 Nvigéxlei qvõqvli d vdhiîåj; i clbntindg hi vdluxi

Oiciv hi clbntindg hi vdluxi ì oiciv ujfvd i jvnibl{iîåj hd udt xd}xj" Qivi _lciu Fjiu

-9<<?,# tg fjg xd}xj xdg ytd qjuutlv ― dg qivicdcj d lbhdqdbhdbxdgdbxd hj dçetcj -udki dcd

lgqvduuj jt båj, ― tgi fji jvnibl{iîåj hd qiciviu# lhìliu d ejbedlxju qivi vdutcxiv bi

ejbuxlxtlîåj d eiviexdvl{iîåj hd tgi clbntindg qvõqvli# ulbntciv" Bduui ytduxåj# d

qvljvl{ibhj j duxthj hi clbntindg hi vdluxi# _lciu Fjiu -9<<?, vduuicxi ytd j xd}xj# bduud

dçetcj duqdeçolej# d}lnd hj qvjoluuljbic gtlxj qvdqivj d tg nvibhd etlhihj qjv udv

hjetgdbxic d bdeduulxiv hd iqtviîåj ejbuxibxd"

Ueic{j -611?, gdbeljbi ytd tgi vdluxi ud ë jfvlnihi i hdclglxiv d hdudbjcdv tgi

bixtvd{i lbojvgixli hlodvdbelihi# ytd d}lnd tg ioiuxigdbxj giljv hj ytd ejbuxlxtl j

bjxlelévlj d gilu qvõ}lgi hiytlcj ytd lbxdnvi eiglbmju icxdvbixlju# hduejfvlbhj iuulg# utiqvõqvli otbîåj# clbntindg d qûfclej" Qjvxibxj# qivi ytd ud hë lbçelj á duevlxi dg vdluxi# ì



95

qvdeluj invtqiv lhìliu hd tg gdugj xdgi" _lciu Fjiu -9<<?, iolvgi ytd j duudbelic qivi

vdicl{iîåj hd tg –xd}xj vdodvëbeli‗ dg vdluxi ì i jvnibl{iîåj hj gdugj ejbojvgd i cõnlei

hj qdbuigdbxj hj cdlxjv ― qvdodvdbelicgdbxd# oi{dbhj ejg ytd duxd ud lbxdvduud qdci

qtfcleiîåj hj lbçelj ij olg"

Tgi vdluxi duxifdcded dg ul# ytiud udgqvd# iuutbxju hd tg gdugj udbxlhj# lbxdvclnihju#

udbhj bdeduuévli i duejcmi hd tgi xjbiclhihd# jt udki# tgi clbntindg gilu iqvjqvlihi qivi i

ifjvhindg hduudu iuutbxju" J xd}xj hdd lbxdvqvdxiv j oixj gilu qvjotbhigdbxd -j ytd qjv

icntgiu d{du# xigfìg qjhd udv luxj dg ivxlnju qivi kjvbilu,# udbhj tgi ibéclud hduxd

ûcxlgj d hd utiu ejbudyóëbeliu# qvddbemdbhj tgi cietbi hdl}ihi qdcju hdgilu dçetcju hd

ejgtbleiîåj iju cdlxjvdu" –I vdqjvxindg ì i qvõqvli icgi hi vdluxi d udt xd}xj hdd udv tginvibhd mluxõvli# tg nvibhd hjetgdbxévlj‗" -_LCIU FJIU# 9<<?# q" 94,"

D qivi ytd duud qvjeduuj hd xjbiclhihd# jvnibl{iîåj# invtqigdbxj hd lhìliu d clbntindg ud

ejbuxlxti# Ueic{j -611?, ievdhlxi ytd duevddv dg vdluxi vdytdv tg etlhihj duudbelic ejg i

duejcmi hj xjg" Duui duejcmi ì tgi hiu gilu hloçedlu qivxdu hj qvjkdxj# qjlu# bduui ytduxåj# ì

j kjvbicluxi ytd ud ihiqxi á clbntindg" Ì bdeduuévlj qdbuiv ejgj j cdlxjv d# gtlxiu d{du#

hdl}iv j xd}xj gilu ecivj d ejbeluj udg# dbxvdxibxj# oi{dv hd tg xd}xj ulgqcdu# icnj ulgqcõvlj"

J qduj d i lgqjvxæbeli hj tuj ejvvdxj hi clbntindg ― ytd ì luldcgdbxd duqdeçolei hdbxvj hi

vdluxi ― qjhd ieivvdxiv i gthibîi hju vtgju hd tgi vdqjvxindg icìg hd hlodvdbelé'ci" _lciu

Fjiu -9<<?, iolvgi ytd j gjhj ejgj ì duevlxj j xd}xj dg vdluxi ì j ytd eiviexdvl{i i

gdugi# ejbedhdbhj i dci tgi vdqvdudbxiîåj duqdeçolei hlibxd hd udtu vdedqxjvdu"

J xd}xj båj bdeduuivligdbxd qvdelui hduqvd{iv ju vdetvuju ejuxtgdlvju ― d eiuj ju txlcl{d#ejgj qjv d}dgqcj# ejgj ju ejcjytliclugju d iu nçvliu# j vdhixjv hdd ud qjcleliv d xdv

etlhihj qivi ytd duudu vdetvuju båj ud xjvbdg icnj hd tuj ejbuxibxd d bdg uti qvlgdlvi jt

ûblei jqîåj"

Xdbhd'ud i evliv tgi –nvigéxlei qvõqvli‗ hdbxvj hi vdluxi ixviìu hj duxlcj nvéolej d hi

clbntindg" Ytiud xthj ì éclhj qivi ixvilv d qvdbhdv i ixdbîåj hj cdlxjv ejgj qvjht{lv tgi

eiqi ejg ju ixvixlju hd tgi dgficindg0 vdluxiu båj ud jfvlnig i vdnluxviv jejvvëbeliu ytd

båj ud dbytihvig dg udt iqdcj d udt cdlxjv'icj0 oviudu evlixliu utvndg qivi utfuxlxtlv j



98

cdih " _lciu Fjiu -9<<?, iolvgi ytd j kjvbiclugj ì qvdhjglbibxd dg vdluxi# d ytd ejbuluxd dg

edhdv lbojvgiîôdu udg jqlbiv# d}qjbhj ij cdlxjv j ytihvj ejgqcdxj hd tgi ulxtiîåj xvi{dbhj

tgi lbxdvqvdxiîåj hj oixj eifdbhj ij cdlxjv iedlxiv jt båj"

Iu vdluxiu tutovtdg xåj ejvvdxigdbxd hd uti clbntindg# xjbiclhihd# hdlhj ij hdudkj hd

uifdv ejg# gilu qvdeluåj xicd{# ytd ju hdgilu dçetcju# j ytë j cdlxjv icgdki cdv" Ujhvì

-9<>6, iolvgi ytd ojl i qivxlv hi hìeihi hd 9<?1# ejg j hdudbjclgdbxj hiu inëbeliu

bjxleljuiu d j iqvlgjvigdbxj hi bjxçeli# hj udvlîj ojxjnvéolej d hju eihdvbju hju kjvbilu#

ejg i gtcxlqcleiîåj hiu vdluxiu duqdelicl{ihiu ― ytd ibxdu# dvig gilu ifvibndbxdu d tg

qvjhtxj hd giuui ―# ojl ejg j nvibhd fjjg hi xdcdluåj# jt udki# ejg j fjgfivhdlj hj

qûfclej qdcju dçetcju hd giuui# ytd j kjvbiclugj hd vdluxi gthjt"

J dbxvdxdblgdbxj qvjqjuxj qdciu vdluxiu d jtxvju dçetcju hd tgi gibdlvi dg ndvic# xëg tgi

otbîåj diuli# j ytd lgqclei dg qjuulflclxiv áytdcd ytd cë tgi iqvdeliîåj d hdntuxiîåj hd

tg gjgdbxj qvi{dvjuj d# jfligdbxd# hd tgi cdlxtvi invihédc ― j ytd lgqclei xigfìg# dg

tgi vdnvi qivi xilu dçetcju ytd ejbuluxd dg btbei qvjqjveljbiv ij lbhlçhtj cdlxjv#

cdgfvibîiu hiytlcj ytd j qvdjetqi" Qivi ytd luuj iejbxdîi ì bdeduuévlj ytd ud oiîi tg

icledved dg xjvbj hj xd}xj qivi ytd j gdugj duxdki fdg duxvtxtvihj d ixdbhi i xjhiu iubdeduulhihdu"

J dbeihdigdbxj hd lhìliu ì vdcdibxd qivi i jvnibl{iîåj hj xd}xj qivi ytd i cdlxtvi båj ud

xjvbd icnj eibuixlj jt ixì gdugj# hduqdvhlîihj" Qjv d{du# kjvbicluxiu qdeig bj

hdudbjclgdbxj hd tg xd}xj ij hdl}iv xjhiu iu lbojvgiîôdu i udvdg hltcnihiu ixviìu hd

tgi vdqjvxindg# bju hjlu qvlgdlvju qivénvioju lblelilu ― udg iqvdudbxiv duecivdelgdbxju

bdeduuévlju d utoleldbxdu qivi xjhj j vduxibxd hi gixìvli ud xjvbibhj iuulg# icnjhdulbxdvduuibxd" Jfudviv jtxviu cdlxtviu hd jtxvju itxjvdu ejbxvlftl bduud qvjeduuj qivi ytd j

vdhixjv itgdbxd uti iytlulîåj hd finindg lbxdcdextic" –Kjvbiclugj# båj ì clxdvixtvi# giu iu

xìebleiu clxdvévliu qjhdg ikthiv# d gtlxj# tg kjvbicluxi i duevddv gdcmjv‗ -Ueic{j# 611?# q"

>>,"

Iu vdluxiu d}qcjvig ju lgqtcuju iytlulxlju d ejbutglhjvdu hj qûfclej d# udbhj iuulg# j

qvjoluuljbic hduxd dçetcj ejbolntvi'ud hdudkjuj hd lboctdbeliv" Duui gçhli duxé hlvdxigdbxd

lbetcihi á duxvtxtvi eiqlxicçuxlei hj gdveihj d qivi ytd dbhi# lvvlni i jqlblåj qûfclei qivi



94

j dbxvdxdblgdbxj jt i diuåj hj ejbutglhjv -ifjvhibhj udgqvd ejluiu fvlcmibxdu d cddu,"

Qivi Ujhvì -9<>6, j duxlcj hd tg fjg qvjoluuljbic hd vdluxi qjhdvli udv hdolblhj ejgj i

xìeblei hi ludbîåj d hj dbeibxigdbxj# duxlcj cjeicl{ihj dbxvd j hluetvuj hdbjxixlj d

clxdvixtvi"

Iu xdgéxleiu ejbuxibxdu ifjvhihiu dg vdluxi uåj# ejbojvgd iolvgiîåj hd Ujhvì -9<>6,# ivxdu

d clxdvixtvi0 bixtvd{i# qiluindg d idbxtvi -iuutbxju ytd udgqvd duxåj qvdudbxdu dg vdluxi

qjv qvjqlelivdg ojxjnvioliu dg ejvdu nvibhljuiu qdcj ytic j bixtvic ejbdvxd'ud dg

gjbtgdbxic,0 qdvujbiclhihdu d bjfvd{i -bjgdu oigjuju qdci qjulîåj ujelic jt duxvdcixj

yticytdv uåj udgqvd ixvixlju# i vdluxi ì xlhi ejgj tgi nvibhd bivvihjvi hd ejbxju hd oihiu

gjhdvbju,0 elëbeliu0 duqjvxdu -qdcj ytic ju ujelõcjnju ëdg dg uti qvjoluuljbicl{iîåj jhdulvxtigdbxj hj udbxlhj jvlnlbic hiu ejgqdxlîôdu ixcìxleiu# i hduqdvxiv j duqçvlxj hd

dgtciîåj ejgtblxévlj d d}icxiv lhdilu hd iqdvodlîjigdbxj oçulej hj mjgdg," Ì ktuxigdbxd

qjv qvjjeivdg i udbuiîåj hd vdci}igdbxd d ci{dv# ytd hdqivigju# ytiud udgqvd# ejg duuiu

xdgéxleiu biu ifjvhindbu hiu vdluxiu"

D båj uõ hd qiciviu d xd}xju ì ejbuxlxtçhi tgi vdluxi" Qivi ytd uti duxvtxtviîåj xjvbd'ud

dodxli d ejgqcdxi ì bdeduuévlj qdbuiv dg eihi duxénlj hd uti ejgqjulîåj" Dg vdluxi# i vdnvihi jfkdxllhihd kjvbicçuxlei dbejbxvjt bi lctuxviîåj ojxjnvéolei tg ojvxd iclihj" J ytd nivibxd

icjvl{iîåj hi ojxjnvioli dg vdluxi uåj oixjvdu ejgj i bdeduulhihd hd ixlbnlv nvibhdu

giuuiu# ejbxjvbibhj iuulg i clbntindg ivxletcihi ejg j it}çclj hi lgindg"

I ojxjnvioli ejcjei dg udntbhj qcibj j kjvbiclugj hd lhìliu d jqlblôdu# iytdcd qdcj ytic i

vdcdæbeli ud dbejbxvi bj xd}xj duevlxj -giu ejbelclibhj udt xvificmj á dcd,# iedbxtibhj tgi

xdbhëbeli hiu vdluxiu i qvjetvivdg udv qtvi d icxigdbxd hduevlxliu" Jtxvi eiviexdvçuxlei ì jxvltboj hju hlnduxju jt ejbhdbuiîåj hju xd}xju ― j hlnduxj ojl bj qiuuihj tgi ojvgi clxdvévli

duqdelicl{ihi ytd ud vddbejbxvjt bi etcxtvi hd giuui# qdci ytic icnj ytd ud hl{li dg glc

qiciviu# qiuujt i udv xvibuevlxj dg hd{"

I ojxjnvioli qjv uti d{ båj duxi ludbxi hd jqlblôdu# udbhj ytd qjhd udv lbxdvqvdxihi ejgj j

qjbxj hd luxi hj vdhixjv ― dg vdluxi" –Icìg hluuj# i évdi hj ojxjnvioédc ì ovdyódbxdgdbxd

clglxihi qdci hj edbutvédc‗ -UJHVÌ# 9<>6# q" 45,"



9?

Qivi ud hluxlbntlv hju kjvbilu d hd udtu eihdvbju hd etcxtvi# iu vdluxiu ievduedbxig ij xd}xj

tg ejbxdûhj ejgqcdgdbxiv# jt ilbhi tgi ibntciîåj gilu duqdeçolei d iqvjotbhihi" J cjeic

hi bivvixli# qjv d}dgqcj# dg tgi gixìvli etcxtvic hd vdluxi# ud ulxti dg tgi ifdvxtvi

db}txi"

Dg eihdvbju hd etcxtvi# d bj ndvic# xd}xju etcxtvilu# lbhdqdbhdbxdgdbxd hj dçetcj# –j xd}xj ì

gilu ujcxj# ejg xdbhëbeli i ifujvdv ejcjytliclugju d bdjcjnlugju hd xjhj j xlqj" J xd}xj hd

tg eihdvbj hd etcxtvi xdg duxlcj d qûfclej gtlxj fdg hdolblhj‗ -_LCIU FJIU# 9<<?# q" <4,"

Mjkd dg hli# i vdluxi xvixi hd gixìvliu hd etcxtvi ejg i gdugi hdudbjcxtvi duxlcçuxlei hju

kjvbilu# dbxvdxibxj# hibhj qvdodvëbeli i tg xd}xj gilu hdudbjclhj d lbojvgixlj"

J duxlcj gini{lbd# ytd ì i qvéxlei hj kjvbiclugj hd vdluxi# ejbojvgd _lciu Fjiu -9<<?,

hdudbvjci ju oixju# ftuei xduxdgtbmju# ejbuxvõl j xd}xj# bivvibhj d vdqjvxibhj eihi ulxtiîåj"

Ì oldc ij oixj vdqjvxihj hduoi{dbhj qihvôdu d ejbht{lbhj ixì gdugj# j cdlxjv i tg ktç{j hd

icjv" Bj xd}xj hd vdluxi# qjhd'ud ixvlftlv ieduuõvlju utfkdxlju -qjv båj qjuutçvdg tgi

vdodvëbeli qihvåj, ejgj fdcd{i# dcdnæbeli# ujoluxleiîåj d udbulflclhihd"

Dg vdluxi# j duxlcj ì tgi ojvgi qduujic hd d}qvduuåj" Ejg gtlxj etlhihj# qjhd'ud xdv tgxd}xj duxlcl{ihj ytd ejgflbd ejg i jfkdxllhihd d ejg i bivvixli clxdvévli" J duxlcj ejbuluxd

bi duejcmi hd tg dcdgdbxj ij lbìu hd lbûgdvju jtxvju hluqjbçdlu# udbhj lbetcihj ij

xdgqj# ij duqiîj# á lbxdvqvdxiîåj ytd j itxjv hé iu d}qdvlëbeliu# cdlxtviu d xjhi uti vdciîåj

ejg j ytd j edvei

J kjvbicluxi# ejbojvgd j itxjv gdbeljbi# båj qjhd bduud nëbdvj# duytdedv'ud hiu bjvgiu ytd

j jvldbxig bj udbxlhj hj xd}xj udhtxjv# fjblxj d qvi{dvjuj hd ud cdv" J ixj hd duevddv udvdbji i eihi gixìvli duevlxi0 xìebleiu clxdvévliu qjhdg udv lbejvqjvihiu i duud oi{dv evlibhj

tgi clxdvixtvi båj oleeljbic"

6"5 Vdnviu hi hlinvigiîåj; dhlîåj dg vdluxi

I emid qivi j dbxdbhlgdbxj hju qihvôdu dhlxjvlilu hj kjvbiclugj hd vdluxi qjhd'ud vdutglv

i xvëu xdvgju# ejbojvgd Ujhvì -9<>6, iolvgi; i udbuiîåj# qdci ytic ju æbntcju duqdxietcivduhju iuutbxju ejbulhdvihju hlnbju hd lbxdvduud udkig ifjvhihju d# hlodvdbxdgdbxd hd kjvbilu# j



9>

udbuieljbiclugj jejvvd ejg giljv ovdyóëbeli" J uteduuj# –dbxdbhd'ud ejgj i fji vdicl{iîåj

hd tg qdvujbindg -tg lbhlçhtj# tg nvtqj# tgi lbuxlxtlîåj# dxe", ejg vdciîåj ij jqxlgtg

hd qvi{dv d uixluoiîåj duxifdcdelhj qdci Jvhdg ujelic‗ -UJHVÌ# 9<>6# q" 8>," Qjv olg# j

vdci}igdbxj# ytd lui dbxvdxdblgdbxj hj cdlxjv d qvjetvi udgqvd# clfdviv'cmd ju udbxlhju#

dlxibhj xjvgdbxju lbxdcdextilu"

Ujfvd hlinvigiîåj d qvlbelqicgdbxd ujfvd dhlîåj# _lciu Fjiu -9<<?, iolvgi ytd i vdluåj hj

xvificmj ì hd otbhigdbxic lgqjvxæbeli" Duevddv qivi kjvbiclugj ì tgi ivxd# ytduxåj hd hjg#

dbxvdxibxj# udv xjcdvibxd qivi vdduevddv ì i qvõqvli duuëbeli hj joçelj# iolbic yticytdv dvvj jt

dbnibj ytd duxldv qvdudbxd bj xd}xj ì qiuuçdc hd ejvvdîåj d i vdluåj d}luxd d}ixigdbxd qivi

luuj"

Ì qvdeluj lbuqlviîåj qivi duevddv dg vdluxi udg qdvhdv hd luxi j duxlcj kjvbicçuxlej" _lciu

Fjiu -9<<?, ilbhi icdni ytd qivi xic# ì qvdeluj ud clviv hi qihvjbl{iîåj" Tgi fji

vdqjvxindg hdd udv otbhigdbxihi0 båj hdd ifvlv gåj hi qduytlui# ujf qdbi hd icxdviv j

duqçvlxj hd lbduxlniîåj# etvljulhihd# hduiolj d utvqvdui# oixjvdu duudu# utqdvljvdu"

Oixj ejbuxixihj# i qvlgdlvi ytduxåj jfudvihi qdcj cdlxjv dg tgi vdluxi uåj utiu lgindbu" Ìj ytd emigi i ixdbîåj hj gdugj qdcj oixj hd udvdg ejblhixliu# utnduxliu d# ixì gdugj#

duecivdedhjviu hd iejvhj ejg Ueic{j -611?," Gdugj iuulg# uti ejcjeiîåj bi qénlbi xigfìg

hdd udv etlhihjuigdbxd qdbuihi" Iu olntviu# lctuxviîôdu d lgindbu bi hlinvigiîåj d

gjbxindg hi qénlbi# hddg udv qjuleljbihiu duxvixdnleigdbxd hd ojvgi ejg ytd nibmdg

giljv lulflclhihd"

Cdndbhiu uåj jfvlnixjvligdbxd iqcleihiu dgfil}j hd yticytdv lgindg ― ytd ì j ctniv jbhdju cdlxjvdu ké duxåj miflxtihju i qvjetvé'ciu ― d qvdodvdbelicgdbxd# ifjvhibhj hd ojvgi

lbxdclndbxd j ytd duxé ejbxlhj bi lgindg" Luuj ejbxvlftl qivi xjvbiv i cdlxtvi qvi{dvjui d

oielclxihi"

Oixj lgqjvxibxd qivi i vdicl{iîåj hi dhlîåj d hlinvigiîåj hj xd}xj dg vdluxi ì udt icjv d

ejbxdgqjvibdlhihd" Vdluxiu dcifjvig gixìvliu hd iejvhj ejg evlxìvlju hd icjv d ixticlhihd"

_lciu Fjiu -9<<?, i hdolbd ejgj i vdicl{iîåj hj qvjnbõuxlej otxtvj qivi j hduhjfvigdbxj# i

hduevlîåj hj hdejvvdv hj qvdudbxd" Lbojvgixl{iîåj båj nivibxd yticlhihd hd lbojvgiîåj d



9=

bjigdbxd j itxjv vdojvîi i lhìli hd ytd# qivi ud duevddv dg vdluxi ì bdeduuévlj gtlxj gilu#

bj eiuj# evlixllhihd" I yticlhihd hj xd}xj ì udt hlodvdbelic udbhj ejbudyóëbeli hd tg

ejbxdûhj fdg dcifjvihj d evlxdvljuj"

Iu xìebleiu qivi dhlîåj kjvbicçuxlei ejbuluxdg xigfìg ― d gtlxiu d{du# qvlbelqicgdbxd ― bi

ejgqvddbuåj hj oixj d iqvdudbxiîåj hj gdugj qjv ejgqcdxi# udg hdl}iv givndbu qivi

hûlhiu" Qivi luuj# uifdv uti cjeicl{iîåj dg duqiîj xdgqj uåj duudbelilu ixì gdugj qivi

ejbulhdviv i uti vdcdæbeli hdbxvj hi qtfcleiîåj" Bduud ejbxd}xj# –i vdhd bjxleljui evli tgi

udyódci lgqjvxibxd; ju oixju qiuuçdlu hd vdnluxvj udvåj iytdcdu ytd jejvvdvdg bi {jbi hd

iceibed hj dçetcj‗# hd iejvhj ejg Qdvdlvi Kûbljv -611<,"

Uåj oixjvdu ejbhleljbibxdu hj qcibdkigdbxj hd tgi bjxçeli xdv ytd dbovdbxiv j –qjtej xdgqj‗

hluqjbçdc hdhleihj á qvjhtîåj hi gixìvli ― xdgqj duud ytd bi dvhihd# båj ì

bdeduuivligdbxd vdht{lhj# giu ulg# lbutoleldbxd qivi i hdgibhi hi qvjhtîåj ― icìg hiu

clglxiîôdu vdcieljbihiu i hducjeigdbxju d duqiîj" Gdugj hlibxd hduudu oixjvdu# i gçhli

lgqôd uti lhdbxlhihd qivi ytd uti vdciîåj ejg udt hduxlbixévlj -udki dcd cdlxjv# jtlbxd#

vdedqxjv jt xdcduqdexihjv, udki duxifdcdelhi# ejbojvgd iolvgi Qdvdlvi Ktbljv -611<,;

J qvlgdlvj hd xjhju ju evlxìvlju hd lhdbxlhihd# ytd åj iodxiv j qcibdkigdbxj hibjxçeli# ì i clbmi dhlxjvlic hd tg dçetcj jt i ytd dlj tgi dhlxjvli" Luuj ulnblolei#hl{ Ulhbd| Fiulcd dg Dcdgdbxju hd kjvbiclugj dejbøglej# ”ejgtbleiv j qjbxj hdluxi“ hj qvjhtxj dbytibxj dglxlgju lbojvgiîåj" -QDVDLVI KTBLJV# 611<# q" <4,

I lgqjvxæbeli hi jvhdg hiu qiciviu# lgindbu d xd}xju dg tgi vdluxi ixvidg jt hluqdvuig i

ixdbîåj hj cdlxjv" Ì hd utgi lgqjvxæbeli ytd iu lbojvgiîôdu ejbxlhiu bduud dçetcj

hdgjbuxvdg qjvytd lgqjvxig d ejbxvlftdg qivi i lhi d vdiclhihd hd ytdg cë0 båj

iqvdudbxiv duud etlhihj qjhd qivdedv hluxviîåj jt oicxi hd ejbulhdviîåj ejg j ejbxdûhj d i

yticlhihd hiytlcj ytd ì qtfcleihj" Qivi Qdvdlvi Kûbljv -611<,# –i ojvgi ytd iuutgd tg xçxtcj#

qjv d}dgqcj# il xjvbiv i qénlbi gilu hlbæglei d lvlc# giu qvlbelqicgdbxd hdolbd i cdlxtvi

ytd j qvjhtxj oi{ hju iuutbxju ytd ejfvd‗"

I qvlgdlvi qénlbi# jt udki# i eiqi# ì hduxlbihi á gluedcæbdi hd oixju d iejbxdelgdbxju#

hdudgqdbmibhj j qiqdc hd tg gdbt" Dclglbiv hi gdugi j d}eduuj# oielclxi d xjvbi i cdlxtvi



9<

gilu ixvidbxd qjv jodvdedv gdbju duojvîj0 duxifdcdedv tgi mivgjbli dbxvd iu tblhihdu oi{

ejg ytd ju oixju ud ejvvduqjbhig"

Vdetvuju ejgj oi{dv tuj hd lbojnvéoleju -ytd bihi gilu uåj hj ytd lbojvgiîôdu hdudbmihiu#

dg clbntindg lctuxvihi d ytd jfvlnixjvligdbxd hddg udv ecivju# ixvixlju d véqlhju hd cdv,#

ejbxvlftdg qivi tgi cdlxtvi dbvlytdelhi qivi j cdlxjv" I lbojnvioli hdudgqdbmi j qiqdc hd

vdqvdudbxiv nvioleigdbxd ju gilu hldvuju ejbxdûhju# ixviìu hj duecivdelgdbxj hd vdciîôdu d

hdgjbuxviîåj hd dueiciu# d}qcleibhj d d}dgqcloleibhj odbøgdbju"

Utgévlju lctuxvihju# glevj lbojvgiîôdu ejgqcdgdbxivdu# lbxdvdbîåj duxìxlei biu ojxju

xjvbig gilu luxjuiu d qjxdbelicl{ig i eivni lbojvgixli hd eihi qénlbi# ejbojvgd QdvdlviKûbljv -611<,"



61

5 KJVBICLUGJ# VD_LUXI D UDNGDBXIÎÅJ

I xvikdxõvli mluxõvlei hj kjvbiclugj bj Fviulc xdg lbçelj dg tgi bdeduulhihd; i bdeduulhihd#

qjv qivxd hj lbhlçhtj# hd xdv ieduuj áu lbojvgiîôdu# hjglbiv d xdv ejbmdelgdbxju ujfvd i

lhi ujelic# j ytd eiviexdvl{i tgi qvdgluui duudbelic" Uifdv j ytd ud qiuui# ejgj ud qiuui#

jbhd iejbxded d qjvytd jejvvd0 duui etvljulhihd qdvxlbdbxd d qvjlbhi hj qûfclej utelbxi i

jeiîåj qivi ju ”ejbxihjvdu hd mluxõvli“# hihju kjvbicluxiu"

–Lbojvgiv d lbojvgiv'ud ejbuxlxtlt j vdytlulxj féulej hi ujeliflclhihd‗ -GDCJ# 9<=4# q" 99,"

Xjhj duud hdudkj qjv ejbmdedv iytlcj ytd hl{ vduqdlxj i tgi hdxdvglbihi ulxtiîåj# ytd

d}qclytd j hduhjfvigdbxj hd tg iejbxdelgdbxj# ytd lbojvgd tg oixj# udki dcd qdvxlbdbxd iixticlhihd jt vdodvdbxd i tg qdvçjhj qiuuihj# ì tg qvjeduuj ytd oi{ qivxd hi bixtvd{i hj

mjgdg"

Hlibxd hduud ejbxd}xj# qivægdxvju gtlxiu d{du dvvjbdigdbxd ejbotbhlhju# qvdeluig udv

duxifdcdelhju; ejgtbleiîåj# lbojvgiîåj d lgqvdbui" Ujhvì -9<>6, ulgqclolei i bjîåj hd

ejgtbleiîåj vdutglbhj i gdugi á xvjei hd lbojvgiîôdu -ifvibndbhj duxçgtcju# lgindbu#

uçgfjcju d gdbuindbu,# ytd uõ ud xjvbi qjuuçdc ixviìu hd tg ejbktbxj hd vdnviu# d}qcçelxiu dlgqcçelxiu# hdbjglbihiu eõhlnju" Ilbhi udntbhj j itxjv# i lbojvgiîåj qjv uti d{# xdg ejgj

olbiclhihd jvhdbiv d vdjvhdbiv i d}qdvlëbeli ujelic hj elhihåj qvjgjdbhj j udt ejbçlj

ejg udxjvdu ejbxlbndbxdu"

Qivi Vjhvlntdu -9<<8,# i lbojvgiîåj qdvxdbed á duodvi hi xvibugluuåj -hj dgluujv'

hduxlbixévlj, dbytibxj ytd i ejgtbleiîåj ì lbxdvutfkdxli# utvnlbhj d dgdvnlbhj bi

qdvuqdexli qivxletciv d ulbntciv hju lbhlçhtju" I ëboiud hi ejgtbleiîåj mtgibi duxé

edbxvihi lbxlgigdbxd biu xvjeiu ytd ud duxifdcdedg dbxvd iu qduujiu# ixviìu hiytlcj ytd ì

hdbjglbihj –duxçgtcj'vduqjuxi‗"

Qjv olg# j xdvgj lgqvdbui# ytd lgqclei dg tgi bjgdiîåj hiytdcdu dçetcju ytd d}dvedg

otbîôdu vdcieljbihiu á ejgtbleiîåj lbojvgixli d ij kjvbiclugj# dg jqjulîåj á ejgtbleiîåj

hd dbxvdxdblgdbxj d qvjqinibhiu"



69

I qvõqvli lgqvdbui# ytd liflcl{jt xdebjcjnleigdbxd j kjvbiclugj# xigfìg utvnltejgj vdutcxihj hd evduedbxdu d}lnëbeliu uõelj'etcxtvilu ytd ud gibloduxivig bibiuedbxd dbnvdbindg ftvjevéxlei# biu jqdviîôdu gdveibxlu d olbibedlviu ytdgjlgdbxiig iu elhihdu# bi elvetciîåj gilu véqlhi hiu lhìliu d hju lbdbxju ytdxjvbivig i vdqvjhtîåj hj ejbmdelgdbxj tg oixjv qjcçxlej ulnbloleixlj" -GDCJ#

9<=4# q" 96,

Udbhj iuulg# j utvnlgdbxj hi lgqvdbui jejvvdt ivxletcihj iju lbxdvduudu hi ujeldhihd lndbxd

ejg j ecivj jfkdxlj hd gibxdv i qjqtciîåj lbojvgihi ujfvd ju iejbxdelgdbxju hi ìqjei" J

ytd i ujeldhihd qvdxdbhd ì lbojvgiîåj d dbxvdxdblgdbxj véqlhj d jfkdxlj# ytd hd iejvhj ejg

i cõnlei hd Vjhvlntdu -9<<<,# uåj gibjfviu ejgj i udngdbxiîåj hd ejbxdûhju ytd qiuuig i

udv fdbytluxiu i olg hd ytd udkig uixluodlxiu iu bdeduulhihdu duqdelicl{ihiu d

lbhllhticl{ihiu"

Ké j kjvbiclugj# dgfjvi iqvdudbxd tgi bixtvd{i qjcçxlei -hdlhj ij udt utvnlgdbxj dg

ojcmdxju# iluju d ni{dxiu ytd lbhleiig gibloduxiîôdu hj qjj ejbxvi j njdvbj d ixdbhlig

iu bdeduulhihdu hi qjqtciîåj,# biuedt ejgj tg qvjeduuj ujelic" Xvixi'ud hd tgi qtfcleiîåj

ytd gibxìg vdntcivlhihd ytibxj i uti elvetciîåj d ytd ud ejbudvi ixli hdlhj á ejbxçbti hd

oixju ixtilu d ixì gdugj# ij eiqlxiclugj"

I qvéxlei kjvbicçuxlei iuutgd mjkd# ejbojvgd Gdcj -9<=4, tgi oluljbjgli qdetcliv# ejgqjuxi

qjv tg ejgqvjgdxlgdbxj bj d}dveçelj hj qjhdv qjcçxlej# iqvdudbxibhj d hdodbhdbhj qjbxju

hd luxi# qvjqinibhj lbojvgiîôdu d ktç{ju# icìg hd eituiv j hdfixd hiu gdugiu"

Ytibxj á udngdbxiîåj d i ovingdbxiîåj hj gdveihj# hluetxd'ud ixviìu hd xdjvliu

iqvdudbxihiu qjv Ibhdvujb -611?, i d}luxëbeli hd tgi xvibuojvgiîåj hj gdveihj hd giuui#

hjglbihj qjv nvibhdu mlxu ― iytlcj ytd i nvibhd giljvli ihdvd d ud lbxdvduui ― qivi tg

gdveihj hd lbûgdvju blemju d hd glevj'mlxu ― gilu udngdbxihj# jcxihj i tg qûfclej hd

gdbjv ejbuluxëbeli"

Ktuxloleibhj duui bji icxdvbæbeli# dg ytd mé tgi xvibulîåj hd gdveihju# i clfdvhihd hd

duejcmi d i ituëbeli hd clglxiîôdu uåj xlhiu ejgj ju qvlbelqilu hdudbeihdihjvdu hi ojvgiîåj

hd bjju gdveihju" Vdejbmded'ud i d}luxëbeli hd hdgibhi qivi i etcxtvi hd giuui# giu i

gdugi hdl}jt hd udv j ûblej gdveihj ' ju bjju blemju ejgqôdg j gdveihj hd ivldhihdu"

Duud bjj gdveihj gjlgdbxi d lboctl xibxj bi ejgtbleiîåj# ytibxj biu lbhûuxvliu udbhj



66

qjuuçdc iolvgiv ytd mjkd# j gdveihj hd giuui d dg giljvli j gdveihj hd blemju# hllhdg j

gdugj qicej# j gdugj duqiîj"

Ixviìu hi hluqjulîåj hd bjju gdlju hd ud jfxdv ejbmdelgdbxju d lbojvgiîôdu vdodvdbxdu iju

bjju -jt ké d}luxdbxdu, qvjhtxju# i qjqtciîåj ud ë hlibxd hi ulxtiîåj hj ioiuxigdbxj;

ytibhj gilu ud dbejbxvi hluxibxd hju eiglbmju ké ejbmdelhju# ejbectl ytd utiu qvdodvëbeliu

båj uåj ejbdbeljbilu ejgj lginlbii"

Ejgj Ibhdvujb -611?, iolvgi# i dejbjgli gjlhi i mlxu lgqdhd ytd j gdveihj hd giuui

udki ejbutglhj ejgj tg xjhj qdcj udt qûfclej# qjv iqdbiu ojvbdedv dg icxi dueici j ytd

–dbhd gilu‗# j ytd ì iqvjdlxihj dg uti giljvli# vdcdnibhj iju ytd båj oi{dg qivxd hduudnvtqj áytlcj ytd ì hd udt invihj" Duud ì j gtbhj hi dueiuud{ ytd duxé udbhj utfuxlxtçhj qdcj

gtbhj hi iftbhæbeli hd jqîôdu" J ytd xigfìg qjhd udv luxj dg dçetcju hd ejgtbleiîåj#

ejgj kjvbilu# vdluxiu# ulxdu# d jtxvju ytd # duqdelicl{ihju# xëg emigihj i ixdbîåj hj qûfclej"

5"9 J kjvbiclugj duqdelicl{ihj; udngdbxiîåj dg vdluxi

Xthj iytlcj ytd ì hlodvdbelihj# d}õxlej# ivlihj# gjhloleihj# edvxigdbxd# emigi ixdbîåj"

Biu gilu hldvuiu duodviu hi lhi -qvjoluuljbic# qduujic# dgjeljbic# hdbxvd lbûgdviu jtxviu,

duui jfudviîåj qvdicded" D hi gdugi ojvgi ytd bi ujeldhihd duui mlqõxdud ud olvgi# bj

kjvbiclugj dci xigfìg ud ol}i"

J kjvbiclugj duqdelicl{ihj ud otbhi dg tgi i ifjvhindg qdvuqlei{ d vduxvlxi i tgi eixdnjvli

hd xdgiu" Iqõu i duejcmi hd tg iuutbxj# i qvéxlei kjvbicçuxlei hdd udv d}detxihi qjv tg

qvjoluuljbic ytd xdbmi igqcju ejbmdelgdbxju ujfvd dcd d j hjglbd"

D}dvedv j kjvbiclugj duqdelicl{ihj vdytdv etlhihj" D}luxdg fdbdoçelju dg ud xvixiv d

ejbmdedv gdcmjv ujfvd tg ûblej xdgi# iuulg ejgj iqvjotbhiv bdcd qjhd hdudbeihdiv vdiîôdu

bihi qjulxliu qivi j gdlj kjvbicçuxlej" J qvjoluuljbic qjhd ud dbejbxviv dg ulxtiîåj

gjbõxjbi d# qjv xdv hjgçblj d itxjvlhihd ujfvd j xd}xj d ujfvd j ytd dcd ifjvhi# qjhd ud

duytdedv hiu bdeduulhihdu hd iqvjotbhigdbxj hj xdgi lbhiu hj cdlxjv ytd båj uåj bihi

õfliu ejgj uåj qivi ytdg duevdd"



65

J cdlxjv xdg ytd udv iqvdudbxihj d lbojvgihj ejg d}ixlhåj ujfvd i ytd vdgdxd j iuutbxj#

gdugj ytd ké j qvdqjbhdvd" Oixj duud ytd båj qjhd jejvvdv ixviìu hd tgi clbntindg

elovihi# ejhloleihi# lbxlgluxi# oi{dbhj tuj hd xdvgju xìebleju d hd hloçelc ejgqvddbuåj"

Qivi Ueic{j -611?,# dg vdluxi# duuiu elvetbuxæbeliu gdbeljbihiu -vdodvdbxd á clbntindg d iju

etlhihju ejg i ifjvhindg vdqdxlxli hd tg gdugj xdgi,# ud xjvbig ilbhi gilu qiuuçdlu hd

iejbxdedv ― dbxvdxibxj# bihi ytd lgqclytd dg vdnvi" I icxdvbixli ì oi{dv tgi xvihtîåj hi

clbntindg ftvjevéxlei qivi j cdlxjv ejgtg# xjvbibhj'i ulgqcdu# ecivi d ejbelui" –Tg fjg

d}dgqcj ejbxvévlj i duud ì j hd tgi vdluxi ejgj i Utqdvlbxdvduuibxd# ytd xvixi hd iuutbxju

eldbxçoleju# gtlxiu d{du évlhju d qjcëgleju# dg clbntindg ieduuçdc qivi udtu kjdbu

cdlxjvdu‗ -UEIC[J# 611?# q" 4?,"

Hd iejvhj ejg iolvgiîåj hd _lciu Fjiu -9<<?, ju xlqju hd vdluxiu xigfìg qjhdg udv

hdxdvglbihju ejbojvgd xvëu nvtqju duxlcçuxleju; iu lctuxvihiu# iu duqdelicl{ihiu d iu hd

lbojvgiîåj'ndvic" I duqdelicl{iîåj hd eihi tgi hdciu il olvgiv hd iejvhj ejg i xdgéxlei jt

ejg i udngdbxiîåj hd udtu cdlxjvdu" Gilu ytd ju jtxvju dçetcju hd ejgtbleiîåj# i vdluxi

qvdelui hdolblv udt qûfclej qivi nivibxlv uti ujfvdlëbeli bj gdveihj" _lciu Fjiu -9<<?,

duqdelolei ytd# ytibxj gilu igqcj d gilu hd giuui ojv j qûfclej qvdxdbhlhj qjv tgi vdluxi#gilu j vdqdvxõvlj clbnóçuxlej oivé tuj hd ojvgiu xvihleljbilu ejbolvgihiu ujelicgdbxd"

Ké bj kjvbiclugj duqdelicl{ihj# d}luxdg vlueju lbdvdbxdu i duud d}dveçelj" J kjvbicluxi qjhd ud

dv elvetbuevlxj dg tg hdxdvglbihj xdgi# ievdhlxibhj ytd j gtbhj nlvi dg xjvbj hdcd d

hlglbtlbhj iuulg# uti eiqielhihd qivi qdvedqîåj hd jtxvju oixju" Gibxdv tg bçdc hd

d}edcëbeli ejg bjlhihdu d utvqvduiu ejbojvgd Ueic{j -611?,# xigfìg ì jtxvi hloletchihd

dbejbxvihi# ké ytd j cdlxjv# miflxtihj i ud lbojvgiv ujfvd j iuutbxj# xigfìg hjglbi fdg joixj"

Gilu tg lgqiuud ud ejbujclhi bj kjvbiclugj duqdelicl{ihj ytibhj ejfvi'ud hj kjvbicluxi tgi

clbntindg ulgqcdu d båj hd fil}i yticlhihd0 iu lbojvgiîôdu ejgqcd}iu# hd hloçelc

ejgqvddbuåj# hddg udv gibxlhiu d d}qcleihiu d båj ulgqcloleihiu" J ytd hdd udv oielclxihj

ì i cdlxtvi# iolbic i lbojvgiîåj xdg ytd ud gibxdv lbxiexi# çbxdnvi d dg uti ejbjxiîåj jvlnlbic

― qjlu udt qûfclej cdlxjv xigfìg qjhd udv ejbuxlxtçhj qjv duqdelicluxiu"



68

Lbduxlv# bduud vigj duqdeçolej# lgqclei dg qdbuiv d dcifjviv d}qclelxigdbxd# tgi

lhdbxloleiîåj dbxvd vdluxi d qûfclej" Duui udvli tgi ytduxåj duxvixìnlei bi xdbxixli hd

nivibxlv tg gdveihj# bdeduulxibhj hd ojej"

Ju xlqju hd udngdbxiîåj gilu ejgtbu uåj ju qjv nëbdvj -giuetclbj d odglblbj,#qjv lhihd -lboibxlc# ihtcxi# ihjcduedbxd,# ndjnvéolei -elhihd jt vdnlåj, d qjv xdgi-elbdgi# duqjvxdu# elëbeli"""," Hdbxvj hduuiu nvibhdu ejvvdbxdu ì qjuuçdc d}luxlv jytd ké bju vdodvlgju ejgj ”udngdbxiîåj hi udngdbxiîåj" -UEIC[J# 611?# q" 8<,

I qdvujbicl{iîåj# hd tg dçetcj hd ejgtbleiîåj ejbuluxd dg ud iqvj}lgiv ij gé}lgj hi

lbhllhticlhihd hd eihi cdlxjv" D duui xivdoi olejt i eivnj hi Lbxdvbdx# ké ytd# dg vdluxi#

d}luxd j dbxvid hd lgqvlglv lbûgdvju d}dgqcivdu ytibxj udtu cdlxjvdu" I vdluxiduqdelicl{ihi olei ejg i jqîåj hd# iuulg# ud hlvlnlv båj á giuui# d bdg á glbjvli#

lbhllhticl{ihi" Ulxti'ud dg tg gdlj xdvgj" Uti eiqielhihd ì i hd ndviv lhdbxloleiîåj d

vdiolvgiv lhdbxlhihdu hd nvtqju d lbxdvduudu duqdeçoleju"

Qivi ytd tgi vdluxi bji d duqdelicl{ihi ud gibxdbmi bj gdveihj# ì qvdeluj hduejfvlv bjiu

xdbhëbeliu# dbejbxviv tg qjbxj hlodvdbelihj gdugj ytd dg tg xdgi ké ifjvhihj" Qivi

Ueic{j -611?,# oi{dv tuj hiu xdebjcjnliu qivi dejbjgl{iv d qjtqiv -bi vdhtîåj hju etuxju hdtgi qtfcleiîåj,# qivi hlvdeljbiv j dçetcj i nvtqju gdbjvdu# vdht{lhju# qjhd udv# ixì gdugj#

tgi duejcmi qcituçdc ― ejbxibxj ytd gibxdbmi i duuëbeli hd dçetcj lbojvgixlj udg

hdqdbhdv qjv ejgqcdxj hi qtfclelhihd"

5"6 J kjvbiclugj jqlbixlj } i qtfclelhihd bj kjvbiclugj

J Kjvbiclugj Jqlbixlj jt hd jqlblåj utvnd# ejbojvgd Gdcj -9<=4,# bj gdveihj dg gdihju

hju uìetcju ]_LL# ]_LLL d ]L] eiviexdvl{ihj qdcj hjgçblj hd jbxihdu# hdudkju d lbxdvduudu

hd qjcçxleju d hiytdcdu ytd# hd edvxi ojvgi# gibxlbmig iu dgqvduiu kjvbicçuxleiu" I gçhli dvi#

qjvxibxj# txlcl{ihi ejgj tg gdlj ytiud ytd d}ectulj hd ejgtbleiîåj hduud nvtqj# ytd i

txlcl{iig qivi xjgihi hd hdeluôdu# iolvgiîôdu d hluetvuju" Ì d}ixigdbxd qjv ejbxi hduud

hduodemj mluxõvlej ytd i lgqvdbui nibmi j xçxtcj hd –ytivxj qjhdv‗0 hdlhj i uti eiqielhihd

hd ixlbnlv i ujeldhihd d giblqtciv ― jt lboctlv ― bj qdbuigdbxj hiytdcdu ytd ixviìu hdci ud

lbojvgiig"



64

Iqduiv hiu evçxleiu d hju evçxleju# i dvi hj kjvbiclugj hd jqlblåj ieifi udbhj tgioiud otbhigdbxic bi mluxõvli hi ujeldhihd gtbhlic# ké ytd ud ejbuxlxtlt ejgj tgiiclihi qjhdvjui biu ctxiu d fibhdlviu cdibxihiu bi gjhdvblhihd" I lgqvdbui xjvbi'ud tgi duodvi qûfclei dg ytd ju kjnju dbxvd ju lbxdvduudu qûfcleju d ju lbxdvduuduqvlihju uåj duxifdcdelhju" -GIVUMICC# 6115# q"=1,

Hi gdugi ojvgi# Gdcj -9<=4, ejbuxixi ytd ju gdlju hd ejgtbleiîåj ytd qdbdxvig bi

ujeldhihd uåj ”iqivixju lhdjcõnleju“ ytd qjhdg ixtiv hd htiu gibdlviu; ixvdcihju

gjbjclxleigdbxd ij Duxihj# jt dbxåj# bi qdvuqdexli hd lboctdbeliv d ndviv ejbuelëbeli biu

qduujiu ― båj bdeduuivligdbxd udbhj duui ejbuxixiîåj tg gjhdcj jt qvduevlîåj"

J ojej jt j xjg hihj i tgi bjxçeli -gtlxiu d{du ntlihj qdci jqlblåj, ì hdejvvdbxd hi clbmi

dhlxjvlic ytd i lbuxlxtlîåj kjvbicçuxlei ihjxi" Qvdudviv d gibxdv tgi vdciîåj hd ejbolibîi ejg

udt hduxlbixévlj qjhd hdudbeihdiv gtlxiu d{du# tg hduejgqiuuj dbxvd ejgj j oixj vdic ì

iqvdudbxihj# i ojvgi ejgj ì hduevlxj d vdcixihj ij cjbnj hi gixìvli ― bi olbiclhihd hd

invihiv d hl{dv d}ixigdbxd j ytd j qûfclej hdudki cdv" Hduui ojvgi# i lbxdbîåj hj kjvbiclugj

hd jqlblåj båj ì xvixiv jt hiv icjv i icnj hd gibdlvi d}qcçelxi giu ulg# hd ievduedbxiv ejgj

tg gdeiblugj hd lhdjcjnli"

I udcdîåj hi lbojvgiîåj i udv hltcnihi ixviìu hd dçetcju kjvbicçuxleju ì jqvlbelqic lbuxvtgdbxj hd ytd ud hluqôd i lbuxlxtlîåj -dgqvdui, qivi d}qvduuiv i utijqlblåj" Ì ixviìu hi udcdîåj ytd ud iqclei bi qvéxlei i clbmi dhlxjvlic" I udcdîåjulnblolei# qjvxibxj# i õxlei ixviìu hi ytic i dgqvdui kjvbicçuxlei ë j gtbhj" Duuiluåj hdejvvd hj ytd ud hdelhd qtfcleiv dg eihi dhlîåj qvllcdnlibhj edvxjuiuutbxju# hduxieibhj hdxdvglbihju qdvujbindbu# jfuetvdedbhj icntbu d ilbhijglxlbhj hldvuju" -GDCJ#9<=4# q" 4<,"

Ud hluetxd# dg civni dueici# ud i jvldbxiîåj ytd iuutgd tg xd}xj kjvbicçuxlej ì hdxdvglbihi

ujf i õxlei hi dgqvdui jt ujf i õxlei hj kjvbicluxi" Dbxvdxibxj# dgfjvi miki tgi mldvivytli

eiviexdvl{ihi dvxleicgdbxd hdbxvj hi vdhiîåj ― jbhd hdeluôdu octdg hju gilu qjhdvjuju iju

gdbju ―# ju kjvbicluxiu ejbudntdg xvibuglxlv -gdugj ytd ejbxvévli i jqlblåj hi dgqvdui, udt

qivdedv" Luuj jejvvd ixì gdugj qivi ytd i xdbuåj evlihi dbxvd iu eciuudu qixvåj } iuuicivlihju

udki ytdfvihi d hë ctniv i oiglclivlhihd# lbxlglhihd# hdbxvj hi vdhiîåj d xigfìg# qivi hiv

duqiîj á icntgiu glbjvliu ytd ud dbejbxvig d ud olntvig dg jqlblôdu ihdvuiu d ytd iuulg#

ibtcig gdugj ytd gjgdbxibdigdbxd# i lgqdbdxviflclhihd lbojvgixli"

I ixtiîåj hj kjvbiclugj jqlbixlj hd iejvhj ejg Gdcj -9<=4, ì xlhi bj qvlbeçqlj hd xjhj j

qvjeduuj hd dcifjviîåj hd tgi gixìvli; htvibxd j duxifdcdelgdbxj hj xdgi hi qitxi" –I qitxi



6?

vdocdxd i lhdicl{iîåj hiu qduujiu ytd qdvgibdedg bi vdhiîåj d båj hiytdciu ytd duxåj dg

ejbxixj hlvdxj ejg ju oixju jt ejg ju qvjxinjbluxiu hiu bjxçeliu‗ -GDCJ# 9<=4# q"?6,"

Gtlxiu d{du# i qitxi ud xjvbi tg cdytd hd jqîôdu xdgéxleiu clglxihi qjv udv i otbîåj hd tg

kjvbicluxi -j qitxdlvj, ytd ud dbejbxvi uõ dg udt duevlxõvlj# niflbdxd jt gdui d ytd qjvxibxj#

båj xëg xibxi lulflclhihd hj ytd jejvvd ij vdhjv"

Bj gjgdbxj dg ytd i lgqvdbui ixlbnlt udt qixigiv hd –ytivxj qjhdv‗# uti duxvtxtvi

jfvlnixjvligdbxd ojl vdojvgtcihi# xjvbibhj'ud ejbudyódbxdgdbxd giljv d iuulg# i d}qvduuåj

hd jqlblåj ud ovingdbxjt evlibhj ulxtiîôdu ixì gdugj ejboclxibxdu" Dgqvduiu# ejgj ké

gdbeljbihj# qvljvl{ig jfxdv j ejbxvjcd hd utiu hltcniîôdu# d dg eiuj ejbxvévlj# qdcj gdbju

iuudntviv j iejgqibmigdbxj d i utqdvluåj hj ytd ud xjvbi bjxçeli" Oixj hd utgilgqjvxæbeli qivi uti duxiflclhihd# iolbic# j hjgçblj hi lbojvgiîåj xvibuglxlhi iju lbhlçhtju

ì otbhigdbxic"

Jqlblôdu uåj gibloduxihiu ixviìu hiu gilu hldvuiu dvxdbxdu bj kjvbiclugj# qivi luuj# ì hd

vdcdæbeli# iqvdudbxé'ciu" J dhlxjvlic ì iiclihj# qjv d}dgqcj# ejgj tg –nëbdvj kjvbicçuxlej

ytd d}qvduui i jqlblåj jolelic hi dgqvdui hlibxd hju oixju hd giljv vdqdvetuuåj bj gjgdbxj‗

-GDCJ# 9<=4# q" ><," Ì lgqjvxibxd# xjhili# vduuicxiv ytd duui jqlblåj båj ud hdxìg iqdbiuiju qvjqvldxévlju hi dgqvdui kjvbicçuxlei# giu xigfìg# i xjhju iytdcdu ytd qjuutdg

qivxlelqiîåj bi qvjqvldhihd -ejgj olbibelihjvdu," J hluetvuj ejbxlhj dg tg dhlxjvlic#

qjvxibxj# ì hlvdeljbihj á jqlblåj qûfclei ― oixj ytd jejvvd ejg dgqvduiu ytd ixtig bi

ujeldhihd d ytd utuxdbxig qdbuigdbxj ejbxvévlj ij hj Duxihj"

Dgfjvi iqvdudbxd jqlblåj# j jfkdxlj hj dhlxjvlic ì ytiud ytd lbiceibîédc ytibhj ud ejbuxixi

ytd mjkd# dcd ì gdbju clhj ytd bj qiuuihj¼ ' j ytd lgqclei bj oixj hj gdugjbåj ejbudntlv ixlbnlv dodxligdbxd nvibhd qivxd hi giuui d ejg luuj# båj ejbudntlv eituiv

dodlxj d lboctdbeliv lhdjcjnleigdbxd ujfvd j ytd ud iolvgi" I ktuxloleixli qivi duui oicmi ud

dbejbxvi bi qvõqvli duxvtxtvi hj dhlxjvlic -ytd iqvdudbxi qjteju qivénvioju d tg xd}xj

d}xvdgigdbxd lbxdcdexticl{ihj# icìg hd vdxvixiv tg iuutbxj ytd gtlxiu d{du ì luxj ejgj

hdulbxdvduuibxd, d xigfìg qdcj udt qûfclej udv duqdeçolej d clglxihj"

¼ GDCJ# Kjuì Givytdu hd" I jqlblåj bj kjvbiclugj fviulcdlvj" 9<=4" Qénlbi =6# 4» qivénvioj# elxiîåj hd KJFLG#

Hibxjb" Lbxvjhtexljb it kjtvbiclug ejbxdgqjvilb" Qivlu# Bl{dx# 9<4>"



6>

Ejgj qivxd hj kjvbiclugj jqlbixlj# j ejgdbxévlj# tgi qvéxlei vdedbxd bi

mluxõvli hj d}dveçelj hj kjvbiclugj fviulcdlvj# lbojvgi d vdutgd oixju" Vdejvvdbxdgdbxd# j

ejgdbxivluxi ì iytdcd ytd qjuutl igqci finindg etcxtvic# icntìg ytd xdbmi ldbelihj iu

gilu hldvuiu ddbxticlhihdu qivi ytd iuulg# xdbmi iic qivi dglxlv ejg evdhlflclhihd#

jqlblôdu d icjvdu" –Ì tg ibicluxi ytd iqvdeli ju oixju# duxifdcded ejbd}ôdu# utndvd

hduhjfvigdbxju# giu qvjetvi gibxdv# ixì jbhd ì qjuuçdc# tg hluxibeligdbxj hiu

jejvvëbeliu‗ -GDCJ# q" =4# 9<=4,"

Dbxvdxibxj j ytd ud iolvgi båj xjvbi bdeduuivligdbxd tg ejgdbxivluxi# tg kjvbicluxi bdtxvj"

Bi dvhihd j ytd dcd oi{ ì hdl}iv d}qcçelxi uti jqlblåj# ixtibhj ejgj –indbxd hi bjxçeli‗

ejbojvgd Gdcj -9<=4, d}qclei" J ejgdbxivluxi båj qvdxdbhd ud dcdiv i tgi hlnblhihd giljvqivi gilu xivhd# oi{dv tuj hd ibxindbu" Dcd iuutgd j qjuxj dg ytd ktcniv i bjxçeli#

jvldbxibhj d ejbht{lbhj j udt hduxlbixévlj# oiîi qivxd hd tg qvjeduuj bixtvic d udg

ivxlgibmiu"

Dg vdutgj# bj kjvbiclugj ilbhi ud dbejbxvig hdgiulihju nëbdvju jqlbixlju# udbhj dcdu; j

ivxlnj# ytd ejgj qvì'vdytlulxj d}lnd ixticlhihd hju oixju d jqlblåj -qjlu j udbxlhj hj nëbdvj

ud dbejbxvi ktuxigdbxd bi jqlblåj hiytdcd ytd j duevdd# udbhj kjvbicluxi jt båj,# ytdhdudbjcd d ifjvhi tg oixj d tgi lhìli0 i vdudbmi jt evçxlei ytd ejbuluxd dg tgi ibéclud#

vdicl{ihi qjv kjvbicluxiu ytd iqvdelig jfviu hd ivxd d qvjhtxju etcxtvilu d ytd ud hduxlbig

duqdeloleigdbxd ij qûfclej ejbutglhjv hduud xlqj hd lbojvgiîåj# gibxdbhj tg hlécjnj ejg

ju qvjhtxjvdu hduud gdveihj" –P"""W ejbolntvi'ud dbxåj# ejgj nëbdvj kjvbicçuxlej hduxlbihj i

jvldbxiv j qûfclej bi duejcmi hju qvjhtxju etcxtvilu dg elvetciîåj bj gdveihj‗ -GDCJ#

9<=4# q" <<,"

I ejctbi qjv uti d{ ― ytd xigfìg vdedfd j bjgd hd udîåj hdlhj ij udt

qjuleljbigdbxj d ovdyóëbeli ol}i hdbxvj hd tgi qénlbi udki dci hd vdluxi jt kjvbic ― ì tgi

qivxd duqdelicl{ihi# ytd ifjvhi tg hdxdvglbihj xdgi# duevlxi hd ojvgi ulgqcdu d qduujic d

ytd eivvdni i iuulbixtvi hd udt itxjv" Qjv iqvdudbxiv qdvujbiclhihd# lbuxlni j qûfclej cdlxjv d

iuedbhd ujfvd j gdugj bi ojvgiîåj hd jqlblåj" Uåj hduui ojvgi# –qjbxju hd luxi

iqvddbhlhju hd qdvujbiclhihdu bj gtbhj bjxleljuj" Xvixi'ud hd tgi ejcemi hd vdxicmju# ejg

tblhihdu lbojvgixliu d jqlbixliu ytd ud ivxletcig" Uåj qçctciu# ociumdu# hleiu‗ -GDCJ#

9<=4# q" 91?,"



6=

Xvixibhj'ud hd evøblei# Gdcj -9<=4, ejbxvlftl ij iolvgiv ytd i gdugi ké duxé hdolblxligdbxd

duxifdcdelhi bj kjvbiclugj qvixleihj bj Fviulc" Dci bivvi ju oixju# vduqdlxibhj i xdgqjviclhihd

hju gdugju# vdcieljbihi ndvicgdbxd ejg i ixticlhihd qivi ytd dg tg otxtvj ulvi ejgj tg

hjetgdbxj" Qjv xvixiv hd iuutbxju hd lgqjvxæbeli bj edbévlj ujelic# vdicl{i ejgqiviîôdu dg

duqiîj d xdgqj dbxvd ulxtiîôdu udgdcmibxdu# hlvlnlbhj vdgjytdu áytlcj ytd duxé udbhj

ifjvhihj# lbelxibhj j cdlxjv"

Qjv olg# ju hjlu ûcxlgju nëbdvju jqlbixlju hj kjvbiclugj ytd uåj; i eivleixtvi ytd oi{ tuj hd

lgindbu d lctuxviîôdu qivi qvjgjdv tgi lhìli" Hdlhj i uti odvvigdbxi hd xvificmj udv j

hdudbmj# bi giljvli hiu d{du i eivleixtvi ejbudntd lboctlv hd ojvgi gilu ifvibndbxd ujfvd i

giuui d}qdexihjvi qjv duui ûcxlgi båj udv ejbuxlxtçhi iqdbiu qjv élhju qjv cdlxtvi" Ijqlblåj bi eivleixtvi xjvbi'ud dlhdbxd qdciu ovdyódbxdu evçxleiu# uéxlviu d hjudu mtgjvçuxleiu

ytd d}qvlgdg d dbtbelig ktç{ju hd icjv" D olbicl{ibhj# i eivxi# ytd ì tg duqiîj vdudvihj á

jqlblåj hj cdlxjv# xdbhj i jqjvxtblhihd hd qivxlelqiv hi qvjhtîåj kjvbicçuxlei" Bduui gdhlhi#

dcd d}qôd udtu qjbxju hd luxi# dgjîôdu# cigûvliu# vdllbhleiîôdu"

Ihdbxvibhj ujfvd i qtfclelhihd# ì qjuuçdc qdvedfdv j ytåj ejboclxtjui ì i vdciîåj hi gdugi

ejg j kjvbiclugj# d duqdeloleigdbxd# j hd jqlblåj" I ytduxåj hj tuj hd ktç{j hd icjv# hdhdgjbuxviv qvdodvëbeli dg vdciîåj i icnj jt i tg qvjhtxj# qjhdg udv ejbotbhlhju

oielcgdbxd# ejg j d}dveçelj hd tgi qvéxlei qtfclelxévli dg gdlj i tg xd}xj kjvbicçuxlej"

Qvjfcdgéxlei# duui vdciîåj hi qtfclelhihd bj kjvbiclugj qvdelui ibxdu hd ud duxifdcdedv# lgqjv

udtu clglxdu xdvvlxjvlilu" Qvlgdlvigdbxd qdcj oixj hj ecldbxd hd eihi tg hduudu udxjvdu ké jfxdv

udt qdvolc xviîihj ― udbhj duxd# ejgqcdxigdbxd hluxlbxj" Ju ecldbxdu hd qtfclelxévlju uåj

ibtbelibxdu# ejgqvihjvdu hd duqiîju dg dçetcju hd ejgtbleiîåj dg ytd i qvjqinibhi udvéibtbelihi" Ké ju ecldbxdu hju kjvbicluxiu ejbuluxdg bj qûfclej icj hi gçhli dg ytduxåj#

udbhj dcdu ju cdlxjvdu" Jt udki# bdg udgqvd ju lbxdvduudu hju cdlxjvdu d ibtbelibxdu uåj

udgdcmibxdu# ejbojvgd Ueic{j -611?, d}qclei"

Ju ibûbelju# hd gibdlvi ndvic# uåj hd d}xvdgi lgqjvxæbeli bi nivibxli hi ujfvdlëbeli hd

tgi vdluxi" Ytibhj j udxjv hd qtfclelhihd vdicl{i utiu jfvlniîôdu dg ud lbojvgiv ejg i

vdhiîåj ujfvd ytilu udvåj iu qitxiu hiu vdqjvxindbu qtfcleihiu dg tgi qvõ}lgi dhlîåj#



6<

qjhdg ejbxvlftlv qjulxli d olbibedlvigdbxd ejg i dgqvdui# qjlu# ixviìu hduui lblelixli#

vdejvvdg i ibtbelibxdu etkju qvjhtxju ejlbelhdg ejg ju xdgiu hiu gixìvliu"

Iqduiv hi vdcdæbeli hi qtfclelhihd# ì i evdhlflclhihd ihytlvlhi qdci vdluxi hlibxd hd udtu

cdlxjvdu# ixviìu hiu lbojvgiîôdu bdci qtfcleihiu ejg udvldhihd d ejgqvjgdxlgdbxj# j ytd

vdicgdbxd lgqjvxi" Ì i evdhlflclhihd ytd invdni icjvdu ij dçetcj" I dgqvdui hdd hdl}iv

dlhdbxd# båj iqdbiu qivi iytdcdu ytd bdci xvificmig# iu utiu vdnviu# ejgj xigfìg# qivi udt

qûfclej" D duuiu bjvgiu# qjv uti d{# hddg udv ejgqivxlcmihiu hdbxvj hi jvnibl{iîåj udg

yticytdv xlqj hd lgqdhlgdbxj dbxvd iu qivxdu -kjvbicluxiu d qtfclelxévlju,# qvdodvdbelicgdbxd

duevlxiu d båj iqdbiu dvficgdbxd hlxiu qivi dlxiv hdujvhdg d jqjulîôdu hd lbxdvduudu"

Xilu bjvgiu hdl}ig ecivj ytd tgi qénlbi hd qtfclelhihd hdd xdv hlinvigiîåj fdghlodvdbxd hiytdci hd tgi qénlbi dhlxjvlic0 ytd i iuulbixtvi hj ibtbelibxd hdd udvd}qcçelxi d oielcgdbxd lhdbxloleihi qdcj cdlxjv0 ytd ju kjvbicluxiu båj qjhdg qvjht{lvqdîiu hd qtfclelhihd qivi i vdluxi dg ytd xvificmig0 ytd bdbmtgi qtfclelhihdqjhd iqivdedv bi eiqi hi vdluxi0 ytd j ibûbelj båj hdd oleiv qdvxj hd gixìvliu ytdud vdcieljbdg ij qvjhtxj ibtbelihj0 ytd j hlvdxjv hd vdhiîåj hdd iqvjiv xjhiu iuqénlbiu hd qtfclelhihd dg bjgd hd udt cdlxjv" -UEIC[J# 611?# q" =4,"

J kjvbiclugj xdg ud ejbdvxlhj hlibxd hiu bjiu d}lnëbeliu hj gdveihj" Udntbhj Givumicc

-6115,# i vi{åj qivi ytd luuj iejbxdîi duxé dbvil{ihi bj bdjclfdviclugj" Ejbectl'ud ytd j

tbldvuj hi lbojvgiîåj xdg ujovlhj icxdviîôdu qvjqinihiu dg udtu lbûgdvju hdqivxigdbxju#

hduhd tblhihdu etcxtvilu áu duxìxleiu" Oixj duud ytd xdg hlglbtçhj j kjvbiclugj dg ul i –tgi

ulgqcdu duodvi hd utuxdbxiîåj qivi lbxdvduudu dglbdbxdgdbxd ejgdvelilu‗" Hlibxd hd xilu oixju#

i lgqvdbui ejbxdgqjvæbdi nibmjt bji ejbjxiîåj hlibxd hd udt qûfclej# qjlu gtlxj dgfjvi

udki tgi dgqvdui etki otbîåj ì qûfclei# i gdugi jqdvi ejg vdetvuju d lbxdvduudu qvlihju"

Ovdbxd i luuj# j kjvbiclugj ud dbejbxvi dg tgi bji dvuåj; injvi# j ytd qvdicded ì i

hduejfdvxi hd qihvôdu ytd udkig ixvixlju qivi ejgqvihjvdu ytd# ejbudyódbxdgdbxd#

utuxdbxdg i dgqvdui kjvbicçuxlei qdci ytic evlig j çbetcj ixviìu hd udtu lbduxlgdbxju"

P"""W tg bjj qivihlngi ejgdîi i biuedv bj tbldvuj hj kjvbiclugj" I cõnlei hjeiqlxic d hj clvd gdveihj ocd}lflcl{i j ejbedlxj d qvjeduuj hj bd~ugi`lbn d ilbojvgiîåj xvibuojvgi'ud dg tg eigqj hd bdnjeliîåj d fivnibmi hd lbxdvduudu#utfgdxlhi áu vdnviu d áu hdxdvglbiîôdu hj giv`dxlbn dgqvduivlic" -GIVUMICC#6115# q" 6>,"



51

I qtfclelhihd iuutgd mjkd tg qiqdc otbhigdbxic bj hdudbjclgdbxj hj gtbhj eiqlxicluxi

ejbojvgd uti nlnibxduei ejbxvlftlîåj# xdbhj ixì gdugj vdhlvdeljbihj iu duodviu hiu vdciîôdu

qduujilu# ujelilu# dejbøgleiu d qjcçxleiu# hi ejgtbleiîåj hi etcxtvi# qjhdbhj udv luxi dg

yticytdv qvjhtxj# iolbic# ldbeligju tgi ujeldhihd hd ejbutgj" Mjkd# dci emdni i hjglbiv

ixì ?1$ hj duqiîj hiu vdluxiu d kjvbilu igdvleibju# ejbojvgd d}qclei Givumicc -6115,"

D ndbdvicl{ibhj# mjkd xibxj bj véhlj ytibxj bi xdcdluåj ì i qtfclelhihd ytd qvjìg

uteduuligdbxd áu hduqdui odlxiu ejg j xvificmj kjvbicçuxlej" Tg hju giljvdu kjvbilu

lgqvduuju hj gtbhj# j Bd~ \jv` Xlgdu# xdg udtu niuxju qinju dg qdcj gdbju dg >1$

ixviìu hd dbhiu qtfclelxévliu" Hdlhj ij fjgfivhdlj hd iqivlîôdu hi qtfclelhihd dg

kjvbilu# j ytd ud jtli htvibxd cjbnju ibju dvig vdecigiîôdu vdodvdbxd i dci" J ytd udejbuxixi ixticgdbxd# ì ytd i ujeldhihd hd ejbutgj i vdytdv"

I qtfclelhihd ì hdudkihi0 gtlxju ytd qjuutdg ieduuj i dçetcju glhléxleju# ij lbìu hd

ejbutglvdg iu lbojvgiîôdu# ud hdcdlxig ejg iu qvjqinibhiu" Bdg udgqvd luxi ejg

vdkdlîåj# d}luxd dg gdlj i xjxiclhihd hj qûfclej# iytdcdu ytd uixluoi{dg cdbhj# dbhj jt

jtlbhj tgi qvjqinibhi xibxj ytibxj ud bj ctniv hdci# duxlduud iytdcd duqiîj vdudvihj i

tgi bjxçeli"

Hd gibdlvi etvljui# j ytd ud uifd ì ytd ju qvlgdlvju ibûbelju båj xlbmig i qvdxdbuåj

hd vdbhdv tg nibmj á dgqvdui hd kjvbiclugj ― udt icjv dvi gdvigdbxd lbojvgixlj"

Ejbxvévlj i duud ytihvj d vdiolvgibhj iu xdjvliu ibxdvljvdu hd Givumicc -6115,# udntd;

Bj Fviulc# hduhd j udt lbçelj# i xdcdluåj ud eiviexdvl{jt ejgj tg dçetcjqtfclelxévlj" Oi{dg qivxd hi mluxõvli hi lbhûuxvli etcxtvic fviulcdlvi# qvjnvigiu ejgj

Nlbeibi @lfjb# Uifixlbi# Giludbi#Xdixvlbmj Xvjc# Xdcdbjxçeliu Qibilv # VdqõvxdvDuuj# Xdcdkjvbic Fdbhl} P"""W qvjhtîôdu lbxdnvicgdbxd utfulhlihiu qjv dgqvduiu qjvdgqvduiu ibtbelibxdu d ojvgixihiu qjv indbeliu hd qtfclelhihd" -GIVUMIC# 6115#q" 91<,"

J ytd ud ejbuxixi bi ixticlhihd ì ytd i vdicl{iîåj hj kjvbiclugj uõ ud hé ixviìu hj etuxdlj hi

qtfclelhihd" Dbxvdxibxj# icd vduuicxiv ytd ju qvlbeçqlju hj kjvbiclugj hddg utqdviv

yticytdv hdqdbhëbeli hi gdugi# eiuj ejbxvévlj# vdqvdudbxivé ujgdbxd ju icjvdu gjvilu d ju

qvlbeçqlju lhdilu hi ejbhtxi eiqlxicluxi" Qvjhtxju kjvbicçuxleju qvdeluig duxiv ihiqxihju ij



59

ejbutgj# ejvvduqjbhdbhj ij ytd i giuui hdudki bj ytdulxj ytd vduqjbhd iu jqlblôdu# njuxju#

hdbxvd jtxvju dcdgdbxju"

Bduui qdvuqdexli# i qtfclelhihd båj iedlxi gilu iqdbiu oi{dv l{lbmibîi ejg j kjvbiclugj" Qjvxihjvi hju lbxdvduudu hj eiqlxic# i qtfclelhihd qvduuljbi j kjvbiclugji jqdviv bi gdugi cõnlei" I qtfclelhihd iejuui j kjvbiclugj# utfgdxd'j áu gdugiuvdnviu d icjvdu hj eiqlxic# jfvlnibhj'j i vdcixll{iv udt ejgqvjgluuj ejg idvhihd d ejg j lbxdvduud qûfclej" -GIVUMICC# 6115# q" 994,"

Ixì gdugj i dvielhihd hju oixju qiuui i udv ytduxljbihi" Xthj ytd dbjcd j qvjeduuj hd

evliîåj hd tgi gixìvli ud ocd}lflcl{i i oijv hj gdveihj# hduhd i gthibîi bi bjxçeli ytd

qiuui i iolvgiv iytlcj ytd i ithlëbeli ibudli duetxiv ixì j ejbedlxj hi lbojvgiîåj#

vi{jidcgdbxd ihiqxihi bi olbiclhihd hd utqvlv iu bdeduulhihdu hj gdveihj" –J

olbibeligdbxj hiu dgqvduiu# vdocdxlhj bju ibûbelju ejgdvelilu bju kjvbilu d biu vdluxiu

qvjjei# gtlxiu d{du# lboctëbeliu hlvdxiu dg xjhiu iu duodviu hi eihdli kjvbicçuxlei‗

-GIVUMICC# q" 99?# 6115," Ejbuxixihj j oixj hj kjvbiclugj ejgj tg bdnõelj# ievdhlxi'ud

qvdeluiv gilu tgi d{# vdojvgtciv j bd~ugi`lbn"¶

5"5 Tg bjj blemj d tgi bji ejbuxvtîåj hj oi{dv glhléxlej

Ij lhdbxloleiv tgi etcxtvi hd blemju ì qvdeluj duqdeloleiv j qvjeduuj ytd i dbncjfi# bj eiuj#

hdbjglbihj i Eithi Cjbni" I Eithi Cjbni ì ejbuxlxtçhi qdcj ytd utqvd iu bdeduulhihdu hi

hdgibhi hju gdbjvdu blemju# iytdcdu ytd båj ud dbejbxvig hdbxvj hj gdveihj hd giuui# hju

nvibhdu mlxu" Jfligdbxd# iqvdudbxi xigfìg j ytd ì hdubdeduuévlj d hdueivxédc# giu dg

lntic qvjqjvîåj áytlcj ytd ud dbejbxvi hdbxvd ju nvibhdu mlxu d ytd båj ì iqvjdlxédc"

J ytd ud ejbuxixi ejgj j qvlgdlvj nvibhd ixvlxj hiu qvjhtîôdu hju mlxu d i qdvgibëbeli hju

gdugju ì ytd j gdveihj ejbutglhjv qiuujt i ud hducjeiv qivi évdiu gdbju hjglbibxdu

-ixviìu hi iuedbuåj hd bjiu gçhliu# qdci qvõqvli xdebjcjnli, hluqdvuibhj'ud qivi lbûgdvju

utfnëbdvju hlodvdbxdu"

¶ I xdjvli hj bd~ugi`lbn ojl evlihi bi olbiclhihd hd ejgqvddbhdv d duxifdcdedv i otbîåj hj qvjhtxjv hd bjxçeliu#

duxthibhj j qvjoluuljbic kjvbicluxi" ^JCO# Gitvj" Xdjvliu hi Ejgtbleiîåj" Clufji; Dhlxjvlic Qvdudbîi# 9<<4"



56

P"""W I etcxtvi hducjejt'ud hj ytd ibxdu dvi gibli hd udntlv iu gtcxlhôdu ixì j xjqjhju nvéoleju qivi i ftuei dodxli hj qvõqvlj duxlcj d qivi i d}qcjviîåj hiu xvlcmiu ytdud ioiuxig hiu xdbhëbeliu hjglbibxdu# jbhd ud hdqivi ejg i vdcixli jfuetvlhihd dejg j vdxjvbj hju ecéuuleju" -IBHDVUJB# 611?# q" 54,"

Ejbuxlxtl'ud eihi d{ gilu xvlfju etki ejduåj hdejvvd hi iolblhihd d hju lbxdvduudu ejgtbu; i

etcxtvi hd giuui# båj gilu hdolblhi qjv ytduxôdu ndjnvéoleiu d ulg qjv qjbxju udgdcmibxdu

hdolbd tgi bji etcxtvi# i hd blemju"

Bduui qdvuqdexli# hluetxd'ud j utvnlgdbxj hd xvlfju tvfibiu" Ejbuxixi'ud ytd i

gtcxlqclelhihd oijvded i dgdvnëbeli hj udbxlgdbxj ejcdxlj# iuulg ejgj i igflëbeli

dgjeljbic ytd dgibi hj hdudbjclgdbxj xvlfic" Gioodujcl -9<<=, iolvgi ytd i lhìli hd

d}xdbulflclhihd hj dt# tg dnj vdcixlj d d}xdbuçdc# qjhd udv tgi iciibei gdxjhjcõnlei hiu

gilu qdvxlbdbxdu qivi i ejgqvddbuåj hj gtbhj ejbxdgqjvæbdj" Qjv uti d{# i hluxlbîåj ì

tgi bjîåj ytd xicd{ ud iqclytd á gjhdvblhihd# dbxvdxibxj# dci ì lbihdytihi qivi hduevddv

iu ojvgiu hd invdniîåj ujelic qjv qjuutçvdg ejbxjvbju lbhdolblhju"

I evliîåj hiu xvlfju ì gilu lgqjvxibxd ytd yticytdv jtxvj iuqdexj# gilu duudbelic ytd udt

jfkdxlj d olbiclhihd ― i dbdvnli hduqdbhlhi qivi i ejbuxlxtlîåj hd tg nvtqj ejgj xic" Hd

ojvgi ejbxvjdvui# i xvlfj xdg qvjqvldhihd hd dboixl{iv iytlcj ytd duxé qvõ}lgj ejgj qduujiu

d ctnivdu# giu duxi ì xigfìg tgi xdbhëbeli i odemiv'ud ujfvd ul qvõqvli"

D}luxdg dg xjhju ju gdveihju gilu blemju ytd mlxu# udbhj ytd ju etuxju qivi ixlbnlv xilu

blemju xëg eiçhj hviuxleigdbxd# vdutcxibhj dg tgi giljv ivldhihd hd qvjhtxju" Xibxju uåj

ju qvjhtxju hd blemj ytd ud xjvbi qjuuçdc# ij ju tblv ejgj tg xjhj# vlicl{iv ejg j gdveihj

hd giuui# jt udki# ejg ju mlxu" Dg uçbxdud# i eithi cjbni ejbojvgd Ibhdvujb -611?,# bihigilu ì ytd i etcxtvi udg ju olcxvju hi dueiuud{ dejbøglei" I eithi itgdbxi ytibhj ud mé

hdgjevixl{iîåj hiu odvvigdbxiu hd qvjhtîåj# ytd dg ejbudyóëbeli vdht{ ju etuxju hd

ejbutgj d qjv olg# dgqtvvi i hdgibhi eithi ifil}j hdlhj i clniîåj dbxvd i jodvxi d i

hdgibhi"

Ytibhj ud oici hi lboctëbeli hi eithi cjbni bi gçhli# duqdeloleigdbxd duevlxi# gtlxju

duevlxjvdu qvdodvdg bihiv ejbxvi i ejvvdbxd -ì xvificmjui i iedlxiîåj bj gdveihj hd giuui#qjlu d}lnd ejbeduuôdu, ytibhj ud hl{ vduqdlxj i ytë udvé ifjvhihj dg uti jfvi" Iuulg udbhj#



55

iqdbiu ytdvdg udv clhju qjv icntg nvtqj hd iolblhihd# ixlbnlbhj ejbudyódbxdgdbxd# tg bjj

blemj" Luuj båj lgqclei bi lbd}luxëbeli hd tg qûfclej dg qjxdbelic# i ytduxåj ì iqdbiu j

xigibmj hduud qûfclej"

Båj ud qvjht{ iqdbiu qivi jfxdv vdgtbdviîåj# giu qvlbelqicgdbxd# qjvytd ud hdudki ― d

igfju ju xlqju hd ixllhihd qjhdg udv hd nvibhd icli" J ytd ud qivded ejbuxixiv ì ytd mjkd#

d}luxd gdbju hdgibhi qjv nvibhdu mlxu ytd qjv ejbxdûhj duqdelicl{ihj# ejg icj edvxj ytd

båj ud hduxlbi i xjhju" J lgqjvxibxd ì ulgqcdugdbxd i d}luxëbeli hj qvjhtxj d uti oixli hd

qûfclej0 båj ud xvixi hd evliîåj hj ejgìvelj xvihleljbic# ejg olbu ctevixlju ― iqduiv hd

ejgqdxlv ejg dcd"

Ixviìu hj utvnlgdbxj hd bjju ojvgihjvdu hd qvdodvëbeli -iytdcdu etki jqlblåj ì

vduqdlxihi,# hé'ud i ojvgiîåj hd bjju blemju" Qduujiu ejbolig dg qduujiu lntilu i dciu jt

dg udtu qivdu# j ejcdxlj qiuui i ejbxvjciv i gdbuindg" I qvjqinibhi fjei i fjei ud xjvbi

tgi ejbdvui qûfclei# j dodlxj oddhfie` hiu vdejgdbhiîôdu ytd ujovdvig ixì gdugj

ihiqxiîôdu ejbuxlxtdg i ytduxåj ytd lgqtculjbi i hdgibhi" Dg igfju ju gdveihju -hd

blemj d hd mlxu,# j ytd j ejbutglhjv icgdki ì ytd udt qvjhtxj é icìg hj ytdulxj ixvixlj#

giu ytd xdbmi tg ojvxd utfuxvixj hd ioleljbihju d ejgdbxévlju qjulxlju"

Xvixi'ud hd tgi ndviîåj dg ytd j ejbutglhjv ì eiqi{ hd gdhlv ju qihvôdu hd ejbutgj# iu

lbeclbiîôdu d iu qvdodvëbeliu hd xjhj tg gdveihj hd ejbutgj dg xdgqj vdic" Ì ixviìu hj

–fjei i fjei‗ ytd dgqvduiu d dgqvduévlju d}qcjvig j udbxlgdbxj hju ejbutglhjvdu qivi

clniv jodvxi á hdgibhi"

Ibhdvujb -611?, hluetxd ytd hlibxd hj gdveihj# ju qvjhtxju hd blemj# hlodvdbxdgdbxd hjuqvjhtxju hd giuui# ud hduxlbig i ejbytluxiv ejg gilu lbxdbulhihd tgi oil}i dlhdbxdgdbxd

duxvdlxi hd njuxju" –Dciu båj uõ lgqtculjbig i hdgibhi eithi ifil}j# giu xigfìg qjhdg

itgdbxiv i uixluoiîåj# ij clniv iu qduujiu i qvjhtxju gilu ejgqixçdlu ejg iu eiviexdvçuxleiu

hdciu hj ytd jodvxiu hd igqcj iqdcj ytd ud ejbedbxvig bj xjqj‗" -IBHDVUJB# 611?# q"

99>,"

Iu lboctëbeliu hi eithi cjbni bi gçhli d i evliîåj hd bjju blemju ì iuxi" D}luxdg htiu

eithiu cjbniu ytd duxåj xvibuojvgibhj j kjvbiclugj bi ixticlhihd; i hj xdgqj# ytd



58

ejvvduqjbhd i tgi xvjei hju icjvdu'bjxçeli ixviìu hi xdgqjviclhihd d# i eithi ytd ud vdodvd

á iftbhæbeli hd ejbxdûhj# ytd ì vdqvdudbxihi qjv fcjnu# luxj ì# ij oixj hd ytd duuiu

qtfcleiîôdu qduujilu ejgqdxdg ejg i gçhli xvihleljbic qdci ixdbîåj hj cdlxjv"

Lbxdvduuibxd ejgqvddbhdv ytd i etcxtvi hd blemju båj evli bdbmtgi d}ectuåj" Qdcj ejbxvévlj#

ovingdbxi'ud d vdinvtqi'ud dg xjvbj hd jtxviu hlgdbuôdu" Dg tg otxtvj qvõ}lgj# i etcxtvi

udvé fiudihi dg iolblhihdu udbhj xigfìg gielîigdbxd qivicdci" –I etcxtvi hd giuui qjhd

hduiqivdedv# giu i etcxtvi ejgqivxlcmihi qdvhtvivé‗" -IBHDVUJB# 611?# q" 9<1,"



54

8 VD_LUXI VINNI# QTFCLELHIHD BJ KJVBICLUGJ D I EIVIEXDVL[IÎÅJ

HD TG UDNGDBXJ

Duxd eiqçxtcj iqvdudbxi tg duxthj hd eiuj hi Vdluxi Vinni# tg dçetcj hd ejgtbleiîåj

lgqvduuj qdvxdbedbxd ij Nvtqj Hlévlju Iuujelihju# ytd qjv uti d{# ejbuxlxtl j ud}xj giljv

ejbncjgdvihj hd dgqvduiu hd gçhli hj qiçu" Hd dletciîåj gdbuic bj duxihj hd Glbiu

Ndvilu# i vdluxi Vinni ifjvhi ejgj uti xdgéxlei qvlbelqic; gjhi# ejgqjvxigdbxj# etcxtvi#

duqjvxdu vihleilu d duxlcj hd lhi"

I qivxlv hi hluetuuåj ké vdicl{ihi ujfvd qtfclelhihd bj kjvbiclugj# udngdbxiîåj hi gçhli#

kjvbiclugj duqdelicl{ihj d jqlbixlj d i hdclglxiîåj hd tg qûfclej cdlxjv ejbuxlxtlbxd hd tgibji xvlfj tvfibi -tbloleihi qjv lbxdvduudu lntilu,# ojl dcifjvihi tgi ibéclud mluxõvlei d

yticlxixli hj xçxtcj"

I olbiclhihd hduui qduytlui ì# ixviìu hj dgfiuigdbxj xdõvlej# ejbuxixiv d ejgqvddbhdv i

hdulnbiîåj hju xdgiu iqvdudbxihju qdci Vinni -i ytdg ud hlvlnd# ejgj d qjvytë ud hlvlnd,#

vdejbmdedv j qdvolc hd udtu cdlxjvdu luticl{ibhj iu lhdbxlhihdu etcxtvilu ytd qjuuig duxiv

lgqcçelxiu d ejgqivxlcmibhj hd tg gdugj duqiîj d lbxdvduud ujelic# d ujfvdxthj# dvloleiv id}luxëbeli hd tgi qvéxlei kjvbicçuxlei ejg lìu qtfclelxévlj# qdci ytic j kjvbiclugj jqlbixlj

ud xjvbi qvdhjglbibxd ― gdugj ytibhj ud xvixi ud gixìvliu etkj etbmj udki lbojvgixlj ― d

båj bdeduuivligdbxd bjxleljuj"

8"9 Qibjvigi mluxõvlej hi Vdluxi Vinni

I Vinni utvnlt ixviìu hi tblåj hd tg xvlj hd qvjoluuljbilu -Fvtbj Itntuxj Hlf d Ulci# etki

ojvgiîåj qvjoluuljbic ì dg giv`dxlbn d qtfclelhihd# Cteiu Ojbhi Ovibeluej d Kjuì Ibxøblj

Xjcdhj Qlbxj# ojvgihj dg dbndbmivli ellc, etki olbiclhihd dvi hd qjhdv cdiv iju kjdbu

glbdlvju tg ejbxdûhj ”lbxdclndbxd d lbojvgixlj“ ytd hduqdvxiuud j lbxdvduud qdci cdlxtvi hd

tg qûfclej# ixì dbxåj# hdulbxdvduuihj d ixì gdugj# eivdbxd hd tg dçetcj ytd ud ejgtbleiuud

hlvdxigdbxd ejg dcdu -hdlhj i lbd}luxëbeli hd vdluxiu d dçetcju hd ejgtbleiîåj hj

nëbdvj,# ejg clbntindg ixtic -ejbojvgd udt qicivdihj d d}qvduuôdu, d hduejbxviçhi" Udtu

otbhihjvdu ojvig ju dgqvduévlju Cteiu Ojbhi# Fvtbj Hlf d Ibxøblj Xjcdhj" Odlxi hd kjdbuqivi kjdbu# i Vinni nibmjt ejbulhdvédc lulflclhihd bj duxihj hd Glbiu Ndvilu"



5?

Ejbojvgd j ~df ulxd hj nvtqj Hlévlju Iuujelihju -~~~"hlivljuiuujelihju"ejg"fv, ieduui'ud

i hduevlîåj d ejgqjulîåj hi vdluxi Vinni" Xvixi'ud hd tgi qtfcleiîåj hd qjvxd ytd ejbxìg

=1 qénlbiu hd qvjkdxj nvéolej d hd oéelc ieduuj ytibhj ud ejbulhdvi ytd i gdugi ì hluxvlftçhi#

d båj dbhlhi# dg qjbxju duxvixìnleju hd Fdcj Mjvl{jbxd -cjeilu qdcju ytilu ju kjdbu

ovdyódbxig," Udt bûecdj hd qvjhtîåj ì ojvgihj qjv kjdbu# ytd qjv uti d{# uåj ju gilu

lbhleihju qivi oiciv ejg lntic qûfclej" Dg utiu gixìvliu# i Vinni vdxvixi xdgiu d iuutbxju

ixtilu ujfvd ejgqjvxigdbxj# duqjvxdu# hldvuåj# gjhi# xdbhëbeliu# etcxtvi# gûulei# elbdgi#

hdbxvd jtxvju"

Duud qihvåj ì udntlhj hduhd j gëu hd ktbmj hd 6114# ytibhj i vdluxi Vinni ejgdîjt i

elvetciv# xdbhj qiuuihj i lbxdnviv j Hlévlju Iuujelihju ujgdbxd dg 611># ytibhj nibmjt tgilbhi gilu duqiîj d qjuulflclhihd hd ixlbnlv tg qûfclej giljv" Gibxdd# bj dbxibxj# uti

qvdgluui hd udv qitxihi qdci clfdvhihd ytd lbuqlvi ju duqjvxdu d}xvdgju jt vihleilu" I vdluxi

xdg i qvdxdbuåj hd qvjht{lv bj udt qûfclej cdlxjv dgjîôdu# vdocdxlbhj j duxlcj hd lhi hd tgi

ktdbxthd hdxdvglbihi# ejg qjhdv iytlulxlj qivi ejbutglv# ytd iqvdeld ihvdbiclbi d ytd ud

lbxdvduud d ejbueldbxl{d hi bdeduulhihd hd tg hdudbjclgdbxj utuxdbxédc"

I vdluxi utvnd iqvdudbxibhj yticlhihd dhlxjvlic# lutic d nvéolei lbìhlxiu ixì dbxåj qivi ivdnlåj gdxvjqjclxibi ― duqdeloleigdbxd# qivi j qûfclej kjdg" Xjvbi'ud j qvlbelqic dçetcj hd

ejgtbleiîåj lgqvduuj hd blemj hj duxihj# xdbhj ejgj qvjqjuxi gjuxviv iju cdlxjvdu ytd

Glbiu Ndvilu ì lbuqlviîåj d i ejbevdxl{iîåj hd tg edbévlj qivi i qvéxlei hd duqjvxdu# icìg hd

udv tg ctniv jbhd ju kjdbu ud qvdjetqig ejg uiûhd# fdg'duxiv# yticlhihd hd lhi d hdudkig

ud gibxdv udgqvd fdg lbojvgihju"

Iuulg ejgj jtxvju dçetcju hd ejgtbleiîåj# tg hju jfkdxlju dhlxjvlilu hi vdluxi Vinni ìejbxvlftlv qivi i ojvgiîåj hd jqlblåj# ejg ojej bi qvjhtîåj hd vdxvixju d vdqvdudbxiîôdu

hiytlcj vdodvdbxd á ndviîåj ― ytd ud dbejbxvi dg ejbuxibxd djctîåj ― etkj hdudkj ì qvljvl{iv

j fdg duxiv"

Dg udxdgfvj hj gdugj ibj# i Vinni iuutgd j eigqdjbixj glbdlvj hd ~i`dfjivh '

vdutcxihj hd tgi qivedvli ejg i Ejbeid# tgi givei hd qvjhtxju oifvleihju d hlvdeljbihju

ij duqjvxd gdbeljbihj ― vdicl{ibhj hldvuiu dxiqiu dg xjhj j duxihj d ejcifjvibhj ixviìu

hduui ifdvxtvi d lbduxlgdbxj# qivi i hlotuåj d j evduelgdbxj hj ~i`dfjivh bi vdnlåj"



5>

Htvibxd i qiuuindg hj ibj hd 6114 qivi 611?# i Vinni ihdbxvi j gdveihj hd utvo # invdnibhj

áu utiu qénlbiu i hltcniîåj hiu qvlbelqilu giveiu hj udngdbxj" Ojl xigfìg bj gdugj

qdvçjhj ytd i qtfcleiîåj cibîjt htiu bjiu udîôdu; ju dbuilju hiu Vinni Nlvcu -ytd

iqvdudbxi kjdbu duxdxleigdbxd fjblxiu hj duxihj dg ojxju udbutilu d xd}xju etvxju dg tgi

ifjvhindg ujfvd iu gdugiu, d i udîåj Ihjxd tg ixcdxi# ytd qjuulflclxi iqjlj á

qvjoluuljbicl{iîåj hd duqjvxluxiu"

Htvibxd kibdlvj hd 611? i vdluxi qivxlelqjt hi dcifjviîåj d hltcniîåj ktbxj ij Ejbdbxljb

ibh _lulxjvu Ftvdit hd Fdcj Mjvl{jbxd hi eigqibmi Dt Igj FM Vihleicgdbxd# ojgdbxibhj

j gdveihj hd xtvlugj glbdlvj# xdbhj ejgj qvlbelqic ixvixlj á qvéxlei hd duqjvxdu hd iîåj"

Dg ktbmj hj gdugj ibj# i dhlîåj ejgdgjvixli hd tg ibj hi qtfcleiîåj ojl giveihi qdci

vdicl{iîåj hi udntbhi dxiqi hj Elvetlxj Bieljbic hd î`dfjivh dg tg ddbxj ytd vdtblt

edvei hd 5 glc qduujiu qivi ejgdgjviv j ibldvuévlj hi vdluxi" Bduud qdvçjhj# i Vinni

xigfìg ojl udcdeljbihi qivi fixl{iv tgi clbmi d}ectuli hj dçetcj Njc hi _jcù~indb ―

iîåj ytd vdojvîjt i ol}iîåj hi givei d vdutcxjt dg dbhiu uixluoixõvliu hj dçetcj"

Bj gëu hd udxdgfvj -611?, i Vinni vdedfd j vdejbmdelgdbxj hi Iuujeliîåj Fviulcdlvi hiLbhûuxvli Nvéolei Vdnljbic hd Glbiu Ndvilu -Iflnvio'GN, ejg j qvëglj glbdlvj hd

d}edcëbeli nvéolei# ktuxloleihj ixviìu hd tgi ”ejgqvjiîåj hi yticlhihd hj gixdvlic hi

qtfcleiîåj“" Ké dg jtxtfvj ojl evlihj j hdqivxigdbxj Vinni Ddbxju# qdci ytic i vdluxi

Vinni d i givei Vinni lbnvduuig ejgj vdicl{ihjvi etcxtvic d duqjvxli bj gdveihj#

dodxtibhj ddbxju qvõqvlju d lbuxlxteljbilu# iuulg ejgj qivi jtxviu giveiu"

Dg kibdlvj hj ibj hd 611> ì vdicl{ihj tg iejvhj ejg i Odhdviîåj Fviulcdlvi hd î`dfjivh#duxifdcdedbhj i Vinni ejgj vdicl{ihjvi hd xjhiu iu dxiqiu hj Elvetlxj Fviulcdlvj hd

î`dfjivh hj ibj" Bj gëu udntlbxd# i vdluxi hjfvi uti xlvindg d qiuui i udv hluxvlftçhi dg

gilu 96 elhihdu hj lbxdvljv hd Glbiu Ndvilu ― icìg hi ejbujclhiîåj hd tgi qivedvli ejg i

véhlj <= OG# qiuuibhj i oi{dv qivxd hj qcibj hi dgluujvi ixviìu hj qdytdbj qvjnvigi

”Vinni <=# hlvdxj hi vdhiîåj hi vdluxi“# ifjvhibhj xdgiu ejgj; uiûhd# duqjvxdu d

ejgqjvxigdbxj kjdg"



5=

Ktbmj hd 611> ì giveihj qdcj ibldvuévlj hd hjlu ibju hi vdluxi Vinni# ytd vdicl{i bji

qivedvli ― hduui d{# hd ifiuxdelgdbxj hd ejbxdûhj kjdg qivi j qjvxic TIL" Ké dg Jtxtfvj j

dçetcj ejbxvixi bjju qvjoluuljbilu d oi{ tgi vdjctîåj bi clbmi dhlxjvlic d nvéolei hi

vdluxi" Ì iuutglhi i –qjuxtvi 6"1‗# ejgj ojl hdbjglbihi i lblelixli ytd qvdli hiv giljv

itxjbjgli d duqiîj ij cdlxjv qivi qivxlelqiv d jqlbiv ujfvd iu qtfcleiîôdu# evlibhj tg eibic

hd lbxdvixllhihd ejg j qûfclej"

Htvibxd j gëu hd bjdgfvj -611>, ì udcihi i ujeldhihd ejg j nvtqj Hlévlju Iuujelihju# ij

ytic qdvxdbed j kjvbic Duxihj hd Glbiu# X_ Icxdvjui# qjvxic TIL# kjvbic Iytl# véhlj Ntivibl

OG# xdixvj Icxdvjui d Icxdvjui Elbdçhdj" I Vinni xjvbi'ud vduqjbuédc qdcj bûecdj hd

ejbxdûhj kjdg hj nvtqj"

Bj ibj udntlbxd# duqdeloleigdbxd bj gëu hd oddvdlvj hd 611=# ì evlihj j gilu bjj

udngdbxj hi vdluxi Vinni" Fixl{ihj hd Vinni Hvjqu# j eihdvbj dletcihj xjhi ytlbxi' odlvi

bj kjvbic Duxihj hd Glbiu ì hlvdeljbihj i tg qûfclej ilbhi gilu kjdg# igqclibhj udt blemj

hd ixtiîåj qivi tg dçetcj hd ejgtbleiîåj etkj qûfclej cdlxjv lbleli'ud hju 95 iju 6< ibju

hd lhihd# dg Glbiu Ndvilu"

Dg ifvlc ì cibîihj j hdqivxigdbxj hd qvjgjîôdu d dg Ktcmj -611=, i vdluxi Vinni ejgqcdxi

gilu tg ibj hd gdveihj -j xdvedlvj," Duud oixj ud vdocdxlt dg qivedvliu# ejg nvibhdu

dgqvduiu dbytibxj ibtbelibxdu# dg tgi ejbdvnëbeli hd ejbxdûhj dbxvd udtu dçetcju d ejg

j cibîigdbxj hd tg bjj qjvxic hd bjxçeliu" Ojl xigfìg bduud qdvçjhj ytd i Vinni cibîjt i

Dhlxjvi Vinni# vduqjbuédc qjv jtxviu qtfcleiîôdu lgqvduuiu d utqcdgdbxju"

I vdluxi Vinni vdqvjht{ i eiqi hi qvlgdlvi vdluxi ké qtfcleihi bj qiçu# –J Evt{dlvj‗" Joixj ytd vdgdxd á d}xlbxi qtfcleiîåj hj Nvtqj Hlévlju Iuujelihju d ytd givejt i mluxõvli hj

Fviulc jejvvdt htvibxd j gëu hd Bjdgfvj hd 611= "

Dg ifvlc hd 611< ì vdicl{ihi i qvlgdlvi Vinni Utvo Xvlq# ddbxj ytd cdjt tg nvtqj kjdbu

hd Fdcj Mjvl{jbxd qivi Eigftvç# elhihd cjeicl{ihi bj clxjvic qitcluxi# qivi ytd ju gdugju

iqvdbhduudg i utvoiv d qthduudg xdv i jqjvxtblhihd hd ldbeliv tgi lindg" Bduui gdugi

ìqjei# i qdvljhlelhihd hi vdluxi qiuui i udv gdbuic"



5<

Bj ytlbxj gëu hj ibj hd 611< j dçetcj vdicl{i i dxiqi fviulcdlvi hj Elvetlxj Gtbhlic hd

^i`dfjivh# j Vinni ^i`d ^jvch Udvldu# ytd lbudvd j duxihj hd Glbiu Ndvilu

hdolblxligdbxd bj eicdbhévlj lbxdvbieljbic hj duqjvxd"

8"9"9 J ytd ejbuxlxtl i Vinni

Iqvdudbxibhj iu xdgéxleiu hi vdluxi ejbojvgd j ulxd hj Nvtqj Hlévlju Iuujelihju

-~~~"hlivljuiuujelihju"ejg"fv, ju hduxiytdu hj ejbxdûhj hi Vinni ud ejbuxlxtdg qdcj

duqjvxd# ixviìu hd tgi igqci ejfdvxtvi# qvlbelqicgdbxd hiu gjhiclhihdu vihleilu# dg nvibhd

qivxd hiu gixìvliu qtfcleihiu" Eigqdjbixju# ddbxju d bjiu xdbhëbeliu hi qvéxlei duqjvxli

duxåj udgqvd dg hduxiytd"

Iuutbxju hldvuju ujfvd ejgqjvxigdbxj d duxlcj hd lhi xigfìg uåj hluetxlhju hd gibdlvi

lbojvgic# ejg clbntindg hduqjkihi# xvixibhj hd oixju d iejbxdelgdbxju ujelilu# dejbøgleju d

qjcçxleju ejbojvgd i luåj hj kjdg" Vduuicxi'ud ytd j xvificmj vdicl{ihj qivi vdocdxlv duui

luåj ì ixvlftlv i gdugi tgi dvuåj fdg mtgjvihi"

Bi udîåj Ytdg ì Vinni# ejbuxlxtçhi qjv ojxju hd ixcdxiu# edcdfvlhihdu d jtxviu qduujiu ytd udlhdbxloleig ejg j duxlcj hd lhi Vinni ― ejgj ojl lgqjuxj qdci vdluxi ejgj tg duxlcj hd

lhi ejbueldbxd# dbxvdxibxj qvdjetqihj ejg utuxdbxiflclhihd# gdlj igfldbxd d uiûhd ― iu

ojxju uåj vdnluxvihiu dg ddbxju# eigqdjbixju d bi bjlxd# hd ojvgi duqjbxæbdi d ejg

d}ectullhihd qivi i vdluxi"

Qjv olg# i udîåj Dt ytdvj*Ejbutgj iqvdudbxi qvjhtxju gjhdvbju# xdebjcõnleju d ixtilu# ytd

ejlbelhdg ejg ju gilu hdudkihju qdcju ejbutglhjvdu d cdlxjvdu hi vdluxi" I eihi dhlîåj# tgxlqj hd qvjhtxj# ejg ojxju d duqdeloleiîôdu ì iqvdudbxihj"

Dg qivicdcj áu qvlbelqilu dhlxjvliu hi vdluxi# i Vinni xigfìg ì ejgqjuxi qjv jtxvju

hdqivxigdbxju" Hduhd j ibj hd 611=# dci gibxìg tg udxjv hd qvjgjîôdu# vduqjbuédc qjv

fvloiv# dcifjviv# hdudbjcdv# qvjht{lv# vdicl{iv d iicliv iîôdu hd ejgtbleiîåj lbxdnvihi# ytd

ejgqvddbhd ixllhihdu d}xdvbiu hd ejvqj i ejvqj# giv`dxlbn hd vdcieljbigdbxj# mjx ulxdu#

dbxvd jtxviu" Qjhd'ud gdbeljbiv ejgj icntbu hd udtu ecldbxdu i Gdvetv# Elbdgi Ecle`# QjvxicTil# DXE Lbxdveægflju# @jcjum# Btgfdv Jbd# dbxvd jtxvju"



81

I Vinni ilbhi iqõli d lbedbxli ixlxthdu d ixllhihdu ytd udkig fdbìoleiu d qjulxliu qivi i

dhteiîåj# gdlj igfldbxd# elhihibli# dbxvd jtxvju xdgiu vdcdibxdu qivi i ujeldhihd" I qivxlv

hd 611<# duuiu lblelixliu qiuuivig i oi{dv qivxd hd tg qvjkdxj qvõqvlj hj nvtqj; j Vinni

Uibntd Fjg" J jfkdxlj ì gjflcl{iv ju kjdbu dg oijv hd tg gtbhj gilu ktuxj d gdcmjv ―

vdcieljbihj iju xdgiu ké gdbeljbihju" I qvlgdlvi iîåj hj Vinni Uibntd Fjg ojl dg

qivedvli ejg i Mdgjglbiu# lbedbxlibhj i hjiîåj hd uibntd# duqdelicgdbxd# bju qdvçjhju hd

oduxiu hd olg hd ibj# ytibhj ju fibeju hd uibntd xëg uti vdudvi hlglbtçhi d j bûgdvj hd

ielhdbxdu itgdbxihj"

Dg xjvbj hduui gdugi eigqibmi ojvig vdtblhju bjgdu ejgj j hj eibxjv Nifvldc J

Qdbuihjv# j duxlcluxi Vjbichj Ovini# i ixvl{ Qvluelci Oibxlb# i eibxjvi Odvbibhi Xiìl# juìxluxi Uibhvj –Glbdlvlbmj‗ Hliu# d jtxvju lbûgdvju" J cibîigdbxj jolelic hj Vinni Uibntd

Fjg ojl vdicl{ihj bj Qicéelj hiu Ivxdu# bj hli 8 hd bjdgfvj hd 611=# ejg iqvdudbxiîåj

d}ectuli hj duqdxéetcj –Ejbxvieiqi‗# hj Ficì Kjdg hj Qicéelj hiu Ivxdu"

Qjv udv tg duqdelicluxi bj qûfclej dbxvd 95 d 6< ibju# j nvtqj Vinni udgqvd ixvilt nvibhdu

ibtbelibxdu qivi udtu dçetcju Vinni Hvjqu ― jcxihj qivi ju ihjcduedbxdu ― d Vdluxi Vinni

― etkj qûfclej'icj uåj ju kjdbu" D}dgqcj hluuj uåj iu btgdvjuiu qvjqinibhiu qivi i vdhdhd oiux'ojjh Utf~i|# iu nvlod Xumlx d Ytlùlcdv d i givei hd vjtqiu NvddbEj"

Mé xigfìg j Qvjkdxj Hvjqqdv ytd udcdeljbi biu duejciu tg kjdg dbxvd 9? d 9= ibju qivi

qiuuiv icntgiu xivhdu bi vdhiîåj# bidnibhj qdciu vdhdu ujelilu hi dgqvdui -Jv`tx# X~lxxdv#

Oiedfjj`# G|uqied,# ejbdvuibhj# hltcnibhj d ixvilbhj bjju cdlxjvdu d ejbutglhjvdu qivi

iu bjxçeliu qtfcleihiu qdcj Vinni Hvjqu"

I qvlgdlvi hvjqqdv -ejgj ì hdbjglbihj j kjdg duejcmlhj qivi qivxlelqiv hj qvjkdxj,# Civi

Hliu hd 9? ibju# jqlbjt# evlxlejt d qivxlelqjt hiu qitxiu hj eihdvbj htvibxd tg qdvçjhj hd

xvëu gdudu# icìg hd iuulbiv i –Ejctbi hi hvjqqdv‗ qdci ytic xdd i jqjvxtblhihd hd hllhlv

ejg ju cdlxjvdu iuutbxju hd lbxdvduud hd uti oil}i'dxévli" I ejbxlbtlhihd hj qvjkdxj dg 6191

jfkdxljt i igqcliîåj hj iceibed hd qûfclej hj Vinni Hvjqu# duxibhj qvdudbxd biu qvlbelqilu

duejciu hi eiqlxic glbdlvi"



89

Ytibxj ij vdcieljbigdbxj ejg ju cdlxjvdu hi Vdluxi Vinni# i vdhiîåj utuxdbxi tg qvjkdxj

ytd ifvd duqiîj qivi j qûfclej icj hj xçxtcj ud d}qvduuiv" Dg 611< ju cdlxjvdu hj Vinni

Hvjqu iceibîivig j qjuxj hd qvjxinjbluxiu hd nvibhd qivxd hj ejbxdûhj qvjht{lhj qdcj

utqcdgdbxj" I lhìli hj kjdg icldbihj ojl utfuxlxtçhi qdci icxld{ d itxjbjgli ejbytluxihi

qdcj cdlxjv"

Ixì j gëu hd kibdlvj hd 6191 elvetcivig 614 glc d}dgqcivdu hi Vdluxi Vinni" J itgdbxj hj

bûgdvj d}dgqcivdu*gëu ojl odlxj nvihixligdbxd" I qivxlv hd oddvdlvj hd 611?# i xlvindg

qiuujt hd 4 glc qivi 91 glc i eihi bûgdvj" Dg ifvlc hd 611<# j itgdbxj jejvvdt bi

qdvljhlelhihd# ytd qiuujt i udv gdbuic# d båj gilu flgduxvic"µ

Ejbojvgd j ~df ulxd hj nvtqj Hlévlju Iuujelihju -~~~"hlivljuiuujelihju"ejg"fv,# hdlhj

ij oixj hju kjdbu ejbuxlxtçvdg j qûfclej ytd dg giljv dueici bidni bi lbxdvbdx# i Vinni ud

xjvbjt qvdudbxd bi vdhd gtbhlic ejg j jfkdxlj hd ejgqivxlcmiv lbxdvduudu d ejbuxvtlv lhìliu

hd ojvgi ejcifjvixli"

Bj ulxd Vinni -~~~"vdluxivinni"ejg"fv, uåj qtfcleihiu bjxçeliu hlévliu d dbytdxdu

udgibilu# icìg hi dvuåj hlnlxic hi vdluxi -ytd qjhd udv ojcmdihi lvxticgdbxd qdcj uluxdgioclq, ytd iqvdudbxi tgi d}xdbuåj hd lulflclhihd qivi j cdlxjv d ij ibtbelibxd hj gdlj

lgqvduuj" Qjv olg# i Vinni xigfìg duxé qvdudbxd bi Ciux OG# bj Oiedfjj` d bj Jv`tx" Ju

ulxdu hi Vinni d hj Vinni Hvjqu duxåj lbetcihju ij qjvxic Til qjv gdlj hj eibic Hllvxi'ud"

I Vdluxi Vinni# etki xlvindg ì hd 91 glc d}dgqcivdu gdbuicgdbxd# ì hluxvlftçhi dbxvd ju

gtbleçqlju hd Fdxlg# Ejbudcmdlvj Cioidlxd# Ejbxindg# Hllbõqjclu# Njdvbihjv _icihivdu#

Lqixlbni# Ktl{ hd Ojvi# Udxd Cinjiu# Tfdvifi# Tfdvcæbhli# Cinji hi Qvixi# Qivé hd Glbiu d dggiljv ifvibnëbeli bi eiqlxic glbdlvi# Fdcj Mjvl{jbxd# jbhd ud hluqôdg lbûgdvju qjbxju hd

ieduuj á gdugi ― ejgj fibeiu hd vdluxiu# cjkiu# cibemjbdxdu hdbxvd jtxvju duxifdcdelgdbxju"

J gixdvlic elvetci ixviìu hi hluxvlftlîåj nvixtlxi qivi tg gilclbn hd iqvj}lgihigdbxd 8"111

qduujiu# udcdeljbihiu hd iejvhj ejg j udngdbxj d yticloleiîåj hj qûfclej ovdyódbxihjv hj

udt ejgìvelj"

µ Lbojvgiîôdu fiudihiu dg gixdvlic -vdcdiud, ejbedhlhj qjv Fvtbj Gixdtu# utfdhlxjv hj udxjv hd kjvbiclugj hi

vdluxi Vinni"



86

8"6 Tg lìu qtfclelxévlj bj kjvbiclugj hi vdluxi Vinni

Qivi i jfudviîåj hd tgi lbxdvodvëbeli qtfclelxévli bj hduhjfvigdbxj hd gixìvliu bjxleljuiu

d*jt lbojvgixliu qtfcleihiu qdci vdluxi Vinni ― d ixì gdugj dvloleiv i d}luxëbeli hd tgi

bji qvéxlei kjvbicçuxlei ytd jqlbi# lbht{ d qvjqini lhìliu ytd oijvdedg tg qvjhtxj ― udvé

txlcl{ihj ejgj gixdvlic dgqçvlej hduud duxthj iu udeîôdu Bjlxd Ihdbxvj -dhlîôdu 86 d 85,#

Duxlcj -dhlîåj 89, d Ejbutgj*Dt Ytdvj -dhlîôdu 89# 86# 85 d 88," Vduuicxi'ud ytd iu dhlîôdu

gdbeljbihiu# 89# 86# 85 d 88 ud vdodvdg vduqdexligdbxd iju gdudu hd udxdgfvj# jtxtfvj#

bjdgfvj d hd{dgfvj hd 6191"

8"6"9 I qvjgjîåj hd eiuiu bjxtvbiu dg ”Bjlxd ihdbxvj“

Qivi hiv lbçelj ij duxthj# i udeîåj – Bjlxd ihdbxvj‗ vdodvdbxd áu dhlîôdu hd bûgdvj 86# 85 d 88

hi vdluxi Vinni udvé ibicluihi" J jfkdxj gdbeljbihj ejbuluxd dg htiu qénlbiu hi vdluxi#

udgqvd ejg j gdugj qihvåj hd qtfcleiîåj d hlinvigiîåj; qjteiu ojxju dg dueici hd ejvdu

bjvgilu d i giljvli dg ojvgixj qvdxj d fvibej hd qduujiu iqivdbxdgdbxd fdciu# iqvdudbxédlu

d dclxl{ihiu# ud hldvxlbhj bj cjeic ytd duxé udbhj iqvdudbxihj qdci vdluxi ij udt qûfclej

cdlxjv" Ndvicgdbxd# ud xvixi hd tgi qtfclelhihd ujfvd eiuiu bjxtvbiu hi eiqlxic glbdlvi"

Ilbhi ujfvd i hlinvigiîåj hi udeîåj# i gdugi ud iqvdudbxi ndvicgdbxd dg qénlbiu qvdxiu

ejbxdbhj xçxtcj d utf'xçxtcju dg ejv civibki ejg j jfkdxlj hd eituiv ejbxviuxd d emigiv i

ixdbîåj hj cdlxjv" Bi xdbxixli hd qvjgjdv d ulgtcxibdigdbxd d}qjv j jfkdxj vdxvixihj# i

udîåj hi vdluxi ieifi qjv ud xjvbiv jqlbixli" Qvlgdlvigdbxd qjv qvjgjdv i eiui bjxtvbi

oi{dbhj tuj hd xdvgju d oviudu hd jqlblåj d dg udntbhj ctniv# qjv hdl}iv d}qcçelxj i

lgqjvxæbeli hi hltcniîåj hi fdflhi dbdvnìxlei Ftvb dg gdlj i gixìvli"

Ejgj ké ojl luxj bju eiqçxtcju ibxdvljvdu# tgi qénlbi ytd ejbxdbmi qtfclelhihd båj qjhd xdv

yticytdv udgdcmibîi ejg i hlinvigiîåj hd tgi qénlbi dhlxjvlic# iuulg ejgj ju kjvbicluxiu

båj qjhdg vdicl{iv j xvificmj hd tg qtfclelxévlj ij qvjht{lv qdîiu hj nëbdvj# ejbojvgd

Ueic{j d}qclei"

Xdvgju ejgj –iu gûuleiu gilu ytdbxdu hd xjhiu iu qluxiu‗# –Duui ì i Elbej# tgi fjixd emdlihd vdytlbxd d ujoluxleiîåj# jbhd i dbdvnli hiu ct{du# ejvdu d ujbu lvåj xvibuqjvxiv jeë qivi tg



85

gtbhj vdqcdxj hd d}qdvlëbeliu giveibxdu‗ d qjv olg –_dbmi# qdntd udt Ftvb d hdl}d i Elbej

lbedbhliv jeë‗ -Vdluxi Vinni dhlîåj %86# qén" 59# 6191, ejgqvjig j ivntgdbxj hd ytd#

båj ud xvixi iqdbiu hd tg qjbxj hd luxi hj itxjv ytd jvldbxi i vdqjvxindg# d ulg hd tgi

jqlblåj ojvgihi ujfvd i eiui# udbhj oijvédc i gdugi"

Duud ejgqjvxigdbxj lboctl ujfvd i qdvedqîåj hj cdlxjv hdlhj ij oixj hd ytd ― dg

ejbudyóëbeli hi evdhlflclhihd edhlhi á qtfcleiîåj d udt itxjv ― j ytd duxé duevlxj bi udeîåj

xdg i eiqielhihd hd ixlbnlv i ujeldhihd# lboctdbelibhj'i dg udt qdbuigdbxj# d qjv d{du# i

giblqtcibhj d inlbhj ejgj dvhihd ifujctxi" Vduuicxj ytd duui evdhlflclhihd ieifi qjv ud

xjvbiv htlhjui ytibhj ud ejnlxi i qjuulflclhihd hd xic oijvdelgdbxj ij duxifdcdelgdbxj

vdxvixihj udv# qjuuldcgdbxd# ovtxj hd lbxdvduudu qvõqvlju hi dgqvdui ― qdvhdbhj hduuigibdlvi# i lbhdqdbhëbeli hd eivéxdv lgqvduelbhçdc qivi xdv j qjhdv hd ktcnigdbxj ujfvd

iytlcj ytd ejbuxlxtl icnj vdicgdbxd hlnbj hd evìhlxj"

Iolvgiv ytd –iu gûuleiu jtlhiu bi fjixd Elbej uåj iu gilu ytdbxdu hi vdnlåj‗ lgqclei

ejbulhdviv ytd j itxjv hi gixìvli xdbmi ejbmdelgdbxj hd xjhiu iu jtxviu eiuiu bjxtvbiu hd

Fdcj Mjvl{jbxd" Icìg hj oixj hd ytd# i jqlblåj hd ytdg qtfclei duui iolvgiîåj dg uti

gixìvli qjhd båj udv ejgqivxlcmihi qdcj cdlxjv -gdugj xvixibhj'ud hd tg qûfclej kéhdclglxihj,# qjlu ud xvixi hd tgi jqlblåj# d}xvdgigdbxd qdetcliv d qvlihi# ytd lbectuld#

hldvnd hj kjvbiclugj bduud nëbdvj hi qtfcleiîåj -ojvgixj hd tgi gixìvli,"

Duudu oixjvdu ejgqvjig ytd j kjvbiclugj xdg vdicgdbxd ud ejbdvxlhj hlibxd hiu d}lnëbeliu

hj gdveihj ké ytd# ì ixviìu hju nibmju jfxlhju ejg i qtfclelhihd ytd tgi vdhiîåj ud

utuxdbxi d ud gibxìg" Iuulg# vdxjgi'ud i iolvgiîåj hd Givumicc ytd hl{ ytd j kjvbiclugj ì

–tgi ulgqcdu duodvi hd utuxdbxiîåj qivi lbxdvduudu dglbdbxdgdbxd ejgdvelilu‗"

Lgqiveliclhihd# jfkdxllhihd# xvibuqivëbeli d ludbîåj uåj ju icledvedu qdci ytic i evdhlflclhihd

kjvbicçuxlei ud utuxdbxi" Dbxvdxibxj# hlibxd hd xigibmi d d}qvduuli qvdodvëbeli á fjixd Elbej d

ij dbdvnìxlej Ftvb dg iqdbiu tgi gixìvli# qjhd'ud ixì gdugj qdbuiv ytd i givei Vinni# d

qvlbelqicgdbxd uti vdluxi# duxdkig ldbelibhj jt tg gjgdbxj hd ctxi qjv tgi

ujfvdlëbeli bj gdveihj -d qjv luuj qvdeluig ud ejbdvxdv á qtfclelhihd# qvljvl{ibhj

jfkdxlju ejgdvelilu,# jt dbxåj# tgi duxvixìnli qivi ihdvlv gilu tg ojvxd ibtbelibxd ij nvtqj

― xigfìg hd uicldbxd lbxdvduud ejgdvelic"



88

Ké bi 85« dhlîåj hi vdluxi Vinni# iu qvlgdlviu hduevlîôdu ujfvd i eiui bjxtvbi Emdlj hd

Nviîi uåj# hd edvxi ojvgi# iqdbiu tg qjbxj hd luxi hj itxjv# qjlu j gdugj båj oi{ tuj hd

xdvgju ytd ud fiudlig dg ejbedlxju htlhjuju ― iqdbiu d}qôd ju ixvixlju hdci ejgj ju

duxlcju gtuleilu ytd qjhdg udv jtlhju bj cjeic" Ké ij olbicl{iv i gixìvli# i oviud –dbjcdbxd

d ixtic ejgj i elhihd ytd vduqlvi bjlhihd# i eiui ud ifvd dg jqîôdu qvi{dvjuiu‗ duxé

eivvdnihi hd ktç{ju hd icjv ké ytd# iu jqîôdu qvi{dvjuiu vdodvlhiu uåj lbedvxiu d båj ud

xjvbig hd ejbmdelgdbxj hj cdlxjv# hibhj givndg qivi evdv ytd iu gdugiu ud vdodvdg i tgi

d}qdvlëbeli qivxletciv hj itxjv d ytd ujgdbxd qjhdg udv ejbedhlhiu# iqõu tgi lulxi á fjixd"

Jtxvj oixj lgqjvxibxd ytd qjhd udv jfudvihj biu dhlîôdu hd bûgdvj 86 d 85 ì ytd# ejbujibxd

áu ejbuxixiîôdu hd Ueic{j -611?,# i iuulbixtvi hj kjvbicluxi itxjv hi udeîåj båj ì hltcnihi ―iqdbiu ju evìhlxju hiu lgindbu ytd lctuxvig i gixìvli" Hduui ojvgi# xjvbi'ud ilbhi gilu

dlhdbxd ytd i ifjvhindg hihi qdci vdluxi vdutgd'ud á gdvi qtfclelhihd# ytibhj iu

iuulbixtviu hju oijvdelhju -ejgj ju bjgdu hiu eiuiu bjxtvbiu d hj dbdvnìxlej Ftvb, uåj iu

ûbleiu d}qcçelxiu d ytd qjhdg udv oielcgdbxd lhdbxloleihi qdcj cdlxjv"

Vdcdgfvibhj iu iolvgiîôdu hd Ueic{j -611?,# j ytd ud bjxi vdicgdbxd båj ì gilu tgi

jeiîåj bjxleljui hi vdluxi d ulg# tgi vduxvlîåj hi gdugi qjv udv qivelicgdbxd lbojvgixli"Mé# luldcgdbxd# i iolvgiîåj dlhdbxd hd hjlu eiglbmju# qdci ytic i dhteiîåj xigfìg ud oi{

qvdudbxd# giu ytd dbxvdxibxj# j ytd lgqjvxi bduud ejbxd}xj d ud ujfvduuil# ì j dbxvdxdblgdbxj"

8"6"6 Qjtei gjhi d gtlxj eiqlxiclugj; Duxlcj

I ejctbi Duxlcj qjv uti d{ ud eiviexdvl{i ejgj tgi ejctbi itxjvic" Luuj qjvytd dci ì

oielcgdbxd lhdbxloleihi qdcj bjgd hj itxjv*ejctbluxi ― ytd ì udgqvd j gdugj# CteiuGiemihj ―# udbhj ilbhi iejgqibmihi qjv ojxjnvioliu d lgindbu etki olbiclhihd ì lctuxviv j

qdvujbindg d*jt jfkdxj vdxvixihj" I Duxlcj evli ixviìu hd ivxloçelju ejgj oiglclivlhihd d

ovdyóëbeli hd qtfcleiîåj# d qvlbelqicgdbxd# ifjvhindg iuuçhti hd tg gdugj nëbdvj -ejgj

bj eiuj# gjhi, tgi edvxi ejblëbeli ejg j qûfclej cdlxjv"

Iuulg ejgj dg xjhiu iu jtxviu dhlîôdu jbhd ì iqvdudbxihj ij cdlxjv icnj jt icntìg

vdcieljbihj ij gtbhj hi gjhi ― d ytiud ytd jfvlnixjvligdbxd# hd uteduuj d vdcdæbeli bj

gdveihj ― bi dhlîåj hd bûgdvj 89# i qdvujbindg hi ejctbi ì i vduqjbuédc qdcj giv`dxlbn



84

bieljbic hi nvlod Eivglg# Eivjclbi Oédvj" Dg tgi etvxi ifjvhindg# Eivjclbi oici ujfvd uti

xvikdxõvli qduujic d qvjoluuljbic á qtfcleiîåj# hibhj xigfìg udt qivdedv ujfvd qjcçxlei"

Ejgj eiviexdvçuxlei ulbntciv hduui udeîåj duqdelicl{ihi# bi Vinni ju qihvôdu hd tgi duevlxi

ulgqcdu d qduujic ud gibxëg dg tgi ejctbi" Qjhd'ud idvlntiv ixviìu hd tgi elxiîåj hd

Gdcj -9<=4, ytd i Duxlcj xigfìg ud dbytihvi bj ejbedlxj hd ytd ì odlxi –hd tblhihdu

lbojvgixliu d jqlbixliu ytd ud ivxletcig" Uåj qçctciu# ociumdu# hleiu‗# qjlu i ejgqjulîåj hi

qénlbi båj ì hihi iqdbiu qdciu lbojvgiîôdu gjuxvihiu ij cdlxjv vdodvdbxdu ij qdvujbindg#

giu xigfìg# qdcj udt @lx Ujfvdlëbeli"

J @lx Ujfvdlëbeli qjv uti d{ ì tg kjnj hd lgindbu ytd gjuxvig iytlcj ytd j qdvujbindghi ejctbi txlcl{i bj udt hli'i'hli d ytd hd edvxi ojvgi# iuuddvi olvgdgdbxd# –båj ldv udg‗"

J iedvj hd Eivjclbi -ytd ujgdbxd duxé udbhj d}dgqcloleihi bduui ytduxåj qjv udv i qduuji

vdxvixihi ij cjbnj hi ejctbi, ì vdqvdudbxihj iuulg ejgj dg xjhiu iu jtxviu dhlîôdu hi Duxlcj#

qjv qvjhtxju d utiu vduqdexliu giveiu lctuxvihju bi qénlbi"

Duqdeloleigdbxd# j @lx Ujfvdlëbeli hd Eivjclbi Oédvj ì ejgqjuxj qjv tg duxlhj Eivglg#

tg xdcdojbd edctciv Ujb| Dvleuujb ]qdvli# õetcju qivi cdlxtvi etki ivgiîåj ì hi givei Give

Kiejfu# qiv hd uibhécliu Eivglg# tg ejciv dg jtvj Jcmj xtvej# giytlindg qõ*fiud hj

Uxthlj Ol} ― GIE d qjv olg# tgi fjcui Eivglg"

J ytd ud ejbectl# qjvxibxj# ì ytd båj iqdbiu i qvjgjîåj hi givei Eivglg duxé udbhj

vdicl{ihi ― xibxj hd ojvgi lgqcçelxi ixviìu hd tgi dbxvdluxi ejg tgi otbeljbévli -hd icxj

eivnj d lbetgfëbeli, hduui dgqvdui ejgj ixviìu hju udtu qvjhtxju d}qjuxju# dg nvibhd

giljvli# hi Eivglg" I lulflclhihd nivibxlhi á givei jejvvd qjv gdlj hd tg xd}xjlblelicgdbxd kjvbicçuxlej d ytd qdvhd bj udt hdejvvdv# duui otbîåj lbojvgixli d hd evìhlxj#

xjvbibhj'ud qtfclelxévlj"

Jtxvj hduodemj xigfìg qjhd udv luticl{ihj bj gjgdbxj dg ytd Eivjclbi Oédvj xdg i

jqjvxtblhihd hd d}qjv –j udnvdhj hj uteduuj hi dgqvdui‗ -oixj ytd ké ejbuluxd dg tgi

jqlblåj qjv qivxd hj itxjv hi ejctbi ujfvd i Eivglg, xvibudvuicgdbxd áu dbtbeliîôdu hi

qdvujbindg ytibxj iu duxvixìnliu hd ejgtbleiîåj hi dgqvdui" I oviud –j bjj qjhd ixì

iuutuxiv# giu# bj gtbhj oiumljb i jtuihli ì ytd eitui i hlodvdbîi‗# cjnj dg udntlhi ij



8?

hdqjlgdbxj hd Eivjclbi# dbedvvi j xd}xj ejg i utxlcd{i hi jqlblåj hj itxjv ytd ktcni i

jtuihli hi dgqvdui Eivglg# i vi{åj hdejvvdbxd hd udt ë}lxj# ujfvdd}edcëbeli d uteduuj

gdhlibxd j gdveihj"

Hibhj udyóëbeli á ejbectuåj hd tgi uõclhi lboctëbeli qtfclelxévli dg gdlj i duui qtfcleiîåj

kjvbicçuxlei# duqdeloleigdbxd ujf i ejctbi Duxlcj# i qvjgjîåj hd jtxviu giveiu ejgj Ujb|

Dvleuujb# Give Kiejfu d GIE# ytd oi{dg qivxd hi ejcdîåj qduujic hd Eivjclbi Oédvj

hdgjbuxvihiu qdcj @lx Ujfvdlëbeli# lbuxlnig j cdlxjv" J gdugj qiuui i udbxlv i bdeduulhihd

hd ejgqvddbhdv j ytd xjvbi xilu jfkdxju xåj duqdelilu# icìg hd ju hdudkiv ― iuulg ejgj jejvvd

xigfìg # ejg ju qvõqvlju jfkdxju luxju d gjuxvihju hi qvõqvli givei Eivglg"

Ejg fiud biu iolvgiîôdu hd Givumicc -6115, qjhd'ud ejgqvddbhdv ytd j kjvbiclugj d}dved

bji otbîåj# qdci ytic j ytd qvdhjglbi ì i hduejfdvxi hd qihvôdu d odvvigdbxiu ytd udkig

dbeibxihjvdu qivi ejgqvihjvdu ytd dbmig i gibxdv i dgqvdui kjvbicçuxlei qdci ytic evlig j

çbetcj ixviìu hd udtu lbduxlgdbxju" D gilu ytd luuj# j qiqdc hj cdlxjv qiuui i udv hd

ejbutglhjv# ujovdbhj ixì gdugj tg vdhlvdeljbigdbxj hd utiu vdciîôdu qduujilu# ujelilu#

dejbøgleiu d qjcçxleiu"

8"6"5 I qtfclelhihd dueibeivihi; Ejbutgj*Dt Ytdvj

Ejg otbîåj gtlxj gilu qtfclelxévli ytd lbojvgixli# i udeîåj Ejbutgj*Dt Ytdvj ejbotbhd

j cdlxjv ytibxj i udt nëbdvj" Ndvicgdbxd ojvgihi qjv htiu qénlbiu# iqvdudbxi ejvdu cddu#

otbhj fvibej jt bdtxvj# bi olbiclhihd hd hdl}iv j hduxiytd qjv ejbxi hju qvjhtxju ibtbelihju

― lctuxvihju lbectuld# ejg tg xigibmj ejbulhdvidcgdbxd nvibhd d ndvicgdbxd# udbhj hd

elbej i jlxj qvjhtxju" Ì iuulbihi qjv Uifvlbi Ifvdt d qjuutl ovdyóëbeli lbeduuibxd oi{dbhjqivxd hiu udeîôdu ol}iu hi vdluxi Vinni" Duud oixjv ejbodvd á Ejbutgj*Dt Ytdvj i

eiviexdvçuxlei hd ejctbi# hduxjibhj iqdbiu hd uti hlinvigiîåj qjv båj ejbejvhiv ejg ju

qihvôdu hduui duqdeliclhihd kjvbicçuxlei"

Jtxvi jfudviîåj hd lgqjvxæbeli qivi j duxthj ì ytd j bjgd hi udeîåj iqivded udgqvd

iejgqibmihj hd tgi qicivi utnduxli" Bj eiuj hi dhlîåj hd bûgdvj 89# vdodvdbxd ij gëu hd

Udxdgfvj hd 6191# cë'ud Dt Ytdvj Qvlgidvi hdlhj i qvj}lglhihd hi hixi hi qtfcleiîåj

ejg i emdnihi hi duxiîåj0 i dhlîåj 86 -Jtxtfvj,# Dt Ytdvj Lboæbeli jejvvd dg



8>

ejbudyóëbeli hj gëu hd Jtxtfvj ifvibndv j Hli hi Evlibîi0 i dhlîåj 85 -Bjdgfvj, xdd

ejgj gixìvliu hd eiqi tg qdvolc hd Vle`ujb Nviled# ctxihjv hd ivxdu givelilu d xigfìg# i

ifjvhindg ujfvd i bji qvdodvëbeli hj qûfclej glbdlvj qjv duqjvxdu hd ctxi# cjnj cdjt j

bjgd Dt Ytdvj Qjvvihi0 d qjv olg# i dhlîåj 88 ytd cdi j bjgd Dt Ytdvj Qì bi ivdli# qjv

xdv ulhj qtfcleihi bj gëu hd hd{dgfvj# qvõ}lgj áu oìvliu"

Ilbhi hd iejvhj ejg j xçxtcj hi udeîåj# j cdih ytd ibxdedhd iu lbojvgiîôdu ejbedvbdbxdu iju

jfkdxju d}qclelxihju oi{ tgi qvìli ujfvd i eitui qdci ytic duxdu qvjhtxju ejbuxlxtdg i dhlîåj

d qjvytd vdicgdbxd lgqjvxig" Qjtej kjvbicçuxlej# ejg eiviexdvçuxleiu clxdvévliu# i itxjvi

duevdd hd ojvgi gdbju lbojvgixli d gilu hduejbxviçhi# emigibhj ixdbîåj udgqvd qivi i

lgqjvxæbeli hju qvjhtxju# evlibhj tgi bdeduulhihd qivi j cdlxjv hd ud jfxdv ju gdugju#ejbojvgd i jeiulåj"

D}dgqcj hluuj qjhd udv ejbuxixihj bi dhlîåj hd bûgdvj 86 hi vdluxi Vinni; – P"""W

udcdeljbigju lxdbu ju ytilu hdl}ivåj udt hli'i'hli gilu ejcjvlhj# qjlu# iqduiv hi vdiclhihd

båj udv xåj hjed ejgj tg fvlnihdlvj# bihi gdcmjv hj ytd vdldv duui oiud hi lhi bi ytic ud

qjhli ujvvlv udg gjxlj d udg qvdjetqiîôdu‗" Bjigdbxd# duxvixìnliu hdejvvdbxdu hd tgi

ojvxd jqlblåj hj itxjv ytd lbht{dg j cdlxjv"

Oixj ejbuxixihj# xibxj j kjvbiclugj ytibxj i qtfclelhihd qvjht{dg ejbxdûhj" Dbxvdxibxj# j

kjvbiclugj iytl# hddvli dbnikiv j cdlxjv# dbxvdxë'cj# lbojvgé'cj d båj vdicl{iv j qiqdc hi

qtfclelhihd ytd qjv uti d{# ejbuluxd dg dbhdv qvjhtxju d lhìliu# udht{lv j ejbutglhjv d

evliv bdeduulhihdu"

Bduud ejbxd}xj# qjhd'ud ejgqvjiv ytd i ixtiîåj hj kjvbiclugj jqlbixlj -hlvdxigdbxdvdcieljbihj á qtfclelhihd, ké ì lndbxd hduhd j qvlbeçqlj hj qvjeduuj hd evliîåj hd tgi

gixìvli# ujfvdlbhj bj gjgdbxj dg ytd ud duxifdcded tgi qitxi# ejgj Gdcj -9<=4, d}qclei"

Båj mé# qjvxibxj# clglxdu duqielilu dbxvd j kjvbiclugj d i qvjqinibhi d j cdlxjv ieifi qjv udv

luxj bjigdbxd# ejgj gdvj ejbutglhjv"

J xçxtcj Dt Ytdvj xigfìg ì fiuxibxd utnduxlj" Dg ul# ké ud dbejbxvi d}qcçelxj i lbuxlniîåj hd

tg hdudkj hd ejbutgj# j ytd lgqclei ejbudyódbxdgdbxd# bj jodvdelgdbxj hd qvjhtxju qivi

uieliv duui bdeduulhihd qvjjeihi" Xlvibhj ejgj d}dgqcj i dhlîåj hd udxdgfvj hi vdluxi



8=

Vinni -%89,# i udeîåj Dt Ytdvj Qvlgidvi utndvd qvjhtxju ytd qjuuig udv txlcl{ihju

htvibxd d# dg hdejvvëbeli# hi duxiîåj"

Bju utfxçxtcju ytd ibxdedhdg d vdqvdudbxig eihi lgindg# tgi emigihi ixvidbxd" D}dgqcj

hluuj# j bjgd –Ytiud hdueicîj‗# udntlhj hd uti hduevlîåj d xigfìg# hd tgi ktuxloleixli hj

qjvytë ejbutglv j qvjhtxj" –Qiuuihj j lbdvbj# ì mjvi hd iqjudbxiv iu fjxiu d ejcjeiv ju

hdhlbmju hju qìu hd ojvi" Qivi dciu# viuxdlvi hd ejtvj Ctl{i Fivedcju" Qivi dcdu# i fji# dcmi d

cdnçxlgi Miilibiu‗" J ytd qjhd udv edvxloleihj ì ytd# icìg hd lbojvgixlj ytibxj båj

ujgdbxd á xdbhëbeli hi gjhi d hi duxiîåj# j xd}xj ì jqlbixlj dg vdciîåj áytlcj ytd ejbuxlxtl

i gdveihjvli ― lbhleibhj lbectuld ytic i gdveihjvli hdd udv ejbutglhi"

Ì qjuuçdc oi{dv tgi vdodvëbeli i Givumicc -6115, d otbhigdbxiv ytd duuiu iîôdu vdicl{ihiu

qdci vdluxi ejgqvjig ytd i qtfclelhihd ì ytdg qvjdg uteduuligdbxd áu hduqduiu odlxiu

ejg j xvificmj kjvbicçuxlej" Ejgqvji'ud xigfìg ytd i qdvgibëbeli hi udeîåj Ejbutgj*Dt

Ytdvj uõ d}luxd ilbhi qjv midv tgi ojvxd hdgibhi# ytd i qdhd" Gilu tgi d{ ud ejbuxixi

ytd duui qtfclelhihd ibxdu xåj gic luxi d lbhdudkihi ― d ytd icxdvi i oõvgtci kjvbicçuxlei ― ì

mjkd# gilu ytd vdytlulxihi qdci ujeldhihd"

J qvjhtxju ibtbelihju# etkju qvdîju xigfìg uåj d}qjuxju d ytd ivlig fiuxibxd# qjuutdg

eiviexdvçuxleiu ytd ju hlodvdbelig# hibhj uxixtu hd d}ectullhihd# bi xdbxixli hd ju

iuudgdcmiv ejg j udt qûfclej cdlxjv dg iuqdexj oçulej# duxìxlej d ncigjtv"

Vdqdxlhigdbxd j ytd ud ë ì i ejbolvgiîåj hiu xdjvliu hd Ueic{j -611?,# udbhj qjuuçdc

ievduedbxiv ytd mjkd# j qvjeduuj hd qvjhtîåj hd tgi bjxçeli jt lbojvgiîåj# hd gibdlvi

kjvbicçuxlei# båj jejvvd udg lbxdvodvëbeli hi qtfclelhihd" I gixìvli ud ocd}lflcl{i dg qvjc hjgdveihj d hj ejbutgj" D qivi luuj# j udxjv qtfclelxévlj qvjetvi ud lbojvgiv ejgi vdhiîåj

ujfvd ytilu udvåj iu qitxiu hiu vdqjvxindbu i udvdg qvjht{lhiu ― udbhj qjuuçdc lginlbiv ytd

bduud d}dgqcj hi udeîåj Ejbutgj * Dt Ytdvj j qvjedhlgdbxj vdicl{ihj ì j lbdvuj; qvjetvi'

ud qdcju qvjhtxju qivi ujgdbxd hdqjlu# evliv tg dbvdhj lbojvgixlj"

Ì qjuuçdc ejbejvhiv ejg j oixj hd ytd tg ibtbelibxd qvjetvi tg dçetcj ké ejbujclhihj d

ihdytihj qivi oi{dv uti qtfclelhihd" Dbxvdxibxj# duui qtfclelhihd hddvli ejbuluxlv dg icnj

ytd båj lbxdvodvluud bj xvificmj kjvbicçuxlej" I clfdvhihd hihi á vdhiîåj qivi i qvjhtîåj hd



8<

gixìvliu dg vdciîåj ij ejgdvelic qiuui i udv tg hduiolj# tg xduxd hd d}xvdgi lgqjvxæbeli#

ovdbxd á qvéxlei hj kjvbiclugj ejvvdxj d ktuxj ― qjlu ì bduud ejbxd}xj ytd ud ejgqvji ud i hlxi

evdhlflclhihd udvé# båj ujgdbxd ndvihi# giu gibxlhi"

8"5 Iu hltcniîôdu hi Vinni d i udngdbxiîåj hd gçhli d qûfclej

Ejgj i qvõqvli vdluxi Vinni ud hduevdd# i gdugi xvificmi ujf i qdvuqdexli hd tg

dbeiglbmigdbxj i tg qûfclej hd duqçvlxj ”kjdg d idbxtvdlvj“# ytd iqvdudbxi ejgj uti

d}qvduuåj# i qvéxlei jt ihglviîåj qjv duqjvxdu vihleilu d udt duxlcj hd lhi" Hlibxd hluuj# i

vdluxi Vinni ind ixticgdbxd# ejgj tg lbuxvtgdbxj lbxdnvihjv dbxvd ixcdxiu# ejbutglhjvdu#

odhdviîôdu# ddbxju# giveiu# qvjhtxju d dgqvduiu ytd ud lhdbxloleig d qvjqjveljbig tgduxlcj hd lhi# hdbjglbihj –Vinni‗ -d}qvduuåj evlihi qdci qvõqvli vdluxi,"

I lbxdbîåj hi vdluxi Vinni ì blxlhigdbxd ecivi ytibhj ud ejbuxixi ytd uti hdxdvglbiîåj ì

ixlbnlv# qjvxibxj# tg qûfclej hlodvdbelihj# clglxihj" J ytd ì lbxdvduuibxd d icd vduuicxiv ì ytd

bdg udgqvd j lbhlçhtj ytd cë qdci qvlgdlvi d{ i vdluxi ud dbeil}i bj qdvolc hi gdugi# giu

ytd ud xjvbi gilu xivhd# tg oldc cdlxjv qjv hduejfvlv iuulg# bjiu iolblhihdu" I vdluxi Vinni

ì luxi qjvxibxj# bduud ejbxd}xj -d iuulg ejgj lbûgdvju jtxvju qvjhtxju hd blemj, tgiojvgihjvi hd qvdodvëbeliu" Hlibxd hluuj# vdxjgi'ud i iolvgiîåj hd Gioodujcl -9<<=, ytd

d}qclei ytd iu qduujiu ejbolig dg qduujiu lntilu jt udgdcmibxdu i dciu"

I vdluxi Vinni xdg ejgj udt qûfclej icj -iytdcdu ytd iqvdudbxig hdudkj qjv lbojvgiîåj

utfktnihi á hldvuåj# ejbojvxj d evlixllhihd" Xigfìg# iju ytd hdgjbuxvdg qvdjetqiîåj

ejg j otxtvj hi ujeldhihd# ejg i vduqjbuiflclhihd ujelic d utuxdbxiflclhihd# ejgj ktcni i

qvõqvli vdluxi, xvëu eciuudu ujelilu# udbhj dcdu kjdbu hiu eciuudu I# F d E dbxvd 95 d 6< ibjud 6< ibju hd lhihd i hlibxd"8

I qvlgdlvi eciuud ì ojvgihi qjv kjdbu d ihjcduedbxdu hd 95 i 61 ibju# ytd ojvgig tgi xvlfj

tvfibi hd duxlcj hd lhi duqjvxluxi d uithédc# hd eciuud I# F d E# d ytd qjuutdg vdbhi

utoleldbxd qivi ihytlvlv qvjhtxju dclxl{ihju d d}ectulju" Uåj gjlhju qdci iuujeliîåj i

iedlxiîåj hj nvtqj# d jvldbxihju qdci gjhi d xdbhëbeli hduxd gdveihj duqdeçolej# dg tgi

8Lbojvgiîôdu dgfiuihiu dg gixdvlic -vdcdiud, ejbedhlhj qivi duxthj ixviìu hd Fvtbj Gixdtu# utfdhlxjv hj

udxjv hd kjvbiclugj hi vdluxi Vinni"



41

qvjqjvîåj hd tgi vdluxi qivi eihi jlxj cdlxjvdu hi eciuuloleiîåj"

I udntbhi eciuud qjv uti d{# ì ejbuxlxtçhi qjv ihtcxju hd 69 i 6< ibju# ytd xigfìg duxåj

dbxvd j ojej hi gdugi ― bjvgicgdbxd ixcdxiu ixlju jt eiutilu# ytd xëg j duxlcj hd lhi d

méflxju hd ejbutgj# jvldbxihju qdci xvibugluuåj hd tgi lgindg uithédc d gjhdvbi ―

eituihi qdcj qvõqvlj dçetcj" Uåj duxthibxdu d qvjoluuljbilu# hd eciuud I d F# udg olcmju# ejg

vdbhi d}ectuli qivi ejbutgj hd fdg duxiv d duxlcj hd lhi" I luticl{iîåj hi vdluxi bduud

ejbxd}xj ì hd tg d}dgqciv qivi eihi elbej cdlxjvdu"

Qjv olg# i xdvedlvi eciuud# ojvgihi qjv lbhlçhtju etki lhihd ì ielgi hd 51 ibju# bjvgicgdbxd

ixcdxiu qvjoluuljbilu d qvjoluuljbilu ixcdxiu# ytd evlivig d ldg ju duxlcju hd lhi duqjvxluxi d

clvd" Uti vdbhi# ké duxifdcdelhi hd eciuud I d F# ejbujgd qvjhtxju d udvlîju jvldbxihju qdcj

udt duxlcj hd lhi# hd clfdvhihd d hduejbxviîåj dg gjgdbxju hd ci{dv d hldvuåj" I vdluxi

Vinni ì luticl{ihi qjv duud qûfclej dg tgi qvjqjvîåj hd tg d}dgqciv qivi eihi xvëu

cdlxjvdu"

Ju cdlxjvdu hi vdluxi Vinni ud iuudgdcmig qjv udtu lbxdvduudu d iolblhihdu dg ejgtg#

evlibhj hduui ojvgi tg bjj qûfclej# duqdeçolej# hd blemj" J ytd jejvvd hd oixj ì iudngdbxiîåj hd tg gdveihj# uti hlluåj dg qdytdbju nvtqju# ytd xjvbi eihi qûfclej

hlodvdbelihj# ulbntciv# iuulg ejgj j qûfclej ytd cë i vdluxi d iqvdeli utiu qtfcleiîôdu udbhj

duxd# tg bjj udngdbxj"

Bjxi'ud ytd á qvjetvi hj ytd i vdluxi qvdxdbhd jodvdedv ― hd iuutbxju ejgj duqjvxdu# gjhi#

lindbu# ddbxju á ejbutgj# vdocd}åj# hluetuuåj qjcçxlei ― j ytd ejgqôd duud udngdbxj

Vinni# vduqjbhd i tgi hdxdvglbihi duxvixìnli hd giv`dxlbn# etkj qvjhtxj ì i qvõqvli vdluxi"J evlxìvlj qivi xic ì xibxj qdvujbiclhihd ytibxj duxlcj hd lhi"

Ibicluibhj qjv d}dgqcj i udeîåj Ytdg ì Vinni# ytd ì ejgqjuxi iqdbiu qjv ojxjnvioliu d

bdbmtg xd}xj# ud xjvbi i qvlgdlvi luxi# hd hloçelc ejgqvddbuåj# j ytd oi{ hiu qduujiu icj hiu

lgindbu qivxd hj udngdbxj Vinni" Dbxvdxibxj# dg qvlgdlvi qivxd# i qvõqvli vdluxi ud

dbeivvdnjt hd evliv tg eõhlnj ytd lhdbxloleiuud iytdcdu ytd –uåj Vinni‗" J uçgfjcj -ytd

xigfìg lbxdnvi i cjnjgivei hi vdluxi,# odlxj ejg iu gåju -ju hdhju lbhleihjv d gçblgj



49

cdibxihju d ju hdgilu ifil}ihju, ejgqvji ytd i etcxtvi ejgqivxlcmihi qdvhtvi# ejgj

Ibhdvujb -611?, ké mili dvloleihj0 d bduud eiuj# tblolei ixviìu hd tg nduxj"

Ké i udntbhi qivxd ud dbeivvdni hi qdvedqîåj hd ytd# iu ojxju hltcnihiu ifvibndg qduujiu

ytd lbxdnvig iu eciuudu ujelilu I d F -hd vdcdæbeli ujelic# icxj qjhdv iytlulxlj# hdbxvd

edcdfvlhihdu d ivxluxiu d ytd ovdyódbxig oduxiu d ddbxju etkj etuxj ì icxj,# ytd ejgqivxlcmig

hj njuxj hd iqvdeliv igfldbxdu vdytlbxihju ― duxdu ûcxlgju ytd gtlxiu d{du uåj icj hi

qvõqvli hltcniîåj hi vdluxi Vinni# ytd qvjgjd dg utiu qénlbiu -ejgj bi udeîåj Bjlxd

ihdbxvj, eiuiu bjxtvbiu d igfldbxdu ct}tjuju"

Ejbojvgd Gioodujcl -9<<=, ké mili d}qjuxj# duud qûfclej hdclglxihj# hlodvdbelihj# ejbuxlxtltgi bji xvlfj" D dg tg xvlficlugj# ejgj j hj udngdbxj Vinni# mé i lbhtîåj hd tg

d}ectullugj ytd duxvibmi xthj iytlcj ytd båj cmd ojv oiglcliv" Ì bduud ejbxd}xj ytd i

hdclglxiîåj xdvvlxjvlic ì tgi nvibhd vduqjbuédc qdci otbhiîåj hd gûcxlqciu ujeldhihdu" Qivi

i ujfvdlëbeli hd eihi tg ytd jtxvju nvtqju ud evldg i qivxlv hd tgi utqjuxi d}lnëbeli hd

gdugi bixtvd{i# gdugj ytd udki vdht{lhi ― ejgj bj eiuj hduui oixli ytd ejgqvddbhd j

udngdbxj Vinni# giu ytd hdxìg hd jbxihd hd qdvgibdedv"



46

EJBULHDVIÎÔDU OLBILU

Vduqjbhdbhj i qvlbelqic ytduxåj cdibxihi bduud duxthj ― ytd ejbuluxd dg tgi ejgqvddbuåj

hd tgi qvéxlei kjvbicçuxlei# ytd iqvdudbxi evlxìvlju hd bjxleliflclhihd# giu ytd båj ind qjv

lbxdlvj hd gibdlvi bjxleljui# lbojvgixli d oiextic# ytd utuxdbxd bj hdejvvdv hd udt xd}xj tgi

qvdudbîi qvdhjglbibxd hi qtfclelhihd d qvjqinibhi ― ojl vdicl{ihj tg iqvjotbhihj duxthj

hd eiuj hd xvëu udîôdu duqdeçoleiu hi vdluxi Vinni; Bjlxd ihdbxvj# Duxlcj d Ejbutgj * Dt

ytdvj" Iu gdugiu# ktbxigdbxd áu hdgilu qtfclelhihdu ejbxlhiu bi vdluxi# vdqvdudbxig

iqvj}lgihigdbxd 5>$ hj ejbxdûhj iqvdudbxihj qdci Vinni ― dg >8 qénlbiu# qjv d}dgqcj#

6= uåj hdhleihiu á qvjqinibhi"

J ytd ud qøhd ejgqvddbhdv ì ytd# båj ujgdbxd i d}luxëbeli ejgj xigfìg i qvdhjglbæbeli

hi qtfclelhihd ujfvd i qvéxlei kjvbicçuxlei# ud oi{ ixtibxd" I vdluxi Vinni iolvgi qjuutlv i

qvdjetqiîåj dg gibxdv lbojvgihj udt cdlxjv ixviìu hd bjxçeliu vdodvdbxdu á gjhi# duxlcj hd

lhi# duqjvxd# etcxtvi# gdlj igfldbxd d utuxdbxiflclhihd" Dbxvdxibxj# ju xd}xju lblelicgdbxd

”bjxleljuju“ iqvdudbxig'ud dg nvibhd qivxd# ejgj gdvi qvjqinibhi bj oijvdelgdbxj hd

duxifdcdelgdbxju# qvjhtxju# giveiu# qdvujbiclhihdu ― j ytd båj ejbodvd evdhlflclhihd ij

kjvbiclugj ktuxloleihj qdci vdluxi# qjv iuujciv iu fiudu hi gdugi ejgj lgqiveliclhihd#

jfkdxllhihd# ludbîåj hd ktç{ju hd icjv d jqlblåj# hdbxvd jtxvju"

Xic hdxdvglbiîåj ejbujclhi tg bjj nëbdvj kjvbicçuxlej# etkj lìu qtfclelxévlj# eivvdnihj

lbectuld hd jqlblåj# båj vdxvixi bjxçeliu d ulg# ytiluytdv iejbxdelgdbxju oiextilu

xvibuojvgibhj'ju dg tg ivxlnju qtfclelxévlju" Icìg hluuj# i edvxloleiîåj hi lboctëbeli hd

igfju ju oixjvdu ké gdbeljbihju# bi hdclglxiîåj hd tg qûfclej cdlxjv# hd blemj# tbloleihj qjv

iolblhihdu# xigfìg ud oi{ icdv"

Tgi bjxçeli d}qvduui j oixj# hduqdvxi bj qûfclej j hdlhj lbxdvduud d lbhiniîåj" Hdd udv

eiviexdvl{ihi qjv tgi clbntindg lgqduujic# ecivi d ejbelui" I lbxdbîåj hj dçetcj# i vdluxi

Vinni# ì i qvlbeçqlj# båj ud vduxvlbnlv i qdytdbiu ejfdvxtviu bjxleljuiu ― d}lflbhj tgi

ejgqcdxi ifjvhindg hd lbojvgiîåj hiu vdnlôdu hj Fviulc d hj gtbhj ujfvd iu gilu hldvuiu

dhlxjvliu" Dbxvdxibxj# i vdluxi Vinni iqvdudbxi lbojvgiîôdu oiextilu á bjxleljuiu# hjlu xdvgju

ytd ud hluxlbntdg ejgqcdxigdbxd dg ejbedlxj d ytd qjbhdvig d gtlxj# bj vdutcxihj olbic hd



45

tgi hltcniîåj" Vduuicxj ytd j oiextic iytl d}dvelhj# båj hddvli# ejbojvgd xdjvli# bdg ij

gdbju eivvdniv jqlblåj ― j ytd d}dved dg ejbuxæbeli"

Tgi ifjvhindg oiextic qvjetvi d}qjv ju oixju ejgj j icledved qivi uti qvjhtîåj# qivi i

xjgihi hd hdxdvglbihiu hdeluôdu" Dbxvdxibxj# j ytd ud jfudvi bi vdluxi Vinni ì ytd

hluxlbxigdbxd# i gdugi ejbudntd ejbelcliv i dvloleiîåj hd oixju ejg iu jqlblôdu" I gibdlvi

ejgj duud dçetcj oi{ hju oixju lgqtxihju hd ktç{ju hd icjv xjvbivdg'ud gixìvliu# ejbuxlxtl

qvixleigdbxd# tgi bji eixdnjvli hd kjvbiclugj ytd iytl# qdîj udt vdejbmdelgdbxj# ejgj

tgi qvéxlei ké lndbxd" J kjvbiclugj båj xdg ejgj qvdgluui iqdbiu lbojvgiv ju oixju# giu

eituiv hdfixd ujelic# ejbuxlxtlbhj iuulg# i bjxçeli ― j ytd båj ud ë dg nvibhd giljvli# dg

gixìvliu hi Vinni d dg lbûgdvju jtxvju dçetcju hd ejgtbleiîåj"

Ejbectl'ud ytd duud dçetcj hd ejgtbleiîåj udngdbxihj# hlvdeljbihj i tg qûfclej

duqdeçolej -ytd j qvõqvlj dçetcj lgqôd d hdclglxi, ì qjuxj dg }dytd ytibxj i udv bjxleljuj d

ytibxj á qvéxlei kjvbicçuxlei ― ejgj ud iqvdudbxi d lgqôd" J ytd dbjcd j qvjeduuj hd

evliîåj hd tgi gixìvli hdbxvj hi givei Vinni ud ocd}lflcl{i i oijv hj gdveihj# ieivvdxibhj

qivdedv hj vdhixjv# jqlblåj icìg hj kjvbiclugj jqlbixlj# qvjqinibhi# d xigfìg# lbojvgiîåj

― dbxvdxibxj# båj bjxleljui" Gthi'ud i bjxçeli qivi iolvgiv iytlcj ytd i ithlëbeli qvdxdbhdcdv# ihiqxihi bi olbiclhihd hd utqvlv iu bdeduulhihdu hj gdveihj d hj cdlxjv"

I qvéxlei# ilbhi ytd jvldbxihi qjv icntbu evlxìvlju kjvbicçuxleju# ilbhi ytd iqvdudbxd

eiqielhihd hd bjxleliflclhihd# ud hluulqi d qdvhd j eivéxdv hd bjxçeli ij ifvibndv ju oixjvdu ké

gdbeljbihju" Xjvbi'ud tg xd}xj udg hdolblîåj# qjv ejbxdv ejgj fiud j kjvbiclugj# giu ud

jvldbxiv qdci qtfclelhihd"

J cdlxjv hi vdluxi Vinni# qjv uti d{# tblhj qjv udgdcmibîiu dg udtu lbxdvduudu -ejbojvgd

ju xdgiu d ifjvhindbu hiu qtfcleiîôdu,# qivded ejbuxlxtlv tgi xvlfj etcxtvic tvfibi

hlodvdbelihi ejbudytdbxd hd tg qvjhtxj hd blemj" I udngdbxiîåj hi Vinni# hihi qjv xdgi

-duqjvxd# uiûhd# ejgqjvxigdbxj# duxlcj hd lhi# etcxtvi# gjhi, dcifjvi d qdbui duui

lhdbxloleiîåj dbxvd vdluxi d qûfclej ― tgi ytduxåj duxvixìnlei bi xdbxixli hd nivibxlv tg

gdveihj ― ytd# qjv olg# uõ jejvvd hi bdeduulhihd hi qtfclelhihd qivi ujfvdlëbeli hi

qtfcleiîåj" Qjv olg# ievdhlxj ilbhi ytd xic ivntgdbxiîåj jodvdîi utfuçhlju qivi iclhiîåj hd

tg duxthj i qjuxdvljvl"



48

VDODVËBELIU

IBHDVUJB# Emvlu" I eithi cjbni; hj gdveihj hd giuui qivi j gdveihj hd blemj" Vlj hd

Kibdlvj; Dcudldv# 611?"

DVFJCIXXJ# Gévlj C" Xìebleiu hd Ejhloleiîåj dg Kjvbiclugj; Vdhiîåj# Eiqxiîåj d

Dhlîåj bj Kjvbic Hlévlj" Qvdoéelj hd GDCJ# Kjuì Givytdu hd" 5« Dh" Qdxvõqjclu# VK; Dhlxjvi

_j{du# 9<=8"

GIOODUJCL# Glemdc" J xdgqj hiu xvlfju; J hdecçblj hj lbhllhticlugj biu ujeldhihdu hd

giuui" Glemdc Gioodujcl0 iqvdudbxiîåj hd Ctl{ Odclqd Fiëxi Bddu0 xvihtîåj hd Givli hdCjtvhdu Gdbd{du0 vdluåj hd xìeblei hd Ivbj _jndc" 6« Dh" Vlj hd Kibdlvj; Ojvdbud

Tbldvulxévli# 9<<="

GIVUMICC# Cdibhvj" J kjvbiclugj bi dvi hi qtfclelhihd" 6« Dh" Uåj Qitcj; Utggtu#

6115"

GDCJ# Kjuì Givytdu hd" I jqlblåj bj kjvbiclugj fviulcdlvj" Qdxvõqjclu# VK; _j{du# 9<=4"

GLVI# Givli Edcduxd" J cdlxjv d i fibei hd vdluxiu; i udngdbxiîåj hi etcxtvi bj uìetcj

]]" Uåj Qitcj; Jcmj h¸ Énti * Oiqduq# 6119"

QDVDLVI KÛBLJV# Ctl{ Ejuxi" Ntli qivi i dhlîåj kjvbicçuxlei" 6« Dh" Qdxvõqjclu# VK;

_j{du# 611<"

VJHVLNTDU# Ihvlibj Htivxd" Ejgtbleiîåj d etcxtvi; i d}qdvlëbeli etcxtvic bi dvi hi

lbojvgiîåj" 6 dh" Clufji; Qvdudbîi# 9<<8"

VJUUL# Ecõlu" J ytd ì kjvbiclugj" ?« dh" Uåj Qitcj; Fviulcldbud# 9<=?"

UEIC[J# Givçcli" Kjvbiclugj hd vdluxi" 5« Dh" Uåj Qitcj# UQ; Ejbxd}xj# 611?"

UJHVÌ# Gtbl{" I ejgtbleiîåj hj nvjxduej" Vlj hd Kibdlvj; Dh" _j{du# 9<>6"



XVIYTLBI# Bdcujb" Duxthju hj kjvbiclugj bj uìetcj ]] ― Ytdg lnli j ytivxj qjhdv:

Uåj Cdjqjchj; Dhlxjvi Tblulbju# 6119"

_LCCIU FJIU# Uìvnlj" J duxlcj gini{lbd ― J xd}xj dg vdluxi" Uåj Qitcj; Utggtu

Dhlxjvlic# 9<<?"

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