em ppt final1

8/2/2019 EM Ppt Final1

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Biofuels: Myths and Realities


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The National Biofuel Mission -2003 National Policy on Biofuels- 2009

Mainstreaming biofuels Target: blending biofuels up to 20 per cent with

petrol and diesel by 2017 Non-food feedstocks raised on marginal lands Non-edible oilseed crops (Jatropha, Pongamia)

Policy Interventions in India


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US Biofuel Policy


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Incentives and Policies Have Played a Major Role in Biofuel Use:

In U.S. ,$0.51/gallon incentive for ethanol, $1.00/gallonincentive for biodiesel

Brazil case: now a self-sustaining economically

Policy Measure


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Bio fuels in CDM (India)

Project HostCountry

GHGreduction

30 TPD Biodiesel project using oil seeds from Jatropha and

Pongamia in Andra Pradesh, India

India 26 k t

CO2

Biodiesel production and switching fossil fuels from petro-dieselto bio diesel in transport sector

India 26 k tCO2

Manufacturing of Biodiesel from Crude Palm Oil and Jatropha Oil India 60 k tCO2


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Market Mechanism & Biofuel Mandates

Biofuel producers Outcompete other users of the

feedstock Quantity of C even at the

higher prices.

Other consumers Less than if the mandate did not

exist Quantity B instead of A) Higher Prices


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Biofuel Policy Implications

BiofuelMandates

Boosts biofuelproduction

Increaseddemand forfeedstock

Price incentivefor farmers to

grow feedstock

Feedstockproduction

Technologyimprovements

National Biofuel Policy Policy Intervention

Market Intervention


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Feedstock Market


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Challenges of Sustainability:


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Challenge of Sustainability

FeedstockType

FeedstockLocation

Feedstock

Extent

Environmental

Attributes

Original

Conditions

FeedstockManagem

ent Biofuels - Challenges of Sustainability


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F e e d s t o c k

L o c a t i o n


Feedstock Type

Feedstock

Location

Feedstock ExtentEnvironmental

Attributes

OriginalConditio

ns

Feedstock

Management

Feedstock Location


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Expansion of cultivated land

Reallocation of agricultural resources due torelative price gains

Intensifying production per unit by reducingfallow periods and increasing agricultural inputs


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Implications

Indirect Land Use Change (ILUC)

Agricultural Landscape

Carbon Emissions

Monoculture

Destruction of Habitat

Property Rights

Poor peoples rights under threat

Fertility due to higher use of fertilizers

Change in water flow, quality & quantity

Change in soil quality & erosion

Change in landcover

Change inmanagement

Change in speciespopulation sizes

Disappearance of species

Colonization of otherspecies

Changes in diversity

Changes in ecosystemscapacity to provide services,pollination, soil stabilization

Followed by


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Marginal land?

Definition

A relative term

Uncertainties Economical

Definition Yields and prices

barely covers cost

of production Not in commercial

use vs landsyielding profit

Land values

Ecological services

Spiritual and culturalvalues

Traditional uses bylower income groupsfor their livelihood

Misuse

Poor definitions used

to justify change to anew land use Perverse incentives

Productive land ->marginal status

in order to qualifyfor programs


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O

r i g i n a l

C o

n d i t i o n s


Feedstock Type

Feedstock

Location


Attributes

OriginalConditio

ns

Feedstock

Management

Original Conditions?


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E n v i r o n m e n t a l

A t t r i

b u t e s


Feedstock Type

Feedstock

Location


Attributes

OriginalConditio

ns

Feedstock

Management

EnvironmentalAttributes

Soil?Air?

Water?


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Bio fuel crops compete for water

High BOD of water for Ethanol production Clean water for liquefaction of the feedstock Non contact water, primarily used for cooling

Effect on green water Vs blue water

Water Issues


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E.g. water for bio fuelcrops will endangerenvironmental flowsin the Krishna Basin

Water Issues


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Feedstock Type?Crop residues?

Edible?

F e e d s t o c k T y p e


Feedstock Type

Feedstock

Location


Attributes

OriginalConditio

ns

Feedstock

Management


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U . N. food adviser stated:"The ambitious goals for bio

fuel production set by the United States and the European Union areirresponsible. I am calling for a

freeze on all investment in thissector. 100 million people arecurrently at risk due to the food

price increases.

Food Vs Fuel


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Bio fuels policies : contributing to high agricultural priceslevels and volatility

Poor spend 50-80% of household income on food. The International Food Policy Research Institute estimated food price

inflation to be 135 percent by 2020. Case of market driven expansion of ethanol and maize price in U.S. Case of 2007 2008 world food price crisis

Economics of agriculture being rewritten Shifting most of his food field to corn field Feed cost for animals

Food Vs Fuel


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F e e d s t o c k

M a n a g e m e n t


Feedstock Type

Feedstock

Location


Attributes

OriginalConditio

ns

Feedstock

Management

FeedstockManagement

Fertilizers?Monoculture?


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F e e d s t o c k E x t e n t


Feedstock Type

Feedstock

Location


Attributes

OriginalConditio

ns

Feedstock

Management

Feedstock Extent?


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Sustainability

Biofuels are sustainable only if: Reduce GHGs as compared to fossil fuels Shall not violate human rights or labor rights Shall contribute to the social and economic development of

local, rural and indigenous people Shall not impair food security Shall promote practices that improve soil health and minimize

degradation

Contamination or depletion of water resources reduced Shall be produced in a cost effective way Shall not violate land rights


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Jatropha Curcus:A case study of SustainableDevelopment (Malawi,Africa)


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Jatropha is not a weed It grows well with 600mm of annual rainfall

(best yield) It can provide maximum yield even at 250mm

annual rainfall provided very high humiditypresent

Yield adversely affected by frost

Facts about Jatropha

Facts may be known, but refreshing your memory is always good for better understanding


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Sustainable Development Model

Women Empowerment

Poverty Reduction

Soil Erosion Control

Energy supply to ruralhousehold

Will the project befeasible for corporatesnow?


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Introduction to Sustainable Practices

Sap used for healingwounds

Seeds as medicine tocure constipation

Shades for coffeeplants

Leaves used to make

tea which curesmalaria

Jatropha

Alternate uses for Jatropha

Alternateuses reallyasustainablepractice?


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Male dominatedsocietyWomen notallowed to work for livelihood orown property

Introduction of biodiesel productionin Malawi

Huge amount of

glycerol left wastedWomen started usingglycerol to makesoaps

Landlords demandedmoney from womenfor making soaps outof plants

Women reducedproduction of soapsto just meet theirhousehold needs

Village headintervened to sortout the problem

Women givencommon propertyrights to Jatrophahedges

Women allowed toestablish shops tosell Jatropha soaps

Money made fromselling soapscollectively used togrow Jatropha inwastelands

Story of Women Empowerment

1990

1995

2003

Present


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Jatropha hedges and farmslands mainly owned by males

As soon as women sell soaps, men come asking for money

Hence, women make soaps only for their family use

Recently, village chief has taken initiative and has declaredJatropha hedges as common property

Men even gave women plots to grow Jatropha People without farm lands- Open access provided to themon wild Jatropha trees

Common Property Regime


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Rural Development


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Suggestions- Water


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Suggestions

Use of less water consumingand more productive crops

Grow less thirsty bio fuel crops

More effective water policies andmore efficient water institutions

e.g. Squeeze out more crop per drop

Encouraging new technologies ethanol, from waste straw and wood chippings using enzymes

Case of Sweet sorghum


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Suggestions

Policymakers need to encourage farmers to grow bio fuel crops under rain fed rather than irrigated

conditions synergies between bio fuel crops and other goals

e.g. scheme for growing bio fuel crops and, at the same time protectingwatersheds

Case of Velchal &Kothalpur, AP

d l


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Suggestions- Food vs Fuel

S i


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Suggestions

Freeze on first generation bio fuel production Non-food crops for bio fuel

Second and third generation bio fuel production like Ligno cellulosic material andbiomass of algae

Bio mass of Algae Conifer Seedlings

S i


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Suggestions

Holistic System Engineering Fuel from waste bio product

In case of corn, use only Stover rest pass to human food in gradients

Use of off Growing Season Crops Pennycress as a non-edible plant , off growing and twice productive crop


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Biofuels are Clean and Green! Biofuel champions assurance. Photosynthesis by fuel crops removes GHG

Reduces fossil fuel consumption Over entire cycle

From land clearing to consumption, savings areoutweighed Emissions from deforestation Burning, Cultivation Soil Carbon loss

Misconception


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How Green?

d


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Energy balance Biofuel environment utility


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Monetary costs Even if technically feasible, Biofuels will be costlier In US, more than $3 per

Consumption limited to urban rich And rural? Poor?

Greenhouse gases 19% more CO 2 for same energy release

Major Hurdles

Al f l E h l


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Ethanol as fuel-Efficiency & Ergonomics R&D investment, newer designs-> increased cost 50% larger volume of engines 20-30% lower fuel efficiency

Ethanol is Hygroscopic Dilutes fuel value Tough to handle->tightly sealed containers

Catastrophe!

Miscible with water Grave pollution danger, pipeline shipping tough Low Henry co-efficient

Doesnt evaporate easily over water

Alternate fuels-Ethanol

S C id i


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Hemp ethanol Only minor engine modification As much Oxygen as CO2 later Plants deposit 10% as roots, 30% as leaves Highly biodegradable

Brazil has made a strong case I went down to Brazil and I saw President Lula down there. I dont know if you know this, but the vast

majority of fuel to fuel the cars in Brazil is made from sugar.

President GEORGE W. BUSH Biofuels to provide 10% of Europe's transport power

by 2020. For that Europe must plant 70% of itsfarmland with fuel crops!

Some Considerations


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Thank- You!!

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