rosa luxemburgo ou o preço da liberdade

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Jörn Schütrumpf ( r .)

R o s a L u x e m b u R g o uo p R e ç o d a L i b e R d a d e



Jörn Schütrumpf ( r .)

R o s a L u x e m b u R g o uo p R e ç o d a L i b e R d a d e

Tr : i l m r L r r

1

ediToRa expRessão popuLaR

Fundação Rosa LuxembuRg. anáLise sociaL e FoRmação poLíTica

s p l - 2006



Pa a L vi e eu a i

A t d a i e c le a que e de aa t abalh de u a p i ei a leitu a, anizad a adece a c ítica e u e tõe



C yr ht © 2006, y e t r e r p l rTít l r n l: Rosa Luxemburg oder: Der Preis der Freiheit

R v :Geraldo Martins de Azevedo Filho e Miguel Cavalcanti Yoshida

pr j t ráfc r c : ZAP Design.F t c : Instituto Rosa-Luxemburg-s tiftungi r c nt : Bartira

T r t r rv .N nh rt t l vr r t l z

r r z t r z t r .

1ª : t r 20061ª r r : r l 2009

ediToRa expRessão popuLaR

R a l , 197 - b l V tCep 01319-010 – s p l -spF n /F : (11) 3112-0941 v n @ r l r.c . r



s ár

pReFácio ..............................................................................................................9

enTRe o amoR e a cóLeRa: Rosa LuxembuRg

a rtê r t r ................................................................................... J , l , l – r l r .......................................................d r m r ..............................................................................................2e tr l r t l q ..........................................................n r l “ rr ” ............................................................................................ultr j l r – t é r ? .........................................

a pRoFessoRa ....................................................................................................61

Rosa LuxembuRg: no aLbeRgue ..............................................................63

Rosa LuxembuRg: Tenho menos diFicuLdade emimaginaR Pogroms conTRa Judeus na aLemanha...u rt r s L k t .........................................................

... sempRe um seR humano ........................................................................83

Rosa LuxembuRg: a RevoLução Russa .................................................85

uma vida cuRTa ...........................................................................................127

daTas escoLhidas .......................................................................................129

dados biogRáFicos ...................................................................................133



pReFácio

ót t i l L r r Fr tr z r r rt ê t l r , q

3 t r r l r j /lé l tr Jör s ütr – l br l, z l – q r t

t r R L r , tt r r t l ; tr rê t

r t à r l r R Ll r t é té õ r

r r . u l , t t J , r t j t :

r l r q r r r .

o r r t t R L r , “n l r1912, é r l l tr t l t l t

l t , l r r r l r r t t tr r r t l t .

é r t r l t l br l t t r b rl r s p l , K rl m l r r p r

i r r g l r ii l g r r e t …t r 1912, l

t dr . L r : r q t

l r l t l t .o t é rt r , z1917, à s L k t. a rt R Lq t t r t r t r , t r r



R o s a L u x e m b u R g o u o p R e ç o d a L i b e R d a d e

10

ét , t l r . L r r r r t l q l Ca ta

da p i ã, 1920, q trv q r r br l: t r

q r e r l rt . aq l t t é r ét :

r õ tr j r Rú al , r l ; l r , p , r l ,

r t r l tr lo t r r r t é r r r R l, r t r 1918; r l r

r l r r , l r l r t , rr t lú rr r t l

r l , t R L r , r r z , r , r

L r - t , r r q

r r t , q rt , r s p l , q r “lt ”, j t r r

p l s r, r e r e r s r, m r Tr th r s tt , R t c l L p t . n l l, a br r L a t

tr q r , r r r l r r r . e t q r

é t t r t r t é r t r r l

) é l 21.cl r , t t tr r t rt t

L r , r t r l , r l tr

r l , l t l, rr . g t r l r r , l A c i e da cialde c acia, r t r 1915

ô “J ”. É l q r r



J ö R n s c h ü t R u m p f ( o R g . )

11

l r r t t r :ciali u ba bá ie.i t é: t r é r rt , q “ t r j t ” – ê , r z ,

t r - . n tr t r“ r ”, “l t r

t q j t r , t q r r tr t r , R L r r r

r t , à r r r r , g rr m l, t r,

q r t rr r q t r i ér R .

n r R L r é, l r rt l , j t c g r a t gr

r t r L Tr t ky), r l t / t é l 20 q r

ê l t é l q . s

r l t l l r r l , t r r t é q br l tt q rt r à r l l

q l t q r t q l tr . Q r R L r t j

m l Löwy p r , 19 j 2006



“o ... – q rr r t , q d r

t t r q lq r r ...Q d r r q rj , q

lê z r r , t r l t , r q ú q tê r t r z r ...

l t é r l ! p r q r

t r r r l à t z r r l .”

K rl Kr , 1920



“n q l é [j r 1919] rt q l K rl L k t

R L r l r . F q r q r l r t l t r l r t -l . p r

r r t r . err t r r j t r t

t r t ... a l r l r ... a ,

t é é q ,l t t r l-t l ,

é t t l t j t l.”c t W l r p t, 1962



Advertência para o uturo

Libe dade é e p e a libe dade de que pen a de d di e ente

a q r l t r r z rtr t l r , t t

, q rtr t r l t z . Fr qü

q r l t r r r l t t r r t õ , q ,r t , t r l l r . er l r s*

r gr , T mü z r T c J q R , gr b , c rl F r r RFr r e l , m k l b k , F r LKr tk . m t r r l t lrâ : a t b l cl r Z tk , vl r il L

t s , K rl L k t, L Tr t ky, J stT -t , p tr L , h c m Fr tz F t õ q rr j q lq

, ê- q l j r t t tc l õ . u l , q r

q r t r q r qür, é j l Tr r: K rl m

l t 3

enTRe o amoR e a cóLeRa: Rosa LuxembuRg

* o r r tr




16

q t rt : j l , t l t al ; r t q 1967 b rr ; t l

t r r l rt l r rr r: R L r , er t c g r a t

gr . T trê – r r – t r - é tr l r . T trê t é t r t t , q t

tr , r l . e t trê , r r . F r l à rt r

tr r r , l é l 20 l t t r l. alé , R L r a t gr tr : tr r t

q r r r r e t , rt r t t r l t t l

l r t - r p rt c t alL r st l ; j r rr r r l t r l 1928, l r t - r p rt c

it l a t gr r r t rr t l l à rt . s t er t c g r ,

r r , l r l t r cr , l rr l r ü t r t ter t c g r té j à z é q a t gr r r t

t l t ; t t , R L r , lt trê , r t ,

t r .

a l r , rt , rt . Q r rt r t r r R L r , r tr r r

r é , l r q r r lé l t




17

l r, q t rt t r l r t , r q

l l r l r – q r tr l r .o é l 20 rr r t , tr

t r , f l q r l t . el l rt r r r tr r rt j t r rõ t rt r rt r : t r t r r õ r t ; r r r t ,

ô ; t é l l , l r tr r t r , r j

l r r . p r t q r ré t l r: R L r

Judia, polonesa, alemã – revolucionária

sua hu anidade e tava p unda ente en aizada n hu ani de pen ad e ante i e que havia in uenciad pe anente ente a cultu a

eu péia. A inve ti a a hi tó ia, a lite atu a e a a te de p v e naçõde ut c ntinente , ela bteve ... in pi açã . sua dete inaçã a a i

e ua capacidade de c p eende analitica ente n v de env lvi ent e enô en ciai e de e p nde a n va pe unta de anei a nã dática de env lve a - e à edida que au entava ua expe iência n

vi ent pe á i anizad e t n da cialde c acia.

a l L tzd r t R l R 1905-1907, R L

q r à r al r p lô 1906, rr l v r . n q l é ,

r e t t , r rt tr tr Rú , al r á tr . v r

p lô , rt t ér r , t r , l r t , r r l l t l r. n

t r r r t l t




19

tr l t r . o q r tr t rl q r r al r l r r õ L t , t rr t r l

T t q l r l l lq r l ? i r l r q : l ê , r , r ê , lê t l

n spd, j t r - r t . p rl q r rt r t t r -

t r r l , R L r r z l q r r r

l t t sdKp L. e q rtr 1893 p rt s l t p l ê , pps,

t ; , - s l-d r p lô (sdKp); t r , q q r l t

rt , r r t r t l ê F l k r s l-d r R p

. o f t r tr pps t r t e t l ê t q rt R L r

t r t r t t lt q lq r l , l l ê

r j t r- r l r .p r t q t t

j t q r t r r t l r r l t . e q t e t

é l 19 é l 20, tl l tr . e qüê , t t R L r t q t l l

q r t r l t p lô , l l rt r té j . R L r , 80 l t , é r p

- .




20

m r R L r – l , q r q lq r l r – t r r r à q t l, r l

r q tr q t l a t i g rr m l, t l r

l r é q r j t , t l , l

l . p ré , l t r t , r t r é t t r r rt l t , q

l r t r – té t – tr é r t rr l r : tr l r

r t rt , r p rl tr t ú r z r “ r z õ

r l t r , t t z rt – à r tr

r ô l r j l à r r

r r l t . T r t , tr l r t r õ , r l .

, ; rt t rr t t q - r ê , t l l t

s t q rt r r t l r t – t tr l

t l . er l q r* t r L , * b l q – l ; q – ,

ii c r p rt o r r s l-d r t R (sdapR), rtL j r lI k a( A Centelha), r “ rt t ” r l

r r , r t r z tr l z , r ,b l chin tw) l r r r t rt ; r q

r z r rt rõ l r t tr ( r ,en chi tw). d t , rt r L r - l

r t r r t , r rt t , t r e 1912, l q q l t r r rt

t . e q t 1914 l q r à rrL r , q , r spd, n r l r r 1917, q r r ê t t




21

sdKp L t r R L r . c l t r r L rt

r z r t r rq - l t rl r t l t sdKp L j rtt r r tr l r z r t

t l . p ré t r t l l r à t tr rt

r t t l t l . p r r z , i g r r , t r t , p rt

p l ê , t é l q r pt al (Kpd), , r r r t

sdKp L. R L r L J , ér r r Kpd r r t 15 , rr r

tr -r l l ; tr t sdKp L rr r tr -r l t l

l , 1937, t l r p rt c t p

e t r r z t , sdKp L r l trr . n l r - , lt r l t . m t r

j l r lt p lô , r t r t r r; tr l , rt R z L

j q t t r , q 1871 Z r tr l v r . o sdK

rt tr l r “ r

q r r r l q ; r1917, l q r r , r z r l, . b l l t l q ; r r t r z

rt r r r t t q r, l r õ . e r t r z ,

r r r r r q , r tf t “l ” l q. st l , l r é R L

“ ” (1931, r . 52 .), l t t i t r l c t ( r . 53) r l t l . c l st l r t r m r , e l L – l t t t l

t l t l rt é m .

´´




22

pee up: r , q r r j t l t t é lt tr t r l õ . c r t

r q z , r t tr . aqL r t . er q

r t r R L r r t r t rr r , r r j t t rr r

r l t r t .

Do marxismo a Marx

N “ a xi ” d inante te e in eliz ente da a a a pen a ent c e e u velh ti a t ític .

R L r , 1913

E e a xi ta p und e quece a abc d cialiR L r , 1918

L J – 4 l q R L r t l j v l , j t tr tr l r t L t â l

, rt ér t r . J L r t t z l , l - r

r l t l t . el t rt r R L r q tõ l ,

r r r . Q r l tq l, t r r lt 1906, l

tr t t l , l t t – R L r r l r r t r à

- r , q t -l . e r t

J r r t r t r , t tr , q t t r , r t r t rl t j t l r , j t r

l z q r r t . c




23

, J r rt r rt l l, l r

tr r r t r r, r z z . e 1887, r l t t r r al r iii, r , r r -

20 -l q l r t r r r – q J r r t

, r t i g rr m l, r rr z l t l t gr s rt k* tr

; t é l t R L r , r 1919,

r m t, b rl . a r l l t tr R L r L J

t . o t u r Z r q r r l r s z r

r , , r t tr r r

L l r t r – j , é , t r – sdKp L, t é t r q r r t ,

t r , r l t r l (1913l t t r l t r . J

r t r, r l t , r z tr t - j r l l t – t

t r . el q r r, tr r r, t r. p ré , r

* gr s rt k : 2 j r 1915 “gr i t rt R L r t r r t r r

r t t tr spd à rr ; , s rt k ”, rt r “c rt s rt k ” l l “gr i te rt tr l r l t tr rr , gr s rt k r t t t r l r

K rl L k t, t r . e 9 r 1918, “L s rt k ”, t l r z t ; r s rt k“c t i t r al ”, r r z t c t al , é r a n 1918, j r

l l r “L s rt k ”.




24

, r q l t r tl r L J , q t z r

R L r ; l , J , j l tr , t r r r qü t t l , j q

ê l r r r r l ê l , r t r l t

l .e Z r q , R L r t r - r t –

t t l t l r t rt . n t trr r r t rr r . F l

r t q t t r t , l tz l l . e tr l r t

r r q r t t : ltâ 100 , - z r q R L

l t r t r l r l tt . n é , r t t é l

gr é lê , rt , r t r t , r r r qü t t r r o q K rt T l ky l t r l t éR L r , r t t

t l , lê l t .n é r r r q t r rr rt l , qü t t ,

t q l q r z rt r-l , l t r spd, l

l , t t , l t l r r t r r l -l rt

r q t r z r R Ltr q t lt r , r r l,

r l q r l, q q r r r t l , q lt r r , l r r r r t . R L r , q ú




25

t , r t l el j t r rê r r lt100 t r é t tr

t r – z t r q t t t t r õ .i l t q r r , r r l t t r t l t l, t é

q t l j , r j . À rr bu eau s i t r l*(1907) r t

r : r t R L r tr , z , r l ,

r l r r . o t é r l . c L J , t

q l : c t Z tk (1885-1980), l Z tk , 14 ; p l L , 12 ; é h d(1884-1917), q rr r t r r rr , 13

ú l – t t “ ”, t l – R L r r r l t tr r . n r t al l

l r j z r r tq rt R L r .

a l r l t z q l rt t õ : “s j t

v st , t r t r l r : qt , r t . Q g t

rt t r l ; t

* s i t r l: r z t r l rt (1889-1914), q r r r õ l t ô

r . a r l õ r t r t r r ltr r , r r r b r s l t i t r

L r r r t s l-d r R p lô L tn rr l, l r t rt tr r

z t r é , t r - “ r tr ” q l r t tr tr .




26

q r t r l r tr q r q l ”. (c rt m t l J )

s r l p l L , 1983é rt – q l ú l rr ê R L r –, tr r r r “ r t ”. L , t g r

r q r r tê Fr k rt; 1919 t r - r Kpd. e 1914, - r , ré t r l

z t r - té rt l . pl r t t 1922, rt t A

rev luçã ru a, tr l t r qü t tt r r t R L r , él r r tr , t t r t t : “l r

l r q r t ”.“c lt ”, r , r

r t r z r r r rr l õ r t l r t r q t t l r t r r-

, , , . m r l r r r l. e r l

rt l t t q , l tt r- - rt é r.” (J p t r n

n r t l t – r t t l –r r . n l t - l

t râ t r t q F 1899 r rre a cial u ev -luçã ? , q l j t r t

Fr r e l , e r b r t . n é

tr l t , b r t , r , r l , r t r l . p ré , l e l , r r t r r t t r




27

tr l t , q l r t l t

r q , qü t t , r t , t t l t r . b r t r q tr z t r r t :

r q r z rt l r , r l r t l t -

r t r t té t .b r t , t , z q l q

t rl t r l r t r t , r t l t . t r r t

t l, rq r, j t t r , tr l tr l r tê r z õ tr

– , r r r.

p ré , q l t , rt t b r t . e t , r t t t r r lé . a r õ

t l ”, r r l r l r t r spK t ky, r t t t rt . até cspd 1903 rr t r r*

q l R L r l r t q

* d t r r , lê r r (1896-1903)rt r ér rt e r b r t r tDie Neue Zeit , “pr l -

l . o r r tr t ”, q r t r z tt r q l r l t ,

r l t l , r r rt r r t r r t l t - r . er

t l õ r l r r r r l t l rtr rt , t l t r l r ; c

spd, 1903, t t t “ rr ” t . n t t1907, é b r t r l r l. n

r l r q R L r t r l ; t r t lê t r . e tr

é l t r r R L r realp litik r l r .




28

r t – q , t t t ú , lr õ r . o t

t l t r t l r q r r . a t r t r r t r r q t . o l r

l , r l : l re l t q tr l r t

r ú r l r j t m r l r , r rr

r t q r j l R L rre acial u ev luçã ? . a j l r , r t l r r r r – j , r q tr r

q r l l K t ky, q r r st l t .c t , r r m r r j t

“ r ”, r t q l

t t , l , K rl m r , r r t . K r tr t r q tõ t r le r b r t , r r - , 1880,

ér r t , r l r z r t t z r K rl m r r l l . a r lt “ r ”: , q r

õ t r “ t õ t ”. pr t q r t , K rl K t ky,

rt r q tõ t r , t t rà . T r à l K t ky: L , Tr t kyL r – q , re a cial u ev luçã ?, rt

t t ú r tr r t l l r r t q t t

até t r r , K t ky t t l q lq r r t r r t . a lêb r t l l , r , r rt r , rr -




29

“ l ”, tê t spd, q t , r “ p r ”: l r r

r r z l t – i rq tõ t r õ r l

t t l t l r l t r “t l t l q r t r r r t t .m r q t t r r é t l t qüê ,

t spd, t l l l t r l tr l t , j t r l

r t t . alé , spd r l r : al r r t t

l t r , t - t lt , l r t t r , r

r r , tr t t õ r r

tr l ê t r l t ro q rt e t , r r T r F tr t é t r r à i g rr m l – r

r r , l tr l r , K rl m r , q l –, t tr l l r r

r l t lõ s lé 1844. Q jh t , é l t r , l â

Deut che Theate [T tr al ] b rl , rr r t . n al r l r ,* r t r r l 1848

t r tr á tr 1866, al

* É l r : r r r r l g l r iic r t r z l r z , ê té , l

l t t r l l t r , r r lr . p t l t lt r r t , t

r t tr l l t . c z à r t rr r t l i g rr m l.




30

rt r r 1871 l l t r tr Fr t - r r t

r t t l õ , r l t r r F j t r r l , f

j l K rl m r r l j rF r L ll , q l l r r z tp r j , q r qü t t

r l , r r t , t i g rr m l, rt t t r l t r l ; rr

r r Kpd ( q l, t t , últ tr , rt l t r t

q r r rl t r, “l r j ”). o r z t

l , q tr l r , l l r l , tr l e r b r t K rl K t ky, t

tr r r l t . T é

lt tr l t j l , al st Zw , r - , q t q é l f ê j r l t

t ltr . a r , l t r t a

tr t r , m t l “ r t ” R L r , r qü t t o q r r r l r

e t u q l j t tr r T r t t.

c t r r , t r t spd - r t r l l

K rl K t ky t j R L r , r

tr l t , t ê . n t r e r b r t t r z ; t t , rr z r- r r ô t r r t t r tr - . n




31

l l , rt t l t r r , r

t rr t l ; , rt r , . p r r z , r t q r

b r t r j t , r j t tr r r- : r ú r r

rt , rt l r t l r

l r p rl t . T qt r r t r r r r

tr t r t t ér t b r t , q t r l t t tt r l õ z r r t l l. o

r õ r z l t tr t t l r t spd.

R L r , q rt r l

spd – r l l q , l r t , r , t r é . o

spd, a t b l, j t t tq q r r t r r r , t t é t l z r . el , r l ,

t l l r . n c rt q l r l

t “a t, t ”.Q R L r , 1906, l

j r l t l a m t k , r l t r t v r , b l t t r ê

r t r l rt -l r . p ré ,

l r rt r tê t , r r r l r R t r l t

r r q l rt . e r r l r,




32

, t R l Fr – t l r , q r r r al . R

r t q r q lq r ê , t r r lt , r z t lt , té l

, . R Lr- , t l r l t rt .

el r q z – r t q tr t r é l tr

1907, R L r l st tt rt, cl r Z tk , r

, r r K t ky. a l r r r t a t b l, r t spd, q t é t r

t r q r t r tR r r q r

t l , r r r r l

r últ l re 1907, tr t t spd r r W t l õ r R t . el t tr r à ltr l t rt

rq tr “ r tr ” spd. ar rt tr l r l , l- t

, r tr t l t r , r , q z t t

l t . p l r r z, tr - r l t l t , q r tr

z r t l l l r j r, l t r t , t t

r l t , r z r r

“l r l” , , l r l t . irt t t r l t r . a l r spd r t r q tr

r l t r t – r t




33

l . a l tr , tr tr q t t r . p ré , 1880,

j r t r , r t t r t t l ”, z , tr r l t r z , r

z rt t r l : d rt l r t l r l õ 1907,

tr t r r r l t r z r f ê l r .

n t t , t r tr té t t l r t , l

t l . T r r t tr - , ,r t . T r t tr t - – r lt

r r t z r t r t l , j , tr t -

l t , q l l r spd r

. c t , r t - – q r t r r r r z õ – rrl t r z t . F l

j r t r tr l – q l t r t r – r r r l t r r t ,

r tr z . n 1907, l r spd r t q

à r t , r l q j l r rj t . al , r

r l r t rtâ rTr t - l r tr r :

l t l l – , t r l t ,

L r q r – ú r t t , l t r tr té r r r, f ê r rt

t tr l l , t é ,




34

r f ê , tr r r r z o t rr r l t t

r z r r l . a l rl últ : l q r , q t t r

z t r tr r r r tr -t r -l r , z l r rt l r r. o q l t r l t r j t r t l ; z

- tê-l . e t r r t q tr rt , t r r t r q t . e

t r tr té à l r spd r ré t rr

t 1914, t rt rl 1907, 3 t r 1918, l

tr t r r , 2 193 a q r l t - t r l t r

l l r spd, r t r q t . m t r q r , l r t l t , r r

tr r r - “ l rt ”, q l t q lq r tr l j r q . p l

z, à l z ô q té j l t : q r té l r l t

r l r , j , lt r r rt r rt t r l - “

l q z l t q r .d 1907, q r tr spd r z -

q t r t l r. a rt r 1911, r r Fr z m r R L r “ q

j t ” q l, rr , t é L k t, q t rt t r q r r z r l rt , h r s lz,

t t l .




35

o r z t R L r spd, ér r t õ r t , j r t rt tà p lô r r l r . e t l t r

Rú , r t t r , ll õ r t rt . n r l t r l r z r l

â r t , r z rt r ré- r r l, r

r rt l r. R L r à q t r z t spd

r tr r q lq r , r t r l r . a l r spd r

r tê r z õ , r r t ê-l tr r rt e t l

q r tr j r t r – r 1907, ré l r rt r 1907.

n Rú , R L r t z r rt r r l rl , r l t – ,

r r z . c é r l t l t , 1906, c r sp

r r t r . p t r r t , rg eve de a a , pa tid e indicat , q l r t l

c r , r l - t rt tt q r tr spd, r R L

t tr l t t t l t q r r r- spd , r spd r

r l r – r rt tr l r z r

r l t lr t , rl t , R L r t t r. n l r , r r l

l t r r t




36

t q r t t rq . n 1870, K rl m r r t rr l m k l b k , l t r

r t r l 1848, t r rr m r r t q l rt l r r

r rr r l t r j tr . n t t

z r l t r l r r r r r l , q r z r, l r r r t

r l r r tr rt , r l t q r t tr ét , r q l rt

r r l r. b k t r, lê j t r t t r z l

t , l t l t rrq t q r z r r

f t ô tr t l tr l , t t ê l r t , q r-l l t l t . al té r , r

rr r t t .c m r b k ,

q r qü t t r , rrr l l t l t

l l rt r , t é rqr r q t r t , r tr

l ér rt t t , qt l t t l . e z

, q t l , l t r z l, r ê ú

à q r r t té j , r t tr . p l t l rr t q t q t , r r ê

q t r. aq , l r r z,




37

f t q r q r é l 20 r ú l z r t r : l

r t õ , tr t k t r t ... q q r q l t l t .c t r z , j r z K rt T l ky. c

r r ú q r r l l r t l tr “ é ” r t l : q

r é t r , t t – r , t r rt r

z. a q r r é rt ét l , q t t l l

t , r rr t r .s t l t , t “ r t -l

ê t . o t l t , r r – t t r t l rt

t l t t –, r r r r l r. el t “ l ” tL r l , q l l rt

t é t r t j ltl t r l 3 t : r

t r ê r , , t r z t r l r tâ r

l t r l r Rú l q tr t l t l t t , l r tr

ér ; , “t r ” - t r- . e l t rr

R l o t r , r r r r t l t , “ l ”, t é t t râ

l t t l t ér .c rr r l l, j l q , t R l o t r , l

r r tr r l , z r




38

à r r r r l. a Rú ét tt r r- “ l t ” r

, l q r t . a rt r 1927, st l r t r -

pcus à t r l t , t l r r q r t t l t r , q l l

z q lq r r r tê – rl – t t t r

o r r z r t é : , t l t , r ...o t R L r r r t

l l l r t l t . o q l – t r l q , “l r ” r

, t t l t rr r l l, r r l t t

rt t , kit ch l r lt r – t t

t l t l t .o t l t t l r l tr t r f õ õ . p r l , t “ t r ” – “ t r ” –

r r t r j t r t r l t r r m r t t tr r , m r – l , R L r – r r

r t l t . p rt l r t R Lq j r t t

q , r r l t t . e trrt , r l z r m r . el r r

r r – l, t l r t“ r -l ”, r j t t

t t m r . alé , r é mr , r t l; r q t ú “ l r l t t t ” r

tr l t t . m , r m r




39

r . J q , tt t z r r rt r

t r r t r t m r , r t rz r t t t .n , tr l t t l t t r r, u s ét l t

t l t l, lt r ê l , ú

à rr , l r r r r l c r l r R l o t r 1917,

1945 rt l t é l t r r zt l t r r r t l

t t l t q t tr l rl r t l t . a , t

r , r l q R Lr , r r t t . n r

u s ét , , z r l t õ , q t . a , al 1920

l t t r r t l r t r r , t l t t r

Rú , r r t õ l q qq q r tr r r l

r , à z l t , l t l r.

R L r l r - t . el t ê , t rt é t t r r t t tr

rq t – r t t q q r r t r

g rr c l l (1936-1939), q r r t t l t r t l . a tr rt , R L r r - r l t

r l rq – r t




40

t q t l r . s r z – r r

rr t t ê – l t l r à q

tr r rq r tr l , q t r t q t t .

R L r t t q , r l t t l r t . Tr rr

t r r à i g rr m l, q l l r l , K rl K t ky, t

t r r t r j t r l t r l r r t l tê t

qüê , t r r r . p r Rr , r tr r r lt . a r t r tr r t l r tr t r , l q q l

r t – l q , t t , r rts i t r l. n r r é é r tr t – r t ,

tr – r k t k t r r r r m r l

n , t râ l é ( r l r R t F r, er t T W lt r ul r t, q 1923 r r

p rt c t j R L r a n 1918). a rt r 1910, l l

“ r t ” “ r ” r l t tr r t r t .

Q rr l K rl K t ky,

r , t r l r spd à l ér rr , R L r r r rr t tr “

rr l , l r l r -




41

q r l l q rt j r , l r q

l rt r tr t r r , jl tr 1848.”o ú “ ” q R L r r t

ú l , q l t t t l t r. n r r p rt

al , 31 z r 1918, q l rt r q r r t ê , t rt ré m r , l lt z r

t r é , r t t tr z , tr r r l, t “ r

“ r r r , l ”, r tr r rê r rt . el : “v

r ”, : “v lt ma x , lt à r . al r r j r r q t r

é tr – r l r – z r r t , tr r r l t l - t rr q m r e l 1848 j r r .”n é l 20, ú r t

r r l r , t é, t r r l r . m r

l r l t rú l t r, l , q r

j t r r t t t : r , 1930, q l r t r

t tr t r t t l t r e rl r h tl r st l tr l

r l r r r à pr r pr 1t st l , b r m l t , t é m T -tp t r “ r t ”, t

t r r r .




42

Entre socialdemocratas e bolcheviques

r a Luxe bu e u...; ela e u...; ela e u...; ela e u...; ela e u... ma ape a de t d eu e ela i e c ntinua end u a á uia

L , 1922

... ca inh nã leva à tática ev luci ná ia pela ai ia, ele leva à ai ia pela da tática ev luci ná ia.

R L r , 1918

R L r tr t r l t r qü t t r , r l t “ ”l r l t r t ô

õ , q r l t r q l t tr r ô l t

t , , , r- l t t tl r . m R L r t l l õ“ r l t r ”.

p r l , rt t* i l t rr , r tr , K rl m r al r t , r r t t r l t tr r l t r “ j t ”

q r r r é l , q r t r t r r é r l r r . n l r

é l , t r r t t q tt t j t r r r r r l

t r , t l , l r l r . p tr l r q r ,

l r r l q , r t , t r r é l t l

j r t l t l l t l r t

* c rt t : t t r r r tâ ; t r r Pe ple’ Cha te (Ca ta d P v, 1837/1838), r t t t q r r

r t , l õ r r t .




43

l , l r - l t t l r ” q , l, r

l t r r t t “q r ” z r q lq r : r q l r r t r , qü t t , r à l

t q l q tr r t r t tr l t r ; t tr r r

– q t “ r r l t r ” r .

T l r t r l t r R L r . n t r, rt à lr q l l j tr

t , rt r t l. atatu , r r tér . el t l n t t , t l t t t l t l r

q tr l r r l . d r t t l

spd – r t t l – l r “ tr q ét t t r l r . n t r R L r l t rt r l rt r t t r

t , r z r, r t r l t j r q rt . el t

rr r, q z r l à “ r l t r ”, q rrQ , 4 t 1914, spd R

r ré t rr r rt “r f r , rt r t l

r , R L r r r t r r r . salte e r ê – l

q tõ rr z –, l t J rè , q l r trr . T é Fr t , t é l

r l t r ” r r l r t r t r .




44

n l t , q r l z r l r ”, l tr l r , q

l tr l r j r r q l q , l t r r t , t

é r l r , l r õ r ll t r l, é l 20, t ê

r l t q r , r t l r r , j l r -l

t : q r l , r l t r R L q r r , l q t r L a t ê t r r t r tr l

l r l – t r l rt t r l t r tr , r

r s i t r l – “ ” “trr t l t . a é q l tr l” r l , q t r

ú r t r l tr r l . a t ê l t q l q r l t - tr rt r l t r l t t

qü t t , r l t . e t ê q t f ê r l

r l r. p r l l l tr l r . p r t

l é q t t tr l r . o ér t r

t ê t r t é l tl t – r t t spd, q q r

r l r.

n t t , t ê r t l t : q t L , r K rl Kq r l t r t r r t r

q r rt r l , r ,




45

q r tr z “ r ”, r R L r t t r q l r r l z

l r t r t t l r r l rr t , t é l t tr zl rt r l . a r, r l t r

ê t r l r t – r r ê t r r rr t –

lt r t tr l r r .R L r t r lt r l, q t

l t l – r m r , l spd, l l –, “ tr z r ê ” q lt , t é, r

l é . el t r lt r l ll . p r R L r ,

r , q t

t r r l r ), t . n r l q r ltp r , tr rt r

, r l , l l r l l q r . e q t r r r

tr r z l tq t r r q t l r

q , rr t l t r l 1907, t tz õ l t rr , rt r q r ,

q t r r r r l , t l t r t r r. n t , q tt , t t r l l r q

r tr t l t t l r. p r R L r r rr r. L l r r “ rt l , l r l r j

q t l “ l rr ” ..., t r r “




46

n q t rl t r, R L r t - rFr r e l , q r p rl t tr

r r l r , . p r l r r l t r .

l r t , r r r r , r l ú q z

. n q R L r j r r t r t ér r r

r l t r l t r , r t t l t . o rt z

à l tr l r r q l , r r j , t r t

u r l q R L r r l qr l – r r t l z r t r r

r . T é q l r rt lê q l t . p l t l t

q r : q lq r r lq . L a t bl q (1805-1881), q r rt r , é l r t r t r z , q

r r l e t trl . p l r r z, 1904, R L r

L l q r t r t l r t : “ rtt ” L , rt l q r l r

r rt l q t q rt r r t l t rt , rt r

t r l tr l r . R L r r t r r z t . d

r t t q t l t r , lr t , r t t l tr l

t , t l r lê . p r t Tr t ky, r r l l l – e ér t v r l – , , t t q t r l t r . i l




47

t r t 1938,* ér t , l r t t l t rt e t

t , té 1991, r t l t l t Rú t é r

trê l t q r t t , é t r l, à r l .

a r l r L t t r r, t é r â : l t , t r l r , rr r r

q tr r t r e t , q r q t

l . e , , l r tr r rt r ,

r r . aq l q t r r l rê r z r t l

r l t t t . e t tr 3 : r

1927/1928, t t l t r té 1953, t r rl t té 1989/1991. n l, ; r q tr - r

t l, Rú , té j t l r l – l õ r t t tR L r , tr rt , r r

t r r t r . a tâ t t t q r â ; t r

q t L l j r z r r t r , t r r , t l t r

t r l t . el q r t

* d q , 1934, st l r z r t r r l rl r l r , 1938 q t r

e ér t v r l r – r 20 l . n t t t rr r t l t 10 l õ –

r t r , r l r r l t r r ét t r r.




48

q r , r r r l tr l r r r r-t , ô l r é té .

F r t q r r à r l q Rr l rt r tr l. el t r R l Fr 1789, l r

t , c p r 1871. n tr tr r l , tr

lê . el r r l é l t q z rt f t ;

l rt r r (r t jq r l r r rt l r . n

r lt r t t l r r é r t ,

l “tr l”, rr q l tr r t c t al , 1918,

.e z r r t r l õ “l t r r l” q l r t

t t r r r r l r r à é q r l “ l

t t r l “ r ”, l r l t rr t t t q l t t (c t

tr r l õ – l r t r –, r r tr é r l õ .). n

L r – tr r z – t t t l q l lt r t t r r

n últ r , r r tl j r r l l

r é - .n t r z r , z q r r l q l r t r l r

n t r l l r r l r




49

r l . p rt é q r t r t , r , r rrt z r t l t

té q t t l tr r t tr , q l

“ r r ”. er t r r l t r t tr l . a ,

m r , l r l lt r t , t z l l r r .

er t r R L r q trr l z r “realp litik r l r ” q rt , l r r , q

r l t t l t j l, l t r l. c t , t , l

t l r z rt r r lr r r l L , q

q r : t r r r r r l, r, r q z r.e tr r – r l t r r z t , r l à l r l q r q t r z t rt t r t r l r t

, R L r t r l tr rr 1905-1907. el q q r t t t q t l r rt

, , r r l tr l r .p r r z r - t t r

rr , r tr 4 t t , l r Fr z m r “gr i t r

“gr s rt k ”, z tr lQ 1917 spd r t q t z, R L r , r

l t , r r p rt s l-d r t i




50

(uspd). u rt r r l r r j l. pq r l rr , t

r Rú , 1905, t – r z rr z t rr t . p r , r q

s rt k ” tr r “L s rt k ” r l . o p rt c t al – l

l z – r r t r l .

Na revolução “errada”

r a Luxe bu p cu ava, e a ti e ani e t , e cla ece p leta iad b e entid da ev luçã ... ma quant t abalhad e

quant ldad entendia Liebknecht e Luxe bu ? A cabeça d ldad e tava c n u a. Liebknecht e a que tinha de ejad a paz e

itad “abaix a ue a”. Pa a ldad i e a b ... A a h ecla ava p “n va ue a”, a ue a d p i id c nt a p e eo ldad nã c n e uia entende . E que abia ele de Luxe bu ? ...

A a a nã entendia nenhu d d i ...Fr tz h k rt, 1921

e 1913, b k , rt Fr k rt m , RL r t l l r q ,

rr , r r; q r r 1915, r r b r , b rl . d r

l r . até r l r t r t ” l Wr k , br l “gr s rt k ” r l z tr l l rr l t tr rr . v l t

, l q r , l r 47 lr l 8 r 1918.

e z t “ r l t r ”. a spd, q r t 4 t l õl r t l rr l, r

r l l 3 t r 1918 tr




51

a r t q l t t r l t l r rt r tr l r l t r . p r , q r 1918

l r l rr r rt l r t r l

F r ar l l t r r l t o “gr s rt k ”, q r t tr l

r l , r tr l tr f ê q t r l r r

r q t j t t : , rr t , R ú l t

j r tr l 8 r tr z , t trê l prú r . T r

t l lt t r r – l q q r : lt r r a q r t r K rl L k t R L

l r l r r , r r r t q l t rr t r q , r , l

q r r l , t l ér R ú l q t l

r r . e R ú l r l r r . a l r spd, t t r rt j R ú l . T uspd,

rr . e t “gr s rt k r l t t l t .

p r r l t r , t trê l t r l t , , q t , rl t r l t l rq

l. F t r q l r r br r -prú tr r t , t l t

rt , r r t q




52

z , t r R ú l , õ lrr l r t t , l, t é

l t q r r l é té , z q rt j

er 1923, r t R Lt t rr t Fr r l ; r

r r , t l l ô r t . a r r rr l

1919 l t : q l r r tr b rl , té j rr t

rr rt k t ”, l – r t lt r t r tr r – r t , t l K rl m r 1871 r t c

p r . p ré K rl m r z r r : l L r , q R L r

rr W l r r . g t n k (spd

t - - F r ar , ô r r l , .

Ultrajada e glorifcada – mas também necessária?

Ele (Pa vu e r a Luxe bu ) inventa a u delutópic e e i enchevique, da ev luçã pe anente (u a

ca icatu a d del de ev luçã de ma x), at ave ad p u a c pleta ne açã enchevique da p lítica de

aliança ent e a cla e pe á ia e ca pe inat , p nd -a del b lchevique da ditadu a ev luci ná ia-de c ática

d p leta iad e d ca pe inat ...st l , 1931

s r r , t t r r q t , r r q l

q r rt . o z t , j 1933, z r r




53

tr l r l t à r l , r j t r R , q t l tú l R

r K rl L k t tér b rl -Fr re 1935, t t t l t l tú l . a l t j .

o r r t r q r r . Q st l “ r r”

r r é l q lq r tr t t - l “ tr l r t ”,

r t t l t ê , Rr , 1931, rt l r t rl r - tr t q r r

t rr t , r t i t r l* gr r Z – l r .

i r t t r q R L r ,, t t r l q j

t , r t é t, q r t t , q r l õ t r l z

n t tr t r R L l t , l , t r l t

l l r r .o l R L r , q z t rt l , r r l q t r , õ l t : l r ú l q

rr t l tê l r t l r q lq r t r. e

* i t r l c t (t é T r r i t r l): 1919-1943; r r r l l, tr r - , ré r

e r , tr t l t t r ét . R L r ,rr r, t - t tr r i t r t s i t r l rr




54

l t r t t , r -t t r , l st l t r

t ú .el r r t L R L

tr l r õ r r t , r , z t t L , r l

“ rr ” t õ r t R Lúlt r “ rr ” r t t z . o “

” t r t . o t q tr “ l tq ” R L r t

i t r l c t t q l t t é r t t r. al , Tr t ky, r l st l , q t é

tr “ ” r r – tr t k , q tr t r l rt r Tr t ky

t , r l - r – t l

t t tr l . o tr t k r t “tr t k t ”, rt r 19q t t t z l t , q t l

r t r z “ ”, q l t r r r l , tr z r “tr t k ”. Tr t - tr r

R L r , tr t - r q , f ê t l t , l é l t

ê r l r rr r e tr rt , t l t t z r r R L r , r t

Tr t ky, , r l r R“ r ” r , r út l r l –

q z r – q t ê rlt l r t l té 1989. n Rda, l R L r r t - ,

j r , , tr q




55

r t j . p r t r trr t r , t r q l r z

– l tú l r R LK rl L k t.

d 1990, j r , r - r R L r K rl L k t,

, q ê rt l , l t l t rr r r t r - l t l r

é l 20.n tr 1948 1989, 1919

t , t Rq q lq r tr r l , , té rq l : pr R L r , ,

V lk bühne [T tr p ]. a r r t t t tr r l t

1951 l r sed [p rt s l t u

s t 2006 l r “ l R L r . R t ú l , q r l -l

q l r . e z r l r l tr t l. F

r t r r r t j L r t r r l r

r z r t r . a z r r t t .

o q r r R L r , , p lô , j T r rt , b rl

t t t r rt , r t , r rt z , q l ? al

t r r : a é q j q r rtâ z q r t l j q t r

“ t ” R L r . a t r l

´´




56

t , tatu , l “ t ” r r tê t r . c j r l õ l tr

t r r t t t t r é j t ré- r

r l z r t . al , t é é lé t l rt q l r r r é l , t l r

l il tr , i l K t.“e q t t r l t r ,

t r r , l “ l ”, j t r t r r - õ .” s l

r t , r tê z – r z l , l t . n r t

L r é t t l t , t r r r t r .“e ú l ” r r R L r r r

q lq r r . T r r r l zr q r q r t z r r t . a lê r tr t R L r . p

r z , r r r tr . n q é r l r té

r õ t r t r tr , é r r r r lê r é

r r l t lt .R L r , l , tr r F r

L ll , r r r l r . p r r r , “realp litike ” [ l t r l t ] tr

q , , q “ l ” tr r l t q r , r , “ rt ér ” l

r t q rt , l r t r r l r t z r r lq é”. d r , t t

t r , r r t r j




57

n é , q r l z ” õ

, l r l r r , qü t t , r t r –, -

“ l ” R L r . el r rl t , à z té lt ; tr t t

q l r l à , t q rt .

n t l é r t R L r à “r z õ ”. h j , é r r

t , R L r q rt út , q t r t , é t l t . el q t , q lq r t , t t - t . i r r t q lq r t

T r z õ út r q l q

t t l .La t but n t lea t,R L r rt à l t r t r l – r t r l t , r tr

r t rt , q tr n l l t r , t r r

L r l l q t r r z , q . d , l– út l – r t , , p r , q r l r t

r t t l .

Jör s ütr b rl , 17 r r 200



“m r R L r r r rt rt , rr

r r l

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r r r l r , q qt l r t rr t ér -l t r r t . p r

q r l r z l t r r r t

r l r, rl , T . el tê q

r ê r r lp l L , 1922



alé ... t r t r r r , R L r r r r ... F r r l l

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tr , q R L r z l t .) ...d q l r r t r r r r

l t l r r r r éc r t r t , õ , l tr

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rr tr r r r r t l t...p r z , l r rt l r t l . q tér l r tr ê

tr r l . Q t õ lt ltr r r r l à q tõ t , R Lõ r t , à z l l , à

à z l . el r t r t l z q r r , z r t r t r

j t t r l r t r ; r r l q rr r r t t l ê r l

R W l t , 1920 a r r R L r c r

l p l Fröl – t r r – rL r , 1929 l Kpd

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o l t q tr t l r l t l . m l l l l â t , ! l z n t l, - t r

r , l - t q l r rr r t . a t r

: r r J g , 21 ; m l r, 47 ; L sz zy t r w k , 65 –

l t -t t t . a tr r t rt : l r , r ,

q t ú l , l t r l l r . a t q t q 150 -t t z , 70 rr .

d r t r , t r ré R Frö l, qt t , tr t r r l. d

t õ ? er , r l t l t tr ? a l l r : r

j , t t , t r . a t r tr - “ r l r q

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tr t r . p rt t , r l q -t t , trt q l r l , t

q t n t l l r l. a là r r “ r l t ” t r r q

-t t r t .e t , J g , K rl m l

L sz zy t r w k , t têrt t t t . a r – q t r ! v r

é t t l r l -l

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l r . o q r r r -t t : l r l tr

j l r t t r r? Lt r w k t r - r t t rt t r

rt z r r l t, r .

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65

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66

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, t , l é r r r , r rr , r . d r t r r r é rr

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l , q t r tr l r .e tr l r t r t tr l r ,

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r r t r t l t t l 40lé q l tr l r “ t l z l”? o r r t q l j , q tr

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67

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r , tr r rt

r r , l ê tr , r , l rr ; r l r l all t , lt l z l t ,

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m r l t r l , r , q r r l t rr r c

l , l r , l r , rj t ,tr - ú r – r r q

a r tr l t - rl r , r , rt . p r rj r r t r ,

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68

t t l. a l t r l õt - l r t l t , t rr t z r r l tr é , l

t tr l r – r , r t , lt r t l tr r

r - , t r r l r q – r r l .

d t t t , t t à úz , à t r t rr –

j r , ú r r tr , l q , últ r é l rt t r

l , úz t j t l.

d t t , r , r , l t r tr . e

tr l r r r r , r t r r ú l r t l.

m r r t r lt r.r l r , t , l

r – t , q l r rr r rq r , r l z rr t

. o r r t r - z r z rr l r . e t

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69

t q t , lút , q t l r t r r

l q é rr r rr : r - r l , r . e r

r t r r t o r ú l tê r , zo capital , t t l r l tr

rt r . o r z ú l t l l t l tr l r r r r l t r ,

r t l t l t r qr r r q z l, t l l r r,

r r t , rt t t é r r l t r r t tr l , t

r . m q t r r

r l à tr l r , t t r l r . e t é l r l l tt l t .2

L sz zy t r w k , q rr r , r r q tr , z rt r l t r

q lq r tr l r q l r r qr r rtõ a n r , rr t

r . o l r -t t tr l l r t l p l

d t b k [b al ]. e q t r q r t q l l r

t t tr t l r l r . o r é t t

2 v r K rl m r .Da Kapital , l. 1.In: K rl m r , Fr r e l .We ke , l. 23.b rl : 1970, . 673 . Tr r l r :o capital , l. 1, t 2. s p l : a r lc lt r l, 1984, . 209. a t R L r r r z t t

. (nT)




70

r r r r r rt l t t l r “ lt r r ”: r

q t r qü t r l r r l t l t t r .

T , -t t rr , r –é , r l t r l l . oz t b rl r t r

ô . o r l t r r t q rr ér t . m

tr l , -t t , q r ú l q , q j l t r

h t l t r é , T t r q r t lt q tr

l q r t . d l t rr18 r 1848, tr l r rl l

r rt t l r té p l

r t r r r t r t tr t - r r r b rl , q r r

r l õ r l t r l -l l t r t : r l q

t rr r !

e tr Die gleichheit (st tt rt), 22º , 1912, º 8, .113-115.




71

“p q t r t r t r l t r t r l, q é R L r ,

t - l j ê t r q l t r r,

... ér l ( l ) r r r t ú l r

a tr r l r q r

r R L r .”W lt r J , 1988



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br l , t 24 z r 191

s t k , r , q t t t Q r r r t t , t t

r r tr , r l . e t r r r r rt ,

l r r t r l r ê à t .p ê t l r t

r - r f tú . o q l t t , r õ t rt r , é l t r

r r l.1 o q rt à ê t l r ( qé r r l , l tt t t r . até

r , t t , r z r q t r-

t . d r l, r q rr t ; t , “ t ” r r . Tr t - l

r l t rt r q l r r , l lr t j r r , l r

r . n q r r p tr j , t t t l t t l . n Rú

p z r t . o r tr l

1 s L k t (1884-1964), l r K rl L k t, r R t




74

l é t rt r .2 a r l r t l r t r r tq K 3 é r r pa é . T l

r p tr j al ... a r t r z , r , r t

r . n t , ê r t t l t tr qq r r l Rú . c

f t t tr r s p t r R ,4 l l r l r l r r, q

t r r t . d t t z t , t r q

rt z , f j , q t . T , t r , q r tr

T l r r, é r r à r e t r r ê-l r q r

j r . a r q m t[t l ] W[ r ] q r r j

s r l r t r t j rt r l r. s ê r q t t l z q t ; t l z m t[ l ] W[ r ] r r ? e t , t r r l q

2 n 24 t r ( al , 6 r – l r j l Rú té 1918) 1917, l q r p tr r ( j s

), t l Rú , rr r ; 25 t r , rr rr r K r k , à R l o t r . e 26 2º c r g r l s t R t r l

l r r , l . F r - r r r “c l c r p ”, r r v. i. L .

3 e K , r l 1903, r z r l r t r t j , t t , q r tr l r r l r . p r

r r t r t tr r t õ . v r e r h. Jo te nin Ki chinj w.a t p r , m z, 1995.

4 e r l 1917, r - K , rt r l rt r R tr l r , q R l o t r l r

“R ú l p l r u r ”, t tr “c l c p ” p tr r . n i c r g r l s t u r , z

1917, c r , r - r ét r tr j r (8 r r ) 1918, tr ét r K .




75

F z r q K rl [L k t] t rL k ,5 n t ê r qüê ; z

ê t Wr k rr r n t l... e t q r q tr r r t r l , l lt

t r . n t l q r . É t r r n t l r

r tr t . e t l l r o t q t t r – r t , r r r à 10 rq

–, t r r : é tr r r t t

r ê , r z rt l r. a , rt q t t l r , l rq t à lt , , r t l r q t tú l . atr é j l

r f r t t r r tt t - r r tr q l , t , rt , j l

t l q , t , l t r r r . a r t l t r

q t z lt r t t ú r . e q t t , qr l é r tr , té , lt

r – , r , r t l, r l,

t tr r f r. n r , rr l r q t

t r , tr r - l z t l

t , r r r z r l r , t q rr r t – . cr q

5 K rl L k t r r L k 8 z r 1916.




76

é tr r r ; r r l , t r l r. n t l r r

l t t l t t é q – t r r. n

ê. g t r t t r-l q ê r r , t t õ , q

l r , r q t é ê r ê , r r r . L

t t -l t , l r r . ct r r l r t . s t r

é t l r t r r, r ê, r q t

r t - t q é q , l tv ê l rq st l tz l q ê

r r - l t . o r r –

l l , ê rt t r l t , l : l , l tr t , l r , r . o

l q , r ; r l , l r l , t r

j r r r, tê rt rê l t r l ; l rt , q , l t , l

r , l t r , r .s , ê pl t , “v r ä

g l” [g r t l]?6 v ê r -l tr zê-l ? K rl z q t l . o

t ; r r “

tr r t ” [Und unte rau chen ötlichen get eide ...]7q

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77

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t t – t r l t r lied h W l –, t q . v ê t l Lenda de Le in ?9 R -

t Hi tó ia d ate iali , L , q r t r t r . g t r t t q ê l a ! s t k , q r r l t . n

t z rr ér t , tú l l , t

...; rr , tr l t t rr r r tr

o tr , rr , r ú l . er r r z q

s rt r q , tê r r , t t l t

l , q l r r r . vê

tr é rr ... l q z z r t l t r r ll t l z -l r rr r r , t

l r . F r t rr l t ltr t té rr r rr q t é r l l rvae victi ”

[ ]... s br l r ; t q t à r t

r l r r , r l. Tr l t t r r

l t rr a r r t lt q ú l tr

rt . o l q , t r t t r-l t l r r

7 o r é “n l r ”, l tâDe iebente rin [o étr l ] st g r .

8 p é ô , 1771, c r t m rt W l .9 Die Le in Le ende , Fr z m r .




78

r , , r t -l t “n é t , ”, r

ô - t r r ... o l t r tr r t

l r ... s t k , l ú l é r r r t t , l l r . d r t

t , r , t , r , l r t t , r r

, r r r t . er r r q r t

r q l t , r q , r r r r t l... t t l , l

l r lt r - l – r l r . r r r r q r q r tê r l . c t l

, , t R ê ,

l t l r ! c t l r r t , r lr t , r r t l t l t r. e q – t rr l, t l r , , r t ,

l r , , – , q rr r rt .

r ú l , r r q r , q t t t , r, tê

. e tr t t r r t - lrr rr t - r

l r l l r rr r , r

d t rr l t l r

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79

s , q r , q l l r r té . É r t -l r j t , ,

r t . F l z n t l!



“p l L j r l t rr r – , r t ii i t r l i t r

– r t r j t t R L r q l ... m

t tr r t r r , t l , l l p

s , K t ky t rjt t r ê t t

rr r tL , 1922



Q r cl r , - rt t : q r , õ , , t l – q d

t é l –, q rr t r, q t é

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q . a , r r rr r t r r , é r tr r q rr r ê

l t q R L r t r 20 , tr t ét ô , q é r l t r-

. o q t é r - r q t é L rr z r r r

r . L r l q é r t , q r r r tr r. e r , r t qr r , t t tr R q , q

l q . p , q r r cl r , q ê é tj t R q r z t l- t , lt

R t t r – r l.u r t R

r t rt : q r r r r rt k t l q , q r r rt l r , q r

t t – é r r r t qq t t t r .

p l L , 23 t r 1921, cl r Z tk , q , r r r L l r r t R

r R l R .

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1 a R l R é t r t rr

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rr t l t r t r , ér t “ l ”, r t t r l Neue Zeit r r

K t ky, q l t r z r r r l t r t r . a t r él r l l r l ,

r l Rú ; tr r , t rr - l t – r r r f 1913 – r , l , r r-l

r .

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86

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t tr , l t r rr r r l l r t r

. e t r q t l Rú r – q r lt l t t t

l t l r l r ê Rú – é, l rt t t r r r ,

q , r t r a lr drt t r q t l t t t l t

l t r t l r l r , q l rr t r l t t q tõ t l t t . n trê , R

r t r r t rr t r , q , t l l r l , tr t

r l l t l . s l lé , t r t r r l t r , t , tr , r l rr l r l t

l q ; t t ér q r l l t t r r, t õ q

q l r lt rr t l. T tr , r t t t lV wä t st r q t

r K t ky r t “ t r t ”, rt “ r t ” r l q tr r l

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r .




87

n r t , tr t r r rr l t r t r l – r l t r l

l r – l t R l R , r t r r l . o r l r l R tr r , lt t r

lt t r r l t r l r t r . e t z r t l r z é

l r t R l R . o t Rú t r t [ t t

. a t t r t l t r r l t r , l q r r

r l t , l r l t . a t r - l

l l t t l t últ 10 1905-1907 t r e r

t r r t l tr t r . a t

t l l t É l r q r t r r f tl r t , r z r l r t

t . d t , r l r rr t t r l t r l

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88

e r r l r z , t l õqüê r , é, t t l t , r l

l t t ; t rt r r é q r r t t r

r l t r t r l q r R l R . al , é r q rtâ t r l j t

r l t r – t l, q l r l r r l t r ú

- t l t tr õT é ú q t l t q

R l R , L Tr t ky, r l , r l t

r r ú l l t t r r ; t r l l q r i

t r t q z r , r r , r l

t t , l l l t r r t t r r .s r l t rr t r q r t

té q l R l R r t r t l t

r , ú z r ér t l n l . o rt r t r l

l r r l r r, q r q lq r r t r t

ét t t l l r l – q d q t r r r t t rq r r r “ tâ ”, q r “ a r l t r l r l z r õ

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89

r t , t t t , r r t t , l l

a l r r t t R l R t t r é l r r tr l r

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2o r r r R l R , r té r l t r , rr t

r r l, q l t r r r . É l t t t r

f t r l z r r l r r , tr rr l el r r t r l t l t :

, j t r l z - z - l z l rt à

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l l ré r l r rr t t td – r r r t r r

t r q tr l ,2 r t l e t3 –

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ú r t r r r ze t 1907, r r t l t õ r t r t ,

t l r q r r r t r t rr r r t d , l

r t t , r t tr t l3 n 3 j 1907, r t r t l ii d r

r l r t . s lt t tr z r l t t d r l. e l e t r t

t r r r t d tr r r iv d r l1912, r r “ r r r r t r

r r t r t rr r r t lt L ,We ke , l. 19, . 29).




90

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t - r . e , r , l t lt tâ r q

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, r t , q r l 1917 tr l 1905-1907, r t “l rt

l . e r 1917, t r t r t t q 10

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a t , r l q z r z t ,

, q r r l q t r r l 1905. p z t t rr –

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t l à q t z à q t r r . a , q , r l r r t t

t rr t r té r e t r lr t t r r r t r

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. s r t r ê t ,rt , t q tõ z t rr ,

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i r t r q t t , , r , t t l t t ê K t ky,

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l , tr r - r , t t . a r r t q

tr l l t r l

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L r ] r rr t r r l t t r t r l t r. l q , tr l r l r t r tr -r l

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92

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l .o l r t r r ê R l

– Rú t r r r r–, l rr r - r t à l z

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érr , ú t t q l r r r l . T r l t

tr l r , t –t ú r l q r

, l q rt r , t r l r r q l t

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93

t , t t rt , t r r r r, r , t

l r : r l t r r , ér t , l t r l r r ,

l t r l r .d , t r l R

r - à lt r t : t r tr -r l r l t r , K l L . e t

r t t r l , z r z, r lt Rú q tõ r t

z t rr , r q t lr l “ r ”.

c , R l R r t l t r r l , j l t l é

r r t r t , trr t t l ôr j t r

r r t j r q é rrt l tr -r l . p r r, rt t r- r r j t l ,

r l . e q q r tr r r t t rr r r rr rl

q l , q r r l t l é t tr q t t r ê t r , q

r l l r 7 .v j rr r R l i l q 1642. p l l , r r t r r

r t r , rr t t tr ér r t r t r l r t

t r tr c rl i l r à

r q i t l t r. e, , rr ér t i t : lt r r l , “ l r ” L l r




94

tr q t t t , l t r l t r l , q

t t à tr r l r “di e ” r r t , r z, r t r

r t “ l r ”.s f ê l t r l t r r l

r r t l , rr t l r r t

rt t , t r à “ rp rl t l r t r , à l

rr tr ér t entle en tr , r tr c rl i à , à

câ r L r à r l R ú l .e q t r R l Fr ? a t

r l j , 4 l t , ú l r q t r l , t

, tr r l , r z r r l t r , r r õ tr -r lr t e r r l r FrK t ky rr l r r , q j

R l R r “ r t r r ê ” , t tr rt l r l

é l q t él rr R l Fr : “ ” r l r

r , “ ”, rt r t r . e l r l, r l t r

t r l t r r q , t r j “ ”, té t -

r l t r t rr

r l , q lt r t r l à t r jt l r r l l t t 1793, r r “ r ”, r t

b r ! e r l , “j t ”




95

t , l t r l õ r : r t t r t r té ,

l r r , lt r à l rt r r , r l

r r , q r tê-l a l q , t r l , ú rt

q t r r r é q l q t rl r r l z r t r r t

a l l l t l qd , T r t ll t ., q r r f

, q l r lt r r t t r r r l , r rr

o rt L ú q r r rt r r t r l

r t r l l r

t r à r l t r o l q r l r él r q t ”, l q r r l

. p l rr r t rll t r r l r r

â rl t r: r z r l , é rr . p rt t , t é r l , q t

“ r ”. m lét r l r l õ rt t r rl t r: l à t t r

r l r , l l à r l t t rs rt q r r, t é, z r

r t t . a r l q Lr l r t ú l

l z r – t r r l t r r r , l , “ l l”, j m r t, r r- , r t

r tr , l t t .




96

o l q t é t l r t j t t r,

r r r l r : tr t r t r r , t r r l t r , t

l z l . el q r r rt r t r r l , l r r z, j

l r r t r t lT q , t t r , rt

t r r , r , r r l r l t r l z r L , Tr t ky

T r r l r , ql r t l, tr - l

rr t r , t l r , l R , t é r l t r

3

o l q r r t r l j r . m t r R l R , t r, r

r l t l q t r7 c rt t l r r rt à t rt l t rr8 r r l r , l

l r r t r l : q l r r rr l r t t

7 n t R L r r r r r r -l : “(i q t r r . J 1905. e , iii d ,

Q t , ér t ).”8 s r t r t rr 2º c r g r l s t R ,

r 1917, “ l t r l ” l l , r r l r , r r l t r , t rr

t r i r j r r r z . o l r t l z l, j , t r r

. a r t l z l , l, t r lr tér l õ . T rr r t lt t l

r , tr r r e t




97

r l r . c l t r rt lr l t r - l t r t t l t . m

t , r r , t t , t r r lt r

n l r r r tr t r l t ô r õ : r r ,

j t t r r r r , tr , t r ét r l ,

q r r t rt r . e r , t r l t , j r q ê t rr ,

tr qü l t r tér r- tl r l t q l r r r r r

r t , r , t l r é t q t r r ô l t

r l r é r r rn , é r , t , tr rr r à , , q r

l t , e t ; t r r r l r r t r t

m , l r, r t t r t r r r tr rtr , tr r t r t r , r

t r tr , l t r r l tr l r t

t t r t l t r t – r õ l , tr l z e t –,

ré , t , é r r rt

t r r l z t rr . nr é r r r , r lt r t t

ô l t , q t




98

Q r t Rú t r r r r , q r r

s r r j t r r r q Lr , r r q t r,

t r l t l t t r t r , rr t l r r tê

t r t , , z r tr qü l t l tr r l t ! T é ,

z r, r õ tr t q r r l t r z, t

l l tr l l t t r !

m , t , r l t q r z r : t r t

r q t t r t r r r r

õ r r ; , l , t r t q .or , l r r l l l q –

t r rt t rr l r t r t r . n é

l t , l q q r l z, l l r r r tr t r

r r t l t . a t t rr l r

l r l r r L – i t rr ! – l l t r

r r r r à r r rn r r r l,

r : - r r r é r r , r l r r l t t q l r õ r t q , l té

é r . e :




99

t , r t r tr r l , r r r , ré r

l q r t , z r r r t rr

é l t , é l r q l r t t à r t t à

r . c tê , r r , q r r r r l q

r l l t l r , r rt t r r l r r . m r, é

t q rt l t rr ô t r

r , r tm l t r rr , t t

tr t t r r l t r l td r L r tr l z r

l z , ér ú t rr ? aq , tr r , tr l z r . o r r r r r r L t r tr . R t - l r r t

l t r l r , , t t , t tâ t .p r tr z r r l t

r ét r r , , r r r t r l t r , r l t

r . m - l t r r q r , r à t

r r t , r l q t .9 (a r l t ,

q l r õ , r r r

9 n t R L r , r q r , r r -l : r r . a r p t e tuq r tr z r l t l l




100

rt r r r l tr r r, rt r q , l r õ

l .) n õ , tê r t , r r l r a t r r t r r l t t r

t tr r tê q t r t r r r t l t

r r r r l, j r r r r l r é r r r . a r ,

”, l t z l t r lt r t r r t r , q t r t , q r t ,

t t l t , r r r t t q q t t r l z r lt r , j

q t r r l t r - t fl t tr r l t r r . o

l , q r tê r r tt t , t t junke r , tr q t f t r . o q ê r ê t r -

tré r r R l Fr , q t rr r . c l n l

r r à t r , tr t e r l tr . T l z L

q l r r r l t r r r t l t . m ê r , t t

r r t , r l , à q l t rr . a rr - à r l , e t à

l r à .

a r l r r L r r l r l , jr t r t q

r .




101

o l q rt l l trrr t l t r l r Rúl q r r r l t

t t l r r ,10 q r r r l l t , r

à t t r ,11 q r l l r : r e t r . a

t t t r l t tr rr t r t l ér r

l t , “ té l r t e t r ”, r l t l rt

L r q m l k K r k .12 el t t l

t r rr t r t ll q br t-L t k,13 ú r q t r

r à r r l l .

e r r l r, q t ê q L r l r r é t l t r f r t

t r r r tr l t é t t r t tr r

10 n r l: l t .11 o r ét r t t r q õ r l t r , à r , r rr12 o r r r p. n. m l k tr t r r t

r t e t t r r t r õ ll Rú , z r rr té “ t r l”. e

r t t 1917, q a. F. K r k rr r , q j l 1917 l q 60 l t . o l q r -l r

õ , r õ q p lô , F lâ ,r õ r t à r r e t

13 d r t õ z br t-L t k, r ét t r t õ l rr ,

r r e t tô r . e rr t z r r r , t r r õ , t

r õ t .




102

. e q t t r z l l l ac t t t , l r r l, l l r

r , , r t r t l r t t l r , j j t

“ r t à t t r ” r r Rú , l r t õ à t t r j

r t , r r q l r r l r t r õ r t r t r l t . e q t t

r r t l t l r r ac t t t Rú – t l r r

r t , l l r rl r – , rt r t r r õ r t

t l r r l r lt , br t r l r” õ r r r z r,

e t r , r t - r r l r r , q t ê lt r

l r, tâ r , tâ t l t õ .e tr f r t é t t r r r t l t t r , t t t r

t l t l t , l tr “ r t õ à t t r ” r l q - r , r t .

d t , q l é r t ? F z rt l t l t q l t , q lq r r , t é r r tr .s , r t , l t t lú r t

L , Tr t ky , q z

r r t q lq r é r l r t , õ t ., t l t l r r t t r , rr , r - , r é




103

r t l. L r t r l r r

r i ér r à à r l t r l t , q l

r l l , l r – t t l r t . er l t ll q t r r l ,

t rr t z r l r r r t t rr r z , l - à

r l r r l t r . i l z t , l l r l - l t t l . e q t

r r t t , l r õ té “ r t ”, z r

u râ , p lô , L t â , lt , c t . l é R l R ,

t l r : tr , “ õ ”

l r r é - r r l r , R l R , r l l , lr t , r tr -r l à r r R

l t é u râ , br t,14q r - õ ,

t l t t r t r l q F lâ , p lô , L t â , lt

c , tr t q rt t , tc rt t , t , r r

“ õ ” q r t r l t r r , l r q - r , q ,

14 a a lé r , R c tr l, 27 j r 1918, tê e r tr l, r é j tt , ét q t u râ

al t r t r u râ , õ br27 28 j r 1918, õ t r lt t .




104

à r r r l t r , r rt t r l” z l trl t l tr -r lr . m – q

q t – é t t q r r tq - r ê l r l t : l , r t é t

t r , l tr r l t l r . o lq t r qr r, tr t tr t rl q ,

t l , t tt r “ ”, q l l

r “ t - t r r” r t , ql r , r õ r l r

t r õ r r l q r

r - t t l t r r r r

à l r l t t q t r l “ l ”. a r tr r r tr r r

l r r “ l t ” – br t tt r é – t r t j r t r

R l R r à r , r , t r t

L Tr t ky, tr t r r t t t l l t

l , r r r t l t r l , lê “

t rr l tr , r r l t

r t , t ê r r q l q r r ft r t r l t r t rt rq r l r l q . a r r




105

tr t l t r q t l : l t rr j r

l ê , , q r l z , r r fr lt r t tr q , t l

r tr z r l l l al , t t r l q t r

t ê rt l r t l l t r tê-l t r r l r

r - chibb leth[ ] l t l t rr , l r l r

r t l tr , n F lâ , r l t r l t , q t l

rt t l r l r Rú r t ; t r d

t , r z r r à tê l t t . n é l , q

t é “ l rka b vent e [ r ] “ r ” [

l t u râ ], q L t“u râ t ” l t l , u râ

rt l z t r l r r . F o , d tz, q , 1902 1904, r r t rr t l r l , tr r

s l Rú r r r 1905; r t t l r l – r l Rú t t tr l t l

d 1905, p lô lt r r r r l , l r l t r

r r t l r r t .

c é l q t trt t tr ? F r t r - t l t r l r l t r

r l l tr . e z




106

tê t l t l t r l t q, r r r r l z r t

r r l r t t rr t r z r t t r

r t rr t r r l , z r t ê r t t l t t

r : lú l r l t r t â t R l R , l q , r

r l l t r “ r t à t t rt t e t r ”, r r ,

t , à r t l tr , lê r t t , r r l t r l t

r õ tr -r l r . e z r rr l tr tr t r t ,

r l r t r , r, rr , t ê r t t –

, r r r t t t r r l t r –, tr r , l r r t l tr ,

à l r . e r j l , l r r r r r r r

Rú , l r t rr r r R l R .

c rt t , j r l l , “r l l ”, r Neue Zeit K t ky, j L ky tr l u râ

er m r F lâ , rõ lt r l t r l t

r t l l Tr q “

r ” l , t , tr z r . o t l r rrl t r r r t r al . m l q q r r l q r




107

tr -r l : l rt l r r q r r l t r . a l r r é u r

r r r t r l t t l t R . o l r Rú r

r t t , l ê l ê , l r , r l l úz

q - r , r z t ôt l t l , q lq r tr t r ,

r e t , t l, t r â t -r r

n r , é , l , t tn rt al q r, r Fr tz

- l e t t ! e tr r r “ r t à t t r té

L r f r rt l t l r r t t r t r ,

t r l t . d r rtâ à r l, té qr qr t rr l r : l tr rt l ér , q t t

t rt , r r tr -r tér l r , br t, t l .

a r l z tê r z t r l t t r l. o t t l l

rr l l l r r r r tà l t tr -r l r . Q rr

r l r - t r q l l t r q rt

r , l r q tr t l t r r , j r l tr

t l r t l, ll r r “ t t r ”, t r r tr -r l r r

r tr l t r r R l




108

t é r l q t rr l l tr -r l r . T r zõ

t r t , l t l q õ à t t r ”, l à s

r t l r W l , t t r t r t t tr l t rr ê . É t q l r r t t r

t l j t t t t l tr r l t r l; R l R

õ br t r r -l r lq l r l t r r

t tr r l R l R l q r r r r té

r r rtê r l t r t r l. a t r al é qüê t br t “tr t l t r”!15 a 200 t t r

m .16 e t r t rr r r .

4e r t rt tr é

l .n l t l q , l

lé c t t t , r 1917, r r t

15 o tr t l t r r - l , 27 t 1918, t l q t r r t r r t e tô L ô , al

r t rr t r l t . a , al r t b r , q Rú ét

r r . a Rú ét r à r r eg r . n r r r - l , 27 t 1918, Rú

r r r 6 l õ r à al .16 c t r l , W l l gr m r -h r ,

r l r q r r 6 j l 1918, ml r rr r r ét . a rr rr t 1

r l r r r .




109

l r r t . e t r t t r r, r r t rt r

t t . É t q L r , t r , t r l

lé c t t t , q j t t l t t r K r k t t t

l q tr r , -l t l t t q . n t r t r

Da ev luçã de utub a t atad de paz de B e t , Tr t ky z q rr t r “ l

r l r l. e t : “Qq q l à a lé c t t t

l ré- rl t T r t l , l t t , ér l t t r .”17

e r , l r õ , r r R l o t r r r a

t t à q l r l z r. Q tr t r r t ? Tr t ky l r , r r z q r18

17 L Tr t k .V n de okt be -rev luti n bi zu B e te F ieden -Ve t a . b rl . / , . 90.18 e r t , r t Tr t ky, t r l

“s q r r R l o t r t t r r l r r q r q r r , l

f r rr t l t r l l q , r p rt s l t -R l r r rt l t l

l r t . m l t l t r t l l ll l r t r r t trê q rt r t r q r r l õ rr r r r

l o t r . a t r l z l - l t , r l ê tr , rt t l r r

l . e t l r , p tr r m . el t r ‘T rr L r ’ r r

l r r tê r r l - , r rt t , ‘n r k ’. m , , t K r

q l r tê r r r r r ... e ttr l r t q t c t t t t tr r lt l t l t r r t t r r rt .”




110

T é r t t t . s t t l t L Tr t ky t

à l t q rr t a lé c t t t l t t t

, R l o t r , r f t l t t

l - r : l r c, l t rt , r t t l

c t t t ! el q r t r l lé q r f t t , Rú K r k , r t

l z r . m t ! e t q r t t l r l

Rú r .e z , rt r ê

lé c t t t r t r , Tr t ky l q

a lé c t t t é érf r l z ê , r l t l , r t r lr r t l r r lt t l õ l r

“gr à l t rt r t l r r tr l r l t t

r ê l t r l rl t , l l . o

t t õ r t t t l t , q t r r

r t té .” (Tr t ky, . 93)e “ t t õ r l”. p - t j t r q

t t õ r r t t r

q t r , q tr z r t t r t é r l r . s Tr t ky, t lé l t r f t ,

t , t r t , t r l t




111

l t r t r q à r . o r t r r r f

é tr l , h r l, tr t q , t

t q , tâ r l, l r T rr . n -

r l t l t l tr l t l t rf ê r r t t tr .c t r ê t r tr z !

, tr r , q f t t t t r r r t t

r t - . s , r l t r t t rl t r ê , à rt r

r t t ” q , t t r ”, r z t õ t r t r

l q , t t , ú r

r j q sé tr r t t t r– q l r r r , ,

e f ê t t t t t r l t r r

j t t r l , r t t r t r t q t rt r l t l

tr r ! É j t t r l q , r r r r, r t r l t l , r t

q l t r t l r, l, f t t t tr

r r r r t t . É j t tq t r él r r

t l t r l õ , q lr r t r , l t t r r tr t , tr r - t t r rr , r l r r â




112

t . o l l é L p rli l t rr : l t 1642, 7 [r f t ] t r r t t

l r, t r l t , l r l té , r r t r

r , q peake l j l , té r câ r L r , c rl i r l R ú l .e tr r r t r r t

e t r (gene al tänden)19 Fr , rl t L F l l t l r t r

r t l t r Tr tiv d r q , l t r 1912,20

tr t tr -r l , t tr r 1917, t j l r lt tr r

t rt r l ?

T tr q “ ... 21 tr rr t r t t t r t t . e q t r t

t , q t rt l lt t t r é f ê q l

t q t rt r r , l t l t rl r q t t t r t t l t

q , l , rt l t t t õ r é tr r L Tr t ky – r r

r l – é r q l q r; l r r t rt r q l r rr

ê ê t t t õ t , tr , ér l r

19 n r l:gene al taaten.20 n r l: 1909.21 R t ê r l. a t t r l z: “

r t ”.




113

p tr l r r t : r tl r l r t .22 n é t l r q -

r t tr r r t t r L Tr t ky à t t õ r t

q r t l t r r t õ l rl õ r , q q r r-

ê r q l r r r l. al , q , r

l ; l r l õ r r r t l r q t r . p

t r r t t r é, t t r t r r t t r

t r . T r t t , , r l,l t , r r q tr t

l r l r r t , l ô q t l . e

l r l r t r rtr r l r - t l t r r t r r l t r . s t rr L Tr t ky t r , r t t

q r r tr l r tor , é l r q l t r t t t

q t j t õt q q r tr l r r t

r tr l . s r Rú t l? dl q t Rú ét ,

l r r t tér

22 d r c t t , r t t r r tt r , l r ê , t

“T q r tê r l z tr l r t tr l é t , r q l r

r l z r tr l út l, tr l r r t ú tr , ér , r lt r , q

q t l z tr l l r l r .”




114

t rr l r z ô r l, r õ r qüê tr

r l õ r r r lt r , ú tr érq ú r tê r t t r z

r r , l jr r r tr l ô . i

r r à l t l t r r t t é à r q r

l tr l r . É t q l t ú tr ê r l t r r r , à rl r lt r . n õ , r t

q t r ô tr l r t r é t t l t r l. s t é r r

r t l t l r r . e q t l r t r z , r

tr rt , ê- r qü tt r rr r, r

z r, ú tr l t r r t ro r ét t é r , [ ] r l l r r r t r

t l z l t r [r l - ] tr qüê r t é q r l t r t l e t ú

q l r r l t . n r l , l r z r q r

r q r ô r ê r t r r r tr l r.É tr - z r r t t r t r t , l r l

t r t t tr t ér

r l t r .23

23 n t r q r , r -l : “u rt t j r q é ô

r tr t r r l t r .”




115

Q R l o t r , t intelli ent ia r q - r t r r

r ét , r l tr t lé r , l r l tr t ,

tr r tr l r , - t r r q r r rr r tê

r r t l t , r t t r l t , q

r t r r r rtt r t . e tr rt , r t r t t ; q q r l, r z, t , r l t r r q r ; r

é r t r t , r l t r r , t t

r z r r.24

m a lé c t t t r t t q t : é r r r rr t ú l

l t tr l r – l r r r , l r t

ét .25a r t Tr t ky, t t r r t

24 n t r q r r -l : “T t r l, q t c t t t r r l.” n lt ,

“o l q q l t r r rq , z r r ( l l t r l , tr r r - j t r r t t

m r r r lt t l à z à q t r r25 “a t r r l t r r r l r r , r – r

l r t l r r –, , ré , tr l rr . s t Rú ét t r r

l r r , R ú l r ; l , r l , t r à r

l ( tr r , l r r é r ), t l t r l ( tr r , l r

tr l r é t r ).” (W. i. L ,We ke , l. 28, . 97-98)




116

t t õ l t r r t l , r j t r t q . e tr rt ,

t t , t t l, q r t t l t l r r , t

t t l t l.L z: e t r ê é tr t r

l tr l r , e t l t – trr r r . e r , r z r, e t r . e l t l

l: l r r q l t t , l

r lé rt l t tr t t tr . p r r l t r , l é l t t l, r q l

“gr à l t rt r t l r r t26 aq Tr t ky tr z- tr z r r

rt r t . J t t

r é q , r ú l , tr rr ê l t l t . o tt r q r ê l r

t r l l q , q l t q r t t r érf . (

L : Rú q t r l27

n r l é tr r ! a t r t qq r t r , r t r ,

r t t r l t ú l r ê ... [L r t r r , t r r rt –

r q j –, é l r . L r é

26 R t ê r l. a t l t z: “gr à l t rt rr t l, tr l r l t t

l t r l r t , l t , l .” L Tr t ky,V n de okt be ev luti n bi zu B e te F ieden -Ve t a , . 93.

27 v r t 30.




117

l r q r t . n r l “j t ”, rq t q t r r l r l t r

r z q “l r ” t r r28 o r t t t t r t r

Tr t ky é q tr r l t r q l rt r l r t l rq r r r r r l z .29 i l z t –

q r , l z t , é . m t l r r õ r t , q t r l r

r t l t ô , é t t l t lt r t rt r r l r

r t r q q r é r t r, õ l r t r r t

s q r r r r r

l r à l t ; tr rtr r rt l t l l r q t r l r

r t , r q , q é r t r tr z r r l t

t r l õ . n é l , , j t t t l t r

t l l t r

28 a r tr l t t t R L r ,B e laue ge än ni anu k ipte zu ru i chen rev luti n. T tkr t a , L z , 2001, . 34. a r “a lé r l r q r t ”, t t , é r r

l t “ r r”. n t , r r tL tz ,Be e kun en ü eine textk iti che Au abe de B e laue ge än ni anu kv n r a Luxe bu , in: ibide , . 3.

29 n t r q r , r -l : “s lt , q r r r q r r r à l l

r t , t t , q rt ér l . c rt t é q t r t , q r ,

õ j r t l t .”




118

t r , r r l r ê , r l z , t r z - , q

t r z r â , q l z rt últ t l t r z r r , j t

l r l, t zê-l , t qr l z r, l . e , é l r q

r r t r z , r t r trr t . el r õ ér r t

r r t . p - r t r t , tr t , tr . T rr . m l r l

r ê [é] z rr r r r r l t tr l rr õ , té r r r , rr l

rr . s ú l e t l ré t r , t r l, t q t , t j t t rq , l r , l tr

t r q z t r r t l t l (pr 1905 [ ] r r t r 1917). nl t , t é ô l. É r q

l r rt . s l é r tr úz t l t t .c tr l ú l l t t r . s

r ê r l r . c rr t l (p l r L , m t

bl tt, ° 3630). a r t l tr rl t r t , r r é

l r . i t t zt ; t z ér ;

z r r t r t t . t . n é

30 n r l, r , R L r ° 29. o rt “a RR ” l mitteilun -Blatt de Ve bande de zialde k ati chen Wahlve einBe lin und U e end , ° 36, 8 z r 1918. el té r r

, q l t r l tr l W. i. L ,Die näch ten Au aben de s wjet acht .




119

l r, r r , r tt q L .31 s q l l t

q t . d r t , r t t r l õ r , t rr r, t

31 n t r q r , r r -l : “d r L rr .

T é tr , t l , rq r t l. o r l t r é r t à r , r r

1. prú r t l, l ‘ ’.2. e l r l r l al (‘ r ’, r

tr rr , l , t t l t r t r tr ).

3. a r r r t . c tr , t t . a tr r , l rr . o ú t

t l , l r l t l t .”n l lt , r -l , tr - t r l , l t tr l r l t r t t r l

rtâ . n al , t rt , t é t r o l t l r l t r é r t r t à r

rt l r, j t l q r r

q r l r l r , l t t . o t t al – , , te t – tr r q l t

r . a r tr t r , rl r , t , lt r

tr , rr r , r , lt l q r t r tr r r

ô r t t r rt rl t lé - r r l l tr , õ l

rr r r l r t ,

t l tr t r r l – l r –, , r t t r , l r . a r l r l trt , t r , tr t tr -r l .

c t , t , t rr r é , l r, . a r j t l t r é t t tr rr l r l t r . c t , t r t t q r l t r tr , t r tr t t r r

o ú z r l r l t r , t é q , r t r z l t l, tr r r

r l r l r , q t t t , l r l t l

a , tr õ r , l r z, r r t r ê t , t é r r r l r

– t l t l, t t -r l q l l r l t r – ú l q r




120

ú q l r t é r r ú l , l l t r ,

j t t t rr r q r l z .s t r r , q r t r l ? n

r r r t t l õ l r Tr t ky r t ú r r t

tr l r . m , l t, t r z r l

r , l r l t r rt õ , t l q lq r t t

t r - r t q r r ú l t t . a ú l r r r

l úz rt r , r l l t , r r ;

r l , úz t rr r é t t r r

l r r t r tr t ; rt t , , é l q q r – t r , t r r l t r ,

l t , t é, t r t t j ( t r l tr

t 3 r 6 !). e : r z r t r r t lú l : t t , r é t . É l

r , q rt r.o rr t l t r L -Tr t ky

t r, t l K t ky, t r à “d t r r ”, é t q t , t

l q , q t r K t ky. e t t

l r , t é, l r r , t r t q r õ à tr r l t . e tL -Tr t ky l t r à

, , l t r




121

l t r r . s l t , t t r r l t l t .

t r t r , K t ky, r r à tr r l t , q “ t r ”, r r- à

tr r tr r i t r l el t r r t r t t

l t r ér , rr t , r r t r , t r

rt l q ; t r l , q l r l ú l ,

tr , t l, r l t . “c r t ,

r r l”, r Tr t ky.32 c rt t , l tr r r l. T é

l tr l r . d -

q , à r c w-L -p r , jl r q rt j q Tr t ky L r t .

l tr r r l z t tr ú l l r

r r ; q r l r

l l r r – r r j tt r l tr l r t t r t -l q t r r l t r r

t ú l . a t r t r r l t rt r, t t r r r l r r r , r r t

a r l t t T rrq t r r r - tr t r

32 L Tr t ky,V n de okt be ev luti n bi zu B e te F ieden -Ve t a , . 93.




122

r t n t l, j r t , r qtr t t , l t t r

a r l t tr l tr l . el q t r l rt l t . el

t r r l t r .p r t t : t r ! m t r t l r r , r ; l t r õ ér r l t

q r r l õ ô r tr r l t r r l z . mr r r l , q r

l ; q r z r, l , , rrt t , r t t f r

l , r t tr l ú l j t r l t r t l r

o l q r r t t r t rr l r rr l, t l r rr t , r t r t r q lq r l t l

r l r t õ l u r t r t l t t t

t t rr r l r l , rúlt r , t l r l l

t t tr r al . a r q r l õ t z r

r .p - r r t q Rú

t l t , j t

t r l t r l Rú l r l l . s r r Lr l r - , r-l q

r , r , l




123

l r t r r l t r f r t . c t t t r l

r l r l l l l, l r r l z r q r

t l t . o r q rt , r t t tr t t

q l t r õ t rl t r ] t r l t -l l t t a , õ - r t l

ér t t r , q é r l t t l, t l ; q r r z r tr r

rt , t q tr zr r , q , l t

rr õ lê l t rl, r t r l t r

r q l l t r r r .

o l t r t l r q l q Rú é t r r l t r . Q r t j

t rq r t t t r l t rl r t r l t l l

l t r , l t lt t r l t . o l q z r t q rt r r t r

é z r l z r l t l q r r z r l r , r l

l r r t l , t ll, tr l l r l , tr l

t r l, r l r . o q rt é t

l t lq , l r , t ê . n últ r , q l t t t r , r l

l , q t t t l r ,




124

q l q t t l t t , r l t r , r r l r l r r. n t , L

r r r r l rl, té r t ú q ,

t , l r: !i é l r t l t l

n t , q r ér t tr l é q , q t r l t l

r l r t r l z l , r r r l t r t r l z r r r r r

t r , f t tr t l tr l . n r l r l . el r r

Rú . el r r l t r l tt , t r rt r t rt “ l




125

“o r r , l rt q r, r ,

r l , r é , r t . –o l L w r tr r . n

r .”p l c l

“d r m w r z s , Frt w , s ,

ür , ür k , ür j . –d r L w rk l w r t r . n t

t kt.”p l c l



u rt , r r õ , r t t lt à l t , r , t l r , rr : r t r l z r l , t

, r , t t q , r – q l q q r rr r “ t ”, l t , q é r r r t

r : “L R , t ll q r r tr h t l É , r

rr t r t l . u rt t ô à , z h t l É , t q l , r rrr – rr l rt q l

u rt , z, r r õ , tl q t 15 j r 1919 tr r t L r r t : r é .u rt , , tr rt , l

é l t r , r r tr ,

l r q r l r t , t r ê t , , t , r ú r

r r z , , rt t , l tq , l r l – t r l t tr l l t l- r , tr

j t q r õ . W lt r J

R L r – n t , pét leu e

uma vida cuRTa



1789-1799

R l Fr tr l t t l r l õ . “R l -r t r l õ t l t - r e r

r t r t rl , r t r ” – r r q l t

r t , q “ l r l r ” “ r ú l l

” (R L r ). i r t r

1794, r l t t r q r – T rr r j , q r t t õ– r r t r q t r lq , r t 10 té 1814, l rr t à e á r n rt , l t lt à t tt r - t r t t t r R lT r l r é l 19 é

t R l Fr t l , “t t , r r r t , t r r r

R l o t r , r t t q t n l ? p r r L Tr t ky q ,

L , r t R l o t r lé re ér t v r l , l r - rt t r t l

. 20) q , r r, r l r J st 1930 r q t .

1830

R l j l Fr . a rr t q n b r , l r l r , r t

r l ” j l 1830 t t b r“ rq l” L F l (“ r êr ”); r r

daTas escoLhidas




130

r. a Fr r r t l t , r t atr l h r h , L w bör , t r K rl m r .

1848

R l r é . a rt r p r , e t l tt , j t R ú l l tr -r l r t r ; , é

t l t - r tr é “r l l134,Otto von Bismarck ).

1864, 1866, 1870/1871

a rr tr al d r , prú á tr , prú Fr (“ rr ”) r t pr al ; l t r é t l l .

1871

c p r : l r l t r q - r t l t - tr r l j t l

, c é ; tr rà rt p r t r r ér t r ê ,

l r r r r rt tr r r ê1878-1890

L tr l t – r . 18.1896-1903

d t r r – r . 27.

4 de agosto de 1914

n rr l, spd reich ta r ré t rr , tr l t té t ; “

spd q l à q r l .3 de outubro de 1918

a q t r l t r , t r t tr r rt jú r; l t rt t r t j t .

9 de novembro de 1918

R l l ; q rq ; l r spd z reich weh [ r r ] r r r l

r lt , r t à r r l r , é




131

W r” q , r z r t r r , r r z t l l .

15 de janeiro de 1919

a t R L r K rl L k t r tr reich weh t t g t n k ( r . 52).

30 de janeiro de 1933

o r t reich, h r , h tl r l r; “ú l W r”, t r z t

“ l t ” l tr .2 de maio de 1933

d tr t ; 6 t r , r r r t r r l .



Alexandre III ( r 1881 1894) – t t r 1tr t r r al r iii l ; t r t

r r t r , r t , tr l r L .

Babeu , Graco( r l , Fr -n ël b , 1760-1797) – R l Fr , rt - z “ r

“ rt t r l t t t ” (m r ); r t r l tr r t j

l r; l t .

Bakunin, Mikhail Alexandrovich (1814-1876) – r l r rq l l rt r , t t

rq ; rt q t rr l r t e r t l; tr l 1861; r pr r i t r l, t

K rl m r 1872 l à l r l r r r l r t rq tô

f Rú “ l t ”, q r tê , t r r t l

Bebel, August(1840-1913) – j t W l l L k t l r p rt o r r s l-d r t (“ ”,

a g r l Tr l r al (“ 1875, l r p rt o r r s l-d r t , t rr z r ; r t , l t r l t l ; r r A ulhe e

ciali (1883), minha vida (1910-1914).Beria, Lavrenti Pavlovitch(1899-1953) – r

t ; 1922, tr t r j1938-1945, l r t gpu ( r “T

r b r p l t tê tr l pcus; st l (5 r 1953), r j t m l kt ; z r 1953, r r,

dados biogRáFicos




134

Bernstein, Eduard (1850-1938) – rt r m r , r é l tr l t ( r . 18), r r r Z r q ,

L r ; l r ts zialde k at ; rt r 1890, r tr r rl t r, t r - r “r

é m r ( r . 27), q l r t l r t l t ; R L r t r - rt t r t e r b r t .

Bismarck, Otto Fürst von 1815-1898) – r r - tr prú 1862, al prú r

r c r r â (“ l q al ”

3 rr ( tr d r 1864, tr á tr 1866, Fr 1870/1871); r t l t r r“r l l lt ” q r t l t r

r, r l r õ r t r t l r r ; t t t tr

l t l r r r ; 1890; r b r k é té j l t l r tr l tBlanqui, Auguste (1805-1881) – r . 46.

Campanella, Tommaso ( r l g d , 1568-1639)– l r A cidade d s l (1623), r t r r i q

r j t r r r rq r r l, r r rt r z ,

r tr l r, t r tr r lt r l.Dzierzynski, Feliks Edmundovitch (1877-1926) – 1900,

l r L t â l r R rt L J R L r , q j t

r sdKp L; r l q R l R rt r 1907, r tê tr l l q ; r r ; 1917 r z l r t “T ”, q

ét q lq r r tê l t .

Engels, Friedrich (1829-1895) – K rl m r , “ lt ”, q l l t ô r l t l; r rt t : A ituaçã da cla e

t abalhad a na In late a(1845); mani e t d Pa tid C uni ta(1848);D ciali utópic a ciali científc(1883).

Fanon, Frantz (1925-1961) – t r q tr r - r ; l t “T r r m ” l




135

t l “pr r m ”, z r t à r1956, r à Fr t L rt n l ar él ; ro c ndenad da te a(1961).

Fischer, Ruth ( r l , el r g lk , 1895-1961) – r r p rt c t a tr ; rt r 1919, rp rt c t al (Kpd); rt r 1924, t

“ l z ”, r r l r r Rq r t r z “ l ”; 1925, r st l ;

l Kpd; 1945, j t rh e l r l “c t t(“c m c rt y”) t .

Fourier, Charles (1772-1837) – r t t t l t ; r r t rl (“ l tér ”), t l t , úl

, rt t r t r r tr l tr t z r à r

.Graco, Tibério Sempronio (162 . c.-133 . c.) – tr , q r

l r r t r r rt rr ú l q tr r rt r t rr ; , j t 300 c (153 . c.-121 . c.) r t r r , l t tr

3 l r .Gramsci, Antonio (1891-1937) – r r, 1921, p rtc t it l , 1924, j r lUnitá ; 1924-1927, r t r -

r l pci; 1928, t l , r ; rr qüê r ; r t

r r r , f té j tl t r t r , r t r.Guevara, Ernesto “Che” (1928-1967) – é ; l t rt r 1956,

F l c tr , l r rr l tr t r b t t ; t r 1959, r õ l r

r - t t l t - r ; r l z r l b l r rr

r rr l r .Guilherme II (1859-1940) – r r l ( 1888) lt rr r t t r t t rr tr , lé

l r , r l al 1914 r t r




136

r r t l rr l; q - à r r d r (h l ).

Heckert, Fritz (1884-1936) – r r , t rr l j

rt q r spd; 1916, l r c tz r r r rt k t ; r l õ r tHo Chi-minh (“ l ”, r l n y a Q , 1890-196– r r p rt c t Fr ê , 1930, pc t i ; rt r 1941 r r (“v t- ”), r r tr j ( té 1945),

tr r ( té 1954); 1945, r l R v t t r - r t ;

r t v t n rt ; l t t r tr t (1964-1975), t r - l r tê m ” tr r t r l t r r.

Jacob, Mathilde (1873-1943) – t t l r tr t r , 19t l r , r r z r l t t é

R L r r t r s zialde k ati che K e p n-denz [c rr ê l r t ]; t r -

R L r q , r t rr l, t l r ; rt R L r , l r

r p l L , j r t r t r té 1928; T r t t 1943.

Jogiches, Leo(1867-1919) – r . 22 .

Kautsky, Karl (1854-1938) – t r Neue Zeit , rt t r tt r ii i t r l ( r . 25); r “ r ”,

r r tr l r é m r e

“r t ” q é té j r q r ê r r é , r t m r e l ; té 1910, l r R L

Kraus, Karl (1874-1936) – t r r t Die Fackel , qr z rt r 1911; r t r z ê

r l t r ; r r l:o últi dia dahu anidade (1918/1919).

Kropotkin (conde), Piotr (1842-1921) – r r r z r ,t é r l r , , 1876, Rú r o t , f t rq t

l r r r e t j õ l r j út .




137

Lassalle, Ferdinand(1825-1864) – t l r r r tô , l t t t t l r

r t a g r l Tr l r al q “ ” ( r August Bebel); rr l ;

r l q spd l r qtê r l õ té j .

Lenin, Vladimir Ilich ( r l ul , 1870-1924) – j r t , l rt t t r l q ( r . 20);

L r l r t r l r l r j t l rr r l t ; r ê t

1904, r r t , r t , à q tõ “ r z

r q L t r Rú .Levi, Paul (1883-1930) – 1914, R L r ; l

Kpd t K rl L k t, R L J ; l rt 1921 r r tr t r spd; m t l J , r t L r : 1922, l A rev luçã ru a, 1925, Int duçãà ec n ia p lítica.Liebknecht, Karl (1871-1919) – ; l W l l L k

1907, r t J t s l t i t r l; l t l t r l t r t t ; z

r r l r t t r tr r rr ; r t r t rr ; 1919, l r R L r l 15 j

r r l: milita i e anti ilita i (1907).Liebknecht, Wilhelm (1826-1900) – r l r, j t ab l, p rt o r r s l-d r t (“

a g r l Tr l rll ”), 1875, p rt o r r s l-d r t ,

spd; r z r ; r r s i t( r . 25); t r V lk e dwö te buch(1874); r r l r r r

r t rr tér r Fr r lLumumba, Patrice (1925-1961) – r r r t

t l lê ; r r - tr R ú l

K ( t l Z r ), t t r l r r ; l e

Mao Tse-tung (1893-1976) – rt r 1927, l r r ét c ; rt r 1935, l r t p rt




138

c ; 1949, l c à ê , 1960, t r - t t l u s ét ; l r

l t q lq r r r , e t a ér u s ét ; 1966 “r l q t l õ , r t t l t

r l ; “r l lt r l”, éo t , rt t t t l.Marx, Karl (1818-1883) – Fr r e l “ l

t ”, q l l t ô r l t l; r r : mani e t d Pa tid C uni ta

(1848);o Dez it B u á i de Luí B napa te (1854);o Capital ( l.1:

1867; l.2: 1884; l.3: 1894); t r l ; Rr l - à r ô m r , r r ( r . 49); q r t r r r -

t , “ r ”.Mehring, Franz (1846-1919) – t r r j r l t , r 18

spd; 1902-1907, r t r- Leipzi e V lk zeitun ; rt r 1908, r r l p rt s l-d r t ; rt r

R L r , l r q r .

Molotov, Vyacheslav (1890-1986) – l r t l t ; tr , 1930 1941, r t c l c p ( r r - tr ); 1939, t st l -h

1957, r r.Mün(t)zer, Thomas (1489-1525) – rt r m rtL t r , t l l rt r 1521 r r q l l t r

g rr c r r , q l t r rmü l , tr l z r rr ; rr t Fr k

r , t rt r t .Nettl, John Peter (1926-1972) – l r r r r

R L r , j r l t tr Noske, Gustav (1868-1946) – l r t r r , r

r K l, t r 1918, l t rK l; r t rt t l t r c l c

p ( tr ), t R K rl L k t; l : “al é r

r r r !”.




139

Parvus, Alexander( r l i r l L r t h l , 1867– r t r- säch i che A beite -Zeitun (1896-1898) , j t

K rl K t ky R L r , t r r r rq r q lt t tr r

r t r ; r q t r r l r t , q r l t t q t r l tr r l t r t r l ,

rt r 1924 rt t t tr Tr t ky ( tr p r R L r ).

Pabst, Waldemar (1880-1970) – r r l e t -m r c l r g r ; 15 j r 1919,

r l r Kpd, q r , RK rl L k t.Plekanov, Georgi Valentinovitch (1856-1918) – 1883, r -

r r r r z r t r ; rt r 1903 l - q ; r r Ana qui e

ciali (1894);C nt ibuiçõe à hi tó ia d ate iali(1896).Pol Pot ( r l , s l t s r, 1928-1998) – t p r , l p rt c t ; r c j r z(“K r v r l ”) r é q r l

rr f t r tr r r l r l r r l; t t 1975 r

q r l j l õ , t t l t ; rr 1979 q v t

Roux, Jacques (1752-1794) – r t ; r t R l Frl tr q r (“ r é ” – r ); r t

rq , c t t , t t (“ - l tt ”); - r

Sandino, Augusto César (1895-1934) – 1926-1933, l r rrl r n r tr t r t

l r ”); t r t r s z t -ls t L rt n l, q 1979 rr s z , r rt - s .

Spartakus ( rr 71 . c.) – l r r rr a t ü (74-71 . c.) 60 l rr t t r

r , r r rr t à r( a úl , t l p l ); 6 l rr l r r

l a .




140

Stalin, Jose Vissariónovitch( r l dj l , [1878] 1879-1953)– r r l q , l t t t

r t r - r l rt r 1922 , rt Lt r r rr t ; rt r 1928, t r

r r r t r r r l õ r r rt r r l q r ; t rr r, q t l õ t l , r r tr z r “ l

r t ii g rr m l, u s ét , r st l , r tr r rr t

t t l t r h tl r; rt st l , l r pcus rt r- r r t r l t - r r

t rr r t t ; 1991, r l r

r t r q st l q r r q lq r rThälmann, Ernst (1886-1944) – tr l r tr rt r

Kpd; rt r 1925, t Kpd t st l ; 1 r l z t ; l j r - t l r r z ; tr b

Trotsky, Leon Davidovitch ( r l br t , 1879-1940) – l L , rt t r z r R l o t

1917/1918, c r p r a t e t r ; rt r ( té 1925), c r p e ér t m r , “e ér t v r l ” j l r r l tr -r

rt r 1923, r t l t r l r r t rt t ; r r , l u1929; r t st l mé ; ri t r ” r rt - Tr t ky “tr t k ”.Ulbricht, Walter (1893-1973) – tr Kpd,

t r rt 1935, l ét ; 194t rr t r l t Rda; Vandervelde, Emil (1866-1940) – l t l , pr t si t r l 1900 1914.Zetkin, Clara (1857-1933) – r r t t

t r l t r t r l, r t l tR L r ; té j r q q r

Zinoviev, Grigori Ovseyevitch ( r l o y-g r R yl-k -a l , 1883-1936) – l r r l L , R l o t r , r t i t r l c t40); rr 1926, r 1936 à rt

r r pr m .




141

rosa luxemburgo ou o preço da liberdade

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