lj`,[qf6 - shodhgangashodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/1946/11/11_chapter4.pdf · d...

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Page 1: lJ`,[QF6 - Shodhgangashodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/1946/11/11_chapter4.pdf · d pÀfznftfgl ;fdfgi dflctlg]\ lj`,[qf6:+lv5]z]qf 5|df6 v\u[gf 5|:t]t ;\xmwg sfi"df\ pÀfznftfgl

5|SZ6 v $pÀFZNFTFGL ;FDFgI4 SF{8]\lAS VG[

,uGÒJG lJQFIS DFlCTLG]\lJ`,[QF6

ZZ*ZZ*ZZ*ZZ*ZZ*

Page 2: lJ`,[QF6 - Shodhgangashodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/1946/11/11_chapter4.pdf · d pÀfznftfgl ;fdfgi dflctlg]\ lj`,[qf6:+lv5]z]qf 5|df6 v\u[gf 5|:t]t ;\xmwg sfi"df\ pÀfznftfgl

5|SZ6 v $5|SZ6 v $5|SZ6 v $5|SZ6 v $5|SZ6 v $

pÀFZNFTFGL ;FDFgI4SF{8] \lAS VG[ ,uGÒJG lJQFIS DFlCTLG]\ lJ`,[QF6pÀFZNFTFGL ;FDFgI4SF{8] \lAS VG[ ,uGÒJG lJQFIS DFlCTLG]\ lJ`,[QF6pÀFZNFTFGL ;FDFgI4SF{8] \lAS VG[ ,uGÒJG lJQFIS DFlCTLG]\ lJ`,[QF6pÀFZNFTFGL ;FDFgI4SF{8] \lAS VG[ ,uGÒJG lJQFIS DFlCTLG]\ lJ`,[QF6pÀFZNFTFGL ;FDFgI4SF{8] \lAS VG[ ,uGÒJG lJQFIS DFlCTLG]\ lJ`,[QF6

VG]ÊDl6SFVG]ÊDl6SFVG]ÊDl6SFVG]ÊDl6SFVG]ÊDl6SF

ÊDÊDÊDÊDÊD

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$P!Z

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5FGF G\P5FGF G\P5FGF G\P5FGF G\P5FGF G\P

Z#_

Z#!

Z#Z

Z#$

Z#5

Z#5

Z#*

Z#)

Z#)

Z$!

Z$$

Z$&

Z$(

Z$)

Z5$

Z5&

Z5(

lJUTlJUTlJUTlJUTlJUT

5|:TFJGF PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP

pÀFZNFTFGL pDZ V\U[GL DFlCTL PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP

pÀFZNFTFGL 7FlT V\U[GL DFlCTL PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP

pÀFZNFTFGF WD" V\U[GL DFlCTL PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP

pÀFZNFTFGF ;\5|NFI V\U[GL DFlCTL PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP

pÀFZNFTFGF lX1F6 V\U[GL DFlCTL PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP

pÀFZNFTFGF jIJ;FI V\U[GL DFlCTL PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP

pÀFZNFTFGF S]8]\AGL S], JFlQF"S VFJS V\U[GL DFlCTL PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP

pÀFZNFTFGF S]8]\ADF\ SDFGFZ ;eIMGL S], ;\bIF V\U[GL DFlCTL PPPP

pÀFZNFTFGF S]8]\ADF\ ;eIMGL ;\bIF V\U[GL DFlCTL PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP

pÀFZNFTFGF S]8]\AGF\ 5|SFZ V\U[GL DFlCTL PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP

pÀFZNFTFGF l5TFzL ;lCT T[DGF EF.vAC[GMGL S], ;\bIF

V\U[GL DFlCTLPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP

pÀFZNFTF ;lCT T[DGF EF.vAC[GMGL S], ;\bIF V\U[GL DFlCTLPPPPP

pÀFZNFTFGF :+Lv5]Z]QF ;\TFGMGL S], ;\bIF V\U[GL DFlCTLPPPP

pÀFZNFTFGF ,uG YIFG[ S[8,F JQF" YIF T[ V\U[GL DFlCTLPPPPPP

pÀFZNFTFVMV[ ,uG DF8[ ÒJG;FYLGL 5;\NUL S[JL ZLT[ SZL CTL T[

V\U[GL DFlCTLPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP

pÀFZNFTFVMV[ ÒJG;FYLGL 5;\NUL SZTL JBT[ S.vS. AFATMG[

wIFGDF\ ZFBL CTL T[ V\U[GL DFlCTLPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP

ZZ(ZZ(ZZ(ZZ(ZZ(

Page 3: lJ`,[QF6 - Shodhgangashodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/1946/11/11_chapter4.pdf · d pÀfznftfgl ;fdfgi dflctlg]\ lj`,[qf6:+lv5]z]qf 5|df6 v\u[gf 5|:t]t ;\xmwg sfi"df\ pÀfznftfgl

$P!(

$P!)

$PZ_

$PZ!

$PZZ

Z&_

Z&!

Z&#

Z&5

Z&*

pÀFZNFTFVMV[ ,uG 5KL A[ AF/SM JrR[ V\TZ ZFBJFG]\ lJRFI]" CT]\

S[ GCL\ T[ V\U[GL DFlCTLPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP

A[ AF/SM JrR[ V\TZ ZFBJFGM lG6"I pÀFZNFTFGM CTM S[ VgIGM

T[ V\U[GL DFlCTLPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP

pÀFZNFTFGF ,uG AFN 5|YD ;\TFGGM HgD S[8,F JQF" AFN YIM

CTM T[ V\U[GL DFlCTL PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP

pÀFZNFTFGF AF/SGF pK[ZDF\ SM6 JW] wIFG VF5[ K[ T[ V\U[GL

DFlCTL PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP

p5;\CFZ PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP

ZZ)ZZ)ZZ)ZZ)ZZ)

Page 4: lJ`,[QF6 - Shodhgangashodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/1946/11/11_chapter4.pdf · d pÀfznftfgl ;fdfgi dflctlg]\ lj`,[qf6:+lv5]z]qf 5|df6 v\u[gf 5|:t]t ;\xmwg sfi"df\ pÀfznftfgl

5|SZ6 v $5|SZ6 v $5|SZ6 v $5|SZ6 v $5|SZ6 v $

pÀFZNFTFGL ;FDFgI4SF{8] \lAS VG[ ,uGÒJG lJQFIS DFlCTLG]\ lJ`,[QF6pÀFZNFTFGL ;FDFgI4SF{8] \lAS VG[ ,uGÒJG lJQFIS DFlCTLG]\ lJ`,[QF6pÀFZNFTFGL ;FDFgI4SF{8] \lAS VG[ ,uGÒJG lJQFIS DFlCTLG]\ lJ`,[QF6pÀFZNFTFGL ;FDFgI4SF{8] \lAS VG[ ,uGÒJG lJQFIS DFlCTLG]\ lJ`,[QF6pÀFZNFTFGL ;FDFgI4SF{8] \lAS VG[ ,uGÒJG lJQFIS DFlCTLG]\ lJ`,[QF6

$P! 5|:TFJGF$P! 5|:TFJGF$P! 5|:TFJGF$P! 5|:TFJGF$P! 5|:TFJGF

SM.56 jIÂÉTGF JT"GGL 5FK/ V[S J{RFlZS E}lDSF CMI K[P EF{lTS lJ`JG]\

lGDF"6 VF ZLT[ J{RFlZS lJ`JG]\ H D}T" :J~5 SCL XSFIP :+Lv5]Z]QFGF 5|DF6DF\

V;DFGTF H[JM jIF5S D]ÛM ßIFZ[ RRF"GL V[Z6 5Z CMI tIFZ[ VF lJQFIS lG6F"IS

lJRFZWFZFGF\ lGDF"6DF\ jIÂÉTG]\ lX1F64 jIÂÉTGL 7FlT4 jIÂÉTGM WD" S[ ;\5|NFI T[DH

jIÂÉTGM jIJ;FI JU[Z[ AFATM 5|tI1F VYJF 5ZM1F ZLT[ YM0L36L 5Z\T] lG6F"IS V;Z

SZTL CMI K[P EFZTLI ÒJGjIJ:YF4 EFZTLI ;DFHjIJ:YF4 EFZTLI TÀJ7FGGL

ÒJGDLDF\;F 5|tI[S EFZTLIGF DFG;G[ 30JFDF\ lG6F"IS E}lDSF EHJ[ K[ VTo p5ZMÉT

AFATM VF5MvVF5 DCÀJGL AGL ZC[ K[P

SM. 56 lJRFZWFZFGF lGDF"6DF\ ;DFHGM ;lCIFZM 5|EFJ CMI K[P VFYL SM. 56

;FDFlHS J,64 lJRFZWFZF VG[ T[GF VFWFZ[ 30FT]\ ;DFHG]\ JF:TlJS :J~5 lEgGvlEgG

S1FF4 :TZ4 HFlT S[ WD"GF ,MSMG]\ 5|lTlGlWtJ SZ[ K[P VCL\ ;DFHDF\ :+Lv5]Z]QFGF 5|DF6GM

VeIF; SZTL JBT[ lEgGvlEgG 7FlT4 ;DFH4 WD"4 ;\5|NFI4 lX1F6 VG[ lEgGvlEgG

,uG lJQFIS EFJGF WZFJTF pÀFZNFTFVMV[ lJlJW D]ÛFVM VFWFlZT 5|̀ GMGF VF5[,F

HJFAM S[ 5|lTlÊIFVMG[ VFWFZ[ T[DGF lJRFZM VG[ JT"GMG]\ lJ`,[QF6 V+[ ZH} SZJFDF\

VFjI]\ K[P

lJ`,[QF6GF\ VF lJEFUDF\ H}GFU- lH<,FGF !$ TF,]SFVMDF\YL 5;\N SZ[,

Z(_ 5]Z]QFM VG[ Z(_ :+LVM V[D S], 5&_ pÀFZNFTFVM 5F;[YL D[/J[,L DFlCTLG]\

;DFHXF:+LI ¹lQ8lA\N]YL GLR[ 5|DF6[ lJ`,[QF6 SZJFDF\ VFjI]\ K[P

Z#_Z#_Z#_Z#_Z#_

Page 5: lJ`,[QF6 - Shodhgangashodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/1946/11/11_chapter4.pdf · d pÀfznftfgl ;fdfgi dflctlg]\ lj`,[qf6:+lv5]z]qf 5|df6 v\u[gf 5|:t]t ;\xmwg sfi"df\ pÀfznftfgl

D pÀFZNFTFGL ;FDFgI DFlCTLG]\ lJ`,[QF6pÀFZNFTFGL ;FDFgI DFlCTLG]\ lJ`,[QF6pÀFZNFTFGL ;FDFgI DFlCTLG]\ lJ`,[QF6pÀFZNFTFGL ;FDFgI DFlCTLG]\ lJ`,[QF6pÀFZNFTFGL ;FDFgI DFlCTLG]\ lJ`,[QF6

:+Lv5]Z]QF 5|DF6 V\U[GF 5|:T]T ;\XMWG SFI"DF\ pÀFZNFTFGL ;FDFgI DFlCTLG[ VCL\

NXF"JJFDF\ VFJL K[P

pÀFZNFTFGL ;FDFgI DFlCTLDF\ p\DZ4 7FlT4 WD"4 ;\5|NFI4 lX1F64 jIJ;FI4 JFlQF"S

VFJS4 S]8]=ADF SDFGFZ ;eIMGL S], ;\bIF4 S]8]\AGM 5|SFZ JU[Z[ AFATMG[ VCL\ NXF"JJFDF\

VFJL K[P

$PZ$PZ$PZ$PZ$PZ pÀFZNFTFGL p\DZ V\U[GL DFlCTLpÀFZNFTFGL p\DZ V\U[GL DFlCTLpÀFZNFTFGL p\DZ V\U[GL DFlCTLpÀFZNFTFGL p\DZ V\U[GL DFlCTLpÀFZNFTFGL p\DZ V\U[GL DFlCTL

jIÂÉTGL p\DZ T[GF ÒJGGF lJlJW TAÞ[ lJlJW E}lDSF EHJJFGL ;FY[ ;\S/FI[,L

K[P 5|:T]T ;\XMWGDF\ pÀFZNFTFVMGL p\DZ GLR[GF SMQ8SDF\ NXF"JJFDF\ VFJL K[P

SMQ8S G\P$P!SMQ8S G\P$P!SMQ8S G\P$P!SMQ8S G\P$P!SMQ8S G\P$P!

pÀFZNFTFG]\ p\DZ 5|DF6[ JUL"SZ6 NXF"JT]\ SMQ8SpÀFZNFTFG]\ p\DZ 5|DF6[ JUL"SZ6 NXF"JT]\ SMQ8SpÀFZNFTFG]\ p\DZ 5|DF6[ JUL"SZ6 NXF"JT]\ SMQ8SpÀFZNFTFG]\ p\DZ 5|DF6[ JUL"SZ6 NXF"JT]\ SMQ8SpÀFZNFTFG]\ p\DZ 5|DF6[ JUL"SZ6 NXF"JT]\ SMQ8S

ÊDÊDÊDÊDÊD lJUTlJUTlJUTlJUTlJUT VFJ'lÀFVFJ'lÀFVFJ'lÀFVFJ'lÀFVFJ'lÀF 8SF8SF8SF8SF8SF

!P Z_ YL Z5 # _P5$

ZP Z& YL #_ 5_ (P)#

#P #! YL #5 !(# #ZP&(

$P #& YL $_ Z#* $ZP#Z

5P $! YL $5 &( !ZP!$

&P $5 YL JWFZ[ !) #P#)

S],S],S],S],S], 5&_ 5&_ 5&_ 5&_ 5&_ !__!__!__!__!__

D lJJZ6 o lJJZ6 o lJJZ6 o lJJZ6 o lJJZ6 o p5ZGF SMQ8S 5ZYL GLR[GL AFATM O,LT YFI K[P

oo S], 5&_ pÀFZNFTFVMDF\YL # pÀFZNFTFVMGL pDZ Z_ YL Z5 JQF"GL K[P H[ lGNX"GF

_P5$@ YFI K[P

oo 5_ pÀFNFTFVMGL pDZ Z& YL #_ JQF"GL K[P H[ lGNX"GF (P)#@ YFI K[P

Z#!Z#!Z#!Z#!Z#!

Page 6: lJ`,[QF6 - Shodhgangashodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/1946/11/11_chapter4.pdf · d pÀfznftfgl ;fdfgi dflctlg]\ lj`,[qf6:+lv5]z]qf 5|df6 v\u[gf 5|:t]t ;\xmwg sfi"df\ pÀfznftfgl

oo !(# pÀFNFTFVMGL pDZ #! YL #5 JQF"GL K[P H[ lGNX"GF #ZP&(@ YFI K[P

oo Z#* pÀFNFTFVMGL pDZ #& YL $_ JQF"GL K[P H[ lGNX"GF $ZP#Z@ YFI K[P

oo &( pÀFNFTFVMGL pDZ $! YL $5 JQF"GL K[P H[ lGNX"GF !ZP!$@ YFI K[P

oo !) pÀFNFTFVMGL pDZ $5 JQF"YL JWFZ[ HMJF D/[ K[P H[ lGNX"GF\ #P#)@ YFI K[P

D TFZ6TFZ6TFZ6TFZ6TFZ6

p5ZMÉT SMQ8S 5ZYL SCL XSFI S[ 5|:T]T ;\XMWGDF\ AWF H pÀFZNFTFVMGL pDZ

V[S ;ZBL HMJF D/TL GYLP 5Z\T] T[DF J{lJwI HMJF D/[ K[P ;DFHÒJGDF\ 30FT]\ DFG;

pDZGF lJlJW TAÞ[ lEgGvlEgG ¹lQ8SM6YL lJRFZT]\ CMI K[P VCL\ V[ AFAT GM\WGLI K[

S[ H[ GJ5lZ6LT I]JFGM Z& YL #_ JQF"GF K[ T[VM SNFR NLSZFvNLSZL JrR[ E[N ZFBTF GCL\

CMIP 5Z\T] EFZTLI ;\I]ÉT S]8]\A jIJ:YFDF\ lG6"IM jIÂÉTUT SZTF ;FD}lCS JWFZ[ CMI K[

VG[ V[ p5ZF\T 3ZGF DMEL TZLS[ J0L,G]\ :YFG 5|EFJS CMI K[P VFYL V[J]\ 56 AGT]\ CMI

K[ S[ #& YL 5_ JQF" ;]WLGF 3ZGF J0L,GF\ lG6"I D]HA I]JFGM 5MTFGF 5lZJFZG]\ VFIMHG

SZJF DHA]Z CMI V[8,[ S[ NLSZFvNLSZLG[ ;DFG U6GFZ I]JFG N\5lT 56 J0L,MGF VFU|CG[

SFZ6[ NLSZFGF HgDG[ 5|FWFgI VF5TF CMI K[P

VFD4 lJlJW pDZGF ,MSMGF[ VlE5|FI 56 VCL\ —:+LvE}|6 CtIF ˜ T[DH :+Lv

5]Z]QF 5|DF6GF ;\NE"DF\ lJRFZTL JBT[ DCÀJGM AGL ZC[ K[P

$P#$P#$P#$P#$P# pÀFZNFTFGL 7FlT V\U[GL DFlCTLpÀFZNFTFGL 7FlT V\U[GL DFlCTLpÀFZNFTFGL 7FlT V\U[GL DFlCTLpÀFZNFTFGL 7FlT V\U[GL DFlCTLpÀFZNFTFGL 7FlT V\U[GL DFlCTL

lCgN] ;DFHGL :TZZRGFDF\ 7FlT VUtIGM EFU EHJ[ K[P 5|tI[S 7FlT jIJ:YF

5MTFGF S[8,FS VFUJF bIF,M4 ZLTvlZJFHM4 GLlTvlGIDM S[ WFlD"S A\WGM WZFJ[ K[P

7FlT 5|YFV[ EFZTLI ;DFHG[ H]NFvH]NF B\0MDF\ lJEFlHT SIM" K[P T[YL SM.56

;DFHXF:+LI VeIF; CFY WZTL JBT[ 7FlTG[ wIFGDF\ ZFBJL H~ZL K[P

5|:T]T VeIF;DF\ pÀFZNFTFGL 7FlTG[ +6 EFUDF\ lJEFlHT SZL K[P prR7FlTDF\

Z#ZZ#ZZ#ZZ#ZZ#Z

Page 7: lJ`,[QF6 - Shodhgangashodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/1946/11/11_chapter4.pdf · d pÀfznftfgl ;fdfgi dflctlg]\ lj`,[qf6:+lv5]z]qf 5|df6 v\u[gf 5|:t]t ;\xmwg sfi"df\ pÀfznftfgl

A|Fï64 JFl6IF4 1F+LI4 GFUZ4 58[, JU[Z[ 7FlTGF pÀFZNFTFVMG[ ;DFJJFDF\ VFjIF K[P

ßIFZ[ DwID 7FlTDF\ SFZLUZ JU"GL 7FlT H[JL S[ ;]YFZ4 S]\EFZ4 ,]CFZ4 NZÒ4 JF6\N

JU[Z[ 7FlTGF pÀFZNFTFVMG[ ;DFJJFDF\ VFjIF K[P lGdG 7FlTDF\ ClZHG4 SM/L4 DMRL4

JF3ZL4 E\UL4 VG];}lRT HGHFlT JU[Z[ 7FlTGF pÀFZNFTFVMG[ ;DFJJFDF\ VFjIF K[P

pÀFZNFTFGL 7FlT lJX[GL DFlCTL GLR[GF SMQ8SDF\ NXF"JJFDF\ VFJL K[P

sGM\W o SM.56 7FlTG[ prR4 DwID S[ lGdG SCL XSFTL H GYL 5Z\T] ;DFHXF:+ GL JQFM"

H}GL 5Z\5ZFG[ SFZ6[ VF 5|SFZ[ JUL"SZ6 SI]" K[Pf

SMQ8S G\P$PZSMQ8S G\P$PZSMQ8S G\P$PZSMQ8S G\P$PZSMQ8S G\P$PZ

pÀFZNFTFG]\ 7FlT 5|DF6[ JUL"SZ6 NXF"JT]\ SMQ8SpÀFZNFTFG]\ 7FlT 5|DF6[ JUL"SZ6 NXF"JT]\ SMQ8SpÀFZNFTFG]\ 7FlT 5|DF6[ JUL"SZ6 NXF"JT]\ SMQ8SpÀFZNFTFG]\ 7FlT 5|DF6[ JUL"SZ6 NXF"JT]\ SMQ8SpÀFZNFTFG]\ 7FlT 5|DF6[ JUL"SZ6 NXF"JT]\ SMQ8S

ÊDÊDÊDÊDÊD lJUTlJUTlJUTlJUTlJUT VFJ'lÀFVFJ'lÀFVFJ'lÀFVFJ'lÀFVFJ'lÀF 8SF8SF8SF8SF8SF

!P prR 7FlT !(* ##P#)

ZP DwID 7FlT !(_ #ZP!$

#P lGdG 7FlT !)# #$P$*

S],S],S],S],S], 5&_ 5&_ 5&_ 5&_ 5&_ !__ !__ !__ !__ !__

D lJJZ6 o lJJZ6 o lJJZ6 o lJJZ6 o lJJZ6 o p5ZGF SMQ8S 5ZYL GLR[GL AFATM O,LT YFI K[P

oo S], 5&_ pÀFZNFTFVMDF\YL !(* pÀFZNFTFVM prR 7FlTGF K[P H[ lGNX"GF\

##P#)@ YFI K[P

oo !(_ pÀFZNFTFVM DwID 7FlTGF K[P H[ lGNX"GF\ #ZP!$@ YFI K[P

oo !)# pÀFZNFTFVM lGdG 7FlTGF K[P H[ lGNX"GF\ #$P$*@ YFI K[P

D TFZ6TFZ6TFZ6TFZ6TFZ6

p5ZGF SMQ8S 5ZYL SCL XSFI S[ EFZTLI ;DFHDF\ HMJF D/T]\ 7FlTG]\ J{lJwI

VCL\ 56 ¹lQ8UMRZ YFI K[P SFZ6 S[ p5ZMÉT SMQ8SDF\ SZJFDF\ VFJ[, 7FlTGF +6 EFUGF

Z##Z##Z##Z##Z##

Page 8: lJ`,[QF6 - Shodhgangashodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/1946/11/11_chapter4.pdf · d pÀfznftfgl ;fdfgi dflctlg]\ lj`,[qf6:+lv5]z]qf 5|df6 v\u[gf 5|:t]t ;\xmwg sfi"df\ pÀfznftfgl

JUL"SZ6DF\ VG[SlJW 7FlTVMG[ ;DFJJFDF\ VFJL K[P

p5ZF\T V[D 56 SCL XSFI S[ ;DFGSFINM4 ;DFG TSM4 ;DFG VFlY"S VG[ X{1Fl6S

lJSF;GL TSM D/JF KTF 56 EFZTLI 5|HFDFG;DF\ VFH[ lJ7FGI]UDF\ 56 7FlTG]\ J/

U6 N}Z YI]\ GYLP VG[S ;\HMUMDF\ DF6;G]\ D}<IF\SG VG[ JT"G T[GL 7FlTGF ;\NE"DF\ YT]\

HMJF D/[ K[P :+Lv5]]Z]QFGF 5|DF6DF\ ZC[,L V;DFGTF V[ 56 7FlT 5|DF6[ V,UvV,U

HMJF D/[ K[P prR7FlTVMDF :+Lv5]Z]QFGF 5|DF6DF\ DM8]\ V;\T],G éE] YI[,]\ HMJF

D/[ K[ ßIFZ[ DwID VG[ lGdG 7FlTVMDF VF V;\T],G V[8,]\ AW]\ EIHGS HMJF

D/T]\ GYLP VF AFAT lJlJW :+LvlJQFIS VeIF;MDF\ 56 HMJF D/[ K[P

$P$$P$$P$$P$$P$ pÀFZNFTFGF WD" V\U[GL DFlCTLpÀFZNFTFGF WD" V\U[GL DFlCTLpÀFZNFTFGF WD" V\U[GL DFlCTLpÀFZNFTFGF WD" V\U[GL DFlCTLpÀFZNFTFGF WD" V\U[GL DFlCTL

EFZT V[ H]NFvH]NF WD"DF\ zâF WZFJGFZ jIÂÉTVMGM AG[,M N[X CMJFYL T[DF\

lJlJW 5|SFZGF WFlD"S H}YM HMJF D/[ K[P EFZTDF\ D]bIÀJ[ lCgN]4 D]Â:,D4 XLB4 lB|:TL4

VG[ 5FZ;L WD"GF ,MSM J;JF8 SZ[ K[P EFZTDF\ HMJF D/T]\ WD"G]\ J{lJwI ;DFHÒJG

p5Z DCÀJGL V;Z SZ[ K[P HM DF+ :+Lv5]Z]QF 5|DF6GF ;\NE"DF\ lJRFZJFDF\ VFJ[ TM

WD" VG[ T[GL S[8,LS WFlD"S DFgITFVMV[ :+LvE}|6 CtIF JWFZJFDF\ DCÀJGL E}lDSF

EHJL K[P VFYL 56 JT"DFG ;DIDF\ :+Lv5]Z]QFGF 5|DF6G]\ ;\T],G BMZJFI]\ K[P

5|:T]T ;\XMWGDF\ pÀFZNFTFVMGL WD" lJQFIS DFlCTL HMJFDF\ VFJ[ TM 5$&

pÀFZNFTFVM lCgN]WD" 5F/[ K[P H[ lGNX"GF )*P5@ YFI K[P ßIFZ[ !$ pÀFZNFTFVM D]Â:,D

WD" 5F/[ K[P H[ lGNX"GF ZP5@ YFI K[P

EFZTGF ;FDFlHS DF/BFDF\ lJlJW WD"DF\ lCgN] WD"G]\ 5|FWFgI Zæ]\ K[P V[ AFAT

VCL\ 56 HMJF D/[ K[P

D]Â:,D WD"GF pÀFZNFTFVMG]\ 5|DF6 5|:T]T ;\XMWGDF\ GlCJT HMJF D/[ K[ H[DF

V[D 56 NXF"JL XSLV[ S[ EFZTDF\ D]Â:,D WD"G]\ H[ 5|DF6 K[ T[ 5|DF6 H VCL\ ,UEU

Z#$Z#$Z#$Z#$Z#$

Page 9: lJ`,[QF6 - Shodhgangashodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/1946/11/11_chapter4.pdf · d pÀfznftfgl ;fdfgi dflctlg]\ lj`,[qf6:+lv5]z]qf 5|df6 v\u[gf 5|:t]t ;\xmwg sfi"df\ pÀfznftfgl

HMJF D/[ K[P

$P5$P5$P5$P5$P5 pÀFZNFTFGF ;\5|NFI V\U[GL DFlCTLpÀFZNFTFGF ;\5|NFI V\U[GL DFlCTLpÀFZNFTFGF ;\5|NFI V\U[GL DFlCTLpÀFZNFTFGF ;\5|NFI V\U[GL DFlCTLpÀFZNFTFGF ;\5|NFI V\U[GL DFlCTL

WD"GL ;FY[ ;\S/FI[,] ALH] DCÀJG]\ 5lZA/ K[ ;\5|NFI EFZTDF\ H]NFvH]NF

;\5|NFIGF ,MSM J;JF8 SZ[ K[P 5|:T]T ;\XMWGDF\ pÀFZNFTFVMGL ;\5|NFI lJQFIS DFlCTL

HMJFDF\ VFJ[ TM v

S], 5&_ pÀFZNFTFVMDF\YL !*_ pÀFZNFTFVM J{Q6J ;\5|NFIGF HMJF D/[ K[P H[

lGNX"GF #_P#&@ YFI K[P !(! pÀFZNFTFVM lXJ ;\5|NFIGF K[P H[ lGNX"GF #ZP#Z@ YFI

K[P 5) pÀFZNFTFVM :JFlDGFZFI6 ;\5|NFIGF HMJF D/[ K[P H[ lGNX"GF !_P5#@ YFI K[P

ßIFZ[ !5_ pÀFZNFTFVM VgI ;\5|NFIGF K[P H[ lGNX"GF Z&P*)@ YFI K[P

WD" VG[ ;\5|NFI J{Â`JS AFAT K[P 5Z\T] EFZTLI ;DFHDF\ T[GL TLJ|TF JWFZ[ K[

V[ AFAT VCL\ 56 HMJF D/[ K[P SFZ6 S[ 5|:T]T ;\XMWGGF AWF H pÀFZNFTFVM SM.G[

SM. ;\5|NFI ;FY[ ;\S/FI[,F K[P

p5ZF\T V[D 56 SCL XSFI S[ WD" VG[ ;\5|NFIDF\ DFGGFZ jIÂÉT 5MTFGF ;FDlHS

ÒJGDF\ JWTF VMKF V\X[ 5MTFGF ;F\5|NFlIS A\WGM VG[ lJRFZM :JLSFZTM CMI K[P VFYL

;\5|NFIG]\ J{lJwI 56 :+Lv5]Z]QFGF 5|DF6 5Z V;Z SZGFZ]\ 5lZA/ AGL ZC[ K[P

$P&$P&$P&$P&$P& pÀFZNFTFGF lX1F6 V\U[GL DFlCTLpÀFZNFTFGF lX1F6 V\U[GL DFlCTLpÀFZNFTFGF lX1F6 V\U[GL DFlCTLpÀFZNFTFGF lX1F6 V\U[GL DFlCTLpÀFZNFTFGF lX1F6 V\U[GL DFlCTL

SM.56 1F[+DF\ lX1F6 V[ 5lZJT"GG]\ V[S VlT VUtIG]\ ;FWG K[P lX1F6 £FZF

A]lâ4 TS"XÂÉT VG[ jIÂÉTÀJGM lJSF; YFI K[P lX1F6 V[ ,MSMDF\ HFU'lT ,FJ[ K[P VFW]lGS

I]UDF\ jIÂÉT VG[ ;DFHGL ¹lQ8YL HMTF lX1F6G[ H~ZL VG[ VlTD}<IJFG U6JFDF\

VFjI]\ K[P

jIÂÉTGF lJRFZM4 D}<IM VG[ JT"G 5Z lX1F6GL V;Z YTL CMI K[P 5|:T]T VeIF;DF\

pÀFZNFTFVMV[ D[/J[, lX1F6G[ lJlJW :TZ[ T5F;JFDF\ VFjI]\ K[P

Z#5Z#5Z#5Z#5Z#5

Page 10: lJ`,[QF6 - Shodhgangashodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/1946/11/11_chapter4.pdf · d pÀfznftfgl ;fdfgi dflctlg]\ lj`,[qf6:+lv5]z]qf 5|df6 v\u[gf 5|:t]t ;\xmwg sfi"df\ pÀfznftfgl

SMQ8S G\P$P#SMQ8S G\P$P#SMQ8S G\P$P#SMQ8S G\P$P#SMQ8S G\P$P#

pÀFZNFTFG]\ lX1F6 5|DF6[ JUL"SZ6 NXF"JT]\ SMQ8SpÀFZNFTFG]\ lX1F6 5|DF6[ JUL"SZ6 NXF"JT]\ SMQ8SpÀFZNFTFG]\ lX1F6 5|DF6[ JUL"SZ6 NXF"JT]\ SMQ8SpÀFZNFTFG]\ lX1F6 5|DF6[ JUL"SZ6 NXF"JT]\ SMQ8SpÀFZNFTFG]\ lX1F6 5|DF6[ JUL"SZ6 NXF"JT]\ SMQ8S

ÊDÊDÊDÊDÊD lJUTlJUTlJUTlJUTlJUT VFJ'lÀFVFJ'lÀFVFJ'lÀFVFJ'lÀFVFJ'lÀF 8SF8SF8SF8SF8SF

!P lGZ1FZ &Z !!P_*

ZP 5|FYlDS !!_ !)P&$

#P DFwIlDS !$( Z&P$#

$P prRTZ DFwIlDS (Z !$P&$

5P :GFTS (_ !$PZ)

&P prR lX1F6 *( !#P)#

S],S],S],S],S], 5&_ 5&_ 5&_ 5&_ 5&_ !__ !__ !__ !__ !__

D lJJZ6 o lJJZ6 o lJJZ6 o lJJZ6 o lJJZ6 o p5ZGF SMQ8S 5ZYL GLR[GL AFATM O,LT YFI K[P

oo S], 5&_ pÀFZNFTFVMDF\YL &Z pÀFZNFTFVM lGZ1FZ K[P H[ lGNX"GF !!P_*@ YFI K[P

oo !!_ pÀFZNFTFVMV[ 5|FYlDS S1FFG]\ lX1F6 D[/J[, K[P H[ lGNX"GF !)P&$@ YFI K[P

oo !$( pÀFZNFTFVMV[ DFwIlDS S1FFG]\ lX1F6 D[/J[, K[P H[ lGNX"GF Z&P$#@ YFI K[P

oo (Z pÀFZNFTFVMV[ prRTZ DFwIlDS S1FFG]\ lX1F6 D[/J[, K[P H[ lGNX"GF !$P&$@

YFI K[P

oo (_ pÀFZNFTFVMV[ :GFTS S1FFG]\ lX1F6 D[/J[, K[P H[ lGNX"GF !$PZ)@ YFI K[P

oo *( pÀFZNFTFVMV[ prR lX1F6 D[/J[, K[P H[ lGNX"GF !#P)#@ YFI K[P

D TFZ6TFZ6TFZ6TFZ6TFZ6

p5ZMÉT SMQ8SG[ VF\S0FSLI ZLT[ T5F;TF SCL XSFI S[ 5|:T]T ;\XMWGDF\

pÀFZNFTFVMGF lX1F6DF\ J{lJwI HMJF D/[ K[P ;F{YL JWFZ[ pÀFZNFTFVMV[ DFwIlDS S1FFG]\

lX1F6 D[/J[, K[P ßIFZ[ ;F{YL VMKF pÀFZNFTFVM lGZ1FZ K[P VFhFNL AFN EFZTDF\

lX1F6GM ;FZM lJSF; YIM K[ V[ AFAT VCL\ VeIF;DF\ 56 5|lTlA\lAT YFI K[P 5Z\T]

prR lX1F6 D[/J[, pÀFZNFTFVMG]\ 5|DF6 DF+ !#P)#@ H HMJF D/[ K[P H[ NXF"J[ K[ S[

X{1Fl6S lJSF; YIM CMJF KTF\ prR lX1F6 D[/JGFZ ,MSMG]\ 5|DF6 GlCJTŸ K[P

Z#&Z#&Z#&Z#&Z#&

Page 11: lJ`,[QF6 - Shodhgangashodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/1946/11/11_chapter4.pdf · d pÀfznftfgl ;fdfgi dflctlg]\ lj`,[qf6:+lv5]z]qf 5|df6 v\u[gf 5|:t]t ;\xmwg sfi"df\ pÀfznftfgl

:+Lv5]Z]QF 5|DF6DF\ V;DFGTF VG[ T[DF\I BF; :+LvE}|6 CtIFGF\ ;\NE[" JFT

SZJFDF\ VFJ[ TM prR lXl1FT 5lZJFZMDF\ NLSZL 5|tI[ V6UDM ZFBJFDF\ VFJ[ K[4 H[8,]\

:+LvE}|6 CtIFG]\ 5|DF6 HMJF D/[ K[ T[8,]\ VlXl1FT 5lZJFZMDF\ HMJF D/T]\ GYLP V[

AFAT lJlJW VG]EJHgI VeIF;MDF\ 56 HMJF D/[ K[P 5|:T]T ;\XMWGDF\ C[T]VMG[

VG]~5 lX1F6GF\ ;\NE"DF\ :+Lv5]Z]QFG]\ V;DFG 5|DF6 T5F;JF pÀFZNFTFGF lX1F6G[

lJlJW 5|̀ GM ;FY[ ;F\S/JFDF\ VFjI]\ K[P

$P*$P*$P*$P*$P* pÀFZNFTFGF jIJ;FI V\U[GL DFlCTLpÀFZNFTFGF jIJ;FI V\U[GL DFlCTLpÀFZNFTFGF jIJ;FI V\U[GL DFlCTLpÀFZNFTFGF jIJ;FI V\U[GL DFlCTLpÀFZNFTFGF jIJ;FI V\U[GL DFlCTL

jIÂÉTGF jIÂÉTtJG[ VG[S 5F;FVM 5|EFlJT SZTF CMI K[ T[ 5{SLG]\ V[S 5F;]\ V[8,[

jIÂÉTGM jIJ;FIP jIJ;FI V[8,[ ÒJGlGJF"CG]\ ;FWG4 jIJ;FI V[8,[ VFÒlJSF VG[

VFJSG]\ T[DH ;\5lÀF ;H"GG]\ ;FWGP

EFZTDF\ B}A H}GF ;DIYL jIÂÉT VG[ S]8]\A ;\:YF p5Z 7FlT VG[ jIJ;FIG]\

5|E]tJ H/JF. Zæ]\ K[P HM S[ JT"DFG ;DIDF\ 5Z\5ZFUT VY"T\+ HMJF D/T]\ GYLP CJ[

jIÂÉT 5MTFGL VFJ0TGF VFWFZ[ ZMÒZM8L D[/J[ K[ 56 S[8,FS jIJ;FIM CH] 56 7FlT

VFWFlZT K[P 5|:T]T ;\XMWGDF\ pÀFZNFTFGL jIJ;FI lJQFIS DFlCTL VCL\ GLR[GF

SMQ8SDF\ NXF"JJFDF\ VFJL K[P

SMQ8S G\P$P$SMQ8S G\P$P$SMQ8S G\P$P$SMQ8S G\P$P$SMQ8S G\P$P$

pÀFZNFTFG]\ jIJ;FI 5|DF6[ JUL"SZ6 NXF"JT]\ SMQ8SpÀFZNFTFG]\ jIJ;FI 5|DF6[ JUL"SZ6 NXF"JT]\ SMQ8SpÀFZNFTFG]\ jIJ;FI 5|DF6[ JUL"SZ6 NXF"JT]\ SMQ8SpÀFZNFTFG]\ jIJ;FI 5|DF6[ JUL"SZ6 NXF"JT]\ SMQ8SpÀFZNFTFG]\ jIJ;FI 5|DF6[ JUL"SZ6 NXF"JT]\ SMQ8S

ÊDÊDÊDÊDÊD lJUTlJUTlJUTlJUTlJUT VFJ'lÀFVFJ'lÀFVFJ'lÀFVFJ'lÀFVFJ'lÀF 8SF8SF8SF8SF8SF

!P GMSZL !*& #!P$#

ZP B[TL )Z !&P$#

#P SFZLUZ JU"GF jIJ;FI ** !#P*5

$P DH}ZL !5( Z(PZZ

5P U'CSFI" Z5 $P$&

&P VgI #Z 5P*!

S],S],S],S],S], 5&_5&_5&_5&_5&_ !__ !__ !__ !__ !__

D lJJZ6 o lJJZ6 o lJJZ6 o lJJZ6 o lJJZ6 o p5ZGF SMQ8S 5ZYL GLR[GL AFATM O,LT YFI K[P

Z#*Z#*Z#*Z#*Z#*

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oo S], 5&_ pÀFZNFTFVMDF\YL !*& pÀFZNFTFVM lJlJW 5|SFZGL GMSZL ;FY[

;\S/FI[,F K[P H[DF 0F[É8Z4 JSL,4 VwIF5S4 lX1FS4 5M,L;4 É,FS"4 G;"4 JFIZD[G4

5M:8D[G4 5ÎFJF/F JU[Z[ D]bI K[P H[ lGNX"GF #!P$#@ YFI K[P

oo )Z pÀFZNFTFVM B[TLGF jIJ;FI ;FY[ ;\S/FI[,F K[P H[ lGNX"GF !&P$#@ YFI K[P

oo ** pÀFZNFTFVM SFZLUZJU"GF jIJ;FIM ;FY[ ;\S/FI[,F K[P H[DF S]\EFZLSFD4

NZÒSFD4 ;]YFZLSFD4 ,]CFZLSFD4 JF/\NSFD JU[Z[ D]bI K[P H[ lGNX"GF !#P*5@

YFI K[P

oo !5( pÀFZNFTFVM lJlJW 5|SFZGL K}8S DH}ZL ;FY[ ;\S/FI[,F K[P H[ lGNX"GF

Z(PZZ@ YFI K[P

oo Z5 pÀFZNFTFVM U'CSFI" ;FY[ ;\S/FI[,F K[P H[ lGNX"GF $P$&@ YFI K[P

oo #Z pÀFZNFTFVM VgI jIJ;FIM ;FY[ ;\S/FI[,F K[P H[ lGNX"GF 5P*!@ YFI K[P

D TFZ6TFZ6TFZ6TFZ6TFZ6

p5ZMÉT SMQ8SG[ VF\S0FSLI ZLT[ T5F;TF SCL XSFI S[ ;F{YL JWFZ[ pÀFZNFTFVM

lJlJW 5|SFZGL GMSZL ;FY[ ;\S/FI[,F K[ ßIFZ[ ALÒ AFH] DH}ZL ;FY[ ;\S/FI[,F

pÀFZNFTFVMG]\ 5|DF6 Z(PZZ @ HMJF D/[ K[P SFZLUZ JU"GF jIJ;FI ;FY[ HM0FI[,F

pÀFZNFTFVMG]\ 5|DF6 !#P*5 @ HMJF D/[ K[P B[TL SZTF pÀFZNFTFVMG]\ 5|DF6

!&P$# @ HMJF D/[ K[P

H[GF 5ZYL SCL XSFI S[ 5|FRLG ;DIDF\ 7FlT VFWFlZT H[ 5Z\5ZFUT jIJ;FIM

CTF T[GL HuIFV[ VFW]lGS ;DIDF\ jIÂÉTUT l;lâG[ wIFGDF\ ZFBL ,MSM jIJ;FI SZTF YIF

K[P 0F¶P ÒP V[;P W]I["V[ 7FlTGF 5Z\5ZFUT ,1F6M VF%IF K[P T[DF\ ;F{YL lJX[QF 5lZJT"G

VFjI]\ CMI TM T[ jIJ;FI 5|lTA\WS ,1F6DF\ HMJF D/[ K[P VFD KTFI CH] DwID S[ lGdG

7FlTGM jIJ;FI VG[ U|FDL6 ,MSMGF ;\NE"DF\ T5F;JFDF\ VFJ[ TM CÒ DM8FEFU[ 5Z\5ZFUT

Z#(Z#(Z#(Z#(Z#(

Page 13: lJ`,[QF6 - Shodhgangashodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/1946/11/11_chapter4.pdf · d pÀfznftfgl ;fdfgi dflctlg]\ lj`,[qf6:+lv5]z]qf 5|df6 v\u[gf 5|:t]t ;\xmwg sfi"df\ pÀfznftfgl

jIJ;FIM 56 8SL ZæF CMI T[J]\ 5|:T]T ;\XMWGGF pÀFZNFTFVM 5ZYL H6F. VFJ[ K[P

$P($P($P($P($P( pÀFZNFTFGF S]8] \AGL S], JFlQF"S VFJS V\U[GL DFlCTLpÀFZNFTFGF S]8] \AGL S], JFlQF"S VFJS V\U[GL DFlCTLpÀFZNFTFGF S]8] \AGL S], JFlQF"S VFJS V\U[GL DFlCTLpÀFZNFTFGF S]8] \AGL S], JFlQF"S VFJS V\U[GL DFlCTLpÀFZNFTFGF S]8] \AGL S], JFlQF"S VFJS V\U[GL DFlCTL

jIÂÉTGL S[ S]8]\AGL S], VFJS V[ jIÂÉTGM VFlY"S NZßHM GÞL SZT]\ VG[

;FDFlHS 5|lTQ9F V5"T]\ lG6F"IS 5lZA/ K[P 8}\SDF\ jIÂÉTGF ÒJGWMZ6 p5Z T[GL

VFJSGL V;Z YTL CMI K[P VFJSGM D]bI :+MT jIJ;FI K[P V[8,[ S[ jIJ;FI £FZF

jIÂÉT VFJS D[/J[ K[ VG[ V[ VFJS ;DFHDF\ jIÂÉTGM lJlJW 5|SFZ[ NZßHM GÞL SZ[ K[

VG[ T[GF ;DU| ÒJG WMZ6G[ V;Z SZ[ K[P

5|:T]T ;\XMWGDF\ pÀFZNFTFVMGF S]8]\AGL S], JFlQF"S VFJS HMJFDF\ VFJ[ TM S],

5&_ pÀFZNFTFVMDF\YL *Z pÀFZNFTFVMGF S]8]\AGL S], JFlQF"S VFJS !___ YL Z54___

GL K[P H[ lGNX"GF !ZP(& @ YFI K[P Z_) pÀFZNFTFVMGF S]8]\AGL S], JFlQF"S VFJS

Z&4___ YL 5_4___ GL K[P H[ lGNX"GF #*P#Z @ YFI K[P !__ pÀFZNFTFVMGF S]8]\AGL

S], JFlQF"S VFJS 5!4___ YL *54___ GL K[P H[ lGNX"GF !*P(& @ YFI K[P !_!

pÀFZNFTFVMGF S]8]\AGL S], JFlQF"S VFJS *&___ YL !4__4___ GL K[P H[ lGNX"GF

!(P_$ @ YFI K[P Z5 pÀFZNFTFVMGF S]8]=\AGL S], JFlQF"S VFJS !4_!4___ YL !4Z54___

GL K[P H[ lGNX"GF $P$& @ YFI K[P Z) pÀFZNFTFVMGF S]8]\AGL S], JFlQF"S VFJS !4Z&4___

YL !45_4___ GL K[P H[ lGNX"GF 5P!( @ YFI K[P Z$ pÀFZNFTFVMGF S]8]=\AGL S], JFlQF"S

VFJS !45_4___ YL JWFZ[ K[P H[ lGNX"GF $PZ( @ YFI K[P

pÀFZNFTFVMGF S]8]\AGL S], JFlQF"S VFJS HMTF SCL XSFI S[ ;F{YL JWFZ[ VFJS

WZFJGFZ pÀFZNFTFVMGL ;\bIF 5|:T]T ;\XMWGDF\ ;F{YL VMKL K[P ßIFZ[ VMKL VFJS

WZFJGFZ pÀFZNFTFVMG]\ 5|DF6 ;F{YL JWFZ[ HMJF D?I]\ K[P VFYL ;CH K[ S[ VF 5lZJFZM

5MTFGL VFlY"S Â:YlTG[ ;DTM, ZFBJF DF8[ GFGM 5lZJFZ .rKX[ VG[ GFGF 5lZJFZDF\

56 5]+ TM VlGJFI" H K[P VFYL JW] 5]+LVMGF HgDG[ VJZMWX[P

$P)$P)$P)$P)$P) pÀFZNFTFGF S]8] \ADF\ SDFGFZ ;eIMGL S], ;\bIF V\U[GL DFlCTLpÀFZNFTFGF S]8] \ADF\ SDFGFZ ;eIMGL S], ;\bIF V\U[GL DFlCTLpÀFZNFTFGF S]8] \ADF\ SDFGFZ ;eIMGL S], ;\bIF V\U[GL DFlCTLpÀFZNFTFGF S]8] \ADF\ SDFGFZ ;eIMGL S], ;\bIF V\U[GL DFlCTLpÀFZNFTFGF S]8] \ADF\ SDFGFZ ;eIMGL S], ;\bIF V\U[GL DFlCTL

S]8]\ADF\ SDFGFZ ;eIMGL ;\bIF 5Z S]8]\AGL ;DU| JFlQF"S VFJS lGE"Z K[ VG[

Z#)Z#)Z#)Z#)Z#)

Page 14: lJ`,[QF6 - Shodhgangashodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/1946/11/11_chapter4.pdf · d pÀfznftfgl ;fdfgi dflctlg]\ lj`,[qf6:+lv5]z]qf 5|df6 v\u[gf 5|:t]t ;\xmwg sfi"df\ pÀfznftfgl

S]8]\AGL JFlQF"S VFJS V[ S]8]\AGF ;eIMG[ lJlEgG ZLT[ 5|EFlJT SZTL CMI K[P 5|:T]T

;\XMWGDF\ pÀFZNFTFGF S]8]\ADF\ SDFGFZ ;eIMGL S], ;\bIFG[ GLR[GF SMQ8SDF\ NXF"JJFDF\

VFJL K[P

SMQ8S G\P$P5SMQ8S G\P$P5SMQ8S G\P$P5SMQ8S G\P$P5SMQ8S G\P$P5

pÀFZNFTFGF S]8] \ADF\ SDFGFZ ;eIMGL S], ;\bIF V\U[GL DFlCTLpÀFZNFTFGF S]8] \ADF\ SDFGFZ ;eIMGL S], ;\bIF V\U[GL DFlCTLpÀFZNFTFGF S]8] \ADF\ SDFGFZ ;eIMGL S], ;\bIF V\U[GL DFlCTLpÀFZNFTFGF S]8] \ADF\ SDFGFZ ;eIMGL S], ;\bIF V\U[GL DFlCTLpÀFZNFTFGF S]8] \ADF\ SDFGFZ ;eIMGL S], ;\bIF V\U[GL DFlCTL

NXF"JT] \ SMQ8SNXF"JT] \ SMQ8SNXF"JT] \ SMQ8SNXF"JT] \ SMQ8SNXF"JT] \ SMQ8S

ÊDÊDÊDÊDÊD lJUTlJUTlJUTlJUTlJUT VFJ'lÀFVFJ'lÀFVFJ'lÀFVFJ'lÀFVFJ'lÀF 8SF8SF8SF8SF8SF

!P ! YL Z $Z* *&PZ5

ZP # YL $ !!) Z!PZ5

#P 5 YL & !$ ZP5

S],S],S],S],S], 5&_5&_5&_5&_5&_ !__!__!__!__!__

D lJJZ6 o lJJZ6 o lJJZ6 o lJJZ6 o lJJZ6 o p5ZGF SMQ8S 5ZYL GLR[GL AFATM O,LT YFI K[P

oo S], 5&_ pÀFZNFTFVMDF\YL $Z* pÀFZNFTFVMGF S]8]\ADF\ SDFGFZ ;eIMGL S],

;\bIF ! YL Z K[P H[ lGNX"GF *&PZ5 @ YFI K[P

oo !!) pÀFZNFTFVMGF S]8]\ADF\ SDFGFZ ;eIMGL S], ;\bIF # YL $ K[P H[ lGNX"GF\

Z!PZ5 @ YFI K[P

oo !$ pÀFZNFTFVMGF S]8]\ADF\ SDFGFZ ;eIMGL S], ;\bIF 5 YL & K[P H[ lGNX"GF\

ZP5 @ YFI K[P

D TFZ6TFZ6TFZ6TFZ6TFZ6

p5ZMÉT SMQ8SG[ VF\S0FSLI ZLT[ T5F;TF SCL XSFI S[ ;F{YL JWFZ[ pÀFZNFTFVMGF

S]8]\ADF\ SDFGFZ ;eIMGL S], ;\bIF ! YL Z K[ ßIFZ[ ;F{YL VMKF pÀFZNFTFVMGF S]8]\ADF\

SDFGFZ ;eIMGL S], ;\bIF 5 YL & K[P ßIFZ[ # YL $ SDFGFZ ;eIM WZFJTF S]8]\AMGL ;\bIF

Z$_Z$_Z$_Z$_Z$_

Page 15: lJ`,[QF6 - Shodhgangashodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/1946/11/11_chapter4.pdf · d pÀfznftfgl ;fdfgi dflctlg]\ lj`,[qf6:+lv5]z]qf 5|df6 v\u[gf 5|:t]t ;\xmwg sfi"df\ pÀfznftfgl

Z!PZ5@ H[8,L K[[P

;DFRFZ5+M4 ;ZSFZL VC[JF,M VG[ lJlJW 5]:TSMDF\ H6FjIF 5|DF6[ EFZTDF\

VFWFlZTMG]\ 5|DF6 JWFZ[ K[ V[ AFAT VCL\ 5|:T]T ;\XMWDF\ 56 HMJF D/[ K[P V[S

¹lQ8V[ HMJFDF\ VFJ[ TM S[8,FS bIF,M4 DFgITFVM4 D}<IM VG[ ZLlTlZJFHMGF A\WGG[ ,LW[

VFH[ Z!DL ;NLDF \ 56 VFlY"S ZLT[ S ]8 ] \ADF \ SDFGFZ ;eI TZLS[ :+LVM4

5]Z]QFM H[8,]\ IMUNFG VF5L XSTL GYLP VF SFZ6G[ ,LW[ 56 VCL\GF ;DFHÒJGDF\

VFWFlZTMGL ;\bIF JWFZ[ K[P VFWFlZTMGL JWFZ[ ;\bIF 36L JBT S]8]\ADF\ ;D:IFG]\ SFZ6

AGTL CMI K[P

$P!_ pÀFZNFTFGF S]8] \ADF\ ;eIMGL ;\bIF V\U[GL DFlCTL$P!_ pÀFZNFTFGF S]8] \ADF\ ;eIMGL ;\bIF V\U[GL DFlCTL$P!_ pÀFZNFTFGF S]8] \ADF\ ;eIMGL ;\bIF V\U[GL DFlCTL$P!_ pÀFZNFTFGF S]8] \ADF\ ;eIMGL ;\bIF V\U[GL DFlCTL$P!_ pÀFZNFTFGF S]8] \ADF\ ;eIMGL ;\bIF V\U[GL DFlCTL

S]8]\A V[ V[S jIJ:YF K[P H[ DFGJ;DFHGF V[S DCÀJGF V[SD TZLS[ E}lDSF

EHJ[ K[P DFGJLG]\ ;DU| ÒJG S]8]\ADF\ H ÒJFI K[P S]8]\AGF TDFD ;eIMGL V[S ;lCIFZL

lJRFZWFZF CMI K[ VG[ VF lJRFZWFZFG[ jIÂÉT ÒJGEZ ,UEU J/UL H ZC[TL

CMI K[P lX1F6 JU[Z[ AFæ AFATMYL 5Z V[JL JFZ;FUT lJRFZWFZFG[ SFZ6[ S]8]\ADF\

:+Lv5]]Z]QFMGL ;\bIF lGI\l+T S[ lGlüT YTL CMI K[P NLSZLG[ T],;LÉIFZM S[ —;F5GM EFZM˜

U6TF jIÂÉTGF ;\TFGM l5TF S[ NFNFGL V[ lJRFZWFZF ;FY[ JWTF VMKF V\X[ ;CDT CMI H

K[P VFD pÀFZNFTFGF S]8]\ADF\ :+Lv5]Z]QFG]\ 5|DF6 H[ SF{8]\lAS lJRFZ;Z6L GM lGN["X SZ[ K[P

T[ lJRFZGM V[S ;eI TZLS[ pÀFZNFTF 5Z 5|EFJ CMJFGM HP

VCL\ 5|:T]T ;\XMWGDF\ S], 5&_ pÀFZNFTFVMGF S]8]\ADF\ S], 5]bT 5]Z]QFM VG[ S],

5]bT :+LVMGL ;\bIF S[8,L K[ m S], 5]Z]QF ;\TFGM VG[ S], :+L ;\TFGMGL ;\bIF S[8,L K[ m

T[ V\U[GL DFlCTLG]\ lJ`,[QF6 GLR[GF SMQ8SDF\ SZJFDF\ VFjI]\ K[P

Z$!Z$!Z$!Z$!Z$!

Page 16: lJ`,[QF6 - Shodhgangashodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/1946/11/11_chapter4.pdf · d pÀfznftfgl ;fdfgi dflctlg]\ lj`,[qf6:+lv5]z]qf 5|df6 v\u[gf 5|:t]t ;\xmwg sfi"df\ pÀfznftfgl

SMQ8S G\P$P&SMQ8S G\P$P&SMQ8S G\P$P&SMQ8S G\P$P&SMQ8S G\P$P&

sVf pÀFZNFTFGF S]8] \ADF\ S], 5]bT 5]Z]QFM VG[ S], 5]bT :+LVMGLsVf pÀFZNFTFGF S]8] \ADF\ S], 5]bT 5]Z]QFM VG[ S], 5]bT :+LVMGLsVf pÀFZNFTFGF S]8] \ADF\ S], 5]bT 5]Z]QFM VG[ S], 5]bT :+LVMGLsVf pÀFZNFTFGF S]8] \ADF\ S], 5]bT 5]Z]QFM VG[ S], 5]bT :+LVMGLsVf pÀFZNFTFGF S]8] \ADF\ S], 5]bT 5]Z]QFM VG[ S], 5]bT :+LVMGL

;\bIF VG[ 8SF NXF"JT]\ SMQ8S;\bIF VG[ 8SF NXF"JT]\ SMQ8S;\bIF VG[ 8SF NXF"JT]\ SMQ8S;\bIF VG[ 8SF NXF"JT]\ SMQ8S;\bIF VG[ 8SF NXF"JT]\ SMQ8S

ÊDÊDÊDÊDÊD pÀFZNFTFGF S]8]\ADF\ pÀFZNFTFGF S]8]\ADF\ pÀFZNFTFGF S]8]\ADF\

5]bT 5]Z]QFM VG[ 5]bT 5]Z]QFMGL 5]bT :+LVMGL

5]bT :+LVMGL S], ;\bIF VG[ 8SF S], ;\bIF VG[ 8SF

S], ;\bIF VG[ 8SF

!P!P!P!P!P !$(Z *(5 &)*

s!__@f s5ZP)*@f s$*P_#@f

sGM\W ovsGM\W ovsGM\W ovsGM\W ovsGM\W ovp5ZMÉT SMQ8SDF\ TDFD 5&_ pÀFZNFTFVMGF S]8]\AGF S], 5]bT 5]Z]QFM TYF

S], 5]bT :+LVMGL ;\bIF NXF"J[, K[P fffff

D lJJZ6 o lJJZ6 o lJJZ6 o lJJZ6 o lJJZ6 o p5ZGF SMQ8S 5ZYL GLR[GL AFATM O,LT YFI K[P

oo S], 5&_ pÀFZNFTFVMGF S]8]\ADF\ S], 5]bT 5]Z]QFMGL ;\bIF *(5 K[ ßIFZ[ S], 5]bT

:+LVMGL ;\bIF &)* K[P H[ 5ZP)* @ 5]Z]QFM VG[ $*P_# @ :+LVM NXF"J[ K[P

D TFZ6TFZ6TFZ6TFZ6TFZ6

pÀFZNFTFGF S]8]\ADF\ S], 5]bT 5]Z]QFM VG[ S], 5]bT :+LVMGL ;\bIF NXF"JT]\

p5ZMÉT SMQ8S JT"DFG ;DIGL ,UEU DwID5[-LG]\ 5|lTlGlWtJ SZ[ K[P VCL\ HM.

XSFI K[ S[ 5]bT 5]Z]QFMGL ;\bIFGL T],GFV[ 5]bT :+LVMGL ;\bIF VMKL K[P DT,A S[

:+Lv5]Z]QFGF 5|DF6GL H[ V;\T]l,T Â:YlT 5Z\5ZFYL H/JFTL ZCL K[ T[ VCL\

56 HMJF D/[ K[P T[DF BF; SM. lJX[QF 5lZJT"G S[ J/F\S H6FTM GYLP

Z$ZZ$ZZ$ZZ$ZZ$Z

Page 17: lJ`,[QF6 - Shodhgangashodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/1946/11/11_chapter4.pdf · d pÀfznftfgl ;fdfgi dflctlg]\ lj`,[qf6:+lv5]z]qf 5|df6 v\u[gf 5|:t]t ;\xmwg sfi"df\ pÀfznftfgl

C C C C C pÀFZNFTFGF S]8] \ADF\ S], 5]bT 5]Z]QFM VG[ S], 5]bT :+LVMGL 8SFJFZL pÀFZNFTFGF S]8] \ADF\ S], 5]bT 5]Z]QFM VG[ S], 5]bT :+LVMGL 8SFJFZL pÀFZNFTFGF S]8] \ADF\ S], 5]bT 5]Z]QFM VG[ S], 5]bT :+LVMGL 8SFJFZL pÀFZNFTFGF S]8] \ADF\ S], 5]bT 5]Z]QFM VG[ S], 5]bT :+LVMGL 8SFJFZL pÀFZNFTFGF S]8] \ADF\ S], 5]bT 5]Z]QFM VG[ S], 5]bT :+LVMGL 8SFJFZL

NXF"JTM VF,[B NXF"JTM VF,[B NXF"JTM VF,[B NXF"JTM VF,[B NXF"JTM VF,[B

SMQ8S G\P$P*SMQ8S G\P$P*SMQ8S G\P$P*SMQ8S G\P$P*SMQ8S G\P$P*

pÀFZNFTFGF S]8] \ADF\ S], 5]Z]QF ;\TFGM VG[ S], :+L ;\TFGMGL ;\bIFpÀFZNFTFGF S]8] \ADF\ S], 5]Z]QF ;\TFGM VG[ S], :+L ;\TFGMGL ;\bIFpÀFZNFTFGF S]8] \ADF\ S], 5]Z]QF ;\TFGM VG[ S], :+L ;\TFGMGL ;\bIFpÀFZNFTFGF S]8] \ADF\ S], 5]Z]QF ;\TFGM VG[ S], :+L ;\TFGMGL ;\bIFpÀFZNFTFGF S]8] \ADF\ S], 5]Z]QF ;\TFGM VG[ S], :+L ;\TFGMGL ;\bIF

VG[ 8SF NXF"JT]\ SMQ8SVG[ 8SF NXF"JT]\ SMQ8SVG[ 8SF NXF"JT]\ SMQ8SVG[ 8SF NXF"JT]\ SMQ8SVG[ 8SF NXF"JT]\ SMQ8S

ÊDÊDÊDÊDÊD pÀFZNFTFGF S]8]\ADF\ pÀFZNFTFGF S]8]\ADF\ pÀFZNFTFGF S]8]\ADF\

:+Lv5]Z]QF ;\TFGMGL 5]Z]QF ;\TMGMGL :+L ;\TFGMGL

S], ;\bIF VG[ 8SF S], ;\bIF VG[ 8SF S], ;\bIF VG[ 8SF

!P!P!P!P!P !#5$ *)! 5&#

s!__@f s5(P$Z@f s$!P5(@f

sGM\W ov sGM\W ov sGM\W ov sGM\W ov sGM\W ov p5ZMÉT SMQ8SDF\ TDFD 5&_ pÀFZNFTFVMGF S]8]\AGF S], 5]Z]QF ;\TFGM TYF

S], :+L ;\TFGMGL ;\bIF NXF"J[, K[P fffff

D lJJZ6 o lJJZ6 o lJJZ6 o lJJZ6 o lJJZ6 o p5ZGF SM9F 5ZYL GLR[GL AFATM Ol,T YFI K[P

oo S], 5&_ pÀFZNFTFVMGF S]8]\ADF\ S], 5]Z]QF ;\TFGMGL ;\bIF *)! K[ ßIFZ[ S], :+L

;\TFGMGL ;\bIF 5&# K[P H[ 5(P$Z @ 5]Z]QFM VG[ $!P5( @ :+LVM NXF"J[ K[P

Z$#Z$#Z$#Z$#Z$#

X

spÀF

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]8]\AD

F\ S],

5]bT

5]Z]Q

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G[ S

],sp

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S], 5

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spÀF

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5]bT

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5]bT

5]Z]Q

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G[ S

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+LV

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SFJF

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L 8SF

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f5

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+LV

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SFJF

ZLf

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L 8SF

JFZL

f5

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+LV

MGL 8

SFJF

ZLf

5]bT 5]Z]QFM GL 8SFJFZL5]bT 5]Z]QFM GL 8SFJFZL5]bT 5]Z]QFM GL 8SFJFZL5]bT 5]Z]QFM GL 8SFJFZL5]bT 5]Z]QFM GL 8SFJFZL 5]bT :+LVMGL 8SFJFZL 5]bT :+LVMGL 8SFJFZL 5]bT :+LVMGL 8SFJFZL 5]bT :+LVMGL 8SFJFZL 5]bT :+LVMGL 8SFJFZL 1 o ;[PDL o ;[PDL o ;[PDL o ;[PDL o ;[PDL = 10 GL JU",\AF. K[PGL JU",\AF. K[PGL JU",\AF. K[PGL JU",\AF. K[PGL JU",\AF. K[P

5]bT 5]Z]QFM5]bT 5]Z]QFM5]bT 5]Z]QFM5]bT 5]Z]QFM5]bT 5]Z]QFMGL 8SFJFZLGL 8SFJFZLGL 8SFJFZLGL 8SFJFZLGL 8SFJFZL

5]bT :+LVM5]bT :+LVM5]bT :+LVM5]bT :+LVM5]bT :+LVMGL 8SFJFZLGL 8SFJFZLGL 8SFJFZLGL 8SFJFZLGL 8SFJFZL

OOOOO

OOOOO

OOOOO

OOOOO

OOOOO

OOOOO

y

60

50

40

30

20

10

O

52.97%

47.03%

Page 18: lJ`,[QF6 - Shodhgangashodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/1946/11/11_chapter4.pdf · d pÀfznftfgl ;fdfgi dflctlg]\ lj`,[qf6:+lv5]z]qf 5|df6 v\u[gf 5|:t]t ;\xmwg sfi"df\ pÀfznftfgl

spÀF

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5]Z]Q

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F ;\TF

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], :

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ZLf

5]Z]QF ;\TGMGL 8SFJFZL5]Z]QF ;\TGMGL 8SFJFZL5]Z]QF ;\TGMGL 8SFJFZL5]Z]QF ;\TGMGL 8SFJFZL5]Z]QF ;\TGMGL 8SFJFZL :+L ;\TGMGL 8SFJFZL :+L ;\TGMGL 8SFJFZL :+L ;\TGMGL 8SFJFZL :+L ;\TGMGL 8SFJFZL :+L ;\TGMGL 8SFJFZL 1 o ;[PDL o ;[PDL o ;[PDL o ;[PDL o ;[PDL = 10 GL JU",\AF. K[PGL JU",\AF. K[PGL JU",\AF. K[PGL JU",\AF. K[PGL JU",\AF. K[P

X5]Z]QF ;\TFGM5]Z]QF ;\TFGM5]Z]QF ;\TFGM5]Z]QF ;\TFGM5]Z]QF ;\TFGMGL 8SFJFZLGL 8SFJFZLGL 8SFJFZLGL 8SFJFZLGL 8SFJFZL

y

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

O

OOOOO

OOOOO

OOOOO

OOOOO

OOOOO

OOOOO

OOOOO

58.42%

41.58%

:+L ;\TFGM:+L ;\TFGM:+L ;\TFGM:+L ;\TFGM:+L ;\TFGMGL 8SFJFZLGL 8SFJFZLGL 8SFJFZLGL 8SFJFZLGL 8SFJFZL

D TFZ6TFZ6TFZ6TFZ6TFZ6

pÀFZNFTFGF S]8]\ADF\ S], 5]Z]QF ;\TFGM VG[ S], :+L ;\TFGMGL ;\bIF NXF"JT]\ p5ZMÉT

SMQ8S ,UEU TtSF,LG ;DIG]\ 5|lTlGlWtJ SZ[ K[P VCL\ HM. XSFI K[ S[ pÀFZNFTFGF

S]8]\ADF\ 5]Z]QF ;\TFGMGL T],GFV[ :+L ;\TFGMGL ;\bIF B}A H VMKL K[P DT,A S[ :+Lv

5]Z]QFG]\ 5|DF6 HF/JJFGF ;ZSFZGF HMZNFZ 5|IF;M KTF VF ;DIDF\ 5]Z]QF AF/SMGL

T],GFV[ AFl,SFVMG]\ 5|DF6 EIHGS CN[ 38L UI]\ K[P

CCCCC pÀFZNFTFGF S]8] \ADF\ S], 5]Z]QF ;\TFGM VG[ S], :+L ;\TFGMGL 8SFJFZLpÀFZNFTFGF S]8] \ADF\ S], 5]Z]QF ;\TFGM VG[ S], :+L ;\TFGMGL 8SFJFZLpÀFZNFTFGF S]8] \ADF\ S], 5]Z]QF ;\TFGM VG[ S], :+L ;\TFGMGL 8SFJFZLpÀFZNFTFGF S]8] \ADF\ S], 5]Z]QF ;\TFGM VG[ S], :+L ;\TFGMGL 8SFJFZLpÀFZNFTFGF S]8] \ADF\ S], 5]Z]QF ;\TFGM VG[ S], :+L ;\TFGMGL 8SFJFZL

NXF"JTM VF,[B NXF"JTM VF,[B NXF"JTM VF,[B NXF"JTM VF,[B NXF"JTM VF,[B

$P!! pÀFZNFTFGF S]8] \AGF 5|SFZ V\U[GL DFlCTL$P!! pÀFZNFTFGF S]8] \AGF 5|SFZ V\U[GL DFlCTL$P!! pÀFZNFTFGF S]8] \AGF 5|SFZ V\U[GL DFlCTL$P!! pÀFZNFTFGF S]8] \AGF 5|SFZ V\U[GL DFlCTL$P!! pÀFZNFTFGF S]8] \AGF 5|SFZ V\U[GL DFlCTL

jIÂÉTG]\ 5|FZ\lES ;FDFlHSZ6 T[GF S]8]\ADF\ YFI K[P HgD4 pK[Z VG[ S[/J6L DF8[

S]8]\A V[ 5FIFGL ;FDFlHS ;\:YF K[P S]8]\A V[ jIÂÉT VG[ ;DFH DF8[ SFIF"tDS CMI K[ 56

ÉIFZ[S V[ H S]8]\A jIÂÉT VG[ ;DFH DF8[ lJSFIF"tDS 56 AG[ K[P

EFZTGF S]8]\AM ;FDFgI ZLT[ ;\I]ÉT VG[ lJEÉT V[D A[ lJEFUDF\ JC[\RFI[,F K[P

Z$$Z$$Z$$Z$$Z$$

Page 19: lJ`,[QF6 - Shodhgangashodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/1946/11/11_chapter4.pdf · d pÀfznftfgl ;fdfgi dflctlg]\ lj`,[qf6:+lv5]z]qf 5|df6 v\u[gf 5|:t]t ;\xmwg sfi"df\ pÀfznftfgl

;DFHXF:+LVM ;\I]ÉT VG[ lJEÉT S]8]\AGL jIFbIF V\U[ H]NFvH]NF D\TjIM WZFJ[ K[P

5|MP 0LP ÒP D[g0,AMDGF DT[ ;\I]ÉT S]8]\A V[J]\ S]8]\A K[ H[DF\ VG[S 5lZl6T I]U,M T[DGF

;\TFGM ;lCT V[S H 3ZDF\ ZC[ K[P AWF H 5]Z]QFM ,MCLGF ;\A\WMYL HM0FI[,F CMI K[P

;\I]ÉT lGJF;4 ;\I]ÉT Z;M0]\4 ;\I]ÉT lD,ST4 ;\I]ÉT 5}HFvVFZFWGF4 l5TF S[ S]8]\AGF

J0F C:TS ;ÀFF4 ZÉT ;\A\WGL -A JU[Z[ T[GF ,1F6M K[P ßIFZ[ lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ 5lZl6T

:+Lv5]Z]QF VG[ T[DGF V5lZl6T ;\TFGMGM ;DFJ[X YFI K[P 5|:T]T ;\XMWGDF\

pÀFZNFTFVMGF S]8]\AGF 5|SFZ V\U[GL DFlCTL GLR[GF SMQ8SDF\ NXF"JJFDF\ VFJL K[P

SMQ8S G\P$P(SMQ8S G\P$P(SMQ8S G\P$P(SMQ8S G\P$P(SMQ8S G\P$P(

pÀFZNFTFG]\ S]8] \AGF 5|SFZ 5|DF6[ JUL"SZ6 NXF"JT]\ SMQ8SpÀFZNFTFG]\ S]8] \AGF 5|SFZ 5|DF6[ JUL"SZ6 NXF"JT]\ SMQ8SpÀFZNFTFG]\ S]8] \AGF 5|SFZ 5|DF6[ JUL"SZ6 NXF"JT]\ SMQ8SpÀFZNFTFG]\ S]8] \AGF 5|SFZ 5|DF6[ JUL"SZ6 NXF"JT]\ SMQ8SpÀFZNFTFG]\ S]8] \AGF 5|SFZ 5|DF6[ JUL"SZ6 NXF"JT]\ SMQ8S

ÊDÊDÊDÊDÊD lJUTlJUTlJUTlJUTlJUT VFJ'lÀFVFJ'lÀFVFJ'lÀFVFJ'lÀFVFJ'lÀF 8SF8SF8SF8SF8SF

!P ;\I]ÉT !(( ##P5*

ZP lJEÉT #*Z &&P$#

S],S],S],S],S], 5&_5&_5&_5&_5&_ !__!__!__!__!__

D lJJZ6 o lJJZ6 o lJJZ6 o lJJZ6 o lJJZ6 o p5ZGF SMQ8S 5ZYL GLR[GL AFATM O,LT YFI K[P

oo S], 5&_ pÀFZNFTFVMDF\YL !(( pÀFZNFTFVM ;\I]ÉT S]8]\ADF\ J;JF8 SZ[ K[P H[

lGNX"GF ##P5* @ YFI K[P

oo #*Z pÀFZNFTFVM lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ J;JF8 SZ[ K[P H[ lGNX"GF &&P$# @ YFI K[P

D TFZ6TFZ6TFZ6TFZ6TFZ6

5Z\5ZFUT EFZTLI ;DFHDF\ ;\I]ÉT S]8]\AjIJ:YF CTL tIFZ[ SF{8]\lAS V[STF VG[

;\JFlNTF 5Z EFZ D}SFTM CTMP S]8]\A V[ ÒJGlGJF"CG]\ ;FWG CT]\P ;DI 5lZJT"GGL ;FY[

ÒJGGF D}<IM AN,FIF CMJFYL S]8]\AGF :J~5DF\ 56 5lZJT"G VFjI]\ K[P GJL EFJGFYL

Z\UFI[,F I]JSvI]JTLVM V,UvV,U lJRFZ;Z6LGF ,LW[ J'âMYL V,U ZC[JFG]\ JW]

5;\N SZ[ K[P HM S[ ;DFH V[ 5lZJT"GXL, K[P T[YL ;\I]ÉT S]8]\AjIJ:YFDF\ ;\HMUM 5|DF6[

Z$5Z$5Z$5Z$5Z$5

Page 20: lJ`,[QF6 - Shodhgangashodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/1946/11/11_chapter4.pdf · d pÀfznftfgl ;fdfgi dflctlg]\ lj`,[qf6:+lv5]z]qf 5|df6 v\u[gf 5|:t]t ;\xmwg sfi"df\ pÀfznftfgl

O[ZOFZM ;FClHS K[P .P;P!)5! GF\ ;F{ZFQ8=4 SrK VG[ D]\A.GL J:TL U6TZLGF ZL5M8"DF\

lCgNGL J:TL U6TZLGF SlDXGZ[ H6FJ[, S[ UFD0FDF\ ##@ VG[ XC[ZDF\ #(@ GFGF S]8]\AM

DF,]D 50–F CTF\P 5|:T]T ;\XMWGGF ##P5*@ pÀFZNFTFVM ;\I]ÉT S]8]\ADF\ J;JF8 SZ[ K[P

ßIFZ[ DM8FEFUGF V[8,[ S[ &&P$#@ pÀFZNFTFVM lJEÉT S]8]\ADF\ J;JF8 SZ[ K[P H[ NXF"J[

K[ S[ lJEÉT S]8]\A TZOGM hMS JWTM HFI K[P

D pÀFZNFTFGL SF{8] \lAS DFlCTLG]\ lJ`,[QF6pÀFZNFTFGL SF{8] \lAS DFlCTLG]\ lJ`,[QF6pÀFZNFTFGL SF{8] \lAS DFlCTLG]\ lJ`,[QF6pÀFZNFTFGL SF{8] \lAS DFlCTLG]\ lJ`,[QF6pÀFZNFTFGL SF{8] \lAS DFlCTLG]\ lJ`,[QF6

5|:T]T 5|SZ6DF\ pÀFZNFTFGL ;FDFgI DFlCTL p5ZF\T pÀFZNFTFGL SF{8]\lAS

DFlCTLG]\ 56 lJ`,[QF6 SZJFDF\ VFjI]\ K[P

pÀFZNFTFGL SF{8]\lAS DFlCTLDF\ pÀFZNFTFGF l5TFzL ;lCT T[DGF EF.VM TYF

AC[GMGL S], ;\bIF4 pÀFZNFTF ;lCT T[DGF EF.VM TYF AC[GMGL S], ;\bIF4

pÀFZNFTFGF 5]Z]QF T[DH :+L ;\TFGMGL S], ;\bIF JU[Z[ AFATMG[ VCL\ NXF"JJFDF\ VFJL K[P

$P!Z pÀFZNFTFGF l5TFzL ;lCT T[DGF EF.vAC[GMGL S], ;\bIF$P!Z pÀFZNFTFGF l5TFzL ;lCT T[DGF EF.vAC[GMGL S], ;\bIF$P!Z pÀFZNFTFGF l5TFzL ;lCT T[DGF EF.vAC[GMGL S], ;\bIF$P!Z pÀFZNFTFGF l5TFzL ;lCT T[DGF EF.vAC[GMGL S], ;\bIF$P!Z pÀFZNFTFGF l5TFzL ;lCT T[DGF EF.vAC[GMGL S], ;\bIF

V\U[GL DFlCTL V\U[GL DFlCTL V\U[GL DFlCTL V\U[GL DFlCTL V\U[GL DFlCTL

jIÂÉTG[ D/TL 5{T'S ;\5lÀFDF\ EF{lTS ;\5lÀFGL ;FY[ D/TM ALHM DCÀJ5}6"

JFZ;M K[ lJRFZWFZF VG[ VG]EJMG]\ EFY]\P :+LVM VG[ 5]Z]QFMYL AG[,F V[S 5lZJFZDF\

NLSZF VG[ NLSZL V[D AgG[ lJX[ VFUJL ZLT[ 30FI[,M DT CMI K[P DFTFvl5TF S[

NFNFvNFNLG[ 5MTFGL AC[G S[ NLSZLVM AFAT[ YI[,F S0JF S[ DL9F VG]EJM T[GL 5KLGL

5[-LGL lJRFZWFZFGF 30TZDF\ 5FIM AGTF CMI K[ VG[ VF lJRFZWFZF H VFBZ[ S]8]\ADF\

:+Lv5]Z]QFGF 5|DF6G]\ lGDF"6 SZTL CMI K[ VG[ V[ ZLT[ ;DU| ;DFHGF :+Lv5]Z]QF

5|DF6G]\ lGDF"6 YT]\ CMI K[P VFD4 V[S H lJRFZWFZF £FZF NZ[S ;DI[4 NZ[S 5[-LDF\ :+Lv

5]Z]QF 5|DF6G]\ V,UvV,U lR+ lGDF"6 5FDT]\ CMI K[P

5|:T]T ;\XMWGDF\ 36F AWF C[T]VM 5{SL V[S C[T] H}GL 5[-L4 DwID 5[-L VG[ GJL

5[-LDF\ :+Lv5]Z]QFG]\ V;DFG 5|DF6 T5F;JFGM CTMP VFYL ;F{5|YD H}GL 5[-LDF\ :+Lv

Z$&Z$&Z$&Z$&Z$&

Page 21: lJ`,[QF6 - Shodhgangashodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/1946/11/11_chapter4.pdf · d pÀfznftfgl ;fdfgi dflctlg]\ lj`,[qf6:+lv5]z]qf 5|df6 v\u[gf 5|:t]t ;\xmwg sfi"df\ pÀfznftfgl

5]Z]QFG]\ V;DFG 5|DF6 T5F;JF DF8[ 5|:T]T ;\XMWGGF S], 5&_ pÀFZNFTFVMGF l5TFzL

;lCT T[DGF EF.VM TYF AC[GMGL S], ;\bIFG[ GLR[GF SMQ8SDF\ NXF"JJFDF\ VFJL K[ VG[

T[GF VFWFZ[ JT"DFG ;DIGL H}GL 5[-LGF :+Lv5]Z]QF 5|DF6G]\ ;FR]\ lR+ D[/JJF 5|IF;

SIM" K[P

SMQ8S G\P$P)SMQ8S G\P$P)SMQ8S G\P$P)SMQ8S G\P$P)SMQ8S G\P$P)

pÀFZNFTFGF l5TFzL ;lCT T[DGF EF.VM TYF AC[GMGL S],pÀFZNFTFGF l5TFzL ;lCT T[DGF EF.VM TYF AC[GMGL S],pÀFZNFTFGF l5TFzL ;lCT T[DGF EF.VM TYF AC[GMGL S],pÀFZNFTFGF l5TFzL ;lCT T[DGF EF.VM TYF AC[GMGL S],pÀFZNFTFGF l5TFzL ;lCT T[DGF EF.VM TYF AC[GMGL S],

;\bIF NXF"JT]\ SMQ8S;\bIF NXF"JT]\ SMQ8S;\bIF NXF"JT]\ SMQ8S;\bIF NXF"JT]\ SMQ8S;\bIF NXF"JT]\ SMQ8S

ÊDÊDÊDÊDÊD pÀFZNFTFGF l5TFzL pÀFZNFTFGF l5TFzLGF 5]Z]QFMGL ;ZBFD6LDF\

;lCT T[DGF EF.VMGL AC[GMGL S], ;\bIF :+L ;\bIFGL 8SFJFZL

S], ;\bIF

!P!P!P!P!P !Z$) (#& &&P)#

sGM\W ovsGM\W ovsGM\W ovsGM\W ovsGM\W ovp5ZMÉT SMQ8SDF\ TDFD 5&_ pÀFZNFTFVMGF l5TFzL ;lCT T[DGF EF.VM

TYF AC[GMGL S], ;\bIF NXF"J[, K[P fffff

D lJJZ6 o lJJZ6 o lJJZ6 o lJJZ6 o lJJZ6 o p5ZGF SMQ8S 5ZYL GLR[GL AFAT O,LT YFI K[P

oo S], 5&_ pÀFZNFTFVMGF l5TFzL ;lCT T[DGF EF.VMGL S], ;\bIF !Z$) K[ ßIFZ[

T[DGF AC[GMGL S], ;\bIF (#& K[P H[ 5]Z]QFMGL ;F5[1FDF\ &&P)# @ :+LVM NXF"J[ K[P

D TFZ6TFZ6TFZ6TFZ6TFZ6

p5ZMÉT SMQ8SG[ VF\S0FSLI ZLT[ T5F;TF SCL XSFI S[ H}GL 5[-LDF\ 5|lT !__@

5]Z]QFMGL ;FD[ &&P)# @ :+LVM H HMJF D/[ K[P V[8,[ S[ ##P_* @ :+LVMGM 38F0M VCL\

HMJF D/[ K[P

H[GF 5ZYL SCL XSFI S[ T[ ;DIDF\ ;MGMU|FOL T[DH VgI J{7FlGS S;M8LVM VG[

UE"5FT DF8[GL VgI 8[SŸlGSM VFHGF ;DIDF\ H[8,L p5,aW G CMJF KTF\ H}GL 5[-LDF\

:+Lv5]Z]QFGF 5|DF6 VFRSFHGS TOFJT HMJF D/[ K[P

Z$*Z$*Z$*Z$*Z$*

Page 22: lJ`,[QF6 - Shodhgangashodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/1946/11/11_chapter4.pdf · d pÀfznftfgl ;fdfgi dflctlg]\ lj`,[qf6:+lv5]z]qf 5|df6 v\u[gf 5|:t]t ;\xmwg sfi"df\ pÀfznftfgl

$P!# pÀFZNFTF ;lCT T[DGF EF.vAC[GMGL S], ;\bIF V\U[GL DFlCTL$P!# pÀFZNFTF ;lCT T[DGF EF.vAC[GMGL S], ;\bIF V\U[GL DFlCTL$P!# pÀFZNFTF ;lCT T[DGF EF.vAC[GMGL S], ;\bIF V\U[GL DFlCTL$P!# pÀFZNFTF ;lCT T[DGF EF.vAC[GMGL S], ;\bIF V\U[GL DFlCTL$P!# pÀFZNFTF ;lCT T[DGF EF.vAC[GMGL S], ;\bIF V\U[GL DFlCTL

H}GL 5[-LDF\ :+Lv5]Z]QFGF 5|DF6GL RRF" AFN DwID 5[-LDF\ :+Lv5]Z]QFGF 5|DF6DF\

ZC[,L V;DFGTFG[ T5F;JFGM p5ÊD 56 VCL\ 5|:T]T ;\XMWGDF\ ZFBJFDF\ VFjIM K[P

VFYL VeIF; DF8[ 5;\N SZ[, S], 5&_ pÀFZNFTFVM ;lCT T[DGF EF.VM TYF AC[GMGL

S], ;\bIFG[ GLR[GF SMQ8SDF\ NXF"JJFDF\ VFJL K[ VG[ T[GF VFWFZ[ JT"DFG ;DIGL DwID

5[-LGF :+Lv5]Z]QF 5|DF6G]\ ;FR] lR+ D[/JJF 5|IF; SIM" K[P

SMQ8S G\P$P!_SMQ8S G\P$P!_SMQ8S G\P$P!_SMQ8S G\P$P!_SMQ8S G\P$P!_

pÀFZNFTF ;lCT T[DGF EF.VM TYF AC[GMGL S], ;\bIF NXF"JT]\ SMQ8SpÀFZNFTF ;lCT T[DGF EF.VM TYF AC[GMGL S], ;\bIF NXF"JT]\ SMQ8SpÀFZNFTF ;lCT T[DGF EF.VM TYF AC[GMGL S], ;\bIF NXF"JT]\ SMQ8SpÀFZNFTF ;lCT T[DGF EF.VM TYF AC[GMGL S], ;\bIF NXF"JT]\ SMQ8SpÀFZNFTF ;lCT T[DGF EF.VM TYF AC[GMGL S], ;\bIF NXF"JT]\ SMQ8S

ÊDÊDÊDÊDÊD pÀFZNFTF ;lCT T[DGF pÀFZNFTF ;lCT T[DGF 5]Z]QFMGL ;ZBFD6LDF\

EF.VMGL S], ;\bIF AC[GMGL S], ;\bIF :+L ;\bIFGL 8SFJFZL

!P!P!P!P!P !__& (5* (5P!(

sGM \W ovsGM \W ovsGM \W ovsGM \W ovsGM \W ovp5ZMÉT SMQ8SDF\ TDFD 5&_ pÀFZNFTFVM ;lCT T[DGF EF.VM TYF

AC[GMGL S], ;\bIF NXF"J[, K[P VCL\ SM,D v Z DF\YL Z(_ :+LvpÀFZNFTF TYF

SM,Dv# DF\YL Z(_ 5]Z]QFvpÀFZNFTF AFN SZLG[ ;\bIF D]S[,L K[Pfffff

D lJJZ6 o lJJZ6 o lJJZ6 o lJJZ6 o lJJZ6 o p5ZGF SMQ8S 5ZYL GLR[GL AFAT O,LT YFI K[P

oo S], 5&_ :+Lv5]Z]QF pÀFZNFTFGF EF.VMGL S], ;\bIFsZ(_ 5]Z]QFvpÀFZNFTFG[

pD[ZTFf !__& K[ ßIFZ[ T[DGF AC[GMGL S], ;\bIF sZ(_ :+LvpÀFZNFTFG[ pD[ZTFf

(5* K[P H[ 5]Z]QFMGL ;F5[1FDF\ (5P!(@ :+LVM NXF"J[ K[P

D TFZ6TFZ6TFZ6TFZ6TFZ6

p5ZMÉT SMQ8S 5ZYL Ol,T YFI K[ S[ VCL\ 56 :+Lv5]]Z]QFGF S]NZTL ;\T],GDF\

IYFJT lJ1F[5 50TM ZæM K[ VG[ T[GF 5lZ6FD[ VCL\ 5|lT !__@ 5]Z]QFMGL ;FD[ DF+

(5P!(@ :+LVM H VÂ:TÀJ WZFJ[ K[P V,AÀF VFU/GL 5[-L SZTF VCL\ :+LVMGL ;\bIF

5]Z]QFMGL ;FD[ &&P)#@ YL JWLG[ (5P!(@ Y. K[P XÉI K[ S[ GÒSGF E}TSF/GL ;FDFlHS

;D:IFGM VF 503M CMI VYJF lX1F6GM JWTM jIF5 SFZ6E}T CMIP

Z$(Z$(Z$(Z$(Z$(

Page 23: lJ`,[QF6 - Shodhgangashodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/1946/11/11_chapter4.pdf · d pÀfznftfgl ;fdfgi dflctlg]\ lj`,[qf6:+lv5]z]qf 5|df6 v\u[gf 5|:t]t ;\xmwg sfi"df\ pÀfznftfgl

$P!$ pÀFZNFTFGF :+Lv5]Z]QF ;\TFGMGL S], ;\bIF V\U[GL DFlCTL$P!$ pÀFZNFTFGF :+Lv5]Z]QF ;\TFGMGL S], ;\bIF V\U[GL DFlCTL$P!$ pÀFZNFTFGF :+Lv5]Z]QF ;\TFGMGL S], ;\bIF V\U[GL DFlCTL$P!$ pÀFZNFTFGF :+Lv5]Z]QF ;\TFGMGL S], ;\bIF V\U[GL DFlCTL$P!$ pÀFZNFTFGF :+Lv5]Z]QF ;\TFGMGL S], ;\bIF V\U[GL DFlCTL

VFH[ JT"DFG ;DIDF\ lJ7FGGF lJSF;YL 5]+G[ HgDJF N[JM S[ 5]+LG[ V[ AFAT

DFGJLGF CFYGL JFT AGL U. K[ tIFZ[ J:TLvU6TZLGF VF\S0FVM ATFJ[ K[ S[ ZFßI

VG[ ;DU| N[XDF\ AF/SMGL T],GFV[ AFl,SFVMGL ;\bIF B}A VMKL Y. U. K[P VFD4

J:TLvU6TZLGF VF\S0FVM H[ :+Lv5]Z]QF V;DFG 5|DF6GM lGN["X SZ[ K[ T[DF\ :JFEFlJS

ZLT[ H JT"DFG ;DIGL GJL 5[-LG[ U6L XSFIP

5|:T]T ;\XMWGDF\ GJL 5[-LDF\ :+Lv5]Z]QFG]\ V;DFG 5|DF6 T5F;JFGM 56 pN[xI

ZFbIM CTM H[YL VeIF; DF8[ 5;\N SZ[, S], 5&_ pÀFZNFTFVMGF 5]Z]QFv;\TFGM VG[

:+Lv;\TFGMGL S], ;\bIFG[ GLR[GF SMQ8SDF\ NXF"JL K[ VG[ T[GF VFWFZ[ JT"DFG ;DIGL

GJL 5[-LGF :+Lv5]Z]QF 5|DF6G]\ ;FR] lR+ D[/JJF 5|IF; SIM" K[P

SMQ8S G\P$P!!SMQ8S G\P$P!!SMQ8S G\P$P!!SMQ8S G\P$P!!SMQ8S G\P$P!!

pÀFZNFTFGF 5]Z]QFv;\TFGM VG[ :+Lv;\TFGMGL S], ;\bIFpÀFZNFTFGF 5]Z]QFv;\TFGM VG[ :+Lv;\TFGMGL S], ;\bIFpÀFZNFTFGF 5]Z]QFv;\TFGM VG[ :+Lv;\TFGMGL S], ;\bIFpÀFZNFTFGF 5]Z]QFv;\TFGM VG[ :+Lv;\TFGMGL S], ;\bIFpÀFZNFTFGF 5]Z]QFv;\TFGM VG[ :+Lv;\TFGMGL S], ;\bIF

NXF"JT] \ SMQ8SNXF"JT] \ SMQ8SNXF"JT] \ SMQ8SNXF"JT] \ SMQ8SNXF"JT] \ SMQ8S

ÊDÊDÊDÊDÊD pÀFZNFTFGF 5]Z]QF pÀFZNFTFGF :+L 5]Z]QFMGL ;ZBFD6LDF\

;\TFGMGL S], ;\bIF ;\TFGMGL S], ;\bIF :+L ;\bIFGL 8SFJFZL

!P!P!P!P!P &)! 55* (_P&_

sGM \W ovsGM \W ovsGM \W ovsGM \W ovsGM \W ovp5ZMÉT SMQ8SDF\ TDFD 5&_ pÀFZNFTFVMGF 5]Z]QFv;\TFGM VG[ :+Lv

;\TFGMGL S], ;\bIF NXF"J[, K[Pfffff

D lJJZ6 o lJJZ6 o lJJZ6 o lJJZ6 o lJJZ6 o p5ZGF SMQ8S 5ZYL GLR[GL AFAT O,LT YFI K[P

oo S], 5&_ pÀFZNFTFVMGF 5]Z]QF ;\TFGMGL S], ;\bIF &)! K[ ßIFZ[ :+L ;\TFGMGL S],

;\bIF 55* K[P H[ 5]Z]QFMGL ;F5[1FDF\ (_P&_ @ :+LVM NXF"J[ K[P

D TFZ6 oTFZ6 oTFZ6 oTFZ6 oTFZ6 o

p5ZMÉT SMQ8S D]HA VCL\ 5|lT !__@ 5]Z]QFMGL ;FD[ :+LVMG]\ 5|DF6 (_P&_@ K[P

H[ VFU/GF SMQ8S SZTF :+L ;\bIFDF\ 38F0M ATFJ[ K[P lX1F6GM JWTM jIF54 J{7FlGS

p5SZ6MGM VFlJQSFZ VG[ T[GF[ :JFY[" YTM N]Z]5IMU VCL\ SFZ6E}T U6L XSFIP HFU'lT

Z$)Z$)Z$)Z$)Z$)

Page 24: lJ`,[QF6 - Shodhgangashodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/1946/11/11_chapter4.pdf · d pÀfznftfgl ;fdfgi dflctlg]\ lj`,[qf6:+lv5]z]qf 5|df6 v\u[gf 5|:t]t ;\xmwg sfi"df\ pÀfznftfgl

VFJJF KTF 56 J{RFlZSÊF\lT VFJL GYLP VF V[S V[JM TAÞM K[ ßIF\ JT"DFGI]UGL

DFGl;STF KTL YFI K[P

pÀFZNFTFGF 5]Z]QF T[DH :+Lv;\TFGMGL S], ;\bIFGM T],GFtDS TOFJT HMIF AFN

pÀFZNFTFGF :+Lv;\TFGM T[DH 5]Z]QFv;\TFGMGL S], ;\bIFG[ pÀFZNFTFVMGL 7FlT4 lX1F6

VG[ jIJ;FIGF ;\NE"DF\ HMJFGM 5|ItG VCL\ GLR[GF SMQ8SDF\ SZJFDF\ VFjIM K[P

SMQ8S G\P$P!ZSMQ8S G\P$P!ZSMQ8S G\P$P!ZSMQ8S G\P$P!ZSMQ8S G\P$P!Z

sVf 7FlT 5|DF6[ pÀFZNFTFGF 5]Z]QF ;\TFGM VG[ :+L ;\TFGMGL S],sVf 7FlT 5|DF6[ pÀFZNFTFGF 5]Z]QF ;\TFGM VG[ :+L ;\TFGMGL S],sVf 7FlT 5|DF6[ pÀFZNFTFGF 5]Z]QF ;\TFGM VG[ :+L ;\TFGMGL S],sVf 7FlT 5|DF6[ pÀFZNFTFGF 5]Z]QF ;\TFGM VG[ :+L ;\TFGMGL S],sVf 7FlT 5|DF6[ pÀFZNFTFGF 5]Z]QF ;\TFGM VG[ :+L ;\TFGMGL S],

;\bIF NXF"JT]\ SMQ8S;\bIF NXF"JT]\ SMQ8S;\bIF NXF"JT]\ SMQ8S;\bIF NXF"JT]\ SMQ8S;\bIF NXF"JT]\ SMQ8S

ÊDÊDÊDÊDÊD 7FlT pÀFZNFTFGF 5]Z]QF 7FlT pÀFZNFTFGF 5]Z]QF 7FlT pÀFZNFTFGF 5]Z]QF 7FlT pÀFZNFTFGF 5]Z]QF 7FlT pÀFZNFTFGF 5]Z]QF pÀFZNFTFGF :+LpÀFZNFTFGF :+LpÀFZNFTFGF :+LpÀFZNFTFGF :+LpÀFZNFTFGF :+L 5]Z]QFMGL ;ZBFD6LDF\ 5]Z]QFMGL ;ZBFD6LDF\ 5]Z]QFMGL ;ZBFD6LDF\ 5]Z]QFMGL ;ZBFD6LDF\ 5]Z]QFMGL ;ZBFD6LDF\

;\TFGMGL S], ;\bIF ;\TFGMGL S], ;\bIF ;\TFGMGL S], ;\bIF ;\TFGMGL S], ;\bIF ;\TFGMGL S], ;\bIF ;\TFGMGL S], ;\bIF;\TFGMGL S], ;\bIF;\TFGMGL S], ;\bIF;\TFGMGL S], ;\bIF;\TFGMGL S], ;\bIF :+L ;\bIFGL 8SFJFZL :+L ;\bIFGL 8SFJFZL :+L ;\bIFGL 8SFJFZL :+L ;\bIFGL 8SFJFZL :+L ;\bIFGL 8SFJFZL

!P prR 7FlT ZZ! !5) *!P)$

ZP DwID 7FlT Z$_ Z!! (*P)!

#P lGdG 7FlT Z#_ !(* (!P#_

sGM\W ovsGM\W ovsGM\W ovsGM\W ovsGM\W ovp5ZMÉT SMQ8SDF\ TDFD 5&_ pÀFZNFTFVMGL 7FlT 5|DF6[ pÀFZNFTFVMGF

5]Z]QFv;\TFGM VG[ :+Lv;\TFGMGL S], ;\bIF NXF"J[, K[Pfffff

D lJJZ6 o lJJZ6 o lJJZ6 o lJJZ6 o lJJZ6 o p5ZGF SMQ8S 5ZYL GLR[GL AFATM O,LT YFI K[P

oo S], 5&_ pÀFZNFTFVMDF\YL prR 7FlT H[JL S[ A|Fï64 JFl6IF4 GFUZ4 1F+LI4 58[,

JU[Z[ 7FlTGF pÀFZNFTFVMGF 5]Z]QFv;\TFGMGL S], ;\bIF ZZ! K[ ßIFZ[ :+Lv;\TFGMGL

S], ;\bIF !5) K[P H[ 5]]Z]QFMGL ;F5[1FDF\ *!P)$@ :+LVM NXF"J[ K[P

oo DwID 7FlT H[JL S[ VFlCZ4 ,]CFZ4 NZÒ4 JF/\N4 ;]YFZ JU[Z[ 7FlTGF pÀFZNFTFVMGF

5]Z]QFv;\TFGMGL S], ;\bIF Z$_ K[ ßIFZ[ :+Lv;\TFGMGL S], ;\bIF Z!! K[P H[ 5]Z]QFM

GL ;ZBFD6LDF\ (*P)!@ :+LVM NXF"J[ K[P

oo lGdG 7FlT H[JL S[ ClZHG4 E\UL4 JF3ZL4 SM/L4 VG];}lRT HGHFlT JU[Z[ 7FlTGF

pÀFZNFTFVMGF 5]Z]QFv;\TFGMGL S], ;\bIF Z#_ K[ ßIFZ[ :+Lv;\TFGMGL S], ;\bIF

Z5_Z5_Z5_Z5_Z5_

Page 25: lJ`,[QF6 - Shodhgangashodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/1946/11/11_chapter4.pdf · d pÀfznftfgl ;fdfgi dflctlg]\ lj`,[qf6:+lv5]z]qf 5|df6 v\u[gf 5|:t]t ;\xmwg sfi"df\ pÀfznftfgl

!(* K[P H[ 5]Z]QFMGL ;F5[1FDF\ (!P#_@ :+LVM NXF"J[ K[P

D TFZ6 oTFZ6 oTFZ6 oTFZ6 oTFZ6 o

p5ZMÉT SMQ8S 56 :+Lv5]Z]QF 5|DF6G]\ JT"DFG :J~5 VG[ VF D]NŸ[ ;F\5|T ;DFHGL

lJRFZWFZFG[ ZH} SZ[ K[P VCL\ ;DFHGL lJlJW 7FlTVMGF VFWFZ[ VF lJ`,[QF6 SZ[,]\ K[P

7FlT,1FL lJRFZ SZTF D/TF 5lZ6FDM D]HA prR 7FlTDF\ *!P)$@ DwID 7FlTVMDF\ (*P)!@

T[DH lGdG 7FlTVMDF\ 5]Z]QFMGL ;F5[1FDF\ :+LVMG]\ 5|DF6 (!P#_@ H[8,]\ HMJF D/[ K[P

VCL\ prR 7FlTVMGL VFlY"S ;D'lâGF SFZ6[ BR" SZJFGL 1FDTF4 ;FDFlHS DMEM4

5|lTQ9F HF/J6LGL ;EFGTF T[DH lX1F6G]\ p\R] 5|DF64 DwID 7FlTVMDF\ lX1F6G]\

;Z[ZFX :TZ4 lJS<5 5;\N SZJFGL U0DY, TYF lGdG 7FlTVMDF\ BR" SZJFGL VMKL

1FDTF4 WD"ELZ]TF4 ElJQIGF VFIMHGGM VEFJ T[DH G;LA 5ZGL zâF SFZ6E}T

U6L XSFIP

SMQ8S G\P$P!#SMQ8S G\P$P!#SMQ8S G\P$P!#SMQ8S G\P$P!#SMQ8S G\P$P!#

sAf lX1F6 5|DF6[ pÀFZNFTFGF 5]Z]QFv;\TFGM VG[ :+Lv;\TFGMGL S],sAf lX1F6 5|DF6[ pÀFZNFTFGF 5]Z]QFv;\TFGM VG[ :+Lv;\TFGMGL S],sAf lX1F6 5|DF6[ pÀFZNFTFGF 5]Z]QFv;\TFGM VG[ :+Lv;\TFGMGL S],sAf lX1F6 5|DF6[ pÀFZNFTFGF 5]Z]QFv;\TFGM VG[ :+Lv;\TFGMGL S],sAf lX1F6 5|DF6[ pÀFZNFTFGF 5]Z]QFv;\TFGM VG[ :+Lv;\TFGMGL S],

;\bIF NXF"JT]\ SMQ8S;\bIF NXF"JT]\ SMQ8S;\bIF NXF"JT]\ SMQ8S;\bIF NXF"JT]\ SMQ8S;\bIF NXF"JT]\ SMQ8S

ÊD lX1F6 ÊD lX1F6 ÊD lX1F6 ÊD lX1F6 ÊD lX1F6 pÀFZNFTFGF 5]Z]QF pÀFZNFTFGF 5]Z]QF pÀFZNFTFGF 5]Z]QF pÀFZNFTFGF 5]Z]QF pÀFZNFTFGF 5]Z]QF pÀFZNFTFGF :+L pÀFZNFTFGF :+L pÀFZNFTFGF :+L pÀFZNFTFGF :+L pÀFZNFTFGF :+L 5]Z]QFMGL ;ZBFD6LDF\ 5]Z]QFMGL ;ZBFD6LDF\ 5]Z]QFMGL ;ZBFD6LDF\ 5]Z]QFMGL ;ZBFD6LDF\ 5]Z]QFMGL ;ZBFD6LDF\

;\TFGMGL S], ;\bIF ;\TFGMGL S], ;\bIF ;\TFGMGL S], ;\bIF ;\TFGMGL S], ;\bIF ;\TFGMGL S], ;\bIF ;\TFGMGL S], ;\bIF :+L ;\bIFGL 8SFJFZL ;\TFGMGL S], ;\bIF :+L ;\bIFGL 8SFJFZL ;\TFGMGL S], ;\bIF :+L ;\bIFGL 8SFJFZL ;\TFGMGL S], ;\bIF :+L ;\bIFGL 8SFJFZL ;\TFGMGL S], ;\bIF :+L ;\bIFGL 8SFJFZL

!P lGZ1FZ )! *$ (!P#!

ZP 5|FYlDS !$) !Z* (5PZ#

#P DFwIlDS !&! !$5 )_P_&

$P prRTZ DFwIlDS !_! (Z (!P!(

5P :GFTS )5 *_ *#P&(

&P prR lX1F6 )$ 5) &ZP*&

sGM\W ovsGM\W ovsGM\W ovsGM\W ovsGM\W ovp5ZMÉT SMQ8SDF\ TDFD 5&_ pÀFZNFTFVMGF lX1F6 5|DF6[ pÀFZNFTFVMGF

5]Z]QFv;\TFGM VG[ :+Lv;\TFGMGL S], ;\bIF NXF"J[, K[Pfffff

D lJJZ6 o lJJZ6 o lJJZ6 o lJJZ6 o lJJZ6 o p5ZGF SMQ8S 5ZYL GLR[GL AFATM O,LT YFI K[P

Z5!Z5!Z5!Z5!Z5!

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oo S], 5&_ pÀFZNFTFVMDF\YL lGZ1FZ pÀFZNFTFVMGF 5]Z]QFv;\TFGMGL S], ;\bIF

)! K[ ßIFZ[ :+Lv;\TFGMGL S], ;\bIF *$ K[P H[ 5]Z]QFMGL ;F5[1FDF\ (!P#!@ :+LVM

NXF"J[ K[P

oo 5|FYlDS lX1F6 D[/J[, pÀFZNFTFVMGF 5]Z]QFv;\TFGMGL S], ;\bIF !$) K[ ßIFZ[

:+Lv;\TFGMGL S], ;\bIF !Z* K[P H[ 5]Z]QFMGL ;F5[1FDF\ (5PZ#@ :+LVM NXF"J[ K[P

oo DFwIlDS lX1F6 D[/J[, pÀFZNFTFVMGF 5]Z]QFv;\TFGMGL S], ;\bIF !&! K[ ßIFZ[

:+Lv;\TFGMGL S], ;\bIF !$5 K[P H[ 5]Z]QFMGL ;F5[1FDF\ )_P_&@ :+LVM NXF"J[ K[P

oo prRTZ DFwIlDS lX1F6 D[/J[, pÀFZNFTFVMGF 5]Z]QFv;\TFGMGL S], ;\bIF !_!

K[ ßIFZ[ :+Lv;\TFGMGL S], ;\bIF (Z K[P H[ 5]Z]QFMGL ;F5[1FDF\ (!P!(@ :+LVM

NXF"J[ K[P

oo :GFTS S1FFG]\ lX1F6 D[/J[, pÀFZNFTFVMGF 5]Z]QFv;\TFGMGL S], ;\bIF )5 K[

ßIFZ[ :+Lv;\TFGMGL S], ;\bIF *_ K[P H[ 5]Z]QFMGL ;F5[1FDF\ *#P&(@ :+LVM

NXF"J[ K[P

oo prR lX1F6 D[/J[, pÀFZNFTFVMGF 5]Z]QFv;\TFGMGL S], ;\bIF )$ K[ ßIFZ[

:+Lv;\TFGMGL S], ;\bIF 5) K[P H[ 5]Z]QFMGL ;F5[1FDF\ &ZP*&@ :+LVM NXF"J[ K[P

D TFZ6 oTFZ6 oTFZ6 oTFZ6 oTFZ6 o

p5ZMÉT SMQ8SDF\ pÀFZNFTFVMGF X{1Fl6S :TZG[ wIFGDF\ ,.G[ T[ JU"GF :+Lv5]Z]QF

5|DF6G]\ 5'YÞZ6 SZJFDF VFjI]\ K[P VCL\ D/TF VF\S0F 5|DF6[ lGZ1FZ ,MSMDF\ :+LVMG]\

5|DF6 (!P#!@ K[ ßIFZ[ DFwIlDS lX1F6 D[/J[, ,MSMDF\ VF 5|DF6 )_P_& @ K[ TM

prR lXl1FT ,MSMDF\ VF 5|DF6 &ZP*& @ H[8,]\ YJF HFI K[P VFYL 5|YDNXL" TFZ6 V[

GLS/[ K[ S[ lXl1FT ;DFHDF\ :+LVMGL ;\bIF 36L VMKL K[P VCL\ VFD CMJFG]\ SFZ6 V[D

DFGL XSFI S[ 5|YD TM lXl1FT ,MSM UE"5FT JU[Z[ 5wWlTVMYL JWFZ[ DFlCTUFZ CMI K[

VG[ ALH]\ T[VM WFlD"S S[ G{lTS EFJGFGF\ 5|EFJ SZTF jIJCFZ] VlEUD JWFZ[ WZFJTF

CMI K[P

Z5ZZ5ZZ5ZZ5ZZ5Z

Page 27: lJ`,[QF6 - Shodhgangashodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/1946/11/11_chapter4.pdf · d pÀfznftfgl ;fdfgi dflctlg]\ lj`,[qf6:+lv5]z]qf 5|df6 v\u[gf 5|:t]t ;\xmwg sfi"df\ pÀfznftfgl

SMQ8S G\P$P!$SMQ8S G\P$P!$SMQ8S G\P$P!$SMQ8S G\P$P!$SMQ8S G\P$P!$

sSf jIJ;FI 5|DF6[ pÀFZNFTFGF 5]Z]QFv;\TFGM VG[ :+Lv;\TFGMGLsSf jIJ;FI 5|DF6[ pÀFZNFTFGF 5]Z]QFv;\TFGM VG[ :+Lv;\TFGMGLsSf jIJ;FI 5|DF6[ pÀFZNFTFGF 5]Z]QFv;\TFGM VG[ :+Lv;\TFGMGLsSf jIJ;FI 5|DF6[ pÀFZNFTFGF 5]Z]QFv;\TFGM VG[ :+Lv;\TFGMGLsSf jIJ;FI 5|DF6[ pÀFZNFTFGF 5]Z]QFv;\TFGM VG[ :+Lv;\TFGMGL

S], ;\bIF NXF"JT]\ SMQ8SS], ;\bIF NXF"JT]\ SMQ8SS], ;\bIF NXF"JT]\ SMQ8SS], ;\bIF NXF"JT]\ SMQ8SS], ;\bIF NXF"JT]\ SMQ8S

ÊD ÊD ÊD ÊD ÊD jIJ;FI pÀFZNFTFGF 5]Z]QF pÀFZNFTFGF :+L 5]Z]QFMGL ;ZBFD6LDF\ jIJ;FI pÀFZNFTFGF 5]Z]QF pÀFZNFTFGF :+L 5]Z]QFMGL ;ZBFD6LDF\ jIJ;FI pÀFZNFTFGF 5]Z]QF pÀFZNFTFGF :+L 5]Z]QFMGL ;ZBFD6LDF\ jIJ;FI pÀFZNFTFGF 5]Z]QF pÀFZNFTFGF :+L 5]Z]QFMGL ;ZBFD6LDF\ jIJ;FI pÀFZNFTFGF 5]Z]QF pÀFZNFTFGF :+L 5]Z]QFMGL ;ZBFD6LDF\

;\TFGMGL S], ;\bIF ;\TFGMGL S], ;\bIF ;\TFGMGL S], ;\bIF ;\TFGMGL S], ;\bIF ;\TFGMGL S], ;\bIF ;\TFGMGL S], ;\bIF ;\TFGMGL S], ;\bIF ;\TFGMGL S], ;\bIF ;\TFGMGL S], ;\bIF ;\TFGMGL S], ;\bIF :+L ;\bIFGL 8SFJFZL :+L ;\bIFGL 8SFJFZL :+L ;\bIFGL 8SFJFZL :+L ;\bIFGL 8SFJFZL :+L ;\bIFGL 8SFJFZL

!P GMSZL !)) !#) &)P($

ZP B[TL !Z$ !_( (*P_)

#P SFZLUZ JU"GF jIJ;FI )) *) *)P*)

$P DH}ZL !&! !$( )!P)Z

5P U'CSFI" 5* $& (_P*_

&P VgI 5! #* *ZP5$

sGM\W ovsGM\W ovsGM\W ovsGM\W ovsGM\W ovp5ZMÉT SMQ8SDF\ TDFD 5&_ pÀFZNFTFVMGF jIJ;FI 5|DF6[ pÀFZNFTFVMGF

5]Z]QFv;\TFGM VG[ :+Lv;\TFGMGL S], ;\bIF NXF"J[, K[Pfffff

D lJJZ6 o lJJZ6 o lJJZ6 o lJJZ6 o lJJZ6 o p5ZGF SMQ8S 5ZYL GLR[GL AFATM O,LT YFI K[P

oo S], 5&_ pÀFZNFTFVMDF\YL H]NLvH]NL GMSZL SZTF pÀFZNFTFVMGF 5]Z]QFv;\TFGMGL

S], ;\bIF !)) K[ ßIFZ[ :+Lv;\TFGMGL S], ;\bIF !#) K[P H[ 5]Z]QFMGL ;F5[1FDF\

&)P($@ :+LVM NXF"J[ K[P

oo B[TL SZTF pÀFZNFTFVMGF 5]Z]QFv;\TFGMGL S], ;\bIF !Z$ K[ ßIFZ[ :+Lv;\TFGMGL

S], ;\bIF !_( K[P H[ 5]Z]QFMGL ;F5[1FDF\ (*P_)@ :+LVM NXF"J[ K[P

oo SFZLUZ JU"GF jIJ;FIM H[JF S[ ;]YFZLSFD4 ,]CFZLSFD4 NZÒSFD4 JF/\NSFD JU[Z[

jIJ;FIM ;FY[ ;\S/FI[,F pÀFZNFTFVMGF 5]Z]QFv;\TFGMGL S], ;\bIF )) K[ ßIFZ[

:+Lv;\TFGMGL S], ;\bIF *) K[P H[ 5]Z]QFMGL ;F5[1FDF\ *)P*)@ :+LVM NXF"J[ K[P

oo DH}ZL SZTF pÀFZNFTFVMGF 5]Z]QFv;\TFGMGL S], ;\bIF !&! K[ ßIFZ[ :+Lv;\TFGMGL

Z5#Z5#Z5#Z5#Z5#

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S], ;\bIF !$( K[P H[ 5]Z]QFMGL ;F5[1FDF\ )!P)Z@ :+LVM NXF"J[ K[P

oo U'CSFI" SZTF pÀFZNFTFVMGF 5]Z]QFv;\TFGMGL S], ;\bIF 5* K[ ßIFZ[ :+Lv;\TFGMGL

S], ;\bIF $& K[P H[ 5]Z]QFMGL ;F5[1FDF\ (_P*_@ :+LVM NXF"J[ K[P

oo VgI jIJ;FIM ;FY[ ;\S/FI[,F pÀFZNFTFVMGF 5]Z]QFv;\TFGMGL S], ;\bIF 5! K[P

ßIFZ[ :+Lv;\TFGMGL S], ;\bIF #* K[P H[ 5]Z]QFMGL ;F5[1FDF\ *ZP5$@ :+LVM

NXF"J[ K[P

D TFZ6 oTFZ6 oTFZ6 oTFZ6 oTFZ6 o

pÀFZNFTFVMG]\ jIJ;FIGF VFWFZ[ JUL"SZ6 SZLG[ H[ T[ JU"DF\ :+LVMGL ;\bIF

NXF"JTF p5ZMÉT SMQ8SDF\ GMSlZIFT JU"DF\ :+LVMG]\ 5|DF6 &)P($@ K[P B[TL SZTF JU"DF\

:+LVMG]\ 5|DF6 (*P_)@ K[P DH}ZL SZTF JU"DF\ )!P)Z@ :+LVMG]\ 5|DF6 K[P SFZLUZ

JU"GF jIJ;FIM ;FY[ ;\S/FI[,F ,MSMDF\ :+LVMG]\ 5|DF6 *)P*)@ HMJF D/[ K[P VCL\ 56

lGlüT VFJS WZFJTF ,MSM lGJ'lÀFSF/[ 5]+GM ;CFZM ,[JF DF8[ 5]+ .rK[ K[4 5]+L GCL\P

V[JL DFGl;STF N[BFI K[P TM DH}Z JU"GF lJRFZM D]HA 5]Z]QF S[ :+L AWF DH}ZL SZL

3ZGL VFlY"S jIJ:YF HF/JJFDF\ DNN~5 YTF CM. AgG[GF HgD VFJSFI" K[P VFJ]\ H

SF\.S B[TL SZTF ,MSMDF\ 56 HMJF D/[ K[P

D pÀFZNFTFGF ,uGÒJG lJQFIS DFlCTLG]\ lJ`,[QF6pÀFZNFTFGF ,uGÒJG lJQFIS DFlCTLG]\ lJ`,[QF6pÀFZNFTFGF ,uGÒJG lJQFIS DFlCTLG]\ lJ`,[QF6pÀFZNFTFGF ,uGÒJG lJQFIS DFlCTLG]\ lJ`,[QF6pÀFZNFTFGF ,uGÒJG lJQFIS DFlCTLG]\ lJ`,[QF6

5|:T]T 5|SZ6DF\ pÀFZNFTFGL ;FDFgI VG[ SF{8]\lAS DFlCTL p5ZF\T pÀFZNFTFGL

,uGÒJG lJQFIS DFlCTL 56 NXF"JJFDF\ VFJL K[P

pÀFZNFTFGL ,uGÒJG lJQFIS DFlCTLDF\ ,uG YIFGM ;DIUF/M4 ÒJG;FYL

5;\NULGL ZLT4 ÒJG;FYL 5;\NUL SZTL JBT[ wIFGDF\ ZFB[,L AFATM4 ;\TFGMGF HgDGM

;DIUF/M JU[Z[ AFATMG[ VCL\ NXF"JJFDF\ VFJL K[P

$P!5 pÀFZNFTFGF ,uG YIFG[ S[8,F JQF" YIF T[ V\U[GL DFlCTL$P!5 pÀFZNFTFGF ,uG YIFG[ S[8,F JQF" YIF T[ V\U[GL DFlCTL$P!5 pÀFZNFTFGF ,uG YIFG[ S[8,F JQF" YIF T[ V\U[GL DFlCTL$P!5 pÀFZNFTFGF ,uG YIFG[ S[8,F JQF" YIF T[ V\U[GL DFlCTL$P!5 pÀFZNFTFGF ,uG YIFG[ S[8,F JQF" YIF T[ V\U[GL DFlCTL

5|:T]T ;\XMWGDF\ pÀFZNFTFGF ,uG YIFG[ S[8,F JQF" YIF T[ HF6JFGM VCL\ 5|IF;

SIM" K[P T[ DF8[ ! YL 5 JQF"4 & YL !_ JQF"4 !! YL !5 JQF"4 !& YL Z_ JQF" VG[ Z_ JQF"YL JWFZ[

Z5$Z5$Z5$Z5$Z5$

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V[D S], 5F\R EFUDF\ ;DIUF/FG[ lJEFÒT SIM" CTMP H[ SM9F G\P$P!5 DF\ NXF"J[,

K[ VG[ T[ 5|DF6[ pÀFZNFTFVMG]\ JUL"SZ6 SZJFDF\ VFjI]\ K[P

SMQ8S G\P$P!5SMQ8S G\P$P!5SMQ8S G\P$P!5SMQ8S G\P$P!5SMQ8S G\P$P!5

pÀFZNFTFGF ,uG YIFG[ S[8,F JQF" YIF T[ V\U[GL DFlCTL NXF"JT]\ SMQ8SpÀFZNFTFGF ,uG YIFG[ S[8,F JQF" YIF T[ V\U[GL DFlCTL NXF"JT]\ SMQ8SpÀFZNFTFGF ,uG YIFG[ S[8,F JQF" YIF T[ V\U[GL DFlCTL NXF"JT]\ SMQ8SpÀFZNFTFGF ,uG YIFG[ S[8,F JQF" YIF T[ V\U[GL DFlCTL NXF"JT]\ SMQ8SpÀFZNFTFGF ,uG YIFG[ S[8,F JQF" YIF T[ V\U[GL DFlCTL NXF"JT]\ SMQ8S

ÊDÊDÊDÊDÊD lJUTlJUTlJUTlJUTlJUT VFJ'lÀFVFJ'lÀFVFJ'lÀFVFJ'lÀFVFJ'lÀF 8SF8SF8SF8SF8SF

!P ! YL 5 !( #PZ!

ZP & YL !_ !ZZ Z!P*)

#P !! YL !5 !&* Z)P(Z

$P !& YL Z_ !*& #!P$#

5P Z_ JQF"YL JWFZ[ ** !#P*5

S], S], S], S], S], 5&_ 5&_ 5&_ 5&_ 5&_ !__ !__ !__ !__ !__

D lJJZ6 o lJJZ6 o lJJZ6 o lJJZ6 o lJJZ6 o p5ZGF SMQ8S 5ZYL GLR[GL AFATM O,LT YFI K[P

oo S], 5&_ pÀFZNFTFVMDF\YL !( pÀFZNFTFVMGF ,uG YIFGF ! YL 5 JQF" YIF K[P H[

lGNX"GF #PZ!@ YFI K[P

oo !ZZ pÀFZNFTFVMGF ,uG YIFGF & YL !_ JQF" YIF K[P H[ lGNX"GF Z!P*)@ YFI K[P

oo !&* pÀFZNFTFVMGF ,uG YIFGF !! YL !5 JQF" YIF K[P H[ lGNX"GF Z)P(Z@ YFI K[P

oo !*& pÀFZNFTFVMGF ,uG YIFGF !& YL Z_ JQF" YIF K[P H[ lGNX"GF #!P$#@ YFI K[P

oo ** pÀFZNFTFVMGF ,uG YIFGF Z_ YL 56 JWFZ[ JQF" YIF K[P H[ lGNX"GF !#P*5@

YFI K[P

D TFZ6 oTFZ6 oTFZ6 oTFZ6 oTFZ6 o

p5ZMÉT SMQ8SDF\ NXF"J[, pÀFZNFTFGF ,uG YIFGF[ ;DIUF/M HMTF SCL XSFI S[

VCL\ H[VMGF ,uG YIFGF !! YL Z_ JQF" YIF K[ V[JF pÀFZNFTFVMGL ;\bIF JWFZ[ sV[8,[

S[ &!PZ5 @ H[8,Lf K[P ÒJG lJQFIS VFNXM" VG[ JF:TlJSTF JrR[ DCÀFD TOFJT HMJF

D/TM CMI K[P VFYL H[VMV[ ,uGÒJGGF !! YL Z_ JQF" H[8,M ,F\AM ;DI lJTFjIM K[

Z55Z55Z55Z55Z55

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V[JF 5lZ5ÉJ pÀFZNFTFVM VCL\ JW] DF+FDF\ HMJF D/[ K[P VFYL VF ,MSM £FZF D[/J[,]\

TFZ6 JWFZ[ lJ`JGLI VG[ JF:TlJS AGL ZC[ T[ :JFEFlJS K[ S[D S[ I]JFJ:YF VG[ VFZ\lES

NF\5tIÒJGGF VFNX"DI ÒJG 5KLG]\ JF:TlJS VG[ S9MZ ÒJG jIÂÉTGF lJRFZM ¹-

VG[ Â:YZ SZ[ K[P 5KL E,[ V[ lJRFZM S0JF4 VFSZF VG[ VDFGJLI 56 CMIP VFYL H

;DFHDF\ :+LvE}|6 CtIF JU[Z[G[ SFZ6[ 5]Z]QFMGL ;ZBFD6LDF\ :+LVMG]\ 5|DF6 B}A VMK]\

HMJF D/[ K[P

$P!& pÀFZNFTFVMV[ ,uG DF8[ ÒJG;FYLGL 5;\NUL S[JL ZLT[ SZL$P!& pÀFZNFTFVMV[ ,uG DF8[ ÒJG;FYLGL 5;\NUL S[JL ZLT[ SZL$P!& pÀFZNFTFVMV[ ,uG DF8[ ÒJG;FYLGL 5;\NUL S[JL ZLT[ SZL$P!& pÀFZNFTFVMV[ ,uG DF8[ ÒJG;FYLGL 5;\NUL S[JL ZLT[ SZL$P!& pÀFZNFTFVMV[ ,uG DF8[ ÒJG;FYLGL 5;\NUL S[JL ZLT[ SZL

CTL T[ V\U[GL DFlCTL CTL T[ V\U[GL DFlCTL CTL T[ V\U[GL DFlCTL CTL T[ V\U[GL DFlCTL CTL T[ V\U[GL DFlCTL

5|:T]T VeIF;DF\ pÀFZNFTFVMV[ ,uG DF8[ ÒJG;FYLGL 5;\NUL S[JL ZLT[ SZL

CTL T[ HF6JFGM VCL\ 5|IF; SIM" K[P T[ DF8[ 5MTFGL 5;\NULYL4 DFTFvl5TFGL

5;\NULYL4 ,uG 5;\NUL D[/F £FZF4 D[Z[H aI]ZM £FZF4 VgI H[JL S], 5F\R AFATM GÞL

SZJFDF\ VFJL CTLP H[ SM9F G\P$P!& DF\ NXF"J[, K[ VG[ T[ 5|DF6[ pÀFZNFTFVMG]\ JUL"SZ6

SZJFDF\ VFjI]\ K[P

SMQ8S G\P$P!&SMQ8S G\P$P!&SMQ8S G\P$P!&SMQ8S G\P$P!&SMQ8S G\P$P!&

pÀFZNFTFVMV[ ,uG DF8[ ÒJG;FYLGL 5;\NUL S[JL ZLT[ SZL CTLpÀFZNFTFVMV[ ,uG DF8[ ÒJG;FYLGL 5;\NUL S[JL ZLT[ SZL CTLpÀFZNFTFVMV[ ,uG DF8[ ÒJG;FYLGL 5;\NUL S[JL ZLT[ SZL CTLpÀFZNFTFVMV[ ,uG DF8[ ÒJG;FYLGL 5;\NUL S[JL ZLT[ SZL CTLpÀFZNFTFVMV[ ,uG DF8[ ÒJG;FYLGL 5;\NUL S[JL ZLT[ SZL CTL

T[ V\U[GL DFlCTL NXF"JT]\ SMQ8S T[ V\U[GL DFlCTL NXF"JT]\ SMQ8S T[ V\U[GL DFlCTL NXF"JT]\ SMQ8S T[ V\U[GL DFlCTL NXF"JT]\ SMQ8S T[ V\U[GL DFlCTL NXF"JT]\ SMQ8S

ÊDÊDÊDÊDÊD lJUT lJUT lJUT lJUT lJUT VFJ'lÀF VFJ'lÀF VFJ'lÀF VFJ'lÀF VFJ'lÀF 8SF8SF8SF8SF8SF

!P 5MTFGL 5;\NULYL !&& Z)P&$

ZP DFTFvl5TFGL 5;\NULYL ##Z 5)PZ)

#P ,uG 5;\NUL D[/F £FZF $& (PZ!

$P D[Z[H aI]ZM £FZF ( !P$#

5P VgI ( !P$#

S], S], S], S], S], 5&_ 5&_ 5&_ 5&_ 5&_ !__ !__ !__ !__ !__

D lJJZ6 o lJJZ6 o lJJZ6 o lJJZ6 o lJJZ6 o p5ZGF SMQ8S 5ZYL GLR[GL AFATM O,LT YFI K[P

Z5&Z5&Z5&Z5&Z5&

Page 31: lJ`,[QF6 - Shodhgangashodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/1946/11/11_chapter4.pdf · d pÀfznftfgl ;fdfgi dflctlg]\ lj`,[qf6:+lv5]z]qf 5|df6 v\u[gf 5|:t]t ;\xmwg sfi"df\ pÀfznftfgl

oo S], 5&_ pÀFZNFTFVMDF\YL !&& pÀFZNFTFVMV[ 5MTFGL 5;\NULYL ÒJG;FYLGL

5;\NUL SZL CTLP H[ lGNX"GF Z)P&$@ YFI K[P

oo ##Z pÀFZNFTFVMV[ DFTFvl5TFGL 5;\NULYL ÒJG;FYLGL 5;\NUL SZL CTLP H[

lGNX"GF 5)PZ)@ YFI K[P

oo $& pÀFZNFTFVMV[ ,uG 5;\NUL D[/F £FZF ÒJG;FYLGL 5;\NUL SZL CTLP H[

lGNX"GF (PZ!@ YFI K[P

oo ( pÀFZNFTFVMV[ D[Z[H aI]ZM £FZF ÒJG;FYLGL 5;\NUL SZL CTLP H[ lGNX"GF

!P$#@ YFI K[P

oo ( pÀFZNFTFVM VF D]Û[ VgI SM. ZLT[ ÒJG;FYLGL 5;\NUL SZL CMJFG]\ H6FJ[ K[P

H[ lGNX"GF !P$#@ YFI K[P

D TFZ6 oTFZ6 oTFZ6 oTFZ6 oTFZ6 o

p5ZMÉT SMQ8SGF VF\S0FSLI lJ`,[QF6 5ZYL SCL XSFI S[ !P$#@ pÀFZNFTFVMV[

D[Z[H aI]ZM £FZF T[DH (PZ!@ pÀFZNFTFVMV[ ,uG 5;\NUL D[/F £FZF ÒJG;FYLGL

5;\NUL SZL CTLP Z)P&$@ pÀFZNFTFVMV[ 5MTFGL 5;\NULYL T[DH 5)PZ)@

pÀFZNFTFVMV[ DFTFvl5TFGL 5;\NULYL ÒJG;FYLGL 5;\NUL SZL CTLP

EFZTLI ;DFH jIJ:YFDF\ ,uG V[ 5;\NULGM VMKM VG[ 5Z\5ZFGM JWFZ[ SCL XSFI

V[JM D]ÛM K[P 5MTFGF DF8[ GCL\ 5Z\T] 5lZJFZ DF8[ 5Z6TF ,MSM JWFZ[ HMJF D/[ K[P

VCL\ 5|:T]T VeIF;DF\ VF DFgITF ;FRL ;FlAT YTL CMI T[D DM8FEFUGF pÀFZNFTFVMV[

DFTFvl5TFGL 5;\NULYL ÒJG;FYLGL 5;\NUL SZL CTLP V[8,[ S[ 5Z\5ZFUT EFZTLI

;DFHDF\ ;\TFGMGF ÒJG;FYLGL 5;\NUL J0L,M £FZF SZFTL CMJFGL 5Z\5ZF JT"DFG

I]UDF\ 56 8SL ZCL K[ T[J]\ TFZ6 SF-L XSFIP

Z5*Z5*Z5*Z5*Z5*

Page 32: lJ`,[QF6 - Shodhgangashodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/1946/11/11_chapter4.pdf · d pÀfznftfgl ;fdfgi dflctlg]\ lj`,[qf6:+lv5]z]qf 5|df6 v\u[gf 5|:t]t ;\xmwg sfi"df\ pÀfznftfgl

$P!* pÀFZNFTFVMV[ ÒJG;FYLGL 5;\NUL SZTL JBT[ S.vS.$P!* pÀFZNFTFVMV[ ÒJG;FYLGL 5;\NUL SZTL JBT[ S.vS.$P!* pÀFZNFTFVMV[ ÒJG;FYLGL 5;\NUL SZTL JBT[ S.vS.$P!* pÀFZNFTFVMV[ ÒJG;FYLGL 5;\NUL SZTL JBT[ S.vS.$P!* pÀFZNFTFVMV[ ÒJG;FYLGL 5;\NUL SZTL JBT[ S.vS.

AFATMG[ wIFGDF\ ZFBL CTL T[ V\U[GL DFlCTL AFATMG[ wIFGDF\ ZFBL CTL T[ V\U[GL DFlCTL AFATMG[ wIFGDF\ ZFBL CTL T[ V\U[GL DFlCTL AFATMG[ wIFGDF\ ZFBL CTL T[ V\U[GL DFlCTL AFATMG[ wIFGDF\ ZFBL CTL T[ V\U[GL DFlCTL

VCL\ 5|:T]T ;\XMWGDF\ pÀFZNFTFVMV[ ÒJG;FYLGL 5;\NUL SZTL JBT[ S.vS.

AFATMG[ wIFGDF\ ZFBL CTL T[ HF6JFGM VCL\ 5|IF; SIM" K[P T[ DF8[ N[BFJ4 S]8]\AGL 5|lTQ9F4

5MTFGL 7FlT4 DFTFvl5TFGM VFU|C4 X{1Fl6S :TZ4 GMSZL 1FDTF H[JL S], K

AFATM GÞL SZJFDF\ VFJL CTLP H[ SM9F G\P$P!* DF\ NXF"J[, K[ VG[ T[ 5|DF6[ pÀFZNFTFVMG]\

JUL"SZ6 SZJFDF\ VFjI]\ K[P

SMQ8S G\P$P!*SMQ8S G\P$P!*SMQ8S G\P$P!*SMQ8S G\P$P!*SMQ8S G\P$P!*

pÀFZNFTFVMV[ ÒJG;FYLGL 5;\NUL SZTL JBT[ S.vS. AFATMG[pÀFZNFTFVMV[ ÒJG;FYLGL 5;\NUL SZTL JBT[ S.vS. AFATMG[pÀFZNFTFVMV[ ÒJG;FYLGL 5;\NUL SZTL JBT[ S.vS. AFATMG[pÀFZNFTFVMV[ ÒJG;FYLGL 5;\NUL SZTL JBT[ S.vS. AFATMG[pÀFZNFTFVMV[ ÒJG;FYLGL 5;\NUL SZTL JBT[ S.vS. AFATMG[

wIFGDF\ ZFBL CTL T[ V\U[GL DFlCTL NXF"JT]\ SMQ8SwIFGDF\ ZFBL CTL T[ V\U[GL DFlCTL NXF"JT]\ SMQ8SwIFGDF\ ZFBL CTL T[ V\U[GL DFlCTL NXF"JT]\ SMQ8SwIFGDF\ ZFBL CTL T[ V\U[GL DFlCTL NXF"JT]\ SMQ8SwIFGDF\ ZFBL CTL T[ V\U[GL DFlCTL NXF"JT]\ SMQ8S

ÊDÊDÊDÊDÊD lJUTlJUTlJUTlJUTlJUT VFJ'lÀFVFJ'lÀFVFJ'lÀFVFJ'lÀFVFJ'lÀF 8SF 8SF 8SF 8SF 8SF

!P N[BFJ &* !!P)&

ZP S]8]\AGL 5|lTQ9F #) &P)&

#P 5MTFGL 7FlT !_( !)PZ)

$P DFTFvl5TFGM VFU|C #!5 5&PZ5

5P X{1Fl6S :TZ !& ZP(&

&P GMSZL 1FDTF !5 ZP&(

S],S],S],S],S], 5&_ 5&_ 5&_ 5&_ 5&_ !__ !__ !__ !__ !__

D lJJZ6 o lJJZ6 o lJJZ6 o lJJZ6 o lJJZ6 o p5ZGF SMQ8S 5ZYL GLR[GL AFATM O,LT YFI K[P

oo S], 5&_ pÀFZNFTFVMDF\YL &* pÀFZNFTFVMV[ ÒJG;FYLGL 5;\NUL SZTL JBT[

N[BFJG[ wIFGDF\ ZFbIM CTMP H[ lGNX"GF !!P)&@ YFI K[P

oo #) pÀFZNFTFVMV[ ÒJG;FYLGL 5;\NUL SZTL JBT[ S]8]\AGL 5|lTQ9FG[ wIFGDF\

Z5(Z5(Z5(Z5(Z5(

Page 33: lJ`,[QF6 - Shodhgangashodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/1946/11/11_chapter4.pdf · d pÀfznftfgl ;fdfgi dflctlg]\ lj`,[qf6:+lv5]z]qf 5|df6 v\u[gf 5|:t]t ;\xmwg sfi"df\ pÀfznftfgl

ZFBL CTLP H[ lGNX"GF &P)&@ YFI K[P

oo !_( pÀFZNFTFVMV[ ÒJG;FYLGL 5;\NUL SZTL JBT[ 5MTFGL 7FlTG[ wIFGDF\

ZFBL CTLP H[ lGNX"GF !)PZ)@ YFI K[P

oo #!5 pÀFZNFTFVMV[ ÒJG;FYLGL 5;\NUL SZTL JBT[ DFTFvl5TFGF VFU|CG[

wIFGDF\ ZFbIM CTMP H[ lGNX"GF 5&PZ5@ YFI K[P

oo !& pÀFZNFTFVMV[ ÒJG;FYLGL 5;\NUL SZTL JBT[ X{1Fl6S :TZG[ wIFGDF\

ZFbI]\ CT]\P H[ lGNX"GF ZP(&@ YFI K[P

oo !5 pÀFZNFTFVMV[ ÒJG;FYLGL 5;\NUL SZTL JBT[ GMSZL 1FDTFG[ wIFGDF\ ZFBL

CTLP H[ lGNX"GF ZP&(@ YFI K[P

D TFZ6 oTFZ6 oTFZ6 oTFZ6 oTFZ6 o

p5ZMÉT SMQ8SGL VF\S0FSLI DFlCTL 5ZYL SCL XSFI S[ !!P)&@ pÀFZNFTFVMV[

ÒJG;FYLGL 5;\NUL SZTL JBT[ N[BFJ VG[ &P)&@ pÀFZNFTFVMV[ S]8]\AGL 5|lTQ9FG[

wIFGDF\ ZFBL CTLP ZP(&@ pÀFZNFTFVMV[ X{1Fl6S :TZ T[DH ZP&(@ pÀFZNFTFVMV[

GMSZL 1FDTFG[ wIFGDF\ ZFBL CTLP !)PZ)@ pÀFZNFTFVMV[ 5MTFGL 7FlT T[DH 5&PZ5@

pÀFZNFTFVMV[ ÒJG;FYLGL 5;\NUL SZTL JBT[ DFTFvl5TFGF VFU|CG[ wIFGDF\

ZFbIM CTMP

JT"DFG I]UDF\ ÒJG;FYLGL 5;\NULGF WMZ6MDF\ 5lZJT"G VFjI]\ K[P ÒJG;FYLGL

5;\NUL V[ jIÂÉTUT 5|̀ G AgIM K[ V[D SC[JFI K[P 5Z\T] 5|:T]T VeIF;DF\ VF DFgITF

BM8L ;FlAT YTL CMI T[D DM8FEFUGF pÀFZNFTFVMV[ ÒJG;FYLGL 5;\NUL SZTL JBT[

DFTFvl5TFGF VFU|CG[ wIFGDF\ ZFbIM CTMP V[8,[ S[ EFZTG[ :JFlWG YIFGF &_ YL 56

JWFZ[ JQFM" YIF CMJF KTF\ ,uGDF\ 5F+ 5;\NULDF\ DFTFvl5TF S[ Jl0,MGM C:T1F[5

5C[,FGL H[D H IYFJTŸ ZæM K[P T[J]\ TFZ6 SF-L XSFIP

Z5)Z5)Z5)Z5)Z5)

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CCCCC pÀFZNFTFVMV[ ÒJG;FYLGL 5;\NUL SZTL JBT[ S.vS. AFATMG[pÀFZNFTFVMV[ ÒJG;FYLGL 5;\NUL SZTL JBT[ S.vS. AFATMG[pÀFZNFTFVMV[ ÒJG;FYLGL 5;\NUL SZTL JBT[ S.vS. AFATMG[pÀFZNFTFVMV[ ÒJG;FYLGL 5;\NUL SZTL JBT[ S.vS. AFATMG[pÀFZNFTFVMV[ ÒJG;FYLGL 5;\NUL SZTL JBT[ S.vS. AFATMG[

wIFGDF\ ZFBL CTL T[ V\U[GL lJUT NXF"JTM VF,[B wIFGDF\ ZFBL CTL T[ V\U[GL lJUT NXF"JTM VF,[B wIFGDF\ ZFBL CTL T[ V\U[GL lJUT NXF"JTM VF,[B wIFGDF\ ZFBL CTL T[ V\U[GL lJUT NXF"JTM VF,[B wIFGDF\ ZFBL CTL T[ V\U[GL lJUT NXF"JTM VF,[B

$P!( pÀFZNFTFVMV[ ,uG 5KL A[ AF/SM JrR[ V\TZ ZFBJFG]\ lJRFI]"$P!( pÀFZNFTFVMV[ ,uG 5KL A[ AF/SM JrR[ V\TZ ZFBJFG]\ lJRFI]"$P!( pÀFZNFTFVMV[ ,uG 5KL A[ AF/SM JrR[ V\TZ ZFBJFG]\ lJRFI]"$P!( pÀFZNFTFVMV[ ,uG 5KL A[ AF/SM JrR[ V\TZ ZFBJFG]\ lJRFI]"$P!( pÀFZNFTFVMV[ ,uG 5KL A[ AF/SM JrR[ V\TZ ZFBJFG]\ lJRFI]"

CT]\ S[ GCL\ T[ V\U[GL DFlCTL CT]\ S[ GCL\ T[ V\U[GL DFlCTL CT]\ S[ GCL\ T[ V\U[GL DFlCTL CT]\ S[ GCL\ T[ V\U[GL DFlCTL CT]\ S[ GCL\ T[ V\U[GL DFlCTL

VFHGF VY"I]UDF\ VFIMHGG]\ B}A H DCÀJ ZC[,]\ K[P VCL\ HM DF+ 5lT VG[ 5tGL

£FZF YTF 5MTFGF 5lZJFZGF VFIMHGGF ;\NE"DF\ lJRFZJFDF\ VFJ[ TM N\5lT £FZF 5MTFG[

S. HFlTGF VG[ S[8,F ;\TFGM CMJF HM.V[ T[DH A[ ;\TFGMGF HgD JrR[ S[8,]\ V\TZ ZFBJ]\

JU[Z[ AFATMG]\ VFIMHG YT]\ CMI K[P VFJ]\ VFIMHG jIÂÉTGF 5lZJFZG[ l;DLT ZFBT]\ CMI

K[P VCL\ VeIF; DF8[ 5;\N SZ[,F pÀFZNFTFVMDF\ VFJF VFIMHGG]\ sS]8]\A lGIMHGG]\f

DCÀJ HMJF D/[ K[ S[ GCL\ T[ AFATG[ 56 5|:T]T VeIF;DF\ VFJZL ,[JFDF\ VFJL K[P VFYL

1F[+LISFI" NZlDIFG pÀFZNFTFVMG[ V[ 5|̀ G 5}K–M CTM S[ X]\ TD[ ,uG 5KL A[ AF/SM

Z&_Z&_Z&_Z&_Z&_

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JrR[ V\TZ ZFBJFG]\ lJRFI]" CT]\ m H[GF 5|tI]ÀFZM GLR[ D]HA 5|F%T YIF K[P

SMQ8S G\P$P!(SMQ8S G\P$P!(SMQ8S G\P$P!(SMQ8S G\P$P!(SMQ8S G\P$P!(

pÀFZNFTFVMV[ ,uG 5KL A[ AF/SM JrR[ V\TZ ZFBJFG]\ lJRFI]" CT]\ S[pÀFZNFTFVMV[ ,uG 5KL A[ AF/SM JrR[ V\TZ ZFBJFG]\ lJRFI]" CT]\ S[pÀFZNFTFVMV[ ,uG 5KL A[ AF/SM JrR[ V\TZ ZFBJFG]\ lJRFI]" CT]\ S[pÀFZNFTFVMV[ ,uG 5KL A[ AF/SM JrR[ V\TZ ZFBJFG]\ lJRFI]" CT]\ S[pÀFZNFTFVMV[ ,uG 5KL A[ AF/SM JrR[ V\TZ ZFBJFG]\ lJRFI]" CT]\ S[

GCL\ T[ V\U[GL DFlCTL NXF"JT]\ SMQ8SGCL\ T[ V\U[GL DFlCTL NXF"JT]\ SMQ8SGCL\ T[ V\U[GL DFlCTL NXF"JT]\ SMQ8SGCL\ T[ V\U[GL DFlCTL NXF"JT]\ SMQ8SGCL\ T[ V\U[GL DFlCTL NXF"JT]\ SMQ8S

ÊDÊDÊDÊDÊD lJUTlJUTlJUTlJUTlJUT VFJ'lÀFVFJ'lÀFVFJ'lÀFVFJ'lÀFVFJ'lÀF 8SF8SF8SF8SF8SF

!P CF $*_ (#P)#

ZP GF )_ !&P_*

S], S], S], S], S], 5&_ 5&_ 5&_ 5&_ 5&_ !__!__!__!__!__

D lJJZ6 o lJJZ6 o lJJZ6 o lJJZ6 o lJJZ6 o p5ZGF SMQ8S 5ZYL GLR[GL AFATM O,LT YFI K[P

oo S], 5&_ pÀFZNFTFVMDF\YL $*_ pÀFZNFTFVMV[ ,uG 5KL A[ AF/SM JrR[ V\TZ

ZFBJFG]\ lJRFI]" CT]\P H[ lGNX"GF\ (#P)#@ YFI K[P

oo )_ pÀFZNFTFVMV[ ,uG 5KL A[ AF/SM JrR[ V\TZ ZFBJFG]\ lJRFI]" G CT]\P H[

lGNX"GF\ !&P_*@ YFI K[P

D TFZ6 oTFZ6 oTFZ6 oTFZ6 oTFZ6 o

p5ZMÉT SMQ8SGF VF\S0FSLI lJ`,[QF6 5|DF6[ !&P_*@ pÀFZNFTFVMV[ ,uG 5KL

A[ AF/SM JrR[ V\TZ ZFBJFG]\ lJRFI]" G CT]\ ßIFZ[ (#P)#@ pÀFZNFTFVMV[ ,uG 5KL A[

AF/SM JrR[ V\TZ ZFBJFG]\ lJRFI]" CT]\P H[ NXF"J[ K[ S[ VFHGF JT"DFG ;DIDF\ ;\HMUM

VG[ 5lZÂ:YlTG[ VG]~5 ,MSM S]8]\A lGIMHGG]\ DCÀJ :JLSFZTF YIF K[P

$P!) A[ AF/SM JrR[ V\TZ ZFBJFGM lG6"I pÀFZNFTFGM CTM S[ VgIGM$P!) A[ AF/SM JrR[ V\TZ ZFBJFGM lG6"I pÀFZNFTFGM CTM S[ VgIGM$P!) A[ AF/SM JrR[ V\TZ ZFBJFGM lG6"I pÀFZNFTFGM CTM S[ VgIGM$P!) A[ AF/SM JrR[ V\TZ ZFBJFGM lG6"I pÀFZNFTFGM CTM S[ VgIGM$P!) A[ AF/SM JrR[ V\TZ ZFBJFGM lG6"I pÀFZNFTFGM CTM S[ VgIGM

T[ V\U[GL DFlCTL T[ V\U[GL DFlCTL T[ V\U[GL DFlCTL T[ V\U[GL DFlCTL T[ V\U[GL DFlCTL

VFU/GF SMQ8SDF\ ATFjIF 5|DF6[ 5|:T]T ;\XMWGDF\ S], 5&_ pÀFZNFTFVMDF\YL

)_ pÀFZNFTFVMV[ ,uG 5KL A[ AF/SM JrR[ V\TZ ZFBJFG]\ lJRFI]" G CT]\ ßIFZ[ $*_

Z&!Z&!Z&!Z&!Z&!

Page 36: lJ`,[QF6 - Shodhgangashodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/1946/11/11_chapter4.pdf · d pÀfznftfgl ;fdfgi dflctlg]\ lj`,[qf6:+lv5]z]qf 5|df6 v\u[gf 5|:t]t ;\xmwg sfi"df\ pÀfznftfgl

pÀFZNFTFVMV[ ,uG 5KL A[ AF/SM JrR[ V\TZ ZFBJFG]\ lJRFI]" CT]\P TM VF $*_

pÀFZNFTFVMGF ,uGÒJGDF\ A[ AF/SM JrR[ V\TZ ZFBJFGM lG6"I pÀFZNFTFGM 5MTFGM

CTM S[ VgIGM T[ AFATG]\ lJ`,[QF6 56 VCL\ GLR[GF SMQ8SDF\ SZJFDF\ VFjI]\ K[P

SMQ8S G\P$P!)SMQ8S G\P$P!)SMQ8S G\P$P!)SMQ8S G\P$P!)SMQ8S G\P$P!)

A[ AF/SM JrR[ V\TZ ZFBJFGM lG6"I pÀFZNFTFGM CTM S[ VgIGMA[ AF/SM JrR[ V\TZ ZFBJFGM lG6"I pÀFZNFTFGM CTM S[ VgIGMA[ AF/SM JrR[ V\TZ ZFBJFGM lG6"I pÀFZNFTFGM CTM S[ VgIGMA[ AF/SM JrR[ V\TZ ZFBJFGM lG6"I pÀFZNFTFGM CTM S[ VgIGMA[ AF/SM JrR[ V\TZ ZFBJFGM lG6"I pÀFZNFTFGM CTM S[ VgIGM

T[ V\U[GL DFlCTL NXF"JT]\ SMQ8S T[ V\U[GL DFlCTL NXF"JT]\ SMQ8S T[ V\U[GL DFlCTL NXF"JT]\ SMQ8S T[ V\U[GL DFlCTL NXF"JT]\ SMQ8S T[ V\U[GL DFlCTL NXF"JT]\ SMQ8S

ÊDÊDÊDÊDÊD lJUTlJUTlJUTlJUTlJUT VFJ'lÀFVFJ'lÀFVFJ'lÀFVFJ'lÀFVFJ'lÀF 8SF8SF8SF8SF8SF

!P pÀFZNFTFGM $5) (!P)&

ZP VgIGM !! !P)*

S], S], S], S], S], $*_ $*_ $*_ $*_ $*_ (#P)# (#P)# (#P)# (#P)# (#P)#

D lJJZ6 o lJJZ6 o lJJZ6 o lJJZ6 o lJJZ6 o p5ZGF SMQ8S 5ZYL GLR[GL AFATM O,LT YFI K[P

oo $5) pÀFZNFTFVMGF ,uGÒJGDF\ A[ AF/SM JrR[ V\TZ ZFBJFGM lG6"I

pÀFZNFTFGM 5MTFGM CTMP H[ lGNX"GF (!P)&@ YFI K[P

oo !! pÀFZNFTFVMGF ,uGÒJGDF\ A[ AF/SM JrR[ V\TZ ZFBJFGM lG6"I pÀFZNFTFGM

5MTFGM G CTM4 5Z\T] VgI SM.GM CTMP H[ lGNX"GF !P)*@ YFI K[P

D TFZ6 oTFZ6 oTFZ6 oTFZ6 oTFZ6 o

p5ZMÉT SMQ8SGL VF\S0FSLI DFlCTL 5ZYL SCL XSFI S[ !P*)@ pÀFZNFTFVMGF

,uGÒJGDF\ A[ AF/SM JrR[ V\TZ ZFBJFGM lG6"I pÀFZNFTFGM 5MTFGM G CTM4 5Z\T]

VgIGM CTMP H[DF\ pÀFZNFTF l;JFIGF S]8]\AGF ;eIM4 5F0MXLVM JU[Z[G[ U6L XSFIP

ßIFZ[ (!P)&@ pÀFZNFTFVMGF ,uGÒJGDF\ A[ AF/SM JrR[ V\TZ ZFBJFGM lG6"I

pÀFZNFTFGM 5MTFGM CTMP H[GF 5ZYL V[D TFZ6 VF5L XSFI S[ VFHGF ;DIDF\ V5JFNMG[

AFN SZTF jIÂÉTGF V\UT4 SF{8]\lAS VG[ ,uGÒJGDF\ S]8]\AGF VgI ;eIMGL NB,ULZL

HMJF D/TL GYL 5Z\T] jIÂÉT :JT\+ ZLT[ H 5MT[ lG6"I ,[TL Y. K[P

Z&ZZ&ZZ&ZZ&ZZ&Z

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$PZ_ pÀFZNFTFGF ,uG AFN 5|YD ;\TFGGM HgD S[8,F JQF" AFN YIM$PZ_ pÀFZNFTFGF ,uG AFN 5|YD ;\TFGGM HgD S[8,F JQF" AFN YIM$PZ_ pÀFZNFTFGF ,uG AFN 5|YD ;\TFGGM HgD S[8,F JQF" AFN YIM$PZ_ pÀFZNFTFGF ,uG AFN 5|YD ;\TFGGM HgD S[8,F JQF" AFN YIM$PZ_ pÀFZNFTFGF ,uG AFN 5|YD ;\TFGGM HgD S[8,F JQF" AFN YIM

CTM T[ V\U[GL DFlCTL CTM T[ V\U[GL DFlCTL CTM T[ V\U[GL DFlCTL CTM T[ V\U[GL DFlCTL CTM T[ V\U[GL DFlCTL

V[S ;DI V[JM CTM S[ ßIFZ[ ,uG ;\A\WGL H[D H ;\TFG 5|FÂ%T V[ 56 5|FZaW

VFWFlZT JFT CTLP 5Z\T] JT"DFG I]UDF\ lX1F6 VG[ HFlTI 7FGGM jIF5 JWJFYL ;\TFG

5|FÂ%T V[ VFIMHGGM lJQFI AGL UIM K[P ,uG AFN VD}S lGlüT ;DI ;]WL AF/SGF

HgDG[ ZMSJFGF 5|ItGM GJv5lZl6T I]U,M £FZF YTF CMI K[P 5|:T]T ;\XMWGDF\ pÀFZNFTFGF

,uG AFN 5|YD ;\TFGGM HgD S[8,F JQF " AFN YIM CTM T[ V\U[GL HF6SFZL

D[/JJFGM 56 p5ÊD ZFbIM K[P VFYL 1F[+LISFI" NZlDIFG pÀFZNFTFVMG[ V[ 5|̀ G 5}K–M

CTM S[ ,uG AFN 5|YD ;\TFGGM HgD S[8,F JQF" AFN YIM CTM m H[GF 5|tI]ÀFZM GLR[ D]HA

5|F%T YIF K[P

SMQ8S G\P$PZ_SMQ8S G\P$PZ_SMQ8S G\P$PZ_SMQ8S G\P$PZ_SMQ8S G\P$PZ_

pÀFZNFTFGF ,uG AFN 5|YD ;\TFGGM HgD S[8,F JQF" AFN YIM CTMpÀFZNFTFGF ,uG AFN 5|YD ;\TFGGM HgD S[8,F JQF" AFN YIM CTMpÀFZNFTFGF ,uG AFN 5|YD ;\TFGGM HgD S[8,F JQF" AFN YIM CTMpÀFZNFTFGF ,uG AFN 5|YD ;\TFGGM HgD S[8,F JQF" AFN YIM CTMpÀFZNFTFGF ,uG AFN 5|YD ;\TFGGM HgD S[8,F JQF" AFN YIM CTM

T[ V\U[GL DFlCTL NXF"JT]\ SMQ8ST[ V\U[GL DFlCTL NXF"JT]\ SMQ8ST[ V\U[GL DFlCTL NXF"JT]\ SMQ8ST[ V\U[GL DFlCTL NXF"JT]\ SMQ8ST[ V\U[GL DFlCTL NXF"JT]\ SMQ8S

ÊDÊDÊDÊDÊD lJUTlJUTlJUTlJUTlJUT VFJ'lÀF VFJ'lÀF VFJ'lÀF VFJ'lÀF VFJ'lÀF 8SF 8SF 8SF 8SF 8SF

!P ! JQF" !Z! Z!P&!

ZP Z JQF" #ZZ 5*P5

#P # JQF" *) !$P!!

$P $ JQF" # _P5#

5P $ JQF"YL JWFZ[ Z _P#&

&P VG]ÀFZ ## 5P()

S],S],S],S],S], 5&_ 5&_ 5&_ 5&_ 5&_ !__ !__ !__ !__ !__

D lJJZ6 o lJJZ6 o lJJZ6 o lJJZ6 o lJJZ6 o p5ZGF SMQ8S 5ZYL GLR[GL AFATM O,LT YFI K[P

oo S], 5&_ pÀFZNFTFDF\YL !Z! pÀFZNFTFVMGF ,uG AFN 5|YD ;\TFGGM HgD ! JQF"

Z&#Z&#Z&#Z&#Z&#

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AFN YIM CTMP H[ lGNX"GF Z!P&!@ YFI K[P

oo #ZZ pÀFZNFTFVMGF ,uG AFN 5|YD ;\TFGGM HgD Z JQF" AFN YIM CTMP H[ lGNX"GF

5*P5@ YFI K[P

oo *) pÀFZNFTFVMGF ,uG AFN 5|YD ;\TFGGM HgD # JQF" AFN YIM CTMP H[ lGNX"GF

!$P!!@ YFI K[P

oo # pÀFZNFTFVMGF ,uG AFN 5|YD ;\TFGGM HgD $ JQF" AFN YIM CTMP H[ lGNX"GF

_P5#@ YFI K[P

oo Z pÀFZNFTFVMGF ,uG AFN 5|YD ;\TFGGM HgD $ JQF"YL 56 JWFZ[ ;DI AFN YIM

CTMP H[ lGNX"GF _P#&@ YFI K[P

oo ## pÀFZNFTFVMV[ VF D]]ÛF V\U[ SM.56 5|SFZGM HJFA VF%IM GYLP H[ lGNX"GF

5P()@ YFI K[P

D TFZ6 oTFZ6 oTFZ6 oTFZ6 oTFZ6 o

p5ZMÉT SMQ8SG[ VF\S0FSLI ZLT[ T5F;TF SCL XSFI S[ Z!P&!@ pÀFZNFTFVMGF

,uG AFN 5|YD ;\TFGGM HgD ! JQF" AFN YIM CTMP ßIFZ[ DM8FEFUGF V[8,[ S[ 5*P5@

pÀFZNFTFVMGF ,uG AFN 5|YD ;\TFGGM HgD Z JQF" AFN YIM CTMP !$P!!@ pÀFZNFTFVMGF

,uG AFN 5|YD ;\TFGGM HgD # JQF" AFN YIM CTMP

H[GF 5ZYL :5Q8 TFZ6 TFZJL XSFI S[ JT"DFG ;DIDF\ ,MSMG]\ J,6 V[J]\ HMJF

D/[ K[ S[ 5MTFG]\ 5|YD ;\TFG ,uG 5KL A[ YL +6 JQF"GF UF/F AFN VJTZ[ VFD SZJFG]\

SFZ6 V[J\] K[ S[ N\5lT 5MTFGF ,uGÒJGGF 5|FZ\lES TAÞFG[ EZ5}Z ZLT[ DF6L

,[JF DFU[ K[ S[ ßIF AF/SGF pK[ZGL HJFANFZL GF CMI VF J,6 NXF"J[ K[ S[ ;\TFG 5|FÂ%T

VUFpGF ;DIGL H[D .`JZGL S'5F GCL\ 5Z\T] 5MTFGF VFIMHGGM V[S EFU DFGJFDF\

VFJ[ K[P VF VFIMHGYL ;\TFGGL ;\bIF DIF"lNT ZFBJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P VFD4 ;\TFGGL ;\bIFGL

DIF"NF AF\WJFG[ SFZ6[ JW] :+L ;\TFGM VF5MvVF5 VlGrKlGI AGL HTF CMI K[P

Z&$Z&$Z&$Z&$Z&$

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$PZ! pÀFZNFTFGF AF/SMGF pK[ZDF\ SM6 JW] wIFG VF5[ K[ T[ V\U[GL$PZ! pÀFZNFTFGF AF/SMGF pK[ZDF\ SM6 JW] wIFG VF5[ K[ T[ V\U[GL$PZ! pÀFZNFTFGF AF/SMGF pK[ZDF\ SM6 JW] wIFG VF5[ K[ T[ V\U[GL$PZ! pÀFZNFTFGF AF/SMGF pK[ZDF\ SM6 JW] wIFG VF5[ K[ T[ V\U[GL$PZ! pÀFZNFTFGF AF/SMGF pK[ZDF\ SM6 JW] wIFG VF5[ K[ T[ V\U[GL

DFlCTL DFlCTL DFlCTL DFlCTL DFlCTL

5|:T]T ;\XMWGDF\ VeIF; DF8[ 5;\N SZ[,F pÀFZNFTFVMGF AF/SGF pK[ZDF\ SM6

JW] wIFG VF5[ K[ T[ HF6JFGM VCL\ 5|IF; SIM" K[P T[ DF8[ pÀFZNFTF4 pÀFZNFTFGF 5tGL4

pÀFZNFTFGF 5lT4 AgG[ sN\5lTf4 NFNFvNFNL4 GFGFvGFGL VG[ S]8]\AGF VgI ;eIM V[D

S]8]\AGF jIÂÉTVMG[ S], ;FT EFUDF\ lJEFÒT SIF" CTF\P H[ SM9F G\P$PZ!DF\ NXF"J[, K[

VG[ T[ 5|DF6[ pÀFZNFTFVMG]\ JUL"SZ6 SZJFDF\ VFjI]\ K[P

SMQ8S G\P$PZ!SMQ8S G\P$PZ!SMQ8S G\P$PZ!SMQ8S G\P$PZ!SMQ8S G\P$PZ!

pÀFZNFTFGF AF/SMGF pK[ZDF\ SM6 JW] wIFG VF5[ K[ T[ V\U[GLpÀFZNFTFGF AF/SMGF pK[ZDF\ SM6 JW] wIFG VF5[ K[ T[ V\U[GLpÀFZNFTFGF AF/SMGF pK[ZDF\ SM6 JW] wIFG VF5[ K[ T[ V\U[GLpÀFZNFTFGF AF/SMGF pK[ZDF\ SM6 JW] wIFG VF5[ K[ T[ V\U[GLpÀFZNFTFGF AF/SMGF pK[ZDF\ SM6 JW] wIFG VF5[ K[ T[ V\U[GL

DFlCTL NXF"JT]\ SMQ8SDFlCTL NXF"JT]\ SMQ8SDFlCTL NXF"JT]\ SMQ8SDFlCTL NXF"JT]\ SMQ8SDFlCTL NXF"JT]\ SMQ8S

ÊDÊDÊDÊDÊD lJUTlJUTlJUTlJUTlJUT VFJ'lÀF VFJ'lÀF VFJ'lÀF VFJ'lÀF VFJ'lÀF 8SF 8SF 8SF 8SF 8SF

!P pÀFZNFTF 5Z )PZ)

ZP pÀFZNFTFGF 5tGL !_ !P*)

#P pÀFZNFTFGF 5lT Z _P#&

$P AgG[ sN\5lTf !)# #$P$&

5P NFNFvNFNL Z)( 5#PZ!

&P GFGFvGFGL ! _P!(

*P S]8]\AGF VgI ;eIM $ _P*!

S],S],S],S],S], 5&_ 5&_ 5&_ 5&_ 5&_ !__ !__ !__ !__ !__

D lJJZ6 o lJJZ6 o lJJZ6 o lJJZ6 o lJJZ6 o p5ZGF SMQ8S 5ZYL GLR[GL AFATM O,LT YFI K[P

oo S], 5&_ pÀFZNFTFVMDF\YL 5Z pÀFZNFTFVM 5MT[ H AF/SMGF pK[ZDF\ JWFZ[ wIFG

VF5[ K[P H[ lGNX"GF )PZ)@ YFI K[P

oo !_ pÀFZNFTFVMGF H6FjIF 5|DF6[ T[DGF 5tGL AF/SMGF pK[ZDF\ JWFZ[ wIFG VF5[

Z&5Z&5Z&5Z&5Z&5

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K[P H[ lGNX"GF !P*)@ YFI K[P

oo Z pÀFZNFTFVMGF H6FjIF 5|DF6[ T[DGF 5lT AF/SMGF pK[ZDF\ JWFZ[ wIFG VF5[ K[P

H[ lGNX"GF _P#&@ YFI K[P

oo !)# pÀFZNFTFVMGF H6FjIF 5|DF6[ T[VM AgG[ sN\5lTf AF/SMGF pK[ZDF\ JWFZ[

wIFG VF5[ K[P H[ lGNX"GF #$P$&@ YFI K[P

oo Z)( pÀFZNFTFVMGF H6FjIF 5|DF6[ NFNFvNFNL AF/SMGF pK[ZDF\ JWFZ[ wIFG VF5[

K[P H[ lGNX"GF 5#PZ!@ YFI K[P

oo ! pÀFZNFTFGF H6FjIF 5|DF6[ GFGFvGFGL AF/SMGF pK[ZDF\ JWFZ[ wIFG VF5[ K[P

H[ lGNX"GF _P!(@ YFI K[P

oo $ pÀFZNFTFVMGF H6FjIF 5|DF6[ S]8]\AGF\ VgI ;eIM AF/SMGF pK[ZDF\ JWFZ[

wIFG VF5[ K[P H[ lGNX"GF _P*!@ YFI K[P

D TFZ6 oTFZ6 oTFZ6 oTFZ6 oTFZ6 o

p5ZMÉT SMQ8SGL VF\S0FSLI DFlCTL 5ZYL SCL XSFI S[ #$P$&@ pÀFZNFTFVMGF

AF/SMGF pK[ZDF\ B]N DFTFvl5TF JWFZ[ wIFG VF5[ K[P ßIFZ[ DM8FEFUGF V[8,[ S[

5#PZ!@ pÀFZNFTFVMGF AF/SMGF pK[ZDF\ NFNFvNFNL JWFZ[ wIFG VF5[ K[P

EFZTLI S]8]\A jIJ:YFDF\ AF/SMGF pK[ZDF\ DM8FEFU[ NFNFvNFNLGM OF/M ;F{YL

JWFZ[ ZæM K[P VCL\ 5|:T]T ;\XMWGDF\ 56 V[ H AFAT HMJF D/[ K[P HM S[ NFNFvNFNL £FZF

YTF AF/SMGF pK[ZDF\ :JFEFlJS ZLT[ H 5Z\5ZFUT lJRFZ;Z6L jIÉT YTL CMI K[P

H[DF\ NLSZL SZTF NLSZF 5|tI[ lJX[QF ,1F VF5JFDF\ VFJT]\ CMI K[ ßIFZ[ NLSZLGL 5ZM1F

56 p5[1FF YTL CMI K[P

0F¶PlJG]EF. V[DP 58[, VG[ 0F¶PVFZTL 5LP S:J[SZ GF 5]:TS —,MSlX1F6 VG[ :+L

;XÂÉTSZ6 YSL :+LvE}|6 CtIF V8SFJLV[̃ DF\ 56 VF H AFAT HMJF D/[ K[P

Z&&Z&&Z&&Z&&Z&&

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CCCCC pÀFZNFTFGF AF/SGF pK[ZDF\ SM6 JW] wIFG VF5[ K[ T[ V\U[GL lJUTpÀFZNFTFGF AF/SGF pK[ZDF\ SM6 JW] wIFG VF5[ K[ T[ V\U[GL lJUTpÀFZNFTFGF AF/SGF pK[ZDF\ SM6 JW] wIFG VF5[ K[ T[ V\U[GL lJUTpÀFZNFTFGF AF/SGF pK[ZDF\ SM6 JW] wIFG VF5[ K[ T[ V\U[GL lJUTpÀFZNFTFGF AF/SGF pK[ZDF\ SM6 JW] wIFG VF5[ K[ T[ V\U[GL lJUT

NXF"JTM VF,[B NXF"JTM VF,[B NXF"JTM VF,[B NXF"JTM VF,[B NXF"JTM VF,[B

$PZZ p5;\CFZ$PZZ p5;\CFZ$PZZ p5;\CFZ$PZZ p5;\CFZ$PZZ p5;\CFZ

H}GFU- lH<,FGF :+Lv5]Z]QF 5|DF6 V\U[ SZFI[,F 5|:T]T ;\XMWGSFI"DF\ pÀFZNFTFGL

;FDFgI4 SF{8]\lAS VG[ ,uGÒJG lJQFIS DFlCTLG]\ lJ`,[QF6 VG[ TFZ6M ATFJ[ K[ S[

J:TL U6TZLDF\ HMJF D/T]\ :+Lv5]Z]QFG]\ V;DFG 5|DF6 VCL\ 5|:T]T ;\XMWGDF\ 56

HMJF D/[ K[P

S]8]\A V[ ;DFHGM 5FIM K[P T[YL T[ ;DU| ;DFHG]\ 5|lTlA\A JWTFvVMKF V\X[

NXF"JT]\ CMI K[P ;DFHDF\ VFJTF 5lZJT"GMGM 5|FZ\lES ;/J/F8 S]8]\AYL H VG]EJFTM

CMI K[P VFYL S]8]\AG]\ :+Lv5]]Z]QFG]\ 5|DF6 H VFBZ[ ;DU| ;DFHGF :+Lv5]Z]QF 5|DF6GF

lR+G]\ lGDF"6 SZT]\ CMI K[P VCL\ GM\WJ]\ 38[ S[4 ;DFHG]\ lGDF"6 ,MSMGF JT"GG]\vlJRFZG]\

5lZ6FD CMI K[P VFYL ,MSMGL jIÂÉTUT lJRFZWFZF VG[ V[ lJRFZWFZFYL AG[,]\ S]8]\A

Z&*Z&*Z&*Z&*Z&*

Page 42: lJ`,[QF6 - Shodhgangashodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/1946/11/11_chapter4.pdf · d pÀfznftfgl ;fdfgi dflctlg]\ lj`,[qf6:+lv5]z]qf 5|df6 v\u[gf 5|:t]t ;\xmwg sfi"df\ pÀfznftfgl

;DFHG[ ;DHJFGL RFJL AGL ZC[ K[P VCL\ 5|:T]]T 5|SZ6DF\ lJlJW S]8]\AMDF\YL 5;\N

SZFI[,F pÀFZNFTFVMGL :+Lv5]Z]QF 5|DF6 lJQFIS lJlJW DFlCTLG]\ lJ`,[QF6 SZL T[DF\YL

5|F%T YTF 5lZ6FDMG[ 5|:T]T ;\XMWGGF ;DY"GDF\ ZH} SZJFDF\ VFjIF K[P

Z&(Z&(Z&(Z&(Z&(