C~ll&# ... 1.

I I t « 9 p q C t 1 Q I

Olar wa1 ot lito hae olsaagod ualionDl.r bitt. poraa1•

ill ao a.roa haa tho ol:l&!l"o boea groat.or \D&a J.a taow •• oan

tho.J.r l:l.'liag e.ad h t.ho Ut.llhi \ho,y iJ.n .. won. Th•

buio proDlou ia aa1 1100h\t are taow a •o\l.ftt.o people to

wn aad how to oroat.o a 11\laaV.oa ia vld.ok ooplo1••• eao

aat.1e1'7 t.bo1r indiri.cillal nolle waUo at. tao euo ttao voniac

•vard t.b• at.t&iuoat. ot' tho coal• of t.bo orcaaJ.a&V.oa.

Yit.olee (19SJ) iduV.thd t.lao 40Yolopaoot. of t.ho • riJt¥to ' 'i"l'

won • aa t..llo ooro probl• of 1a4tut.J'ioe 1a t..l&o 11V.Uaauoa

of ita :aall;~over. u Ebb111 Cld.oboa\or Ct.n (197)) aoo'i.oau

•It vo are to ban a bo\t.or obaaoo of 110piac w1 t.a ooolal

ud t.oobnolocJ,oal abaago vo a~aet. zooeo&U•• t.bo aood to

oaplozoo t.bo pou1 bill u .. of aai:iac voril.aozoo aa\left.Lac

tor t.ho aae• ot pooplo. We oaaaot. ll.opo to Nil 1oct\let.rt

aad oo .. oroo J.Adofifli t.ol,y oa tho bali a ot hili wicl11&1 4oill&

ropoV. U••• boriae; aad ovu ao111 4aet.nJ11ll t.aua. ....

ud voau ooaillg ill\o von•elliDpa u4 otn.oo1 azoo iaorn ..

1Agl1 bot.t.or od~&oa t.od. TboJ azoo tllllor, aoro nuclod

porHaall t.J.oa J 111t. •• t.lloir oapoo\tl\loaa llavo 1aorooao4,

H laaYo t.boir 4•u4a. Aacl t.laooo aro ooa\lalliaa \o '""•

(f-26). Level• of ocluat.1011 ••• procluocl r1e1a1 oapttk•

\loa. •Joba ar• •t. ,o\V.&I woreo, blat. p•plo aro 1•\Ua1

liett.or•, ea71 8Mela0ro (U71)e

Wr:ull atft ul,y 4eten1ael oar iaoou aacl •tuclad

ot U.Yia& but hflllt~~~oel ou tooial etata• aad •••• of

J.ct•U t,y ••4 worth. muat.Utaeuu or 1&\l.ltaotloo b

ot~r woi'IC ou adli liP to trut.raUoa aa4 lactlt of aMahc or

OOilU1blate to per1ozaal grov\il aad lelf•tultU.•ea'- A

aot.ab.Le feature ot •odera Ute 11 t.l.l&t tor a ftl\ IUl!lber

ot people, won hal oeueti to iCi•• ••U•tao\i.oa. fur•

Le a wt.d.eepret.cl f'eeU.u& t.ut. aaa ucl 1&11 wol'k U.Ye beoo••

dilt.&Qt., 1eparat.ed and di.enated u4 that he 11 loliac

1e1t. tor ..,oll'!l. ~~ peoph ..,oft to4&1 llo\ bee&llle the)'

deri •• &II)' plnure troll 1 t. blat 1Moau1e \Aero 11 llO

o tan al t.oma u ve ••1 ot eamac a 11 nag (leta aad laba,

19'6).

2

'file t.lll.l'd na tl.oraa1 une1 ia ibi ted Ita t•• ora tile

•'-tllalitt ot eaplO:flUtat• oondute4 b1 the llaivereit.J ot

Mt.oat.cu Slil"''e/ a. .. aroh C.tre 11'10111 t.l.l&t J6 poroeat ot

kul'i oera wort •r• r .. l tu t. their ecilll are t~aclen tlU ae4,

.)2 peroeat btiUeYe that t.het are "oYere4l&Mte4• tor thoir

Jobll, aad aore t.llall SO peroeat ooaplah abut a lull of

ooat.:rol over t.he d.atl t.he1 worie aacl tiaeir Job a .. i&U••t

(ieported b¥ lturr,H?a).

There 11 aow aa Ner&Lail tread to 1duUtt ud

iapro•• Job ollanot.el'ist.iol t.lla\ ooat.r11Nt.e \o t.he tnl1t.J

ot won lite (W&Uoa, H7ll Haocaaa aad llliUl.e, H77).

3

A JlllA epeal'la aoro t.IWI a tll&I'MI' r~t Ilia Ute at. lilfll'ic•

lll.a aUi.tllde w M.a lllfll'l 1111\ 1M 14 lha wit.n the ea\i.atao­

\i.oa .be ct•t• fi"'I 1111 Job H \1:141.\ he ~·• aot aou1du be

i.e waetin~ a quarter or b11 ti.aa .. ell lia,y blat ~&&1U a 11011

o t a oh:Le YN eo t.. Tho IIIIU w llo 1• t1 t. ted to Ala J o b 11a . t.lli •

wa1 fi.r&41 u U.at'ac\loa for bia1alt aod gi Yll Y&llole tor

11011e1 to !U.S t'lr.ae Mil ill b11 llfll'ic dft&Aill \bat. bll Yall.ll

•• a lllUiaA peraon a1ut. alw&JI 1M reeop1sed1 ke&llll 1 t. 1a

troa an i.uat.e ae1ua of JU.a h11aao 'Ialiie tut tbel'e &1'1111

aelf'•eltea. Tb1a, in tlirn, proiilUIII ettort.a toward 11lt•

llt,Pl'llliOllt !lQYUOMe4t. Ud Wll&l".t lllOO .. I£111 OOilpletiOD

of allotted taU; a. It 11 1aport.aat. tor &Ill aaa •1 aalt•

••t.•u that ·t.na o•erall ptlrpo,. &lld the Y&ltla o£ t.ha won

vh:Loll ha ia lioiaa; ia ,aada clear to b1a, a4d that \bare 11

I'IOO&oiti.on of b11 Job at.at.u 10 tba~ hh pr1ae and 1nt.or .. ~

1n tho partioular ocol.lp&tiu ara foltara4.

lo donlopod cot.&nt.rhle people han tho opUon to

leaYe a Job ud to adopt. a uv Job, 1t the latter 11 lllcol.Y

to ,;iYo 1r•ater Job eaUetactJ.oa. Oa. the other haall,. ill

de.,.lop1n.; COtlnt.rt .. l1c·e our•• Jobll are Aot. eaa1l.Y

aY&1lable. AA<i ao, one 11 ott.era ooa.,dled to ;;o tor u

lloUced Job wbloh llltiaahlt loada to a ai t.utJ.or& ot

d.1aaa\iafaotioll• Onoe d.1ua\Lataot.i.on ooO\li'Ot 11orc beooaeo

a loa g burdlll.

Job at\i.t.~adll &l'a or1.Ueal aapoot.1 ot t.bo aciJ•••oat.

pa Uen o! the won er. !hlf are a p&l't ot b11 to tal

dJ111taeat to lil'illi• 'and tb11 11 laa.Lo.ll1 a tuo\l.oa botll

of .b11 eal'iroqacmt aad ot 1111 perao~talit.1• .People d1tter

14 tho 1111 ta•1 a.!JI.llt &1\4 taU 1• rethotecl ill tlaei,.

at.U.tud .. tovard vori: &I o11ll AI ill all otbll' at.Uillr.lllo

•wuell the won 11 r1jjllt, nplo1e• aUS.t11d .. ar• ri1ht..

l'lla t. 1o t.l'lo J ~ b en r.L oa.un t • t.ra t••u·-•• t the wo I'C r1 till t •

a&¥1 llobert l.l l''<u.•4 (H7J. p.1J6) •

.fur tho lut. tllrn d.oad••• ttte probl• of job

l&t.11fe.ot..Lon naa a.tt.racte<l the attlllti.oa of 1Ad:~o&lt.l'1t.l

i)IJObOlo.;;:l.atao It 11 ro;Lardeti •• &a hportant. faotor 1a

woner'a aora.Le, aba•nt.e•in, aooidot.a, turaoYel', aad ~

eo<~>• uteat produ\1.1'1\fo 1caor41ai to 1tuo1 Morae (1U)),

ao Ol'l\t&llilatl.;,ll call "be en.lllated 1a ter.a ot hllll&ll

lat.i.lf&otiollo

Seton r.Uaoauillkt how Job aa\l.ltaot.S.oa atteot.a t.he

beh&Yio11r o!itld.1.Yi4ualll, it wo11ld be deairable, bovner,

to clarify tb• COllCe;t. O! Job a&Uaf&OUOQ itaelf.

SRueRt or Jgl? Sat.\ a.t'act.lea

fhe tn11 Job aatl!acuoa 1s eoooerll•d w1\h the Job

froa the po111t !Jt Yiew of tile illd1Yidllt.l do.l.Gi 1 t.. Bllt.

to ltJeU: or a Job •• '••U•f11a,•, or oaa that • ciY••

aaUataoUo4 1 , ca:s oGl.t ••all at. tao aoet. that 1t &9,i) .. ra

t.o eaUat't the ge11eraUt1 ot people do1a,1t.. Tra.U.Uu&ll1•

Job aa\l1taet.1oa B&a beell 11l\erpret.ed •• a u1d.L••u4oll&l

oo:aoa;>to T"'-• &ijlijli'Oaoh UiJlaioa Job eaUataet.loll u t.be

t.ot.al bo<lt ot c .. u"'' &ll 1.d1ft.4ill&~ ... abut bll J•bo

5 •

Tbia t~tlllng 11 uoie lilp of bOth Job-related aad eanronaeat.­

rela tad faot.Qra, t.111 ill ter&O\I.Oil or llbJ.Oil O&lllll tlllO\U& tJ.on

betvaen a oondl tiO!l ot 84 tietaot.l.on aad dill& UetaoUoa.

lU.dny b1tween nt.lataot.i.Gll or 1}011\ln f'aaU.nge abollt

tae Job, anti d1U&t.1ataouon or ne&atJ.ve reellaga abo11t.

the Job, 1.a a oonditl.Gn or ne~atral1t11a vbloll t.aa hili'f11baal

.I. a ne.L ther aatiafied aor diuatJ.eriedo nL•••U•taot.l.oaa 111

t.nu•• tbo oppoai. te or ol:lverae or aat11taot1oa. When all

indi v.ia~.tal ia ae.,ri nJ or otU'\a.l.ll raot~u·• 111on •• pa,r.

l&tiat&ot.or,y in terylU'a\ln!l.l rela tiona, r .. poaaa1 ld.U t.7,

advanoaaent, 4ood wor.(ln;.r oond.l. tio:h or All)' or aaa1 othera,

he :110¥'1111 towar::i tlla ue;;at1ve Olld. ot tho OOilUilt&Wllt 111.\llll

the preaeace of otbor taetorl oounterbal&Acea the lack.

Addin~ or hprovln4 auch faotora cause aoveaeat ill a

poa1 t1 ve JirliJctiGn~ Sou faotora atteot tho diatuoe

aovod :a oro tilan G thora ·:lo, but there 11 oo agroeaoat oa

their order ot .l.aportanco.

Ll coatraat. to tile OOQVOntioaal blpolar approach,

~iorabar~ J.1 iJ.. (1J5:1) ,~ro,~ou• a two-tutor (aG1.1ntor­

bt Ji eae) j ~b-aa tisfllctioa ttutor1 11la1 ell wu t.lle r1rat

11&.:Uf'i.o.ant ate; t.owarJ a .aultJ.Ithealio~a&l duoriptioa. or

Job att1tud11 at tna proteuioaal leYolo The t.baor)'

au<i~••t• that taotora ,~roduo.l.ac Job aaU1taoUoa are

1eparata aad ::i11t.Lnot. i'ro:a tbOae produo.l.a.J Job d1uat.1••

taction. lierablr.; coracludea tbat. t.ae two teella;,ta are

:10t. the obnriO ot eaol1 otilor, aaj that Job 1at.11faot1oa

1a aade up or two unipolar trai t.a (daraber.te Ut.6).

A reotot. oont.rGnr•,y ••••rlllAC the l!lat.ure of Job

aaUat'aeUoo 11 t.G -jeteni.u vhet..ber Job l&t.11t'aot.1oll 11

apecitl.c or gueral (Vrcoa, 1964). Tho,. pltonologiat.a

vno tend to w• a .~loba.L view ot t.lle problu oolla14er

Job oa t1afaot.1o11 tG b1 .ceneral. The1 bel1ne tba t. Jo 111

lat.1ataotJ.rHI .LS an i)VItri!U ~;~r total at.tl.t.lolde .,oue1nd

6

bt an l.ndi 'li:i~Aal ros:ar·iin,s 1:111 job. On the other had,

tiloao j)ll1Ci\olc:..;itt.a 11llo consider Job a&t.i.a:L'aot.l.on aa

lpec1f1C llel:i.O'IO t.i:w.t. Utl.ai''aot.i.Oil 11 llOt &ll OYOr&ll

feol1.n1$ rlktlln 1 t. i;;s a coablllllt.i.Oil ot toellca&• l.A antral

La po ru.n t a:re&lh .1'-:> b •• tl.a ta ot.1oll l.a pre1aed to roter

to a oo3b1ut1on Qf att.it~£del ttbi.ob u 11u\l.vidaal po••••••• toward ~enral Jiatinot <Uj)tOt.l of ida worllt Ute. It

baa been !ol.llld that jQb ut.i.et'acUon is co.,.rued bt

factors vll1ell u . .r b• <14.Llea •ott t.lle J~b• and •OQ t.be Job•.

when tho t'lloto ra """ c:r.l. tl. calli' e.w:uiaed, the)' are t<Hilld.

to belon,{ tG fa:.ar lU'alUI a Job, ~lt.na,e.aeat, personal

adjut.ant, uJ l<:»oia.l rel&Uolls (PestoaJ••• 1967).

lu at.~&ilf ot Jo4 ntJ.aflt.aUoa '1.1 relat.ecl \o \l:lt

1ueaUan ••n1 Jo !HIO,J.I.• wor.::•7 lioC.re,or (H60) ... t• that.

1an 11or.:a 'oooauae von ra.,reaeaua., a tors or aot.1Vit.t•

1.11 as !l&turlll •• ,>l&J or r .. t.. Vroo• (H64) aaaert.a t.ll&t.

aan ia aat.i.v&~o • .l to aot.l.on i>IO&Ilae ne Ui'eot.a t.l:l&t. Ilia

aot wil.L 10 n !lit t.o a • t.& t.e of 0.1116 wb1 oh 11 •ore

?

The oonoopt. ol Job aati.ltao\I.Oil llu been det1aed

nrl.oaal.r by di rtol"on t. au thora, &allo all: (H 5.2.) had 4et1aed

Job a"tia.faetiol'l u an at.t1t.11de vldoll rea11l,t.a troa a

b&lanco aud &14\UI&t.ion o.f ;a1u11 apeo1t1o liil:ea &ll4 d1al1ll:ea

iiiJt>llllrl onced l.n Oilunootion w1 t.b t.lle Job. Thl.a a t.U t.l.\de

;aaa1 .foi:Jt.S tU..I:. IIOro~:er "111 Uit;e CUll'til11l &ll/180tl or 11.11 vo:rlt

0 Jet. tl~aa~hll <H.aliiu othere. Aooordhg to Blu• (1756),

t.he at.t.i.t11uea tuat a ?•n~;~n .baa to1!flll.l'd bla Job 1a t.echn1c­

alli li:aown u 11Jo b ea tJ. •!'action•. lie at.a tea t.ha t •JG b

u.U.af&etion ia a ¥;tm&r&l a t.ti t~Ade wlli ob J.a t.be .nsal t. ot

;UJll apeeitlc atti t11Ju ln t.lu-ae areas, nualt• apeo1t1o

Job tact.o:ra, ladividaal a..:iju\aeut., an4 ,roap rel&tioaabip

o u tail!• tile J., b • •

So:uro patalloloi;iat.a ll&Ye dotluad Job aatiataot.ioa ••

tbe favourablenuo or untawurableaeu with wh.Loh uplOJeoa

Yiell t.helr wor.::. It results wlleA there 1• a f1 t betv .. a

Job clla:ractel'l.a ti ce and tne 11an ta or uplo 1•••• i.U.1.o!l

(1H8) Jetinea Job utillt'aotioA as the nt.eot. to wh1ch

the 1llilv1.duaJ.'a needa an aatiatied ud t.b.e u.t.e!lt. to

wb.Loh t.ne in!llvl.li~.tal l)erceivol th&\ aat.111'aotion ia

a t.e:ali 11,; fr-;)4 hi a t4 t.al Job al. \.1&& tiO!le

Job •• t11 ra c t1 on oan btl a ore a OOI&H tel¥ 1 n tor pre t.o4

l.n t.•n• of tno r.;ene:ral e.aotioaal t.oao ot uployaela

Accor;U.n" to Loo& (1 J6J ), l&tiltaoUon 11 an oao t.l.oul

rea;.o11ae, and 1 t.a .a eall1n4 oaa be ,napad by a j)J"Oo .. a ot

ht.roa;>eot1.o~u aot. ot oouepttaal iclu\Ul.oat.l.o!l d1roo\ec1

8

too oA•' • :ullt&l. CG!lt.eAtl an4 proo•••• S. de1'1.neoi job

aa tJ. atact..l.o:. a a t.he ;:>laaa\n•abl• ••oUoul at.t. t.• realll. \1.11'

froa tlle appra.l. n.l of one' a Job •• aolU. nl.u~ or taol.ll t.a t.­

in,; the aol:llev1t.aant. ot ou•a Job valllea.

In a rovio~ ot ll.t.orat.1ute oonoarJU.a~: job aat.l.ataot..l.oth

i'est.onJ•• (1:173) lloted t.l>stl Job eat.1atact1oa Mil be talten

aa a •uua.t1o;1 ot -.a.,lo;ee' a teelilli:lll in four J.aport:&nt.

area•• 'i'wo o£ t.h••• (job and ll&Qagaat~t) aAoo;epau

raot.:>l'a dJ.r.:~otlt o~.noorne.i with tne Job (1utriluic taotore)

and tho re~.~.:~.l.ilin,t t~o~o (11oo.l.al relat.ioxu and personal

adjuGt.a.·lt) i.aolude faotora not r.ii.reot.lJ aotlnectod ilit.n t.he

job bl1t wiuaa ~>ro <H'OS\1119<! to uava ~l:lflari~au. oa Ji)b

sa tJ. arao t.1. ll:lo

Si:lua &!ld A,,~r~a~a.La. (U71) <ietiud Job ae.Uatutio~a

e.a •a ,;oer.silltut eti'eotln st.at.• 11l'J.oh h&l arlle.:t ln the

lndivlJaal u a t:hution f)t t.he ;Htrc•ln.:l onaraotel'lat.Lea

of his Ji)o i:.1 relation t..::> ll.\.1 r:ra•e or retere!lce•. 'l'hl.a

is ill eonford. ti wl \.t:. LL!~ riew Qf lliel t.a (1752). lie

a .. ert.e:i that Joli aatl.ttfaotioll 1l1011ld be inter;>:ret.ed ln

t.ue li ,;ttt of ,;e11or•J.. sa ti31'&ct..l.on index. Tae woner wl t.ll

a h.l.,;!l 5e:tonl 1.il.u!ltlafaot1on aoo.re 11 1111 ll.~tely to

pit ::Jill j:.Jil t.nan :J;a otit~ a .l.Qw aoo.re, even tho~A,;h both

u.J a&vo a .l.ar"e u-"1 ber li' ti)ec1!1.o Job ltiaaa.Uatact.loa.

:;.,.,i. te t.:;e .;rellt. aea1 or OOll.t'llalQil . s;~rro~&a.iln.; t.ne

1,1eoi.fl.o ~unin; -,~ t.•l• ten jQb eat1a!ao~oll tnere l• a

;eneral a,;reue.lt. taat. t.ue oo~aoe;:>t involr•• tne a.t.t.it.~&Jel

of wor.ler• ~~~•rJ t.uelr oton anJ wor.c. enrlroo.aent.

ii•oritt or teb au.raq\Loa

The colloe@t. ot wGr< aatJ.afaoUoll hal IU'Oil8ecl

00111iJerable 1nhroat and t.l:u&a ••••raJ. t.beol'1•• baYe

been f~U'i'l~lll. tet1 to ellfll4L11.'1 a lill;ile pllitBct'&ellOih tk .. e

t.lutot"iu 0411 be divide:l 1at.o two c:tnrlapp1l1g o&te~JOI'ill•

'flut fil'llt. O&h:%;01';# ir.lClllde& tbeorotl.cal. ;>081 t.l.Olll

9

l'ocus1.a;; ;;:riu.rJ.t on ooatent. illllllea ot eaUataotJ.oa (l,ieed•

llerarcny tneo.r J an,J J:wo• f'actor tneor;t). lihl.le the .. oond

oat•111ory illoludu t.Ju1orlu whi.cll nan too~t8el1 Ol'l tt.le proo•••

ot eatta~Caotion (Yalonoa-lut.ru:aontalit;r•l>ltpeo\i.&not tlleor..,,

Octal•aut.tJ.n ;; <UJ r~efereuee ;~rollp tneor1 .. ).

'l'ho tnoor.)f of Job ~Jllti•taot.Lon, llb.I.Oh l:t:aa atJ.aulat.o<i

tile .110111 t. l'<lllllilllrc!l i11 rocon t t•ara. 11 .tnow. &a '-a•

colla bora t-an ( i.ien bllllr,;, Mlllli!l!ter, &114 atl)'d.era&4., H)#).

'rbl..ll t.heor.t i1JU -lllOn :>t l t.J ,>!llolaoyhical raUotiale 1.3 &

iJ•r•ona.l.l. t.1 taeor,t ~ro,>oslt.i ao.:s• ;tttare ao;:> 'oj )iaalow

(1') $4) a.nj 1::1own as til co olerarG.iJ.Y•" t'•l:l .. Ja ao<lel. q

.\ccor:il~.; w tll.l.:ll £ruo11or;(, .aan ia<\need•13rleat.eJ or~anloa,

wi tn the nuJs arran ;o-i 1:1 a hlerarehj fro• lo>~••t. to

!ll.,.iltut. T!le i;,mulc ;>!':>OUI La ti14t U!l lGo;;;o to nt.1.1Jt'i

tna laJJer ~r neeJa.

AooorJin..: t.o --~aal;)il, \be .aoet. balio c:tt alJ. :1aed1 are

t.he ;>ll;talolo;1.oa.l o:1ea, l.e,, rood anil dr1ru. (lnoe tlleae

10

are eatJ.afied, •u then looll:a \o eaUat't hia n••d tor

aaf'et.y v!Uon ia hla deai.re Cor prot.eot.ioll t'ro;ll danger,

turoa t. aud deprl VII. ~i·oth •il'.len ue tnh p•,rollolo,P. calli

oo;a!ort.ai.>le ~~onu aate, tho aooial :ll8eola beoo:aa ;;.repot.ettt..

:i'hoao a.rli! til., M~ta-b !'or bel.r11ll.J"1B,;, 1\Uoo.l.ati.Qa, aooopta~ace

by M.a fdbwo. ,,ivill.; aad rooeivia~ f:l"iel1d&h1;>1 aa·i lova.

l!'<:»Ll.;;.Oiia;~ tlHI fulfil.Maat of: those r~.oeda, •an ia tllaa

ori.ec1 t.l!l''l t:>>~arJ hi a t~1);o <Hlo•la, i.e., needs tor aelf•••t.•••

1U1ll.._ o.:.t::l.fl·"lll!lot, i:ld\ll!;;>>&nriilll':\Ce, aohl.evueu t, Ol)4 j)etaSJ,co,

~;ilO\llfj·,l,;c. l!tl!ltu.,;, t'i\OI;!O~;·Il tion l.ll!ld &pyl!'iUlll\lOlh All or

ti.oiltll o ;HH'"- t.~ to •"' tt af,y u.u• s •»o and' ...ltul.lre !Gr appreo­

.l.a Uon .alii a. h~~aan beill.>• 4ft.er all of these u.eeda &ra

1111. ti a;fl;,d,.au n.zul.llj •• .,,. to t>J.l.t'.l.l iii. !leeds tor aelt'•

actual1u.Uoil1 tile duire tor reaUalng on•'• potantid.1tJ.ea

an::l i'or enc:a,;.l.n.::: .l.n ulf•devel~>;J.110nt. 14t.l:lia th.l.a oont.u:t,

Heraber,; baa \1118:! :iaalo.,.• a tlleorat.l.oal tra:a .. >tor'c aa a point

of dopart>.~.ro for ;Jrop.,aln.; tllat 1111 thJ.n ollr aont.e11porary

>!Ooclet.J the baa.Lo :telil:liS llrt ~uarant.eed &11<1 i)roved hr.

T::.a. t l :., ;,a vU, tn& l,).t;;r rloode •• U eti ed will not lea.;;l to

aatiafact.loa all\ilu t.:1e;t<) 'r• woll•~ll!U'ant.eed Of ,ur •ociet.y.

·~ •• e beat t,neJ ·Ji.' r'.Ud .. l~~·· t.n.t 8\lOil tleea Cl!ltil••nt O&ll

l.u.! to Lt J.:lD <L~t...l.t:.~;le ,l<Ht.raU\J• il)wever, aot .ud!li;

3w.:l~ .:: .ll n l 1>1"1 t wlll h!l..i t..l jl, ••• t..L araot.l. Qlle 'lllorofor•·

1.oL1 .sa t.iaf.l.eJ o:t 11 jGb La baaioalli a f~t-'loUo.;, of n&Y11li

tan ~..1. .;~•r orJer 'leoda (awcll &II •ba &ll;i ee.lf•aot.llallaat..Lo:&)

aatia!i•J al.•loe t.aoa• are nar>i t.o ~et. For t.he .s•.l• r•••o4

• .tl

not tultllh.; tn••• neoda w11l aot lMd to Job <l1 .. a\11tac1oa,

bl.tt. rather to Job •tUt.udo·r&•llt.~aUt.¥•

Thus oouidoratJ.ona have led Herab•rli to propon

llfil&t. he et.Ua tno two•taotor theory ot Job I&Uataot.ion.

Uain1; t.ne or.L tical .Lt:tc.l.lioat too111litllo1 ho oolloot.ecl data

abo1.1t the ut.Ut"aot.Lon 11.nd !U1111e.t.1ataot1oa tao pooih .bad

in tlloir Jolla. 'fho •ull\lyala ot UJ.e data led hi.!ll to ooool1.1do

t.M.t job l&tJ.sfaot.Lo~:~. Gcotu.•a vhoJl illO'UYAt.orl ( a ;roup

ot factor• 1n tri.llai o to tn• Job- .L~aoh:iiiag aohS.ove.aut1

reoogni Uotl, tbo 11on .1. tnlt1 roapoa1.l. b.l.l.l. t11 aad

advancou1nt) u•e prlllillon'l;, but t.boir ab1oa111o ll••• 110t e&ulo

d1u&ti11'utJ.on. Sl:all&rly, Job di .. &u•raouon ooo~ar1

vhon h)'$1ellio ooa<i1tiolUI (a groll,i) ot tactora ex:t.rha1c

to tlle job-aaoh lUI oOJ£pllllj' poUot &Ad ada11liatrat.1ola,

allperv.l.s1o4 in a technical aouae, eal&rJ• lutarperaon&l

rel&'Uoaa, vGl'lt1ll,S oond.l.t.lona, and eeoyr1t.1) are poor or

abeont., bu.t. ti>al.r prounce cannot oraa\8 job aaUat&ct.1on

(iier&ber~. Nuaner &;'l;i JnJd8N&Ilt 11~~. ura~r&e H66).

lJot.n eata of factor• .uan '11&1. \0 41ll8reat ollan.ot8r.l.a'Uca.

!hot rapreaen t tilo aa;ara. ta and d11Uaot exp81'i eno81 ill

addi Uon to ?roJucl.n" d1.rtue11t read t.a. Thll8e tho¥ are

not Jaat OiJj)Oa.l.t. a11<ia of the eua tealllla•

Vro~>:J (1164) ••.~Jhl• the baa.La eoaaai)t. ot nlaaoa

1n ext~laininJ Jo'b a&'Uataot.1o4e In Vrooa•a ao4el, Job

aat.1ataot.1o11 reClaot.a yal8110o Of t.ha Job tor 1 t.a lDOIIebOilte

12

l'he stret~;.:th o!' t.he tore• r•a1a1!lg on hl• job 1s &ll

1noreaal.•1~ tWlot..l.on Gf the valeAoe ot h1• job and 'f&rioru

ooaponenta of tile Job. 1'h1.11 lla• O.•n tar1oudt called

talll.tii)U.oatJ.ve' or int.eractJ.oo.al lo'.iel. Ia other verda,

aocor,1i:l;~ to thi>~ ~oJel, •tue nloee ot a Job ia a

aonotonlcall1 i:H!r•aah,t t~motJ.on of th• 4lgebr1c 1114 ot

ihe pro:l•Hlh ()f tae v~~oltMoe ot other o~atoo:aea anJ t.he

oo,;lli:oi instr~.J;J~entJilll t,v of tne Job tor tho at.tairuu.ot ot

tllue oa teo :.a os • ( vroo.s, 1 iH>4t P• 1 6.)).

!Doke (1161) ~Ar,;uu anli i)reaent• niduce 111d1catill~&

that .tatJ.afllotJ.oa ia a tu:u1t.1<:>A or valu Jud.;aeata vlalcll ,;, 1111 •iiJfJ.aea u the I)Orooi ved rel.a. tio:UlliiJ be keen what

is peroeini to uiat { or aaUo.iJ~&t.od t.o uiat.) in a job

si tua ti_,n uJ a iJO.Nion 1 11 nluo a kndard and JGalt, Hl&lin

(1J 66} 111111 i-J>U tala h;i a nolal ret'arelloo groul) t.llaor1•

14 ter.u of t!li.IJ tho:Jrlt Job aatlatactloa 1s dat.erlined

hr.:;ol;t 'oi tho do&roo t.<) ~r!U.on t.lae job ait.ua\ioo •••t.a tlla a't&nJarJs of tl:io J.:t-llvi.:haal 1 a rafaranoo JI'Oil?• Tn•

•r•at.or t..'l\l d1fforonc• o•tweea Iilla Joo ai \11atio11 aa-1 t.ha

ro!arence .;ro11)a nor.u, t.ha loaa \lle Job aaUataotloal

tho uallor tho di!i'oraaco, tile ,roat.ar the Job aats.ataotioo.

It ia obnoua tro~ t.lle abon that 10.11t tboorioa

of Job ~atlat'actJ.on a,:r .. tut ~ 1odJ.Y1:111al'• ~&t.iataoU.on

ia baaed on aoae .dlld ot need or expeo\&U• flll.Ciba11t.

Vrooa (H64) 8116;>•• t.a t.ba t uplua t.1o11 ot aatJ. atactJ.oA

relllir•• t.na uae ot both lfOft role &Ad peraoll&l1 tJ 'f&riablea.

13

Tb .. o tvo IGta ot Y&:ri&bloa h&Yo beoa towa4 1atonoUa&

ld th aaoll other. Ill bia •llooi'J• tho. aatJ.otaotJ.oa tlaat

aa iadi Yi d~Aal dorina tro:a a vorll role, or a oro prooi10l7

t.ho •valouo ot a vorl: role to 1 ta ooovpaa ta 1e ao•u•cl

t.o be a .f~ADotioa not only or tlao obJootiYo proporUoo ot

that vori: rolo but also of tho •otina ot t.ho 1adiv141l&l0

'X'iutro l.a 4Qoto Cl)d\lliOA uo~at: PIJ'Oholo..:1•ta onr

the 1480 ot tho hna 11ltlllj)lt:lf .. «U1 tude•, 'Job Utilt&ot.l.o•-.

Job

8JI\Otl..)'llOUIIl/o &:u1o utllOrl bdiove that. \h81o aro tvo

ciiltillot tbou~b related ten•• Aooordlag to Vrooa (1964),

tho ton c>l ,job ot.tia.\~t.etJ.oB I.BI'i Job atUtulioa an

ttpically uud inhrollan.;oablt• ili:lth retor t.o attootJ.n

orten t.a t1ou on tne part. :>t ind\ Yid>.aall tovard worit roloa

wlU.ob they aro pruoaUy OOOilJ11Lill6• Tbo ton -.orale• haa

a nriott Of iiO&Ilillo}Ot 10;10 Of tl.ld.Ob OIU'I'OO;,>ODd -t\11\0

oloaoly t.o tho oonoopte ot at.ti \ade uli aat.LataoUou..

Vl tel•• (115J) o.L tea tho !GllOwilll dotl.ll1 tio!l o! urah.

•Morale 11 aa attJ. tude ot l&til.t'aot.loD w1 til dealro to

OG!ltiD:a 1n, anti w1ll1ll,;uu t.o atr1Yo !or tbe il)all or

a particular tl'OII;J or or;alllaa\J.o!l'• Llcort &lld iiUU.ta

(1J4J) datl.ud Job 2.)1'ale aa u 1lld1Yldllal"• -.ental

atti t11de t.o11arll all teatllroa o·r td.a won ud t.oll&1'4 all

ot the iJeG?le vi th wao• llo vol"'ee 0 (pe27).

14

lforah otten ua a gi'OIIP r•tol*at., wll1le aaUataoUo!l

t.tP1 oallt retna to the appfti.aal ••lh bt a a1agle h41 W'idul

ot bla Job ai tlaat1o1t. librale oaa be newed •• beiac ou .. d,

1a part., bt Job aatJ.d'act.l.oa, ill that a penoa vao aoble• ..

bia Job .'iOala or ill .a1uill;,> p:rogre .. towari til• aaould teel

.ao re COil t.l. dent. a boll t tho i:'\1 tu.re til&& Olle who 1o ao t. eo

aucceaatul. Tluus, it 1• clear Ulat aonle 11 acu•e tawr ..

<arientedt wW.J.e aaUafaoU.on 1• aore pnna\ aad paat.-

orien t•d.•

Jot> .a&ti<l.t'aeuon .nat alao be 4i&t11'1Jil11hll-i !roa

Job iuvoln;aent. A f)IU'a.::m who 1111 involved ia bi.a Job 11

011e vho wu 1 t aerloual:f, tor vboa i:a~orkn. t. values are

at.-at&ita in the job, whou raood &lld teelln&• are

11 gnl tic&Jl tly attectchi by ilil J o);) upuhnoea and who 1a

•ent&ll,y praoocupiod wl\h hla Joe. Tlae job-l.GW'OlW'Ne!lt

att1 tude refera to •t.!la int.orualiaation of wo.l11ea abollt

t.be 6GOineao of wor:c: or ~b.• 1• port.uce of' vorit 111 the

vort.a of the person• (LoJanl anJ IeJaer, 1965,p.44).

It. 1.& the b.t•o>ro:iuot ot' !11.1 b&CK&round anli peraonal

ex;>ar1e:1o .. i!l ti1e P'Ut. sn;i 11 often oarr1ed bl llia tro.a

job t.o Job. Tnua, l t la oonoei••J. &I a 11ore stable

1nJiY1...iual oharaot.erlaL.lo aad, therefore, •ore a tuuot1o11

ot the ;>erlon th~ of tne Job (Lawler and liall, 1170).

Tno at.t1t.11Je or job aat.1afaotloll, on the otller haa.:i, 1•

.auoa .aora of • tralla1ut •tate ot the aaj.llor••· It 11

Jeter.a1oed bJ tne aec~r .. ot t 11ltil.leut of 14 ea 11lor••'•

need• on the Job 4~• to tbe preaanoa or abaeno• ot aertain

Job taotora or o~too.ea aaob •• aalary, independenee etc.

Th1Ut• wn..t.h tho Job 1n1folve:aeat c.U.1UIU1on nriea fro•

o0111plete ident1£1cat.ion t.o laH or any rdation with the

Job, the Job uuataot..t.on diaeaa1o~a nriea fro• epeo1t1o

a .. d tulli l;u:a t. to need truat.ra U.oA on t.he Job, dependind

u,von the e.ttain:uut of jnireii u;oala tllrot.lgh Job &etivitto

It 1• Illite concei..-able that an e<~tplot•• ••1 be IUgAly ,..t-

ntillthd butl\.:l.uvolnd or h1i11ly 1:nolved blat DOt utiat'iedo

Joo utJ.ef•ot1on 111 d.et.er;a1a.ed to & la.r~• u:t.ont. by

poroeptJ.on and. oxpeet.a.t.1onao for pert'•ot Job aatJ.ataotJ.on,

there ono11ld e~iat a ono·t~·oue relat.1ona41p between tne

pe:re•~>t.ion ot !loll voll tllo v•rl.oua needa &Ail expa•:tatlona

are !t.tlfllo(t b¥ the Joi.l lite ana tbo 1Uipirat.1ona of the

indi vi daal r••ar\ii.n.; t.no ex teat t.o v41 ch thea a needa

;hould nav• ~oen fultlled. An1 ~aorapaney between

aapJ.ratione anil lJIIU'eeptiona aocount.a for ;11aeati.a£aot.1ono

ifi1 t.JU.n ant orgal1ia&tion, t.llere are a011e eaployeu

who aro aore l&t.ilfied tha11 ot.ile.l"ao Bvt. all e:aploye.,

oonaider tilair Job aa beill& .l.11at.ruaental in aat.ilfyin,

toae or their baaic needa. D:I..Cterencea ia t.l!.elr aat.1a.C•

aot.i Oil o~.L t.ll Job a&)' • tl\er.tore, lnt'lllenoe t.ha •• plot•••

to loolt at. t.ae taae Job in 41 tterent perepeoti vea and

••1 direct thea t.o .. phaai,. dltterent. ~lnda of

aatiataoUoA oA their Jobao

16

There are groat. indivich&al dittereaue be\w .. a people

at vorl&: beou .. ot peraoAaUt.J taot.ora. lntUY1duall

lll.tt•r ia abU1 Uee, 1atoreet.e ud aotJ.yatJ.oA wh1oil

dotor41Ae ~ow wel! tnay will be able to do a partio~&lar

Job, vha t j(s.aa ot .-ol'll: oaon piU·eoa aoet waato \o do aad

bov luu·d be 11111 worll. at. .1. t. Dit'ler.at v•olr'l• re•ot ill

dit'!'ore11t w&ylll to tile 1ue enviroPeAkl cond1tiou.

Sillilarlt• t-olationehl.p blltvoeu puaon•l1t.1 'l&riabl .. aad.

Job satisfact.i.on '4·•1 b• u£1eCted to vary :uril:e·il)' depending

on the nature of th~> job and vor.ot OQY1ronael1t.

fereonali\r f!stgrp

Ptu•~toaaU t; faotore in illd~&et.r.)' ban beoD oou14•red

hport.ant ;?&.rtiou.Larly in tho u•eu or ulootioa, 1ndllatri&l

tlilnli on. at.ti tuli• ortange and l:luaaa relation•• GeU.a&!l

(B.H) oburvu t}ut.t f>Ot"401l&llt;t Uj)l'eU .. it.IUtlf ill 1101'£

t.!u'oa,;h tht~ ;aoau1ng oi: >IQH to the 1adilt'idual, hia

liOt.iV!ttion to vor:t, IU.:a ~obl.Uaat.ion ot •ner.;t in von,

hie oapt~.oit¥ to &dJut to tae 1nte.rpuuaal relat.ionalli.p,

h1 s po:ai t.1 VII an•i n• .,;a t.1 va vor~ 1 de a tJ. t1 oa t1 on a anJ hi 1

ab1lltt to adJuat. wol'k prouurea. Sh1larlJ, '-li.UUlUWt.i'le

relationship bet~ean.worK anJ poroonal1tt taotora hal alao

been pointed out by .fioe (1H6). Since Joba urve to

i~yle~ent eelf•OOQCOpt Of tbo WOl'~ll't IIGeQ t.~o lelf•OOQOOpt

and the Job role Jo .Clot •atoll, d.iaaaUataot1on onauu.

The payonoanalJUO and ..,henoaellolo~ioal approaollu are

ditterellt in tnat. t.ne1 lll"& .. t. t.A&t. YOO&t.ional a&Uif'&ot.ioa

.1?

oooura whee the 4oainant needa tind outlets aad wben the

individual can t~lat the 4edre4 role ill hil work. It. h&l

been ahovn b;, aurve11 ot eaplo1••nt recorda t.ha t p41raonal1 t,y

problems are the 1111111t. c011aoa oauae or ililoharge tr011

euaplo;y;unt (iiG~poolt 1 1H5). Viewed in t.hia context, it 1a

propoaed to <:l.etenine the relationabips bet.ween jeb ct'Ad

mat.iatact.ton ao.ao p4U't!,)n&ll tt var.l.al:ll ... ·\

!hit wori •poroo:H!.ll t:t• tuu s 1'lU"iet.1 of !lliUlningl

and la lnt!U'j)l'OtOU :l.n iif!ei'Oot. Wtl.18 Under different

cJ.reuraotiUlOOIJo $oaetiiJies, 1 t iienotea thilll iapaot that •oaeoae

•alcea on others at a ftrat•:aeet.1Jl(!o Tb.e second .aoan1n4

ot persoll&llty 1:oea duper than tb1a. Thia t.a,lua 1n\o

account the wbQle btm&D O.in& t.be oo:.b1~tat1on of

oharacteriatiea tb.at givu bia his .i.ncliy,1duallty an~ auoa

hi a u:d.·ii.IG • Tbia aenee ot peraouali t,Y 1neludea, aa b1 tiona,

.aotivea, attitudea, aii.illa, i.ntoroat.a, recollectJ..ona and

A thl rJ. ·uanl n,; ol' peraonall t1 1a t.be one conai de red

in the pr~usent atu:i;;, lun•lto t.be non•1ntelleotual 0 noll•

co;,;ni ti ve 1Upec:ta of the indi Y14~aal, ilia toellnga, ~ooda,

1nteroata anJ attitu:lea, 110t.&bl;r thou t.raita which o•n l:la

aoaaured bt payonoaetrto teata of peraonalit¥• Tbe tera

•peraonal:l.tl• haa beo11 defined by dlfterant pa1ohologiata

in different wa1•• U1port.(HJ7) wu probably t.·1e tirat

18

P•.Yoholo&J,at who propoaed a <leth.l. \1011 ot 1)el'loaalU7

wb..l.oh 11 ooneidorod t.o " t.bo nraio gonlline aad aooept.able

defini Uon. Aft.or rninh, abo11t. t1tt1 lietiai tJ.OAI ot

poraone.U t.;y, Allport deft. nod p.r·aonal1 \1 •• tho 11d)'n&a1 o

or~:.'ft.nintion vi tbin tile 1nd1 vidual of tboee pa)'ohopll¥•ioal

lf.JI:lto:u tll&t .leteraine hh Ulli'lllO adJ11etalent to thilll.

peraoaall ty tluor.l.l& t• wno t.e.v• e. t.traoteJ. t.b.o 1.1 t..aoe t.

attoatJ.o<:~ of th~» ;?r€!4HH\t.-.:ia.y r•••aroluu·• 111. tll.o rt.old or

~<U'BC>Uitlll:.;lf• Ci&tbil {1J50) hU prOi)Gllled a YOr'j $;8Ail'al

bfin1tio:lor the t..-r.a t'&rlonallty •p•raoaaU.t,t ia tne.t.

101'h1 ou ~·O>rJl. t11 a ;roJi et.l. on ot v.ba t a person w1ll do 1n

a t'i Yon ei tullltion. 7he 1~oal ot P•.teholo61 oa.l reaea.rcli iu

porsonalt. ty 111 t;r,ua to ut.abliell laws about. .,hat ditteront.

p11oplo ;~ill .!o in all d nd11 of •ocial and ~•noral

onvt.roMent attuat.lo.aa •••• r'•r•ouallt.tlllo•• oo!leeruo:l llfitll "-all tho benavtous of ~au 1ndivl~ual, bo~h oYort and under "

Accor.!l !lo~ to Lj'llonc~ 1 • ?oroona.li ty le tue JUS total

a.:lJ Jevolo:,..D t.~1rou,_;h tr.O funoot.iOn&l 1nhra.ctlon Ot tho four

.Jal.n oect.or1 l11to llhicu tuoao !Htnartour pathr:u are

or ~aniaod, t.ho co .;:ti t1 vo aoa tor (in tolU ;&once), tto con a tl Yo

eector (oha.raot.or), t4o artooUve toator (t.oa,.oruent) uJ

tho toaatla eoct.or (oozutltuUon)\

19

C.n trd to E)'II011clt It Yiell o! bol:\ari.Otl.r' are tbe CIOllOIIpte

ot tr&i t and t.t.P•• a. det1a.. t.J-&1 t. •• aa 8 obllerved

oonat.ella tion ~t 1ad1 rt du.d aot.1oa•t.elldaao1el •. la other

11o:rd.•• a t.rld t. 111 st,•.;>l.Y all obaerved oolldllteno;r aaoag

tne habits or ropeat•d acta ot the IVbJeot. fbo aenoept

ot tra.l. t 111 utroaly hportaat bot.b tor the theor1 and

tt•• !1leuuruent. of F•raonall t,y. A t;;pe 111 def1ae4 aa an

11obaerved COlli! t.ellalalin or II.YndrOill ot tr&i t•"• Tl:n\1,

the t)',t:>e ie a ;~~or• ;!;IIMirallaed and iaclllai vo va.riet1 or or~a.uiaat.lor• and inll1u4es t.be tral t aa "' OOIIl?onent p&rt.

Aceordin,; to Luu-ue (1961), per•on•ll t,t 1a tbe

pa.tteru or ·:ll.iif•Oait1¢a<~~ t.;, &ct. col:Ul1atantl1 1a va:r::~ing

ait.uatio(lil• rn ot!<!llr :.~o.rJ.a, it i.to t.M ilt.&ble st.t..:ibul.<t:t

that a ?IH'Son oarr1<iS tt1 th hi~< a,~\.\ t.hllt dfi\WJ''Ii..:t<ll hllll

l';u•lH.Inall &1; ho.lovur, .I. a ColliJ~IIIltl1 affected 01 tbe

euviro;J;~>!Ilt. ia t~hll.la !>t>llav.J.our ooourlllo That 1•• tl:lo

dis ~·osi ti ou _to s.o t i u " ~or tal n W&f ~•1 be upoe t in a

oert.al.n jl v11n oJ.rCtl~ut.!.co•ll• ilence, while predict1ona

aa; be U\::!e e.uout (Hl 1a·i1Y1<Ju~l'• .futuro behaviour w1 tll

1o.ae fl'"Ob.ubill ty of acourac;, ~iveu itnowl•J.J• of hl.e

poraor.~litJ s~ruct~ro, e~plet•l¥ reliable iore~aata can

re.rol:f be ;ale. B•hav.\.oi.lr aotiyat.eJ t.ovard a ~oal atructu.re

11 1oter::ained by unaatlafitd nlel!a, ilow eacll ;:oraoo

be!lavea aJ ne 1eua to l!!t1.1!1 Ilia :leeda 11 .ie"~r~1neJ

lar!l•lJ bJ ver•onali t.1 wn1oh 4eYelopl ill tne per1o1 up

20

to earl :I a a Ill t.noo.:l aa4 :ru&Laa rel& i1 Yell • k &lle il:irollcl:iota t.

a UtoU!.I•• A •u'• pe.raoa&lltt eJ.Yel aa ••~• b&a.U tor

un,hratu41n~ the lf&J lia t...U.Yoa. 111 upeot. p;aoplo 111 th

lllill' t.ai u SHU'unali ~1 t.ru t.:a t.o act. i o oert.&i n va1• • It.

~as b&ea !'>3Ur.l'l that u:n pe.raouall t..r unable• a:re a oro

il'bviouly rdat~t,"l. to t.M 11or:.. al. t.:Ut.ioln t.l:la11 othlllrs.

:Jl~Hh (1J)u) t.:>~Ud tb<at. piiOioilO lltUI IU'III <lilli4Uii'hd il.l.tll

ti'\&ir jobs finJ it. ·.t!..t'f1oult. til o:~.d.Jil4t. to al"blt.ru;t

a tllr.~« ~dill ot' 11'1rV.., 'JI: t<J t~:.1 d .;1 'l ;rq ~ W. ra<uln ta of t.aei r

eillployer. (m tl'\e Q<;~ntru;t, e••t.i~&fied t)oo_,lf, :a.r• >:111Ul"llll1

better ~dJd&ted &6d ~ore flexi~l••

:;ot a.:u $.11-'ii!Ota "'' piil"Jh>nali t.y IU'•• nowevor,reJ.;n·ant.

t1) bii~h!!i vi Oill' 4 t woJ•.::, !<or tilit pr(fiOil t. e\11!1)' • t.b.ar~tt'or••

onlJ 111. ftiHI f!iicttll'$ ot l"'tu•ao:aal.l. t.y have beea .solaot.ltcl

.;hl .,,., !I'Sie11 to 0'4 :t ;;,at. rliill,van t. !hot are t tut t..ra Yarli on,

n"urotidu, &.ndeti, ,jj,.,c.•at.:••n"tno 1at.ol•ranc~t ot

n~ l>i ;t:i t;r' "~"' lll.U tnori tarian111>i •

L!l all :~oa.lo t,i u, po;topl• woric to ~rotii.I<Ut tho ;ooda

I.Cl!l t. ae us !y t.hcol.. r own. lil!ld eacl:l otherta n••d• • HoileVttr,

•ori:vr4 in -.!l.!"i'erunt SQ•l.l.$t.l.~ul var; wldelt J.n th<~1r

,•l:'o:!·.J.::ti.. vi t.,. :tl.. !'!eron t ••r. 'ol11.h ti1o acw• 'l!acl'J.Ilo i-'roduco

.u .. n.·or~t.:. t a:aouu ta. J.l;.<l llhile SCNoJ wo:r4ers llre !Uli•i'l 1n

t:Jeir Jo~:>a, ot!ler;; u.r• ·i.l.uaUat1oJ. ilo;-poo..:: &.ad 'tohl.aaoA

(H4J) ~:.tuarJ.;.I.u,; t.A• NIIIUlt.• o! •:~ro tillln a h~m.:lrad

atu11•• u! job aatl!l.-aatioa, rop..lrt.od ~;~at. •oro t.ua.o t.vo

out. ot tnroo yeorl• 11or• at. loaot a1l<il1 ea~atioq wit.A

t.ho1 r J ol>ll. Io t. at leu t. 0110 1 ll !1 Yo vaa aotJ. Yol1

diuaUar.l.od.

21

Sooiott aoada both extravert• ud illtrovert.. !lilt

aooiat,)' looi!:• to it• iatrov.rta tor intollootl.lal leadarahij:lo

aot tor tantaciel re~t.altln~ troa fru•tratin~ axporiuoea

in t.lu1 out.or worJ..J, it lo'3!CI to ita extraverts tor ai4 in

con1uer1n~ tna external world. Aooordin~ to llleae( (1971),

aJttrlll.vert.s ano·o~ .&l.lparie~r aooial ••dlla. 'l'llet ott.an ucd

in joba til.at involve dii&Un~ wi.tn other ,:>oople. IntrGYertl, -ti-L ' '

on" other naad, are .liiH'e roliaolo, aore i)W'lOt.ll&l• absent.

lose o.t"te11, and sta,y lofl~er at a job. Tile extravert.•

v•ut.e >~oro the lald.!l;!: tG their vorliO~a.t.u, a.ao:d.~~.

!ir14il:i:~..; anJ O(Oll~ralJ..y nadn.;; di varGi~Hl tro.a th• routine.

Peo;>la in ;Sittareat. oooupa~iaas dnlitlop <11fterut

t.t.i>•:t ot a;aotional ;:tl.li.l.lrb&aoe.. :)o,;e oco11pa tio.na tho114h

at.ruatul a.tt.ract. ;Htov.l.• il.l.th ,r•ator o&yabl.Utiu to

o~n•r• iJl"Odl.lce :~~aladJ .ast..unt or so~ae dllilo .U thGHt,;ll all

J o b• c&:lllO t bo oallotd. s trou!u.l. bll t lloae of' tba Jobs OIUl

be VOl"¥ a trustul tor ao.ae peraolllo Tll .. e J o ba &lld t.lle

tl&l tnet are r•l• t.e•;t t.o IUI.lro t.J.. c >~•raonllli t1 oo111 t1 t.ll te

i.a po rt.an t. ll1'8iU ot roail&l"Obo

A!lltietj ll 0118 of tile proal lUll t. ud fl"G!Ilea t.ly

ot>urYec:l peraoa&li tt charact.er1aU.ca ilblcil attecta

uvlo1••' 1 ..,orcepUoas, aoU Y& Uoaa, a t.U t.11dea aad. ovtrall

behadooar in eYery apllaro oC life. Tben il & ;l81llr&l

a.;raneat. t.G&t. a~tltiat.1 ia a 184~1 atat.e oharaot.eriaed

22

bt baaoloaa tear aad or appreheGeion ~hiob roadora advorae

ottocta ia tho ol1o1 t.aUo11 ot &i1Pl'Opr1&t.o bob&"Yiotu•.

U thOiljib a ,eo (lora te uoun t ot arutiet.r tenda to taoili ta to

1'1&4otionillg, an 1aoreaao be:tOilli a oerta1a lovol 1• l1itoly

to be dilturbiA,; and ~.u.aor6&A1a1ng.

A por1on wno t.ldaiU aud poroe1Yea rela U. volt dearly

Qelpito tho preaenoo or ~roat tear &lld aaxlott 11 ••id to

have lll"ll e.;o-atnn~tih C..ttoll (1:157) ooaaidora •ao­atron~th &II the &biO!lOI O! O.tOUOn&l 1nfatil1hllt

exoeaaive worr1••• &IU:ioty ani doproall.on, llllroali•Uo

thin~in~, and inaoourato perooptiona. rauo, tho strong

e4o ia one llhl.Ob oan view tho onv1ronae11t realietioally,

oval11ate inner i3pulsoa correctly, and deal oonotruot1voly.

The indi rl dt~al' 11 a b1U tt tG plll.ll and to or&ani ••

bebaviour, to ,,aainbin inteotrated behaviour ~ander at.reu,

to baye 1.nait;nt into bill i.a,;>lllaea anoi in eo doin& control

and direct thea, and otnor auoh aapact.a o!' a,o or,aniaation,

aa Murra;; an<i UllO>t noun (1 i ~)) .,oia t.ed out, are all

aapeota or ·~·at.rea,,t.Li. l:..,;o weuaaaa 1a !'o11nd to be

obaely related to ueurot1o1a.a uci notional diat~o~rbaacea.

Au t.hori t.ll.r1aa z~erao!ll are getterally to1o1:1J to be

r1~1d and te:111 to aal;l\&111 the 'St.atue -.~~o•. Thet are

the lnd1 vi dua.la ll1 tn 1 tri ot l\li)ero.;>l ou t.Nllln.;; a weac

e.;o. Thll t.y,:>o or i)OriOQI &11\180 t.bat. i)IOI)l• bol14n

properl) only 110~ ao.ae ,;>er1on or &~OGoy 1141 tne po~er

to reward or llll~ieu t.l:\aa. lA \.L1ea or 11iCC1olllt.y, an

ut.borlt.arlu p1ra;,u 11 allo l.Lc•11 to be rigid u4

htloxi bla 1n ill. a &t.t.L t.adea ud beba.V1oar. It. hu beeQ

tol.lAd t.nat otor;cere o~ilo were u,.blt a&til.t'18d. t.eaded to

na~ro loil aatttorl tarla!ll.lu and ll'ice-nr•a•

23

Iatol.eranoo ot uW.~a:l.ty 1111 tntulltll auocht.ed

ill t.ll st.rou, t.llllllOilt &n•l lii.U&U.t!&Oto.i.Gll &114 ~hat

)iOrSOIUI di!to:r itt t.n•l.r t.Gler&no• tor a~&oll ul:d..;ll:l.t.eh

&lae !41.¥ OOiUldar t11•• du1rable ~tbi.le ot.h•r• interpret.

tne·a 1u A aotu•oo ·or t.hr•at.. lliW.le aoae peol).l.• tiad 1 t.

difficult. to t:Jl<~~rii.til OG·I;I&rti.VI aab1"u1tiea, j.QQOJllllt­

llll:ll·lll aad eari>r1aea O'rotl..tel•lll'tuutwl.;c, H4:1), ot.a.ra . . r .. l uo .il.ffioult.v wn.t.eoner 111 pl1tt.1a~; 1.\j) with

as b1 ~Ill t.1. ea.

'l'b;.tllt 1. t 1. S cle&r t.ba t tal I t1 t;l botllllll &Q

1.ndi vid'.lf>l' 1 ?eraonali t..t ud tne oC.raot..r1.at1. oa "Jt b1.1

Job, Jatut be .;inn caret'ul oonaiderat.1ota. Aooordia~:: to

Komlla•uer {H b~ ), 01or.c non•lly ••r••• u a 1 1t.llbl.l111.a,,

illt.e,;ntJ.!l.;, ud ·~·••t.L•ttin~• 1.atl.lluee ill tile ;~attera

of on•'• Ute. Conu&unt.ly, 1! aa 1Ad1'11dllal1 a jc:.b flllll

to f'l"'rt:le hi• 111 tu i);;JortW11 t.1•• w u:;~reu idl neeJ1,

!11.• erreoti.Ye fu!lot1c:.a1n,; •• a per1on will be iapaireJ.

Otber tnu c:.f t'act3ra ueoGl.ah.S 111th Job

aatiatacUon are t.he ;erlo~:&al oaaract.enetl.oa or t.he

wonera. n.1earcn•r• han 01»1811 1aa1 ptriOll&l ouaraoter-

1•t.1o• II&Oh &I a&tt i.rtOOiet le:'l;,;t.l:l or aerll'ioe, Ql&lbel"·Ot

de,u<1ute, for t.':le at~o~JJ ot t.l1•1r relat.1oll&nij)S t.o Job

•• U•taotl.oa. l.ll tne ,..rei tilt, 111 •••U .,_&.loa, t.helt taotora

11111 alao be t.&.t811 111t.o OOIIIl..leratJ.oGe