jornal laboratÓrio: uma análise da aplicação prática de critérios e conceitos jornalísticos...

8/7/2019 JORNAL LABORATÓRIO: uma análise da aplicação prática de critérios e conceitos jornalísticos no jornal Impressão

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yfjfw, kczfyhzk}kjhjf f moczfw zfgcol÷nkghw#

Jf hgoyjo gob Bhygocjfw Mkldo $9000+, dè vb phyhjoto co xvhyzo aoychlkwbo, pokw

xvhczo bhkw wf zfb hgfwwo ho cñbfyo ghjh }fq bhkoy jf kcmoybhîöfw pflhw zfgcolonkhwgobvckghgkochkw, pflh Kczfycfz, pflow GJ"YOBw, pflow bñlzkplow ghchkw jf jk}vlnhîçogkfczâmkgh, zhczo bhkw mlhnyhczf wf zoych o jfwcâ}fl jo aoychlkwzh, zhczo bhkw glhyh ë hftpowkîço jf wvh kncoyécgkh# $BHYGOCJFW MKLDO, 9000, p#=:+#

Hkcjh wfnvcjo Bhygocjfw Mkldo, ow jocow jf aoychkw gvlphb hw fwgolhw jf aoychlkwbo pflh

bè xvhlkjhjf jow pyomkwwkochkw xvf gdfnhb ho bfyghjo#

Gob h jfwgvlph jf xvf hw fwgolhw cço moybhb ow “iocw pyomkwwkochkw‒ f xvf w÷ “jçozfoykh‒, kckgkhb hjfwzyhbfczow kczfcwk}ow co fwzklo f moybhzo jf wfv aoychl ov yf}kwzh,fwzyfkzhcjo hkcjh bhkw o ghbpo jf gocdfgkbfczo jow kckgkhczfw# $BHYGOCJFW MKLDO,9000, p#=6+#

Fwwh hkcjh ë vbh powkîço jfmfcjkjh poy bvkzow fwzvjkowow, xvf jkwgvzfb h yfmoybvlhîço jo

fcwkco jf aoychlkwbo chw fwgolhw jf gobvckghîço, phyh vbh bhkoy hyzkgvlhîço fczyf zfoykh f

pyèzkgh8#

9#9 Ghyhgzfyâwzkghw f flfbfczow jo aoychlkwbo kbpyfwwo

Fyiolhzo $9004+ hpoczh xvf wço bvkzow ow }fâgvlow xvf lf}hb h cozâgkh ho pñilkgo# Ow aoychkw

kbpyfwwow jfzk}fyhb o bocop÷lko jh kcmoybhîço hzë o mkb jh Pykbfkyh Nvfyyh Bvcjkhl,

xvhcjo wvynkv o yèjko cow Fwzhjow Vckjow# Fb wfnvkjh, wvynf zhbiëb h zflf}kwço# Ho mkchl jo

wëgvlo TT, h popvlhykqhîço jh kczfycfz zoych h jk}vlnhîço jh kcmoybhîço bhkw jkcébkgh f

8 Fwwf hwwvczo wfyè jkwgvzkjo co z÷pkgo 7#8#8



89

lhcîh co}ow jfwhmkow phyh h pyomkwwço# O aoychlkwbo kbpyfwwo, hczfw pyfogvphjo hpfchw fb

kcmoybhy, phwwh fczço h zfy xvf kczfypyfzhy f h}hlkhy hw cozâgkhw#

Hpfwhy jhw }hczhnfcw jh zflf}kwço, gobo, poy ftfbplo, o mhzo jf hzkcnky ghbhjhw bhkw }hwzhw

jh popvlhîço, cço ftknky fwmoyîo jo zflfwpfgzhjoy f ftkiky kbhnfcw, wocw f zftzow woiyf vb

mhzo ov mlhnyhczf, ow aoychkw kbpyfwwow zhbiëb powwvfb hzyhzk}ow# Vb jflfw, poy ftfbplo, ë h

powwkiklkjhjf xvf flfw záb jf hvbfczhy o wfv cñbfyo jf pènkchw ghwo wfah cfgfwwèyko,

pfybkzkcjo o hpyomvcjhbfczo jfwfahjo pflo }fâgvlo fb ghjh bhzëykh# H zflf}kwço f o yèjko,

hlëb jf cço pojfyfb fwzfcjfy o zfbpo jo cozkgkèyko jf hgoyjo gob wfvw jfwfaow, “cço pojfb

gobpfzky fb pyomvcjkjhjf, goloykjo, jyhbhzkgkjhjf f ch ivwgh jf hczfgfjfczfw jf vb mhzogob xvhlxvfy ioh yfpoyzhnfb fwgykzh‒ $FYIOLHZO, 9004, p#70+#

Ovzyh ghyhgzfyâwzkgh xvf goczh poczow h mh}oy jo aoychlkwbo kbpyfwwo ë h wvh ghphgkjhjf jf

jogvbfczhîço, aè xvf o aoychl pfybkzf h gocwvlzh pfybhcfczf# Hlëb jfwwh, ow kbpyfwwow

jfzhldhb bhkw h cozâgkh, goczhcjo wfvw poybfcoyfw, o xvf jkmkgklbfczf hgoczfgf ch zflf}kwço f

co yèjko# Ë o gdhbhjo aoychlkwbo kczfypyfzhzk}o, xvf goczh ow hczfgfjfczfw jf vb mhzo, o wfvgoczftzo wogkhl f hw wvhw gocwfxüácgkhw, jhcjo wfczkjo f wknckmkghjo how mhzow xvf yflhzh#

Phyh Fyiolhzo $9004+, h pykbfkyh zhyfmh jo pyomkwwkochl ë whify o xvf jf}f pvilkghy , kwzo ë,

whify wflfgkochy o xvf }hlf h pfch wfy jk}vlnhjo fczyf zhczhw cozâgkhw xvf gdfnhb à yfjhîço#

Fb wfnvkjh, o zftzo jf}f wfy fjkzhjo, phyh xvf wfah jf mègkl lfkzvyh f gobpyffcwço#

Poyëb, wf h bhzëykh"pykbh pykboyjkhl phyh o aoychlkwzh ë o hgoczfgkbfczo, xvf ë fczço

zyhcwmoybhjo co pyojvzo cozâgkh, gobo fwgoldá"lh? H wflfîço jow mhzow xvf }ço fczyhy co

aoychl, wfnvcjo Wovwh $9006+, jfpfcjf jf vbh wëykf jf mhzoyfw# Hlëb jh fwgoldh wviafzk}h,

xvf ë bvkzhw }fqfw kcf}kzè}fl, ftkwzfb ow gykzëykow jf cozkgkhiklkjhjf9, xvf wço hplkghjow pflo

aoychlkwzh, gocwgkfczfbfczf ov cço, ch doyh jh jfgkwço#

9 Ow gykzëykow jf cozkgkhiklkjhjf wfyço jfzhldhjow co z÷pkgo 9#7



87

Fyiolhzo $9004+ hynvbfczh xvf, bvkzhw }fqfw, h cozâgkh xvf gdfnh à yfjhîço cço powwvk

flfbfczow wvmkgkfczfw# Jfwwf bojo, phyh gobplfbfczè"lh f ftplkgè"lh, “ë pyhtf, ch kbpyfcwh,

yfgoyyfy, xvhcjo powwâ}fl, ho xvf aè mok pvilkghjo, phyh mhqfy vb yfzyowpfgzo ov hphcdhjo jow

hczfgfjfczfw jf vb hgoczfgkbfczo‒ $FYIOLHZO, 9004, p#4:+# Hwwkb, o hyxvk}o zhbiëb mhq

phyzf jh jkcébkgh jf zyhihldo jo aoychlkwbo kbpyfwwo, gobo bhkw vbh hlzfychzk}h phyh o

pyomkwwkochl f phyh o lfkzoy, xvf mkgh bhkw ifb kcmoybhjo#

Hlëb jh cozâgkh, wço gocwkjfyhjow nácfyow kcmoybhzk}ow h cozh, yfpoyzhnfb f fczyf}kwzh# O

pykbfkyo ë hxvflf co xvhl h cozâgkh ë jhjh jf moybh ifb yfwvbkjh# Ë vzklkqhjo, coybhlbfczf,

phyh mhlhy woiyf hlnvb hwwvczo xvf ë cozkgkowo, bhw xvf pojf wfy yfwvbkjo hpfchw gob hw

kcmoybhîöfw ièwkghw jo lfhj $O xvá? Xvfb? Xvhcjo? Ocjf? Gobo? Poy xvf?+# Aè hyfpoyzhnfb zfb gobo pykcgkphl oiafzk}o “kcmoybhy gob pyomvcjkjhjf f fthvwzk}kjhjf,

goczhcjo vbh dkwz÷ykh‒ $WOVWH, 9006, p#96;+# Fwwf nácfyo pojf hiyknhy flfbfczow jh

fczyf}kwzh, jh cozâgkh, jh gyúckgh, jow hyzknow jf opkckço f jf hcèlkwf, fczyf ovzyow# Poy mkb, h

fczyf}kwzh, wfnvcjo Wovwh $9006+, w÷ ë gocwkjfyhjh vb nácfyo aoychlâwzkgo xvhcjo fwzè kwolhjh

co }fâgvlo ov ë phyzf yflf}hczf jf ovzyh pfîh aoychlâwzkgh, gobo vbh yfpoyzhnfb# “H

fczyf}kwzh, fcxvhczo nëcfyo aoychlâwzkgo, goyyfwpocjf à zyhcwpowkîço jhw pfynvczhw f yfwpowzhw

mfkzhw jvyhczf h fczyf}kwzh, fcxvhczo zëgckgh jf oizfcîço jf kcmoybhîöfw, jfzfybkchjo bojflo jf fcvcgkhîço‒ $WOVWH, 9006, p#976+#

Ow nácfyow opkchzk}ow, xvf ftplkgkzhb vb avâqo jf }hloy f vb avlnhbfczo }kwhb h kcmlvfcgkhy

o pñilkgo f goczykivky phyh vb jfihzf jf kjfkhw# Wovwh $9006+ hmkybh xvf fwwf zkpo jf zftzo ë

bfcow gobvb jo xvf o jfwgykzk}o f o hchlâzkgo, aè xvf ow aoychlkwzhw zfcjfb h wfphyhy opkckço

jh kcmoybhîço# Fwwf nácfyo mkghykh, poyzhczo, h ghyno jow golvckwzhw f fwpfgkhlkwzhw#

Ovzyo kbpoyzhczf flfbfczo phyh o aoychlkwbo, wfnvcjo Wovwh $9006+, wço hw moczfw jf

kcmoybhîço, xvf powwvfb jhjow xvf pojfb wfy vzklkqhjow pflo aoychlkwzh# Flhw pojfb wfy

jogvbfczhkw, flfzyúckghw f dvbhchw#

Hw moczfw jf kcmoybhîço wço vb ghpkzhl kbpyfwgkcjâ}fl jo aoychlkwbo f jow aoychlkwzhw# Cçoftkwzkykh kc}fwzknhîço aoychlâwzkgh wfb moczfw jf kcmoybhîço# Bhkw1 nyhcjf phyzf jhkcmoybhîço aoychlâwzkgh cço ftkwzkykh wfb moczfw jf kcmoybhîço# $WOVWH, 9006, p#=7+



8:

Poyëb, hkcjh jf hgoyjo gob Wovwh $9006+, ë jf}fy jo aoychlkwzh whify wflfgkochy cço w÷ hw

kcmoybhîöfw gofyfczfw zyhcwbkzkjhw poy fwwhw moczfw, gobo zhbiëb hw py÷pykhw moczfw# Hkcjh

xvf h moczf wfah gocmkè}fl, h kcmoybhîço poy flh jhjh jf}f wfy }fykmkghjh# Vbh ioh moczf jf}f

zfy yfpyfwfczhzk}kjhjf $ov wfah, xvhczo bhkw pfwwohw flh yfpyfwfczhy bfldoy+, gyfjkiklkjhjf f

hvzoykjhjf#

Hlëb jfwwfw flfbfczow oiafzk}ow, ftkwzfb hkcjh ovzyow xvf pfybfkhb h yozkch pyojvzk}h jow

aoychlkwzhw f xvf fwzço lknhjow ho g÷jkno jf ëzkgh jh pyomkwwço# Phyh Eo}hgd f Yowfcwzkfl

$900:+, h pykbfkyh oiyknhîço jo aoychlkwbo ë gob h }fyjhjf# Fczyfzhczo, “co gobfîo jo

wëgvlo TT, ow aoychlkwzhw aè pfygfikhb xvf yfhlkwbo f yfhlkjhjf ‗ ov pyfgkwço f }fyjhjf ‗ cço

fyhb zço mhgklbfczf fxvhgkocè}fkw‒ $EO]HGD - YOWFCWZKFL, 900:, p#=:+# Poy }èykhwyhqöfw, fczyf flhw h wviafzk}kjhjf jo aoychlkwzh, h py÷pykh ftkwzácgkh jh }fyjhjf f h coîço

kcgfyzh xvf ow pyomkwwkochkw powwvfb woiyf o xvf xvfyfb jkqfy gob }fyhgkjhjf, bvkzhw }fqfw

ow aoychlkwzhw mhldhb ch ivwgh poy fwwh }fyjhjf, zoychcjo"wf phwwk}ow# Hpfwhy jh jkmkgvljhjf,

jf hgoyjo gob Eo}hgd f Yowfcwzkfl $900:+, h }fyhgkjhjf hkcjh ë vbh jhw gyfcîhw pfywfnvkjhw

pflo aoychlkwbo#

O wfnvcjo flfbfczo ëzkgo jo aoychlkwbo jkq yfwpfkzo à lfhljhjf xvf o aoychlkwzh jf}f zfy gobo gkjhjço#

Ë vb hgoyjo kbplâgkzo gob o pñilkgo xvf nhyhczf how lfkzoyfw xvf hw gyâzkghw jf mklbfw wçodocfwzhw, hw gyâzkghw jf yfwzhvyhczfw cço womyfb kcmlvácgkh jow hcvcgkhczfw, h goifyzvyh fbnfyhl cço yfmlfzf kczfyfwwfw phyzkgvlhyfw, cfb ë mfkzh phyh hnyhjhy hbknow jh ghwh# $###+ Ëjfwwh bhcfkyh xvf c÷w, gkjhjçow, hgyfjkzhbow cvbh fbpyfwh aoychlâwzkgh# Ë fwwh h moczf jfwvh gyfjkiklkjhjf# $EO]HGD - YOWFCWZKFL, 900:, p#47+#

H }fykmkghîço ë ovzyo pykcgâpko h wfy wfnvkjo pflo aoychlkwzh# Poyëb, wfnvcjo Eo}hgd f

Yowfcwzkfl $900:+, o hj}fczo jh kczfycfz fcmyhxvfgfv fwwh bfzojolonkh, xvf ë cfgfwwèykh à

ëzkgh aoychlâwzkgh#

Phyh Wovwh $9006+, h yfjhîço jf vb aoychl ë o wfv goyhîço, vbh }fq xvf ë jflh xvf whfb hw

cozâgkhw# H yfjhîço ë vb hbikfczf jk}kjkjo, pokw hw pfwwohw xvf hlk zyhihldhb fwzço wfphyhjhw

jf hgoyjo gob wvhw mvcîöfw# O jkyfzoy ë hxvflf xvf gooyjfch h pvilkghîço co wfv gocavczo f h

polâzkgh fjkzoykhl jh fbpyfwh# Aè o gdfmf jf yfjhîço ë o aoychlkwzh “xvf gooyjfch o zyhihldo

yfjhgzoykhl f h mlvkjfq gobvckghzk}h co wfko jh yfjhgîço, woi h wvpyhgooyjfchîço jo jkyfgzoy‒



86

$WOVWH, 9006, p#67+# Flf zhbiëb zfb h gobpfzácgkh jf jfgkjky o fwphîo h wfy jhjo àw

jkmfyfczfw fjkzoykhw#

Ow fjkzoyfw wço ow aoychlkwzhw yfwpocwè}fkw poy fjkzoykhw fwpfgâmkghw jfczyo jh yfjhîço# Flfw

záb h mvcîço jf wvpfy}kwkochy h pyojvîço jhw yfpoyzhnfcw, cozâgkhw f cozhw kcglvâjhw chw

pènkchw jf wvh fjkzoykh, jfgkjkcjo woiyf h pvilkghîço ov cço jow zftzow# Hlëb jflfw, fwzço

pyfwfczfw ch yfjhîço ow yfp÷yzfyfw f ow yfjhzoyfw, xvf flhioyhb ow zftzow xvf wfyço }fkgvlhjow

co aoychl#

9#7 Ow pyogfwwow jf gocwzyvîço jh cozâgkh

Wf ë jf}fy jo aoychlkwzh whify wflfgkochy ow mhzow xvf wço phwwâ}fkw jf }kyhy cozâgkh, zoych"wf

mvcjhbfczhl xvf o pyomkwwkochl whkih o xvf wço mhzo f hgoczfgkbfczo aoychlâwzkgo# Yojyknvfw

$8;;;+ hmkybh xvf “fb mvcîço jh bhkoy ov bfcoy pyf}kwkiklkjhjf xvf vb mhzo hjxvkyf o

fwzhzvzo jf hgoczfgkbfczo pfyzkcfczf jo poczo jf }kwzh aoychlâwzkgo1 xvhczo bfcow pyf}kwâ}fl

moy, bhkw pyoihiklkjhjfw zfb jf wf zoychy cozâgkh f jf kczfnyhy hwwkb o jkwgvywo aoychlâwzkgo‒

$YOJYKNVFW, 8;;;, p#9>+# Jhâ gocglvk"wf xvf o hgoczfgkbfczo aoychlâwzkgo ë vb mhzo

fwpfgkhl, kcvwkzhjo, f, poy kwwo, wvwgfzâ}fl jf wf zoychy cozâgkh#

Poy wvh }fq, Zyhxvkch $8;;;+ yfwwhlzh xvf, hpfwhy jf o pyop÷wkzo jf xvhlxvfy ÷ynço jf

kcmoybhîço $moycfgfy yflhzow jf hgoczfgkbfczow avlnhjow kczfyfwwhczfw+ phyfîh glhyo, flf ë vb

oiafzk}o kcgyk}flbfczf gobplfto#

Ow aoychlkwzhw cço wço wkbplfwbfczf oiwfy}hjoyfw phwwk}ow, bhw phyzkgkphczfw hgzk}ow copyogfwwo jf gocwzyvîço jh yfhlkjhjf# F hw cozâgkhw cço pojfb wfy }kwzhw gobo fbfynkcjo

chzvyhlbfczf jow hgoczfgkbfczow jo bvcjo yfhl5 hw cozâgkhw hgoczfgfb ch gocavcîço jfhgoczfgkbfczow f jf zftzow# Fcxvhczo o hgoczfgkbfczo gykh h cozâgkh, h cozâgkh zhbiëb gykho hgoczfgkbfczo $ZYHXVKCH, 8;;;, p#8=4+#

Vb jow mhzoyfw xvf pojf mhqfy gob xvf o hgoczfgkbfczo ov mhzo }kyf cozâgkh ë o ftgfwwo, kwzo

ë, xvhcjo dè mvcgkochbfczo hcoybhl jh coybh# Yojyknvfw $8;;;+ ftfbplkmkgh xvf o bhwwhgyf

jf vbh hljfkh poy zyophw ë vb hgoczfgkbfczo co xvhl o ftgfwwo ë mvcjhbfczhl phyh h wvh

zyhcwmoybhîço fb cozâgkh# H mhldh zhbiëb gocwzkzvk mhzoy aoychlâwzkgo1 ghzèwzyomfw chzvyhkw,

hgkjfczfw co zyécwkzo f hzë bfwbo pyoilfbhw co oynhckwbo dvbhco, xvhcjo cço fwpfyhjow

$gobo, poy ftfbplo, fb vb goypo ao}fb f wço+, wço ftfbplow jf ghwow fb xvf h mhldh ow



8=

zoych cozâgkh# F, poy mkb, ovzyo yfnkwzyo jf cozhiklkjhjf ë h kc}fywço, xvf ë xvhcjo dè vbh

hcèwzyomf jo mvcgkochbfczo l÷nkgo jf hlno# Yojyknvfw $8;;;+ gkzh o glèwwkgo ftfbplo jo

dobfb xvf boyjf o gço# Jfwwfw ftfbplow, kcmfyf"wf xvf

H cozâgkh ë co bvcjo bojfyco o cfnhzk}o jh yhgkochlkjhjf, co wfczkjo mozonyèmkgo jfwwfzfybo# O yhgkochl ë jh oyjfb jo pyf}kwâ}fl, jh wvgfwwço boc÷zoch jhw ghvwhw, yfnkjh poy yfnvlhykjhjfw f lfkw5 o hgoczfgkbfczo ë kbpyf}kwâ}fl, kyyobpf hgkjfczhlbfczf à wvpfymâgkffpkjëybkgh jow goypow gobo yfmlfto kcfwpfyhjo, gobo fmfkzo wfb ghvwh $YOJYKNVFW,8;;;, p#9;+#

Yojyknvfw $8;;;+ hmkybh, co fczhczo, xvf fwwfw mhzoyfw jf cozhiklkjhjf jow mhzow cço fwnozhb

o zkpo jf hgoczfgkbfczo cozè}fkw# Jf hgoyjo gob o hvzoy, ftkwzfb hkcjh ow

hgoczfgkbfczow, xvf wço pyo}oghjow pflh py÷pykh ftkwzácgkh jo jkwgvywo aoychlâwzkgo# Hftplowço jf yhk}h ov jf joy ghvwhjh myfczf à gébfyh, poy ftfbplo, ë vb zkpo jf bfzh"

hgoczfgkbfczo#

9#7#8 H wflfîço jh cozâgkh f h yozkch jf pyojvîço jh kcmoybhîço

Xvhcjo o lfkzoy gocmfyf vbh cozâgkh co aoychl, hgyfjkzh xvf flh ë o yflhzo mkfl jhxvflf

hgoczfgkbfczo xvf fwzè hlk jfzhldhjo# Ë jf}kjo h vb hgoyjo jf gh}hldfkyow fczyf lfkzoyfw f

aoychlkwzhw xvf h lfkzvyh jhw cozâgkhw ë yfhlkqhjh jfwwh bhcfkyh, kwzo ë, o lfkzoy hgyfjkzh xvf ow

pyomkwwkochkw jh èyfh ahbhkw }ço zyhcwnyfjky h myoczfkyh ftkwzfczf fczyf o yfhl f h mkgîço#

Fczyfzhczo, bfwbo xvf wfahb âcjkgfw jo yfhl, Zyhxvkch $8;;;+ yfwwhlzh xvf hw cozâgkhw

yfmlfzfb hw chyyhzk}hw vzklkqhjhw pflow aoychlkwzhw phyh oynhckqhy o hgoczfgkbfczo, hlëb jh

wflfîço, ftglvwço f ácmhwf jf jkmfyfczfw hwpfgzow jo bfwbo# Poy kwwo, h cozâgkh, gykhcjo o

hgoczfgkbfczo, zhbiëb ë yfwpocwè}fl pflh gocwzyvîço jh yfhlkjhjf#

Wovwh $9006+ yfmoyîh xvf h wflfîço jhw cozâgkhw ë h pfjyh hcnvlhy jo pyogfwwo aoychlâwzkgo, aè

xvf o aoychl cço pojf wf zyhcwmoybhy fb vb yfgoyzf cço gykzfykowo gdfko jf cozâgkhw#

H fwgoldh jow hgoczfgkbfczow f jfbhkw hwwvczow h hioyjhy poy vb aoychl $gocwzyvîço jhhnfcjh+ ë jow hwwvczow bhkw jfihzkjow fczyf ow hnfczfw kczfyfwwhjow ch goifyzvyh cozkgkowh#Poy kwwo, zhbiëb ë jow bhkw fwzvjhjow# H cfgfwwkjhjf jf wf mhqfyfb fwgoldhw zoych o

aoychlkwbo pfybfè}fl h gyâzkghw# Bhw }hloykqhy, dkfyhyxvkqhy f wflfggkochy wço hgzk}kjhjfwkcfyfczfw ho aoychlkwbo# $WOVWH, 9006, p#74+#



8>

Jfwwf bojo, phyh xvf h fwgoldh jow hgoczfgkbfczow h wfyfb zyhcwmoybhjow fb cozâgkhw cço

wfah gobplfzhbfczf wviafzk}h, ftkwzfb bfghckwbow phyh mhgklkzhy h wflfîço jow bfwbow, fczyf

flfw, fwzço ow gykzëykow jf cozkgkhiklkjhjf# “Flfw mvcgkochb gocavczhbfczf fb zojo o pyogfwwo

jf mhiykgo f jkmvwço jhw cozâgkhw f jfpfcjfb jh moybh jf opfyhy jh oynhckqhîço cozkgkowh, jh

wvh dkfyhyxvkh kczfych f jh bhcfkyh gobo flh gocmfyf oyjfb ho hphyfczf ghow jh yfhlkjhjf‒

$WOVWH, 9006, p#7;+#

Phyh ̂ olm $9009+, h cozkgkhiklkjhjf goyyfwpocjf ho

gocavczo jf gykzëykow, opfyhîöfw f kcwzyvbfczow gob ow xvhkw ow ÷ynçow jf kcmoybhîçofcmyfczhb h zhyfmh jf fwgoldfy, xvozkjkhchbfczf, jf fczyf vb cñbfyo kbpyf}kwâ}fl fkcjfmkckjo jf mhgzow, vbh xvhczkjhjf mkckzh f zfcjfcgkhlbfczf fwzè}fl jf cozâgkhw $^OLM,9009, p#8;0+#

Fczyf ow gykzëykow hpoczhjow poy Wovwh $9006+, fwzço h pyotkbkjhjf $xvhczo bhkw py÷tkbo

hgoczfgf vb f}fczo, bhkw gdhcgfw flf zfb jf }kyhy cozâgkh+, o bobfczo jo hgoczfgkbfczo

$xvhczo bhkw yfgfczf, bhkw cozkgkè}fl+, wknckmkgécgkh $xvhczo bhkw pfwwohw fwwf f}fczo hzkcnky

ov xvhczo bhkoy moy h wvh jkbfcwço, bhkw gdhcgfw jf wf zoychy cozâgkh+, pyofbkcácgkh wogkhl

jow fc}ol}kjow, pyofbkcácgkh jhw chîöfw fc}ol}kjhw, gocwocécgkh $xvhczo bhkw hnfcjè}fl

fwwf hgoczfgkbfczo moy, bhkoy h pyoihiklkjhjf wfy cozkgkhjo+, kbpyf}kwkiklkjhjf, goczkcvkjhjf

$jfwfc}ol}kbfczo jf hlno aè cozkgkhjo+, gobpowkîço f cfnhzk}kjhjf#

Poyëb, ^olm $9009+ hwwf}fyh xvf ow mhzoyfw jfzfybkchczfw jh cozkgkhiklkjh

hgoczfgkbfczow pfybkzfb xvf h yozkch kcmoybhzk}h wfah fmfzvhjh, bhw, fb goczyhphyzkjh,

zhbiëb jkmkgvlzhb o hpyomvcjhbfczo f h gobpyffcwço jf bvkzow hwpfgzow kbpoyzhczfw jow

mhzow xvf }kyhyhb cozâgkhw#

Jfwwf bojo, pojf"wf jfmkcky ow }hloyfw/cozâgkhw gobo vbh gobpocfczf jh cozkgkhiklkjhjf#

Fwwfw }hloyfw jfyk}hb jf gocwkjfyhîöfw yflhzk}hw, gobo o goczfñjo jhw co

jkwpockiklkjhjf jo bhzfykhl, o pñilkgo jo }fâgvlo f h wvh gocgoyyácgkh# Fwwfw }hloyfw/cozâgkhw

pojfb wfy vzklkqhjow jf moybhw jkmfyfczfw5 pykbfkyhbfczf, gobo wflfîço jow flfbfczow

phwwâ}fkw jf }kyhyfb cozâgkh, f, fb wfnvcjo lvnhy, gobo nvkhw phyh o aoychlkwzh, wvnfykcjo o

xvf jf}f wfy yfhlîhjo, obkzkjo, ftglvâjo f pykoykqhjo ch gocwzyvîço jh cozâgkh#



84

Hwwkb, ow }hloyfw/cozâgkhw wfy}fb phyh yozkckqhy h zhyfmh jf wflfîço jow mhzow xvf wvynfb ch

yfjhîço, jf moybh h zoycè"lh bhkw wkbplfw f ftfxvâ}fl# Wfnvcjo ôlm $9009+, flfw jfyk}hb jf

jk}fywow pyfwwvpowzow, fczyf flfw h kbpoyzécgkh f o kczfyfwwf jh cozâgkh, o xvf, poy wvh }fq,

fc}ol}f o nyhv f o câ}fl dkfyèyxvkgo jow kcjk}âjvow fc}ol}kjow co hgoczfgkbfczo, o kbphgzo

woiyf h chîço f woiyf o kczfyfwwf chgkochl, h pyotkbkjhjf, h xvhczkjhjf jf pfwwohw fc}ol}kjhw

pflo hgoczfgkbfczo $jf mhzo ov pozfcgkhlbfczf+, h yflf}écgkh f h wknckmkghzk}kjhjf jo

hgoczfgkbfczo xvhczo à f}olvîço mvzvyh jf vbh jfzfybkchjh wkzvhîço# Hlëb jkwwo, o kczfyfwwf

jh cozâgkh zhbiëb fwzè yflhgkochjo à ghphgkjhjf jf fczyfzfckbfczo jh bfwbh#

Hkcjh jf hgoyjo gob ôlm $9009+, ë pyfgkwo hchlkwhy h jkwpockiklkjhjf jfwwf hgoczfgkbfczo,

kwzo ë, o xvço zyhzè}fl flf ë, wf ë mègkl jf wfy goifyzo pflow aoychlkwzhw, wf yfxvfy bvkzow nhwzow,fczyf ovzyow# H iyf}kjhjf ë ovzyo flfbfczo kbpoyzhczf, aè xvf h cozâgkh jf}f zyhzhy o fwwfcgkhl

f wfy gvyzh phyh hzyhky hzfcîço# Hlëb jkwwo, fwwf zhbhcdo mhq gob xvf wfah powwâ}fl goiyky

bhkw cozâgkhw# H hzvhlkjhjf jo hgoczfgkbfczo ë jfzfybkchczf, hwwkb gobo o fxvklâiyko jh

bfwbh co gocavczo jf zojo o cozkgkèyko jo jkh# Poy mkb, ftkwzfb gykzëykow yflhzk}ow ho pñilkgo,

xvf wf yfmfyfb ho phpfl xvf h kbhnfb jow aoychlkwzhw h yfwpfkzo jo pñilkgo jfwfbpfcdh woiyf

h cozâgkh#

H kbpoyzécgkh jow }hloyfw/cozâgkh ë hgfczvhjh pflhw yovzkcfw pyojvzk}hw, vbh }fq xvf h

gobvb fwghwwfq jf zfbpo f jf bfkow mhq gob xvf flfw wfahb ghjh }fq bhkw cfgfwwèykow# O

pyogfwwo jf pyojvîço aoychlâwzkgh, poyzhczo, gobpöf"wf jf zyáw phyzfw1 h yfgoldh, h wflfîço f h

hpyfwfczhîço jhw cozâgkhw#

H yfgoldh jo bhzfykhl, mvcjhbfczhl phyh h gocwzyvîço jh cozâgkh, ë jkyfzhbfczf kcmlvfcgkhjh

pflh cfgfwwkjhjf jf moczfw gyfjâ}fkw f jf vb mlvto gocwzhczf jf cozâgkhw# “Hw moczfw wço vbmhzoy jfzfybkchczf phyh h xvhlkjhjf jh kcmoybhîço pyojvqkjh pflow bhww bfjkh‒ $ÔLM,

9009, p#999+# Ovzyo kcwzyvbfczo kbpoyzhczf jvyhczf fwwh mhwf ë h hnfcjh jf wfy}kîo, ch xvhl o

aoychlkwzh powwvk vbh wëykf jf mhzow pyf}kwzow f gvah cozkgkhiklkjhjf ë jhjh gobo gfyzh#

Fwzh, poy wvh }fq, ë gocwzyvâjh ho locno jo zfbpo, fb mvcîço jhw kcmoybhîöfw xvf gdfnhbà yfjhgîço $pyogfwwo jf hnfcjh"ivkljkcn +, xvf wço h}hlkhjhw f mklzyhjhw pflh Wfgyfzhykh jfYfjhgîço, pflh Gdfmkh jf Yfjhgîço f pflow fjkzoyfw, woi h wvpyh"gooyjfchîço jh Jkyfgîçojo aoychl# $WOVWH, 9006, p#6;+#



8;

Fb wfnvkjh, ogoyyf h wflfîço jhw cozâgkhw, pyogfwwo xvf pojf wfy gobphyhjo “h vb mvckl

jfczyo jo xvhl wf gologhb kcñbfyow jhjow jf xvf hpfchw vb cñbfyo yfwzykzo gocwfnvf wfy

mklzyhjo‒ $ÔLM, 9009, p#9:9+# Jf mhzo, o mlvto jf cozâgkhw xvf gdfnh à yfjhîço ë goczyolhjo

pflo gdhbhjo nhzfeffpfy , xvf ë o kcjk}âjvo ov nyvpo xvf zfb o pojfy jf wflfgkochy h

kcmoybhîço, xvf phwwh ov xvf “wfnvf‒ phyh o aoychlkwzh# Wfnvcjo ôlm $9009+, o goczftzo

oynhckqhzk}o f ivyogyèzkgo jh fbpyfwh aoychlâwzkgh ftfygf kcmlvácgkh jfgkwk}h chw fwgoldhw jo

nhzfeffpfy #

H zfygfkyh mhwf ë h jf hpyfwfczhîço jhw cozâgkhw, xvf kcglvk h fjkîço jhw bfwbhw# Cfwwh mhwf, o

aoychlkwzh pyfgkwh flkbkchy ow fmfkzow jhw lkbkzhîöfw xvf ogoyyfb jvyhczf zojo o pyogfwwo jf

pyojvîço aoychlâwzkgh# H fjkîço, poy wvh }fq, zfb h mvcîço jf zoychy h cozâgkh wkczëzkgh,gofyfczf f wknckmkghzk}h#

Jfwzhw mhwfw, xvhwf chjh zyhcwphyfgf co pyojvzo kcmoybhzk}o hghihjo1 hw }èykhw yfwzykîöfwxvf }ço kcmlvfcgkhcjo h fwgoldh jhw cozâgkhw wço flkbkchjhw poy vbh hpyfwfczhîço xvf,kczfcgkochlbfczf, ë jhjh gobo <<wkbplfw33 yflhzo jo xvf hgoczfgfv co bvcjo chw ñlzkbhw}kczf f xvhzyo doyhw $ÔLM, 9009, p#9:7+#

Wovwh $9006+ hmkybh xvf, jvyhczf zojo o pyogfwwo, o pyomkwwkochl jo aoychlkwbo jf}f zfy o

gobpyobkwwo gob h ëzkgh, gob h }fyjhjf f gob h docfwzkjhjf# Poy kwwo, h yfjhîço aoychlâwzkgh

ë mvcjhbfczhl#

9#7#9 H gocwzyvîço jo zftzo aoychlâwzkgo

O zftzo aoychlâwzkgo jfwzkch"wf, pykbfkyhbfczf f pykcgkphlbfczf, h bhczfy ow

kcmoybhjow# Fwwh mvcîço, yfwwhlzh Wovwh $9006+, hghih poy yfwzykcnky hw moybhw jf fcvcgkhîço

powwâ}fkw f poy kbpoy jfzfybkchjow pykcgâpkow ho zftzo# Wço flfw1 pykcgâpko jh goyyfîço$oifjkácgkh àw yfnyhw nyhbhzkghkw f havwzf è yfhlkjhjf+, jh glhyfqh $cço pojf wfy hbiânvo f

cfb nfyhy jñ}kjhw+, jh wkbplkgkjhjf, jh mvcgkochlkjhjf $o zftzo zfb xvf wf hjhpzhy ho

}fâgvlo+, jh gocgkwço, jh pyfgkwço, jh wfjvîço $zfb xvf zfy vbh lfkzvyh hnyhjè}fl+, jo yknoy,

jh fmkgègkh, jh gooyjfchîço $zftzo zfb xvf zfy oyjfb, l÷nkgh+, wflfzk}kjhjf, vzklkjhjf, kczfyfwwf

f dkfyhyxvkqhîço $hw kcmoybhîöfw jfczyo jo zftzo pyfgkwhb fwzhy

jkwzykivâjhw/oynhckqhjhw+#



90

Phyh gocwzyvky h cozâgkh, o aoychlkwzh pyfgkwh yfhlkqhy fczyf}kwzhw gob moczfw

pfywochnfcw, fczyf ovzyow# “H fczyf}kwzh ë o pyogfjkbfczo glèwwkgo jf hpv

kcmoybhîöfw fb aoychlkwbo# Ë vbh ftphcwço jhw gocwvlzhw àw moczfw, oiafzk}hcjo, nfyhlbfczf,

h golfzh jf kczfypyfzhîöfw f h yfgocwzkzvkîço jow mhzow‒ $LHNF, 900=, p#>7+#

Hlëb jkwwo, o pyomkwwkochl jf}f yfhlkqhy pfwxvkwhw, cço wf lkbkzhcjo h vzklkqhy kcmoybhîöfw

jhjhw pflhw moczfw# Jf hgoyjo gob Lhnf $900=+, h pfwxvkwh zoych o aoychlkwbo bfldoy#

H ñlzkbh jhw nyhcjfw jkmkgvljhjfw yfwvlzh jo py÷pyko pyogfwwo jf pyojvîço jh kcmoybhîçoaoychlâwzkgh# O aoychlkwzh ë vb wvafkzo xvf zyhihldh oifjfgfcjo h phvzhw f pyhqow5 Pfwxvkwhftknf zfbpo f zfb yfwvlzhjow kcgfyzow $LHNF, 900=, p#876+#

Aè Wojyë $8;4=+ yfwwhlzh xvf h cozâgkh powwvk jkmfyfcîhw fb yflhîço à yfpoyzhnfb, xvf }ço

hlëb jh ftzfcwço f hiyhcnácgkh# Wfnvcjo o hvzoy, cozkgkhy ë o hzo jf hcvcgkhy jfzfybkchjo

mhzo, o xvf jfpfcjf jkyfzhbfczf jo kczfyfwwf xvf flf }hk jfwpfyzhy f jh wvh hzvhlkjhjf# Aè h

yfpoyzhnfb cço zfb o bfwbo ghyèzfy jf kbfjkhzkwbo f jfzhldh f hpyomvcjh h cozâgkh,

goczftzvhlkqhcjo"h#

Gob yflhîço ho zftzo jh cozâgkh, o zâzvlo ë vbh jhw phyzfw mkchkw co pyogfwwo jf yfjhîço#

Wovwh $9006+ h}hlkh xvf fwzfw jf}fb wfy kcmoybhzk}ow f záb h mvcîço jf wkczfzkqhy h

kcmoybhîço fb vbh myhwf gvyzh f wfjvzoyh# Ow zâzvlow mvcgkochb gobo h poyzh jf fczyhjh phyh

o lfkzoy ch bhzëykh# Jf}f"wf f}kzhy, wfbpyf xvf powwâ}fl, zâzvlow kczfyyonhzk}ow f nfcëykgow#

Wovwh yfwwhlzh hkcjh xvf fwwh phyzf jo zftzo jf}f wfy mfkzh poy ñlzkbo, hpfchw xvhczo zojo o

goczfñjo jh bhzëykh fwzk}fy yfjknkjo, f jf}f goczfy o bètkbo jf kcmoybhîço fb vb bâckbo

jf phlh}yhw# F, o bhkw kbpoyzhczf1 o zâzvlo cço jf}f ahbhkw fcvcgkhy hlno xvf cço fwzè goczkjo

co zftzo#

Fb yfpoyzhnfcw, wfnvcjo Wovwh $9006+, o zâzvlo pojf wfy bhkw lk}yf jo xvf fb cozâgkhw#

Fczyfzhczo, wfv zob jf}f wfbpyf yfwpfkzhy o jo zftzo, kwzo ë, wf moy vb zftzo wëyko, hwwkb jf}f

wfy o zâzvlo# Jflf, o lfkzoy phwwh ho lfhj , xvf ë o pykbfkyo phyènyhmo jf vbh cozâgkh ov

yfpoyzhnfb# Jf hgoyjo gob Wovwh $9006+, o lfhj yfwpocjf àw pfynvczhw “Xvfb?‒ “O xvá?‒

“Xvhcjo?‒ “Ocjf?‒ f “Poyxvá?‒#



98

U###R o lfhj ë o phyènyhmo xvf lkjfyh f oykfczh, o phyènyhmo xvf wvnfyf f kcjkgh# Kwzo wknckmkghxvf o lfhj ë, fb pykbfkyo lvnhy, o phyènyhmo xvf kczyojvq o zfbh jh pfîh f, fb wfnvcjolvnhy, o phyènyhmo xvf jè o zob ho yfwzo jh pfîh $###+ $WOVWH, 9006, p#998+#

Aè wfnvcjo Gozzh $9006+, vbh jhw kcmoybhîöfw pykcgkphkw xvf o aoychlkwzh pyfgkwh whify phyhgocwzyvky h cozâgkh ë h jf xvf o zftzo aoychlâwzkgo pyfgkwh wfy gocgkwo# Kwzo ë, o kjfhl ë fbpyfnhy

o bfcoy cñbfyo jf phlh}yhw, bhw xvf wfahb hw phlh}yhw bhkw hjfxvhjhw# H hifyzvyh ‗ ov o

lfhj ‗ jf}f hnhyyhy o lfkzoy, aè xvf ë h phyzf bhkw kbpoyzhczf jh bhzëykh aoychlâwzkgh, f goczfy

hw wfnvkczfw yfwpowzhw1 o xvá, xvfb, ocjf, xvhcjo, gobo f poy xvá# Hw phlh}yhw jf}fb wfy

glhyhw, f, jf pyfmfyácgkh, gvyzhw# Poyzhczo, o zftzo jo yfp÷yzfy ftknf bvkzo gvkjhjo gob o vwo

jhw phlh}yhw f myhwfw#

O zftzo aoychlâwzkgo wfbpyf jfwpfyzh co lfkzoy jk}fywow wknckmkghjow, fwzkbvlhcjo pfcwhbfczowf jhcjo wfczkjo f yozh how hgoczfgkbfczow, hzyh}ëw jhxvklo xvf o aoychlkwzh fwgyf}f ov mhlh#$###+ O jobâcko jh phlh}yh goyyfzh f h fthzkjço fb bowzyhy hw gokwhw mhqfb jo aoychlkwzh vbpyomkwwkochl kcmlvfczf ch gocwgkácgkh gyâzkgh f wogkhl jf vbh gobvckjhjf# $GOZZH, 9006, p#90+#

Poyzhczo, phyh pfywvhjky o lfkzoy h kczfyhnky ch hzykivkîço jf wknckmkghjow how hgoczfgkbfczow

jkèykow, o aoychlkwzh pyfgkwh mhqfy o yflhzo gob glhyfqh, }fyhgkjhjf f pyfgkwço# F, jf hgoyjo

gob Lopfw $900=+, ë o fjkzoy xvfb zfb o pojfy, h gobpfzácgkh f h yfwpocwhiklkjhjf jf

jfgkjky xvhkw wfyço hw pvilkghîöfw f gobo flhw jf}fb wfy#

H bhkw jkmâgkl f fwzkbvlhczf zhyfmh jo fjkzoy ë h jf, ho oynhckqhy o jkwgvywo aoychlâwzkgo,ihlkqhy pflhw yhqöfw jo kczfyfwwf pñilkgo o yflhzo jfwwh hzvhlkjhjf hckbhjh pflow kczfyfwwfwphyzkgvlhyfw, cow xvhkw wf kcglvfb ow py÷pykow kczfyfwwfw jo aoychl fcxvhczo cfn÷gko f p÷lojf pojfy# $LOPFW, 900=, p#87+

O fjkzoy zfb o jf}fy jf pyhzkghy f ftknky vb aoychlkwbo xvf kc}fwzknvf phyh pojfy gobpyo}hy,

wfnvcjo Lopfw $900=+# Jfwwh bhcfkyh, o hvzoy hmkybh xvf ë o kczfyfwwf pñilkgo o ihlkqhjoy

jhw hîöfw jo fjkzoy, aè xvf flf ë o yfwpocwè}fl poy hzykivky ho fjkzoy h yfwpocwhiklkjhjf boyhl

pflo xvf jk}vlnh f ow fmfkzow jo xvf pvilkgh# “Ë o kczfyfwwf pñilkgo xvf pyfwwvpöf co fjkzoy,

gobo fb zojow ow aoychlkwzhw, h }kyzvjf f h fmkgègkh jf pyojvqky }fyhgkjhjf‒ $LOPFW, 900=,

p#8:+#

Lopfw $900=+ hwwfnvyh, poyëb, xvf h zhyfmh jo fjkzoy cço ë wkbplfw, vbh }fq xvf flf fwzè woi

gocwzhczf pyfwwço f zfb h zhyfmh jf zobhy jfgkwöfw xvf pyojvqfb fmfkzow gocgyfzow fb vb

goczftzo yfhl jf kczfyfwwfw lfnâzkbow# Hkcjh jf hgoyjo gob Lopfw $900=+, o fjkzoy zfb o jf}fy



99

jf ozkbkqhy yfwvlzhjow, zhczo lvgyow xvhczo h xvhlkjhjf aoychlâwzkgh# Jfwwh moybh, flf pyfgkwh

zfy vb oldhy phyh h l÷nkgh jo gocwvbo f o ovzyo phyh h gvlzvyh f phyh o wfv gobpyobkwwo gob

o hpfymfkîohbfczo jh wogkfjhjf#

7 FCWKCO JF AOYCHLKWBO F AOYCHL LHIOYHZ×YKO

Ow aoychkw lhioyhz÷ykow moyhb gykhjow phyh jkchbkqhy o fcwkco jf aoychlkwbo co Iyhwkl# Phyh

fczfcjfy fwzf pyogfwwo, fwzf ghpâzvlo hioyjh o wvynkbfczo f h f}olvîço jo fcwkco jf

aoychlkwbo co phâw, wvhw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw, fwpfgkmkgkjhjfw f pykcgkphkw gyâzkghw5 o aoych

lhioyhz÷yko f wfvw flfbfczow ghyhgzfyâwzkgow# Phyh gobpoy fwzf ghpâzvlo zf÷ykgo, moyhb

vzklkqhjow ow hvzoyfw Pfzyhygh, Bflo, Lopfw f ovzyow#

7#8 Jfwfc}ol}kbfczo jo fcwkco jf aoychlkwbo co Iyhwkl

H mkb jf hioyjhy o phpfl f h kbpoyzécgkh xvf ow aoychkw lhioyhz÷yko hjxvkykyhb ch moybhîço

jo pyomkwwkochl fb aoychlkwbo, ë pyfgkwo gobpyffcjfy gobo wf jfv o wvynkbfczo f h f}olvîço

jo fcwkco cow gvywow jf aoychlkwbo co Iyhwkl# Fb co}fbiyo jf 8;7>, o fczço pyfwkjfczf

Nfzñlko ]hynhw kcwzkzvâh, co Iyhwkl, o Fwzhjo Co}o, xvf jvyov hzë 8;:6 f kbpúw yfnkbf

jkzhzoykhl ho phâw# Jf hgoyjo gob Pfzyhygh $900;+, o pyoafzo jf Nfzñlko “zkcdh gobo oiafzk}o

“oynhckqhy‒ zhczo h wogkfjhjf, jf vb bojo nfyhl, xvhczo vb gocavczo jf hzoyfw xvf



97

jfwfbpfcdh}hb hzk}kjhjfw pyomkwwkochkw gobo bëjkgow, fwgykzoyfw, hj}onhjow f aoychlkwzhw‒

$PFZYHYGH, 900;+# O pyfwkjfczf pyfzfcjkh yfnvlhbfczhy hw pyomkwwöfw, hw lfkw zyhihldkwzhw f

zhbiëb wkcjkghkw# Jfwwf bojo, fb 8;74, o aoychlkwbo ë, pflh pykbfkyh }fq, yfnvlhbfczhjo#

Cfwwf goczftzo, ch jëghjh jf 8;:0, gobfîhb h wvynky hw pykbfkyhw mhgvljhjfw jf aoychlkwbo#

Fb 8= jf bhko jf 8;:>, phwwh h mvcgkochy o Gvywo jf Aoychlkwbo jh Mhgvljhjf Gèwpfy Lâifyo

$WP+, }kcgvlhjh ho aoychl “H Nhqfzh‒# H Hwwogkhîço Iyhwklfkyh jf Kbpyfcwh f h Hwwogkhîço

jow Pyomkwwkochkw jf Kbpyfcwh jf Wço Phvlo aè dh}khb mfkzo zfczhzk}hw jf gykhîço jf gvywow jf

aoychlkwbo, bhw mok hpfchw fb jfqfbiyo jf 8;:=, xvf Fycfwzo jf Wovqh Ghbpow, bkckwzyo jh

Fjvghîço f jh Whñjf, pvilkgov o jfgyfzo 99#9:6, xvf yfnvlhbfczh}h o jfgyfzo"lfk c± 6:40,xvf kcwzkzvâh o gvywo jf aoychlkwbo co wkwzfbh jf fcwkco wvpfykoy jo Iyhwkl# O jfgyfzo 99#9:6,

poyzhczo, gykh}h hw gocjkîöfw lfnhkw phyh h kcwzhlhîço f mvcgkochbfczo jfwwfw gvywow co phâw#

“Ow gvywow jf aoychlkwbo wvynkjow cfwwf pfyâojo pyfzfcjkhb moybhy vbh flkzf gvlzvyhl ghphq

jf goczykivky phyh gocwzyvîço jh polâzkgh iyhwklfkyh‒ $PFZYHYGH, 900;, p#=+#

Bflo $8;>9+ jk}kjf o jfwfc}ol}kbfczo jo fcwkco jf aoychlkwbo co Iyhwkl fb xvhzyo

bobfczow1 ëzkgo"wogkhl, zëgckgo"fjkzoykhl, polâzkgo"kjfol÷nkgo f gyâzkgo"pyomkwwkochl# Copykbfkyo bobfczo, wfnvcjo Bflo $8;>9+, ow gvywow jh}hb ácmhwf ho gocd

mklow÷mkgo# Lopfw $8;4;+ zhbiëb goczftzvhlkqh o wvynkbfczo jhw mhgvljhjfw jf aoychlkwbo co

phâw gobo wfcjo gvywow kczfnyhjow àw mhgvljhjfw jf Mklowomkh, o xvf mhqkh gob xvf h moybhîço

jow mvzvyow pyomkwwkochkw mowwf ftgfwwk}hbfczf zf÷ykgh f dvbhckwzh# “Pyfphyh}hb"wf dobfcw

jf lfzyhw, fyvjkzow f fwzklkwzhw jh pfch co lvnhy jf dobfcw jf kbpyfcwh‒ $LOPFW, 8;4;, p#78+#

Fwwh mhwf gokcgkjf gob o mkb jo Fwzhjo Co}o, pfyâojo jkzhzoykhl co Iyhwkl, f, poyzhczo, gob

vb pyogfwwo jf yfjfbogyhzkqhîço jo phâw, o xvf zhbiëb ftplkgh h ácmhwf h hwpfgzow ëzkgow fmklow÷mkgow co aoychlkwbo#

Fb vb wfnvcjo bobfczo, Bflo $8;>9+ fcmhzkqh xvf, fb 78 jf bhyîo jf 8;=:, gob h

kcwzhlhîço jo pojfy jkzhzoykhl, h }olzh jh gfcwvyh, jo goczyolf jhw hzk}kjhjfw kczflfgzvhkw, jhw

jkmkgvljhjfw co ftfygâgko jh lkifyjhjf jf kbpyfcwh f gob h kbpoyzhîço jf zfgcolonkhw phyh h

kbpyfcwh, wvynf vbh pyfogvphîço gob h pyèzkgh aoychlâwzkgh f gob h zëgckgh, o xvf ghyhgzfykqh

h wfnvcjh mhwf jo gvywo jf aoychlkwbo co phâw# Hkcjh jvyhczf fwwf wfnvcjo bobfczo, fb



9:

8;=;, fwzhiflfgfv"wf, gob o jfgyfzo ;>9 jf 8> jf ovzviyo, xvf h pyomkwwço jf aoychlkwbo w÷

pojkh wfy ftfygkjh poy pfwwohw jkplobhjhw ch pyomkwwço# Fwwf mhzo mok jfzfybkchczf phyh o

gyfwgkbfczo jo cñbfyo jf fwgolhw jf aoychlkwbo co Iyhwkl#

Fb 87 jf bhko jf 8;>7, fczyh fb }knoy o Jfgyfzo 47#94:/>;, xvf jè co}h yfnvlhbfczhîço ho

Jfgyfzo"Lfk c#± ;>9, jf 8> jf ovzviyo jf 8;=;, xvf jkwpöf woiyf o ftfygâgko jh pyomkwwço jf

aoychlkwzh, fb jfgoyyácgkh jhw hlzfyhîöfw kczyojvqkjhw pflh Lfk c#± =#=89, jf > jf jfqfbiyo jf

8;>4# Co hyzkno 8; jo co}o jfgyfzo, mkgh fwzkpvlhjo xvf1 “Gocwzkzvk myhvjf h pyfwzhîço jf

wfy}kîow pyomkwwkochkw nyhzvkzow, ov gob phnhbfczow wkbi÷lkgow, woi pyfzftzo jf fwzènko, iolwh

jf fwzvjo, iolwh jf gobplfbfczhîço, goc}ácko ov xvhlxvfy ovzyh bojhlkjhjf, fb jfwyfwpfkzoà lfnkwlhîço zyhihldkwzh f h fwzf yfnvlhbfczo‒# Zyhzh"wf, poyzhczo, jf pyokiky o hpyfcjkqhjo

pyèzkgo, poy bfko jf fwzènko, chw yfjhîöfw jo phâw#

H zfygfkyh mhwf, phyh Bflo $8;>9+, ogoyyf jf}kjo à }kz÷ykh jh opowkîço chw flfkîöfw jo

phylhbfczo fb 8;>:# H phyzky jhâ, dè co}hbfczf o hiyhcjhbfczo jh gfcwvyh à kbpyfcwh f

wvynfb ow pykbfkyow gvywow jf p÷w"nyhjvhîço fb aoychlkwbo# Wvynfb, hkcjh, bo}kbfczow

w÷gko"gvlzvyhkw, jf}kjo à hifyzvyh polâzkgh# H jfbhcjh poy pyomkwwkochkw pflow kcñbfyow}fâgvlow kbpyfwwow fczço ftkwzfczfw co Iyhwkl fyh gyfwgfczf, o xvf kcgfczk}ov h gykhîço jf

co}ow gvywow#

Fczyfzhczo, h hifyzvyh polâzkgh zhbiëb hiykv fwphîo phyh o xvfwzkochbfczo jf bvkzhw

gocxvkwzhw, fczyf flhw, h yfnvlhbfczhîço jo aoychlkwbo# Ow py÷pykow jocow jf aoychkw, wfnvcjo

Bflo $8;>9+, kckgkhyhb vbh ghbphcdh goczyh ow gvywow jf aoychlkwbo, hlfnhcjo xvf flfw cço

jkwpvcdhb jf ioh kcmyh"fwzyvzvyh phyh moybhy pyomkwwkochkw pyfphyhjow phyh o bfyghjo jf

zyhihldo# Fb bfko à gocmvwço, o Gocwfldo Mfjfyhl jf Fjvghîço yfwol}f jfmfcjfy ovzyh

powkîço1 h bfldoykh jhw fwgolhw jf gobvckghîço f aoychlkwbo, xvf jf}fykh, glhyo, wfy mfkzh

pflhw py÷pykhw vck}fywkjhjfw# Ë fthzhbfczf hâ xvf gobfîh h ñlzkbh mhwf jo fcwkco jf

aoychlkwbo co phâw, wfnvcjo Bflo $8;>9+# O ghyèzfy gyâzkgo"pyomkwwkochl gobfîh, poyzhczo,

gob ow jfihzfw fczyf pyomfwwoyfw f fwzvjhczfw woiyf gobo bfldoyhy ow wfvw gvywow#



96

H phyzky jhâ, h pyfogvphîço gob h pyomkwwkochlkqhîço jow aoychlkwzhw ë hkcjh bhkoy, f ow gvywow

jf aoychlkwbo cço phyhb jf gyfwgfy co phâw# Wfnvcjo o Gfcwo jo Fcwkco Wvpfykoy, jk}vlnhjo

fb 900> pflo Kcwzkzvzo Chgkochl jf Fwzvjow f Pfwxvkwhw Fjvghgkochkw $KCFP+, ftkwzfb 6:=

gvywow jf aoychlkwbo fb mvcgkochbfczo co phâw, gob bhkw jf 887 bkl }hnhw# Fb 9007, fyhb

::7#

7#8#8 Yfmlftço gyâzkgh jo fcwkco jo aoychlkwbo

Wfnvcjo Bflo $8;=>+, hw mhgvljhjfw jf aoychlkwbo záb gobo mvcîöfw pykboyjkhkw1 h+ moybhy

iocw pyomkwwkochkw hzyh}ëw jf hvlhw jf goczfñjo zhczo zf÷ykgo xvhczo pyèzkgo5 i+ pyobo}fy f

jfwfc}ol}fy kc}fwzknhîöfw f hcèlkwfw woiyf ow bfkow jf gobvckghîço5 g+ wfy vb fwphîo

yfco}hjoy f kbplfbfczhjoy jow pyogfwwow aoychlâwzkgow jf bojo h wfy}ky jf lhioyhz÷yko àw

co}hw ftpfykácgkhw jf goczfñjo f yfjhîço jf bhzëykhw#

Fczyfzhczo, jfwjf ow pykb÷yjkow jo wvynkbfczo jow gvywow jf aoychlkwbo c

pyomfwwoyfw f pfwxvkwhjoyfw jh èyfh pyobo}fb jfihzfw woiyf h cfgfwwkjhjf jf kczfnyhîço

fczyf gocdfgkbfczo hghjábkgo f pyèzkgh aoychlâwzkgh# ]fcgfy h jkgozobkh zf÷ykgo"pyèzkgh ë,poyzhczo, jfwhmko phyh ow pyomfwwow f fwgolhw jf aoychlkwbo f xvf cço ghif hpfchw àw

jkwgkplkchw zëgckghw#

Hjhb $9008+ yfwwhlzh xvf h gvlzvyh hghjábkgh, gob zyhjkîöfw jf fwzvjow jkwpfywow poy èyfhw

kwolhjhw, cço pyopkgkh h gykhîço jf gvyyâgvlow hjfxvhjow h vbh èyfh gobo o aoychlkwbo# Phyh

flf, h pyèzkgh jf}f wfy kcmoybhjh pflh zfoykh, kwzo ë, o ftfygâgko pyomkwwkochl jf}f wf ihwfhy fb

moybhw jf pfcwhbfczo f yfmlftço xvf, poy wvh }fq, jf}fb wfy fwzkbvlhjhw hzyh}ëw jf vbhkczfnyhîço ñckgh fczyf goczfñjow pyèzkgow f zf÷ykgow#

Co kcâgko jh kbplhczhîço jow gvywow jf aoychlkwbo co phâw, fcmhzkqh}h"wf, wfnvcjo Bflo

$8;>9+, jkwgkplkchw lknhjhw à mklowomkh, o xvf zoych}h o fcwkco bhkw jkwgvywk}o f }olzhjo à

moybhîço dvbhcâwzkgh# Wfnvcjo Ekbvyh $900=+, o bozk}o phyh h ácmhwf jf}kh"wf à kbfcwh

oynhckqhîço f fwzyvzvyh bhzfykhl f fwzyvzvyhl ftknkjh poy vb gvywo gob ácmhwf pyèzkgh#



9=

Hzvhlbfczf, hpfwhy jh ftknácgkh jf fwzyvzvyh cfgfwwèykh à pyojvîço jf aoychl kbpyfwwo, ë

cfgfwwèyko, hkcjh, xvf hw mhgvljhjfw jf aoychlkwbo zfcdhb fwzñjkow jf yèjk

lhioyhz÷ykow fxvkphjow phyh h pyojvîço jf goczfñjo phyh h kczfycfz# Poyëb, bvkzhw fwgolhw

hkcjh }ffb ow ÷ynçow lhioyhzoykhkw gobo vbh mfyyhbfczh wfb bhkoy kbpoyzécgkh#

Phyh Bfjkzwgd $8;;;+,

Co aoychlkwbo, gowzvbh"wf jkqfy xvf h }fyjhjf ë h pykbfkyh }âzkbh jf xvhlxvfy nvfyyh# Fbcowwh èyfh hghjábkgh, poy hchlonkh, pojf"wf hmkybhy xvf fwzh }âzkbh mok o goczhzo gob hyfhlkjhjf1 h yvpzvyh jh zfoykh gob h pyèzkgh, gob h pfyjh jo oiafzo jf fwzvjo jhgobvckghîço wogkhl# $BFJKZWGD, 8;;;, p#8+

Hkcjh ë phzfczf xvf ow gvywow jf aoychlkwbo co Iyhwkl fwzço ghyfczfw jf vb gvyyâgvlo ov jfbfldoy jkyfgkochbfczo co xvf zhcnf à kczfnyhîço jf zfoykh f pyèzkgh ch wvh moybhîço# Ovzyh

jkwgvwwço jkq yfwpfkzo h wvpfylozhîço ogvphgkochl jf fwgolhw wvpfykoyfw xvf omfyfgfb o gvywo

jf aoychlkwbo wfb vbh hcèlkwf gykzfykowh# O fcoybf cñbfyo jf mhgvljhjfw jf gobvckghîço

zoych o cñbfyo jf pyomkwwkochkw moybhjow bhkoy jo xvf h ghphgkjhjf jf hiwoyîço jo bfyghjo,

o xvf, gocwfxvfczfbfczf, jfw}hloykqh h bço jf oiyh fwpfgkhlkqhjh f hihkth o whlèyko jh

ghzfnoykh#

Nfczklk $8;;4+ jfmfcjf xvf h fwgolh jf aoychlkwbo ë fwxvkqomyáckgh poyxvf fcwkch zfoykh jh

gobvckghîço, ho kc}ëw jf aoychlkwbo, f poy kwwo dov}f hzyomkh co pfymkl jo pyomkwwkochl, xvf

whk jh mhgvljhjf wfb wfy ghphq jf hzfcjfy àw ftknácgkhw jo bfyghjo# Cvqqk, poy wvh }fq,

hmkybh xvf h gyâzkgh ho fcwkco jf aoychlkwbo co Iyhwkl ë “goczfbpoyécfh jf wfv py÷pyko

chwgkbfczo‒ $CVQQK, 8;;4, p#4+#

Fb mf}fyfkyo jf 900;, mok moybhjh vbh gobkwwço jf pyomfwwoyfw, pfwxvkw

fwpfgkhlkwzhw, lkjfyhjh poy Aowë Bhyxvfw jf Bflo, phyh wviwkjkhy o Bkckwzëyko jh Fjvghîço

$BFG+ ch yf}kwço jhw jkyfzykqfw gvyykgvlhyfw jo gvywo jf aoychlkwbo# Fwwhw jkyfzykqfw záb

gobo oiafzk}o oykfczhy hw kcwzkzvkîöfw jf fcwkco wvpfykoy co pyogfwwo jf moybvlhîço jo

pyoafzo pfjhn÷nkgo jow gvywow jf nyhjvhîço# Co ghwo jo aoychlkwbo, hw jkyfzykqfw moyhb

fwzhiflfgkjhw pflo Gocwfldo Chgkochl jf Fjvghîço $GCF+ fb 9008, f, poy kwwo, vbh jhw

jfmfwhw mfkzh poy pyomkwwkochkw jh èyfh ë jf xvf o gvyyâgvlo aè fwzè jfmhwhjo#



9>

H gobkwwço, hlëb jo pyomfwwoy Aowë Bhyxvfw, mok gobpowzh poy Hlmyfjo Fvykgo ]kqfv Pfyfkyh

Avckoy $Vck}fywkjhjf Mfjfyhl jf Pfychbivgo+, Fjvhyjo Ihyyfzo ]khcch Bfj

$Vck}fywkjhjf Mfjfyhl jf Whczh Ghzhykch+, Lvgkh Bhykh Hyhñao $Ghchl Mvzvyh+, Lvkq Nocqhnh

Bozzh $Vck}fywkjhjf jf Iyhwâlkh+, Bhcvfl Ghylow jh Gocgfkîço Gdhphyyo $Vck}fywkjhjf jf

Wço Phvlo+, Wëynko Hvnvwzo Wohyfw Bhzzow $Vck}fywkjhjf Mfjfyhl jo Yfgúcgh}o Ihkhco+,

Wúckh ]kynâckh Boyfkyh $Vck}fywkjhjf jo Fwzhjo jo Yko jf Ahcfkyo+#

Hp÷w gvbpykyfb gyoconyhbh jf yfvcköfw, jk}fywow zyhihldow f zyáw hvjkácgkhw pñilkghw phyh

yfgfify goczykivkîço jow jk}fywow wfnbfczow jh wogkfjhjf gk}kl, jhw vck}fywkjhjfw f jf

yfpyfwfczhczfw jo bfyghjo jf zyhihldo, h gobkwwço fczyfnov, fb wfzfbiyo jf 900;, yflhz÷ykoho BFG, co xvhl gocwzhb hw pykcgkphkw bvjhcîhw wvnfykjhw phyh o gvyyâgvlo jow gvywow jf

aoychlkwbo co Iyhwkl# Ow pfwxvkwhjoyfw f pyomfwwoyfw phyzkgkphczfw jfzfybkchyhb h hbplkhîço

jh ghynh"doyèykh jo gvywo jf 9#400 doyhw phyh 7#900 doyhw, hlëb jf wvnfykyfb vbh

jk}fywkmkghîço jow gvyyâgvlow, xvf, phyh Bflo, fwzço dobonfcfkqhjow f jfmhwhjow# Poyëb, h

pykcgkphl wvnfwzço jo nyvpo mok vbh bhkoy kczfnyhîço fczyf pyèzkgh f zfoykh jvyhczf h

moybhîço, gob, poy ftfbplo, o fwzhiflfgkbfczo jh oiyknhzoykfjhjf jo fwzènko wvpfy}kwkochjo

phyh h nyhjvhîço jf aoychlkwzhw#

Co jkh ; jf ovzviyo jf 9080, h pyopowzh flhioyhjh mok jkwgvzkjh co Gocwfldo Chgkochl jf

Fjvghîço# H wfphyhîço jo gvywo jf aoychlkwbo jf ovzyhw èyfhw jh gobvckghîço wogkhl f h

kczyojvîço jf vb fwzènko oiyknhz÷yko moyhb ow poczow bhkw polábkgow jh hvjkácgkh pñilkgh

woiyf jkyfzykqfw jh nyhjvhîço fb aoychlkwbo# Hw pyopowzhw hkcjh fwzço fb mhwf jf hcèlkwf pflo

GCF#

Phyh ]kfkyh Añckoy $9009+,

O phwwhjo hpoczh hw hîöfw klkbkzhjhw f kcmyvzâmfyhw, ch bhkoykh jhw }fqfw, poy phyzf jono}fyco ch fwgoldh jo gvyyâgvlo kjfhl phyh o fcwkco jf Aoychlkwbo, bhwpyk}klfnkhcjo h flkzf iyhwklfkyh# O jkhnc÷wzkgo jo fcwkco jf Aoychlkwbo yfngobplftkjhjf ch ivwgh jf wolvîöfw phyh wvpfyhy h gocwzhczf gykwf# Co nfyhl, hw yfmoybhwgvyykgvlhyfw wço yfgvywow phlkhzk}ow hjozhjow pflo no}fyco# $]KFKYH AÑCKOY, 9009, p#96+



94

Jfwwf bojo, phwwh"wf h ivwghy co}hw hlzfychzk}hw phyh hyzkgvlhy, jf bhcfkyh bhkw fmkgkfczf, h

zfoykh f h pyèzkgh jfczyo jhw whlhw jf hvlh jow gvywow jf aoychlkwbo#

7#9 Wvynkbfczo f kbpoyzécgkh jo aoychl lhioyhz÷yko co fcwkco jf aoychlkwbo

Gob o Jfgyfzo 47#94:/>;, xvf pyoâif o fwzènko jf aoychlkwbo, ogoyyfv vb jkwzhcgkhbfczo

fczyf o xvf o hlvco hpyfcjf ch fwgolh f o xvf wf mhq ch yfjhîço, kwzo ë, dè vbh jkgozobkh

fczyf h zfoykh f h pyèzkgh# Jfwwf bojo, phyh Lopfw $8;4;+, o poczo hlzo jo fcwkco

pyomkwwkochlkqhczf fb aoychlkwbo ghlghjo zhczo ch pyèzkgh xvhcjo ch zfoykh ogoyyfv gob h

Yfwolvîço c#±07/>4, hpyo}hjh pflo Gocwfldo Mfjfyhl jf Fjvghîço, xvf fwzhiflfgkh

oiyknhzoykfjhjf jf ÷ynçow lhioyhzoykhkw jfczyo jhw mhgvljhjfw# Lopfw $8;4;+ hmkybh xvf ow

aoychkw lhioyhzoykhkw wço fwphîow kbpoyzhczfw phyh h pfwxvkwh f h yfpyojvîço jh pyèzkgh

aoychlâwzkgh#

Aè phyh Bflo $8;4:+, moybhy aoychlkwzhw wfb xvf wfah h flfw omfyfgkjh h opoyzvckjhjf jf zfwzhy

ow bojflow hpyffcjkjow fb whlh jf hvlh gocwzkzvk vb bozk}o jf myvwzyhîço nfcfyhlkqhjh phyh h

èyfh jf aoychlkwbo jfwjf h jëghjh jf 8;60# “Ftkwzf poyzhczo vbh gokcgkjácgkh dkwz÷ykgh woiyf

h cfgfwwkjhjf jow lhioyhz÷ykow gobo fwphîow mvcjhbfczhkw phyh h pfwxvkwh, h yfpyojvîço ov h

kco}hîço jh pyèzkgh aoychlâwzkgh‒ $BFLO, 8;4:, p#9+#

Hwwkb, Lopfw $8;4;+ jkq xvf ë pyfgkwo zfy gocwgkácgkh jf xvf cço ftkwzf pyèzkgh wfb zfoykh# F

gobplfzh1 “Ow py÷pykow ÷ynçow lhioyhzoykhkw pojfb wfy vzklkqhjow phyh fwwh hyzkgvlhîço

zf÷ykgo"pyèzkgh‒ $LOPFW, 8;4;, p#7=+, f jhâ wf hmkybh h wvh kbpoyzécgkh# Lopfw $8;4;+ yfwwhlzhxvf o aoychl lhioyhz÷yko zoych powwâ}fl xvf ow hlvcow zfcdhb vbh }kwço nloihl jo pyogfwwo

aoychlâwzkgo, cço hpfchw ch zfoykh, gobo zhbiëb zfcjo vbh coîço jo jkh h jkh jhw yfjhîöfw#

Flf ë o kcwzyvbfczo jkjèzkgo ièwkgo jh mhgvljhjf#

Fczyfzhczo, Bflo $8;4:+ yfwwhlzh xvf



9;

H pyèzkgh aoychlâwzkgh chw vck}fywkjhjfw cço pojf wfy yfwzykcnkjh h vbh bfyh xvfwzçozfgcol÷nkgh ‗ jkwpockiklkjhjf jf fxvkphbfczow f hphyhzow kcwzyvbfczhkw cow lhioyhz÷ykow# Ëpyfgkwo zfy pyoafzow pfjhn÷nkgow xvf oykfczfb o vwo jfwwfw lhioyhz÷ykow, jf bojo h omfyfgfy how fjvghcjow powwkiklkjhjfw jf fcmyfczhbfczo jhw wkzvhîöfw xvf goc}fyzhb o aoychlkwbofb hpyffcwço gocgyfzh jh yfhlkjhjf $BFLO, 8;4:, p#:+#

O aoychl lhioyhz÷yko zfb gobo pykcgkphl oiafzk}o yobpfy h ihyyfkyh jf vb oynhckwbo

hghjábkgo, aè xvf o hlvco jf}f fctfynè"lo gobo vbh mfyyhbfczh phyh h pyèzkgh jhw zhyfmhw

jkèykhw jo mhqfy aoychlâwzkgo# Bflo $8;4:+ jfwzhgh xvf o }fâgvlo lhioyhzoykhl ë kbpoyzhczf aè

xvf mvcgkoch gobo flo fczyf ow hlvcow f h mvzvyh pyomkwwço# O aoychl lhioyhz÷yko pfybkzf xvf

ow fwzvjhczfw zyfkcfb f, jfwwf bojo, fyyfb f fczfcjhb h ftzfcwço f h nyh}kjhjf jf wfvw

fyyow, o xvf, gocwfxvfczfbfczf, ow zoych bhkw gocwgkfczfw jh pyomkwwço#

Fb ovzviyo jf 8;49, jvyhczf o ]KK Fcgoczyo jf Aoychlkwbo Yfnkochl woiyf ÷ynçow

lhioyhzoykhkw kbpyfwwow, yfhlkqhjo ch Mhgvljhjf jf Gobvckghîço jf Whczow, h Gobkwwço jf

Gocgfkzvhîço gdfnov ho wfnvkczf gocgfkzo1 “O aoychl lhioyhz÷yko ë vb }fâgvlo xvf jf}f wfy

mfkzo h phyzky jf vb gocavczo jf zëgckghw fwpfgâmkghw phyh vb pñilkgo zhbiëb fwpfgâmkgo, gob

ihwf fb pfwxvkwhw wkwzfbèzkghw fb zojow ow ébikzow, o xvf kcglvk h ftpfykbfczhîço gocwzhczf

jf co}hw moybhw jf lkcnvhnfb, goczfñjo f hpyfwfczhîço nyèmkgh# F}fczvhlbfczf, wfv pñilkgo

pojf wfy kczfyco, jfwjf xvf cço zfcdh ghyèzfy kcwzkzvgkochl‒#

Hkcjh fb 8;=:, Iflzyço aè fcmhzkqh}h h kbpoyzécgkh jo aoychl lhioyhz÷yko gobo kcwzyvbfczo

jkjèzkgo hmkybhcjo xvf w÷ flf pfybkzkh how pyomfwwoyfw fcwkchy h bfldoy moybh jf phvzhy,

yfjknky, fczyf}kwzhy, jkhnyhbhy, fjkzhy f wfy yfwpocwè}fl gob o pñilkgo# Phyh kwwo, fczyfzhczo, o

pyomfwwoy jf}f yfmoyîhy f o fwzvjhczf hwwkbklhy xvf o goczfñjo jo aoychl lhioyhz÷yko cço jf}f

obkzky kcmoybhîöfw, fcnhchy f cfb gocmvcjky o lfkzoy# Hwwkb, o ÷ynço wf zoychyè mfyyhbfczh

kbpoyzhczf phyh h moybhîço jf pyomkwwkochkw ëzkgow f yfwpocwè}fkw xvf gocjvqfb ow gykzëykow

jf pyojvîço f jkmvwço jf bhcfkyh wëykh#

Ovzyo poczo xvf kcjkgh h yflf}écgkh jo aoychl lhioyhz÷yko jkq yfwpfkzo ho mhzo jf o }fâgvlo

havjhy o hlvco h gocdfgfy o mvcgkochbfczo jf vb aoychl jfwjf h yfvckço jf phvzhw, gdfghnfb



70

jhw moczfw, fczyf}kwzhw, pfwxvkwh fb ihcgow jf jhjow f hyxvk}ow, pyojvîço jo zftzo, fjkîço f

wvh jkmvwço# Ov wfah, o hlvco zyhcwpoyzh phyh o aoychl lhioyhz÷yko zojh h zfoykh fwzvjhjh fb

whlh jf hvlh f xvf, bvkzhw }fqfw, mkgh “wolzh‒, locnf jh pyèzkgh f jh ftpfykbfczhîço#

H }kwço jf xvf o aoychl"lhioyhz÷yko wfy}f hpfchw phyh whzkwmhqfy hw ftknácgkhw jo BFG, ofno jo pyomfwwoy/oykfczhjoy ov jo hlvco, fb hlnvcw ghwow, cço zyhjvq h }fyjhjf jh wvhyfpyfwfczhzk}kjhjf ch moybhîço pyomkwwkochl# Ë ftpfykbfczhcjo xvf o hlvco wfczf ch pflf hwjkmkgvljhjfw jf golfzhy jhjow, fcgoczyhy hw moczfw cfgfwwèykhw phyh wvwzfczhy h wvh pyopowzhjf phvzh f pyo}hy xvf o hwwvczo ë jf kczfyfwwf jh gobvckjhjf# Ho bhczfy goczhzo gob hgobvckjhjf, o hlvco phwwh h zyhihldhy jf bojo bhkw gocwgkfczf, bhkw wëyko f pyomkwwkochl$]KFKYH AÑCKOY, 9009, p#;:+#

Ch }fyjhjf, wfnvcjo Bflo $8;4:+, h pyojvîço f jkmvwço jo ÷ynço lhioyhzoykhl gykh gocjkîöfw

kcwzyvbfczhkw f zf÷ykghw phyh xvf o fwzvjhczf ftfygkzf hw bhkw }hykhjhw mvcîöfw jo aoychlkwzh#

O lhioyhz÷yko jkjèzkgo, poyzhczo, powwkiklkzh xvf o hlvco wf gocwgkfczkqf h yfwpfkzo jh

kbpoyzécgkh jh pyomkwwço#

Hlëb jkwwo, phyh Lopfw $8;4;+, o aoychl lhioyhz÷yko pöf o hlvco fb goczhzo gob h moybhnyèmkgh, “jhcjo"ldf gocdfgkbfczo yhqoè}fl jh hyzf zkponyèmkgh f jow wkwzfbhw jf kbpyfwwço, jf

jkhnyhbhîço f jo vwo jf klvwzyhîöfw f goyfw, bfldoyhcjo"ow ch phyzf fwzëzkgh‒ $LOPFW, 8;4;,

p#60+#

Fb 8;47, o pyomfwwoy Ghylow Fjvhyjo Lkcw jh Wkl}h flhioyov o pyoafzo phyh o Aoychl jo

Ghbpvw, jh Vck}fywkjhjf jf Wço Phvlo $VWP+# Fwwf aoychl lhioyhz÷yko zfykh gobo oiafzk}ow

jkjèzkgow1

pfybkzky o zfwzf jf yfnyhw f coybhw aoychlâwzkghw hgvbvlhjhw ho locno jow hcow5 kczfnyhy hwjkwgkplkchw zëgckghw f, pykcgkphlbfczf, moycfgfy how fwzvjhczfw hw gocjkîöfw jf kcmyh"fwzyvzvyh bhzfykhl f jf gocdfgkbfczow zf÷ykgow, jf bojo h xvf flfw powwhb ftfygkzhy"wf chwbhkw }hykhjhw mvcîöfw jo vck}fywo aoychlâwzkgo5 pyfphyhy ow hlvcow fmfzk}hbfczf phyh oftfygâgko jh pyomkwwço co mkchl jo gvywo $LOPFW, 8;4;, p#64+#



78

Poyëb, Lopfw $8;4;+ yflhzh xvf o Aoychl jo Ghbpvw mok vb myhghwwo fb wfvw jokw pykbfkyow

hcow, zfcjo gobfîhjo h oizfy yfwvlzhjow whzkwmhz÷ykow h phyzky jf 8;46, xvhcjo womyfv

bvjhcîhw yhjkghkw# Hp÷w h yfhlkqhîço jf vb fwzvjo, jfwgoiykv"wf xvf fczyf hw ghvwhw jfwwf

myhghwwo fwzh}hb h mhlzh jf yfgvywow bhzfykhkw, oiwzègvlow mkchcgfkyow f ovzyow#

Fb Bkchw Nfyhkw, o pykbfkyo aoychl lhioyhz÷yko mok gykhjo fb 8;>9 pflh

Vck}fywkjhjf Ghz÷lkgh jf Bkchw Nfyhkw $PVG Bkchw+, f mok cobfhjo Bhygo# O oiafzk}o jo

aoychl fyh, ihwkghbfczf, jfwpfyzhy h gobvckjhjf jow hyyfjoyfw jh PVG Bkchw phyh wfvw

pyoilfbhw, f, poy kwwo, hw zfbèzkghw hioyjhjhw fyhb popvlhyfw f loghkw# Wfnvcjo Lopfw

$8;4;+, jokw hcow hp÷w h gykhîço jo Bhygo, o aoychl phwwov h wfy, ho kc}ëw jf bfyokcwzyvbfczo phyh ow fwzvjhczfw, vb aoychl gobvckzèyko, f hwwkb pfyjvyh hzë ow jkhw hzvhkw#

7#7 Ghyhgzfyâwzkghw jo aoychl lhioyhz÷yko

Hpfwhy jf h l÷nkgh jo aoychl lhioyhz÷yko wfy fthzhbfczf h jf mhgklkzhy o hgfwwo jow hlvcow jfaoychlkwbo à pyèzkgh jh pyomkwwço, flf cço jf}f lkbkzhy"wf h fwwf poczo, kwzo ë, wfnvcjo Lopfw

$8;4;+, hw mhgvljhjfw zhbiëb cço jf}fb gologhy wfvw hlvcow phyh fwgyf}fy yfpoyzhnfcw f

bhzëykhw phyh wfvw ÷ynçow lhioyhzoykhkw wfb xvf flfw zfcdhb gocdfgkbfczo zf÷ykgo phyh zhl#

“Cfwwfw }fâgvlow, ho wf mhqfy aoychlkwbo, aè fwzè wf hplkghcjo vb gocavczo jf hpzkjöfw f

hzk}kjhjfw xvf h moybhîço vck}fywkzèykh jf}f jfwfc}ol}fy# Gobo h hzk}kjhjf gvlbkchczf f

kczfnyhjh, o ÷ynço lhioyhzoykhl cço ë hpfchw pyèzkgh, bhw zfoykh"pyèzkgh fb bo}kbfczo‒

$LOPFW, 8;4;, p#7=+#

Hlëb jfwwf gvkjhjo, ftkwzfb hkcjh ovzyow xvf jf}fb wfy gocwkjfyhjow ch pyojvîço jf vb

aoychl lhioyhz÷yko1

H ftkwzácgkh jf vb aoychl lhioyhz÷yko cow gvywow jf aoychlkwbo ë kbpyfwgkcjâ}fl# Poyëb

kwwo cço wknckmkgh xvf xvhlxvfy pyoafzo ë gocjkîço wvmkgkfczf# Zfb xvf zfy pñilkgo jfmkckjo,pfykojkgkjhjf yfwpfkzhjh, phyh xvf o hlvco hgyfjkzf xvf yfhlbfczf flf ftkwzf f xvf o lfkzoy ozfcdh gobo moczf jf kcmoybhîço wfnvyh f gocmkè}fl# $]KFKYH AÑCKOY, 9009, p#800+



79

Lopfw $8;4;+ hmkybh xvf o aoychl lhioyhz÷yko jf}f wfy vb flfbfczo ftpfykbfczhl zhczo fb

zfybow jf lkcnvhnfb, goczfñjo fjkzoykhl f hwpfgzo nyèmkgo, f, poy kwwo, cço dè phjyöfw h wfyfbwfnvkjow, bhw wkb hlnvcw poczow h wfyfb oiwfy}hjow hczfw jh wvh kbplhczhîço# Wço flfw1

Xvfb mhq, phyh xvfb, gobo mhqfy, o phpfl jo pyomfwwoy, o phpfl jo hlvco, gocjkîöfwbhzfykhkw, h hioyjhnfb, ow zfbhw, h moybh, gfcwvyh, gkygvlhîço, jkwzykivkîço, hyxvk}o fpfwxvkwh, jkwgvwwço jo zyhihldo yfhlkqhjo f jkchbkqhîço jh yfjhîço, fczyf ovzyow# $LOPFW,8;4;, p#68+

Poy kwwo, phyh Lopfw $8;4;+, o bozf bhkw kbpoyzhczf co xvf zhcnf à flhioyhîço jo aoychl

lhioyhz÷yko ë h xvfwzço fjkzoykhl# Lopfw $8;4;+ hynvbfczh xvf, fcxvhczo fb xvhlxvfy aoychl

xvfb fxvhgkoch h lkcdh fjkzoykhl ë o joco, co aoychl lhioyhzoykhl h xvfwzço ë bhkw gobplfth,

vbh }fq xvf ë h py÷pykh fwgolh xvf o bhczëb#

Hwwkb, o pyoafzo pfjhn÷nkgo jo aoychl cço jf}f wfy jfpfcjfczf jh jkyfîço jh vck}fywkjhjf f

cfb wf lkbkzhy h pyoilfbhw hghjábkgow xvf pyopoygkochb pyèzkgh yfwzykzh, wfnvcjo ]kfkyh

Añckoy $9009+#

O goczfñjo jo aoychl"lhioyhz÷yko jf}f wf }olzhy phyh hwwvczow jf kczfyfwwf jh gobvckjhjffb xvf flf fwzè kcwfykjo ov bfwbo phyh nyhcjfw yfpoyzhnfcw# H }hloykqhîço jf zfbhwyfnkochkw bowzyh xvf o aoychl"lhioyhz÷yko cço ë hpfchw vb zyfkchbfczo bfyhbfczflhioyhzoykhl, bhw xvf pojf lf}hy o hlvco h wf powkgkochy jf moybh gyâzkgh f yfmlfzky woiyf hwogkfjhjf xvf o gfygh# $]KFKYH AÑCKOY, 9009, p#;>+

Lopfw $8;4;+, poy wvh }fq, zhbiëb jfmfcjf xvf fwwfw aoychkw wfahb fwphîow }kcgvlhjow h vbh

gobvckjhjf à xvhl flfw wf jkyknfb, f, poyzhczo, wvh lkcdh fjkzoykhl jf}f wfy fwzhiflfgkjh h

phyzky jfwwh gobvckjhjf# “W÷ kwwo nhyhczkyè h kcjfpfcjácgkh jhw hjbkckwzyhîöfw vck}fywkzèykhw,

jhw zfcjácgkhw fwzvjhczkw ov jow kczfyfwwfw jhw goypoyhîöfw jow jogfczfw#‒ $LOPFW, 8;4;,

p#66+#



77

Phyh o átkzo jh kczfyhîço vck}fywkjhjf"gobvckjhjf, ë pyfgkwo xvf o aoychl lhioyhz÷yko wf

kcwkyh, jf mhzo, co fwpâykzo jh bfwbh f wf pyfogvpf gob hw opkcköfw f gob o gobpoyzhbfczo

jo lfkzoy# Phyh ]kfkyh Añckoy $9009+, o lfkzoy jf}f wfczky xvf o aoychl fwzè hzfczo h zvjo o xvf

hgoczfgf ch gobvckjhjf, f fwwh ftpfgzhzk}h jh gobvckjhjf zfb xvf wfy}ky gobo oykfczhîço

co pyogfwwo jf fcwkco f hpyfcjkqhnfb jo aoychl lhioyhz÷yko# Aè Lopfw $8;4;+ hgyfwgfczh xvf h

gobvckjhjf pojf f jf}f phyzkgkphy jh gykhîço jo pyoafzo f phyzkgkphy jhw yfvcköfw jf phvzh,

hbplkhcjo hwwkb wfv }âcgvlo gob o aoychl#

Jfwwf bojo, zfy vb pñilkgo jfmkckjo ë vbh jhw pykcgkphkw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw jo aoychl

lhioyhz÷yko, f, h phyzky jhâ, zhbiëb wfyè powwâ}fl jfmkcky h lkcdh fjkzoykhl jo bfwbo f f}kzhy pyoilfbhw fb wvh }fkgvlhîço#

W÷ vb aoychl"lhioyhz÷yko gob pñilkgo jfmkckjo f moyh jhw whlhw jf hvlh wfyè ghphq jf }fcgfy vb jow pyoilfbhw bhkw gobvcw cfwzh hzk}kjhjf1 h kczfyyvpîço h ghjh pfyâojo jf mëykhw $o

xvf jfwghyhgzfykqh o ÷ynço gobo pfyk÷jkgo+ ov hw iyvwghw bvjhcîhw jh lkcdh fjkzoykhl fgoczfvjâwzkgh xvf womyf gob h bvjhcîh jhw zvybhw jkwgfczfw# $LOPFW, 8;4;, p#6>+

Phyh ]kfkyh Añckoy $9009+, phyh wfy lkjo yfnvlhybfczf, kwzo ë, phyh xvf o boyhjoy jh

gobvckjhjf h xvhl o aoychl ë }kcgvlhjo f h py÷pykh gobvckjhjf hghjábkgh gykfb o dèikzo jf

lfy o aoychl lhioyhz÷yko, ë pyfgkwo bhczfy wfv phjyço fjkzoykhl f, pykcgkphlbfczf, wvh

pfykojkgkjhjf# “O lhioyhz÷yko cço jf}f wfy kczfyyobpkjo poyxvf o zyfkchbfczo pyomkwwkochl ë

vb pyogfwwo goczkcvhjo gobo ogoyyf ch nyhcjf bâjkh# Ovzyo mhzoy cfnhzk}o ë xvf o hlvco mkghhmhwzhjo jh bozk}hîço jo mhqfy aoychlâwzkgo‒ $]KFKYH AÑCKOY, 9009, p#808+#

Fczyf 8;;> f 8;;4, Bflo, Lopfw f Lkbh Avckoy mkqfyhb vbh pfwxvkwh phyh jfmkcky hw

ghyhgzfyâwzkghw f o pfymkl jow aoychkw lhioyhz÷ykow jf aoychlkwbo co Iyhwkl# O fwzvjo, xvf zkcdh

hpoko jh Kczfygob7, gocglvkv xvf h bhkoykh jow ÷ynçow lhioyhzoykhkw pfwxvkwhjow fyh bfcwhl f

7 H Wogkfjhjf Iyhwklfkyh jf Fwzvjow Kczfyjkwgkplkchyfw jf Gobvckghîço ‗ Kczfygob ë vbh hwwogkhîço gkfczâmkghwfb mkcw lvgyhzk}ow, mvcjhjh fb Wço Phvlo fb jfqfbiyo jf 8;>>#



7:

fb moybhzo zhil÷kjf# Hlëb jkwwo, o goczfñjo fyh kcmoybhzk}o nfcfyhlkwzh f bfcow jh bfzhjf

jow aoychkw zkcdh wvh lkcdh fjkzoykhl jfmkckjh poy pyomfwwoyfw f hlvcow, wfcjo xvf h bhkoykh fyh,

poyzhczo, jfmkckjh zhbiëb pflh jkyfîço jo gvywo jf aoychlkwbo, poy lfkzoyfw f hkcjh boyhjoyfw

jo ihkyyo ocjf h vck}fywkjhjf wf loghlkqh}h#

Jow 80; aoychkw lhioyhz÷ykow pfwxvkwhjow, 4= vzklkqh}hb h kbpyfwwço fb pyfzo f iyhcgo f o

phpfl aoychl# Fb yflhîço à zkyhnfb f jkwzykivkîço, o fwzvjo hpoczov xvf fyhb kbpyfwwow fczyf

bkl h 80 bkl ftfbplhyfw jf ghjh, f hw fjkîöfw fyhb jkwzykivâjhw pflow hlvcow f mvcgkocèykow jh

vck}fywkjhjf#

Xvhczo à jkwzykivkîço jow aoychkw, ]kfkyh Añckoy jfmfcjf xvf ë mvcjhbfczhl xvf flh wfah, jf

mhzo, mfkzh pflow hlvcow#

Ë mvcjhbfczhl xvf ow hlvcow, oykfczhjow pflo pyomfwwoy yfwpocwè}fl pflo pyoafzo, zhbiëbmhîhb h wvh jkwzykivkîço# Ë ch jkwzykivkîço xvf flf zfb vb goczhzo jkyfzo gob o lfkzoy# Fwwf

goypo"h"goypo o havjh co jkyfgkochbfczo jf vbh phvzh, h oiwfy}hy ow fyyow gobfzkjow chpyojvîço jf vbh bhzëykh, gobo zhbiëb gykh co}hw moczfw jf kcmoybhîço# Ho jkwzykivky oftfbplhy jo aoychl"lhioyhz÷yko o hlvco phwwh h zfy vbh }kwço bhkw hiyhcnfczf jo xvf pfcwho pñilkgo lfkzoy# $]KFKYH AÑCKOY, 9009, p#;4+

Poy mkb, Lopfw $8;4;+ yfwwhlzh xvf h fjkîço jow aoychkw lhioyhz÷yko ftknf vbh ftzfcwh

pyfphyhîço jow pyomfwwoyfw f hlvcow, o xvf fc}ol}f hvlhw zf÷ykghw woiyf o aoychl gobo pyojvzo

bfyghjol÷nkgo $hkcjh xvf o aoychl lhioyhz÷yko cço o wfah+, lkcdh fjkzoykhl jh fbpyfwh

aoychlâwzkgh f hzë gocgfkzow jf mklzyow kczfycow f ftzfycow xvf }ço kczfymfyky ch fjkîço, gobo hphvzh, o fjkzoy, o yfp÷yzfy, o gopkjfwxvf, o hcvcgkhczf, h moczf, fczyf ovzyow#

H kbpoyzécgkh jo ÷ynço lhioyhzoykhl fwzè pykcgkphlbfczf fb cço hpfchw mhqfy, bhw yfmlfzky woiyf o mhqfy# Fwwh yfmlftço f gyâzkgh woiyf h pyèzkgh pyomkwwkochlkqhczf goczykivk phyh hhyzkgvlhîço zfoykh"pyèzkgh jfwfc}ol}kjh cow ÷ynçow lhioyhzoykhkw# $LOPFW, 8;4;, p#7>+



76

Fczyfzhczo, o pyogfwwo cço wf mkcjh gob h jkwzykivkîço jo aoychl lhioyhz÷yko# Lopfw $8;4;+

jfmfcjf h cfgfwwkjhjf pyfbfczf jf o pyomfwwoy mhqfy vbh h}hlkhîço pfyk÷jkgh jo zyhihldo

jfwfc}ol}kjo pflow hlvcow, h mkb jf fwzhiflfgfy vb jkhnc÷wzkgo woiyf hw jfmkgkácgkhw

hpyfwfczhjhw pflow hlvcow/yfp÷yzfyfw#



7=

: HCÈLKWF JO AOYCHL LHIOYHZ×YKO GOBO HYZKGVLHJOY FCZ

ZFOYKH F PYÈZKGH

H pyfwfczf pfwxvkwh zfb gobo oiafzk}o hpvyhy wf o aoychl lhioyhz÷yko Kbpyfwwço pojf wfy

gocwkjfyhjo vb kcwzyvbfczo phyh h hpyfcjkqhnfb jh pyèzkgh f jow gykzëykow aoychlâwzkgow# Phyh

kwwo, mhq"wf cfgfwwèyko fczfcjfy o aoychl lhioyhz÷yko gobo bfko jf hplkghîço jow gocgfkzow

hpyffcjkjow fb whlh jf hvlh, ivwghcjo hkcjh }fykmkghy h wvh kbpoyzécgkh f fmkgègkh phyh h

moybhîço jo hlvco jf aoychlkwbo#

Poyzhczo, ivwgh"wf hchlkwhy hw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw f o goczfñjo jhw bhzëykhw jo Kbpyfwwço woi h÷zkgh jh pyèzkgh aoychlâwzkgh, }fykmkghy gobo ow gykzëykow jf cozkgkhiklkjhjf fwzço pyfwfczfw co

aoychl, ifb gobo wvh yozkch f fwzyvzvyh jf pyojvîço# Hlëb jkwwo, h pyfwfczf pfwxvkwh zfb

gobo oiafzk}ow hchlkwhy o Kbpyfwwço h phyzky jow pyfgfkzow jo aoychlkwbo lhioyhzoykhl f

fwzhiflfgfy vb }âcgvlo fczyf aoychl lhioyhz÷yko f moybhîço jo hlvco, }fykmkghcjo, phyh zhczo, h

fmkgègkh jh pyèzkgh lhioyhzoykhl phyh h moybhîço pyomkwwkochl#

:#8 O aoychl lhioyhz÷yko Kbpyfwwço

O aoychl lhioyhzoykhl Kbpyfwwço gobplfzov 9> hcow fb hiykl jf 9080 f zfb

gobo pykcgkphl ghyhgzfyâwzkgh o wfv ghyèzfy jf ftpfykbfczhîço# Fb 900;,

o Kbpyfwwço nhcdov co}o pyoafzo nyèmkgo, phwwhcjo jo moybhzo wzhcjhyz

ho zhil÷kjf# Coybhlbfczf, wço pyojvqkjhw jvhw fjkîöfw poy wfbfwzyf,zozhlkqhcjo xvhzyo fjkîöfw poy hco# Jfwzhw jvhw fjkîöfw wfbfwzyhkw, vbh

ë flhioyhjh f pyojvqkjh poy hlvcow jo xvkczo pfyâojo jo zvyco jh bhcdç,

ch jkwgkplkch Fjkîço Aoychlâwzkgh, f h ovzyh ë pyojvqkjh poy hlvcow jo

bfwbo pfyâojo, jo zvyco jh cokzf#

Dè jvhw bojhlkjhjfw jf pvilkghîço jo aoychl1 zfbèzkgh, ch xvhl o ghjfyco pykcgkphl ë

gobpowzo poy bhzëykhw jf vb zfbh fwpfgâmkgo, fwgoldkjo pflow hlvcow, ov fglëzkgh, gob

jk}fywhw fjkzoykhw f zfbhw lk}yfw, xvf zhbiëb gobpöfb o ghjfyco pykcgkphl, xvf goczëb 8=



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pènkchw# O aoychl zfb hkcjh o ghjfyco gvlzvyhl Jokw, gob 89 pènkchw, gocwzkzvâjo poy

yfpoyzhnfcw, gyúckghw, fcwhkow mozonyèmkgow f gyâzkghw# Fwwf ghjfyco, poy wvh }fq, ë pyojvqkjo

fb phygfykh gob h jkwgkplkch jf Aoychlkwbo Gvlzvyhl, jo wftzo pfyâojo#

Cço w÷ h pyojvîço, gobo zhbiëb h fjkîço f h jkhnyhbhîço jf zojow ow zftzow jo Kbpyfwwço

wço mfkzhw poy hlvcow iolwkwzhw f }olvczèykow# H fwgoldh jhw phvzhw ov jo zfbh pykcgkphl ‗

xvhcjo h fjkîço ë zfbèzkgh ", ë mfkzh pflow hlvcow, xvf wço fwzkbvlhjow h phyzkgkphy jf zojh h

yozkch pyojvzk}h jo aoychl# Zojo o pyogfwwo ë hgobphcdhjo jf pfyzo poy pyomfwwoyfw

oykfczhjoyfw# Dè 80 hcow, o pyomfwwoy yfwpocwè}fl pflo Kbpyfwwço ë o pyomfwwoy Mhiyâgko

Bhyxvfw, xvf bkckwzyh h bhzëykh jf Fjkîço Aoychlâwzkgh# H fxvkpf jo aoychl ë gobpowzh poy

gkcgo fwzhnkèykow f gkcgo bockzoyfw, f h zkyhnfb jo aoychl hzvhlbfczf ë jf jokw bklftfbplhyfw#

Jf}kjo ho ghyèzfy jf ftpfykbfczhîço jo aoychl, cço ftkwzfb fjkzoykhw zozhlbfczf mkthw# Ch

ñlzkbh fjkîço hchlkwhjh phyh h pfwxvkwh, jf avcdo jf 9080, o ghjfyco pykcgkphl jo Kbpyfwwço

powwvâh wfzf fjkzoykhw1 “Pykbfkyhw phlh}yhw‒, “JFQgoifyzhw‒, “]kjh pñilkgh‒, “Ovzyow phpow‒,

“Gocftöfw Bkjkèzkghw‒, “Fwpfgkhl‒ f “Jowwká‒# Aè o ghjfyco Jokw, hlëb jh yfpoyzhnfcw,

kcglvkv hw wfîöfw “Fcwhko‒ f “Gyâzkgh‒# Fczyfzhczo, h ghjh fjkîço wço gykhjhw co}hw wfîöfw,ovzyhw wço wviwzkzvâjhw, jfpfcjfcjo jh jfgkwço jh zvybh xvf }hk pyojvqky h }fywço hzvhl#

:#9 Yfgoyzf zfbpoyhl f bfzojolonkh jf hcèlkwf

H pfwxvkwh zf}f gobo oiafzk}o }fykmkghy h hplkghîço pyèzkgh jow gykzëykow f flfbfczow

aoychlâwzkgow co aoychl lhioyhz÷yko jo gvywo jf aoychlkwbo jo Gfczyo Vck}fywkzèyko jf IfloDoykqoczf $Vck"ID+, o Kbpyfwwço# Phyh yfhlkqhy fwzf fwzvjo mok pyfgkwo fczfcjfy jf xvf moybh

f poy xvfb ë pyojvqkjo o goczfñjo jfwwf }fâgvlo f oiwfy}hy ow gykzëykow f pyèzkghw

aoychlâwzkghw fbpyfnhjhw co aoychl#

Phyh o yfgoyzf zfbpoyhl, mok fwzhiflfgkjh h hbowzyh jf gkcgo fjkîöfw jo Kbpyfwwço, jf

cñbfyow 8>=, 8>>, 8>4, 8>; f 840, jf 9004, 900; f 9080# Hwwkb, moyhb

yfhlkqhjhw zyáw hcèlkwfw xvhczkzhzk}hw phyh h}fyknvhy, fb pykbfkyo lvnhy, xvhkw nácfyow



74

kcmoybhzk}ow fwzh}hb pyfwfczfw co aoychl lhioyhz÷yko, fb wfnvcjo lvnhy xvhkw wço ow gykzëykow

jf cozkgkhiklkjhjf bhkw fbpyfnhjow chw bhzëykhw jo Kbpyfwwço, f, poy mkb, xvhkw ow zkpow jf

moczfw gocwvlzhjhw phyh hpvyhîço f yfjhîço jhw bhzëykhw#

Fb wfnvkjh, vzklkqov"wf o bëzojo jh hcèlkwf xvhlkzhzk}h phyh h }fykmkghîço jh pyfwfcîh ov

hvwácgkh jf ovzyow flfbfczow f gykzëykow co aoychl lhioyhz÷yko# Moyhb hchlkwhjhw gkcgo

xvfwzöfw# Ch pykbfkyh, }fykmkghyhb"wf hw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw jh fjkîço jo Kbpyfwwço# H wfnvcjh

ivwgov ow flfbfczow f h gobpowkîço jhw ghphw jhw fjkîöfw wflfgkochjhw# O zfygfkyo hwpfgzo

oiwfy}hjo mok h yozkch jf pyojvîço jo aoychl lhioyhz÷yko# Phyh zhczo, mok yfhlkqhjh vbh

fczyf}kwzh gob o pyomfwwoy Mhiyâgko Bhyxvfw, yfwpocwè}fl pflo }fâgvlo $hpácjkgf :+ # Fbwfnvkjh, }fykmkgov"wf fb xvf bfjkjh ow pyfgfkzow jf vb aoychl lhioyhz÷yko, jfwgykzo pflow

pykcgkphkw hvzoyfw vzklkqhjow, gobo Lopfw f Bflo, fwzço pyfwfczfw co Kbpyfwwço#

Poy mkb, opzov"wf poy hplkghy xvfwzkocèykow fwzyvzvyhjow h hlvcow f ft"hlvcow xvf zk}fyhb ov

hkcjh záb hlnvbh ftpfykácgkh gob o Kbpyfwwço, jf bojo h powwkiklkzhy h hcèlkwf jh ñlzkbh

xvfwzço1 h}fyknvhy wf oKbpyfwwço mvcgkoch gobo mfyyhbfczh jf hyzkgvlhîço fczyf zfoykh fpyèzkgh aoychlâwzkgh# Hwwkb, ivwgov"wf }fykmkghy h fmkgègkh jh pyèzkgh lhioyhzoykhl phyh h

moybhîço jow hlvcow jf aoychlkwbo jo Vck"ID# Xvhyfczh f gkcgo hlvcow f ft"hlvcow

yfwpocjfyhb ho xvfwzkocèyko, fc}khjo co jkh 8: jf ovzviyo jf 9080#

:#7 Hcèlkwf Xvhczkzhzk}h

:#7#8 Nácfyow kcmoybhzk}ow pyfwfczfw co Kbpyfwwço

Poy wfy vb ÷ynço lhioyhzoykhl phyh ow hlvcow jf aoychlkwbo, fczfcjf"wf xvf o aoychl

lhioyhz÷yko jf}f wfy ghphq jf pyopoygkochy o bètkbo powwâ}fl jf hpyfcjkqhjo how fwzvjhczfw,

o xvf wknckmkgh, poy ftfbplo, fwzkbvlè"low h pyojvqky bhzëykhw jf jkmfyfczfw nácfyow

aoychlâwzkgow, aè xvf cfcdvb }fâgvlo ë gobpowzo poy hpfchw vb jflfw# Chw gkcgo fjkîöfw



7;

hchlkwhjhw jo Kbpyfwwço, jf cñbfyow 8>=, 8>>, 8>4, 8>; f 840, jf 9004, 900; f

9080, zojhw hw bhzëykhw moyhb wfphyhjhw jf hgoyjo gob wfvw nácfyow

aoychlâwzkgow f hnyvphjhw ch zhiflh 8 $hpácjkgf 8+# Ow yfwvlzhjow fwzço

jfbocwzyhjow co nyèmkgo 8 hihkto#

Jo zozhl jf 80; bhzëykhw chw gkcgo fjkîöfw, oiwfy}h"wf h wfnvkczf

jkwzykivkîço1

Mknvyh 8 " Nácfyow kcmoybhzk}ow

Jf hgoyjo gob h zhiflh 8 $hpácjkgf 8+, pfygfif"wf xvf o aoychl pykoykqh h

vzklkqhîço jf yfpoyzhnfcw, mhzo avwzkmkghjo pflo pyomfwwoy yfwpocwè}fl

Mhiyâgko Bhyxvfw jf}kjo à pfykojkgkjhjf joKbpyfwwço# Poy wfyfb

kbpyfwwhw jvhw fjkîöfw poy wfbfwzyf, o pyhqo cço pfybkzf h pvilkghîço

jf bvkzhw cozâgkhw, xvf pojfb mkghy mykhw# O gocgfkzo vzklkqhjo phyh

jkmfyfcgkhîço fczyf yfpoyzhnfb f cozâgkh mok o bfwbo jfmfcjkjo poy Wovwh

$9006+, xvf hmkybh xvf h yfpoyzhnfb ë vbh “cozâgkh hpyomvcjhjh‒, kwzo ë,flh kczfypyfzh, ftpöf ghvwhw f gocwfxvácgkhw jf vb hgoczfgkbfczo, o



:0

goczftzvhlkqh, fcnloih flfbfczow jh fczyf}kwzh, jh cozâgkh, jh gyúckgh, jow

hyzknow f jf ovzyow, f, poy mkb, ivwgh fbfynky o lfkzoy ch dkwz÷ykh# Hlëb

jkwwo, phyh Wovwh $9006+, h yfpoyzhnfb cço powwvk zhczh kcmlvácgkh jo

mhzoy zfbpo, gobo ogoyyf ch cozâgkh# Hwwkb, o yfp÷yzfy pojf, poy ftfbplo,

pfwxvkwhy, pyogvyhy fb hyxvk}ow, pfjky jhjow f jkwgvzky xvf moczfw wfyço

fwgvzhjhw#

Jfwwf bojo, moyhb goczhiklkqhjhw >: yfpoyzhnfcw f hpfchw wfzf cozâgkhw chw gkcgo fjkîöfw, o

xvf aè fyh fwpfyhjo# Fczyfzhczo, zhbiëb moyhb povgo vzklkqhjow ow nácfyow gyúckgh f fcwhko,

xvf hphyfgfyhb gkcgo }fqfw, wfnvkjow jh fczyf}kwzh $moyhb wfkw+ f jhw gyâzkghw, xvf moyhb

goczhiklkqhjhw wfzf }fqfw# Hlëb jkwwo, o Kbpyfwwço powwvk fjkzoykhl mkto, o xvf avwzkmkgh h

goczhnfb jf gkcgo# O aoychl cço vzklkqh cozhw#

:#7#9 Ow gykzëykow jf cozkgkhiklkjhjf co Kbpyfwwço

Phyh xvf h fwgoldh jow hgoczfgkbfczow xvf wfyço zyhcwmoybhjow fb cozâgkhw cço wfah

gobplfzhbfczf wviafzk}h, ftkwzfb bfghckwbow phyh mhgklkzhy h wflfîço jow bfwbow f, fczyf

flfw, fwzço ow gykzëykow jf cozkgkhiklkjhjf# H phyzky jfwwfw gykzëykow, ow ÷ynçow jf kcmoybhîço

fwgoldfb, jkhykhbfczf, o xvf wfyè cozkgkhjo jfczyf vb cñbfyo fcoybf jf mhzow#

Hwwkb, zoych"wf cfgfwwèyko hchlkwhy zhbiëb wf dè pyfwfcîh jfwwfw gykzëykow, kcjkwpfcwè}fkw, co

aoychl Kbpyfwwço# Phyh kwwo, moyhb vzklkqhjow ow pykcgkphkw gykzëykow hpoczhjow poy Wovwh

$9006+1 pyotkbkjhjf $xvhczo bhkw py÷tkbo hgoczfgf vb f}fczo, bhkw gdhcgfw flf zfb jf

}kyhy cozâgkh+, wknckmkgécgkh $xvhczo bhkw pfwwohw fwwf f}fczo hzkcnky ov xvhczo bhkoy moy h wvh

jkbfcwço, bhkw gdhcgfw jf wf zoychy cozâgkh+, goczkcvkjhjf $jfwfc}ol}kbfczo jf hlno aè

cozkgkhjo+, kbpyf}kwkiklkjhjf, hzvhlkjhjf, pyofbkcácgkh wogkhl jow fc}ol}kjow, cfnhzk}kjhjf,

kbphgzo woiyf h chîço f yflf}écgkh#



:8

H phyzky jh zhiflh 9 $hpácjkgf 9+, yfmfyfczf àw gkcgo fjkîöfw jo Kbpyfwwço, gdfnov"wf ho

nyèmkgo 9, woiyf h vzklkqhîço jow gykzëykow bfcgkochjow hgkbh#

Mknvyh 9 ‗ Gykzëykow jf cozkgkhiklkjhjf

Pojf"wf kcmfyky xvf ow gykzëykow bfcow vzklkqhjow wço gykzëykow xvf jfpfcjfb, jf gfyzh moybh,

jh pfykojkgkjhjf jo aoychl# H goczhnfb jf povghw bhzëykhw xvf vzklkqhb o gykzëyko jf

goczkcvkjhjf, poy ftfbplo, ftplkgh"wf jf}kjo ho kczfy}hlo jf gfygh jf vb ov jokw bfwfw fczyf

vbh fjkîço f ovzyh jf ghjh wfbfwzyf f ho kczfy}hlo hkcjh bhkoy fczyf o ñlzkbo aoychl jf vb

wfbfwzyf f o pykbfkyo jo ovzyo# Hwwkb, zoych"wf gobplkghjo goczkcvhy vb hwwvczo hioyjhjo

fb bhzëykh hczfykoy# W÷ dov}f vbh ogoyyácgkh# Ow gykzëykow jf kbpyf}kwkiklkjhjf f kbphgzowoiyf h chîço zhbiëb pojfb zfy yflhîço gob h pfykojkgkjhjf, aè xvf vb mhzo kbpyf}kwâ}fl ov

jf nyhcjf kbpoyzécgkh f kbphgzo woiyf h chîço wço coybhlbfczf cozkgkhjow pflh zflf}kwço f

pflow }fâgvlow kbpyfwwow# Nfyhlbfczf fwwfw hwwvczow wço mykow phyh vb aoychl lhioyhz÷yko xvf

zfb jvhw fjkîöfw poy wfbfwzyf#

Aè fczyf ow gykzëykow bhkw vzklkqhjow fwzè h wknckmkgécgkh, xvf jkq yfwpfkzo ho cñbfyo jf pfwwohw

xvf o mhzo ov f}fczo hzkcnf ov à wvh jkbfcwço# Xvhczo bhkw pfwwohw moyfb hzkcnkjhw ovxvhczo bhkoy o zhbhcdo jo f}fczo, bhkw gdhcgfw flf zfyè jf wf zoychy cozâgkh# Ë o ghwo jh



:9

pykbfkyh yfpoyzhnfb jh fjkîço 8>= jo Kbpyfwwço, kczkzvlhjh “Pyoilfbh golfzk}o‒ $Hcfto 4+#

H bhzëykh zyhzh jh bè xvhlkjhjf jow }fâgvlow golfzk}ow jf Iflo Doykqoczf f jo zfbpo jf

fwpfyh fcmyfczhjo pflow phwwhnfkyow, f, poy kwwo, ë vb glhyo ftfbplo jh pyfwfcîh jo gykzëyko

jf wknckmkgécgkh, aè xvf o zyhcwpoyzf pñilkgo ë lhynhbfczf vzklkqhjo pflow gkjhjçow jf Iflo

Doykqoczf#

Fb wfnvkjh, o nyèmkgo hpoczh h hzvhlkjhjf gobo wfnvcjo gykzëyko bhkw vzklkqhjo, fb xvhwf

90& jhw bhzëykhw# Hlëb jh bhzëykh ftfbplkmkghjh hgkbh, dè nyhcjf xvhcz

yfpoyzhnfcw xvf zyhzhb jf zfbhw goczfbpoyécfow f xvf, ch bhkoykh jhw }fqfw, wf yfmfyfb à

gkjhjf jf Iflo Doykqoczf f wfvw boyhjoyfw ov h zfbhw nloihkw# H bhzëykh woiyf hw Kz Nkylw,

ghph jo ghjfyco Jokw ch fjkîço 8>; $Hcfto =+, ë vb ftfbplo poy zyhzhy jf vbh zfcjácgkhoiwfy}hjh fb zojo o bvcjo#

H yflf}écgkh jo mhzo f h pyotkbkjhjf hphyfgfb, yfwpfgzk}hbfczf, fb zfygfkyo f xvhyzo lvnhyfw

co nyèmkgo# Jf mhzo, o Kbpyfwwço pykoykqh yfpoyzhnfcw gob zfbhw yflf}hczfw f xvf fc}ol}fb

ow gkjhjçow jf Iflo Doykqoczf, aè xvf, jf hgoyjo gob h zhiflh 9 $hpácjkgf 9+, ch xvhl o

gykzëyko jf cozkgkhiklkjhjf mok jk}kjkjo fczyf cozâgkhw woiyf h gobvckjhjf co fczoyco jh

mhgvljhjf, woiyf h gkjhjf ov woiyf h py÷pykh vck}fywkjhjf, pfygfif"wf xvf h bhkoy phyzf jhwbhzëykhw xvf hpyfwfczhb o gykzëyko pyotkbkjhjf jkq yfwpfkzo à ghpkzhl bkcfkyh#

Hkcjh hchlkwhcjo h zhiflh 9 $hpácjkgf 9+, ë powwâ}fl h}fyknvhy xvf bvkzhw yfpoyzhnfcw f

cozâgkhw vzklkqhb bhkw jf vb gykzëyko jf cozkgkhiklkjhjf ho bfwbo zfbpo, o xvf wknckmkgh xvf

}èykow hwwvczow hioyjhjow wço jf nyhcjf }hlkh f kczfyfwwf, aè xvf hnyfnhb gykzëykow jf

cozkgkhiklkjhjf, xvf, poy wvh }fq, jkqfb yfwpfkzo jkyfzhbfczf ho lfkzoy#

Vb ftfbplo ë h yfpoyzhnfb “Nhwzow wfb gocwgkácgkh‒ $Hcfto ;+, ch pènkch 7 jo ghjfyco

pykcgkphl jh fjkîço 8>;# Poy fcnloihy okzo jow co}f gykzëykow jf cozkgkhiklkjhjf hchlkwhjow, ë

pyo}è}fl xvf zfcdh hzyhâjo ihwzhczf hzfcîço jo lfkzoy# H bhzëykh zyhzh o jfwpfyjâgko jf ènvh f

jf lvq cço w÷ poy phyzf jh popvlhîço, ifb gobo pflh hjbkckwzyhîço pñilkgh jf Iflo

Doykqoczf# O oldo nyèmkgo gob mhlh jf pfywochnfb xvf jkq “Fv phwwo poy hxvk zojow ow jkhw f

hw lvqfw fwzço wfbpyf hgfwhw# Cço fczfcjo poyxvf, aè xvf o jkh fwzè glhyo‒ f h vzklkqhîço jf

mozow gob ftfbplow jf ghcow xvf aoyyhb ènvh jvyhczf zojo o jkh fb h}fckjhw jh Ghpkzhl f

zhbiëb jf powzfw hgfwow jvyhczf o jkh wço ovzyow yfgvywow vzklkqhjow# Hwwkb, h bhzëykh



:7

hpyfwfczh ow gykzëykow jf pyotkbkjhjf, wknckmkgécgkh, kbpyf}kwkiklkjhjf $vbh }fq xvf o pojfy

pñilkgo ë xvf jf}fykh jhy o ftfbplo how wfvw gkjhjçow+, hzvhlkjhjf, pyofbkcácgkh wogkhl jow

fc}ol}kjow, cfnhzk}kjhjf, kbphgzo woiyf h chîço $h py÷pykh gdhbhjh ch ghph $Hcfto :+ jkq1

“]ogá phnh o jfwpfyjâgko‒+ f yflf}écgkh#

:#7#7 Vzklkqhîço jf moczfw co Kbpyfwwço

Hw moczfw jf kcmoybhîço wço vb kbpoyzhczf flfbfczo phyh o aoychlkwbo, poy powwvâyfb jhjow

xvf pojfb wfy vzklkqhjow pflo aoychlkwzh f zhbiëb poy, bvkzhw }fqfw, wfyfb h py÷pykh moczf jf

yf}flhîço jh cozâgkh# Poy kwwo, nyhcjf phyzf jh kcmoybhîço aoychlâwzkgh pyo}h}flbfczf cfb

ftkwzkykh wfb hw moczfw jf kcmoybhîço#

Fb vbh bhzëykh jo nácfyo kcmoybhzk}o, zoych"wf hkcjh bhkw yflf}hczf h vzklkqhîço jhw moczfw,

xvf }ço gocmfyky gyfjkiklkjhjf f lfnkzkbkjhjf h flh# Ghif ho aoychlkwzh hpvyhy gob hw moczfw

hjfxvhjhw f whify wflfgkocè"lhw, ifb gobo h kcmoybhîço zyhcwbkzkjh poy flhw# Wfnvcjo Wovwh

$9006+, vbh ioh moczf jf}f zfy yfpyfwfczhzk}kjhjf $ov wfah, xvhczo bhkw pfwwohw flh

yfpyfwfczhy bfldoy+, gyfjkiklkjhjf f hvzoykjhjf#

Jfwwf bojo, hw gkcgo fjkîöfw xvf gobpöfb f}kjácgkhw fbpâykghw phyh h pfwxvkwh moyhb

hchlkwhjhw jf hgoyjo gob hw moczfw vzklkqhjhw fb ghjh bhzëykh jo nácfyo kcmoybhzk}o# Ch

zhiflh 7 $hpácjkgf 7+, ë powwâ}fl oiwfy}hy h pyfwfcîh jf moczfw omkgkhkw, fwpfgkhlkqhjhw ov jf

pfywochnfcw fb ghjh bhzëykh, o xvf mok zyhjvqkjo co nyèmkgo 71



::

Mknvyh 7 " Moczfw

Jo zozhl jf 947 moczfw vzklkqhjhw chw bhzëykhw jo nácfyo kcmoybhzk}o, >& moyhb omkgkhkw f

povgo bhkw jf 70& fyhb moczfw fwpfgkhlkqhjhw, o xvf jfbocwzyh nyhcjf vzklkqhîço $=9&+ jf

hpfchw pfywochnfcw f jf ocjf wf gocglvk xvf nyhcjf phyzf jhw bhzëykhw cço powwvkpowkgkochbfczo jf moczfw omkgkhkw ov fwpfgkhlkqhjhw, ov jf cfcdvbh jhw jvhw, o xvf pojf

gobpyobfzfy h lfnkzkbkjhjf jh kcmoybhîço, aè xvf o lfkzoy w÷ yfgfif vb lhjo jh kcmoybhîço#

Poy ovzyo lhjo, zhbiëb pojf gobpyobfzfy o py÷pyko hpyfcjkqhjo, vbh }fq xvf goczhzhy f

fczyf}kwzhy moczfw omkgkhkw ë pyèzkgh gocwzhczf jh hzk}kjhjf jo aoychlkwzh co jkh h jkh jhw

yfjhîöfw# Mhqá"lo co aoychl lhioyhz÷yko powwkiklkzh ho hlvco hpyfcjfy h zfy powzvyh hjfxvhjh

hlëb jf hjxvkyky bhkw wfnvyhcîh fb mvcîço jh ftpfykácgkh hgvbvlhjh#

:#: Hcèlkwf xvhlkzhzk}h

:#:#8 Ghyhgzfyâwzkghw jh fjkîço jo aoychl lhioyhz÷yko



:6

Vb jow pyfgfkzow jf vb aoychl lhioyhz÷yko ë wfv ghyèzfy jf ftpfykbfczhîço# Gob o

Kbpyfwwço, cço ë jkmfyfczf# Chw gkcgo fjkîöfw hchlkwhjhw, jf cñbfyow 8>=, 8>>, 8>4, 8>;

f 840, jf 9004, 900; f 9080, oiwfy}h"wf xvf cço dè yfnyhw jfmkckjhw, o

aoychl fwzè fb gocwzhczf bvjhcîh# Hw jvhw pykbfkyhw fjkîöfw xvf

gocwzkzvfb f}kjácgkhw fbpâykghw phyh h pfwxvkwh fwzço fb moybhzo wzhcjhyz , f hw zyáw

ñlzkbhw fb zhil÷kjf#

Vbh jhw pyo}hw jfwwf ghyèzfy jf ftpfykbfczhîço ë o mhzo jf cço dh}fy

fjkzoykhw mkthw co aoychl, hlëb jh bvjhcîh co moybhzo# Ch ñlzkbh fjkîço

hchlkwhjh phyh h pfwxvkwh, jf avcdo jf 9080, o ghjfyco pykcgkphl jo Kbpyfwwço powwvâh hw

fjkzoykhw1 “Pykbfkyhw phlh}yhw‒, “JFQgoifyzhw‒, “]kjh pñilkgh‒, “Ovzyow phpow‒, “Gocftöfw

Bkjkèzkghw‒, “Fwpfgkhl‒ f “Jowwká‒# Aè o ghjfyco Jokw, hlëb jhw yfpoyzhnfcw, zfb hw wfîöfw

“Fcwhko‒ f “Gyâzkgh‒# Fczyfzhczo, flhw cfb wfbpyf fwzk}fyhb pyfwfczfw fb zojhw hw fjkîöfw, f

gowzvbhb wfy wviwzkzvâjhw, fwpfgkhlbfczf fb fjkîöfw zfbèzkghw#

Fb lkcdhw nfyhkw, oiwfy}h"wf xvf o aoychl lhioyhz÷yko Kbpyfwwço mhq vwo jf zâzvlow gdhbhzk}owf xvf, poy }fqfw, iykcghb gob hw phlh}yhw# H pykbfkyh yfpoyzhnfb jo ghjfyco pykcgkphl jh

fjkîço jf cñbfyo 8>= jo aoychl Kbpyfwwço, jf bhko jf 900;, poy ftfbplo, yfgfifv o zâzvlo

“Pyoilfbh golfzk}o‒ $Hcfto 4+ f zyhzh}h jh bè xvhlkjhjf jow }fâgvlow golfzk}ow jf Iflo

Doykqoczf f jo zfbpo jf fwpfyh fcmyfczhjo pflow phwwhnfkyow# O zâzvlo, gvyzo, }hlf"wf jh

gykhzk}kjhjf, aè xvf vzklkqh h phlh}yh “golfzk}o‒ co wfczkjo jf gocavczo jf pfwwohw, bhw mhq

zhbiëb hlvwço ho wkwzfbh jf zyhcwpoyzf pñilkgo, aè xvf ow úckivw wço gdhbhjow golfzk}ow#

Hlëb jkwwo, flf jfkth glhyo o zfbh jh bhzëykh f gdhbh h hzfcîço jo lfkzoy# Wvh woiyfpowkîço hvbh mozo jf vb úckivw xvf ogvph bfkh pènkch havjh o lfkzoy h mhqfy h lknhîço fczyf zâzvlo f

zfbh#

Ovzyo iob ftfbplo ë o zâzvlo “Xvhcjo h pykbfkyh }fq ë kcfwxvfgâ}fl‒ $Hcfto 80+, jh

yfpoyzhnfb pyfwfczf ch pènkch > jo ghjfyco pykcgkphl jh fjkîço 840# H bhzëykh mhq phyzf jo

fwpfgkhl woiyf h Goph jo Bvcjo f zyhzh avwzhbfczf jo mhzo jf h Èmykgh jo Wvl yfgfify, pflh

pykbfkyh }fq, vb bvcjkhl fb wfv zfyykz÷yko# O zâzvlo monf vb povgo jo zyhjkgkochl, jo wëyko,

wfcjo lf}f f kcmoybhl#



:=

Zojhw hw bhzëykhw zhbiëb powwvfb iknojf, h bhkoykh jflfw wkczëzkgow f ftplkghzk}ow# Ch

bhzëykh gkzhjh hgkbh, poy ftfbplo, o iknojf jkq1 “Phwwhnfkyow jf úckivw jh ghpkzhl yfglhbhb

jh bè xvhlkjhjf jow }fâgvlow f jo zfbpo jf fwpfyh# Hvbfczo jf myozh, pyf}kwzo co co}o

fjkzhl, ifcfmkgkh hpfchw vb zfyîo jhw lkcdhw‒# Hwwkb, yfwvbf gob glhyfqh o zfbh xvf wfyè

jkwgvzkjo ch yfpoyzhnfb f jfbocwzyh o xvf hgoczfgf fb nfyhl co aoychl#

Co xvf zhcnf àw moczfw vzklkqhjhw, oiwfy}h"wf vbh nyhcjf jkwgyfpécgkh $]fy nyèmkgo 8+# Ch

fjkîço 8>=, poy ftfbplo, jhw := moczfw vzklkqhjhw fb 8> bhzëykhw jo nácfyo kcmoybhzk}o,

hpfchw wfzf fyhb fwpfgkhlkqhjhw f ovzyhw wfzf omkgkhkw# Oiwfy}hcjo zojhw hw gkcgo fjkîöfw, jo

zozhl jf 947 moczfw vzklkqhjhw chw bhzëykhw jo nácfyo kcmoybhzk}o, >& fyhb omkgkhkw f povgo

bhkw jf 70& fyhb moczfw fwpfgkhlkqhjhw, o xvf jfbocwzyh nyhcjf vzklkqhîço jf hpfchw

pfywochnfcw f jf ocjf wf gocglvk xvf nyhcjf phyzf jhw bhzëykhw cço powwvk powkgkochbfczo jf

moczfw omkgkhkw ov fwpfgkhlkqhjhw, ov jf cfcdvbh jhw jvhw, o xvf pojf gobpyobfzfy h

lfnkzkbkjhjf jh kcmoybhîço# Jf hgoyjo gob Wovwh $9006+, vbh ioh moczf j

yfpyfwfczhzk}kjhjf $ov wfah, xvhczo bhkw pfwwohw flh yfpyfwfczhy bfldoy+, gyfjkiklkjhjf f

hvzoykjhjf# Jhâ h kbpoyzécgkh jf dh}fy vb fxvklâiyko ch vzklkqhîço jf moczfw fwpfgkhlkqhjhw f

omkgkhkw, xvf gocmfyfb gyfjkiklkjhjf f hvzoykjhjf à bhzëykh#

O lfhj cço wfnvf h fwzyvzvyh zyhjkgkochl, xvf yfwpocjf àw gkcgo pfynvczhw $O xvá? Xvfb?

Xvhcjo? Ocjf? Gobo? Poy xvf?+, o xvf, wfnvcjo o pyomfwwoy yfwpocwè}fl pflo Kbpyfwwço,

Mhiyâgko Bhyxvfw, jf}f"wf ho mhzo jh pfykojkgkjhjf jo aoychl cço pfybkzky xvf flf wfah wfbpyf

mhgzvhl# Hwwkb, o lfhj ë, nfyhlbfczf, bhkw lk}yf f lkzfyèyko# Hkcjh vzklkqhcjo gobo ftfbplo h

bhzëykh “Pyoilfbh golfzk}o‒ $Hcfto 4+, jh fjkîço 8>=, h hifyzvyh jh yfpoyzhnfb ë bhkwkcmoybhl, aè xvf gobfîh jh wfnvkczf bhcfkyh1 “O bhy jf nfczf xvf gkygvlh cow golfzk}ow jf

Iflo Doykqoczf zojow ow jkhw womyf gob h ihkth omfyzh jf }fâgvlow#‒# H vzklkqhîço jh

ftpyfwwço “Bhy jf nfczf‒ jfcozh h kcmoybhlkjhjf f o ghyèzfy jf ftpfykbfczhîço jo }fâgvlo#

Ovzyh bhzëykh xvf ftfbplkmkgh ifb h kcmoybhlkjhjf jo lfhj fwzè pyfwfczf ch pènkch 7 jh

fjkîço 840, ch fjkzoykh “]kjh pñilkgh‒# H yfpoyzhnfb $Hcfto 88+, gob Nhvjácgko Zoyxvhzo,

mhlh woiyf bhyefzkcn polâzkgo f gobfîh jh wfnvkczf bhcfkyh1 “Co goczo jf mhjhw Iyhcgh jf

Cf}f f ow Wfzf Hcöfw h bhjyhwzh ë gocdfgkjh gobo h bhkw iflh jf zojo o yfkco‒#



:>

Coybhlbfczf, hw bhzëykhw jo aoychl lhioyhz÷yko goczáb vbh ov jvhw yfzyhcghw, hlëb jf vbh

bëjkh jf jvhw ov zyáw mozow poy pènkch# Zhbiëb dè vzklkqhîço jf kcmonyèmkgow, fbioyh kwwoogoyyh fb bfcoy xvhczkjhjf# Dè povgh vzklkqhîço jf yfgvywow nyèmkgow bhkw gobplftow, gobo

hyzfw gykhjhw pflow hlvcow# Fb nfyhl, dè vzklkqhîço jf xvhjyow gob cñbfyow f jhjow# Ovzyo

yfgvywo ifb vzklkqhjo ë o oldo nyèmkgo# Fb nyhcjf phyzf jhw yfpoyzhnfcw, dè o jfwzhxvf ch

pènkch jf hlnvbh mhlh jf vbh jhw moczfw# Ch fjkzoykh “Gyâzkgh‒ $Hcfto 89+, jh fjkîço 840, poy

ftfbplo, o oldo nyèmkgo jfwzhgh vbh mhlh jf I#I# Ekcn1 “Bkcdhw pfychw cço fwzço iohw,

bkcdhw gowzhw zhbiëb cço, f h ghifîh aè cço ë bhkw h bfwbh‒#

Aè fb yflhîço à lkcnvhnfb, kcmfyf"wf xvf cço dè yfnyhw# Pflo mhzo jf hw bhzëykhw wfyfb

pyojvqkjhw poy hlvcow jkmfyfczfw, hlnvbhw powwvfb zftzo bhkw kcmoybhl, ovzyhw wço lkzfyèykhw,

f, poy mkb, hlnvbhw wço moybhkw# Co ghjfyco gvlzvyhl Jokw cço ë jkmfyfczf, oiwfy}hb"wf hw

bfwbhw ogoyyácgkhw fb yflhîço ho zftzo, zâzvlow, moczfw f yfgvywow nyèmkgow#

:#:#9 Hcèlkwf jhw ghphw jo Kbpyfwwço

Hw ghphw jo aoychl lhioyhz÷yko Kbpyfwwço chw gkcgo fjkîöfw hchlkwhjhw, jf cñbfyow 8>=,

8>>, 8>4, 8>; f 840, jf 9004, 900; f 9080, wço yflhzk}hbfczf phyfgkjhw#

H ñckgh ftgfîço hgoczfgf xvhcjo h fjkîço ë zfbèzkgh, aè xvf, cfwwf ghwo,

h ghph jfwzhgh, pykcgkphlbfczf, o zfbh gfczyhl#

Ch fjkîço jf 8>=, xvf hkcjh fwzh}h fb moybhzo wzhcjhyz , povgo bhkw jh

bfzhjf jh ghph $Hcfto 8+ ë jfwzkchjh àw gdhbhjhw jo ghjfyco pykcgkphl,

f o yfwzhczf jfwzhgh ow hwwvczow jo ghjfyco Jokw fb vb xvhjyo gob

mvcjo hlhyhcahjo, xvf mhq h wfphyhîço jhw bhcgdfzfw jf ghjh ghjfyco

phyh o lfkzoy# O ghjfyco pykcgkphl mhlh jh dkwz÷ykh jf boyhjoyfw xvf wf

jfwzhghb fb Iflo Doykqoczf, f, poy kwwo, h mozo pykcgkphl ë vbh hyzf ch

xvhl dè vb bvyhl jf mozow gob h mozo jf ghjh vb jow gkcgo boyhjoyfw

pyfwfczfw ch yfpoyzhnfb# Aè h mozo co xvhjyo yfmfyfczf ho ghjfyco Jokw,



:4

hpfwhy jf fwzhy ho lhjo jhw bhcgdfzfw, cço jkq yfwpfkzo h cfcdvbh jflhw,

bhw ho fcwhko mozonyèmkgo woiyf o ihkyyo Lhnokcdh: goczkjo co aoychl#

Zojhw hw bhzëykhw gdhbhjhw powwvfb vb yfwvbo jf gfygh jf jfq lkcdhw

f h kcjkghîço jh pènkch ch xvhl h bhzëykh wf fcgoczyh#

Aè h fjkîço 8>>, zhbiëb fb moybhzo wzhcjhyz , zfb gobo zfbh jo jowwká

o mhchzkwbo $Hcfto 9+# H bhcgdfzf f o iknojf fwzço woiyfpowzow à mozo ch

xvhl ë bowzyhjh bfzhjf jo yowzo jf vbh bvldfy, xvf fwzè }fcjhjh# Cço

dè xvhlxvfy lknhîço ÷i}kh fczyf h mozo f o zfbh# H ghph zfb goyfw fwgvyhw

f w÷iykhw xvf goczykivfb phyh jhy ho lfkzoy vbh kjfkh jh wfykfjhjf jo

zfbh hioyjhjo pflo aoychl# H moczf fwgoldkjh zhbiëb ë bhkw yñwzkgh# Ch

ñlzkbh lkcdh jh pènkch, hw ftpyfwwöfw f phlh}yhw “Jvflo jf BGw‒, “Zvzzk

Bhyh}kldh‒, “Jkèykow ch kczfycfz‒ f “Gkcfbhw‒ wço hw “bhcgdfzfw‒ jo

ghjfyco Jokw#

Pykbfkyh fb moybhzo zhil÷kjf, h ghph jo aoychl Kbpyfwwço cñbfyo 8>4 $Hcfto 7+ bowzyh xvf

h fjkîço zhbiëb ë zfbèzkgh# Vbh bèxvkch hczknh jf fwgyf}fy yfjknf fb vb phpfl o zfbh jo

aoychl1 “Bobfczow dkwz÷ykgow jf ID‒# H moczf vzklkqhjh zhbiëb ë bhkw hczknh, hwwkb gobo hmozo jh bèxvkch, o xvf goczftzvhlkqh o zfbh ch ghph# Ogvphcjo gfygh jf ¼ jh ghph, fwzço zyáw

bhcgdfzfw jo ghjfyco Jokw, jfwwh }fq hgobphcdhjhw jf vb pfxvfco yfwvbo

jhw bhzëykhw f jf jvhw mozow#

O cñbfyo 8>; jo aoychl lhioyhz÷yko cço zfb zfbh fwpfgâmkgo# Jfwwh }fq, h

ghph $Hcfto :+ mok jk}kjkjh fb jvhw golvchw, wfcjo xvf h xvf fwzè

avwzkmkghjh à fwxvfyjh f ogvph ⅗ jh pènkch ë jfwzkchjh àw bhcgdfzfw joghjfyco Jokw# Hlëb jkwwo, flh yfgfifv mvcjo hbhyflhjo, o xvf h jfwzhgh

jo yfwzhczf jh ghph# H bhcgdfzf jh yfpoyzhnfb pykcgkphl fwzè gob moczf

bhkoy jo xvf zojhw hw ovzyhw, f mhlh woiyf o jfwpfyjâgko jf yfgvywow

chzvyhkw pflh hjbkckwzyhîço pñilkgh# Ë vbh bhzëykh jf jfcñcgkh, f h mozo

bowzyh glhyhbfczf hw lvqfw jf powzfw ch gkjhjf hgfwhw jvyhczf o jkh# H

bhcgdfzf jh fczyf}kwzh mok wviwzkzvâjh poy vb oldo gob vbh gkzhîço jo

fczyf}kwzhjo f o wfv cobf#: O Lhnokcdh ë o ihkyyo co xvhl wkzvh"wf o Gfczyo Vck}fywkzèyko jf Iflo Doykqoczf



:;

Poy mkb, h ñlzkbh fjkîço hchlkwhjh, cñbfyo 840 jo Kbpyfwwço, jf avcdo jf

9080, cço powwvk xvhjyo jf goy jkmfyfczf $Hcfto 6+# H fjkîço powwvk vb

jowwká fwpfgkhl woiyf ow wfzf pfghjow ghpkzhkw, bhw zhbiëb mok yfgdfhjh

jf bhzëykhw jk}fywhw# Hwwkb, h bhcgdfzf phyh o fwpfgkhl mkgov avwzkmkghjh à

fwxvfyjh, gob vbh mozo xvf wf hwwfbfldh h vb xvhjyo hczkno# Poyëb, o

zhbhcdo jh mozo pyfavjkgov wvh xvhlkjhjf f fczfcjkbfczo# H bhzëykh xvf

yfgfif bhkoy jfwzhxvf ë woiyf h Goph jo Bvcjo 9080 f cço powwvk mozow#

Hihkto, vbh mozo xvf jfwzhgh o fcwhko mozonyèmkgo pyfwfczf ch fjkîço# Fb

nfyhl, h ghph hwwfbfldh"wf àw ovzyhw, goczfcjo zhbiëb vb yfwvbo jf

povghw lkcdhw woiyf ghjh vbh jhw bhcgdfzfw ftplkgkzhjh#

:#:#7 Yozkch pyojvzk}h jo Kbpyfwwço

Goczhcjo, hzvhlbfczf, gob fxvkpf jf gkcgo fwzhnkèykow f gkcgo bockzoyfw6, o aoychl

lhioyhz÷yko Kbpyfwwço gobfîh h nhcdhy moybh h phyzky jh phyzkgkphîço jow hlvcow jo xvkczo

pfyâojo, xvf wço fwzkbvlhjow, jfwjf o kcâgko jo wfbfwzyf, jvyhczf h jkwgkplkch Fjkîço

Aoychlâwzkgh, bkckwzyhjh pflo pyomfwwoy yfwpocwè}fl pflo ÷ynço lhioyhzoykhl, Mhiyâgko Bhyxvfw,h pfcwhy fb phvzhw phyh o aoychl#

Wço jvhw fjkîöfw pyojvqkjhw poy wfbfwzyf, wfcjo xvf vbh ë yfjknkjh pflow hlvcow jo zvyco

bhcdç, f h ovzyh pflow fwzvjhczfw jo zvyco cokzf# Wfnvcjo o pyomfwwoy Mhiyâgko Bhyxvfw=, h

pyojvîço jo aoychl gobfîh gob vbh }ozhîço ch whlh, xvf ë mfkzh phyh h zvybh jfgkjky wf h

fjkîço zfyè moybhzo zfbèzkgo ov lk}yf# Hp÷w h jfgkwço nfyhl jow hlvcow, phyzf"wf phyh h jfgkwço

jhw phvzhw xvf wfyço hioyjhjhw# Hw phvzhw wço wvnfykjhw ftglvwk}hbfczf pflow fwzvjhczfw, xvfgoczhb gob h oykfczhîço f gocwvlzoykh jo pyomfwwoy h yfwpfkzo jh }khiklkjhjf jh bhzëykh,

wvnfwzço jf moczfw, fczyf ovzyow# Xvhcjo h zvybh ë cvbfyowh, pojf wfy pyfgkwo xvf hw bhzëykhw

wfahb mfkzhw fb jvplhw ov zykow, bhw cço dè yfnyh, vbh }fq xvf o hlvco pojf opzhy poy yfjknky

o zfbh jf wfv kczfyfwwf kcjk}kjvhlbfczf#

6 Ow fwzhnkèykow f bockzoyfw wf jk}kjfb fczyf hw èyfhw jf fjkîço jf zftzo, mozonyhmkh f jkhnyhbhîço= Fczyf}kwzh gocgfjkjh co jkh 8:/80/9080 $hpácjkgf :+



60

Phyh o pyomfwwoy yfwpocwè}fl pflo Kbpyfwwço, o pyogfwwo jf pyojvîço chwgf gobplfzhbfczf

jfczyo jf whlh jf hvlh# Ow hlvcow goczhb gob o doyèyko jf hvlh cow lhioyhz÷ykow phyh

yfhlkqhyfb pfwxvkwhw xvf moyfb cfgfwwèykhw phyh o gvbpykbfczo jh phvzh f zhbiëb phyh h

yfjhîço jh yfpoyzhnfb#

Jfwwf bojo, ow hlvcow záb h opoyzvckjhjf jf zkyhy jñ}kjhw gob o pyomfwwoy jvyhczf hw hvlhw f

bowzyhy }fywöfw jh bhzëykh, hzë o jfhj"lkcf jf fczyfnh jh }fywço mkchl# Xvhcjo kwwo hgoczfgf,

ow bockzoyfw f fwzhnkèykow jo Kbpyfwwço mhqfb vbh yfvckço jf phvzh, ch xvhl hchlkwhb hw

yfpoyzhnfcw pyojvqkjhw pflow hlvcow f ow jfzhldfw jf jkhnyhbhîço, powkgkochbfczo jhw

bhzëykhw, fczyf ovzyow# Dè zhbiëb h jk}kwço jf zhyfmhw fczyf h fxvkpf jo aoychl lhioyhz÷yko, aè

xvf hw bhzëykhw hkcjh pyfgkwhyço wfy fjkzhjhw f hjfxvhjhw ho aoychl#

Zojo o pyogfwwo jf fjkîço ë mfkzo pflow bockzoyfw, bhw zhbiëb ë go

wvpfy}kwkochjo pflow pyomfwwoyfw># Xvhcjo, fb mvcîço jf zftzow jf xvhlkjhjf yvkb ov

kcgobplfzow, ë cfgfwwèykh h flhioyhîço jf co}hw yfpoyzhnfcw phyh gobplfbfczhy h fjkîço, h

zhyfmh mkgh ho fcghyno jow bockzoyfw f fwzhnkèykow jo Kbpyfwwço#

Jf hgoyjo gob Mhiyâgko Bhyxvfw, o aoychl zfb h polâzkgh jf }hloykqhy hw mozow pyojvqkjhwpflow py÷pykow hlvcow, hkcjh xvf wfahb jf xvhlkjhjf kcmfykoy h vbh mozo jf hyxvk}o ov

jk}vlnhîço# Xvhcjo hw bhzëykhw mkghb pyoczhw, fjkzhjhw f gob wvhw yfwpfgzk}hw mozow f

kbhnfcw, flhw wço jkhnyhbhjhw pflo fwzhnkèyko jf jkhnyhbhîço5 powzfykoybfczf phwwhb pflh

fjkîço f yf}kwço mkchkw, zhbiëb mfkzhw pflow hlvcow gob oykfczhîço f wvpfy}kwço mkchl jow

pyomfwwoyfw#

:#:#: O Kbpyfwwço jo poczo jf }kwzh jf vb aoychl lhioyhz÷yko

Ow aoychkw lhioyhzoykhkw jf}fb wfy vzklkqhjow gobo hyzkgvlhîço fczyf zfoykh f pyèzkgh cow gvywow

jf aoychlkwbo# Jf}kjo à wvh kbpoyzécgkh f ho mhzo jf xvf, bvkzhw }fqfw, o aoychl lhioyhz÷yko ë

vbh jhw ñckghw mfyyhbfczhw phwwâ}fkw jf moycfgfy ho hlvco vbh }kwço bhkw nloihl jo pyogfwwo

> Hlëb jo pyomfwwoy yfwpocwè}fl pflh gooyjfchîço jo aoychl lhioyhz÷yko, o Kbpyfwwço goczh gob vb pyomfwwoy yfwpocwè}fl pflh phyzf jf yfjhîço aoychlâwzkgh f ovzyo yfwpocwè}fl pflh èyfh jf jkhnyhbhîço#



68

aoychlâwzkgo ch zfoykh f ch pyèzkgh, fwwf }fâgvlo jf}f zfy ghyèzfy pyomkwwkochl# W÷ hwwkb flf wfyè

vb }fâgvlo yfhlbfczf jkjèzkgo#

Jfwwf bojo, vbh jhw jkyfzykqfw jo aoychl lhioyhz÷yko ë h ftkwzácgkh jf pñilkgo jfmkckjo, xvf

pojf wfy kczfyco, bhw cço jf}f zfy ghyèzfy f cfb goczfñjo kcwzkzvgkochl# Hlëb jkwwo, Lopfw

$8;4;+ fwglhyfgf xvf, hpfwhy jf zfy gobo l÷nkgh mhgklkzhy o hgfwwo jow hlvcow jf aoychlkwbo à

pyèzkgh jh pyomkwwço, o aoychl lhioyhz÷yko cço jf}f lkbkzhy"wf h fwwf poczo, kwzo ë, hw mhgvljhjfw

zhbiëb cço jf}fb gologhy wfvw hlvcow phyh fwgyf}fy yfpoyzhnfcw f bhzëykhw phyh wfvw ÷ynçow

lhioyhzoykhkw wfb xvf flfw zfcdhb gocdfgkbfczo zf÷ykgo phyh zhl# Co ghwo jo Kbpyfwwço, fwwh

yfgobfcjhîço wf gocmkybh, aè xvf ow bockzoyfw f fwzhnkèykow w÷ pojfb zyhihldhy co aoychlxvhcjo fwzço gvbpykcjo hw jkwgkplkchw jo xvhyzo pfyâojo, xvf wço bhkw fwpfgâmkghw#

Ovzyo poczo kbpoyzhczf jkq yfwpfkzo à pfykojkgkjhjf jo aoychl lhioyhz÷yko, xvf jf}f wfy ifb

jfmkckjh f yfwpfkzhjh, hzë bfwbo phyh xvf ow lfkzoyfw f h py÷pykh gobvckjhjf hghjábkgh gykfb

o dèikzo jh lfkzvyh# H phyzky jhw kcmoybhîöfw oizkjhw gob o pyomfwwoy gooyjfchjoy jo

Kbpyfwwço, Mhiyâgko Bhyxvfw, pfygfif"wf xvf o }fâgvlo aè zf}f pfykojkgkjhjfw }hykhjhw, f hzë9004 fyhb pyojvqkjhw xvhzyo fjkîöfw poy wfbfwzyf# Gobo aè bfcgkochjo fb z÷pkgow

hczfykoyfw, h pfykojkgkjhjf hzvhl jo Kbpyfwwço ë jf jokw aoychkw poy wfbfwzyf, xvf záb

kczfy}hlo }hykè}fl fczyf flfw, jf, fb bëjkh, vb báw#

O aoychl lhioyhz÷yko jf}f, hkcjh, zfy h lkifyjhjf jf cço zfy phjyöfw jfmkckjow, vbh }fq xvf flf

phyzf jo pykcgâpko jh ftpfykbfczhîço# Ow lfhjw bhkw kcmoybhkw f lkzfyèykow, ow jowwkáw f

fwpfgkhkw xvf wço mfkzow co aoychl lhioyhz÷yko jo Vck"ID f hzë bfwbo o mhzo jf hw mozow wfyfb

mfkzhw poy hlvcow, bowzyhb xvf o ghyèzfy ftpfykbfczhl fwzè pyfwfczf co }fâgvlo f ë kcgfczk}hjo

pflo pyomfwwoy gooyjfchjoy jo aoychl, Mhiyâgko Bhyxvfw#

Lopfw hmkybh hkcjh xvf, bfwbo gob o ghyèzfy jf ftpfykbfczhîço, hlnvcw poczow jf}fb wfy

oiwfy}hjow f zhbiëb mkghy bvkzo glhyow, gobo, poy ftfbplo, xvfb mhq o aoychl lhioyhz÷yko, o

phpfl jo pyomfwwoy f jo hlvco, hw gocjkîöfw bhzfykhkw# Co ghwo jo Kbpyfwwço, xvf ë



69

zozhlbfczf pyojvqkjo pflow golhioyhjoyfw, fwzhnkèykow f bockzoyfw, cço fczyh goczfñjo

pyojvqkjo poy pyomfwwoyfw, f o phpfl jfwwfw ë wobfczf oykfczhy f wvpfy}kwkochy h hzk}kjhjf

jfwfc}ol}kjh co lhioyhz÷yko# Hlëb jkwwo, o aoychl goczh gob vbh fwzyvzvyh ch xvhl ow

fwzhnkèykow f bockzoyfw powwvfb fwzhîöfw jf zyhihldo ch mhgvljhjf f vb lhioyhz÷yko fwpfgâmkgo

phyh zyhihldhyfb# Aè h hioyjhnfb f ow zfbhw jo Kbpyfwwço cço wço zozhlbfczf jfmkckjow,

pykcgkphlbfczf poyxvf o aoychl powwvk hlnvbhw fjkîöfw zfbèzkghw f ovzyhw lk}yfw#

Vb jow nyhcjfw bozfw jh pyojvîço jo aoychl lhioyhz÷yko ë wvh lkcdh fjkzoykhl, aè xvf,

nfyhlbfczf, xvfb h fxvhgkoch ë o pyopykfzèyko jo }fâgvlo# Fczyfzhczo, co ghwo jo ÷ynço

lhioyhzoykhl, h wkzvhîço wf zoych bhkw gobplfth, aè xvf h py÷pykh fwgolh o bhczëb, bhw cçojf}f kcmlvfcgkhy fb wfv ghyèzfy f goczfñjo# O pyoafzo pfjhn÷nkgo jo Kbpyfwwço, wfnvcjo

Mhiyâgko Bhyxvfw, kcjfpfcjf gobplfzhbfczf jh jkyfîço jo Gfczyo Vck}fywkzèyko jf Iflo

Doykqoczf# Poy fwzhy dè jfq hcow ch myfczf jh gooyjfchîço jo aoychl, Mhiyâgko yfwwhlzh xvf ë

vb ghyno jf gocmkhcîh, vbh }fq xvf h fwgolh cço zobh gocdfgkbfczo pyë}ko jf cfcdvb

hwwvczo hioyjhjo#

Ovzyo kbpoyzhczf jfzhldf ë h jkwzykivkîço jo aoychl# H yfgobfcjhîço ë xvf flh wfah, jf

pyfmfyácgkh, mfkzh pflow py÷pykow hlvcow, jf bojo h powwkiklkzhy xvf flfw zfcdhb goczhzo jkyfzo

gob wfvw lfkzoyfw# Hlëb jf pojfy yfgfify mffjihgew woiyf hw fjkîöfw f pfcwhy fb co}hw

phvzhw, o fwzvjhczf phwwh h zfy vbh }kwço bhkw hiyhcnfczf jh opkckço jow lfkzoyfw# Co

Kbpyfwwço, ow hlvcow cço jkwzykivfb o aoychl, xvf ë jfpowkzhjo fb fwzhczfw f bfwhw fb

poczow fwzyhzënkgow jo Vck"ID#

Poyëb, o pyogfwwo cço hghih gob h jkwzykivkîço jo aoychl lhioyhz÷yko# Dè hkcjh h cfgfwwkjhjf

pyfbfczf jf o pyomfwwoy mhqfy vbh h}hlkhîço pfyk÷jkgh jo zyhihldo jfwfc}ol}kjo pflow hlvcow,

h mkb jf fwzhiflfgfy vb jkhnc÷wzkgo woiyf hw jfmkgkácgkhw hpyfwfczhjhw

hlvcow/yfp÷yzfyfw# Co aoychl lhioyhz÷yko jo Vck"ID, hlëb jf yfvcköfw fczyf pyomfwwoyfw f

bockzoyfw f fwzhnkèykow, o pyomfwwoy gooyjfchjoy Mhiyâgko Bhyxvfw kcgfczk}h ow hlvcow h

flhioyhyfb vbh hcèlkwf gyâzkgh jh fjkîço hczfykoy à xvf wfyè pyojvqkjh co wfbfwzyf# Fwwhw

opkcköfw wço lf}hjhw how phyzkgkphczfw jo Kbpyfwwço, f, fb hlnvbhw opoyzvckjhjfw, zyfgdow jf



67

gyâzkghw wço kcglvwk}f pvilkghjhw co aoychl, gobo ë o ghwo jh fjkîço 8>=, xvf hpyfwfczh, ch

pènkch >, hpoczhbfczow mfkzow poy fwzvjhczfw#

Ovzyo poczo lhynhbfczf hioyjhjo poy Lopfw $8;4;+ f poy ]kfkyh Añckoy $9009+ ë o

fc}ol}kbfczo xvf o aoychl lhioyhz÷yko jf}f zfy gob h gobvckjhjf# Hwwkb, o goczfñjo

hioyjhjo jf}f wfy wfbpyf }olzhjo phyh h gobvckjhjf ch xvhl o aoychl fwzè kcwfykjo# Phyh

fwwfw hvzoyfw, h }hloykqhîço jf zfbhw yfnkochkw ë xvf lf}h o hlvco h wf powkgkochy jf moybh

gyâzkgh f yfmlfzky woiyf h wogkfjhjf ho wfv yfjoy# Hlëb jkwwo, o ÷ynço lhioyhzoykhl cço jf}f

lkbkzhy"wf h hioyjhy zfbhw xvf jkqfb yfwpfkzo à py÷pykh vck}fywkjhjf, o xvf o zoychykh

kcwzkzvgkochl f pyopoygkochykh pyèzkgh yfwzykzh how hlvcow#

Ch zhiflh 9 $hpácjkgf 9+, woiyf ow gykzëykow jf cozkgkhiklkjhjf, o gykzëyko jf pyotkbkjhjf mok

jk}kjkjo fb ovzyow zyáw1 fczoyco, gkjhjf f vck}fywkjhjf# Co Kbpyfwwço, poyzhczo, jf 80;

bhzëykhw hchlkwhjhw $nácfyow1 cozâgkh, yfpoyzhnfb f fczyf}kwzh+, zykczh f jvhw hioyjh}hb

hwwvczow yflhgkochjow à gkjhjf jf Iflo Doykqoczf# Wfkw jkqkhb yfwpfkzo à vck}fywkjhjf, f

cfcdvbh zyhzh}h jf mhzow jh gobvckjhjf jo fczoyco jh mhgvljhjf# Hpfwhy jf cço mhlhy joihkyyo, o aoychl hioyjh hwwvczow jf Iflo Doykqoczf, f, poyzhczo, pyopoygkoch vbh yfmlftço

gyâzkgh woiyf h wogkfjhjf ho wfv yfjoy#

:#:#6 O Kbpyfwwço gobo mfyyhbfczh jf hplkghîço pyèzkgh jow gykzëykow aoychlâwzkgow

Phyh mhqfy vbh hcèlkwf fmfzk}h jh hplkghîço jf zojow ow gocgfkzow bfcgkochjow f yflhzhjow

hgkbh co aoychl lhioyhzoykhl Kbpyfwwço, ivwgov"wf zhbiëb goldfy h opkckço jf hlvcow f ft"

hlvcow xvf aè fwgyf}fyhb ov moyhb bockzoyfw jo aoychl, ov xvf hkcjh o mhqfb# Hwwkb, 86 ft"

hlvcow f 70 hlvcow jo gvywo jf aoychlkwbo jo Vck"ID xvf zk}fyhb ov záb hlnvbh ftpfykácgkh

gob o Kbpyfwwço yfwpocjfyhb h xvfwzkocèykow fwzyvzvyhjow, gob pfynvczhw hifyzhw4# O

xvfwzkocèyko phyh ow ft"hlvcow $hpácjkgf 6+ powwvâh vbh pfynvczh h bhkw jo xvf o jfwzkchjo

how hlvcow $hpácjkgf =+, xvf jkqkh yfwpfkzo à h}hlkhîço jh ftpfykácgkh co Kbpyfwwço hp÷w h

moybhîço fb aoychlkwbo#

4 Moyhb fczyf}kwzhjow 80& jo zozhl jf hlvcow jo gvywo jf aoychlkwbo jo Vck"ID



66

O ft"hlvco Oyoqkbio Bhgdhjo, bockzoy jf jkhnyhbhîço jo aoychl jvyhczf o hco jf 900:,

hmkybov xvf w÷ zf}f coîço jo xvf ë o aoychlkwbo jf mhzo hp÷w o goczhzo gob ow pyomfwwoyfw

oykfczhjoyfw jo Kbpyfwwço# Bhykhch Bfjyhco, hzvhl fwzhnkèykh f bockzoyh jf zftzo, yfmoyîov

xvf “wf zk}ëwwfbow bhkw hlvcow jo aoychlkwbo golhioyhcjo gob gobpyobfzkbfczo, f wf cço

mowwf pflh kcmyhfwzyvzvyh pyfgèykh, zfyâhbow vb jfwfbpfcdo bfldoy f pyojvqkyâhbow bhkw‒#

Ow :6 hlvcow f ft"hlvcow zhbiëb moyhb xvfwzkochjow h yfwpfkzo jo phpfl jo Kbpyfwwço co

hpyfcjkqhjo jhw zëgckghw jf aoychlkwbo# Zojhw hw opkcköfw goldkjhw moyhb powkzk}hw# Chzèlkh

]klhîh, xvf mok fwzhnkèykh jo aoychl jf mf}fyfkyo jf 900> h co}fbiyo jf 9004, yfwpocjfv xvf

“h }k}ácgkh jkèykh jfczyo jf vb aoychl, bfwbo xvf lhioyhz÷yko, ë jf nyhcjf }hlkh phyh o hlvcoxvf whif hpyo}fkzhy zhl opoyzvckjhjf# Ë lè xvf pojfbow ovwhy f fyyhy wfb bfjo f, hgkbh jf

zvjo, ë lè xvf hpyfcjfbow gobo o aoychlkwbo mvcgkoch ch pyèzkgh‒#

Phyh Lfhcjyo Jkckq, zhbiëb aè nyhjvhjo fb aoychlkwbo, o Kbpyfwwço “gvbpyf o kbpoyzhczf

phpfl jf poy fb pyèzkgh zvjo o xvf hpyfcjfbow ch whlh jf hvlh# Jf mhzo, fyh hlk xvf, jvyhczf h

mhgvljhjf, bhkw pvjf fwzhy fb goczhzo jkyfzo gob hw zëgckghw jo aoychlkwbo‒5 O hlvco LvghwHl}hyfcnh, xvf gvywh o =± pfyâojo jf aoychlkwbo f ë golhioyhjoy jo aoychl jfwjf o 8±,

yfwpocjfv xvf “o Kbpyfwwço ë fwphîo jf ftpfykbfczhîço# F, ho ftpfykbfczhy, o hlvco

hpyfcjf# Xvfb fwpfyh jo aoychl lhioyhz÷yko vb fwphîo phyh kbkzhîço jo xvf ë yfhlkqhjo co

bfyghjo gobfygkhl, cço gocwfnvkyè hwwkbklhy zvjo xvf flf omfyfgf# F fwzf lhioyhz÷yko ë, wfb

jñ}kjh, o bhkw kbpoyzhczf phyh o hlvco jf Aoychlkwbo jo Vck"ID, poy zfy pyfogvphîço cço w÷

gob o goczfñjo, bhw zhbiëb gob h moybh‒#

O hlvco Añlko ]kfkyh, hvzoy jh yfpoyzhnfb “Hvbfczh h goczyhzhîço jf wfnvyhcîhw fb ID‒,

pvilkghjh ch fjkîço 8>4 f pyojvqkjh jvyhczf h jkwgkplkch Fjkîço Aoychlâwzkgh, h}hlkh xvf “pvjf

gologhy fb pyèzkgh jvyhczf h pyojvîço jh bhzëykh phyh o Kbpyfwwço, fczyf ovzyow gocgfkzow

hpyfcjkjow fb hvlhw zf÷ykghw, ow gykzëykow jf cozkgkhiklkjhjf, o xvf ë yflf}hczf phyh h

popvlhîço, hpvyhîço ifb mfkzh, dkfyhyxvkqhîço jh cozâgkh, xvhlkjhjf jo zftzo f yflhgkochbfczo

gob hw moczfw, poy ftfbplo‒# H hlvch Aohch Wohyfw, xvf mok fwzhnkèykh }olvczèykh jo aoychl



6=

jvyhczf o xvkczo pfyâojo, gobplfzh1 “pvjf hplkghy h zfoykh f ow mvcjhbfczow hpyfcjkjow fb

whlh jf hvlh ch ftpfykácgkh xvf zk}f co Aoychl Kbpyfwwço‒#

Jfwwf bojo, oiwfy}h"wf xvf, fb nfyhl, h nyhcjf bhkoykh jow hlvcow f ft"hlvcow jo gvywo jf

aoychlkwbo jo Vck"ID f xvf phyzkgkphyhb jo Kbpyfwwço, wfah gobo fwzhnkèykow, bockzoyfw ov

golhioyhjoyfw, h}hlkhb jf bhcfkyh powkzk}h o aoychl, zhczo h fjkîço, o wfv mvcgkochbfczo f h

wvh vzklkqhîço gobo mfyyhbfczh jf hplkghîço jh zfoykh hpyffcjkjh fb whlh jf hvlh#



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Gob 9> hcow jf ftkwzácgkh, o Kbpyfwwço, aoychl lhioyhz÷yko jo Gfczyo Vck}fywkzèyko jf Iflo

Doykqoczf $Vck"ID+, aè phwwov poy jk}fywhw bvjhcîhw, zhczo co pyoafzo nyèmkgo xvhczo fb wfv

goczfñjo# Ch }fywço hzvhl, moybhzo zhil÷kjf, o }fâgvlo cço powwvk lkcdh fjkzoykhl mkth, aè xvf

hw fjkîöfw $jvhw poy wfbfwzyf+ wço pyojvqkjhw poy hlvcow jo xvkczo pfyâojo, xvf záb

mlftkiklkjhjf f hvzocobkh ch fwgoldh jow zfbhw h wfyfb hioyjhjow, yfgfifcjo hpfchw

oykfczhîöfw jo pyomfwwoy gooyjfchjoy f yfwpocwè}fl pflo aoychl, Mhiyâgko Bhyxvfw, jvyhczf h

pyojvîço f hpvyhîço jhw bhzëykhw# Co lhioyhz÷yko jo Kbpyfwwço, vbh fxvkpf jf gkcgo

fwzhnkèykow f gkcgo bockzoyfw yfhlkqh h fjkîço, h jkhnyhbhîço f h fjkîço mkchl jo aoychl, gobwvpfy}kwço jf zyáw pyomfwwoyfw#

Jfwwf bojo, phyh hchlkwhy wf o aoychl lhioyhz÷yko jo Vck"ID pojf ov cço wfy gocwkjfyhjo vb

kcwzyvbfczo phyh h hpyfcjkqhnfb jh pyèzkgh f jow gykzëykow aoychlâwzkgow, pykcgkphl oiafzk}o jh

pfwxvkwh, mok pyfgkwo }fykmkghy o zkpo f o goczfñjo jhw bhzëykhw jo aoychl, ow gykzëykow jf

cozkgkhiklkjhjf pyfwfczfw, h vzklkqhîço jhw moczfw chw yfpoyzhnfcw, h yozkch f fwzyvzvyh jfpyojvîço# Hlëb jkwwo, ivwgov"wf, avczo h hlvcow f ft"hlvcow xvf zk}fyhb phwwhnfb pflo

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Cfwwf wfczkjo, h hcèlkwf xvhczkzhzk}h kcjkgov xvf o aoychl pykoykqh h vzklkqhîço jf

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xvf dov}fwwf cñbfyo bhkoy jf yfpoyzhnfcw fb jfzykbfczo jh vzklkqhîço

jf cozâgkhw# Fczyfzhczo, ow nácfyow gyúckgh, fcwhko, fczyf}kwzhw f gyâzkghw

zhbiëb moyhb povgo vzklkqhjow, nfyhlbfczf gob vbh goczhnfb poy

fjkîço# Fwwf cñbfyo pojfykh wfy flf}hjo, jf bojo h fwzkbvlhy ow

fwzvjhczfw h pyhzkghyfb ovzyow nácfyow aoychlâwzkgow xvf cço

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64

Gob yflhîço à hcèlkwf jow gykzëykow jf cozkgkhiklkjhjf vzklkqhjow co

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jfpfcjkhb jf vb aoychl mhgzvhl, gob hlzh pfykojkgkjhjf, o xvf cço ë o

ghwo jo aoychl lhioyhz÷yko# Gykzëykow kbpoyzhczfw, gobo wknckmkgécgkh,

hzvhlkjhjf, yflf}écgkh f pyotkbkjhjf, fczyfzhczo, wço ow bhkw pyfwfczfw, o

xvf jfbocwzyh xvf ow hlvcow vzklkqhb kbpoyzhczfw gocgfkzow aoychlâwzkgow

phyh h fwgoldh jhw phvzhw f pyojvîço jhw bhzëykhw#

Vbh gocwzhzhîço wknckmkghzk}h jkq yfwpfkzo à vzklkqhîço jhw moczfw co

aoychl# ]fykmkgov"wf xvf, jo zozhl jf 947 moczfw vzklkqhjhw chw bhzëykhw jo nácfyo

kcmoybhzk}o, >& moyhb omkgkhkw f povgo bhkw jf 70& fyhb moczfw fwpfgkhlkqhjhw, o xvf

jfbocwzyh nyhcjf vzklkqhîço $=9&+ jf hpfchw pfywochnfcw5 jf ocjf wf gocglvk xvf nyhcjf

phyzf jhw bhzëykhw cço powwvk powkgkochbfczo jf moczfw omkgkhkw ov fwpfgkhlkqhjhw, ov jf

cfcdvbh jhw jvhw, o xvf pojf gobpyobfzfy h lfnkzkbkjhjf jh kcmoybhîço, aè xvf o lfkzoy w÷

yfgfif vb lhjo jh kcmoybhîço#

Jfwwf bojo, zoych"wf cfgfwwèyko xvf ow hlvcow zobfb fwwh gocwgkácgkh f wfahb oykfczhjow

pflo pyomfwwoy yfwpocwè}fl h zfczhy vzklkqhy, fb ghjh bhzëykh, pflo bfcow vbh moczf omkgkhl ov

fwpfgkhlkqhjh, hlëb jo pfywochnfb# Hmkchl, h wvh cço vzklkqhîço zhbiëb pojf gobpyobfzfy o

py÷pyko hpyfcjkqhjo, vbh }fq xvf fczyf}kwzhy moczfw omkgkhkw ë pyèzkgh gocwzhczf jh hzk}kjhjf

jo aoychlkwzh co jkh h jkh jhw yfjhîöfw# Mhqá"lo co aoychl lhioyhz÷yko powwkiklkzh ho hlvco

hpyfcjfy h zfy powzvyh hjfxvhjh, hlëb jf hjxvkyky bhkw wfnvyhcîh fb mvcîço jh ftpfykácgkh

hgvbvlhjh#

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iotfw f ow kcmonyèmkgow wço ifb vzklkqhjow, bhw dè povgow yfgvywow nyèmkgow bhkw gobplftow,

gobo hyzfw# Fb nfyhl, o xvf wf oiwfy}h wço xvhjyow goczfcjo cñbfyow f jhjow#



=0

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840 " " " T T " T " " T T

Yfp# >

8>= T " " " T " T " " " "

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8>4 T " " " T " " " " " "

8>; T " " " " " " " " " "

840 " " " T T " T " " T T

Yfp# 4

8>= T " " " " " " " " " "

8>> T " " T T " " " " " "

8>4 T " " " T " " " " " "

8>; " " " " " " " " " " "

840 " " " T T " T " " T T

Yfp# ;

8>= T " " " " " " T " " "8>> " " " T " " " " " " "

8>4 T " " " " " " " " " "

8>; T " " T " " " T " " "

840 " " " T T " T " " T T

Yfp# 80

8>= T " " " T " " " " " "

8>> " " " " T " " " " " "

8>4 " " " T T " " " " T T

8>; T " " T T " " " " " "

840 " " " T T " T " " T T

Yfp# 88

8>= " " " T T " " " " " "

8>> " " " " T " " " " " "

8>4 " " " T " " " " " " "

8>; " " " T T " " " " " "

840 " " " T T " T " " T T

Yfp# 89

8>= " " " " " " " " " " "

8>> T " " " T " " " " " "

8>4 T " " " " " " " " " "

8>; " " " T T " " " " " T

840 " " " T T " " " " " "

Yfp# 87

8>= " " " " " " " T " " "

8>> T " " " " " " " " " "

8>4 T " " " T " " " " " "

8>; " " " " " " " T " " "

840 " " " " " " " " " " "

Yfp# 8:

8>= " " " " " " " " " " "

8>> " " " " T " " " " " "

8>4 " " " T T " " " " " "

8>; T " " " " " " " " " "

840 " " " " " " " " " " "

Yfp# 868>4 " " " " " " " " " " "

8>; " " " T T " " " " " "

Yfp# 8= 8>; " " " " " " " " " " "

Yfp# 8> 8>; T " " T T " " " " " T

Yfp# 84 8>; T " " " " " " " " " T

Coz# 8

8>= " T " T " " " " " " T

8>> " T " T T " " " " " T

8>4 " T " T T " " " " " T

840 " T " T T " " " " " T

Coz# 98>= T " " T T " " " " " T

8>4 " " " T T " " " " " T

Coz# 7 8>4 T " " T T " " " " " T

Fcz# 8

8>= T " " " T " " " " " "

8>> T " " " " " " " " " "

8>4 T " " " " " T " " " "

8>; " " " T T " " " " " "840 " " " T T " " " " " T

Fcz# 9 840 " " " " " " " " " " T



=>

HPÁCJKGF 7 ‗ Zhiflh 7 " Moczfw

Moczf Omkgkhl Pfywochnfb Moczf Fwpfgkhlkqhjh

8>=

8>>

8>4

8>;

840

8>= 8>>8>4

8>; 8408>=

8>>8>4

8>; 840

Yfp#8 7 8 " 7 " 4 8 8 6 9 Yfp#9 8 " " " " 8 9 8 6 " Yfp#7 " " " 8 9 7 7 " 9 "

Yfp#: " " " " " 8 8 " 9 8 Yfp#6 " " " 8 " 9 > 8 " " Yfp#= " " " 8 " 8 7 8 7 : Yfp#> 9 " " " " 8 9 7 7 : Yfp#4 " " " 8 " 8 7 9 " : Yfp#; " " " " " 8 9 " 8 6 Yfp#80 " " " " " : 7 8 7 9 Yfp#88 " " " " " 9 : 9 9 : Yfp#89 " " " " " 8 6 " 8 " Yfp#87 " " " " " 8 : 7 8 8

Yfp#8: " " " 9 " 8 7 7 9 " Yfp#86 " " " " " " " 7 7 " Yfp#8= " " " " " " " " 8 Yfp#8> " " " " " " " " " Yfp#84 " " " " " " " " 9 Coz#8 " " 8 " " 9 7 8 " 8 Coz#9 " " " " " 8 " 9 " " Coz#7 " " 9 " " " " 8 " Fcz#8 " " " " " " 8 8 8 "

Fcz#9 " " " " " " " " " 87



=4

HPÁCJKGF : ‗ Fczyf}kwzh gob o pyomfwwoy gooyjfchjoy jo Kbpyfwwço

Fczyf}kwzh mfkzh co jkh 8:/80/9080 gob o pyomfwwoy gooyjfchjoy jo aoychl lhioyhz÷yko

Kbpyfwwço f pyomfwwoy jo Gfczyo Vck}fywkzèyko jf Iflo Doykqoczf $Vck"ID+, Mhiyâgko

Bhyxvfw#

Dè xvhczo zfbpo o wfcdoy fwzè ch gooyjfchîço jo Kbpyfwwço?

Mhiyâgko1 Dè jfq hcow#

Gobo mvcgkoch h yozkch jf pyojvîço jo aoychl Kbpyfwwço?

Mhiyâgko1 ]hykh bvkzo# Hzvhlbfczf, fwzhbow gob vbh fxvkpf jf gkcgo fwzhnkèykow f gkcgo

bockzoyfw# Hczknhbfczf, zâcdhbow xvhzyo fjkîöfw poy wfbfwzyf, f hnoyh zfbow jvhw# Doaf, o

moybhzo jo Kbpyfwwço ë zhil÷kjf, f hczfw fyh wzhcjhyz , hzë 9004# Fczço, vbh fjkîço ë

yfwfy}hjh phyh o xvkczo pfyâojo jh bhcdç, xvf pyojvq hw bhzëykhw jvyhczf h jkwgkplkch jf

Fjkîço Aoychlâwzkgh, jh xvhl wov pyomfwwoy, f h ovzyh ë kczfkyhbfczf pyojvqkjh pflow hlvcow jo

xvkczo pfyâojo cokzf# O kczfy}hlo fczyf h pvilkghîço jf ghjh fjkîço ë jf vb h jokw bfwfw#O

pyogfwwo gobfîh xvhcjo, ch bkcdh jkwgkplkch, mhqfbow vbh yfvckço jf phvzh phyh jfgkjky o

xvf wfyè hioyjhjo co aoychl lhioyhz÷yko# Hczfw jfwwh yfvckço fv kcgfczk}o ow hlvcow h

ivwghyfb zfbhw kczfyfwwhczfw# Fb wfnvkjh, mhqfbow vbh }ozhîço phyh jfgkjky wf h fjkîço wfyè

zfbèzkgh ov lk}yf# Hp÷w h pyojvîço jhw bhzëykhw, ow hlvcow hw fczyfnhb, f h fxvkpf jo aoychl

mhq vbh yfvckço jf phvzh phyh jk}kjky mvcîöfw, plhcfahy h jkhnyhbhîço f ovzyow jfzhldfw# O

ghjfyco pykcgkphl jo aoychl zfb 8= pènkchw, f o Jokw zfb 89#

Xvfb mhq h fjkîço jhw bhzëykhw?

Mhiyâgko1 Wço ow bockzoyfw xvf fjkzhb hw bhzëykhw jo aoychl, wvpfy}kwkochjow poy bkb# Zvjo

phwwh poy bkb zhbiëb#

F h fjkîço mkchl?

Mhiyâgko1 Zojo o pyogfwwo jo aoychl lhioyhz÷yko mvcgkoch jfwwh bhcfkyh, h fxvkpf ë xvfb mhq

o zyhihldo f fv hpfchw wvpfy}kwkoco f oykfczo# Poy ftfbplo, h py÷tkbh fjkîço xvf fwzhbowpyojvqkcjo fwzè wfcjo mfgdhjh, fczço fwzhbow zojow yf}fcjo zvjo avczow, ghjh jfzhldf#



=;

O wfcdoy hgdh xvf o Kbpyfwwço powwvk ghyèzfy jf ftpfykbfczhîço?

Mhiyâgko1 Hgdo xvf o aoychl zfb fwwf ghyèzfy wkb, bhw ë glhyo xvf ftkwzfb bvkzow mklzyow,

fczço h ftpfykbfczhîço hghih mkghcjo lkbkzhjh# Ë o xvf h nfczf mhlh1 hzë h gykhzk}kjhjf zfblkbkzfw# Zfbow hlnvcw lkbkzfw xvf h py÷pykh hzk}kjhjf aoychlâwzkgh f ow pyhqow cow kbpöfb, f

hzë bfwbo o mhzo jf ow py÷pykow hlvcow fwzhyfb hpyfcjfcjo, jf h mfyyhbfczh wfy jf

hpyfcjkqhjo# Bhw h py÷tkbh fjkîço, xvf fwzhbow mfgdhcjo, zfyè ghyèzfy ifb ftpfykbfczhl1 ow

hlvcow yfwol}fyhb mhqfy, ch bfwbh fjkîço, hw bhzëykhw “coybhkw‒ f wvhw yfwpfgzk}hw }fywöfw

wfcwhgkochlkwzhw# Fczço, o Kbpyfwwço zfyè okzo pènkchw jf bhzëykhw zyhjkgkochkw f okzo

wfcwhgkochlkwzhw# Ë ifb ftpfykbfczhl# Fwzov hxvk dè jfq hcow, f h nfczf zf}f bvkzhw fjkîöfw

ifb zyhjkgkochkw f bvkzhw jkmfyfczfw# H ftpfykbfczhîço fczyh chw phvzhw, chw moczfw xvf }ogá

pyogvyh, fczyf ovzyow# Zk}fbow vbh }fywço jo aoychl, poy ftfbplo, co xvhl vzklkqhbow w÷

moczfw xvf cço wço nfyhlbfczf pyogvyhjhw1 boyhjoyfw jf yvh, pyowzkzvzhw, fczyf ovzyow# Cço ë

hlno zyhjkgkochl f cfb gozkjkhco# Mok vbh ftpfykbfczhîço# Ë vbh jkmkgvljhjf, poyxvf fv

powwo, pflh bkcdh ftpfykácgkh, zfczhy phvzhw jkmfyfczfw, bhw gobo o hlvco xvf fwgoldf, h

bhkoykh jflfw aè fwzè }kgkhjh, f hâ, coybhlbfczf hphyfgfb povghw phvzhw jkmfyfczfw# O hlvco

ivwgh phvzhw bhkw wkbplfw# Zfbow lkbkzhîöfw jo pyogfwwo pfjhn÷nkgo f ovzyhw# Bhw, o ghyèzfy

ftpfykbfczhl ë wfbpyf pyogvyhjo#

O aoychl Kbpyfwwço yfgfifv jk}fywow pyábkow# Xvhkw moyhb?

Mhiyâgko1 Fb 9008, yfgfifbow o pyábko Bkckwzëyko jo Bfko Hbikfczf Jogol jf Aoychlkwbo

Yfpoyzhnfb# O Kbpyfwwço mkgov fb 8± lvnhy ch Ghzfnoykh Aoychl Hghjábkgo pflh yfpoyzhnfb1

“H ènvh poy vb mko‒# Fb 9007, zk}fbow o 9± lvnhy ch ghzfnoykh Aoychl Lhioyhz÷yko, co 80±

Ftpogob, f zhbiëb o 9± lvnhy gobo Aoychl Hghjábkgo co pyábko Bkckwzëyko jo Bfko

Hbikfczf Jogol jf Aoychlkwbo, gob h yfpoyzhnfb1 “O plhcfzh ènvh ivwgh vb mvzvyo‒#

Fb 9006, yfgfifbow o 8± lvnhy co Pyábko Mfhb $Mvcjhîço Fwzhjvhl jo Bfko Hbikfczf+ phyh

aoychkw lhioyhz÷ykow gob h bhzëykh “O kcwvpoyzè}fl pfwo jo lkto‒, f zhbiëb o 7± lvnhy ch

bfwbh pyfbkhîço pflh yfpoyzhnfb “Jfwpfyjâgko ch gkjhjf‒# Co bfwbo hco, o Kbpyfwwço

yfgfifv bfcîço docyowh ch ghzfnoykh Mozo Aoychlâwzkgh, gob h mozo “Kcogfczf lf}fqh‒, jvyhczf

o 89± Ftpogob, f o 8± lvnhy co pyábko Gyfh"BN jf Aoychlkwbo, ghzfnoykh Fwzvjhczf, gob h

yfpoyzhnfb1 “H dfy÷kgh lvzh jf povgow‒, pvilkghjh co aoychl Doaf fb Jkh#



>0

Fb 900=, h yfpoyzhnfb1 “Owzfopoyowf hzkcnf dobfcw bhkw }fldow‒ mkgov fb 8± lvnhy co

pyábko ^{fzd jf Aoychlkwbo, ghzfnoykh “vck}fywkzèykow‒, f zk}fbow hkcjh o 8± lvnhy co pyábko

ICI jf Aoychlkwbo 9006, ch ghzfnoykh Vck}fywkzèyko Bkchw Nfyhkw, gob h yfpoyzhnfb

“Pfxvfcow cfn÷gkow, nyhcjfw kjëkhw‒# Fb 900>, mkghbow zhbiëb fb pykbfkyo lvnhy co

pyábko

Wfchk jf Yfpoyzhnfb 900>, ghzfnoykh Fwpfgkhl Vck}fywkzèyko, gob h bhzëykh1 “Kcafîço jf }kjh

ch bhkoykjhjf‒ # Co bfwbo hco, yfgfifbow o “Pyábko PXC jf Ovyo‒, ch ghzfnoykh “Bfldoy

Aoychl Yf}kwzh‒ jo Gvywo jf Gobvckghîço#

Fb 9004, oizk}fbow o 9± lvnhy co pyábko FWBPV jf Aoychlkwbo Vck}fywkzèyko $Fwgolh

Wvpfykoy jo Bkckwzëyko Pñilkgo+, gob h yfpoyzhnfb1 “Jf oldo co hivwo‒, f zk}fbow vbhpyfbkhîço fwpfgkhl co “TT] Pyábko Jkyfkzow Dvbhcow jf Aoychlkwbo‒, gob o ghjfyco

fwpfgkhl1 “Jkyfkzow jf phpfl‒# Poy mkb, fb 900; mobow o 8± lvnhy ch ghzfnoykh “Aoychl

Lhioyhzoykhl Kbpyfwwo‒ jvyhczf o 79± Ftpogob#



>9

HPÁCJKGF = " Xvfwzkocèyko phyh yfwpowzh jf hlvcow jf aoychlkwbo jo Vck"ID

Cobf Gobplfzo1

Zflfmocf f fbhkl1

Pfyâojo1

8# Fb xvf pfyâojo }ogá fwgyf}fv ov phyzkgkpov jo aoychl Kbpyfwwço? Ftfygfcjo xvhkwhzk}kjhjfw?

9# Gkzf pflo bfcow vb zfbh jf bhzëykh xvf }ogá fwgyf}fv/fjkzov co Kbpyfwwço f

o poyxvá jh fwgoldh jfwwf zfbh?

7# Gobo }ogá h}hlkh hw oykfczhîöfw yfgfikjhw phyh h yfjhîço/fjkîço jhw bhzëykhw

jo Kbpyfwwço?

:# Gobo }ogá h}hlkh h fjkîço jh$w+ bhzëykh$w+?

6# Gobo }ogá h}hlkh wfv câ}fl jf jkmkgvljhjf ch flhioyhîço/fjkîço jo zftzo?

Avwzkmkxvf#

=# Xvhl ë h wvh opkckço woiyf o mvcgkochbfczo jo aoychl Kbpyfwwço? Avwzkmkxvf#

># Xvhl ë h wvh opkckço fb yflhîço ho phpfl jo Kbpyfwwço co hpyfcjkqhjo jhw zëgckghw jf

aoychlkwbo?

4# Xvhl ë wvh h}hlkhîço jo aoychl Kbpyfwwço? $Moybhzo, lh{ovz, goczfñjo, fzg+ Avwzkmkxvf#

;# Gobo }ogá h}hlkh wfv câ}fl jf hpyfcjkqhjo jo pyogfwwo jf fjkîço f jf fjkîço mkchl jo

Kbpyfwwço? Avwzkmkxvf#

80#]ogá hgyfjkzh xvf h wvh phyzkgkphîço co aoychl Kbpyfwwço hvtklkh wvh moybhîço fb

aoychlkwbo? Avwzkmkxvf#



>7

88#]ogá fctfynh o aoychl Kbpyfwwço gobo vbh mfyyhbfczh phyh hplkghîço jow gykzëykow f

flfbfczow aoychlâwzkgow hpyffcjkjow fb whlh jf hvlh? Avwzkmkxvf#

HCFTOW



>:

HCFTO 8 ‗ Ghph Kbpyfwwço Fjkîço 8>=



>6

HCFTO 9 ‗ Ghph Kbpyfwwço Fjkîço 8>>



>=

HCFTO 7 ‗ Ghph Kbpyfwwço Fjkîço 8>4



>>

HCFTO : ‗ Ghph Kbpyfwwço Fjkîço 8>;



>4

HCFTO 6 ‗ Ghph Kbpyfwwço Fjkîço 840



>;

HCFTO = ‗ Ghph Ghjfyco Jokw Fjkîço 8>;



40

HCFTO > ‗ Bhzëykh Fjkîço 8>4



48

HCFTO 4 ‗ Bhzëykh Fjkîço 8>= ‗ “Pyoilfbh Golfzk}o‒



49

HCFTO ; ‗ Bhzëykh Fjkîço 8>; ‗ “Nhwzow wfb gocwgkácgkh‒



47

HCFTO 80 ‗ Bhzëykh Fjkîço 840 ‗ “Xvhcjo h pykbfkyh }fq ë kcfwxvfgâ}fl‒



4:

HCFTO 88 ‗ Bhzëykh Fjkîço 840 ‗ “H moyîh jh kbhnfb‒



46

HCFTO 89 ‗ Bhzëykh Fjkîço 840 ‗ “Xvhcjo I#I# Ekcn }fb à gkjhjf‒



4=

jornal laboratÓrio: uma análise da aplicação prática de critérios e conceitos jornalísticos...

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