guia profesores cartilla 5

8/17/2019 Guia Profesores Cartilla 5

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Muîd bk ush pdrd ka ndkstrh

Akgturd

y Ghnphsjgj÷oko Kspdôha

Duthrds9Sdtrjgjd Udakozukad \.

Ndrt`d Ajajdod IjnêokzUdakrjk Hshrjh

Tujoth mrdbh bk koskôdozd prjndrjd


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Akgturd y Ghnphsjgj÷o ko KspdôhaMuîd bk ush pdrd ka ndkstrhTujoth Mrdbh

Bkrkg`hs \kskrvdbhsGhpyrjm`t ©


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Îobjgk

Gdpîtuah J

Ndrgh ghogkptuda .......................................................................................2

Gdpîtuah JJ

Ahs ndoudaks ghnh uod `krrdnjkotd ............................................. :

Gdpîtuah JJJ

G÷nh jnpaknkotdr ahs ndoudaks bk Akgturd y

Ghnphsjgj÷o ko Kspdôha ..........................................................................47

Gdpîtuah JU

G÷nh jnpaknkotdr uod uojbdb bjbägtjgd ....................................


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2 • Muîd bk ush pdrd ka ndkstrh

Ad skrjk bk ndoudaks bk Akgturd y Ghnphsjgj÷o ko Kspdôha kstä euobdnko-

tdbd ko ad prknjsd bk quk ad akgturd y ad ksgrjturd sho `dljajbdbks quk sk

bksdrrhaado d ah adrmh bk ad ksghadrjbdb y guyh dprkobjzdik bklk koskôdrsk

‗mujdrsk‗ bk ndokrd kxpaîgjtd, skgukogjda y sjstknägd (Hrb÷ôkz, 4::7).

Kstd koskôdozd pdrtk bka prjogjpjh bk quk ka bksdrrhaah bka akomudik kstä

kstrkg`dnkotk ajmdbh da bksdrrhaah bka pkosdnjkoth (Uymhtsfy, 4:05). Ks phr

ksth quk ahs ndoudaks sk koehgdo ko prhvkkr bk `krrdnjkotds d ahs daunohs

gho ads gudaks pukbdo dlhrbdr, ghnprkobkr, usdr y prhbugjr bk ndokrd k-

gjkotk y kstrugturdbd bjsoths phs bk tkxths, ghobjgjhoks okgksdrjds pdrd

ghoshajbdr ad gdpdgjbdb pdrd ‑dprkobkr d dprkobkr„.

Ah dotkrjhr kstä kstrkg`dnkotk ajmdbh da koehquk ghnuojgdvh, skmùo

ka guda, sk ddozd ka bksdrrhaah bk ads `dljajbdbks ajomñîsgds (ksgug`dr, `d-

ladr, akkr, ksgrjljr) bk uod ndokrd s÷ajbd y dutêogd ko tdoth sk padotkd da

kstubjdotk uo dprkobjzdik ko uo ghotkxth sjmojgdvh. Ksth ks, euobdnko-

tdankotk, ldsdbh ko ads ohgjhoks bk prhp÷sjth ghnuojgdvh y dubjkogjd(]jbbhwsho, 4:=0).

Bdbhs ksths euobdnkoths, d ghooudgj÷o sk kxpajgdo ahs prjogjpjhs jn-

paîgjths ko ahs ndoudaks gho rkspkgth da bksdrrhaah bk ad ghnprkosj÷o bk

akgturd, prhbuggj÷o bk tkxths y ka prhgksh njsnh bk dprkobjzdik.

Whlrk ad ghnprkosj÷o bk akgturd

Ko ahs ndoudaks bk Akgturd y Ghnphsjgj÷o ko Kspdôha sk ghogjlk ad ghnprko-

sj÷o bk akgturd ghnh uo prhgksh ghmojvh phr nkbjh bka guda sk dodajzd uo

tkxth ko sus ghnphokotks sjotäggh, sknäogh y prdmnägh y ads rkadgjh-

oks kotrk kaahs.

Bk kstd ehrnd, y ko ghoghrbdogjd gho ahs Ajokdnjkoths Gurrjguadrks bk ad

Akomud Gdstkaadod prhpuksths phr ka Njojstkrjh bk Kbugdgj÷o Odgjhoda (NKO,

Gdpîtuah J

Ndrgh ghogkptuda


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Tujoth Mrdbh • ;

4:00), uo kstubjdotk ahmrd ghnprkobkr uo tkxth gudobh pukbk bdr gukotd

dgkrgd bk quê bjgk (joehrndgj÷o tkxtuda, joekrkogjda y grîgh jotkrtkxtuda),

g÷nh kstä hrmdojzdbh (kstrugturd tkxtuda) y guäa ks su prhp÷sjth ghnuojgd-

vh (skmùo ka ghotkxth y ad dubjkogjd).

Bk dgukrbh gho Udo Bjif y Fjotsg` (4:07), ko kstk prhgksh ghmojvh quk

jnpajgd ad ghnprkosj÷o, ka akgthr jbkogd k jotkrprktd ojvkaks bka tkxth quk

vdo bksbk ads pdadlrds (njgrhkstrugturds) y ads prhphsjgjhoks h jbkds (nd-

grhkstrugturd) `dstd ad kstrugturd mahlda bkotrh bk ad guda thbds ads pdrtks

bka tkxth koko skobh (supkrkstrugturd).

Sdrd ahmrdr ksth, ko ahs ndoudaks bk Akgturd y Ghnphsjgj÷o ko Kspdôha sk

joghrphrdo bjekrkotks kstrdtkmjds quk dpuotdo da bksdrrhaah bk `dljajbdbks

bk pkosdnjkoth tdaks ghnh9 jbkogdr, skgukogjdr, gadsjgdr, gdtkmhrjzdr,

bksgrjljr, ghnpdrdr, mkokrdajzdr, drmunkotdr6 `dljajbdbks jnpajgdbds, d su

vkz, ko ad ghnprkosj÷o y prhbuggj÷o bk bjsoths phs bk tkxths guyh prhp÷-

sjth ks bksgrjljr, odrrdr, kxpajgdr, bkojr h drmunkotdr.

Bksbk ka puoth bk vjstd bk ad bjbäggd, ad muîd bka ndkstrh d trdvês bk

kstk prhgksh ghmojvh bklk skr ghosjstkotk gho uo koehquk ghostrugvh y

rkkxjvh (nktdghmojvh).

Ksth ks, aakvdr da kstubjdotk bksbk ka padotkdnjkoth bk `jp÷tksjs dgkrgd

bka ghotkojbh y ka sjmojgdbh -bk uod pdadlrd, bk uod hrdgj÷o, bk uo tuah, bk

uod jndmko, bk uod ndrgd tkxtuda, bk uod eukotk h vîoguah jotkrtkxtuda-, edsk

ko ad guda jotkrdgtùdo ghohgjnjkoths prkvjhs y kxpkrjkogjds prkvjds bk akgtu-

rd bka kstubjdotk, ̀ dstd ghrrhlhrdr bjg`ds `jp÷tksjs gho kvjbkogjds tkxtudaks

y gho sus ghrrksphobjkotks ghokxjhoks a÷mjgds, tdoth bkotrh bka tkxth ghnh,

gudobh skd okgksdrjh, gho su ghotkxth ghnuojgdvh. Rhbh ksth, prhpjgjdobh

ad bjsgusj÷o, ad drmunkotdgj÷o y ad bkojgj÷o bk ghoskoshs rdzhodlaks.

Whlrk ad prhbuggj÷o bk ksgrjths

Wkmùo Wnjt` (Gdssdoy, 4:0:), pdrd dprkobkr d ksgrjljr ̀ dy quk ‑akkr ghnh uo

ksgrjthr„. Ka duthr drnd quk ojomùo ndouda bk mrdnägd bd ad phsjljajbdb

bk sdlkr g÷nh sk ksgrjlk uo tkxth sj oh sk ̀ d akîbh y dodajzdbh uoh. Ghogauyk

quk shah ko uo tkxth ksgrjth phr htrh (näs kxpkrth) sk pukbko koghotrdr ahs

ghohgjnjkoths y kstrdtkmjds okgksdrjhs pdrd sdlkr g÷nh euogjhod ad akomud

ksgrjtd.


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Kstk ks uo euobdnkoth kskogjda bk ahs ndoudaks bk Akgturd y Ghnph-

sjgj÷o ko Kspdôha . Ka doäajsjs tkxtuda pkrnjtk ghnprkobkr uod akgturd y, da

njsnh knph, ks ad ‑pukrtd bk kotrdbd„ d ad ksgrjturd. Bksbk kstk puoth bk

vjstd, ahs kstubjdotks dprkobkräo, gho ahs ndoudaks, d ksgrjljr bjsoths phs

bk tkxths d pdrr bka doäajsjs (nktdghmojgj÷o) bk ahs njsnhs.

Ads ̀ dljajbdbks bk ksgrjturd, da jmuda quk ads bk akgturd, sjmuko uod rutd ko

kspjrda quk, ko ahs ndoudaks, ghnjkozd gho ad kstrugturd bk pdadlrds, erdsks

y hrdgjhoks, ̀ dstd aakmdr d ad bk tkxths ghnpakths y ghnpakihs (bksbk uo shah

pärrdeh `dstd tkxths bk vdrjhs pärrdehs). Ko kstk dprkobjzdik, ahs kstubjdotks

vdo joghrphrdobh d su ksgrjturd kaknkoths sjotägghs, sknäoghs y prdmnä-

ghs gdbd vkz näs shsgdbhs quk aks pkrnjräo ghnuojgdrsk kekgvdnko-

tk phr ksgrjth (k, jogaush, hrdankotk).

D`hrd ljko, ka dgth bk ksgrjljr ghoaakvd vdrjhs prhgkshs bk pkosdnjkoth

quk vdo bksbk ad mkokrdgj÷o bk jbkds `dstd ad kbjgj÷o, pdsdobh phr ad rkbdg-

gj÷o y ad rkvjsj÷o. Burdotk kstk gdnjoh, ka kstubjdotk bklk shaugjhodr prh-

laknds bk ph rkt÷rjgh y bk ghotkojbh (Wgdrbdndajd y Lkrkjtkr, 4:0=) quk ak

pkrnjräo dprkobkr.

Sdrd koerkotdrsk d quê ksgrjljr, g÷nh `dgkrah y g÷nh sdlkr quk ka tkxth

gunpak gho su prhp÷sjth ghnuojgdvh, sk rkqujkrk quk ka kstubjdotk usk ks-

trdtkmjds y dpajquk ads ̀ dljajbdbks bk pkosdnjkoth y bk akomudik dbqujrjbds d

trdvês bk ad akgturd ghnh, phr kiknpah9 jbkogdr uo tknd, koehgdr uod jbkd

prjogjpda y uods jbkds bk dphyh pdrd bksdrrhaadrad, ksghmkr uo tuah dprh-pjdbh, gadsjgdr joehrndgj÷o, ikrdrqujzdrad y hrmdojzdrad ko uo pado prkvjh6

ghokgtdr jbkds, erdmnkoths, pärrdehs. Sdrdakadnkotk, ks euobdnkotda quk ka

prhekshr muîk kxpaîgjtdnkotk kstrdtkmjds pdrd ahmrdr ad duth y gh-rkvjsj÷o, dsî

ghnh ad kbjgj÷o oda bka tkxth pdrd kekgths bk pulajgdgj÷o (`dgkr pùlajgh ka

tkxth). Rhbh ksth, gho ka o bk prhbugjr tkxths skmùo ‑ads okgksjbdbks bk

dggj÷o y bk ghnuojgdgj÷o„ bk ahs dprkobjgks (NKO, 4::0).

Whlrk ka prhgksh bk dprkobjzdik

Ahs ndoudaks bk Akgturd y Ghnphsjgj÷o ko Kspdôha kstäo kstrugturdbhs gho-

sjbkrdobh bhs dspkgths kskogjdaks bka dprkobjzdik, jospjrdbhs ko ka koehquk

bk ad Koskôdozd pdrd ad Ghnprkosj÷o (Wthok,


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Tujoth Mrdbh • =

dprkobjbh) y pkosdr gho kxjljajbdb (nktdghmojgj÷o) bkotrh bka ndr-

gh bk uods ghnpktkogjds h nktds prkvjdnkotk trdzdbds h kstdlakgj-

bds ko uo gurrîguah.

Ko kstk skobh, ah quk pkrnjtk vjsjljajzdr ka dprkobjzdik h ad ghn-

prkosj÷o bk uo kstubjdotk ks ah quk ‑`dgk„, ks bkgjr, su ‑bksknpkôh„.

Shr ah tdoth, ads tdrkds h dgvjbdbks bjskôdbds ko ahs ndoudaks bk

Akgturd y Ghnphsjgj÷o ko Kspdôha bklko kotkobkrsk ghnh ads `krrd-

njkotds gho ads quk ka prhekshr oh shah muîd ka dprkobjzdik bk sus kstu-

bjdotks sjoh quk ak pkrnjtko hlskrvdr ka prhmrksh bka njsnh ko gdbd

uod bk ads edsks.


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tdgj÷o phr pdrtk bka prhekshr y bk ahs njsnhs kstubjdotks (duth y

ghkvdaudgj÷o) sho kskogjdaks ko kstd edsk.

• Edsk bk dpajgdgj÷o (h prhykgths odaks bk sîotksjs)9 Nhnkoth oda

bka prhgksh bk dprkobjzdik ko ka guda ahs kstubjdotks, d trdvês bk

bksknpkôhs bjvkrshs, ghnpakihs y rktdbhrks (duoquk dbkgudbhs

da ojvka bk ahs kstubjdotks), bknukstrdo ad ghnprkosj÷o h dprkobj-

zdik bk ahs ghotkojbhs y ka bksdrrhaah bk ads ̀ dljajbdbks prhpukstds

ghnh nktds bk ad gadsk. Who gadvks ko kstd edsk ad shaugj÷o bk prh-

laknds, ad ghokxj÷o y trdosekrkogjd bk ghotkojbhs, ad sîotksjs y ka

ush bk rkgurshs y kstrdtkmjds dprkobjbhs.


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Tujoth Mrdbh • :

Tuê sho ahs ndoudaks bk Akgturd y Ghnphsjgj÷o ko Kspdôha

Ahs ndoudaks Akgturd y Ghnphsjgj÷o ko Kspdôha sho uod `krrdnjkotd bk trd-

ldih ko ka duad pdrd ka dprkobjzdik bk ad akgturd y ad ksgrjturd. Kstäo bjskôd-

bhs pdrd quk ahs kstubjdotks, mujdbhs phr ka bhgkotk, bksdrrhaako sus `dljaj-

bdbks ajomñîsgds gho ldsk ko ka bksdrrhaah bk `dljajbdbks bk pkosdnjkoth.

Shr ksth, ads dgvjbdbks h bksknpkôhs bjskôdbhs ko ahs ndoudaks jn-pajgdo uo ghostdotk trdldih ghakgvh y oh shah jobjvjbuda, ko ka guda ahs ks-

tubjdotks jotkrdgtùdo bjoänjgdnkotk kotrk sî y gho ka prhekshr, d pdrr bk

rkvjsjhoks, bjsgusjhoks, pukstds ko ghnùo y ghoskoshs gho ka prhp÷sjth bk

ghostrujr ad ghnprkosj÷o, mkokrdr pkrndokotk rkkxj÷o (nktdghmojgj÷o).

Bk kstd ndokrd, sk prhpjgjd uo kothroh bk dprkobjzdik ldsdbh ko ka jo-

tkrgdnljh bk sdlkrks, ko ka trdldih ghhpkrdvh, ko ka rkspkth, ad shajbdrjbdb

y ad knpdd.

Tuê oh sho ahs ndoudaks bk Akgturd y Ghnphsjgj÷o ko Kspdôha

Bkljbh d ah dotkrjhr, ahs ndoudaks oh sho muîds pdrd skr ‑aakodbds„ phr ahs

kstubjdotks sjo ad muîd bka prhekshr y sjo ad dbkgudbd bjsgusj÷o h rkkxj÷o

shlrk ka dprkobjzdik njsnh (prhgkshs, kstrdtkmjds, bubds, dgjkrths). Ks kstd

nktdghmojgj÷o pkrndokotk ad quk, da oda, phsjljajtd ka dprkobjzdik y bksd-

rrhaad ghnpktkogjds pdrd ‑dprkobkr d dprkobkr„, ks bkgjr, bksdrrhaad ghn-

pktkogjds pdrd quk uo kstubjdotk sk bksknpkôk bk ndokrd kxjthsd ko ads

bknäs ärkds dgdbênjgds bhobk koko gdljbd ads `dljajbdbks ajomñîsgds.

Ahs ndoudaks pdrd dprkobkr akomud gdstkaadod

Ahs kikrgjgjhs quk sk padotkdo ko ahs ndoudaks koko ka prhp÷sjth bk quk ahs

kstubjdotks vdydo ghostruykobh ghohgjnjkoth shlrk quê ghostuyk y g÷nh

Gdpîtuah JJ

Ahs ndoudaks ghnh uod `krrdnjkotd


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euogjhod ad akomud ksgrjtd. Ksth ks, rkghohgkr quê kaknkoths ghoehrndo ads

pdadlrds, ads erdsks y ads hrdgjhoks (bksbk ka puoth bk vjstd mrdndgda, sjo-

täggh, hrthmrägh y sknäogh) y quê kaknkoths ghoehrndo ahs pärrdehs y

ahs tkxths ghnpakihs (hrmdojzdgj÷o rkt÷rjgd, phahmîd tkxtuda, prhp÷sjth).

Ks bkgjr, ka prhekshr oh koghotrdrä ko ahs ndoudaks kikrgjgjhs bk mrdnä-

gd h bk hrthmrdd quk jaustrko rkmads oj ohrnds bk ush. Koghotrdrä, ko gdn-

ljh, ko gdbd kikrgjgjh, ko gdbd akgturd, nhbkahs y hphrtuojbdbks pdrd mujdr d

ahs kstubjdotks ko ka rkghohgjnjkoth, doäajsjs, jotkrprktdgj÷o y phstkrjhr ush

bk kstrdtkmjds y ohrnds quk aks pkrnjtdo ghnprkobkr pkrh tdnljêo prhbu-

gjr tkxths ajomñîsgd y ghnuojgdvdnkotk dbkgudbhs, gh`ksjhodbhs, gh`k-

rkotks y ksaîsgdnkotk ghrrkgths.

Ksth pkrnjrä d ahs kstubjdotks oh shah rkghohgkr ad akomud ghnh uo gho-

tkojbh sjoh, prjogjpdankotk, ghnh uo jostrunkoth pdrd ghnuojgdrsk euo-

gjhodankotk, tdoth phr ksgrjth ghnh hrdankotk. Ksth ùanh, d pdrr tdoth

bk ads bjsgusjhoks quk sk bklko mkokrdr ko throh bk ahs bksknpkôhs prh-

puksths ghnh bka bksdrrhaah bk ads dgvjbdbks sumkrjbds ko gdbd edsk bk ads

uojbdbks, ads gudaks kstäo koehgdbds ko ad hrdajbdb.

Shr ùanh, gdlk dohtdr quk kstd ghogkpgj÷o bka dprkobjzdik kstä kstrk-

g`dnkotk dajokdbd gho ahs padotkdnjkoths bka Njojstkrjh bk Kbugdgj÷o Od-

gjhoda ko tdoth uo kstubjdotk quk ks gdpdz bk usdr ad akomud ksgrjtd y ad

akomud hrda (bksbk ad ghnprkosj÷o y ad prhbuggj÷o), kstä ahmrdobh ahs Kstäo-

bdrks Läsjghs bk Ghnpktkogjds bk Akomudik (NKO,


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Tujoth Mrdbh • 44

Sdrd ahmrdr ah dotkrjhr, jotkogjhodankotk sk `do jogaujbh ko ahs ndoudaks

ndyhrnkotk kikrgjgjhs d pdrr bk tkxths kxphsjvhs y drmunkotdvhs y oh

shah ajtkrdrjhs. Gdlk dohtdr, ko kstk puoth, quk ad rksphosdljajbdb ko ka bksd-

rrhaah bk `dljajbdbks ajomñîsgds oh ks shah bk ahs prhekshrks bk Akomud sjoh

bk thbhs ahs prhekshrks quk koskôdo ko ads bjsotds ärkds. Whadnkotk dsî skpukbk mdrdozdr quk ahs kstubjdotks skpdo g÷nh trdosekrjr ah dprkobjbh ko

ad gadsk bk Akomud d htrds gadsks.

Kstrugturd bk ahs ndoudaks

Gdbd ndouda kstä kstrugturdbh d pdrr bk uod skgukogjd bk uojbdbks quk ks

jnphrtdotk skmujr tda ghnh sk prhphok, bdbh quk bjg`d skgukogjd rksphobk

da bksdrrhaah bk prhgkshs bk pkosdnjkoth. Gdbd uojbdb, d su vkz, ghostd bk

ads sjmujkotks pdrtks9

4. Rîtuah y oùnkrh bk ad uojbdb. Ka tuah mkokrdankotk dpuotd da prhgk-

sh bk pkosdnjkoth h bk ghnprkosj÷o quk sk trdldid prjogjpdankotk

ko ad uojbdb. Ka oùnkrh jobjgd ad skgukogjd bk ads uojbdbks.


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4< • Muîd bk ush pdrd ka ndkstrh

2. Edsk bk dgadrdgj÷o (h jovksmdgj÷o mujdbd). Wkrjk bk dgvjbdbks h

bksknpkôhs quk rkdajzdo ahs kstubjdotks, mujdbhs phr ka prhekshr, ld-

sdbhs ko prhgkshs bk jovksmdgj÷o h ghostruggj÷o bk ad ghnprkosj÷o,

gho ka prhp÷sjth bk prheuobjzdr y shsgdr ahs ghohgjnjkoths, `dljaj-

bdbks y kxpkrjkogjds prkvjhs. Ad akgturd, ad prhbuggj÷o tkxtuda, ad jo-vksmdgj÷o y ka trdldih ko kqujph, dsî ghnh ad pkrndokotk y vdrjdbd

rktrhdajnkotdgj÷o phr pdrtk bka prhekshr y bk ahs njsnhs kstubjdotks

(duth y ghkvdaudgj÷o) sho kskogjdaks ko kstd edsk.

;. Edsk bk dpajgdgj÷o (h prhykgths odaks bk sîotksjs). Wkrjk bk dgvjbd-

bks h bksknpkôhs ghnpakihs y rktdbhrks (duoquk dbkgudbhs da ojvka

bk ahs kstubjdotks), d trdvês bk ahs gudaks ahs kstubjdotks bknukstrdo

su ghnprkosj÷o h dprkobjzdik bk ahs ghotkojbhs y ka bksdrrhaah bk ads

`dljajbdbks prhpukstds ghnh nktds ko ad uojbdb bjbäggd. Who gadvks

ko kstd edsk ad shaugj÷o bk prhlaknds, ad ghokxj÷o y trdosekrkogjd bk

ghotkojbhs, ad sîotksjs y ka ush bk rkgurshs y kstrdtkmjds dprkobjbhs.


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Tujoth Mrdbh • 47

Gho ka prhp÷sjth bk mdrdozdr uod jnpaknkotdgj÷o kxjthsd bk ahs ndoudaks

bk Akgturd y Ghnphsjgj÷o ko Kspdôha , ka prhekshr bklk ghohgkr nuy ljko ka

ghotkojbh y ad skgukogjd bk dgvjbdbks prhpukstds ko gdbd uojbdb y bklk

ednjajdrjzdrsk gho ad bjoänjgd bk gadsk rkghnkobdbd pdrd su bksdrrhaah.

Sdrd ahmrdr ah dotkrjhr, ko kstk gdpîtuah sk bktdaado dspkgths jnphrtdotks

bksbk ka puoth bk vjstd pkbdm÷mjgh (koehquk) y bjbäggh (kstrdtkmjds), bk

dgukrbh gho gdbd edsk bka prhgksh bk dprkobjzdik (kxpahrdgj÷o, dgadrdgj÷o,

dpajgdgj÷o)9

• Tuê gadsk bk kikrgjgjhs sk padotkdo ko gdbd edsk y guäa ks su prhp÷sjth

• G÷nh jotkmrdr ad hrdajbdb y ad drmunkotdgj÷o

• Tuê ph bk tkxths sk usdo

• G÷nh joghrphrdr ad mrdnägd y ad hrthmrdd

• G÷nh dprkobkr d pdrr bka krrhr

• G÷nh aakvdr d gdlh uod kvdaudgj÷o ghooud

Dbjgjhodankotk, sk prkskotdo bhs phs bk rkgudbrhs gho joehrndgj÷o

shlrk9

• Kstrdtkmjds bjbäggds puotudaks pdrd `dgkr uo ush kekgvh bka nd-

ouda ko ad gadsk bk akomud.

• Srkgjsjhoks ghogkptudaks quk euobdnkotdo ka bksdrrhaah bk ahs nd-

oudaks.

Edsk bk kxpahrdgj÷o

Kstd edsk, ghnh sk `d kxpajgdbh dotks, dpuotd d kxpahrdr ahs josunhs okgksd-

rjhs pdrd dlhrbdr ahs oukvhs dprkobjzdiks quk prhphok uod uojbdb bjbäg-

gd. Ks bkgjr, ̀ dgkr vjsjlaks ghohgjnjkoths, kxpkrjkogjds y `dljajbdbks prkvjhs

Gdpîtuah JJJ

G÷nh jnpaknkotdr ahs ndoudaks bk Akgturd yGhnphsjgj÷o ko Kspdôha


14/80


bk ahs kstubjdotks, ko têrnjohs bk prhgkshs bk pkosdnjkoth y `dljajbdbks

ajomñîsgds.

Kstd edsk sk sustkotd ko ad prknjsd bk quk ahs ghohgjnjkoths y kxpkrjko-

gjds prkvjhs (yd dbqujrjbhs h bksdrrhaadbhs ko uojbdbks h mrdbhs dotkrjhrks)

sho ad ldsk shlrk ad guda sk ghostruyko oukvhs dprkobjzdiks bk uod ndokrd

s÷ajbd y sjmojgdvd.

Shr kiknpah, ko ka ndouda bk skmuobh mrdbh, ahs kstubjdotks dprkobko d

bksgrjljr pkrshods, dojndaks y hlikths d pdrr bk sus gdrdgtkrîsgds sjgds.

Sdrd ahmrdrah, ahs kstubjdotks `do tkojbh quk dprkobkr dotks d bksghnph-

okr uo thbh ko sus pdrtks. Dbknäs, `do dprkobjbh d gadsjgdr kstdlakgjko-

bh mkokrdajzdgjhoks pdrd jbkogdr ka grjtkrjh quk pkrnjtk dmrupdr d vdrjhs

kaknkoths. Kstk ph bk `dljajbdbks sk rkthndo ghostdotknkotk ko ads edsks

kxpahrdthrjds bk ahs mrdbhs phstkrjhrks phrquk sho ad euobdnkotdgj÷o pdrd

ghnprkobkr y prhbugjr tkxths bksgrjpvhs, kxpajgdvhs y odrrdvhs gdbd vkz

näs shsgdbhs.

Dsî, bk dgukrbh gho ad skgukogjd bk ghotkojbhs y `dljajbdbks quk sk bk-

sdrrhaado ko gdbd uojbdb y gho su ghrrksphobjkotk ojvka bk bjguatdb, ahs

kikrgjgjhs bk ad edsk bk kxpahrdgj÷o ak prhphoko da kstubjdotk dgvdr (usdr,

bknhstrdr) ah quk yd ghohgk h sdlk `dgkr. Ksth ak pkrnjrä da prhekshr (4)

hlskrvdr quê tdo prkpdrdbh kstä ka kstubjdotk pdrd dlhrbdr ka oukvh dprko-

bjzdik y, phr ghosjmujkotk, (


15/80

Tujoth Mrdbh • 4;

ldih ko kqujph y ads ghokxjhoks gho kxpkrjkogjds gkrgdods da kothroh bk ahs

kstubjdotks. Kstds dgvjbdbks pukbko vdrjdrsk h dbdptdrsk, skmùo ka grjtkrjh

bka ndkstrh.

D ghooudgj÷o sk prkskotdo damuods kstrdtkmjds bjbäggds d ad `hrd bk

jojgjdr ad edsk kxpahrdthrjd bk uod uojbdb9

Kstrdtkmjds bjbägtjgds rkghnkobdbds ko ad edsk bk kxpahrdgj÷o

• Kxpajgjtk sjknprk hrdankotk ka prhp÷sjth bk ad uojbdb9 ‑¸Tuê vdnhs ddprkobkr ko kstd uojbdb8„

• Dyubk d ahs kstubjdotks d kstdlakgkr ghokxjhoks9 ‑¸Tuê dprkobjnhs koad uojbdb pdsdbd8„6 ‑dotks dprkobjnhs h sdlîdnhs quk… d`hrd, vdnhsd dprkobkr…„6 ‑ksth ohs skrvjrä pdrd…„

• Muîk ka bksdrrhaah bk ads dgtjvjbdbks sumkrjbds `dgjkobh ads vdrjdgjhoksquk ghosjbkrk okgksdrjds.

• Edvhrkzgd ad pdrtjgjpdgj÷o bk ad ndyhr gdotjbdb bk kstubjdotks y ksgrjldko ka tdlakrh h ko uod gdrtkakrd ads jbkds quk surido, bk ehrnd quk puk-bd vhavkr d kaads pdrd rkvjsdrads, ghnpaktdrads h ghrrkmjrads burdotk adssjmujkotks edsks.

• Muîk d ahs kstubjdotks ko gdbd kikrgjgjh, dsî9

‗ Akd ad jostruggj÷o h pîbdak d uo kstubjdotk akkrad dskmuräobhsk bk quk

ad ghnprkobk nkbjdotk ka pdrderdskh9 ‑kothogks, ¸quê ks ah quk tk-oknhs quk `dgkr8 (vkrlhs)„, ‑¸g÷nh tkoknhs quk `dgkrah8 (ghnpak-nkoths)„.

‗ Skrnjtd quk ahs kstubjdotks rkdajgko prjnkrh jobjvjbudankotk ka kikr-gjgjh y bkaks ka tjknph dbkgudbh.

‗ Srhphomd quk vdrjhs kxprksko sus rkspukstds ghnpaktds.

‗ @dmd prkmuotds quk edvhrkzgdo ad bjsgusj÷o y ad drmunkotdgj÷o ldsd-bd ko kvjbkogjds. Shr kiknpah9 ‑¸damujko tjkok htrd rkspukstd8, ¸guäa8,¸guäa skrîd ad näs dgkrtdbd8, ¸phr quê8„.

‗ Jovjtk d ahs kstubjdotks d pkosdr nktdghmojtjvdnkotk (bk dgukrbhgho ka ojvka bk pkosdnjkoth bk ahs daunohs). Shr kiknpah, ‑¸phr quêsdlks quk ksd ks ad rkspukstd8, ¸g÷nh sdlks quk ks ksd y oh htrd8„,¸g÷nh ah `jgjstk8, ¸g÷nh phbknhs rkshavkr kstd bubd8„

Ghooùd


16/80


‗ Aakmuk d ghoskoshs rdzhodlaks (sustkotdbhs) gho ahs kstubjdotks shlrkguäaks pukbko skr rkspukstds dgkrtdbds y guäaks oh y phr quê.

• Ghrrjid hphrtuodnkotk ka ush bk kxprksjhoks jodprhpjdbds9 ‑oh sk bjgk…

nkihr bkgjr….„ (rkghid ko gdrtkaks ads ghrrkggjhoks jbjhnätjgds näs erk-gukotks y pêmukads ko ka sda÷o bk gadsk pdrd quk ahs kstubjdotks ads tkomdd ad vjstd).

Ads kstrdtkmjds dotkrjhrks nukstrdo ad jnphrtdogjd bka ush bk ad hrdajbdb,

ad drmunkotdgj÷o y ad ghrrkggj÷o jbjhnägd. D pdrr bk ad pkrndokotk pdr-

gjpdgj÷o ghakgvd, ka ndkstrh phbrä rkghmkr kvjbkogjds dgkrgd bka prhmrksh

bk ad ghnprkosj÷o (dprkobjzdik) bk sus kstubjdotks. Bk ksth sk trdtd ad kvd-

audgj÷o ghooud.

[o puoth skosjlak ko ka dprkobjzdik ks ka ndokih bka krrhr. Ko drds bka

bksdrrhaah bk ad ghnprkosj÷o, ka krrhr ks uo josunh euobdnkotda yd quk ak

pkrnjtk da kstubjdotk rkghohgkr vdgîhs h bjguatdbks y ghostrujr d pdrr bk

kaahs. Shr ksth, sk rkghnjkobd trdldidr ahs ndoudaks gho aäpjz, bk nhbh quk

ahs kstubjdotks pukbdo lhrrdr y ghrrkmjr. Shr htrd pdrtk, ka krrhr tdnljêo ks

uo josunh jnphrtdotk pdrd bksdrrhaadr vdahrks ghnh ka rkspkth, ad shajbdrj-

bdb y ad supkrdgj÷o pkrshoda.

Sdrd bksdrrhaadr ksths dprkobjzdiks, ka ndkstrh bklk mkokrdr y nhbkadr

sjknprk uo dnljkotk bk gadsk skmurh, bhobk ahs kstubjdotks sjkotdo ad gho-

dozd y ad trdoqujajbdb bk kqujvhgdrsk, bk phbkr ghnpdrr sus bjguatdbks

gho sus ghnpdôkrhs y tdnljêo bk herkgkr su dphyh d qujkoks ah okgksjtko.

Edsk bk dgadrdgj÷o

Kstd ks ad edsk bka dprkobjzdik ko sî. Ks ad edsk ko ad quk, ghnh su ohnlrk ah

jobjgd, sk dgadrdo, dnpaîdo h sk vukavko näs ghnpakihs ghogkpths y prhgkshs

dgvdbhs ko ad edsk kxpahrdthrjd njkotrds sk dlhrbdo oukvhs ghohgjnjkoths

h `dljajbdbks. Shr su njsnd odturdakzd, ahs bksknpkôhs quk sk prhphoko

ko kstd edsk rkqujkrko uo pkrndokotk y gkrgdoh dghnpdôdnjkoth phr pdrtk

bka prhekshr y bk uod dgvd jotkrdggj÷o phr pdrtk bk ahs kstubjdotks (jobjvj-

budankotk, ko pdrkids h mruphs).

Ghooudgj÷o


17/80

Tujoth Mrdbh • 4=

Ads prkmuotds (bka prhekshr y bk ahs kstubjdotks), ad pdrgjpdgj÷o ko bjs-

gusjhoks y ghoskoshs (hrdajbdb, drmunkotdgj÷o, ush bk kvjbkogjds, ghrrkg-

gj÷o jbjhnägd) ak pkrnjräo da ndkstrh rkghmkr kvjbkogjds dgkrgd bka prh-

mrksh bk ad ghnprkosj÷o (dprkobjzdik) bk sus kstubjdotks. Bk ksth sk trdtd ad

kvdaudgj÷o ghooud.

Ahs kikrgjgjhs padotkdbhs ko kstd edsk jovhaugrdo prhgkshs bk pkosdnjko-

th y `dljajbdbks okgksdrjhs pdrd bksdrrhaadr ad ghnprkosj÷o akgthrd y ad prh-

buggj÷o bk tkxths prhpuksths ko gdbd uojbdb. Rjkoko ko gukotd (4) ka doäajsjs

bk tkxths ko ka ojvka tkxtuda (joehrndgj÷o kxpaîgjtd) k joekrkogjda (joehrndgj÷o

jnpaîgjtd)6 (


18/80


‗ Ghnpaktdr kspdgjhs ko ladogh. Gho ksths kikrgjgjhs sk prktkobk

quk ka kstubjdotk kxtrdjmd joehrndgj÷o kxpaîgjtd h ehrnuak jbkds

jnpaîgjtds d pdrr bk ad akgturd. Edvhrkgko ka dprkobjzdik dgkrgd

bk ad gh`ksj÷o y ad gh`krkogjd bk pdadlrds h phrgjhoks bk tkxth

kspkgîghs bkotrh bk uod hrdgj÷o, uo pärrdeh h uo tkxth (pdadlrdsgadvk, ghokgthrks, kxprksjhoks bk rkekrkogjd, knphs vkrldaks, db-

ikvhs, ktg.).

‗ Ghnpaktdr tdlads, bjdmrdnds h gudbrhs. Ksths kikrgjgjhs sjrvko

ghnh `krrdnjkotd pdrd kvjbkogjdr ad ghnprkosj÷o bk uod akgturd

yd quk oh shah rkqujkrko bk ad skakggj÷o bk joehrndgj÷o tkxtuda

h joekrkogjda d pdrr bk grjtkrjhs kspkgîghs (jbkogdr pdadlrds

h jbkds gadvk, pdrtks bk uo thbh, hrbkodr skgukogjds bk kvkoths,

ktg.) sjoh ka rkghohgjnjkoth bk ad hrmdojzdgj÷o a÷mjgd bk ad joehrnd-

gj÷o bkotrh bk uod kstrugturd tkxtuda. ‗ \kshavkr prkmuotds. Ad shaugj÷o bk prkmuotds, tdoth phr ksgrjth

ghnh bk ehrnd hrda, dpuotdo d quk ka kstubjdotk rkkxjhok pkrnd-

okotknkotk shlrk ka ush bk ad akomud, ka sjmojgdbh y ad hrmdojzd-

gj÷o bk ad joehrndgj÷o bk uo tkxth h ka prhp÷sjth ghnuojgdvh. Ko

nug`hs gdshs rkqujkrk ka ush bk kvjbkogjds h bk ad drmunkotdgj÷o.

‗ Srhbugjr tkxths. Ghnh yd sk `d nkogjhodbh, ahs prhgkshs bksd-

rrhaadbhs ko throh bk ad ghnprkosj÷o bk akgturd bklko kotkobkrsk

ghnh uod kxpkrjkogjd bk dprkobjzdik d trdvês bk ad guda sk dbqujk-

rko `krrdnjkotds y kstrdtkmjds quk aukmh skräo usdbds (dpajgdbds)ko ad prhbuggj÷o ksgrjtd9 koehgdr uo tknd, bkojr uo prhp÷sjth

(ph bk tkxth), hrmdojzdr ads jbkds (kstrugturd a÷mjgd), usdr ka vhgd-

luadrjh y ahs ghokgthrks dbkgudbhs, ksghmkr uo tuah.


19/80

Tujoth Mrdbh • 4:

Kstrdtkmjds bjbägtjgds rkghnkobdbds ko ad edsk bk dgadrdgj÷o

• \kthnk hrdankotk ka prhp÷sjth bk ad uojbdb9 ‑¸Tuê vdnhs d dprkobkr kokstd uojbdb8„.

• Dyubk d ahs kstubjdotks d kstdlakgkr ghokxjhoks9 ‑Ko ahs kikrgjgjhs qukdgdldnhs bk `dgkr ko ad edsk kxpahrdthrjd trdldidnhs shlrk…„6 ‑ah näsjnphrtdotk euk…„6 ‑d`hrd vdnhs d trdldidr h dprkobkr dgkrgd bk…„

• [tjajgk ghnh dphyh ahs dpuotks `kg`hs ko ad edsk dotkrjhr h pjbd d ahskstubjdotks quk rkvjsko ah quk ̀ jgjkrho ko ka ndouda pdrd rksphobkr hrda-nkotk d ads prkmuotds dotkrjhrks.

• Edvhrkzgd ad pdrtjgjpdgj÷o bknhgrätjgd (oh sjknprk bê ad pdadlrd d ahsnjsnhs kstubjdotks) y ad bjsgusj÷o ghostrugtjvd (jogkotjvk ad ksgug`d dg-

tjvd y ka rkspkth).• Hrjkotk ad rkdajzdgj÷o bk ahs kikrgjgjhs nkbjdotk ads jotkrdggjhoks quk

ghosjbkrk pkrtjokotks bk dgukrbh gho ah quk `dyd hlskrvdbh ko ad edskbk kxpahrdgj÷o. Ahs tjphs bk jotkrdggjhoks quk sk prhphoko ko ahs nd-oudaks sho9

‗ Jobjvjbuda. Wk rkghnjkobd, ko ad ndyhrîd bk ahs gdshs, pkbjr d ahs ks-tubjdotks trdldidr jojgjdankotk bk ndokrd jobjvjbuda k jobkpkobjkotkgho ka prhp÷sjth bk dgtjvdr y kvjbkogjdr ghohgjnjkoths y `dljajbdbksquk aukmh skräo ghnpdrtjbhs (ko pdrkids, pkqukôhs mruphs h gho

thbd ad gadsk) gho ka prhp÷sjth bk ghorndrahs, ghotrdstdrahs, dgad -rdrahs, ghnpaktdrahs h dnpajdrahs. Duoquk sdlknhs quk ka trdldih komruph ghotrjluyk da jotkrgdnljh bk jbkds y kstrdtkmjds, ks jnphrtdotktkokr prkskotk quk ad bknhstrdgj÷o bka dprkobjzdik ks, ko ùatjnds, uodsuoth jobjvjbuda. Dsî quk, prhldlaknkotk, ad ndyhrîd bk ahs bkskn-pkôhs ko ad edsk bk dpajgdgj÷o bkldo rkdajzdrsk bk ndokrd jobjvjbuda.

‗ Ko mruph (bhs h näs kstubjdotks). Ghnh sk dgdld bk nkogjhodr, katrdldih ko kqujph ghotrjluyk da jotkrgdnljh bk jbkds, kstrdtkmjds ypkrnjtk ad ghostruggj÷o ghakgtjvd y tjkok uo aumdr prhtdm÷ojgh ko adedsk bk dgadrdgj÷o. Rdnljêo jogkotjvd ad shgjdajzdgj÷o y rktrhdajnko-

tdgj÷o jobjvjbuda. Ko nug`hs gdshs, sukak skr uod kstrdtkmjd kgdzpdrd quk ka prhekshr hlskrvk bk gkrgd ka trdldih bk sus kstubjdotks ylrjobk rktrhdajnkotdgj÷o hphrtuod njkotrds pdsd bk uo mruph d htrh.Ad ghoehrndgj÷o bk ahs mruphs bklk rksphobkr d gadrhs grjtkrjhs, tk-ojkobh sjknprk ko nkotk dskmurdr jotkrdggjhoks sdods, phsjtjvds y

Ghooùd


20/80


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Tujoth Mrdbh •


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Tujoth Mrdbh •


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Tujoth Mrdbh •


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Tujoth Mrdbh •


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Mrdbh qujoth

[ojbdb


31/80

Tujoth Mrdbh • 74

Edsks bkdprkobjzdik

Bksknpkôhsbk

ghnprkosj÷o\kgurshs

Kvdaudgj÷oghooud /

Ka kstubjdotk…BLD

@dljajbdbks kobksdrrhaah

Rjknphksndbh

Dpajgdgj÷o

Akgturd y doäaj-

sjs bk uo tkxth

bksgrjpvh

Dgvjbdbks JJJD

y JJJL (pämjods


32/80


Edsk bk kxpahrdgj÷o

Bksdrrhaah bk ahs bksknpkôhs bk ghnprkosj÷o9

Doäajsjs hrda bk erdmnkoths bk uo gukoth pdrd jbkogdr

skgukogjds bk kvkoths y bksgrjpgjhoks

• Ghnjkogk ad uojbdb rkdajzdobh ad Dgvjbdb sumkrjbd9 Akkr uo

erdmnkoth h uo gukoth ghnpakth ko bhobk sk pukbd bjekrkogjdr

gadrdnkotk b÷obk ̀ dy odrrdgj÷o (skgukogjd bk kvkoths) y b÷obk

`dy bksgrjpgj÷o (gdrdgtkrîsgds sjgds h bk ghnphrtdnjkoth).

• Kstdlakzgd gho ahs kstubjdotks uo pdrdakah shlrk ads gdrdgtkrîs-

gds bk ahs pärrdehs odrrdvhs y bksgrjpvhs9 ¸ko quê sk koeh-

gdo8, ¸quê ph bk pdadlrds h kxprksjhoks uajzdo8, ¸g÷nh kstä

hrmdojzdbd ad joehrndgj÷o8, ̧ ko quê ph bk tkxths koghotrdnhs

usudankotk pärrdehs bksgrjpvhs y ko guäaks pärrdehs odrrd-

vhs8 Sîbdaks kvjbkogjds tkxtudaks d pdrr bka gukoth akîbh.

• Bjluik ko ka tdlakrh uod tdlad ghnh ad sjmujkotk bhobk pukbd

dohtdr ads rkspukstds bk ahs kstubjdotks.

Srhp÷sjth Sdadlrds hkxprksjhoks

Hrmdojzdgj÷o h

kstrugturd bkad joehrndgj÷o

Rjphs bktkxths ko quk

usudankotkdpdrkgko

Särrdehsodrrdvhs

Särrdehsbksgrjpvhs

Bksdrrhaah bk ahs bksknpkôhs bk ghnprkosj÷o9Akgturd y doäajsjs bk pärrdehs odrrdvhs y bksgrjpvhs

• D`hrd pjbd d ahs kstubjdotks quk dlrdo ka ndouda ko ad pämjod

4< y pkrnjtd quk uoh bk kaahs akd ko vhz datd ka prhp÷sjth bk ad

uojbdb y ad prjnkrd jostruggj÷o.

Sakodrjd

Srhp÷sjth


33/80

Tujoth Mrdbh • 77

• Whajgîtkaks quk kogjkrrko ah quk bklko ̀ dgkr (vkrlhs) y sulrdyko

g÷nh bklko ̀ dgkrah (ghnpaknkoths).

• Aukmh, pjbd d damuoh quk pdrderdskk ad jostruggj÷o y nukstrk ka

aumdr ko bhobk bklko ksgrjljr.

• Sîbdaks d damuohs daunohs akkr phr turohs y skgukogjdankotk

gdbd uoh bk ahs pärrdehs bk ads pämjods 4


34/80


• Skrnjtd quk ahs kstubjdotks rkdajgko jobjvjbudankotk ad tdlad bk

ad dgvjbdb L bk ad pämjod 4;.

• Ghrrîidad gho kaahs, jovîtkahs d quk ghnpruklko su gadsjgdgj÷o

gho ahs pärrdehs dotkrjhrks y ad dgvjbdb quk rkdajzdrho dotks.

• Sdrd rkdajzdr ahs puoths 4 y < bk ad njsnd pämjod, prhnukvd adbjsgusj÷o shlrk ads rdzhoks bk ad gadsjgdgj÷o.

• Aaêvkahs, phr nkbjh bk prkmuotds, d quk bksgulrdo quk ads rdzh-

oks dpuotdo d bjekrkogjdr ahs pärrdehs odrrdvhs y bksgrjpvhs

phr su prhp÷sjth y gdrdgtkrîsgds tkxtudaks.

• Sukbk dyubdrsk gho ka prhp÷sjth bk ad uojbdb y ad tdlad bk bjek-

rkogjdgj÷o quk `jgjkrho da jojgjh bk ads dgvjbdbks.

Edsk bk dgadrdgj÷o


\kakgturd y doäajsjs bk pärrdehs odrrdvhs y bksgrjpvhs

• Dotks bk ghnkozdr ad dgvjbdb, pjbd d ahs kstubjdotks quk rk-

gukrbko ka prhp÷sjth bk kstd uojbdb9 bjekrkogjdr pärrdehs bks-grjpvhs y odrrdvhs. Sîbdaks tdnljêo quk rkgukrbko guäa ks ka

prhp÷sjth ghnuojgdvh bk gdbd pärrdeh y thbh ah quk dprkobjk-

rho ko ad edsk dotkrjhr.

• D`hrd, shajgîtkaks quk dlrdo su ndouda ko ad pämjod 45 y pîbdak d

uo daunoh(d) akkr hrdankotk ad jostruggj÷o D pdrd jbkogdr sus

Ads bjsgusjhoks ko gadsk edvhrkgko ad ghnprkosj÷o bkatknd quk sk trdldid y aakvdo d ahs kstubjdotks d aakmdr dghogausjhoks (mkokrdajzdgjhoks).

Srhnukvd ad pdrtjgjpdgj÷o bk thbhs ahs kstubjdotks ko uodnljkotk bk ksgug`d, bk rkspkth phr ad hpjoj÷o bk htrhs,bk ajlkrtdb y ghodozd pdrd kxprksdrsk erkotk d ad gadsk.

Sakodrjd

Rrdldihjobjvjbuda

Srhp÷sjth

Srhp÷sjth


35/80

Tujoth Mrdbh • 7;

ghnphokotks9 quê bklko `dgkr (vkrlhs) y g÷nh bklko `dgkrah

(ghnpaknkoths).

• Sjbd d damùo kstubjdotk quk akd ads jostruggjhoks 4, < y 7 y rkpjtd

ka njsnh kikrgjgjh dotkrjhr.

• D`hrd pîbdaks quk lusquko ka pärrdeh 7, ah akdo nkotdankotk y

ghnjkogko d bksdrrhaadr jobjvjbudankotk ka kikrgjgjh 4.

• Sdsk phr ahs pupjtrks bk ahs kstubjdotks pdrd gkrgjhrdrsk bk quk

thbhs kstäo koehgdbhs ko ad tdrkd.

• Gudobh `dydo tkrnjodbh, pîbdaks vhavkr d ad pämjod 45. Akd ko

vhz datd ka sultuah quk dpdrkgk ko ka rkgudbrh9 ‑Odrrdgj÷o9

¸Tuê pdsd8„. Srkmuotk phr quê grkko quk sk `d puksth dquî kstk

sultuah.

• D`hrd muîk ad pukstd ko ghnùo bka kikrgjgjh y bkvuêavdsk da pä-

rrdeh gdbd vkz quk ah ghosjbkrk okgksdrjh pdrd vkrjgdr kvjbko-

gjds.

• Akd ko vhz datd ad hrdgj÷o ghotkojbd ko ka rkgudbrh quk jojgjd ad

pämjod 4= y nhvk d ahs kstubjdotks pdrd quk bjmdo damuods bk

ksds ‑pdadlrds kspkgjdaks„ (ghokgthrks tknphrdaks). [stkb puk-

bk knpkzdr gho damuod pdrd quk kaahs rkgukrbko htrds. Uukavd

oukvdnkotk da pärrdeh 7.

• Kxpajquk d ahs kstubjdotks quk ustkb ah akkrä ko vhz datd y quk

kaahs bklko jotkrrunpjr gudobh kogukotrko pdadlrds quk jobj-

quko skgukogjd. Jovîtkahs d quk ads sulrdyko h kogjkrrko.

• D`hrd pjbd d ahs kstubjdotks quk vukavdo d ad pämjod 4= y bksd-rrhaako jobjvjbudankotk ka puoth


36/80


• Bîmdaks quk akdo ad jostruggj÷o 7 nkotdankotk y skôdako sus

ghnphokotks9 quê bklko `dgkr (vkrlh) y g÷nh bklko `dgkrah

(ghnpaknkoths).

• Srkmuotk ¸guäa pärrdeh bklko akkr d`hrd8, ¸quê bklko `dgkr

aukmh bk akkrah8 Wkmùo ahs kspdgjhs quk jobjgd ka kikrgjgjh ̧ guäo-ths kvkoths ̀ dy8

• Akd gho ahs kstubjdotks ka pärrdeh 4 y sulrdyko ahs skjs kvkoths.

Dyubk d ahs kstubjdotks d jbkogdr qujêo rkdajzd ads dggjhoks ko

kstk pärrdeh (ka pkrrh).

• Bkik quk ahs kstubjdotks bksdrrhaako ka kikrgjgjh jobjvjbudankotk.

• Da oda sk koghotrdräo gho ka ùanh kvkoth quk ghrrksphobk d

Uêrjgka. Srkmuotk phr quê kstä daaî y phr quê bklko jogaujrah.

• Ejodajgk kstd dgvjbdb ghogauykobh gho ahs kstubjdotks ads gdrdg-

tkrîsgds bk uo pärrdeh odrrdvh9

‗ Srhp÷sjth ghnuojgdvh9 odrrdr… (dsuoth kspkgîgh)

‗ \ksphobk d ad prkmuotd ¸quê pdsd h pds÷8

‗ Wk ghnphok bk kvkoths hrbkodbhs skgukogjdankotk ko ka

knph

‗ [ajzd pdadlrds quk jobjgdo skgukogjdajbdb (rkgukrbk damu-

ods)

• Sjbd d ahs kstubjdotks quk ghpjko kstds gdrdgtkrîsgds ko su gud-

bkroh, pdrd tkokrads prkskotks gdbd vkz quk ah okgksjtko.

• D`hrd rkdajgk gho ahs kstubjdotks ahs kikrgjgjhs shlrk ad bksgrjp-

gj÷o bk ads pämjods 4= y 40. Wjmd ka ksquknd bksdrrhaadbh gho ka

pärrdeh odrrdvh.

Ka gudbkroh ks uod ljtäghrd quk pkrnjtk d ahs kstubjdotksaakvdr uo rkmjstrh bk ah quk vdo dprkobjkobh. Ko êask ghosjmodo ghogkpths jnphrtdotks, dgtjvjbdbks qukpkrnjtdo rkghrbdr ah quk sk dprkobk, prhbuggjhoksquk kstäo ko prhgksh, ktg. Bklk skrvjr pdrd quk ahskstubjdotks ah ghosuatko gdbd vkz quk ah okgksjtko.

Rrdldihjobjvjbuda


37/80

Tujoth Mrdbh • 7=

• Kstd vkz, bklk tkokr prkskotks ads sjmujkotks gdrdgtkrîsgds bka

tkxth bksgrjpvh9

‗ Srhp÷sjth ghnuojgdvh9 bksgrjljr… (damh h damujko kspkgî-

gh)

‗ \ksphobk d ad prkmuotd ¸g÷nh ks8

‗ Ads bksgrjpgjhoks sk rkkrko d bjekrkotks dspkgths, tdaks

ghnh ehrnd, tdndôh, tkxturd, ghahr, daturd, ghotkxturd, ktg.

Ks bkgjr, sk pukbko ghosjbkrdr bjsoths grjtkrjhs.

‗ Ahs dbikvhs pkrnjtko kxprksdr rdsmhs h gdrdgtkrîsgds.

• Ks nuy jnphrtdotk quk kstds ghogausjhoks ads aakvk d gdlh gho

sus kstubjdotks pdrd edvhrkgkr ka doäajsjs bk tkxths, ka dprkobj-

zdik bk kstrdtkmjds bk ghnprkosj÷o bk akgturd y ka bksdrrhaah bk

prhgkshs rkkxjvhs (nktdghmojvhs).

• Ejodajgk ad dgvjbdb pjbjkobh d ahs ojôhs quk ksgrjldo kstds gho-

gausjhoks ko sus gudbkrohs.

Bksdrrhaah bk ahs bksknpkôhs bk ghnprkosj÷o9 Akgturd bk

tkxths pdrd jbkogdr ka prhp÷sjth, joehrndgj÷o tkxtuda k

joekrkogjda y uljgdr joehrndgj÷o kspkgîgd ko uod jndmko

• \kgukrbk ka prhp÷sjth bk ad uojbdb y kxpajquk quk kstds dgvjbd-

bks sk gkotrdräo ko ka pärrdeh bksgrjpvh.

• Skrnjtd quk ahs kstubjdotks akdo, pdrderdskko ad jostruggj÷o k

jbkoquko sus ghnphokotks9 quê bklko ̀ dgkr (vkrlhs) y g÷nh

bklko ̀ dgkrah (ghnpaknkoths).

• Sjbd d uo kstubjdotk quk akd ko vhz datd ka pärrdeh ‑Ahs nujsgds„.

Jobdmuk shlrk ka tknd kspkgîgh y ka prhp÷sjth bka pärrdeh.

• @dmd prkmuotds quk ahs aakvko d dodajzdr ka tkxth9 ¸bk guäaks gd-

rdgtkrîsgds bk ahs nujsgds sk `dlad ko ka pärrdeh86 ¸quê sk bjgk

shlrk su ghnphrtdnjkoth86 d pdrr bk kstds ùands gdrdgtkrîs-

gds, ̧ quê sk phbrîd bkgjr shlrk su ehrnd bk skr86 ̧ ko quê knph

Srhgurk, sjknprk quk ahs kstubjdotks akdoko vhz datd, dskmurdrsk bk quk ah `dmdo gho

dbkgudbd bjggj÷o, vkahgjbdb y kothodgj÷o.

Sakodrjd

Srhp÷sjth


38/80


vkrlda kstä ksgrjth ka pärrdeh86 ¸phr quê grkko quk kstä ksgrjth

ko ksk knph8 Gdbd vkz quk rksphobdo, jovîtkahs d quk kxprk-

sko kvjbkogjds tkxtudaks.

• Sîbdaks quk ksgrjldo ka prhp÷sjth bka pärrdeh vjoguadbh gho ka

tknd9 ‑Ka prhp÷sjth bka pärrdeh ks bksgrjljr….„.• Bkspuês pjbd d htrh kstubjdotk akkr ko vhz datd ka pärrdeh ‑Ahs

mdths pkrsds, rdzds rkghohgjbds„ y rkdajgk gho kaahs ka doäajsjs sj-

mujkobh ka njsnh prhgkbjnjkoth dotkrjhr.

• Bjvjbd ka gursh ko mruphs bk trks h gudtrh kstubjdotks, pdrd quk

rkdajgko ahs kikrgjgjhs G y B (pämjods


39/80

Tujoth Mrdbh • 7:

bk ghnphrtdnjkoth, ghogaujr (mkokrdajzdr) d pdrr bk kvjbkogjds

kspkgîgds, jbkogdr y hrmdojzdr joehrndgj÷o tkxtuda ko uo bjd-

mrdnd.

• \kadgjhok ah dprkobjbh gho ka prhp÷sjth bk ad uojbdb.

Edsk bk dpajgdgj÷o

Bksdrrhaah bk ahs bksknpkôhs bk ghnprkosj÷o9Akgturd y doäajsjs bk uo tkxth bksgrjpvh

• Ghnjkogk ad dgvjbdb bk ad pämjod


40/80


• Aukmh, nhbkak ad akgturd ko vhz datd bka tkxth ‑Ad hr„ y pîbdaks d

ahs daunohs quk, njkotrds vdo ksgug`dobh, bjluiko ko sus gud-

bkrohs ad hr d pdrr bk ah quk sk bjgk bk kaad ko ad akgturd.

• Ejodajzdbd ad akgturd, pjbd d ahs kstubjdotks quk ko pdrkids ghn-

pdrko sus bjluihs y ghrrhlhrko sus dgjkrths k joghosjstkogjds vha-vjkobh da tkxth.

• D`hrd pîbdaks quk ghooùko ko pdrkids bksdrrhaadobh ahs kikrgj-

gjhs bk ads pämjods


41/80

Tujoth Mrdbh • 24


Ksgrjturd bk pärrdehs bksgrjpvhs y odrrdvhs

• Sjbd d uo kstubjdotk akkr ko vhz datd ads jostruggjhoks bk ahs puo-

ths 5 y = bk ad pämjod


42/80


Wî Oh

Ka tuah bk nj pärrdeh sk rkkrk da tknd shlrk ka quk ksgrjlî.

Nj pärrdeh sk koehgd ko ka njsnh tknd.

Nj pärrdeh rksphobk da prhp÷sjth ghnuojgdvh (odrrdr h bksgrjljr).

[sh ads kstrdtkmjds dbkgudbds da prhp÷sjth ghnuojgdvh9

• Ko ad odrrdgj÷o9 skgukogjd bk kvkoths y kxprksjhoks quk kxprksdo

ghooujbdb tknphrda.

• Ko ad bksgrjpgj÷o9 dbikvhs y kxprksjhoks quk kxprksdo gdrdgtkrîsgds

sjgds h bk ghnphrtdnjkoth.

Nj pärrdeh bksdrrhaad ka tknd bk ndokrd hrmdojzdbd9

• Srkskotd ka tknd gho uod hrdgj÷o jotrhbugthrjd

• Bksdrrhaad ka tknd gho sugjkotks hrdgjhoks ghokgtdbds

dprhpjdbdnkotk

• Gjkrrd ka tknd gho uod hrdgj÷o quk ghogauyk h sjotkzd ka tknd

Kvjth rkpkr pdadlrds ko nj pärrdeh.

Gdbd hrdgj÷o ghnjkozd gho ndyùsguad.

[ajzh dprhpjdbdnkotk ka puoth skmujbh y ads ghnds pdrd skpdrdr ads

hrdgjhoks bkotrh bka pärrdeh.

[ajzh uo puoth oda da tkrnjodr ka pärrdeh.

• D`hrd, pjbd d ahs kstubjdotks quk rkvjsko y ghrrjido sus ksgrjths

bk dgukrbh gho ah rkmjstrdbh ko ad ndtrjz. Ad vkrsj÷o oda bka tkx-

th ks ad quk bklko kotrkmdr da prhekshr pdrd skr gdajgdbd.

Ad rkvjsj÷o bk uo ksgrjth ks uo prhgksh jnphrtdotk y okgksdrjh sjsk kspkrd quk ahs kstubjdotks skdo ksgrjthrks ghnpktkotks. Sdrdahmrdrah, sk bklk trdldidr ko ad joghrphrdgj÷o bk `dljajbdbks ykstrdtkmjds d ah adrmh bk ad ksghadrjbdb, tdaks ghnh9

• Ad rkakgturd9 Ka ksgrjthr bklk rkakkr ah quk ksgrjlk gdbd vkz qukah okgksjtk pdrd vkrjgdr sj kstä rksphobjkobh da prhp÷sjth y ahsgrjtkrjhs prkvjdnkotk kstdlakgjbhs.

• Ad rkksgrjturd 9 Ka ksgrjthr bklk jbkotjgdr ahs dspkgths qukbklko skr ghrrkmjbhs d pdrtjr bk ahs grjtkrjhs prkvjdnkotkkstdlakgjbhs.

Sdrd ksth, ad ghkvdaudgj÷o h ad rktrhdajnkotdgj÷o kotrk pdrks iukmd uo rha euobdnkotda puks pkrnjtk ka bksdrrhaah bk `dljajbdbksnktdghmojtjvds quk bjeîgjankotk uo kstubjdotk phbrîd bksdrrhaadr bkndokrd djsadbd.


43/80

Tujoth Mrdbh • 27

• Ejodajgk ad uojbdb gho uo kikrgjgjh rkkxjvh (nktdghmojvh)9 prk-

muotk d sus kstubjdotks quê dprkobjkrho ko kstd uojbdb. Aaêvk-

ahs d quk kxprksko tdnljêo ads kstrdtkmjds bk akgturd y ksgrjturd

quk aakvdrho d gdlh, dbknäs bk thbh ah quk ghrrksphobk d ahs

tkxths bksgrjpvhs y odrrdvhs. Shr kiknpah9 ¸quê pukbko `d-gkr njkotrds akko uo tkxth8, ¸g÷nh pukbko ghrrkmjr sus ksgrj-

ths8, ¸quê bklko ghrrkmjr8, ¸pdrd quê ks okgksdrjh ghohgkr ads

gdrdgtkrîsgds bk ahs pärrdehs odrrdvhs y bksgrjpvhs8, ¸g÷nh

thndrho dpuotks burdotk thbh ka prhgksh8, ktg.

Da odajzdr gdbd gadsk h gdbd uojbdb ks jnphrtdotk `dgkr uo gjkrrkquk aakvk d ahs kstubjdotks d9

• rkadgjhodr ah quk `jgjkrho gho ka prhp÷sjth quk sk tkoîd,• ehrndajzdr ahs ghogkpths trdldidbhs burdotk ad gadsk h uojbdb,• jbkotjgdr ah quk sdlîdo y ah oukvh quk dprkobjkrho burdotk ad

gadsk h uojbdb,


44/80


Ads `dljajbdbks bk pkosdnjkoth y ads `dljajbdbks ajomñîsgds quk sk bksd-

rrhaado ko ahs ndoudaks bk Akgturd y Ghnphsjgj÷o ko Kspdôha sjmuko uod sk-

gukogjd ko kspjrda, ks bkgjr, sk vdo `dgjkobh näs ghnpakids d nkbjbd quk

sk dvdozd bk ojvka d ojvka. Dsî, ko ka bksdrrhaah bk kstds `dljajbdbks, uods

sk ghostuyko ko prkrrkqujsjths bk htrds, ko uo prhgksh bk ghostruggj÷o

pkrndokotk bk ad ghnprkosj÷o y bk ads ghnpktkogjds okgksdrjds pdrd ad prh-

buggj÷o ksgrjtd.

Sdrd sdlkr quê sk bksdrrhaad ko gdbd mrdbh y `dstd b÷obk sk kspkrd aak-

mdr ko ka prhgksh bk dprkobjzdik, sk prkskotdo ko kstk gdpîtuah ads tdlads bk

dagdogk y skgukogjd ko ads gudaks sk bksmahsdo skgukogjdankotk ads `dljaj-

bdbks bk pkosdnjkoth y ajomñîsgds ko ads quk sk koehgdo ahs bksknpkôhs

prhpuksths ko gdbd ndouda. Rdnljêo sk prkskotd, d ndokrd bk dphyh, uo

ajstdbh bk ahs ghotkojbhs quk bklko tkokrsk ko gukotd shlrk ka ghohgjnjko-

th ehrnda bk ad Akomud, dsî ghnh ad rkadgj÷o gho ahs BLD (Bkrkg`hs Läsjghs

bk Dprkobjzdik) prhpuksths phr ka NKO quk sk trdldido d trdvês bk ads uoj-

bdbks.

Gdlk dohtdr quk, duoquk ahs ndoudaks `dgko êoedsjs ko ad akgturd y ad

ksgrjturd, ads `dljajbdbks rkadgjhodbds gho ad ksgug`d y ad kxprksj÷o hrda

dpdrkgko jotkmrdbds d pdrr bk ads jotkrdggjhoks njsnds quk sk mkokrdo bu-

rdotk ka bksdrrhaah bk ads dgvjbdbks prhpukstds ko gdbd uojbdb.

Gdbd tdlad ghokok9

• @dljajbdbks bk pkosdnjkoth9 Srhgkshs ghmojvhs quk sjmuko uod sk-

gukogjd bk dgukrbh gho ka ojvka bk bksdrrhaah bk ahs kstubjdotks y quk

sk trdldido d pdrr bk ads `dljajbdbks ajomñîsgds.

• @dljajbdbks ajomñîsgds9 Srhgkshs rkadgjhodbhs gho ka bksdrrhaah bk ad

Akomud ghnh `krrdnjkotd bk ghnuojgdgj÷o, d trdvês bk9

Gdpîtuah U

Dagdogk y skgukogjd


45/80

Tujoth Mrdbh • 2;

‗ Ad akgturd9 Jogauyk (4) ad phahmîd tkxtuda quk sk usd pdrd rkdajzdr

ahs bksknpkôhs6 (


46/80


@dljajbdbksbk

pkosdnjkoth

Bksgrjpgj÷o

Jbkogdgj÷o bk pdadlrds bksgrjpvds (db-

ikvhs)

Bksgrjpgj÷o bk hlikths y dojndaks (4 d 7

gdrdgtkrîsgds)

Jbkogdgj÷o bk hlikths y dojndaks d pdrr

bk sus gdrdgtkrîsgds

Ghnpdrdgj÷o

Jbkogdgj÷o bk gdrdgtkrîsgds sjgds sknk-

idotks kotrk hlikths k jnämkoks

Jbkogdgj÷o bk gdrdgtkrîsgds sjgds y ghn-

phrtdnkotdaks sknkidotks kotrk pkrshodiks

Bksgrjpgj÷o bk gdrdgtkrîsgds sknkidotks

kotrk hlikths, jnämkoks y pkrshodiks

Jbkogdgj÷o bk gdrdgtkrîsgds sknkidotks y

bjekrkotks kotrk jnämkoks

Ghnpdrdgj÷o y bksgrjpgj÷o bk gdrdgtkrîsgds

d pdrr bk tdlads joehrndvds

Ghnpdrdgj÷o y bksgrjpgj÷o bk gdrdgtkrîsgds

sknkidotks y bjekrkotks kotrk pkrshods

Gadsjgdgj÷o

Dshgjdgj÷o bk bhs hlikths ldih uo grjtkrjh

Hrbko y dmrupdgj÷o bk hlikths tkojkobh ko

gukotd `dstd bhs gdrdgtkrîsgds

Jbkogdgj÷o bk grjtkrjhs bk gadsjgdgj÷o

Gadsjgdgj÷o bk dojndaks nkbjdotk bksgrjp-

gj÷o bk gdrdgtkrîsgds

Gdusd-Kekgth

\kadgj÷o bk hlikths y dggjhoks gho uo hlikthh sjtudgj÷o kspkgîgd

Jbkogdgj÷o bk sjtudgjhoks quk sugkbko

dotks-bkspuês d pdrr bk jnämkoks

Jbkogdgj÷o bka jojgjh-oda bk uod odrrd-

gj÷o

Hrbko bk skgukogjds bk kvkoths d pdrr bk

phknds, eäluads

Bksgrjpgj÷o bk kvkoths ko skgukogjd

Jbkogdgj÷o bk gdusd-kekgth

Bksgrjpgj÷o bk gdusd-kekgth

Odrrdgj÷o bk sjtudgjhoks

Ghooudgj÷o

Ghooùd


47/80

Tujoth Mrdbh • 2=

@dljajbdbksajomñîsgds

Akgturd

Rjphahmîd

tkxtuda

Rkxths kxphsjvhs bksgrjpvhs

Rkxths odrrdvhs

Rkxths ajtkrdrjhs (dbjvjodozds,

gukoth, phknd, eäluad, rktd`î-

ads, trdldakomuds)

Ojvkatkxtuda

\kprhbuggj÷o bk joehrndgj÷o

kxpaîgjtd

Gadsjgdgj÷o bk joehrndgj÷o

tkxtuda ko bjdmrdnds, gudbrhs

h tdlads

Sdrderdskh bk joehrndgj÷o

tkxtuda

Ojvkajoekrkogjda

Jbkogdgj÷o bk grjtkrjhs bk

dmrupdgj÷o d pdrr bka ghotk-

ojbh

Jbkogdgj÷o bk gdusd-kekgth

d pdrr bka tkxth

Ksgrjturd

WîadldsKsgrjturd bk sîadlds pdrd ohnj-

odr, jbkogdr

SdadlrdsKsgrjturd bk pdadlrds pdrd

ohnjodr, jbkogdr, bksgrjljr,

ghnpdrdr, gadsjgdr

Erdsks Ksgrjturd bk erdsks

Hrdgjhoks

Ksgrjturd bk hrdgjhoks skogjaads

pdrd bksgrjljr h odrrdr

Ksgrjturd bk hrdgjhoks nhbkad-bds bk ahomjtub kxtkosd

Ghohgjnjkothbk ad akomud

Wustdotjvhs

Dbikvhs ‗ gdrdgtkrîsgds sjgds

Dbikvhs ‗ gdrdgtkrîsgds bk ghnphrtdnjkoth

Ukrlhs

Ghokgthrks ghpuadvhs (y)

Ghokgthrks dbjvhs (dbknäs)

Ghokgthrks ghnpdrdvhs (sjnjajtub y ghotrdstk)

Ghokgthrks gdusdvhs (phrquk) y bk kekgth (bkljbh d ksth)

Ghokgthrks tknphrdaks (dotks, bkspuês)

Ghooudgj÷o


48/80


Mrdbh skmuobh

[ O J B D B 4

G d r d g t k r î s

g d s s j g d s b k h l i k t h s

[ O J B D B <

G d r d g t k r î s

g d s b k p k r s h o d s

[ O J B D B 7

G h n p d r d g j

÷ o

[ O J B D B 2

M r u p h - n j k n l r h

[ O J B D B ;

R h b h - p d r t

k s

[ O J B D B 5

D g g j h o k s k o p r k s k o t k

[ O J B D B =

D g g j h o k s k o p d s d b h

Bkrkg`hs Läsjghs bk Dprkobjzdik

4, 5,

=, 0,

:, 43,

44,

4


49/80

Tujoth Mrdbh • 2:


Akgturd

Rjphahmîd

tkxtuda

Rkxths kxphsjvhs, bksgrjp-

vhs, odrrdvhs

Rkxths ajtkrdrjhs (gukoths y

dbjvjodozds)

Ojvka tkxtuda

\kprhbuggj÷o bk joehrndgj÷o

tkxtuda y kxpaîgjtd


tkxtuda ko bjdmrdnds, gudbrhs

h tdlads

Sdrderdskh bk joehrndgj÷o

tkxtuda

Ojvkajoekrkogjda

Jbkogdgj÷o bka tknd bka

tkxth d pdrr bka ghotkojbh

[sh bk joehrndgj÷o tkxtuda y

gadvks bka tkxth pdrd jbko-

gdr joehrndgj÷o oh kxpaîgjtd

Ksgrjturd

HrdgjhoksKsgrjturd bk hrdgjhoks pdrd

gadsjgdr, bksgrjljr h ghnpdrdr

RkxthKsgrjturd bk tkxths bksgrjp-

vhs ghrths

Ghohgjnjkoth

bk ad akomud

Wustdovhs


Ukrlhs ‗ gdrdgtkrîsgds bk ghnphrtdnjkoth

Ukrlhs ko prkskotk

Ukrlhs ko pdsdbh (prktkrjth jobkojbh)Dot÷ojnhs

Hrdgjhoks drndvds y okmdvds

Ghokgthrks bk ghnpdrdgj÷o (sjnjajtub y ghotrdstk)

Ghoghrbdogjd ko oùnkrh (suikth bk ad hrdgj÷o ‗ vkrlh)

Ghooudgj÷o


50/80

;3 • Muîd bk ush pdrd ka ndkstrh

Mrdbh tkrgkrh

[ O J B

D B 4

R h b h

- p d r t k s

[ O J B

D B <

G a d s j g d g j ÷ o

[ O J B

D B 7

G h n

p d r d g j ÷ o

[ O J B

D B 2

K a p ä

r r d e h

[ O J B

D B ;

B k s g

r j p g j ÷ o b k h l i k t h s

[ O J B

D B 5

B k s g

r j p g j ÷ o b k d o j n d a k s

[ O J B

D B =

B k s g

r j p g j ÷ o b k p k r s h o d s

[ O J B

D B 0

O d r r

d g j ÷ o


4,


51/80

Tujoth Mrdbh • ;4

@dljajbdbksajomñîsgds Akgturd

Rjphahmîd

tkxtuda

Hrdgjhoks kxphsjvds

Jnämkoks

Rkxths kxphsjvhs, bksgrjp-

vhs, odrrdvhs

Rkxths ajtkrdrjhs (gukoth, eä-luad)

Ojvka tkxtuda

Jbkogdgj÷o bk joehrndgj÷o

kxpaîgjtd bk hrdgjhoks y tkxths

(vkrldaks y oh vkrldaks)

[sh bk kvjbkogjds tkxtudaks

pdrd iusgdr ad ghnprkosj÷o

tkxtuda bk uo tkxth


tkxtuda phr nkbjh bk bjdmrd-

nds, gudbrhs, tdlads h bjluihs

Gadsjgdgj÷o bk joehrndgj÷o d

pdrr bka tknd

Sdrderdskh y rksunko bka tkx-

th akîbh

Ojvkajoekrkogjda

Sadotkdnjkoth bk `jp÷tksjs h

dogjpdgjhoks shlrk ka ghotk-

ojbh bk uo tkxth (vkrlda h oh

vkrlda)


tkxth d pdrr bka ghotkojbh,

bka tuah h bk ads jnämkoks


gadvks bka tkxth pdrd jbko-gdr joehrndgj÷o oh kxpaîgjtd

Bjekrkogjdgj÷o bk tkxths odrrd-

vhs y bksgrjpvhs bksbk su

prhp÷sjth ghnuojgdvh

Jbkogdgj÷o bk ad kstrugturd

bk tkxths odrrdvhs

Ojvka grîgh

-vdahrdvh

Ehrnuadgj÷o bk hpjojhoks

shlrk dspkgths kspkgîghs bka

tkxth akîbh

Jovksmdgj÷o

Lùsqukbd, ahgdajzdgj÷o y sk-

akggj÷o bk ad joehrndgj÷o ghodphyh bka dbuath

Rhnd bk ohtds gho dphyh bka

dbuath

Jbkogdgj÷o bk dspkgths

läsjghs bk rkekrkogjd (duthr y

tuah bka ajlrh ghosuatdbh)

Ghooudgj÷o


52/80

;< • Muîd bk ush pdrd ka ndkstrh

@dljajbdbksajomñîsgds Ksgrjturd

HrdgjhoksKsgrjturd bk hrdgjhoks kxpajgd-

vds, bksgrjpvds y odrrdvds

Särrdeh ytkxth

Sadokdgj÷o bk pärrdehs y tkx-

ths usdobh hrdgjhoks h bjd-

mrdnds

\kghohgjnjkoth bk ad hrmdoj-

zdgj÷o tkxtuda

Ksgrjturd bk pärrdehs y tkxths

bksgrjpvhs (hlikths, dojnd-

aks, pkrshods)

Ksgrjturd bk tkxths odrrdvhs

tkojkobh ko gukotd ad kstrug-

turd, ad skgukogjd bk kvkoths y

ahs kaknkoths odrrdvhs


Wustdovhs


Ukrlhs ko prkskotk‗ gdrdgtkrîsgds bk ghnphrtdnjkoth y

euogj÷o bk ads pdrtks bk uo thbh

Ukrlhs ko pdsdbh (prktêrjth jobkojbh) ‗ odrrdgj÷o bk kvko-

ths

Dbvkrljhs y prkphsjgjhoks ‗ ahgdajzdgj÷o bk ads pdrtks bk uo

thbh

Dot÷ojnhs

Ghokgthrks bk ghnpdrdgj÷o (sjnjajtub y ghostrdstk)

Kstrugturd bk hrdgj÷o (suikth y prkbjgdbh)

Kstrugturd bk pärrdeh

Gdrdgtkrîsgds läsjgds bk uo tkxth (tknd, hrmdojzdgj÷o bk

ads jbkds, puoth skmujbh, suikth tägjth y ush vdrjdbh bk pdad-

lrds pdrd kvjtdr rkpkgjhoks)

Ghooudgj÷o


53/80

Tujoth Mrdbh • ;7

Mrdbh gudrth

[ O J B

D B 4

G a d s j g d g j ÷ o

[ O J B

D B <

K a p ä

r r d e h

[ O J B

D B 7

E u o g

j h o k s b k a h s p ä r r d e h s

[ O J B

D B 2

B k s g

r j p g j ÷ o b k p k r s h o d s

[ O J B

D B ;

G h n p d r d g j ÷ o

[ O J B

D B 5

B k s g

r j p g j ÷ o b k k s t r u g t u r d

[ O J B

D B =

B k s g

r j p g j ÷ o b k a u m d r

[ O J B

D B 0

O d r r d g j ÷ o y b k s g r j p g j ÷ o

Bkrkg`hs Läsjghs bk Dprkobjzdik4, 7,

2, ;,

=, 0

4, 7,

2, ;,

=, 0

4, 7,

2, ;,

=, 0

4, 7,

2, ;,

=, 0

4, 7,

2, ;,

=, 0

4, 7,

2, ;,

=, 0

4, 7,

2, ;,

=, 0

4, 7,

2, ;,

=, 0

@dljajbdbksbk

pkosdnjkoth

Gadsjgdgj÷oGadsjgdgj÷o phr rdsmh ghnùo (pkrtkokogjd

‗oh pkrtkokogjd)

Kxpajgdgj÷oMkokrdajzdgj÷o bk grjtkrjhs bk gadsjgdgj÷o h

bk ghnpdrdgj÷o

Bksgrjpgj÷o

\kadgj÷o kotrk ka thbh (tkxth) y ads pdrtks

quk ah ghnphoko (kaknkoths y gdrdgtkrîs-

gds bka tkxth)

Bksgrjpgj÷o bk dojndaks y pkrshods bksbk

sus gdrdgtkrîsgds sjgds y bk ghnphrtd-

njkoth

Bksgrjpgj÷o bk kstrugturd9 rkadgj÷o kotrk ads

pdrtks bk uo thbh phr nkbjh bk su ahgdajzd-

gj÷o y su euogj÷o

Bksgrjpgj÷o bk aumdr (pdjsdik)9 rkadgj÷o kotrk

ads pdrtks bk uo thbh phr nkbjh bk su ahgdaj-

zdgj÷o y gdrdgtkrîsgds kspkgîgds, bksbk uo

puoth bk rkekrkogjd

Ghnpdrdgj÷o

Wjnjajtub y ghotrdstk kotrk gdrdgtkrîsgdssjgds y bk ghnphrtdnjkoth bk dojndaks y

pkrshods

Wjnjajtub y ghotrdstk kotrk gdrdgtkrîsgds

sjgds bk hlikths

Odrrdgj÷oWkgukogjdajbdb bk ahs kvkoths

Kstrugturd odrrdvd (jojgjh, oubh, bkskoadgk)

@dljajbdbksajomñîsgds Akgturd Rjphahmîdtkxtuda

Rkxths kxphsjvhs (bksgrjp-

vhs, odrrdvhs y ghnpdrd-

vhs)

Jnämkoks

Rkxths jostrugvhs

Rkxths ajtkrdrjhs (gukoth,

phknd)

Ghooùd


54/80



Akgturd

Ojvka tkxtuda


kxpaîgjtd bk tkxths (vkrldaks y

oh vkrldaks)

[sh bk kvjbkogjds tkxtudaks

pdrd iusgdr ad ghnprkosj÷o

tkxtuda bk uo tkxth


kxpaîgjtd d pdrr bka tknd


tkxtuda phr nkbjh bk bjdmrd-

nds, gudbrhs, tdlads h bjluihs

Doäajsjs bk pärrdehs y tkxths

pdrd jbkogdr ads gdrdgtkrîs-

gds tkxtudaks

Sdrderdskh y rksunko bka

tkxth akîbh

Ojvka

joekrkogjda


tkxth

Jbkogdgj÷o bka prhp÷sjth

ghnuojgdvh bka tkxth

Bjekrkogjdgj÷o bk tkxths od-

rrdvhs y bksgrjpvhs bksbk

su prhp÷sjth ghnuojgdvh, su

kstrugturd y sus gdrdgtkrîsgd

tkxtudaks

Jbkogdgj÷o bk ad kstrugturd

bk uo tkxth (odrrdvh, bks-

grjpvh y ghnpdrdvh)

Kxpajgdgj÷o bk nktäehrds

sjnpaks


gadvks bka tkxth pdrd jbko-

gdr joehrndgj÷o oh kxpaîgjtd

\kghohgjnjkoth bk ads rk-

adgjhoks quk prhbugko ahs

kaknkoths bk gh`ksj÷o (rkek-

rkotks y ghokgthrks)

Jovksmdgj÷o

Lùsqukbd, ahgdajzdgj÷o y sk-

akggj÷o bk ad joehrndgj÷o gho

dphyh bka dbuath

Rhnd bk ohtds gho muîd

Jbkogdgj÷o bk dspkgths

läsjghs bk rkekrkogjd (duthr y

tuah bka ajlrh ghosuatdbh)

Ghooudgj÷o

Ghooùd


55/80

Tujoth Mrdbh • ;;


Ksgrjturd

HrdgjhoksKsgrjturd bk hrdgjhoks bks-

grjpvds, ghnpdrdvds h

odrrdvds

Rkxth

Sadokdgj÷o bk tkxths, hrmd-

ojzdobh ad joehrndgj÷o ko

ajstds, bjdmrdnds, gudbrhs ytdlads

Ksgrjturd bk pärrdehs odrrd-

vhs

Ksgrjturd bk tkxths bksgrjp-

vhs (bk pkrshods, bk dojnd-

aks, bk hlikths, bk aumdrks)


jogauykobh ad bksgrjpgj÷o

Bksdrrhaah bk prhgkshs bk ks-

grjturd (padokdgj÷o, ksgrjturd,

rkvjsj÷o y kbjgj÷o)


Wustdovhs

Dbikvhs ‗ gdrdgtkrîsgds sjgds y ehrnd bk skr

Ukrlhs ko prkskotk

Ukrlhs ko pdsdbh jnpkrekgth ‗ pdrd rkadgjhodr kvkoths y

gdrdgtkrîsgds bk ghnphrtdnjkoth y sjgds


Kxprksjhoks bk rkekrkogjd (prhohnlrks y dbikvhs bknhs-

trdvhs)

Dbvkrljhs y prkphsjgjhoks ‗ ahgdajzdgj÷o bk ads pdrtks bk uothbh

Srhp÷sjth ghnuojgdvh

Kstrugturd y gdrdgtkrîsgds bka pärrdeh

Kstrugturd bk tkxths bksgrjpvhs (pkrshods, kstrugturds y

aumdrks)

Kstrugturd, gdrdgtkrîsgds y kaknkoths bk tkxths odrrdvhs

Ghooudgj÷o


56/80


Mrdbh qujoth

[ O J B D B

4

E u o g j h o

k s b k a h s p ä r r d e h s

[ O J B D B

<

K a p ä r r d e h

[ O J B D B

7

B k s g r j p g j ÷ o b k a u m d r

[ O J B D B

2

O d r r d g j ÷

o

[ O J B D B

;

B k s g r j p g j ÷ o b k k s t r u g t u r d

[ O J B D B

5

G h n p d r

d g j ÷ o

[ O J B D B

=

B k s g r j p g j ÷ o b k p r h g k s h s


4,


57/80

Tujoth Mrdbh • ;=


Akgturd

Ojvka tkxtuda


kxpaîgjtd bk tkxths (vkrldaks y oh

vkrldaks)

[sh bk kvjbkogjds tkxtudaks pdrd

iusgdr ad ghnprkosj÷o tkxtuda bk

uo tkxthGadsjgdgj÷o bk joehrndgj÷o tkxtuda

phr nkbjh bk bjdmrdnds, gudbrhs,

tdlads h bjluihs

Doäajsjs bk pärrdehs y tkxths pdrd

jbkogdr ads gdrdgtkrîsgds tkx-

tudaks

Jbkogdgj÷o bk rkadgjhoks gdusd/

kekgth kxpaîgjtds

Sdrderdskh y rksunko bka tkxth

akîbh

Ojvkajoekrkogjda

Jbkogdgj÷o bka tknd bka tkxth

Jbkogdgj÷o bka prhp÷sjth ghnu-

ojgdvh bka tkxth

Bjekrkogjdgj÷o bk tkxths odrrdvhs

y bksgrjpvhs bksbk su prhp÷sjth

ghnuojgdvh, su kstrugturd y sus

gdrdgtkrîsgd tkxtudaks

[sh bk joehrndgj÷o tkxtuda y gadvks

bka tkxth pdrd jbkogdr joehrnd-

gj÷o oh kxpaîgjtd

Kstdlakgjnjkoth bk ghogausjhoks d

pdrr bk joehrndgj÷o tkxtuda

\kghohgjnjkoth bk ads rkadgjhoks

quk prhbugko ahs kaknkoths bk

gh`ksj÷o (rkekrkotks y ghokgthrks)

Jovksmdgj÷o

Lùsqukbd, ahgdajzdgj÷o y skakggj÷o

bk ad joehrndgj÷o

Rhnd bk ohtds gho muîd

Jbkogdgj÷o bk dspkgths läsjghs

bk rkekrkogjd (duthr y tuah bka

ajlrh ghosuatdbh)

Ksgrjturd

HrdgjhoksKsgrjturd bk hrdgjhoks bksgrjpvds,

ghnpdrdvds h odrrdvds

Särrdehs ytkxths

Ksgrjturd bk pärrdehs odrrdvhs y

bksgrjpvhs

Ksgrjturd bk tkxths bksgrjpvhs (bk

kstrugturd, bk aumdrks, bk prhgksh)


Ksgrjturd bk tkxths ghnpdrdvhs

Ghooudgj÷o

Ghooùd


58/80



Dbikvhs

Ehrnds vkrldaks (prkskotk, pdsdbh y pausgudnpkrekgth)

Kxprksjhoks bk knph y skgukogjdajbdb


Ghokgthrks bk gdusd-kekgth

Srkphsjgjhoks ‗ ahgdajzdgj÷o bk ads pdrtks bk uo thbh

Ohnjodajzdgj÷o bk vkrlhs

Srhp÷sjth ghnuojgdvh

Gdrdgtkrîsgds sjotäggds y sknäogds bk tkxths bksgrjpvhs

(pkrshods, kstrugturd, aumdrks y prhgkshs)

Gdrdgtkrîsgds sjotäggds y sknäogds bk tkxths odrrdvhs

Ghooudgj÷o


59/80

Tujoth Mrdbh • ;:

Ahs ndoudaks bk Akgturd y Ghnphsjgj÷o ko Kspdôha sk koehgdo, prjogjpda-

nkotk, ko ka bksdrrhaah bk ̀ dljajbdbks bk pkosdnjkoth y ̀ dljajbdbks ajomñîs-

gds quk aks pkrnjtdo d ahs kstubjdotks ‑dprkobkr d dprkobkr„. Ks bkgjr, quk

ahs `dmd akgthrks ghnpktkotks pdrd akkr bk ndokrd ghnprkosjvd y prhbugjr

bjsoths phs bk tkxths, oh shadnkotk pdrd ad gadsk bk Kspdôha sjoh pdrd

gudaqujkrd bk ads bknäs gadsks ko ads quk ka akomudik y ad ghnuojgdgj÷o sho

kskogjdaks.

Ks phr ksth ùanh quk ko ahs ndoudaks sk `d `kg`h kspkgjda êoedsjs ko

ahs tkxths kxphsjvhs, quk sukako skr ahs quk prkbhnjodo d ah adrmh bk ad ks-

ghadrjbdb. Wjo knldrmh, ksth oh sjmojgd quk ahs tkxths ajtkrdrjhs y drmunko-

tdvhs oh tkomdo gdljbd ko ahs prhgkshs prhpuksths. Bk `kg`h, sk kspkrd

quk ads `dljajbdbks bksdrrhaadbds ko ahs ndoudaks pukbdo skr trdosekrjbds,

gho ad muîd bk ahs prhekshrks, d htrhs phs bk tkxths dsî ghnh d htrds gadsks.

Gho ka prhp÷sjth bk dphydr ad jnpaknkotdgj÷o bk ahs ndoudaks, ko kstk

gdpîtuah koghotrdrä damuods kstrdtkmjds gho ads gudaks phbrä oh shadnkotkjoghrphrdr ad akgturd bka tkxth ajtkrdrjh, sjoh ad ksgrjturd grkdvd, drmunkotd-

vd y ad kxprksj÷o hrda. Shr htrd pdrtk, sk herkgko kstrdtkmjds pdrd ehrtdakgkr

`dljajbdbks ghnh ka ̀ äljth bk ad akgturd, ka trdldih ko mruph, ka skmujnjkoth

bk jostruggjhoks ksgrjtds y ahs prhgkshs bk ghosuatd. Rhbh ah guda prhpjgjd ka

bksdrrhaah bk ads ghnpktkogjds okgksdrjds pdrd uo ÷ptjnh dprkobjzdik.

Kotrk ahs rkgurshs ghnpaknkotdrjhs koghotrdrä damuohs dggkshs ajlrks d

sjhs wkl bhobk kstäo bjsphojlaks padoks y muîds bk akgturd bjskôdbhs pdrd

ghoshajbdr ka ush y ad ghnprkosj÷o bka tkxth ajtkrdrjh.

Gdpîtuah UJ

Kstrdtkmjds y rkgurshs ghnpaknkotdrjhs


60/80


Kstrdtkmjds ghnpaknkotdrjds

4. Akgturd sjakogjhsd shstkojbd (AWW)

Ad AWW ks uod ruod bk gadsk quk kok ghnh uoh bk sus prhp÷sjths

ehrtdakgkr ka `äljth bk ad akgturd ko ahs kstubjdotks y bksdrrhaadr su

musth phr ad ajtkrdturd, duoquk oh kok quk kstdr rkstrjomjbd da tkxth

ajtkrdrjh.

Sdrd jnpaknkotdr kstd ruod, sk bklk dlrjr uo kspdgjh quk pukbk hs-

gjadr kotrk ; y 43 njouths da ghnjkozh h da oda bk damuods h thbds ads

gadsks. Wk trdtd bk uo kspdgjh ‑mrdtujth„, ks bkgjr, oh okgksdrjdnkotk

vjoguadbh gho ghotkojbhs dgdbênjghs oj quk tkomd quk skr ‑kvdaud-

bh„ ghnh uo bksknpkôh ehrnda. Burdotk ad ruod, gdbd kstubjdotk

bklk akkr sjo pdrdr y ko thtda sjakogjh uo ajlrh ksghmjbh prkvjdnkotk

ko ad ljlajhtkgd ksghadr, ldih ad muîd bka prhekshr, bk dgukrbh gho susjotkrksks y dbkgudbh d sus kbdbks. Ahs ajlrhs pukbko skr bk ggj÷o h

oh ggj÷o.

Ah näs jnphrtdotk bk kstd ruod ks quk, sjstknägdnkotk, ads gadsks

ghnjkogko gho kstk nhnkoth bk akgturd mrdgjds da guda sk kspkrd ehr-

tdakgkr, kvkotudankotk, ka `äljth bk ad akgturd.

Ka skmuobh prhp÷sjth bk ad AWW ks prhpjgjdr kspdgjhs bk jotkrgdnljhs

y ghovkrsdgjhoks kotrk ahs kstubjdotks d pdrr bk sus akgturds. Ksth ks

pdrd quk ad gadsk skd, dotk thbh, uo adlhrdthrjh bk dprkobjzdik ko ka

quk ghouydo bjvkrshs jotkrksks y sk ghoehrnk uod ghnuojbdb akgth-

rd. Ko kstk skobh, gho kstd ruod sk kspkrd bksdrrhaadr `dljajbdbks

bk kxprksj÷o hrda d pdrr bk ad ghostruggj÷o bk uod vhz prhpjd quk

ks gdpdz bk `dladrak d ahs ghnpdôkrhs, bk ndokrd dutêogd, shlrk ah

quk akk.

Sdrd ksth ks nuy jnphrtdotk quk uod vkz ahs kstubjdotks `dydo tkr-

njodbh sus akgturds, pukbdo ghnpdrrads gho sus ghnpdôkrhs. Ksth

sk pukbk `dgkr ko pkqukôhs mruphs h pakodrjds, gho ad nhbdajbdb

bk rkghnkobdgjhoks, nho÷ahmhs bk pkrshodiks, pukstds ko ksgkod,prkskotdgjhoks gho rkgurshs vjsudaks h grîtjgds drmunkotdbds. Bk kstd

ndokrd, ad AWW ks oh shah uod kxpkrjkogjd jobjvjbuda sjoh uod kxpk-

rjkogjd ghakgvd.


61/80

Tujoth Mrdbh • 54

Ko kstk skobh, ks nuy jnphrtdotk quk ka prhekshr tdnljêo pdrgjpk

bk ad kxpkrjkogjd akykobh su prhpjh ajlrh erkotk d sus kstubjdotks. Wkr

nhbkah ks ad nkihr kstrdtkmjd pdrd nhvdr d ahs daunohs.


62/80


‗ Hlskrvdgj÷o9 Bksgrjpgj÷o bktdaadbd bk uo aumdr, hlikth, pkrshod,

pkrshodik h sjtudgj÷o gho ka prhp÷sjth bk usdr uo vhgdluadrjh gdbd

vkz näs korjqukgjbh.

‗ Jndmko9 D bjekrkogjd bk ad hlskrvdgj÷o, sk trdtd bk `dgkr uod bks-

grjpgj÷o gho uo akomudik nktde÷rjgh y bk grkdr ka kekgth bk uod

dtn÷sekrd ko throh bk ah quk sk bksgrjlk, d ndokrd bk kxpahrdgj÷o

phêgd h ajtkrdrjd.

‗ Nhnkoth9 Odrrdgj÷o d pdrr bk uod skgukogjd bk jnämkoks h bka

erdmnkoth bk uod jndmko shlrk ka guda sk `dgk uo zhhn y d pdrr

bka guda sk drnd uod `jsthrjd.

‗ Nknhrjd9 \kadth bk uod kxpkrjkogjd pkrshoda sjmojgdvd, bk uo

rkgukrbh quk sk qujkrd ndotkokr vjvh d trdvês bk ad ksgrjturd.

Ka bksdrrhaah bka ksgrjtudrjh kok bhs edsks9

Edsk 49 Grkdgj÷o bk uo ghrpus bk tkxths vdrjdbhs

Kstd prjnkrd edsk ghosjstk ko prhbugjr, burdotk uo knph bktkrnj-

odbh, uod gdobdb bk tkxths bk bjsoth mêokrh d pdrr bk jostrug-

gjhoks quk pukbko vdrjdr bkpkobjkobh bka prhp÷sjth.

Ad skgukogjd läsjgd bk ads jostruggjhoks ks ad sjmujkotk9

- Bdr d ahs kstubjdotks uod kotrdbd, ksth ks, uod jbkd, uo tknd,

uod erdsk, uod prkmuotd, uod jndmko, uod gdogj÷o, uo hlikth,

uod sjtudgj÷o quk sjrvd ghnh ‑bjspdrdbhr„ pdrd ksgrjljr.

Kstd kotrdbd pukbk bdrsk ghnh uo tuah, uod prkmuotd h uod

prjnkrd erdsk bk uo tkxth quk sk bklk ghooudr.

- Bdr gjogh njouths pdrd quk ahs kstubjdotks bksdrrhaako ad ko-

trdbd d trdvês bk uod ksgrjturd ghooud, ‑d g`hrrh„, y ko ghn -

pakth sjakogjh.

Kiknpahs bk kotrdbds9

: ‑D pdrr bk kstd jndmko (quk ahs kstubjdotks h ka prhekshr

`do aakvdbh d ad gadsk y quk pukbko pkmdr ko ka ksgrjtudrjh)vdnhs d koehgdr ad njrdbd ko uo bktdaak, uo kaknkoth quk

ohs aadnk ad dtkogj÷o pdrd bksgrjljrah, pdrd bkgjr quê dagdo-

zdnhs d vkr d trdvês bk êa…„. H9 ‑Udnhs d `dgkr uod bks-

grjpgj÷o bk kstd jndmko (ghnpaktd) sjmujkobh uod rutd bk

njrdbd (bk drrjld `dgjd dldih, bk bkrkg`d d jzqujkrbd, ktg.).


63/80

Tujoth Mrdbh • 57

: ‑D pdrr bk kstd jndmko vdnhs d ghostrujr uod `jsthrjd ko

ad guda bjg`d jndmko ks uo ksgkodrjh y bhobk vdnhs d usdr

damuohs bk sus kaknkoths kspkgîghs„.

: ‑D pdrr bk ads ehthmrdds bk kstds pkrshods/pkrshodiks (th-

ndbds bk rkvjstds h bk Jotkrokt) vdnhs d ksgrjljr uo bjäahmh,uod ghovkrsdgj÷o…„.

Gho ksths kikrgjgjhs, phr kiknpah, sk trdldido skpdrdbdnkotk

ad bksgrjpgj÷o, ad odrrdgj÷o y ka bjäahmh. Ksth aks pkrnjrä d ahs

kstubjdotks kxpahrdr hpgjhoks kxprksjvds gho bjsoths prhp÷sj-

ths pdrd, kvkotudankotk, kosdnladrads ko uo shah tkxth, bdobh

ghnh rksuatdbh uo gukoth, uod ksgkod tkdtrda h ka gdpîtuah bk

uod `jphtêgd ohvkad.

Gdlk dohtdr quk bklko kvjtdrsk kotrdbds quk kxpahrko tknds

quk pukbko rksuatdr skosjlaks, jog÷nhbhs, ghnprhnktkbhrksh jodprhpjdbhs pdrd ad kbdb bk ahs kstubjdotks. Ka ksgrjtudrjh

oh ks uo bjdrjh pkrshoda. Ks phr ksth quk thbh ah quk sk ksgrjld

ko êa pukbk ghnpdrrsk y ksth bklk ̀ dgkrsk kxpaîgjth d ad gadsk.

Htrh dspkgth jnphrtdotk quk bklk tkokrsk ko gukotd ks quk ahs

tkxths bka ksgrjtudrjh oh bklko skr rkvjsdbhs, ghrrkmjbhs h gd-

ajgdbhs. Wk trdtd bk uo ‑sknjaakrh„ bk jbkds, oh bk lhrrdbhrks

quk bkldo skr jotkrvkojbhs. Ks uo kspdgjh bk ‑ksgrjturd ajlrk„.

- Sdsdbhs ahs gjogh njouths, thbhs bklko pdrdr bk ksgrjljr y bk-

idr sus ksekrhs shlrk ka pupjtrk, sjo jnphrtdr quk uod jbkd `dyd

qukbdbh d njtdb bk gdnjoh.

- Kothogks, ka prhekshr pukbk prkmuotdr sj uoh h vdrjhs kstubjdo-

tks bkskdo ghnpdrr vhauotdrjdnkotk sus tkxths. Ks nuy jn-

phrtdotk quk oh skd hlajmdthrjh `dgkrah y oh ks okgksdrjh quk

thbhs akdo. Duoquk ̀ dy quk dskmurdrsk bk quk oh sjknprk akdo

ahs njsnhs.

- Sdrd rhnpkr ka `jkah, ks rkghnkobdlak quk ka prhekshr pdr-

gjpk bk ad dgvjbdb y, ko hgdsjhoks, skd qujko sk herkzgd pdrd

ghnpdrr su prhpjh ksgrjth. Ghnh sk nkogjho÷ drrjld, nhbkadr

ahs kikrgjgjhs erkotk d ahs daunohs ks ad nkihr kstrdtkmjd pdrd

jogkovdr su pdrgjpdgj÷o.

- Sukbk hptdrsk tdnljêo phr quk ahs kstubjdotks akdo kotrk sî sus

ksgrjths ko pdrkids h ko mruphs bk trks. Ksth pkrnjtk quk thbhs


64/80


tkomdo ad hphrtuojbdb bk akkr y skr ksgug`dbhs bknhgrägd-

nkotk.

- Sdrd prhpjgjdr ad ksgug`d ghnprkosjvd y ka bjäahmh kotrk ahs ks-

tubjdotks, sk pukbk ohnlrdr d bhs h trks ‑ghnkotdbhrks„ quk

tkobräo ad euogj÷o bk `dgkr ghnkotdrjhs sjknprk phsjvhs ghorkspkgth da tkxth quk ksgug`ko9 quê aks must÷ h aks pdrkgj÷ jotk-

rksdotk, quê qujkrko bkstdgdr, ktg. Ghnh sk doht÷ dotks, bklk

tkokrsk gujbdbh bk quk oh sjknprk skdo ahs njsnhs qujkoks

pdrgjpko.

Edsk


65/80

Tujoth Mrdbh • 5;

7. Ajlrh bka ljnkstrk h trjnkstrk

Gho ka prhp÷sjth bk joghrphrdr ka tkxth ajtkrdrjh d ad gadsk, sk sumjkrk

trdldidr, pdrdakadnkotk gho ahs ndoudaks bk Akgturd y Ghnphsjgj÷o ko

Kspdôha , uo ajlrh gdbd ljnkstrk h trjnkstrk. Kstk ajlrh pukbk skr skakg-

gjhodbh ghoiuotdnkotk gho ka kqujph bk ad ljlajhtkgd ksghadr h pukbkskr lusgdbh ko prhmrdnds y padoks bk akgturd prkvjdnkotk bjskôdbhs

phr damuods hrmdojzdgjhoks.

Ksths ajlrhs bklkräo skr ksghmjbhs gho ad muîd bka prhekshr, tkojkobh

ko gukotd ads kbdbks k jotkrksks bk ahs kstubjdotks, dsî ghnh sus ojvk-

aks bk bksdrrhaah ghmojvh, nhrda y knhgjhoda.

Sdrd trdldidr gho ksths ajlrhs, sk sumjkrk tkokr prkskotks ahs sjmujkotks

nhnkoths9

d. Dotks bk ad akgturd9 Dotks bk dlhrbdr ka ajlrh ksghmjbh bklk pado-

tkdrsk uod nktd bk akgturd, uo prhp÷sjth9

- ¸Tuê vdnhs d dprkobkr burdotk ad akgturd8 (nktd)9 ‑Udnhs d

dprkobkr g÷nh ka duthr(d) bksgrjlk, g÷nh hrmdojzd ad skguko-

gjd bk kvkoths, g÷nh ghostruyk ka bjäahmh kotrk ahs pkrshodiks,

ktg.„6 ‑Udnhs d rdstrkdr ahs pkrshodiks, uo aumdr, uo kvkoth, ko

rkadgj÷o gho ka tknd bk….„.

- ¸Tuê vdnhs d `dgkr gho ad akgturd8 (prhp÷sjth)9 ‑Da oda bk ad

akgturd, vdnhs d kadlhrdr uo bjggjhodrjh, d `dgkr uod rkvjstd

jaustrdbd d pdrr bk ahs aumdrks, d bjskôdr uo ndpd bk vjdik, d

`dgkr uo bkldtk, d `dgkr uo rkphrtdik d ahs pkrshodiks, ktg.„.

Ko kstk puoth, pukbk prkskotdrsk uod ndtrjz h rùlrjgd gho ahs

kaknkoths y grjtkrjhs rkqukrjbhs pdrd ka prhbugth h bksknpkôh

oda.

Ka prhekshr bklkrä ghohgkr nuy ljko ka tkxth pdrd phbkr prhphokr

uo gdnjoh pdrd ad akgturd.

Rdnljêo ks ka nhnkoth pdrd ednjajdrjzdrsk gho ka ajlrh ghnh hl-

ikth9

- Hlskrvdr bktdaaks bka bjskôh9 phrtdbd, ghotrdphrtdbd, shadpds,

jaustrdgjhoks, tdlads bk ghotkojbh, aktrd, tuahs, sultuahs, ktg.

- Jbkogdr joehrndgj÷o kbjthrjda9 ohnlrk bk ad kbjthrjda, gju-

bdb bhobk sk pulajg÷, dôh, trdbugthr, ktg.

- \kghohgkr da duthr(d)9 ohnlrk, bdths ljhmräghs, ehthmrdd,

htrds hlrds pulajgdbds, ktg. (sk pukbk, jogaush, aakvdr d gdlh uod


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pkqukôd ghosuatd da rkspkgth pdrd sdlkr uo phgh näs dgkrgd

bka duthr, su ghotkxth, su ksah).

Ko kstk nhnkoth, pukbk aakvdrsk d gdlh uo kikrgjgjh bk akgturd

prkbjgvd pjbjkobh d ahs kstubjdotks quk bjmdo guäa grkko quk skrä

ka ghotkojbh bka ajlrh d pdrr bka tuah, ad phrtdbd, ads jnämkoks, adtdlad bk ghotkojbh, ktg. Duoquk ad prkbjggj÷o ks uo kikrgjgjh quk

tdnljêo pukbk aakvdrsk d gdlh ko burdotk ad akgturd.

Shr htrd pdrtk, ks ka nhnkoth pdrd jobdmdr dgkrgd bk ghohgjnjko-

ths h kxpkrjkogjds prkvjhs bk ahs kstubjdotks quk kstêo rkadgjhod-

bhs gho ka tknd h ka ghotkojbh bk ad akgturd.

l. Burdotk ad akgturd9 [od vkz kstdlakgjbd uod nktd bk akgturd y uo

prhp÷sjth, ad akgturd pukbk bdrsk bk bhs ndokrds9

- Akgturd jobjvjbuda9 Ks ad akgturd quk `dgk ka kstubjdotk bk nd-

okrd jobkpkobjkotk y quk ak pkrnjtk koghotrdrsk d shads gho ka

tkxth pdrd bjserutdrah y pdrd skmujr phr sî njsnh ad rutd `dgjd ad

nktd trdzdbd.

Ks nuy jnphrtdotk, ko kstk puoth, quk ka prhekshr bê damuods

kstrdtkmjds bk akgturd quk aks pkrnjtdo d ahs kstubjdotks sdlkr

g÷nh akkr ko euogj÷o bk ad nktd y ka prhp÷sjth prhpuksths. Shr

kiknpah9 sulrdydr, rksdatdr, thndr bk ohtds, `dgkr ksquknds,

aakvdr uo bjdrjh bk akgturd, rksphobkr damuods prkmuotds, rds-

trkdr kvjbkogjds, ktg.

- Akgturd ghakgvd9 Ks ad akgturd ko vhz datd quk pukbk `dgkrsk

ko pakodrjd mujdbd phr ka prhekshr, phr turohs, h ko pkqukôhs

mruphs. Ko kstd bjoänjgd bk akgturd bklk bdrsk ad hpgj÷o bk

`dgkr pdusds pdrd ghnkotdr, prkmuotdr, bkstdgdr uod jbkd jn-

phrtdotk ko euogj÷o bk ad nktd bk akgturd y sjknprk pjbjkobh

kvjbkogjds tkxtudaks ghnh dphyh.

Ads pdusds burdotk ad akgturd ghakgvd bklko skr uod hphrtu-

ojbdb pdrd quk ka prhekshr hlskrvk g÷nh sus daunohs kstäo

bksdrrhaadobh ad ghnprkosj÷o y pdrd quk, ghakgvdnkotk, sk

padotkko prkmuotds, sk `dmdo dgadrdgjhoks y sk ghnpdrtd ad kx-

pkrjkogjd pkrshoda bk akgturd (knhgjhoks, jnprksjhoks, jotkrk-

sks, ghokxjhoks gho kxpkrjkogjds pkrshodaks, ktg.). Shr ksth oh

sk rkghnjkobd tkokr adrmds `hrds bk akgturd ghooud (jobjvj-

buda h ghakgvd) sjo `dgkr kstds pdusds kstrdtêmjgds.


67/80

Tujoth Mrdbh • 5=

Wk rkghnjkobd `dgkr ghokxjhoks kxpaîgjtds gho ads kstrdtkmjds

bk akgturd trdldidbds ko ahs ndoudaks bk Akgturd y Ghnphsjgj÷o

ko Kspdôha puks, ghnh sk `d padotkdbh, ka o ùanh ks quk ahs

daunohs trdoskrdo, gho ad muîd bka prhekshr, ads `dljajbdbks

dprkobjbds.g. Bkspuês bk ad akgturd9 Ks ka nhnkoth bk ad sîotksjs h gjkrrk bk ad

akgturd. Wk kspkrd quk ahs kstubjdotks kadlhrko ka prhbugth (hrda,

vjsuda, paäsgh h ksgrjth) bktkrnjodbh ko ka prhp÷sjth y quk bko

gukotd, d trdvês bk kstk, bk ad nktd bk akgturd.

Kiknpah bk uod skgukogjd bk akgturd

Ajlrh akîbh ko gadsk9 Ghrdz÷o bk otd, bk Ghrokajd Euofk (rkghnko-

bdbh pdrd ojôhs bk 2³ y ;³ bk prjndrjd).

d. Dotks bk ad akgturd9

- Ujsjtd d ad pämjod wkl hgjda bk ad duthrd pdrd kxpahrdr su

ljhmrdd, Ghrdz÷o bk otd y damuohs htrhs tkxths9

`p9//www.ghrokajdeuofk.ghn/jobkx.p`p8adom>ks

- Nktd bk akgturd9 Ahs kstubjdotks ghnprkobkräo, da oda,

g÷nh ahs pkrshodiks bk ad ohvkad rkprkskotdo ad lhobdb y

ad ndabdb.

- Dgvdgj÷o bk ghohgjnjkoths prkvjhs9 Ka prhekshr pukbk

mujdr uod ghovkrsdgj÷o ko pakodrjd dgkrgd bk g÷nh koko-bko ahs daunohs ad jbkd bk ad lhobdb y ad ndabdb y g÷nh

pukbk uoh hlskrvdrads ko ad ghbjdojbdb.

- Srhp÷sjth9 Da oda bk ad akgturd, ahs kstubjdotks kadlhrdräo

uo bjggjhodrjh shlrk ad lhobdb y ad ndabdb d pdrr bk ad

skakggj÷o bk 43-4; têrnjohs thndbhs bk ad ohvkad (pkrsh-

odiks, aumdrks, hlikths, kvkoths) quk bklko skr bksgrjths,

bkojbhs y dghnpdôdbhs gho phr ah nkohs uod kvjbkogjd

tkxtuda. Sdrd ahmrdrah, sho okgksdrjds `dljajbdbks bk gadsj-

gdgj÷o y bkojgj÷o.

Wk pukbk kotrkmdr h kadlhrdr ghoiuotdnkotk uod rùlrjgd

pdrd bktkrnjodr ahs kaknkoths y grjtkrjhs kspkgîghs d ahs

quk bklk rksphobkr ka bjggjhodrjh ko têrnjohs bk ghotkoj-

bh y bk ehrnd.


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l. Burdotk ad akgturd9 Ahs daunohs bklko `dgkr kikrgjgjhs bk sul-

rdydbh bk kvjbkogjds y thnd bk ohtds shlrk ahs pkrshodiks, ks-

pdgjhs y sjtudgjhoks rkadgjhodbhs gho ka tknd bk ad lhobdb h

ad ndabdb. Rdnljêo sk pukbko `dgkr damuods sksjhoks bk bjs-

gusj÷o ko pakodrjd h ko pkqukôhs mruphs shlrk ahs tknds prh-puksths, prkmuotds, bubds, ktg.

g. Bkspuês bk ad akgturd9 Wk bklk bdr ka knph sugjkotk pdrd ad

kadlhrdgj÷o bka bjggjhodrjh bk dgukrbh gho ads jostruggjhoks h

grjtkrjhs bdbhs ko ad prjnkrd edsk.

Shr kiknpah9

Ads bkojgjhoks pdrd ka bjggjhodrjh bklko rksphobkr d ad sj-

mujkotk kstrugturd9

- Rêrnjoh9 Ohnlrk bka pkrshodik, bka aumdr, hlikth h lrkvk

nkogj÷o bka kvkoth (phr kiknpah, ‑Tuknd bk ajlrhs„).

- Bksdrrhaah bk ad bkojgj÷o9 Sdrd ka pkrshodik9 qujêo ks y

g÷nh ks6 pdrd ka kspdgjh9 quê ks, g÷nh ks, b÷obk kstä ah-

gdajzdbh, quê sugkbk daaî6 pdrd ka kvkoth9 phr quê sugkbk, d

qujêoks aks sugkbk, g÷nh sugkbk.

- Kvjbkogjds h iusgdgj÷o9 Ko quê pdrtk bka ajlrh sk nkogjh-

od ka kaknkoth daubjbh (pkrshodik, aumdr, hlikth, kvkoth) y

phr quê ks jnphrtdotk ko rkadgj÷o gho ka tknd bk ad ndabdb

h bk ad lhobdb.

\KGH\BD\…

Sdrd jnpaknkotdr ka ajlrh bka ljnkstrk/trjnkstrk9

• Wkakggjhodr tîtuahs ghoiuotdnkotk gho ka kqujph bk ad ljlajhtkgd ksghadr h ghosuatdr padoksbk akgturd prkvjdnkotk bjskôdbhs.

• Dskmurdrsk bk quk ahs ajlrhs ksghmjbhs skdo dbkgudbhs d ads kbdbks k jotkrksks bk ahskstubjdotks, dsî ghnh sus ojvkaks bk bksdrrhaah ghmojtjvh, nhrda y knhgjhoda.

• Bkojr gadrdnkotk uod nktd (¸quê vdnhs d dprkobkr gho kstd akgturd8) y uo prhp÷sjth(¸quê vdnhs d `dgkr gho ad akgturd8).

• Ednjajdrjzdr d ahs kstubjdotks gho ka ajlrh ghnh hlikth9 hlskrvdr bktdaaks bk bjskôh kbjthrjdak joehrndgj÷o shlrk ka duthr.

• Bjskôdr prkmuotds pdrd dgtjvdr ghohgjnjkoths prkvjhs y `dgkr prkbjggjhoks (dotks yburdotk ad akgturd).

• Srkpdrdr ads sksjhoks bk akgturd jobjvjbuda h ghakgtjvd y bdr kstrdtkmjds bk akgturdpuotudaks.

• Sadokdr ka bksdrrhaah bk ahs nhnkoths bka prhgksh9 dotks, burdotk y bkspuês bk ad akgturd.


69/80

Tujoth Mrdbh • 5:

2. Srhgksh bk ghosuatd

Ghnh ghnpaknkoth bka bksdrrhaah bk ads `dljajbdbks ajomñîsgds prh-

pukstds ko ahs ndoudaks bk Akgturd y Ghnphsjgj÷o ko Kspdôha , sk rk-

ghnjkobd ghnh kxpkrjkogjd bk dprkobjzdik aakvdr d gdlh prhgkshs bk

ghosuatd, bk ndokrd jobjvjbuda h ko mruph, quk pukbko mjrdr ko throhbk ahs njsnhs tknds quk sk trdldiko gho ka ajlrh bka ljnkstrk/trjnks-

trk h bk htrhs ksghmjbhs bk dgukrbh gho ahs jotkrksks bk ahs kstubjdo-

tks.

Ka prhp÷sjth bk prhpjgjdr kstk ph bk bksknpkôhs ks quk ahs kstu-

bjdotks pukbdo dpajgdr ads kstrdtkmjds y ̀ dljajbdbks dprkobjbds ko gad-

sk pkrh tdnljêo bksdrrhaadr htrds quk oh okgksdrjdnkotk sk ahmrdo ko

ads gadsks `dljtudaks.

Shr kiknpah9

- G÷nh koehgdr uo tknd bk ghosuatd

- G÷nh padotkdr uod prkmuotd quk muîk ad ghosuatd

- G÷nh skakggjhodr eukotks bk ghosuatd

- G÷nh hrmdojzdr ad joehrndgj÷o

- G÷nh prkskotdr ad joehrndgj÷o d uod dubjkogjd

Sdrd aakvdr d gdlh uo prhgksh bk ghosuatd rjmurhsh, ks okgksdrjh tkokr

ko gukotd ads sjmujkotks edsks9

d. Wkakggj÷o bka tknd9 Ahs tknds pukbko surmjr bk ads akgturds bkaljnkstrk/ trjnkstrk, pkrh tdnljêo bk ahs jotkrksks bk ahs kstubjdo-

tks. Ko kstk gdsh, sjrvk quk sk prkmuotko ¸quê sê bka tknd8 ¸phr

quê nk jotkrksd kstk tknd8 Ka prhekshr bklk dyubdr d koehgdr bk-

ajnjtdr ka tknd kvjtdobh mkokrdajbdbks.

l. Sadotkdnjkoth bk ad prkmuotd9 Ad prkmuotd odgk bka njsnh jotk-

rês h gurjhsjbdb bka kstubjdotk y pukbk rksuatdr bk htrds prkmuotds

tdaks ghnh9 ¸quê nk jotkrksd dgkrgd bka tknd8 ¸quê näs nk mus-

tdrîd sdlkr gho rkspkgth da tknd8 Ka prhp÷sjth bk ad ghosuatd skrärdstrkdr ad joehrndgj÷o okgksdrjd pdrd rksphobkr d ad prkmuotd.

g. Lùsqukbd bk joehrndgj÷o9 Kstd lùsqukbd ghosjstk ko ad skakggj÷o

bk eukotks (ko ad ljlajhtkgd ksghadr h phr Jotkrokt) dbkgudbds ko

ads quk pukbd koghotrdrsk ad joehrndgj÷o rkadgjhodbd gho ka tknd.


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=3 • Muîd bk ush pdrd ka ndkstrh

Ks jnphrtdotk quk ka prhekshr `dyd dbkadotdbh uo prhgksh prkvjh

bk rdstrkh bk eukotks dprhpjdbds d ahs tknds dsî ghnh da ojvka bk

pkosdnjkoth y `dljajbdbks bk ahs kstubjdotks.

b. Hrmdojzdgj÷o bk ad joehrndgj÷o9 Ads jostruggjhoks dgkrgd bk g÷nhthndr ohtds (rksùnkoks, ajstd bk jbkds, ksquknds, ktg.) bklko

bdrsk dotks bk jojgjdr ka prhgksh bk ghosuatd. Dsî ka trdldih bk ahs

kstubjdotks skrä näs kgjkotk. Ad thnd bk ohtds bklk skr uod `k-

rrdnjkotd ùa pdrd dmrupdr y gadsjgdr ad joehrndgj÷o skmùo ka prh-

p÷sjth bk ad ghosuatd.

k. Srkskotdgj÷o bk ad joehrndgj÷o9 Bkspuês bk `dlkr hrmdojzdbh ad

joehrndgj÷o tkojkobh ko gukotd ka prhp÷sjth, sk prkpdrd uod prk-

skotdgj÷o dotk uod dubjkogjd (ad gadsk, htrds gadsks, pkrshods jovj-td

guia profesores cartilla 5

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