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PONTIFCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATLICA DE SO PAULO
PUC-SP
JOS NGELO REMDIO JNIOR
MINERAO JURIDICAMENTE SUSTENTVEL
MESTRADO EM DIREITO
So Paulo
2012
PONTIFCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATLICA DE SO PAULO
PUC-SP
JOS NGELO REMDIO JNIOR
MINERAO JURIDICAMENTE SUSTENTVEL
MESTRADO EM DIREITOS DIFUSOS E COLETIVOS
Dissertao apresentada Banca Examinadora da Pontifcia Universidade Catlica de So Paulo, como requisito parcial para a obteno do Grau de Mestre em Direitos Difusos e Coletivos, sob a orientao do Prof. Doutor Marcelo Gomes Sodr.
SO PAULO
2012
MINERAO JURIDICAMENTE SUSTENTVEL
Jos ngelo Remdio Jnior
Aprovado em:_____/_____/_____.
Banca examinadora:
_______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
Aos meus pais Jos ngelo Remdio e Helena Roseli da Cruz Remdio, minha irm Laura Fernanda Remdio e minha noiva Rosa Maria Tardelli por tudo.
AGRADECIMENTOS
Sabe-se que o trabalho cientfico consiste na perquirio do pensamento
de vrios juristas aliada reflexo crtica sobre a interpretao do sistema normativo
vigente. Dentro deste contexto, o debate com os colegas do mestrado em direito da
Pontifcia Universidade Catlica de So Paulo e com seus professores permitiu um
amadurecimento intelectual que resultou na presente dissertao.
Agradeo, em especial, ao professor Dr. Marcelo Gomes Sodr pela
confiana em mim depositada, desde o seu rpido acolhimento do meu projeto de
dissertao e pela memorvel sistematizao da Filosofia dos Direitos Difusos
Materiais, cujo pensamento de vanguarda honra a PUC como um centro de referncia
mundial da cincia jurdica dos direito metaindividuais.
professora Dra. Consuelo Yatsuda Moromizato Yoshida pelas lies
que conseguem alumiar a unio da pragmtica aridez da teoria, mormente, na
inabalvel busca da aplicao da sustentabilidade s mais diversas questes jurdicas,
bem como pelas crticas feitas na banca de qualificao, que permitiram o
aprimoramento deste trabalho, mormente, no rduo tema do bem ambiental.
professora Dra. Clarissa Ferreira Macedo DIsep por moldar o
pensamento brasileiro seriedade da metodologia e profundidade das investigaes
cientficas francesas, criando uma nova escola do pensamento do direito ambiental
ptrio. Deve-se a esta jurista, inclusive, a inspirao direta para o ttulo e estrutura da
presente investigao, na lapidar tese de doutorado gua juridicamente sustentvel,
defendida na Universit de Limoges, Frana, e na PUC.
professora Dra. Erika Bechara, de quem recebi as primeiras lies
sobre direito ambiental no bacharelado na Faculdade de Direito de Sorocaba e, nesta
fase do aprendizado, ofereceu-me excelentes crticas durante a banca de qualificao do
mestrado, provocando uma nova reflexo sobre as questes prticas decorrentes da
minerao.
Por derradeiro, agradeo a todos os colegas da Procuradoria Geral do
Estado de So Paulo, que tanto engrandecem o fortalecimento da defesa do meio
ambiente no Estado Socioambiental de Direito, em especial, ao Dr. Guilherme Jos
Purvin de Figueiredo, que desde o incio de minha atuao em defesa do meio ambiente,
nos orientou seguramente por estas veredas e, inclusive, permitiu nosso acesso aos
manuscritos com as alteraes do seu festejado Curso de Direito Ambiental durante
nosso convvio na especializada ambiental em So Paulo. Aos colegas do interior que
muito colaboraram nesta rdua tarefa da pesquisa cientfica, em especial, Dra. Fabiana
Paiffer e Dra. Mara Cilene Baglie, por sempre estarem prontas aos necessrios debates
para o amadurecimento da reflexo sobre o direito ambiental.
RESUMO
Trata-se de investigao que busca interpretar harmoniosamente as normas que regem o
direito ambiental e o direito minerrio. O direito ambiental, com sua fora tentacular,
tem o condo de tornar, necessariamente, ecologicamente equilibrado os fins na
interpretao de quaisquer normas jurdicas. Isso porque, a questo ecolgica adentrou
definitivamente no sistema jurdico com a Constituio Federal de 1988, inclusive,
inovando quanto elevao do meio ambiente ao patamar de bem ambiental
constitucional e fazendo expressa previso sobre a imperiosa necessidade de
recuperao das reas degradadas pela minerao. Nesse contexto, percebe-se que o
Cdigo de Minerao de 1967 foi elaborado com base em uma ideologia individualista,
que olvidava a questo ambiental. A interpretao histrica do Cdigo de Minerao,
considerando a data de sua promulgao, explica este hiato com a questo ambiental.
Entrementes, aps a Lei da Poltica Nacional do Meio Ambiente de 1981, e com a
Constituio Federal de 1988 tornou-se imperioso revisitar a interpretao do Cdigo de
Minerao. Evidencia-se que a positivao do instituto do bem ambiental mineral e da
insero do princpio do desenvolvimento sustentvel na Lei Mxima brasileira acabam
por impor uma modificao no regime jurdico traado pelo Cdigo de Minerao.
Assim, o princpio norteador para a conformidade do Cdigo de Minerao com a
Constituio Federal ser o emprego do princpio do desenvolvimento sustentvel. Para
conhecer as peculiaridade do sistema jurdico ptrio, tornou-se til breves incurses nos
sistemas jurdicos aliengenas, quer seja no direito interno dos Estados ou das
Organizaes Internacionais, que podem ser sintetizados na frmula direito
transnacional.
Palavras-chave: meio ambiente; direito ambiental; direito minerrio
ABSTRACT
This research aims to interpret harmoniously the rules governing the Environmental
Law and mining rights. The Environmental Law, with a widespread strenght, has the
power to make the purposes of any Law necessarily ecologically balanced. The
ecological issue is definitely a part of the legal system. It happens that the Mining Code
was based on an individualistic ideology which forgets the environmental issue.
The historical interpretation of the Minig Code, considering the enactment date,
explains this gap with the environmental issue.
Meanwhile, after the National Environmental Policy Act, in the early 1980s, and the
1988 Federal Constitution, its essential to revisit the interpretation of the Mining Code.
It is evident that the statement of the environmental and mineral Institute and Resources
will impose a change on the legal system outlined by the Mining Code.
But the guiding principle for the Mining Codes compliance with the Federal
Constitution is the use of the idea of sustainable development. To understand the
peculiarity of the national legal system, became useful brief forays into the legal system
of Italy, Spain, Portugal, France and Chile, from the perspective of the internal legal
system or transnational legal system.
Keywords: environmental; environmental law; mining law.
SUMRIO
INTRODUO........................................................................................................11
1 BEM AMBIENTAL MINERAL...........................................................................16
1.1 As mltiplas funes dos recursos minerais e impacto ambiental.........................16
1.2 O direito minerrio e o direito ambiental minerrio...............................................21
1.3 Caractersticas e institutos fundamentais da minerao.........................................25
1.4 Do bem jurdico ao bem ambiental: fundamentos.................................................30
1.5 Terminologia...........................................................................................................41
1.6 Classificao dos bens............................................................................................44
1.6.1 Bem privado.........................................................................................................45
1.6.2 Bem pblico..........................................................................................................47
1.6.3 Bem difuso............................................................................................................48
1.7 O bem ambiental na experincia estrangeira............................................................51
1.7.1 O bem ambiental no sistema jurdico italiano.......................................................51
1.7.2 O bem ambiental no sistema jurdico portugus...................................................58
1.7.3 O bem ambiental no sistema jurdico francs.......................................................63
1.8 O bem ambiental no sistema jurdico brasileiro.......................................................67
1.9 Bem ambiental mineral no sistema jurdico transnacional......................................83
1.10 Perspectivas da observao dos recursos ambientais minerais..............................91
1.11 Peculiaridades da jazida e suas consequncias no direito ambiental.....................93
2 A SUSTENTABILIDADE NA GESTO DOS RECURSOS AMBIENTAIS
MINERAIS..................................................................................................................97
2.1 A gnese do princpio do desenvolvimento sustentvel.........................................98
2.2 O princpio do desenvolvimento sustentvel: conceitos.......................................104
2.3 O princpio do desenvolvimento sustentvel no sistema jurdico ptrio..............109
2.4 A concesso da lavra e a autorizao de pesquisa mineral na CF........................113
2.5 A sustentabilidade na explorao do recurso ambiental mineral no renovvel..117
2.6 A lavra da jazida...................................................................................................120
2.7 Plano de aproveitamento econmico da jazida.....................................................131
2.8 Participao do proprietrio do solo na minerao...............................................134
2.9 Breve sntese da minerao no direito estrangeiro................................................136
3 REAS PROTEGIDAS COM LIMITAES/RESTRIES
MINERAO............................................................................................................143
3.1 Generalidades.........................................................................................................143
3.2 O sistema nacional de unidades de proteo..........................................................147
3.3 A rea de preservao permanente.........................................................................156
3.4 A reserva legal........................................................................................................166
3.5 A Lei da Mata Atlntica........................................................................................169
3.6 Terras indgenas......................................................................................................176
3.7 Cavidades naturais subterrneas.............................................................................188
4 INSTRUMENTOS JURDICO-ECONMICOS E TRIBUTRIOS DA
MINERAO............................................................................................................193
4.1 Compensao financeira ou participao no resultado da explorao de recursos
minerais.........................................................................................................................195
4.2 Taxa anual por hectare............................................................................................204
4.3 Licenciamento ambiental na minerao..................................................................206
4.3.1 Pesquisa mineral e licenciamento ambiental.......................................................207
4.3.2 A lavra da jazida e o licenciamento ambiental....................................................212
4.4 O plano de recuperao da rea degrada pela minerao PRAD........................215
4.4.1 A recuperao de reas degradadas pela minerao na Diretiva 2006/21/CE da
Unio Europeia.............................................................................................................218
4.4.2 A restaurao de reas degradadas pela minerao no sistema jurdico
espanhol........................................................................................................................220
CONSIDERAES FINAIS....................................................................................223
BIBLIOGRAFIA........................................................................................................230
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