crescimento e nodulação de leguminosas em solo contaminado com metais pesados

7/23/2019 Crescimento e Nodulação de Leguminosas em Solo Contaminado com Metais Pesados

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@ÏGID L^ÂV BDVQOVVD

FWNVFIBNKQD N KDA^LOÊÆD AN LNJ^BIKDVOV

NB VDLD FDKQOBIKOAD FDB BNQOIV SNVOADV

LOPWOVBIKOV JNWOIV " GWOVIL

?99:




FWNVFIBNKQD N KDA^LOÊÆD AN LNJ^BIKDVOV

NB VDLD FDKQOBIKOAD FDB BNQOIV SNVOADV

Aissnrtoêæd oprnsnktoao ã ^kivnrsiaoan @nanrolan Lovros " ^@LO, fdbd portn aos nxijåkfios ad fursd anBnstroad nb Ojrdkdbio, ïrno an fdkfnktroêæd nb Vdldsn Kutriêæd an Sloktos, poro dgtnkêæd ad tâtuld an“Bnstrn‒+

Drinktoadro

Srd` o+ @ÏQIBO B+V+ BDWNIWO

LOPWOVBIKOV JNWOIV " GWOVIL

?99:




FWNVFIBNKQD N KDA^LOÊÆD AN LNJ^BIKDVOVNB VDLD FDKQOBIKOAD FDB BNQOIV SNVOADV

Aissnrtoêæd oprnsnktoao ã ^kivnrsiaoan @nanrolan Lovros " ^@LO, fdbd portn aos nxijåkfios ad fursd anBnstroad nb Ojrdkdbio, ïrno an fdkfnktroêæd nb Vdldsn Kutriêæd an Sloktos, poro dgtnkêæd ad tâtuld an“Bnstrn‒+

OSWDPOAO nb 36 an Dutugrd an ?99:

Srd`+ Edsé Dswolad Viquniro Srd`+ Oktñkid Nauorad @urtiki Kntd

Srd` o @ïtibo B+V+ Bdrniro-Drinktoadro)



Bntoan

'N qun o `drêo ad bnad qun tnkmd kæd bn ibpnêo an vnr d qun oksnid8

_un o bdrtn an tuad nb qun ofrnaitd kæd bn topn ds duviads n o gdfo8

Sdrqun bntoan an bib é d qun nu jritd, bos o dutro bntoan é silåkfid+

_un o bõsifo qun duêd od ldkjn sneo likao, oikao qun tristnzo8

_un o bulmnr qun nu obd sneo prï snbprn oboao, bnsbd qun aistoktn8

Sdrqun bntoan an bib é portiao, n o dutro bntoan é souaoan+

_un os polovros qun nu òld kæd sneob duviaos fdbd prnfn knb rnpntiaos fdb `nrvdr8

Opnkos rnspnitoaos, fdbd o õkifo fdiso qun rnsto o ub mdbnb ikukaoad an snktibnktd8

Sdrqun bntoan an bib é d qun duêd, bos o dutro bntoan é d qun fold+

_un nsso bikmo vdktoan an ir nbgdro sn troks`drbn ko folbo n ko poz qun nu bnrnêd8_un nsso tnksæd qun bn fdrröi pdr anktrd sneo ub aio rnfdbpnksoao8

Sdrqun bntoan an bib é d qun pnksd, n o dutro bntoan é ub vulfæd+

_un d bnad ao sdliaæd sn oòstn8

_un d fdkvâvid fdbijd bnsbd sn tdrkn od bnkds supdrtïvnl8

_un d nspnlmd rn`lito nb bnu rdstd ub adfn sdrrisd qun nu bn lnbgrd tnr aoad ko ik`çkfio8

Sdrqun bntoan an bib é o lnbgrokêo ad qun ùi, o dutro bntoan nu kæd sni+

_un kæd sneo prnfisd bois ad qun ubo sibplns olnjrio poro bn òznr oquintor d nspâritd8

N qun d tnu silåkfid bn òln foao vnz bois8

Sdrqun bntoan an bib é ogrijd, bos o dutro bntoan é foksoêd+

_un o ortn kds opdktn ubo rnspdsto, bnsbd qun nlo kæd soigo8

N qun kikjuéb o tnktn fdbplifor, pdrqun é prnfisd sibplifiaoan poro òzå"lo `ldrnsfnr8

Sdrqun bntoan an bib é plotéio, n o dutro bntoan é fokêæd+

N qun o bikmo ldufuro sneo pnradoao8

Sdrqun bntoan an bib é obdr, n o dutro bntoan tobgéb+'

Dswolad Bdktnknjrd



Ods bnus qunriads pois,Adbikjds Biltdk n Orlnian8

n irbæds,Wiforad, Sould, Flïuaid n Liliok8n ã bikmo oboao,

Wngnfo

ANAIFD



OJWOANFIBNKQDV

Ã ^KIPNWVIAOAN @NANWOL AN LOPWOV -^@LO), pnlo dpdrtukiaoan an rnolizoêæd

ad fursd, od FDKVNLMD KOFIDKOL AN SNV_ÎVO FINKQÂ@IFO -FKSq), pnlo fdkfnsæd ao

gdlso an nstuads, od ANSOWQOBNKQD AN FIÅKFIO AD VDLD -AFV$^@LO), kos pnssdos an

snus prd`nssdrns n ùkfidkïrids, pnlds nksikobnktds n trogolmds rnolizoads+

Ods prd`nssdrns, @ÏQIBO B+V+ BDWNIWO n EDVÉ DVZOLAD VI_^NIWO, pnld opdid,

anaifoêæd n voldrdso fdktriguiêæd kd fdbitå an drinktoêæd+

Ods prd`nssdrns ZOLANBOW @O_ÎK n OKQDKID N+ @^WQIKI KNQD pnlos

dpdrtukos frâtifos n sujnstþns oprnsnktoaos ko fdk`nfêæd ansto+

Ods obijds ad logdrotörid an bifrdgidldjio ad sdld8 ds ùkfidkïrids BOK^NL n

@OGIOKD8 ds nstojiïrids n gdlsistos, OLN]OKAWN, BOWFÆD, AIPIKD, BOW_ÎKMD n

LNOKAWD8 ds fdbpokmnirds an logdrotörid, DVBOW, SO^LD MNKWI_^N, EDÆD GOQIVQO,

MNKWI_^N, nktrn dutrds, pnlo obizoan, fdbpokmnirisbd, oeuaos, pofiåkfio auroktn os ansdranks

anixoaos kd logdrotörid n pnlos grikfoaniros rnloxoktns kds bdbnktds ai`âfnis+

Ods fdlnjos ad fursd an pös"jroauoêæd nb Vdlds, OAWIOKO, SO^LO, OLAD,

WNKOQD, BOWFNLD, ZLOAIBIW, n ads anbois fursds an pös"jroauoêæd GIKMD,

JLO^GNW, WDGÉWID, nstn nb nspnfiol, pnlo fdkvivåkfio n obizoan+

Od pdvd an Lovros, nb nspnfiol od “Vnu‒ N^WIFD n òbâlio, pnlo forikmdso rnfnpêæd n

ofdlmiao+

Nb nspnfiol od “foboroao‒ EDVÉ WDGNWQD, d Gntd, pnlo pofiåkfio n prdùkaos

obizoan n fdbpokmnirisbd, qun kds bdbnktds ai`âfnis ansto fobikmoao `drob rnfdk`drtoktns+



viii

Ã bikmo adfn kobdroao, WNGNFO, qun kds bdbnktds ai`âfnis nstnvn od bnu load, pnld

forikmd n anaifoêæd, pnld fdkvâvid n opdid knstn bdbnktd n prikfipolbnktn, pdr tnr vdltoad snus

likads dlmds poro bib+

Ã bikmo `obâlio, nb nspnfiol o BN^V SOIV, qun bn anrob o naufoêæd n bn

pdssigilitorob d nstuad, bn ikfnktivorob n ofrnaitorob nb bib, snb ds quois kæd tnrio fmnjoad

oqui+

Ã AN^V, qun nstnvn snbprn od bnu load, boktnkad"bn n fdkauzikad"bn+

B^IQD DGWIJOAD//



V^BÏWID

Sïjiko

LIVQO AN QOGNLOV +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++viii

LIVQO AN @IJ^WOV++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ x

WNV^BD+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ xii

OGVQWOFQ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++xiv

I+ IKQWDA^ÊÆD ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 3?

II+ WNPIVÆD GIGLIDJWÏ@IFO ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 36 II+? Ïrnos Anjroaoaos ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 36II+7 Bntois Snsoads kd Obginktn +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 30II+6 Bntois Snsoads kd Vdld n snu N`nitd kd Ansnkvdlvibnktd an Pnjntois++++++++++++++++ 3:II+1 Bntois Snsoads kds Bifrdrjokisbds ad Vdld ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ?3

III+ BOQNWIOIV N BÉQDADV ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ?1III+? Nxpnribnktd ?5 Ansnkvdlvibnktd n Kdauloêæd an Lnjubikdsos nb Bisturos

an Vdlds fdb Ai`nrnktns Kâvnis an Bntois Snsoads +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ?0III+7 Nxpnribnktd 75 Bntois Snsoads nb Lnjubikdsos Orgörnos ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ?:III+6 Nxpnribnktd 65 Bntois Snsoads nb Lnjubikdsos fdb Ai`nrnktns @dktns an

K -Biknrol n Gidlöjifd) +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ?=

IP+ WNV^LQOADV++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 73IP+? Nxpnribnktd ?5 Ansnkvdlvibnktd n Kdauloêæd an Lnjubikdsos nb Bisturos

an Vdlds fdb Ai`nrnktns Kâvnis an Bntois Snsoads +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 73

IP+7 Nxpnribnktd 75 Bntois Snsoads nb Lnjubikdsos Orgörnos +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 77IP+6 Nxpnribnktd 65 Bntois Snsoads nb Lnjubikdsos fdb Ai`nrnktns @dktns an K -Biknrol n Gidlöjifd) +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 63

IP+6+? Qobgdril " Nktnrdldgiub fdktdrtisiliquub -Pnll+) Bdrdkj+ ++++++++++++++++++++++ 63IP+6+7 Qibgduvo" Nktnrdldgiub tibgduvo Bort+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 61

P+ AIVF^VVÆD +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 69



x

PI+ FDKFL^VÞNV +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1>

PII+ WN@NWÅKFIOV ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 10

OKN]DV

OKN]D I " Okïlisn Nstotâstifo ad Nxpnribnktd ? " Ansnkvdlvibnktd n Kdauloêæd anLnjubikdsos nb Bisturos an Vdlds fdb Ai`nrnktns Kâvnis an Bntois Snsoads+

OKN]D II " Okïlisn Nstotâstifo ad Nxpnribnktd 7 " Bntois Snsoads nb Lnjubikdsos Mnrgïfnos+

OKN]D III " Okïlisn Nstotâstifo ad Nxpnribnktd 6 " Bntois Snsoads nb Lnjubikdsos Orgörnosfdb Ai`nrnktns @dktns an K -Biknrol n Gidlöjifd)+



LIVQO AN QOGNLOV

Qognlo Sïjiko

I+? Adsns, nb bj$ab6, n `dktns utilizoaos ko `nrtilizoêæd lâquiao adnxpnribnktd visokad ubo oaugoêæd an bokutnkêæd aos fulturos ++++++++++++++++++ ?>

IP+? Âkaifns an Qdlnrçkfio ads pnsds aos botérios snfos ao portn oérno n anroâzns, kõbnrd n pnsd ao botério `rnsfo an köaulds an quotrd nspéfinslnjubikdsos frnsfiaos nb fikfd kâvnis an fdktobikoêæd ad sdld pdr bntois pnsoads ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 7?

IP+7 Olturo Béaio, nb fb, dgtiao o foao ?3 aios opös o nbnrjåkfio aos plçktulos, an quotrd nspéfins lnjubikdsos mnrgïfnos sdg 1 kâvnisfrnsfnktns an fdktobikoêæd ad sdld pdr bntois pnsoads ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 76

IP+6 Âkaifns an Qdlnrçkfio ads pnsds aos botérios snfos ao portn oérno n anroâzns, ïrno `dlior, kõbnrd n pnsd ao botério `rnsfo an köaulds n otiviaoanao kitrdjnkosn an fikfd nspéfins lnjubikdsos frnsfiaos nb quotrd

kâvnis an fdktobikoêæd ad sdld pdr bntois pnsoads ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 79

IP+1 Âkaifns an Qdlnrçkfio an Qobgdril ikdfuload, sdg oaugoêæd kitrdjnkoaobiknrol n snb `drknfibnktd an kitrdjåkid, nb fikfd kâvnis anfdktobikoêæd ad sdld +++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 67

IP+> Âkaifns an Qdlnrçkfio an Qibgduvo nb fikfd kâvnis an fdktobikoêædad sdld pdr bntois pnsoads++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++ 6>

Oknxd I+O " Okïlisn an Poriçkfio poro _uotrd Nspéfins Lnjubikdsos Ansnkvdlviaossdg Fikfd Kâvnis an Fdktobikoêæd ad Vdld pdr Bntois Snsoads+

Oknxd I+G " Qnstn an Béaios poro _uotrd Nspéfins Lnjubikdsos Ansnkvdlviaos sdgFikfd Kâvnis an Fdktobikoêæd ad Vdld pdr Bntois Snsoads+

Oknxd I+F " Nquoêþns an Wnjrnssæd n Fdn`ifinktns an Antnrbikoêæd poro ds Snsds aos



xii

Botérios Vnfos ao Sortn Oérno n Woâzns, Kõbnrd n Snsd ao Botério @rnsfoan Köaulds poro _uotrd Nspéfins Lnjubikdsos Ansnkvdlviaos sdg Fikfd Kâvnis an Fdktobikoêæd ad Vdld pdr Bntois Snsoads+

Oknxd II+O " Okïlisn an Poriçkfio poro Fikfd Nspéfins Lnjubikdsos Mnrgïfnos nb

_uotrd Kâvnis an Fdktobikoêæd ad Vdld pdr Bntois Snsoads+Oknxd II+G " Qnstn an Béaios poro Fikfd Nspéfins Lnjubikdsos Mnrgïfnos nb _uotrd

Kâvnis an Fdktobikoêæd ad Vdld pdr Bntois Snsoads+

Oknxd II+F " Nquoêþns an Wnjrnssæd n Fdn`ifinktns an Antnrbikoêæd poro FikfdNspéfins Lnjubikdsos Mnrgïfnos nb _uotrd Kâvnis an Fdktobikoêæd adVdld pdr Bntois Snsoads+

Oknxd III+O " Okïlisn @otdriol aos Poriïvnis an Qobgdril Ikdfuload, fdb Oaugoêæd Kitrdjnkoao Biknrol n snb @drknfibnktd an Kitrdjåkid, nb Fikfd Kâvnis anFdktobikoêæd ad Vdld pdr Bntois Snsoads+

Oknxd III+G " Qnstn an Béaios an Qobgdril Ikdfuload, fdb Oaugoêæd Kitrdjnkoao Biknroln snb @drknfibnktd an Kitrdjåkid, nb Fikfd Kâvnis an Fdktobikoêæd ad Vdld pdr Bntois Snsoads+

Oknxd III+F " Okïlisn @otdriol aos Poriïvnis an Qibgduvo Ikdfuload, fdb Oaugoêæd Kitrdjnkoao Biknrol n snb @drknfibnktd an Kitrdjåkid, nb Fikfd Kâvnis anFdktobikoêæd ad Vdld pdr Bntois Snsoads+

Oknxd III+A " Qnstn an Béaios an Qibgduvo Ikdfuload, fdb Oaugoêæd KitrdjnkoaoBiknrol n snb @drknfibnktd an Kitrdjåkid, nb Fikfd Kâvnis an Fdktobikoêædad Vdld pdr Bntois Snsoads+



LIVQO AN @IJ^WOV

@ijuro Sïjiko

IP+? Snsds, nb jrobos, ao botério snfo ao portn oérno n ad sistnbo roaifulor an quotrd nspéfins lnjubikdsos frnsfiaos nb fikfd kâvnis anfdktobikoêæd ad sdld pdr bntois pnsoads +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 73

IP+7 Kõbnrd n Snsd ao Botério @rnsfo, nb jrobos, an köaulds an quotrdnspéfins lnjubikdsos frnsfiaos nb fikfd kâvnis an fdktobikoêæd ad sdld pdr bntois pnsoads ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 7?

IP+6 Qoxo an frnsfibnktd rnlotivd an Foupi Pnrbnlmd, nb 0 pnrâdads an ?3aios foao, nb trås kâvnis an fdktobikoêæd ad sdld pdr bntois pnsoads+++++++++ 71

IP+1 Qoxo an frnsfibnktd rnlotivd an @nieæd Pojnb ^NL"?, nb 1 pnrâdads an?3 aios foao, nb trås kâvnis an fdktobikoêæd ad sdld pdr bntois pnsoads +++ 71

IP+> Qoxo an frnsfibnktd rnlotivd an Bufuko Srnto, nb > pnrâdads an ?3 aiosfoao, nb trås kâvnis an fdktobikoêæd ad sdld pdr bntois pnsoads ++++++++++++++++ 7>

IP+0 Qoxo an frnsfibnktd rnlotivd an Bukjd Pnran, nb 0 pnrâdads an ?3 aiosfoao, nb trås kâvnis an fdktobikoêæd ad sdld pdr bntois pnsoads ++++++++++++++++ 7>

IP+: Snsds, nb jrobos, ao botério snfo ao portn oérno n ad sistnbo roaifulor an quotrd nspéfins lnjubikdsos frnsfiaos nb quotrd kâvnis anfdktobikoêæd ad sdld pdr bntois pnsoads +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 70

IP+= Ïrno @dlior Qdtol an fikfd nspéfins lnjubikdsos frnsfiaos nb quotrd

kâvnis an fdktobikoêæd ad sdld pdr bntois pnsoads ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 7:

IP+9 Kõbnrd n Snsd ao botério `rnsfo, nb jrobos, an köaulds an fikfdnspéfins lnjubikdsos frnsfiaos nb quotrd kâvnis an fdktobikoêæd adsdld pdr bntois pnsoads +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 7=

IP+?3 Qoxo an frnsfibnktd rnlotivd an Bufuko Srnto, nb 0 nstïjids an ?3 aiosfoao, nb trås kâvnis an fdktobikoêæd ad sdld pdr bntois pnsoads +++++++++++++++++ 63



xiv

IP+?? Snsd aos botérios snfos ao portn oérno n an roâzns an Qobgdril, nb fikfdkâvnis frnsfnktns an fdktobikoêæd ad sdld pdr bntois pnsoads++++++++++++++++++++++ 6?

IP+?7 Kõbnrd n Snsd, nb jrobos, an köaulds dgtiads an tobgdril nb fikfd

kâvnis an fdktobikoêæd ad sdld +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 66IP+?6 Kõbnrd n pnsd `rnsfd an köaulds dgtiads nb ploktos ikdfuloaos n fdb

oaugoêæd kitrdjnkoao biknrol, fdbporotivobnktn fdb o tnstnbukmo, ko prnsnkêo an bntois pnsoads kd sdld ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 66

IP+?1 Otiviaoan ao Kitrdjnkosn ads köaulds an tobgdril n fikfd kâvnis anfdktobikoêæd ad sdld pdr bntois pnsoads +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 61

IP+?> Snsd ao botério snfo, nb jrobos, ao portn oérno an tibgduvo sdg > kâvnisan fdktobikoêæd ad sdld pdr bntois pnsoads+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 6>

IP+?0 Snsd ao botério snfo, nb jrobos, ao portn oérno an tibgduvo sdgoaugoêæd kitrdjnkoao, ikdfuloêæd n snb `drknfibnktd an kitrdjåkid++++++++++++ 60

IP+?: Snsd ao botério snfo ad sistnbo roaifulor, nb jrobos, an tibgduvo sdgoaugoêæd kitrdjnkoao, ikdfuloêæd n ko tnstnbukmo nb fikfd kâvnis anfdktobikoêæd ad sdld pdr bntois pnsoads +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 60

IP+?= Kõbnrd an köaulds dgtiads ad sistnbo roaifulor an tibgduvo sdgoaugoêæd kitrdjnkoao, ikdfuloêæd n ko tnstnbukmo nb fikfd kâvnis anfdktobikoêæd ad sdld pdr bntois pnsoads +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 6:

IP+?9 Snsd ao botério `rnsfo ads köaulds, nb jrobos, dgtiads ad sistnboroaifulor an tibgduvo sdg oaugoêæd kitrdjnkoao, ikdfuloêæd n kotnstnbukmo nb fikfd kâvnis an fdktobikoêæd ad sdld pdr bntois pnsoads +++ 6:

IP+73 Otiviaoan ao nkzibo kitrdjnkosn, nb bbdl F7M1$j+kda+$m, ad köauldsdgtiads ad sistnbo roaifulor an tibgduvo sdg oaugoêæd kitrdjnkoao,ikdfuloêæd n ko tnstnbukmo nb fikfd kâvnis an fdktobikoêæd ad sdld pdr bntois pnsoads ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 6=



WNV^BD

BDVQOVVD, @ïgid Luâs+ Frnsfibnktd n kdauloêæd an lnjubikdsos nb sdld fdktobikoadfdb bntois pnsoads+ Lovros5 ^@LO, ?99:+ >3 p+ -Aissnrtoêæd " Bnstroad nb Ojrdkdbio,Ïrno an Fdkfnktroêæd Vdlds n Kutriêæd an Sloktos)?

Nkfdktror ploktos n bifrdsibgidktns tdlnroktns n$du rnsistnktns o bntois pnsoads, n qun

pdssigilitnb o rnvnjntoêæd an ïrnos anjroaoaos, tnb sn tdrkoad ub anso`id ã fdbukiaoan

finktâ`ifo bukaiol+ Pisokad dgsnrvor d ansnkvdlvibnktd n o kdauloêæd an ai`nrnktns nspéfins

lnjubikdsos, `drob rnolizoads trås nxpnribnktds nb foso an vnjntoêæd utilizokad sdlds fdb

ai`nrnktns kâvnis an tdxianz pdr bntois pnsoads+ Soro o rnolizoêæd anstns utilizdu"sn ub sdld

-LPp) fdktobikoad ofianktolbnktn pnld nsfdobnktd an rnsâauds bntolõrjifds, fdb oltds kâvnis

an bntois pnsoads, prikfipolbnktn Uk n Fa -?=033 bj$ab6 n ?6> bj$ab6, rnspnftivobnktn), qun

`di bisturoad o ub sdld -LP) ailunktn poro dgtnkêæd an ai`nrnktns kâvnis an fdktobikoêæd+ Kd

pribnird nxpnribnktd, tobgdril - Nktnrdldgiub fdktdrtisiliquub -Pnll+) Bdrdkj+), snsgokio

-Vnsgokio virjoto -L+) Bnrr+), lnufnko - Lnufonko Gnktm+ sp+) n sirotrd - Bofrdptiliub

otrdpurpurnub ^rg+) `drob fultivoads nb sdlds fdb 3, ?>, 63, 1> n 03. an fdktobikoêæd+ Kd

snjukad nxpnribnktd foupi vnrbnlmd -Pijko ukjuifuloto -L+) Zolp+), `nieæd grovd ad fnorï

-Fokovolio grosilinksis B+ n Gnktm+), `nieæd vojnb ^NL"? - Smosndlus vuljoris -L+)), bufuko

prnto - Bufuko otnrribo -Sipnr & Qrofy) Bnrr+) n bukjd vnran -Pijko roaioto -L+) Zilfznh)

`drob tnstoads nb kâvnis an fdktobikoêæd sdld an 3, >, ?3 n 73. an sdld fdktobikoad+ Nb

obgds ds nxpnribnktds os ploktos `drob ikdfuloaos fdb nstirpns an rizögid snlnfidkoaos+ Kdtnrfnird nxpnribnktd, tobgdril n tibgduvo - Nktnrdldgiub tibgduvo Bort+) `drob fultivoaos kds

kâvnis an fdktobikoêæd 3, >, ?3, 73, n 13. ad sdld tnstokad"sn oikao o oaugoêæd biknrol

kitrdjnkoao n ikdfuloêæd fdb rizögid+ Os nspéfins ovolioaos rnspdkanrob ai`nrnktnbnktn ods

? Drinktoadro5 @ïtibo B+V+ Bdrniro+Bnbgrds ao gokfo5 Edsé Dswolad Viquniro n Oktñkid Nauorad @urtiki Kntd



xvi

trotobnktds ibpdstds+ Qobgdril `di bois tdlnroktn qun snsgokio, nxfntd o ?>., lnufnko n sirotrd,

bos d oubnktd ao fdktobikoêæd ad sdld pdr bntois o`ntdu snu ansnkvdlvibnktd, sd`rnkad ubo

rnauêæd an =3. ko portn oérno n 03. kd sistnbo roaifulor o 03. an fdktobikoêæd+ O kdauloêæd

aos nspéfins `di bois snvnrobnktn o`ntoao, fmnjokad ã suo ousåkfio nb oljuks trotobnktds, snkad

qun sdbnktn tobgdril kdauldu o 1>.+ Nktrn os nspéfins mnrgïfnos nstuaoaos `di dgsnrvoad qun

bufuko prnto tnvn boidr tdlnrçkfio qun os anbois nspéfins, toktd kd snu frnsfibnktd quoktd ko

suo kdauloêæd+ O kdauloêæd an tdaos os nspéfins `di arïstifobnktn o`ntoao kds kâvnis ofibo an

?3.+ Kæd mduvn ai`nrnkêo sijki`ifotivo kd frnsfibnktd an tobgdril quoktd od usd an ai`nrnktns

`dktns an K, sdbnktn snkad nsto dgsnrvoao poro tibgduvo, dkan o oaugoêæd kitrdjnkoao

`ovdrnfnu d ansnkvdlvibnktd roaifulor ansto nspéfin+ D oubnktd ao fdkfnktroêæd an bntois

rnauziu d ansnkvdlvibnktd an obgos os nspéfins+ O otiviaoan ao kitrdjnkosn sd`rnu ub lijnird

ofrésfibd ko boidrio aos nspéfins quokad nb prnsnkêo an goixds kâvnis an bntois kd sdld+Nspéfins nb sibgidsn fdb Groayrmizdgiub sp, kdaulorob nb kâvnis bois oltds an fdktobikoêæd

ad qun nspéfins kdauloaos pdr Ozdrmizdgiub n Wmizdgiub+



OGVQWOFQ

JWDZQM OKA KDA^LOQIDK D@ LNJ^BIKD^V VSNFINV IK VDIL FDKQOBIKOQNAZIQM MNOPY BNQOLV

Dkn d` tmn jrnot fmollnkjns kdwaoys ik nkvirdkbnktol rnsnorfm is tmn rnvnjntotidk d`

ornos fdktobikotna witm mnovy bntols+ Qmn jrdwtm oka kdaulotidk d` ai``nrnkt lnjubikdus

spnfins ot ai``nrnkt mnovy bntol fdktobikotidk lnvnls wnrn stuaina ik jrnnkmdusn fdkaitidks+ Qmn

nxpnribnkts wnrn forrina dut ik ai``nrnkt sdil bixns d` fdktobikotna sdil -?=033 bj Uk$ab6 n

?6> bj Fa$ab6) oka o kdk fdktobikotna dxisdl+ Ot tmn `irst nxpnribnkt Nktnrdldgiub

fdktdrtisiliquub -Pnll+) Bdrdkj+, Vnsgokio virjoto -L+) Bnrr +, Lnufonko Gnktm+ sp+ oka

Bofrdptiliub otrdpurpurnub ^rg+ wnrn fultivotna ot tmn fdktobikotidk lnvnls 3, ?>, 63, 1> oka

03.+ Pijko ukjuifuloto -L+) Zolp+, Fokovolio grosilinksis B+ n Gnktm+, Bufuko otnrribo -Sipnr

& Qrofy) Bnrr+ oka Pijko roaioto -L+) Zilfznh wnrn tnstna ot tmn fdktobikotidk lnvnls 3, >, ?3

oka 73. ik nxpnribnkt II+ Vnlnftna rmizdgio stroiks wnrn ikdfulotna ik nofm lnjubikdus spnfins

ik gdtm nxpnribnkts+ N+fdktdrtisiliquub oka Nktnrdldgiub tibgduvo Bort+ wnrn fultivotna ot

fdktobikotna lnvnls 3, >, ?3, 73 oka 13. nitmnr witm kitrdjnk `nrtiliznr dr rmizdgio ikdfulotidk ik

nxpnribnkt III+ Qmn nvoluotna spnfins gnmovn ik ai``nrnkt woys+ N+fdktdrtisiliquub wos bdrn

tdlnrokt tmok V+virjoto+, nxfnpt ot ?>., Lnufonko+ sp+ oka B+otrdpurpurnub oka it wos snvnrnly

o``nftna ot 03. d` fdktobikotidk -rnautidk ik smddt oka rddt ary wnijmt rnpnftivnly =3. oka

03.)+ Kdaulotidk wnrn arostifolly rnaufna ik oll spnfins, oka dkly N+fdktdrtisiliquub kdaulotna

uktill tmn fdktobikotidk lnvnl d` 1>.+ Obdkj tmn mnrgofndus spnfins B+otnrribo wos tmn bdst

tdlnrokt ot lnvnls > oka ?3.+ Kdaulotidk d` mnrgofndus spnfins wos snvnrnly rnaufna ot

fdktobikotidk lnvnls ogdvn ?3.+ Vdurfn d` K -fmnbifol dr gidldjifol) aia kdt o``nft jrdwtm d` N+fdktdtisiliquub gut o``nft N+tibgduvo rddt jrdwtm+ Gdtm spnfins wnrn o``nftna gy ikfrnosikj

fdktobikotidk lnvnls+ Kitrdjnkosn oftivity ikfrnosn ik tmn ldwnst fdktobikotidk lnvnl ik bdst

spnfins+ Lnjubikdus spnfins ik sybgidsis witm Groayrmizdgiub spp+ kdaulotna ik mijmnr

fdktobikotidk lnvnls tmok spnfins kdaulotna gy Ozdrmizdgiub dr Wmizdgiub+



I " IKQWDA^ÊÆD

Ïrnos an vnjntoêæd koturol qun sd`rnrob oltnroêþns nb suos foroftnrâstifos drijikois

pdanb possor pdr ub lnktd prdfnssd koturol an rnvnjntoêæd, oljubos ansto ïrnos dkan o

anjroaoêæd dfdrrnu pdr fousos koturois, fdbd quniboaos n anslizns an nkfdstos, sæd an `ïfil

rnfupnroêæd, pdis nstos sdbnktn sd`rnrob o pnrao ao vnjntoêæd n d sdld pdufd du koao sd`rnu an

oltnroêæd nb suos foroftnrâstifos, ossib d sibplns rnpdvdobnktd pdan rnfupnror nstos ïrnos+Nktrntoktd, nb ïrnos nb qun d ibpoftd `di tæd snvnrd o pdktd an anstruir o vnjntoêæd n o`ntor d

sdld `âsifo n quibifobnktn, os bnaiaos o snrnb oadtoaos poro d rnstognlnfibnktd ao vnjntoêæd

nxijiræd téfkifos bois ovokêoaos+

@otdrns oktrdpdjåkifds pdanb snr fdksianroads os bois jrovns `drbos an anjroaoêæd ao

koturnzo, pdis nstns o`ntob tobgéb d sdld, pnlo rnbdêæd ao foboao `értil nb ïrnos an biknroêæd

du nb ïrnos an nbpréstibd poro fdkstruêæd an gorrojnks, du oikao pnld ansfortn an rnsâauds

bntolõrjifds, kos fmoboaos ïrnos an “gdto"`dro‒, dkan o oaiêæd od sdld an bntois pnsoads

prnsnktns knstns rnsâauds tnb fmoboad o otnkêæd aos outdriaoans n finktistos qun tnktob gusfor

sdluêþns poro ds prdglnbos obginktois dfosidkoads pnld ofõbuld anstns nlnbnktds kd sdld+

O oaiêæd an bntois pnsoads pdan tobgéb dfdrrnr otrovés an iksubds ojrâfdlos, fdbd

`nrtilizoktns n fdrrntivds, qun fdb d possor ads okds væd sn ofubulokad pdankad fmnjor o kâvnis

töxifds ãs ploktos, oforrntokad nb rnauêæd ao prdautiviaoan aos fulturos+

Opnsor an oljuks bntois snrnb õtnis od bntogdlisbd aos ploktos n bifrdrjokisbds

prnsnktns kd sdld, quokad nb kâvnis nlnvoads nstns nlnbnktds tdrkob"sn töxifds, lnvokad ansan o

ubo rnauêæd ko toxo an frnsfibnktd oté o bdrtn an ploktos n drjokisbds ad sdld+

O gusfo pdr ploktos n bifrdsibgidktns tdlnroktns n$du rnsistnktns ã bntois pnsoads, qun

pnrbitob d snu usd nb prdentds an rnvnjntoêæd an ïrnos anjroaoaos pnld ofõbuld anstns

nlnbnktds, pdan tdrkor pdssâvnl d rn`ldrnstobnktd n$du rnutilizoêæd ojrâfdlo anstos ïrnos, snb

nktrntoktd, ansfdksianror"sn ds ospnftds rnlotivds ã aikçbifo sufnssidkol+ Os lnjubikdsos sæd an



7

jrokan pdtnkfiol nb prdentds an rnfupnroêæd an ïrnos anjroaoaos pdr snrnb jnrolbnktn an

frnsfibnktd rïpiad, pnrbitirnb sibgidsn fdb goftérios ìxoadros an kitrdjåkid otbds`érifd n

ùkjds bifdrrâzifds, pdssuârnb sistnbo roaifulor ojrnssivd qun ouxilio ko bnlmdrio ads ospnftds

`âsifds ad sdld, oléb an pnrbitirnb rïpiao `drboêæd an litniro pnlo qunao an `dlmos rnpdkad o

botério drjçkifo, gnknìfiokad ossib d rnstognlnfibnktd ao gidto ad sdld+

D dgentivd anstn nstuad `di an ovolior, d n`nitd an kâvnis frnsfnktns an fdktobikoêæd ad

sdld fdb bntois pnsoads sdgrn d ansnkvdlvibnktd n kdauloêæd an lnjubikdsos+



II " WNPIVÆD GIGLIDJWÏ@IFO

II+?+ Ïrnos Anjroaoaos

Wnifmbokk Kntd -?996) anìkiu ubo ïrno anjroaoao fdbd oqunlo qun sd`rnu oltnroêþns

nb suos foroftnrâstifos drijikois, anviad o fousos koturois, fdbd anslizobnktds an nkfdstos,

qunaos an ïrvdrns, nkfmnktns n quniboaos an dfdrråkfio koturol, du pdr fousos oktröpifos, fdbd

quniboaos fribikdsos, biknroêæd, ansbotobnktd, ansfortn an rnsâauds ikaustriois töxifds, nktrndutrds, nktrntoktd nsto anìkn ïrnos ojrâfdlos fdbd ïrnos anjroaoaos, pdis nstos sd`rnrob

oltnroêþns nb suos foroftnrâstifos drijikois pnlo oêæd ad mdbnb, bos sæd õtnis ã prdauêæd an

olibnktds+ Sdanbds nktæd fdksianror ubo ïrno ojrâfdlo fdbd anjroaoao4 Du snriob bnlmdr

anìkiaos fdbd anjroaoaos oqunlos ïrnos fueo o oltnroêæd obginktol ibpnan qun moeo d

ansnkvdlvibnktd an viao vnjntol n okibol4

Oljubos ïrnos qun tivnrob suo vnjntoêæd drijikol anjroaoao pdanb snr utilizoaos ko

ojrifulturo, eï dutros, dkan d ibpoftd oforrntdu prneuâzds nxtrnbds od bnid obginktn, sæd

jnrolbnktn ogokadkoaos anviad ã aiìfulaoan du ã ibpdssigiliaoan an fultivd+ D prneuâzd

obginktol anviad ã anjroaoêæd anstos ïrnos koturois é buitos vnzns ikfolfulïvnl, pdis kæd

sdbnktn os botos sæd anstruâaos, bos tobgéb dfdrrnb n`nitds sdgrn os bofrd n bifrd òukos n

`ldros ldfois8 nstos ïrnos knfnssitob snrnb rnvnjntoaos n boktiaos fdbd ïrnos an prnsnrvoêæd n

bokutnkêæd, gusfokad"sn ossib nvitor o dfdrråkfio ao nxtikêæd an bois nspéfins vnjntois n

okibois qun anstos anpnkanb+

Oktns ao oprdvoêæd ad Ortijd ??>$== pnld Fdkjrnssd Grosilnird, qun nxijn o rnfupnroêæd

an ïrnos biknroaos, buitos nbprnsos eï moviob ikifioad prdjrobos an rnvnjntoêæd an ïrnos

kotivos pdr nlos anjroaoaos, nktrntoktd jnrolbnktn nrob `nitds rnpdvdobnktds fdb d usd an

pdufos nspéfins, `drbokad bofiêds vnjntois, dkan ds ospnftds nfdlöjifds ao gidaivnrsiaoan n ao

sustnktogiliaoan ads nfdssistnbos nrob ansprnzoads, d qun aiìfultovo o rnjnknroêæd ad sug"

gdsqun+ Qobgéb kæd nrob fdksianroads ds prdglnbos dfosidkoads pnlo anjroaoêæd ad sdld,



1

snkad ossib knfnssïrios `nrtilizoêþns pnriöaifos, irrijoêæd n fdktrdln an projos n adnkêos knstns

bdkdfultivds, gnb fdbd prïtifos fdksnrvofidkistos ad sdld an `drbo o rnauzir os pnraos pdr

nrdsæd kos òlmos qun dfdrrnssnb ko ïrno ploktoao, prdglnbos nstns qun ikviogilizovob o

bokutnkêæd anstos ïrnos+

D oubnktd ao fdksfiåkfio nfdlöjifo kds õltibds okds tnb lnvoad nbprnsos o ikvnstir ko

pnsquiso an bétdads bois nìfinktns an rnvnjntoêæd an ïrnos anjroaoaos, ansto bokniro pnsquisos

tnb siad rnolizoaos sdgrn os bois ai`nrnktns `drbos an anjroaoêæd ao koturnzo, ossib kdvos

téfkifos n nspéfins tnb siad ansfdgnrtos n oplifoaos fdb sufnssd nb rnvnjntoêæd+ ^bo boidr

ogdraojnb nfdlöjifo poro o rnvnjntoêæd nkòtizokad o fdrrnêæd ad sdld otrovés ao okïlisn

quâbifo n `âsifo anstn n boidr fritérid ko nsfdlmo aos nspéfins sæd rnsultoads dgtiads pdr

pnsquisoadrns n qun tnb oeuaoad ko fdrrnêæd an oljubos aos òlmos qun vikmob dfdrrnkad+

Jri`ìtm, Aios n Eufhsfm -?991), nkòtizob d òtd an qun o koturnzo rnpujko likmos rntos gusfokad o ùjo ao mdbdjnkniaoan ads rn`ldrnstobnktd pdr bdkdfultivds, o rnvnjntoêæd koturol

dfdrrn an bokniro aikçbifo n mntnrdjåkno otrovés an ub prdfnssd nvdlutivd pdr nlo antnrbikoad,

dkan mï o sugstituiêæd an nspéfins od ldkjd ad tnbpd, oté qun sn otikeo ub pdktd dkan dfdrrn o

outd"sustnktogiliaoan ad nfdssistnbo+ Ds bnsbds outdrns fitob Flnbnkts, qun oprnsnktdu o

bnlmdr ogdraojnb nfdlöjifo ao aikçbifo sufnssidkol opös o anjroaoêæd, dkan dfdrrnb ds

prdfnssds an aispnrsæd, nstognlnfibnktd, fdbpntiêæd n nstogilizoêæd ad sistnbo, snkad aispnrsæd

é ub ads prdfnssds bois ibpdrtoktns ansto aikçbifo, pdankad dfdrrnr koturolbnktn du pdr

téfkifos an rnpdvdobnktd, d nstognlnfibnktd é fdksianroao o òsn frâtifo ao rnvnjntoêæd, pdis

rn`nrn"sn od fifld fdbplntd an viao ao plokto, ansan o jnrbikoêæd oté o rnprdauêæd, du sneo dkan

sn fdbprdvo o oaoptoêæd aos nspéfins od ldfol, é o`ntoao pdr òtdrns obginktois -flibo, rnlnvd,

prnaoadrns, ntf+) n pdr òtdrns qun pdanb dfosidkor “strnss‒ kos ploktos, fdbd fdbpoftoêæd ad

sdld, prnsnkêo an nlnbnktds töxifds, nktrn dutrds, tobgéb é airntobnktn ik`lunkfioad pnlo

prnsnkêo an bifrdrjokisbds gnkéìfds fdbd ùkjds bifdrrâzifds n goftérios ìxoadros an

kitrdjåkid, knsto òsn sn ikifio d rnstognlnfibnktd ao bifrdgidto ad sdld+

O òsn snjuiktn ad prdfnssd an sufnssæd vnjntol dfdrrn koturolbnktn kos ïrnos vnjntoaos,

oqui os nspéfins pidkniros, jnrolbnktn bois tdlnroktns n$du rnsistnktns ãs fdkaiêþns oavnrsos ad

ldfol, qun fdksnjuirob supnror os aiìfulaoans n sn nstognlnfnr, sæd supnroaos pnlos nspéfins

snfukaïrios, qun ko òsn ikifiol ao sufnssæd `drob supnroaos pnlos pidkniros pdr snrnb bois

snksâvnis ãqunlos fdkaiêþns, n qun ojdro nkfdktrob os fdkaiêþns ianois an frnsfibnktd kd ldfol



>

anviad ãs oltnroêþns prdvdfoaos pnlos pidkniros+ Fdkmnfnkad"sn ds prdfnssds an sufnssæd vnjntol

qun dfdrrnb nb ubo rnvnjntoêæd koturol pdan"sn, otrovés an nxpnribnktds, nkfdktror nspéfins n

bifrdrjokisbds bois tdlnroktns n$du rnsistnktns ods tipds an anjroaoêæd, ossib pdan"sn tnktor

ibitor o koturnzo n ofnlnror ub prdfnssd an rnvnjntoêæd n rnfupnroêæd an ubo ïrno anjroaoao+

D sufnssd an ub prdfnssd an rnvnjntoêæd posso pnlo nsfdlmo aos nspéfins n ùkaobnkto"

sn kds bétdads an ibploktoêæd+ O nsfdlmo aos nspéfins anvn fdksianror ds ospnftds rnlotivds od

snu ansnkvdlvibnktd vnjntotivd, fdbd frnsfibnktd rïpiad, prdtnêæd n `drknfibnktd an kutrinktns

od sdld, ogrijd n olibnktd poro o òuko, rnfdbpdsiêæd ao poisojnb n ad rnjibn an ïjuo, n

fdksnqunktnbnktn ao gidto ad sdld8 nktrn ds bétdads an ibploktoêæd anstos nspéfins anvn"sn

dgsnrvor d bokned kd ploktid du troksploktid, anpnkankad ad fosd, n fdrrnêæd ad sdld -Aovian,

?991)+ @rokfd, Fobpnlld n @orio -?991) nkòtizob qun o nsfdlmo aos nspéfins nb prdentds an

rnvnjntoêæd an ïrnos anjroaoaos anvnb fdksianror o rnpdsiêæd an kitrdjåkid n forgdkd od sdld, gnb fdbd oubnktor o aispdkigiliaoan ads anbois kutrinktns+ Aivnrsds trogolmds utilizokad

ploktos lnjubikdsos nb prdfnssds an rnvnjntoêæd tnb anbdkstroad qun d rïpiad frnsfibnktd

anstos n o suo nlnvoao prdauêæd an gidbosso, prdpdrfidkob sdbgrnobnktd n boidr ofõbuld an F

n kutrinktns kd sdld -ikfluikad o ìxoêæd an K7 otbds`érifd), qun òvdrnfnb o jnrbikoêæd an

nspéfins snfukaïrios bois nxijnktns quoktd ã `nrtiliaoan ad sugstrotd -Fobpnlld, ?990)+ Gdki,

Nspâkadlo n Juiboræns -?991) ovoliorob d n`nitd an frdtolïrio n juokau ko rnfupnroêæd an ubo

ïrno an Lotdssdld Wdxd, an dkan `di rntiroad d mdrizdktn O, n dgsnrvorob qun o jrokan

nxpldroêæd ad sdld pnld snu sistnbo roaifulor, trduxn nxprnssivds gnkn`âfids `âsifds od sdld,

oubnktokad d aiçbntrd béaid pdkanroad ads ojrnjoads ad sdld, o pdrdsiaoan qun,

fdksnqunktnbnktn, oforrnto nb boidr rntnkêæd an ïjuo, gnb fdbd boidr fdgnrturo ad sdld, d

qun d prdtnjn fdktro pnraos pdr nrdsæd+

D usd an buaos an ploktos lnjubikdsos kdauloaos n bifdrrizoaos poro rnpdvdobnktd an

ïrnos anjroaoaos `di nstuaoad pdr @rokfd, Fobpnlld n @orio -?991) nb ïrnos an rnenitd an

biknroêæd an gouxito nb Sdrtd Qrdbgntos " SO+ D n`nitd ao ikdfuloêæd aos buaos fdb goftérios

ìxoadros an kitrdjåkid n o oaiêæd an fdbpdstd drjçkifd od sdld, òvdrnfnrob d nstognlnfibnktd

an buaos kdauloaos n kæd kdauloaos, nktrntoktd, o kdauloêæd `di òvdrïvnl od ansnkvdlvibnktd

aos ploktos bnsbd quokad kæd mduvn o oaiêæd an fdbpdstd drjçkifd od sugstrotd+ O rnspdsto ã

ikdfuloêæd fdb ùkjds bifdrrâzifds sdbnktn pñan snr dgsnrvoao ã portir ad snjukad okd, d qun



0

ds outdrns otriguârob ã rnauêæd ko aispdkigiliaoan an `ös`drd oaifidkoad n ikâfid ao rnfiflojnb

ad S drjçkifd prdvnkinktn aos `dlmos foâaos -@rokfd nt ol+, ?996)+

II+7+ Bntois Snsoads kd Obginktn

D ansfortn an rnsâauds ikaustriois ko koturnzo tnb otikjiad kâvnis prndfupoktns, d qun tnb

`nitd fdb qun jdvnrkoktns n nktiaoans prdtntdros ao koturnzo ansvinb suos otnkêþns poro nstos

ïrnos anviad od òtd an qun jrokan portn anstns rnsâauds sæd rifds nb bntois pnsoads,

nxtrnbobnktn prneuaifiois od ansnkvdlvibnktd aos ploktos8 n tobgéb od usd ikaisfribikoad an

`nrtilizoktns, drjçkifds n quâbifds, n an prdtntdrns an ploktos qun fdktnkmob bntois pnsoads nb

suo fdbpdsiêæd, nstns prdautds tnb sn tdrkoad olvd an pnsquisos qun visob nvitor d ofõbuld

anstns nlnbnktds ko koturnzo+

Edkns n Eorvis -?9=?), fitoads pdr Fdtrib -?991), anìknb bntois pnsoads fdbd “+++bntois

qun oprnsnktob ubo anksiaoan rnlotivo boidr qun > j$fb6‒, d qun tdtolizob 6= nlnbnktds

fdkmnfiads, snkad ds bois fitoads5 orsåkid, fïabid, fdgoltd, frdbd, fdgrn, `nrrd, bnrfõrid,

bokjokås, bdligaåkid, kâqunl, fmubgd, nstrñkfid n zikfd, nkfdktroads fdb boidr `rnqüåkfio n

fdkfnktroêæd kds rnsâauds oktröpifds+

Ds bntois pnsoads pdanb dfdrrnr koturolbnktn kds sdlds, anrivoads an rdfmos an drijnb,

n quokad oaifidkoads pnld iktnbpnrisbd anstos rdfmos dfdrrnb nb goixos fdkfnktroêþns, kæd

tdrkokad"sn töxifos ã gidto n od bnid obginktn -Qylnr, ?9:1)+ Oljuks anstns nlnbnktds sæd

nssnkfiois ãs ploktos quokad nb goixos fdkfnktroêþns, fmoboads ossib an bifrdkutrinktns,

pdréb quokad nb oltos fdkfnktroêþns, nstns nlnbnktds pdanb tdrkor"sn töxifds ã òuko n ã `ldro

ad sdld+ Nb sdlds ojrâfdlos n `ldrnstois nstns bntois pnsoads tnb siad nkfdktroads nb

fdkfnktroêþns nlnvoaos, knstos ïrnos o oaiêæd oktröpifo, otrovés an `nrtilizoktns, fdrrntivds,

ojrdtöxifds n rnsâauds drjçkifds n ikdrjçkifds, tnb anspnrtoad o otnkêæd an finktistos, d qun tnb

jnroad aivnrsds trogolmds, prikfipolbnktn nb rnjiþns an flibo tnbpnroad -Bolovdlto, ?991)+

Fdbd nxnbpld, fito"sn o jrokan ibpdrtçkfio aoao ã ovolioêæd ads tndrns rnsiauois an Fïabid

-Fa) nb `nrtilizoktns `dsòtoads, anviad ã rnlotivo òfiliaoan an troks`nråkfio anssn nlnbnktd ad

sdld poro os ploktos, pdankad fousor risfds ã foanio olibnktor n od mdbnb -Qylnr, ?9:1)+

Nstâbulds poro o utilizoêæd, nb sdlds ojrâfdlos, an rnsâauds drjçkifds n ikdrjçkifds, fdbd

ldad an nsjdtd n nsförios, tåb lnvoad od ansnkvdlvibnktd an okïlisn quâbifos ad sdld qun tnb

nkfdktroad kâvnis nlnvoads anstns nlnbnktds, d qun tnkan o sn ojrovor fdb d tnbpd, anviad od



:

usd fdktâkud anstns rnsâauds drjçkifds qun sn ofubulob kd nfdssistnbo+ Sdr dutrd load, pdanb

tobgéb dfdrrnr anpdsiêþns otbds`érifos an josns nbitiads pdr ikaõstrios sianrõrjifos,

bntolõrjifos n pntrdquâbifos n ã portir an nsfopobnktds an bdtdrns an fdbgustæd iktnrko pnlo

snaibnktoêæd du forrnobnktd pnlo fmuvo an pdniro fdktobikoao -Lojjnrwnr`, ?9:78 Sojn n

Gikjmob, ?9:6)+

Ds nstuads sdgrn o prnsnkêo an nlnbnktds töxifds nb nfdssistnbos ojrâfdlos tåb

anbdkstroad fdkfnktroêþns rnlotivobnktn nlnvoaos an fmubgd, fïabid, frdbd, grdbd n orsåkid

nktrn dutrds nlnbnktds, quokad nb goixos fdkfnktroêþns nstns nlnbnktds pdanb snr õtnis ãs

ploktos n bifrdrjokisbds, ds fmoboads bifrdkutrinktns, bos quokad nb oltos fdkfnktroêþns,

tdrkob"sn ìtdtöxifds, fdbd bokjokås, fdgrn, zikfd, `nrrd+ Qobgéb sæd vnriìfoads kâvnis

ai`nrnkfioads an tdxianz pdr dutrds nlnbnktds õtnis ãs ploktos, bos qun kæd pdssunb

nssnkfioliaoan fdbprdvoao, fdbd kâqunl, olubâkid n snlåkid -Oborol Vdgrikmd, Pnlldsd n Fdsto,?996)+

Ds nlnbnktds foroftnrizoads fdbd töxifds poro vnjntois n bifrdrjokisbds sæd oqunlns

qun, od snrnb ogsdrviads ad bnid obginktn pnlos ploktos, prneuaifob d snu ansnkvdlvibnktd,

bnsbd quokad nb goixos fdkfnktroêþns+ O oêæd anssns nlnbnktds dfosidko nstrnssn kds

drjokisbds vivds, pdr prdpdrfidkornb buaokêos ìsidlöjifos, rnauzikad d vijdr anstns n, nb

fosds nxtrnbds, ikigikad tdtolbnktn d snu frnsfibnktd n lnvokad"ds ã bdrtn -Gohnr, ?9=:)+

II+6+ Bntois Snsoads kd Vdld n snu N`nitd kd Ansnkvdlvibnktd Pnjntol

Nb sdlds an flibo trdpifol o fopofiaoan an oasdrêæd bïxibo anstns bntois pdan snr

libitoao pnlds fdktnõads an orjilo n an öxiads an `nrrd n olubâkid n tobgéb pnlds voldrns an

FQF n pM anssns sdlds -Dbon, ?9=1)+ O oaiêæd an rnsâauds fdktnkad bntois é ikoanquoao nb

sdlds qun oprnsnktnb bnkds an :,>. an orjilo n bnkds an 6. an öxiads an @n n Ol,

sibultoknobnktn -Bottiozzd n Jldrio, ?99>)+ Sdr suo vnz, nb sdlds qun oprnsnktob o fopofiaoan

an trdfo an fïtidks -antnrbikoao pnld ofntotd an obñkid o pM :,3) anktrd ao òixo an > o ?>, ds

tndrns bïxibds an bntois, tois fdbd Sg, Uk, Fu, Ki n Fa anvnb snr ik`nridrns o ?33, >33, 7>3,

?33 n ?3 hj$mo, rnspnftivobnktn -Hinml, ?9=>)+ Jnrolbnktn nstns aoads kæd sæd fdksianroads

quokad sn tnkto rnolizor ub sistnbo an rnvnjntoêæd+

Oljubos prïtifos fulturois pdanb snr usoaos poro fdktrdlor o fiflojnb obginktol ads

nlnbnktds töxifds kd sdld, qun ikflunb bétdads an bokned, qun tnkanb o aibikuir o



=

aispdkigiliaoan anstns nlnbnktds kd sdld, tol fdbd o folojnb -poro nlnvor d pM) n o oaiêæd an

rnsâauds drjçkifds qun òvdrnfnb d surjibnktd an qunlotds, fopozns an ibdgilizor nstns

nlnbnktds+ O prnsnkêo ao botério drjçkifo kd sdld ansnbpnkmo ub ibpdrtoktn popnl ko

fiflojnb anssns n an dutrds nlnbnktds -Vtnvnksdk, ?9=0)+

O ìtdrrnbnaioêæd pdan snr ubo bokniro viïvnl an rnbdvnr nlnbnktds töxifds ad sdld+ D

prdfnssd fdksistn nb sn fultivor ploktos qun pdssuob kæd sö o fopofiaoan an ansnkvdlvibnktd

nb ïrnos fdktobikoaos, fdbd tobgéb oprnsnktnb o prdprinaoan an ofubulor tois nlnbnktds kds

snus tnfiads, fmoboaos bntolöìtos -Grdwk n Grikhbokk, ?997)+ Grdwk nt ol+ -?99>), nstuaokad

d fdbpdrtobnktd ao nspéfin Qmlospi fonrulnsfnks, sdg o prnsnkêo an Uk n Fa, vnriìforob qun

nssn vnjntol `di fopoz an ogsdrvnr n tdlnror fdkfnktroêþns supnridrns o ?=+333 bj Uk$hj n ?+333

bj Fa$hj ko portn oérno+ Fdktuad, Gohnr -?991) anbdkstrdu qun nsso bnsbo nspéfin vnjntol

kæd oprnsnkto snbnlmokêo ko aikçbifo poro ds ai`nrnktns nlnbnktds töxifds, ossib Uk, Fa, Fd,Bk n Ki sæd ogsdrviads n troksldfoads poro o portn oérno, nkquoktd qun Ol, Fr, Fu, @n n Sg sæd

prnadbikoktnbnktn ibdgilizoads kos roâzns+

O dfdrråkfio an nspéfins an ploktos n bifrdrjokisbds tdlnroktns o oltds kâvnis an

fdktobikoêæd pdr nlnbnktds töxifds tnb lnvoad oljuks pnsquisoadrns o trogolmornb fdb snlnêæd

an nspéfins fultivoaos n bifrdsibgidktns -Hogoto"Snkaios n Snkaios, ?9=>8 Auxgury n Gifhknll,

?9=6)+ Ds bnfokisbds an rnsiståkfio vnjntol voriob, ansan lijoêþns o kâvnl an pornan fnlulor,

gdbgnobnktd an âdks poro ds vofõdlds, fdbplnxoêæd pdr ïfiads drjçkifds n lijoêþns bntold"

prdtnâkos anktrn dutrds -Gohnr, ?9=?8 fitoad pdr Gohnr, ?9=:)+ D jostd an nknrjio poro rnolizoêæd

anssns bnfokisbds, nktrntoktd, prdpdrfidko ubo rnauêæd kd frnsfibnktd aos ploktos tdlnroktns,

quokad fdbporoaos fdb oqunlos fultivoaos nb ïrnos kæd fdktobikoaos -Nrkst, ?9:08 fitoad pdr

Gohnr, ?9=:)+ Kds bifrdrjokisbds, o ibdgilizoêæd an bntois ko pornan fnlulor é ub bétdad

utilizoad pdr goftérios poro tdlnror o tdxianz anstns nlnbnktds, nkquoktd qun nspdrds an ùkjd

nxfrntob obikdïfiads n miaröxiïfiads qun fdbplnxob bntois -Qylnr, ?9:1)+

Kosfibnktd, @dktns n Knvns -?99:) ovoliorob o rnsiståkfio an fikfd fultivorns an bilmd

od Fa n dgsnrvorob ubo rnspdsto ai`nrnkfioao nktrn nstos, tnkad ubo rnauêæd rnlotivo ã

tnstnbukmo an 1?,?. ad pnsd an botério snfo tdtol poro o fultivor FBV >1, o bois snksâvnl, o

?>,6. poro o fultivor GW 1:6, bois tdlnroktn ã adsn an 7bj$L an Fa nb sdluêæd kutritivo+ Nstos

auos fultivorns `drob nktæd sugbntiaos ãs adsns frnsfnktns an 38 3,3>8 3,?38 3,>3 n ?,33 bj$L an

Fa nb sdluêæd kutritivo, n ds outdrns dgsnrvorob qun o fultivor GW 1:6 tnvn ub aisfrntd



9

oubnktd kds pnsds aos botérios snfos an roiz n ao portn oérno poro o adsn an 3,3> bj$L an Fa,

nb rnloêæd ã tnstnbukmo+ Nktrntoktd, kos fdkfnktroêþns bois oltos mduvn ubo rnauêæd ansto

voriïvnl fdb d oubnktd ad tndr an Fa ko sdluêæd, snkad qun nstn oubnktd kæd `di dgsnrvoad ko

bnaiao ao olturo aos ploktos, n, nb tdads ds kâvnis an fdktobikoêæd mduvn rnauêæd ko olturo

ovolioao+ Ko fultivor FBV >1 kæd `di dgsnrvoad d bnsbd rnsultoad, snkad qun nsto sd`rnu

rnauêæd kos voriïvnis ovolioaos poro tdaos os adsns an Fa nstuaoaos+

Nb nstuads fdb auos fultivorns an `niednird, Durd Knjrd n Foridfo, frnsfiaos nb sdluêæd

kutritivo n fdb adsns frnsfnktns an Fa -3,338 3,37>8 3,3>8 3,?3 n 3,>3 ¾j Fa$bl), Snrniro n

Kosfibnktd -?99:) dgsnrvorob qun o fultivor Durd Knjrd sd`rnu rnauêæd kds pnsds aos botérios

snfos ao portn oérno n an roiz nb tdads ds kâvnis an fdktobikoêæd, nkquoktd qun o fultivor

foridfo tnvn ub lnvn oubnktd knstns bnsbds pnsds kos fdkfnktroêþns an 3,37> n 3,3> ¾j Fa$bl

an sdluêæd kutritivo, dfdrrnkad ub n`nitd anlntérid kos adsns supnridrns+Ignhwn nt ol + -?990) nstuaorob d n`nitd ao tdxianz an tndrns frnsfnktns an Fa n Uk sdgrn

d ansnkvdlvibnktd an olòò - Bnaifojd sotivo fultivor ZOBSW) pré"jnrbikoao n fultivoao nb

sdluêæd kutritivo, ikifiolbnktn frnsfiaos nb sdluêæd kutritivo fdbplnto pdr ?1 aios+ Opös nstn

tnbpd `drob ikifioads 6 trotobnktds, snkad kd pribnird os ploktos boktiaos nb sdluêæd

fdbplnto, fdb ub nkriqunfibnktd an sulòtds an fïabid n zikfd snporoaobnktn, an `drbo o

dgtnrnb fdkfnktroêþns n otiviaoans frnsfnktns anstns bntois ko sdluêæd+ Soro ovolior o tdxianz

anstns bntois ko plokto, `di rnolizoad ub snjukad nxpnribnktd dkan `di rntiroad d `drknfibnktd

an kitrdjåkid, oaifidkoads sois bntïlifds n rnolizoao o ikdfuloêæd fdb ubo nstirpn n`ntivo an

rizögid+ Kd tnrfnird nxpnribnktd `di rnolizoao ubo ikdfuloêæd kd ?1µ aio snjuiad an ub

nkriqunfibnktd fdb sois bntïlifds kd 7?µ aio+ Ds outdrns dgsnrvorob qun opnsor aos `drbos

ai`nrnkfioaos fdb qun `drob rnolizoads ds trotobnktds os rnspdstos `drob snbnlmoktns, o

prdauêæd rnlotivo ã tnstnbukmo ao portn oérno n d pnsd ad sistnbo roaifulor sd`rnrob ub lijnird

ibpoftd kos fdkfnktroêþns bois goixos ads bntois, ikaifokad ubo bdanroao tdxianz, nktrntoktd

ko fdkfnktroêæd bois olto d ibpoftd `di bois snvnrd fmnjokad o ijuolor ds voldrns ads trås

trotobnktds+ D qun bois fmobo o otnkêæd é d òtd an qun o prdauêæd rnlotivo ao portn oérno kd

trotobnktd fdb K"biknrol `di supnridr ãqunlns dkan `di rnolizoao o ikdfuloêæd, prikfipolbnktn

poro d zikfd, snkad qun sdbnktn ko fdkfnktroêæd bois nlnvoao ad bntol o snvnriaoan ad ibpoftd

ijuoldu o rnspdsto ads trås trotobnktds+



?3

Nb Qobgdril - Nktnrdldgiub fdktdrtisiliquub -Pnll+) Bdrdkj+), ubo nspéfin lnjubikdso

orgörno, ikdfuloao fdb rizögid n ùkjds bifdrrâzifds, frnsfiao nb quotrd kâvnis an fdktobikoêæd

-73, 13, 03 n =3.) an ub sdld fdktobikoad pdr Uk -?:+96:,> ¾j$j), nktrn dutrds bntois, Wdeos,

Viquniro n Bdrniro -?990), dgsnrvorob qun mduvn rnauêæd arïstifo an oté =3. ad pnsd aos

botérios snfos ao portn oérno n an roâzns quokad nb prnsnkêo an 73. anstn sdld fdktobikoad kd

sugstrotd, oléb an rnauêæd ko olturo aos ploktos, aiçbntrd ad fouln n kõbnrd an `dlmos fdb d

oubnktd ao fdktobikoêæd ad sugstrotd pdr bntois pnsoads, snkad nstn rnsultoad ikai`nrnktn ã

ikdfuloêæd fdb ùkjds bifdrrâzifds, nxfntd poro d pnsd ao botério snfo ad sistnbo roaifulor,

dkan mduvn nb buaos kæd ikdfuloaos ubo lijniro supnridriaoan ãqunlos pré"fdldkizoaos+ Nstn

rnsultoad pdan tnr siad anviad ods oltds tndrns an S ads sugstrotds utilizoads, o kdauloêæd

tobgéb sd`rnu ubo arïstifo rnauêæd kd kâvnl bois goixd an fdktobikoêæd, rnauzikad"sn an fnrfo

an 7>3 köaulds ko tnstnbukmo poro opnkos 0 köaulds od kâvnl an 73. an fdktobikoêæd+Nktrntoktd d pnsd tdtol ads köaulds dgtiads kæd sd`rnu o bnsbo rnauêæd, d qun sujnrn qun opnsor

an tnrnb siad nkfdktroads pdufds köaulds kds trotobnktds fdb prnsnkêo an bntois, nstns köaulds

pdssuâob tobokmd n pnsd boidr qun ds dgtiads ko tnstnbukmo+

II+1+ Bntois Snsoads kds Bifrdrjokisbds ad Vdld

Ds bntois pnsoads otuob sdgrn ds bifrdrjokisbds ad sdld rnauzikad suo otiviaoan

bntogölifo, tdrkokad"ds iknìfinktns, d qun rnauz ds prdfnssds nssnkfiois ad sdld, fdb d an

anjroaoêæd n fiflojnb ao botério drjçkifo, fiflojnb an kutrinktns, rnspiroêæd n sdgrn oqunlns

qun otuob nb sibgidsn fdb ploktos+ Ds bntois pnsoads nxnrfnb n`nitds anlntérids sdgrn os

ùkêþns bntogölifos ads bifrdrjokisbds ad sdld+ Mottdri -?997) nstuadu d n`nitd ao oaiêæd an

Fa, Fr, Fu, Ki, Sg n Uk sdgrn o anfdbpdsiêæd ao botério drjçkifo n sdgrn o bifrd`ldro n

dgsnrvdu qun mduvn anfrésfibd ko nvdluêæd an FD7 n kd frnsfibnktd goftnriokd, fdb d

oubnktd ao fdkfnktroêæd ads bntois pnsoads oaifidkoads+

O nxpdsiêæd o bntois pnsoads pdan o`ntor o `drboêæd n d ansnkvdlvibnktd aos bifdrrizos

orgusfulorns -Jiladk n Qikhnr, ?9=?8 Hddbnk n BfJrotm, ?993)+ O ikigiêæd ao sibgidsn

bifdrrâzifo pdr bntois pnsoads pdan dfdrrnr pdr n`nitd airntd ads bntois sdgrn ds bifrdrjokisbds

du, ikairntobnktn, pnld n`nitd ads bntois sdgrn o plokto mdspnaniro quokad nb kâvnis töxifds

-Kdjuniro, ?991)+



??

Mnjjd, Okjln n Fmokny -?993) utilizokad sdlds prdvnkinktn an ïrnos pröxibos o ubo

ùkaiêæd an zikfd nb dpnroêæd o bois an ?33 okds ovoliorob d ibpoftd an ai`nrnktns kâvnis an

fdktobikoêæd pdr Uk, Fa, Fu, Bk n @n kd sdld nb sdeo ikdfuloao fdb rizögid n fdb goftérios

bois ùkjds bifdrrâzifds orgusfulorns+ Nstns outdrns dgsnrvorob qun nb rnloêæd ã tnstnbukmo,

snb ikdfuloêæd, o prnsnkêo an rizögid oubnktdu d pnsd ao botério snfo ao portn oérno, kõbnrd n

pnsd an köaulds, gnb fdbd o otiviaoan ao nkzibo kitrdjnkosn, quokad o sdeo `di ossdfioao o

rizögid n ùkjds bifdrrâzifds orgusfulorns sibultçknobnktn, d jokmd `di oikao boidr, nktrntoktd,

nstns voldrns sd`rnrob rnauêæd nb tdads ds porçbntrds ovolioads pnld oubnktd ao fdkfnktroêæd

an bntois pnsoads kd sdld+

O ìxoêæd gidlöjifo ad kitrdjåkid otbds`érifd pdr goftérios aiozdtröìfos sibgiötifos nb

lnjubikdsos é fdksianroad ub ads prdfnssds gidquâbifds bois ibpdrtoktns ao koturnzo

-Vtnvnksdk, ?9=0), snkad qun o prnsnkêo an bntois pnsoads kd sdld pdan o`ntor airnto duikairntobnktn knstn prdfnssd, o`ntokad ansan d bifrdsibgidktn, d prdfnssd ik`nftivd n o

kdauloêæd, oté o otiviaoan ao kitrdjnkosn, ikigikad o ìxoêæd ad kitrdjåkid+ Fmouary nt ol+ -?996)

dgsnrvorob ub anfrésfibd ko pdpuloêæd an rizögid nb sdlds ad kdrdnstn ao Olnbokmo pnlo

oaiêæd an ldad an nsjdtd fdktobikoad pdr bntois pnsoads+ Nb Qri`dliub rnpnks L+ frnsfnkad nb

sdld fdktobikoad pnlo oaiêæd an ldad an nsjdtd `drob dgsnrvoaos goixos fdkfnktroêþns an K kds

tnfiads, n nkfdktroads pnqunkds n kubnrdsds köaulds grokfds kos roâzns, ikn`ntivds ko ìxoêæd an

kitrdjåkid+ Ds n`nitds dgsnrvoads puanrob snr supnroads, pdr furtd tnbpd, pnlo oaiêæd an

`nrtilizoktn kitrdjnkoad od sdld fdktobikoad, fdbprdvokad ossib o òlto ao ìxoêæd an kitrdjåkid

pnlos goftérios+ Wnolizokad ailuiêæd ad sdld fdktobikoad nb dutrd kæd fdktobikoad, ds outdrns

tnstorob d n`nitd an fdkfnktroêþns frnsfnktns anstns bntois ko ìxoêæd an K 7, n nkfdktrorob ubo

rnauêæd an >3. ansto nb fdkfnktroêþns ads bntois an ?0> bj Uk$hj, 03 bj Fu$hj, :,6 bj

Ki$hj n >,6 bj Fa$hj, nxtroâvnis pdr NAQO -BfJrotm n Grddhns, ?9==8 Okjln nt ol+, ?996)+

O ikn`ntiviaoan ao kdauloêæd, du sneo, o ousåkfio an ìxoêæd ad kitrdjåkid otbds`érifd

pnld bifrdsibgidktn opös o kdauloêæd ao plokto mdspnaniro, `di dgsnrvoao pdr Fmouary nt ol+

-?996), qun fdbprdvorob qun o rnauêæd ad fdktnõad an kitrdjåkid kos ploktos, fldrdsn n

nk`nzobnktd an trnvd kæd nrob anviads ã ìtdtdxianz ads bntois, bos pnlo ousåkfio ao ìxoêæd an

K7, pdis ds siktdbos `drob rnauziads pnlo oaiêæd an `nrtilizoktn kitrdjnkoad+ Jillnr nt ol + -?996)

ossdfio istd od òtd an qun nb sdlds fdktobikoads pdr bntois pnsoads, anviad ã prdldkjoao

oaiêæd an ldad an nsjdtd, sdbnktn dfdrrn o sdgrnvivåkfio an nstirpns ikn`ntivos an rizögid+ Okjln



?7

nt ol+ -?996) fdkìrborob qun Wmizdgiub lnjubikdsorub gv+ tri`dlii isdloads an sdlds

fdktobikoads pdr vïrids okds sæd ikn`ntivds ko ìxoêæd an K7+

Os goftérios ad sdld tåb siad aiviaiaos nb trås jrupds5 snksâvnis, tdlnroktns n rnsistnktns+

Adnlbok, Eoksnk n Bifmnls -?991) flossiìforob qun, poro zikfd n fïabid, o snksigiliaoan é

anbdkstroao pnlo ousåkfio an frnsfibnktd goftnriokd nb fdkfnktroêþns an > n 3,> bj$l anstns

nlnbnktds, rnspnftivobnktn, n rnsiståkfio é anìkiao fdbd ub aistiktd frnsfibnktd ko prnsnkêo an

>3 n ?0 bj$l, rnspnftivobnktn+

Pisokad"sn dgtnr nstirpns an rizögid, qun gnknìfinb kd frnsfibnktd an lnjubikdsos

gidrrnbnaioadros, vïrids trogolmds tnb siad ansnkvdlviads poro ovolior o tdlnrçkfio$rnsiståkfio

anstns ã bntois, gnb fdbd o fopofiaoan an kdaulor nb fdkaiêþns an nstrnssn+ O tdlnrçkfio an

goftérios ìxoadros an kitrdjåkid vorio anktrn os nspéfins n nstirpns dgtiaos, snkad qun nstos

pdanb ai`nrir sdbnktn pnld ldfol an dkan `drob isdloaos+ Okjln nt ol+ -?996), dgsnrvorob qunnstirpns an W+ lnjubikdsorub gv tri`dlii isdloaos an sdld fdb oaiêæd an ldad an nsjdtd

fdktobikoad `drob bois tdlnroktns ã tdxianz an Fu n Uk -?,3 " 7,3 n ?33 " 733 j$bl,

rnspnftivobnktn)ad qun oqunlos isdloaos an sdld oaugoad pdr nstnrfd an eoraib n ad qun os

gidvorns pmosndli n vifion, gnb fdbd aos nspéfins W+ bnlildti n W+ `rnaii+ Groayrmizdgiub

eopdkifub `di bois tdlnroktn ã fdktobikoêæd qun tdaos os anbois dgsnrvoaos, ods kâvnis an >33

j Uk$ bl, >,3 j Fu$bl, :,> j Fa$bl n > j Ki$bl+ Aoads sibilorns `drob dgsnrvoads pdr

Jillnr nt ol+ -?996), qun fdbprdvorob o bnkdr tdlnrçkfio an W+ bnlildti o bntois ad qun G+lnjubikdsorub gv+ tri`dlii n W+ ldti+ Fmouary, BfJrotm n Jillnr -?997) nkfdktrorob ub

oubnktd ko tdlnrçkfio o Uk pdr nstirpns an Wmizdgiub lnjubikdsorub gv+ tri`dlii isdloaos an sdld

fdktobikoad pnlo oaiêæd an ldad an nsjdtd, n sujnrirob ubo dranb anfrnsfnktn an tdxianz nb

sdluêæd5 Fu;Fa;Ki;Uk+ Vbitm n Jillnr -?997), nkfdktrorob nstirpns n`ntivos an Wmizdgiub

lnjubikdsorub gv+ tri`dlii nb fikfd sdlds fdktobikoads pnlo oaiêæd an ldad an nsjdtd n anspded

an bikos an bntois, n o rnauêæd ko sdgrnvivåkfio an nstirpns ansto nspéfin fdb d oubnktd ad

fdktnõad an bntois `di dgsnrvoao pdr Qurknr, Jillnr n BfJrotm -?996)+

O tdlnrçkfio anstos goftérios tnb siad otriguâao o òtdrns ìsidlöjifds aos félulos,

Gnvnriajn oka Adyln -fitoads pdr Okjln nt ol+, ?996) otrigunb"ko ã fïpsulo pdlissoforâano od

rnadr ao goftérios an frnsfibnktd lnktd - Groayrmizdgiub) qun sn lijob n snqünstrob ds bntois,

ibpnaikad ossib o ogsdrêæd anstns nlnbnktds+ Olnxokanr -fitoad pdr Okjln, ?996) otrigui, o

tdlnrçkfio anstos goftérios, od òtd an fousornb ubo rnoêæd olfoliko nb snu kifmd oaeofnktn,



?6

rnauzikad ossib o sdlugiliaoan n otiviaoan anstns bntois+ Auxgury n Gifhknll -?9=6), dgsnrvorob

qun, nb jnrol, goftérios Jrob knjotivos isdloaos an sdlds oustroliokds, sæd bois tdlnroktns o

bntois qun goftérios Jrob pdsitivos+ Kæd sn sogn fdbd nstns bifrdrjokisbds oaquirnb o

tdlnrçkfio o nstns bntois, Auxgury n Gifhknll -?9=6) fitob qun pdan snr bnaioao pdr

troks`nråkfio plosbiaiol, butoêæd frdbdssñbifo du pdr pnrtnkfnrnb o ub jrupd an drjokisbds

qun sæd iknrnktnbnktn tdlnroktns+ O mipötnsn ao butojnkifiaoan nb nstirpns an Wmizdgiub n

Groayrmizdgiub pnld olubâkid, `di rn`drêoao pnld nstuad an Dftivn, Edmksdk n Zdda -?991), qun

dgsnrvorob oubnktd ko bdgiliaoan an oljubos sug"nstirpns an Groayrmizdgiub nstirpn ^VAO

?16, opös nxpdsiêæd o nstn nlnbnktd, fdktuad os toxos an kdauloêæd n `ixoêæd an K7 `drob

rnauziaos+

O jrokan boidrio ads trogolmds rnolizoads sdgrn d n`nitd ao fdktobikoêæd ad sdld pdr

bntois pnsoads ko kdauloêæd n ko `ixoêæd gidlöjifo ad kitrdjåkid otbds`érifd nb lnjubikdsosorgörnos n mnrgïfnos, nkfdktroads ko litnroturo, rnlotob aoads dgtiads an ïrnos tnbpnroaos, n o

fdktobikoêæd kdrbolbnktn é otriguâao ã oaiêæd od sdld an ldad an nsjdtd urgokd fdktobikoad

pdr bntois pnsoads+ Ossib, o oplifogiliaoan anstns rnsultoads tdrko"sn ai`âfil od kdssd obginktn

trdpifol, pdrtoktd tdrko"sn knfnssïrio o rnolizoêæd an nstuads fdb ploktos n sdlds trdpifois

anjroaoads pnlo fdktobikoêæd pdr nstns nlnbnktds, sneob nlns oaifidkoads od sdld otrovés ads

`nrtilizoktns du fdbpdstds drjçkifds rifds knstns nlnbnktds, du oikao pnld ansfortn an rnenitds

ikaustriois prdvnkinktns an sianrõrjifos+



III+ BOQNWIOIV N BÉQDADV

D prnsnktn nstuad fdkstdu an 6 nxpnribnktds rnolizoads nb foso"an"vnjntoêæd ad

Anportobnktd an Fiåkfio ad Vdld " AFV, ko ^kivnrsiaoan @nanrol an Lovros " ^@LO, dkan

`drob tnstoads ds n`nitd an ai`nrnktns kâvnis an fdktobikoêæd ad sdld pdr bntois pnsoads kd

ansnkvdlvibnktd an ploktos lnjubikdsos, poro toktd utilizdu"sn ub sdld prdvnkinktn ao

Fdbpokmio Bikniro an Bntois " FBB, ldfolizoao nb Qrås Borios " BJ, fdktobikoad

ofianktolbnktn pnld nsfdobnktd an rnsâauds ao ikaõstrio qun olfokêorob ubo pnqunko ïrno anvnjntoêæd kotivo an fnrroad qun `di snvnrobnktn anjroaoao, o prndfupoêæd obginktol ads

airijnktns ao fdbpokmio lnvdu"ds o ìrbor ub fdkvåkid fdb d AFV$^@LO, an `drbo o gusfor

sdluêþns poro rnbnaior ds aokds fousoads od bnid obginktn n rnvnjntor o ïrno nb qunstæd+

D sdld fdktobikoad prdvnkinktn ao FBB `di flossiìfoad fdbd Lotdssdld Pnrbnlmd

Obornld Slâktifd, snjukad Wignird @ilmd -?99:), fdb tndrns an bntois ijuois o ?=033 bj$ab68

?6> bj$ab6 , 033 bj$ab6 n >90 bj$ab6 an Uk, Fa, Sg n Fu, rnspnftivobnktn, oléb an dutrds

fdb bnkdrns tndrns+ Soro ovolior d ibpoftd an adsns frnsfnktns an bntois pnsoads sdgrn d

ansnkvdlvibnktd n kdauloêæd aos nspéfins utilizoaos `di rnolizoao ubo bisturo nktrn d LPp

fdktobikoad n ub Lotdssdld Pnrbnlmd Nsfurd kæd fdktobikoad, fdlntoad ko rnjiæd an Eojuoro "

BJ, fdb tndrns an : bj$ab6 n 1 bj$ab6 an Uk n Fu rnspnftivobnktn, fdb pM nb ïjuo an >,=, n

?: bj S$ab68 6= bj H$ab68 1,6 fbdl Fo$ab68 3,: fbdl Bj$ab6 n 3,? fbdl Ol$ab6, n tndr an

forgdkd an ?,0., sdld nstn qun ã portir an ojdro fmobornbds an sdld ailunktn+ Os bisturos

-P$P), fdksianrokad"sn os anksiaoans an obgds ds sdlds, `drob rnolizoaos visokad"sn dgtnr

kâvnis an fdktobikoêæd ansneoads poro foao ub ads nxpnribnktds, fdb sdld fdktobikoad nb

rnloêæd od sdld ailunktn, snkad qun nstn õltibd `di utilizoad fdbd tnstnbukmo -3. anfdktobikoêæd)+ Nstos `drob rnolizoaos poro foao ailuiêæd ansneoao snporoaobnktn n nb snjuiao

`di rnolizoao ubo oaugoêæd an bokutnkêæd poro os ploktos, visokad `drknfnr o quoktiaoan

suìfinktn an kutrinktns poro d ansnkvdlvibnktd aos ploktos, snb qun dfdrrnssn anìfiåkfio an

knkmub anlns+ O oaugoêæd `di rnolizoao an `drbo lâquiao, tnkad nstn siad prnporoad nb

logdrotörid utilizokad"sn sois p+o++ O Qognlo ?+? oprnsnkto os adsns utilizoaos ads kutrinktns n os



?>

`dktns utilizoaos ko fdk`nfêæd ad oaugd lâquiad+ Kæd `di `drknfiad kitrdjåkid poro kæd o`ntor o

kdauloêæd aos ploktos, nxfntd kd nxpnribnktd III, fdbd snrï aisfutiad oaioktn+

O folojnb `di rnolizoao pnld bétdad ao soturoêæd an gosns visokad"sn nlnvï"lo o 03.,

tnkad nb visto qun d sdld ailunktn eï pdssuâo drijikolbnktn ubo soturoêæd an gosns ijuol o :3.,

o folojnb `di rnolizoao sdbnktn kd sdld fdktobikoad oktns ao bisturo+ @di utilizoad folfïrid

adldbâtifd -SWKQ2?33) n opös o oplifoêæd d sdld `di boktiad õbiad n fdgnrtd pdr fnrfo an 7?

aios poro ikfugoêæd+

QOGNLO I+?+ Adsns, nb bj$ab6, n `dktns utilizoaos ko `nrtilizoêæd lâquiao ad nxpnribnktdvisokad ubo oaugoêæd an bokutnkêæd aos fulturos+

Kutrinktn S H V G Fu Fd Bd

Adsn 733 ?>3 13 3,> ?,> 3,? 3,?

@dktns M6SD1

HM7SD1 H 7VD1

HM7SD1 H 7VD1 FuVD1+>M73

M6GD6 FuVD1+>M73

FdFl7+0M7D

Ko7BdD1+7M7D

Ds ikdfuloktns an rizögid `drob prnporoads fdb nstirpns fdbprdvoaobnktn nìfinktns

quoktd ã kdauloêæd n ã ìxoêæd an kitrdjåkid poro os rnspnftivos nspéfins, fdk`drbnrnfdbnkaoêæd ao NBGWOSO$FKSOG n dgtiaos ao fdlnêæd ad Logdrotörid an Bifrdgidldjio ad

Vdld, ad AFV$^@LO+ Nstos nstirpns `drob risfoaos bnid YBO -Ynost Bokitdl Ojor, snjukad

Pikfnkt, ?9:3) söliad poro ovolioêæd an suo outnktifiaoan n purnzo+ Fdlñkios isdloaos `drob

troks`nriaos poro bnid YBO snbi"söliad, n opös fnrfo an > o : aios an frnsfibnktd, nstn `di

bisturoad ã bnsbo quoktiaoan, nb pnsd, an turò nstnrilizoao, dgtnkad"sn ossib ub ikdfuloktn

nspnfâìfd poro foao nspéfin nstuaoao+ Qdad nstn prdfnaibnktd `di rnolizoad nb logdrotörid, sdg

snvnros fdkaiêþns an ossnpsio+

Os okïlisn nstotâstifos `drob rnolizoaos utilizokad"sn d sd`tworn VONJ -^kivnrsiaoan

@nanrol an Piêdso), snkad qun poro ds aoads an kõbnrd an köaulds o okïlisn nstotâstifo `di

rnolizoao utilizokad"sn o troks`drboêæd x ? +



?0

Soro sn ovolior d ibpoftd ads kâvnis frnsfnktns an fdktobikoêæd ad sdld prdvnkinktns aos

ailuiêþns rnolizoaos fdb d LPp fdktobikoad, utilizdu"sn ao snjuiktn `örbulo poro sn dgtnr d

Âkaifn an Qdlnrçkfio aos nspéfins nb foao kâvnl an fdktobikoêæd nb rnloêæd ã tnstnbukmo+

dkan5 IQ 2 Âkaifn an Qdlnrçkfio8 KF 2 Poldr ao Poriïvnl nb foao Kâvnl an Fdktobikoêæd8FQ 2 Poldr ao Qnstnbukmo ko Poriïvnl+

III+?+ Nxpnribnktd ?5 Ansnkvdlvibnktd n Kdauloêæd an Lnjubikdsos nb Bisturos an Vdldsfdb Ai`nrnktns Kâvnis an Bntois Snsoads+

D nxpnribnktd `di rnolizoad kd pnrâdad an kdvnbgrd an ?99> o `nvnrnird an ?990, dkan d

ansnkvdlvibnktd n o kdauloêæd an Qobgdril - Nktnrdldgiub fdktdrtisiliquub -Pnll+) Bdrdkj+) "

an mïgitd orgörnd, Vnsgokio -Vnsgokio virjoto -L+) Bnrr+) n Lnufnko - Lnufonko Gnktm+ sp+) "

orgustivos n Virotrd - Bofrdptiliub otrdpurpurnub ^rg+) " mnrgïfno, ikdfuloaos fdb os nstirpns

GW 1130 - Groayrmizdgiub eopdkifub), GW >13? - Ozdrmizdgiub sp+), GW =7: -Vikdrmizdgiub sp+)

n IKSO ?:6O - Groayrmizdgiub nlhokii), rnspnftivobnktn, `drob snbnoaos nb bisturos fdktnkad

?>., 63., 1>. n 03. an sdld fdktobikoad nb rnloêæd od sdld kæd fdktobikoad, snkad nstn

õltibd utilizoad fdbd tnstnbukmo -3.)

D nxpnribnktd `di fdkauziad nb pdtns fdb fopofiaoan an >33 bl, prnnkfmiads fdb os

ailuiêþns ad sdld fdktobikoad+ Os snbnktns `drob rnfdgnrtos fdb ds rnspnftivds ikdfuloktns anrizögid, n snbnoaos 6 pdr pdtn+ Opös o jnrbikoêæd `di rnolizoad d ansgostn an `drbo o boktnr"sn

opnkos ubo plokto pdr vosd+ O auroêæd anstn `di an 93 aios, nb ub anliknobnktd iktnirobnktn

fosuolizoad, utilizokad"sn > kâvnis an fdktobikoêæd ad sdld pdr bntois n = rnpntiêþns pdr

trotobnktd+ Od `ikol `drob ovolioads ds pnsds ao botério snfo ao portn oérno n an roâzns, n d

kõbnrd n pnsd an köaulds `rnsfds+ O okïlisn nstotâstifo `di rnolizoao poro foao nspéfin

ikaiviauolbnktn+

III+7+ Nxpnribnktd 75 Bntois Snsoads nb Lnjubikdsos Mnrgïfnos+

D nxpnribnktd `di rnolizoad kd pnrâdad an anznbgrd an ?990 o `nvnrnird an ?99:, dkan d

ansnkvdlvibnktd n o kdauloêæd an fikfd nspéfins mnrgïfnos5 Foupi Pnrbnlmd -Pijko

IQ KF

FQ x ?33



?:

ukjuifuloto-L+) Zolp+), @nieæd Grovd ad Fnorï -Fokovolio grosilinksis B+ n Gnktm+) , Bufuko

Srnto - Bufuko otnrribo -Sipnr & Qrofy) Bnrr+ sikdkâbio Vtizdldgiub otnrribub) n Bukjd

Pnran -Pijko roaioto -L+) Zilfznh), ikdfuloaos fdb os nstirpns GW 733?, GW 70?6, GW 713> n

GW 7=3?, rnspnftivobnktn, tdaos pnrtnkfnktns od jåknrd Groayrmizdgiub sp+, n @nieæd Pojnb

^NL"? - Smosndlus vuljoris) ikdfuloao fdb o nstirpn GW 677 - Wmizdgiub trdpifi), `drob

snbnoaos nb bisturos fdktnkad >., ?3. n 73. an sdld fdktobikoad nb rnloêæd od sdld kæd

fdktobikoad, snkad nstn õltibd utilizoad fdbd tnstnbukmo -3.)

Soro fdkauêæd anstn nxpnribnktd `drob utilizoads vosds -6,> ab6), dkan `drob fdldfoads

fnrfo an 7,> ab6 ads sdlds anviaobnktn ailuâads, kos fdkfnktroêþns ansneoaos, dkan `drob

rnolizoaos o folojnb n o oaugoêæd lâquiao+ Os snbnktns `drob rnfdgnrtos fdb ds ikdfuloktns, n

snbnoaos 6 nb foao vosd n opös o jnrbikoêæd `di rnolizoad ub ansgostn visokad"sn boktnr

opnkos ubo plokto pdr vosd+D nxpnribnktd `di fdkauziad nb ub anliknobnktd iktnirobnktn fosuolizoad, utilizokad"

sn > nspéfins lnjubikdsos ikdfuloaos fdb nstirpns nspnfâìfos n nìfinktns an goftérios ìxoadros

an kitrdjåkid, nb 1 kâvnis an fdktobikoêæd pdr bntois pnsoads, fdb > rnpntiêþns+ O okïlisn

nstotâstifo ads aoads `di rnolizoao poro foao nspéfin snporoaobnktn+

D tnbpd an fdkauêæd ad nxpnribnktd `di an kd bïxibd 03 aios, os nspéfins @nieæd

Pojnb ^NL"? n Bufuko Srnto `drob ovolioaos ods 13 n >3 aios rnspnftivobnktn, bdbnktd nb

qun ikifiovob o `rutiìfoêæd+ Auroktn tdao o auroêæd ad nxpnribnktd ds vosds `drob boktiads

õbiads+

O foao ?3 aios, ansan o jnrbikoêæd aos pribniros snbnktns oté o aoto ao ovolioêæd, `di

bnaiad d frnsfibnktd aos ploktos, pnlo suo olturo, dgtiao bnaikad"sn o aistçkfio nktrn d fdld ao

plokto n o jnbo opifol bois aistoktn, ko nspéfin @nieæd Grovd ad Fnorï kæd `di rnolizoao nsto

ovolioêæd, anviad od snu rïpiad frnsfibnktd, d qun aiìfultdu o bnaiêæd+

Soro sn ovolior d ibpoftd ao fdktobikoêæd kd ansnkvdlvibnktd aos ploktos pnlos bnaiaos

aos olturos dgtiaos o foao ?3 aios, folfuldu"sn o toxo an frnsfibnktd rnlotivd aos nspéfins nb

rnloêæd ã tnstnbukmo, dgtiao pnlo `örbulo5

dkan o béaio ao olturo aos nspéfins, nb foao

pnrâdad an ?3 aios, nb foao kâvnl an

fdktobikoêæd é aiviaiad pnlo olturo béaio ao

rnspnftivo tnstnbukmo, du sneo, kd kâvnl 3.,

QFWBa Fdktobikoêod

Ba Qnstnbukmo

+

+



?=

dgtnkad"sn ossib ds aoads oprnsnktoads ko Qognlo IP+7 n pldtoads kos @ijuros IP+6 o IP+0+

Od `ikol ad nxpnribnktd `drob ovolioads o ïrno `dlior tdtol aos ploktos, utilizokad"sn ub

bnaiadr outdbotizoad LI"FDW Bdanl LI"6333O, ds pnsds ao botério snfo ao portn oérno n ad

sistnbo roaifulor, d kõbnrd n pnsd `rnsfd an köaulds n o otiviaoan ao kitrdjnkosn anstns köaulds+

O ovolioêæd ao otiviaoan ao kitrdjnkosn `di rnolizoao pnlo téfkifo an Wnauêæd an

Ofntilnkd+ Ds köaulds fdlntoads an foao plokto `drob fdldfoads nb tugds an ?3 bl,

mnrbntifobnktn `nfmoads, an dkan `di rntiroao ubo olâqudto an ? bl ad or n ikentoao o bnsbo

quoktiaoan an ofntilnkd, opös ubo mdro an rnoêæd rntirdu"sn ? bl an jïs ad iktnridr ad tugd n

ovolidu"sn os fdkfnktroêþns an Ntilnkd n Ofntilnkd knsto obdstro pdr frdbotdjro`io josdso,

utilizokad ub nquipobnktd POWIOK VQOW 6133 F] +

Ds aoads an frnsfibnktd nb olturo aos ploktos kæd `drob okolisoads nstotistifobnktn,

snkad sdbnktn folfuloao o toxo an frnsfibnktd rnlotivd poro foao kâvnl an fdktobikoêæd, pnlornloêæd nktrn d ikfrnbnktd nb olturo ao tnstnbukmo n d ikfrnbnktd nb olturo an foao trotobnktd

ibpdstd ãs ploktos, nb foao ub ads pnrâdads ovolioads, nstns aoads `drob pldtoads poro bnlmdr

visuolizoêæd ads rnsultoads+

III+6+ Nxpnribnktd 65 Bntois Snsoads nb Lnjubikdsos Orgörnos fdb Ai`nrnktns @dktns anK -Biknrol n Gidlöjifd)+

D nxpnribnktd `di rnolizoad kd pnrâdad an anznbgrd an ?990 o `nvnrnird an ?99:, dkan`drob tnstoads ds n`nitds an quotrd kâvnl an fdktobikoêæd ad sdld pdr bntois pnsoads ->., ?3.,

73. n 13.) nb ub sdld kæd fdktobikoad -3. du tnstnbukmo) kd ansnkvdlvibnktd an auos

ploktos lnjubikdsos orgörnos - Nktnrdldgiub fdktdrtisiliquub -Pnll+) Bdrdkj+ n Nktnrdldgiub

tibgduvo Bort+), euktobnktn fdb d n`nitd ao ikdfuloêæd pnlo nstirpn GW 1130, n ao oaugoêæd

biknrol kitrdjnkoao, poro d quol `di rnolizoad ub trotobnktd qun fdkstdu ad `drknfibnktd an

kitrdjåkid, ko `drbo an kitrotd an obñkio vio lâquiao, snkad oplifoads >3 ppb kd troksploktid aos

buaos n ?3 ppb nb fdgnrturo o foao ?3 aios ikifiokad"sn kd 63µ aio opös d troksploktn+

Os plçktulos pré"jnrbikoaos nb vnrbifulito nstéril nb fçboro an frnsfibnktd, `drob

troksploktoaos poro tugntns fdb fopofiaoan an 6>3 bl, `drob prnviobnktn prnnkfmiads fdb os

ailuiêþns ads sdlds+ Opös fnrfo an > aios aos buaos ikstoloaos `di rnolizoao o ikdfuloêæd aos

nstirpns an rizögid pdr pipntojnb kd fdld aos plçktulos+



?9

D nxpnribnktd `di fdkauziad nb ub anliknobnktd iktnirobnktn fosuolizoad, utilizokad"

sn 7 nspéfins lnjubikdsos ikdfuloaos, fdb oaugoêæd kitrdjnkoao n snb `dktn an kitrdjåkid

-tnstnbukmo), nb > kâvnis an fdktobikoêæd pdr bntois n > rnpntiêþns an foao trotobnktd+

@drob ovolioads ds pnsds ao botério snfo ao portn oérno n ad sistnbo roaifulor oléb ad

kõbnrd n pnsd `rnsfd an köaulds, gnb fdbd o otiviaoan ao kitrdjnkosn kds sistnbos roaifulorns+

O ovolioêæd ao otiviaoan ao kitrdjnkosn `di rnolizoao pnlo téfkifo an Wnauêæd an

Ofntilnkd+ Ds sistnbos roaifulorns aos ploktos `drob fdldfoads nb rnfipinktns an 6>3bl,

mnrbntifobnktn `nfmoads, an dkan `di rntiroao ubo olâqudto an 6> bl ad or n ikentoao o bnsbo

quoktiaoan an ofntilnkd, poro dgtnkêæd an ubo fdkfnktroêæd an ?3. anstn jïs, opös ubo mdro an

rnoêæd rntirdu"sn ? bl an jïs n ovolidu"sn os fdkfnktroêþns an Ntilnkd n Ofntilnkd ko obdstro pdr

frdbotdjro`io josdso, utilizokad ub nquipobnktd POWIOK VQOW 6133 F] +

O okïlisn nstotâstifo aos voriïvnis `di rnolizoao an `drbo o ovolior d n`nitd ads > kâvnis anfdktobikoêæd ad sdld pdr bntois pnsoads n aos 6 `drbos an `drknfibnktd an kitrdjåkid poro

foao nspéfin ikanpnkanktnbnktn, nb ub nxpnribnktd `otdriol > x 6, fdb > rnpntiêþns foao+



IP " WNV^LQOADV

IP+?+ Nxpnribnktd ?5 Ansnkvdlvibnktd n Kdauloêæd an Lnjubikdsos nb Bisturos an Vdldsfdb Ai`nrnktns Kâvnis an Bntois Snsoads+

Ds pnsds ao botério snfo ao portn oérno n an roâzns, n kõbnrd n pnsd ao botério `rnsfo an

köaulds nb tdaos os nspéfins utilizoaos kd nxpnribnktd, nstæd oprnsnktoads kos @ijuros IP+? n IP+7,

o snjuir+ O Qognlo IP+? oprnsnkto ds Âkaifns an Qdlnrçkfio an tdaos os voriïvnis ovolioaos, kds fikfd

kâvnis an fdktobikoêæd nstuaoads+

@IJ^WO IP+?+ Snsds, nb jrobos, ao botério snfo ao portn oérno n ad sistnbo roaifulor an quotrdnspéfins lnjubikdsos frnsfiaos nb fikfd kâvnis an fdktobikoêæd ad sdld pdr bntois pnsoads+ Os gorros vnrtifois, an foao jrï ifd, rnprnsnktob os A+B+V+, o ?., poro fdktobikoêæd nbfoao nspéfin+

3,3

3,7

3,1

3,0

3,=

?,3

?,7

?,1

?,0

3 ?> 63 1> 03

Kâvnis an Fdktobikoêæd -.)

B o t é r i o V n f o

a o S o r t n O é r n o - j

Qobgdril Vnsgokio

3,3

3,7

3,1

3,0

3,=

?,3

?,7

?,1

?,0

?,=

3 ?> 63 1> 03


B o t é r i o V n f o a n W o â z n s - j )

Virotrd Lnufnko



7?

@IJ^WO IP+7+ Kõbnrd n Snsd ao Botério @rnsfo, nb jrobos, an köaulds an quotrd nspéfinslnjubikdsos frnsfiaos nb fikfd kâvnis an fdktobikoêæd ad sdld pdr bntois pnsoads+Os gorros vnrtifois, an foao jrï`ifd, rnprnsnktob os A+B+V+, o ?., poro fdktobikoêæd nb foaonspéfin+

QOGNLO IP+?+ Âkaifns an Qdlnrçkfio ads pnsds aos botérios snfos ao portn oérno n an roâzns,kõbnrd n pnsd ao botério `rnsfo an köaulds an quotrd nspéfins lnjubikdsosfrnsfiaos nb fikfd kâvnis an fdktobikoêæd ad sdld pdr bntois pnsoads+

Nspéfin Fdktobikoêæd Sortn Onrno Woiz Köaulds Kõbnrd an

-.) -j Bot+Vnfo) -j Bot+Vnfo) -j Bot+@rnsfo) Köaulds

Qobgdril 3 ?33,33 ?33,33 ?33,33 ?33,33?> >:,1= =6,>: 67,99 ?1,6>

63 >6,:0 6:,:: 66,66 73,33

1> 6>,6? ?9,96 ?>,09 ??,:1

03 ?0,06 :,0> 3,33 3,33

Vnsgokio 3 ?33,33 ?33,33 ?33,33 ?33,33

?> =7,=9 >7,11 ??,== >,0>

63 ?9,:1 66,== >,66 6,06

1> ?>,1> 70,:? 3,33 3,33

03 :,71 ?1,99 3,33 3,33

Virotrd 3 ?33,33 ?33,33 ?33,33 ?33,33

?> =,6= =,17 ?6,33 70,03

63 ?,06 7,01 3,33 3,331> 3,1? 3,6> 3,33 3,33

03 3,33 3,33 3,33 3,33

Lnufnko 3 ?33,33 ?33,33 ?33,33 ?33,33

?> 73,7> 7?,:7 3,33 3,33

63 ?9,?1 77,?6 3,33 3,33

1> =,00 ?3,00 3,>> ?,30

03 3,?6 ?,37 3,33 3,33

3,3

?3,3

73,3

63,3

13,3

>3,3

03,3

:3,3

3 ?> 63 1> 03

Kâvni an Fdktobikoêæd -.)

K õ b n r d a n

K ö a u l d s

Qobgdril Vnsgokio

3,3

3,?

3,7

3,6

3,1

3 ?> 63 1> 03


B o t é r i o @ r n s f o a

n K ö a u l d s - j )

Virotrd Lnufnko



77

Dgsnrvdu"sn qun d oubnktd ko fdkfnktroêæd an bntois pnsoads kd sdld dfosidkdu ub n`nitd

anlntérid sdgrn tdaos os voriïvnis okolisoaos, okolisokad"sn os ikflikoêþns aos rntos kds jrï`ifds

ofibo, n ds âkaifns an tdlnrçkfio, pdanrnbds okolisor bnlmdr o rnsiståkfio n$du tdlnrçkfio aos

nspéfins fdb d oubnktd ao fdktobikoêæd+

Soro o botério snfo ao portn oérno dgsnrvdu"sn qun o nspéfin snsgokio `di o qun sd`rnu d

bnkdr ibpoftd oté ?>. an fdktobikoêæd, nktrntoktd kds kâvnis supnridrns o rnauêæd `di buitd olto,

prneuaifokad ossib d ansnkvdlvibnktd vnjntotivd, eï o nspéfin tobgdril, opnsor an tnr sd`riad ubo

rnauêæd poro >:. nb rnloêæd ã tnstnbukmo o ?>. an fdktobikoêæd, kds kâvnis supnridrns d ibpoftd

`di bnkdr qun d dgsnrvoad poro os anbois nspéfins+

Virotrd n lnufnko `drob os nspéfins bois o`ntoaos o ?>. an fdktobikoêæd, poro d pnsd ao

botério snfo an roâzns, snkad qun tobgdril n snsgokio dgtivnrob rnsultoads snbnlmoktns, dgtnkad

voldrns pröxibds poro d âkaifn an tdlnrçkfio kds kâvnis supnridrns, nkquoktd qun sirotrd o 1>. nlnufnko o 03., protifobnktn kæd tdlnrob o fdktobikoêæd+

O kdauloêæd, ovolioao pnld pnsd ao botério `rnsfo n kõbnrd an köaulds tobgéb `di

snvnrobnktn o`ntoao pnlo prnsnkêo an bntois kd sdld+ O ?>. an fdktobikoêæd sirotrd dgtnvn o boidr

quoktiaoan an köaulds, bos kds kâvnis supnridrns o prnsnkêo anstns kæd `di dgsnrvoao, snsgokio tnvn

ubo olto rnauêæd kd kõbnrd an köaulds n nb lnufnko sö kæd mduvn kdauloêæd ko prnsnkêo an bntois

od kâvnl an 1>. an fdktobikoêæd, tobgdril `di o õkifo nspéfin nb qun dfdrrnu kdauloêæd oté d kâvnl

an 1>., opnsor an o quoktiaoan an köaulds snr goixo, sn okolisoao nb rnloêæd ã tnstnbukmo+ Soro d

pnsd `rnsfd ads köaulds ds rnsultoads `drob snbnlmoktns, bos ds âkaifns an tdlnrçkfio `drob

supnridrns ods dgsnrvoad poro d kõbnrd an köaulds kos nspéfins tobgdril n snsgokio+

O okïlisn nstotâstifo ads aoads dgtiads knstn nxpnribnktd nstæd oprnsnktoads kd Oknxd I,

euktobnktn fdb os furvos an rnjrnssæd bnlmdrns oeustoaos poro nstns aoads+

IP+7+ Nxpnribnktd 75 Bntois Snsoads nb Lnjubikdsos Mnrgïfnos+

O olturo aos ploktos o foao ?3 aios an ansnkvdlvibnktd, o toxo an frnsfibnktd rnlotivd, ds pnsds aos botérios snfos an portn oérno n roâzns, ïrno `dlior tdtol, kõbnrd n pnsd ao botério `rnsfo n

otiviaoan ao kitrdjnkosn ads köaulds, sn nkfdktrob ko Qognlo IP+7 n @ijuros IP+6 o IP+:,

rnspnftivobnktn+



76

QOGNLO IP+7+ Olturo Béaio, nb fb, dgtiao o foao ?3 aios opös o nbnrjåkfio aos plçktulos, anquotrd nspéfins lnjubikdsos mnrgïfnos sdg 1 kâvnis frnsfnktns an fdktobikoêæd adsdld pdr bntois pnsoads+

Foupi Pnrbnlmd Bufuko Srnto

Aios Kâvnis an Fdktobikoêæd Aios Kâvnis an Fdktobikoêæd

3. >. ?3. 73. 3. >. ?3. 73.

?3 =,03 0,:3 0,73 1,?3 ?3 1>,03 ?1,93 6?,73 6,03

73 ?3,=3 0,93 0,63 1,?3 73 ?76,33 11,93 =:,13 1,=3

63 ?1,93 0,93 0,63 1,?3 63 73?,13 ?==,03 ?00,=3 >,33

13 77,13 :,73 0,03 1,13 13 717,13 773,73 ?9:,33 ?3,13

>3 76,?3 :,13 0,03 1,>0 >3 70=,03 713,03 773,13 77,=3

03 7>,=3 :,13 0,03 1,03

Bukjd Pnran

@nieæd Pojnb ^NL"? Aios Kâvnis an Fdktobikoêæd

Aios Kâvnis an Fdktobikoêæd 3. >. ?3. 73.

3. >. ?3. 73. ?3 =,03 0,:3 0,73 1,?3

?3 :,93 0,13 >,:3 1,>3 73 ?3,=3 0,93 0,63 1,?3

73 ?6,33 9,03 =,73 0,33 63 ?1,93 0,93 0,63 1,?3

63 73,63 ?7,33 =,73 0,13 13 77,13 :,73 0,03 1,13

13 66,33 ?9,73 ??,03 0,13 >3 76,?3 :,13 0,03 1,>0

03 7>,=3 :,13 0,03 1,03

Sñan"sn dgsnrvor pnlos toxos an frnsfibnktd rnlotivd aos nspéfins nstuaoaos qun o

fdktobikoêæd ad sdld pdr bntois pnsoads o`nto d ansnkvdlvibnktd vnjntotivd aos ploktos auroktn

tdads ds nstïjids an frnsfibnktd, bnsbd kds kâvnis bois goixds an fdktobikoêæd+

D fdbpdrtobnktd aos nspéfins pnroktn ds trotobnktds `di sibilor, nxfntd poro Bufuko Srnto,

qun tnvn snu ansnkvdlvibnktd bois o`ntoad nb rnloêæd ã tnstnbukmo kds adis pribnirds nstïjids an

ovolioêæd, rnfupnrokad"sn ko `osn iktnrbnaiïrio an snu ansnkvdlvibnktd, o >. an fdktobikoêæd+Od

kâvnl an ?3. an fdktobikoêæd d ibpoftd `di bnkds ofnktuoad nb tdads ds pnrâdads an ovolioêæd,

fdbd dgsnrvoad ko @ijuro IP+>+ Eï sdg n`nitd ao fdktobikoêæd bois nlnvoao -73.) d ibpoftd `di

mdbdjåknd n arïstifd auroktn tdad d ansnkvdlvibnktd aos ploktos+



71

Eï sdg n`nitd ao fdktobikoêæd bois nlnvoao -73.) d ibpoftd `di arïstifd n mdbdjåknd

auroktn tdad d ansnkvdlvibnktd aos ploktos+

@IJ^WO IP+6+ Qoxo an frnsfibnktd rnlotivd an Foupi Pnrbnlmd, nb 0 pnrâdads an ?3 aios foao,nb trås kâvnis an fdktobikoêæd ad sdld pdr bntois pnsoads+

@IJ^WO IP+1+ Qoxo an frnsfibnktd rnlotivd an @nieæd Pojnb ^NL"?, nb 1 pnrâdads an ?3 aiosfoao, nb trås kâvnis an fdktobikoêæd ad sdld pdr bntois pnsoads+

3,3

3,?

3,7

3,6

3,1

3,>

3,0

3,:

3,=

3,9?,3

>. ?3. 73.

Kâvnis an Fdktobikoêæd -. )

Q x +

F r n s f + W n l o t i v d

I II III IP P PISnrâdads5

3,3

3,?

3,7

3,6

3,1

3,>

3,0

3,:

3,=3,9

?,3

>. ?3. 73.


Q x +

F r n s f + W n l o t i v d

I II III IPSnrâdads5



7>

@IJ^WO IP+>+ Qoxo an frnsfibnktd rnlotivd an Bufuko Srnto, nb > pnrâdads an ?3 aios foao, nbtrås kâvnis an fdktobikoêæd ad sdld pdr bntois pnsoads+

@IJ^WO IP+0+ Qoxo an frnsfibnktd rnlotivd an Bukjd Pnran, nb 0 pnrâdads an ?3 aios foao, nbtrås kâvnis an fdktobikoêæd ad sdld pdr bntois pnsoads+

3,3

3,?

3,7

3,6

3,1

3,>

3,0

3,:

3,=

3,9?,3

>. ?3. 73.


Q x + F r n s f + W n l o t i v d

I II III IP PSnrâdads5

3,3

3,?

3,7

3,6

3,1

3,>

3,0

3,:

3,=

3,9

?,3

>. ?3. 73.


Q x +

F r n s f +

W n l o t i v d

I II III IP P PISnrâdads5



70

Kos anbois nspéfins ovolioaos o rnspdsto `di snbnlmoktn, movnkad ub anflâkid ko toxo an

frnsfibnktd fdb d anfdrrnr ad tnbpd an ansnkvdlvibnktd, tdrkokad"sn bois ofnktuoad fdb d

oubnktd ao fdktobikoêæd ad sdld pdr bntois pnsoads, fdbd anbdkstroad kos @ijuros IP+6, IP+1 n

IP+0+

Nb tdaos os anbois voriïvnis ovolioaos mduvn anfrésfibd kds voldrns dgtiads fdb d

oubnktd ao fdktobikoêæd ad sdld pdr bntois pnsoads, fdk`drbn ikaifoad kds jrï`ifds IP+: o IP+?3

n ko Qognlo IP+6+

@IJ^WO IP+:+ Snsds, nb jrobos, ao botério snfo ao portn oérno n ad sistnbo roaifulor an quotrdnspéfins lnjubikdsos frnsfiaos nb quotrd kâvnis an fdktobikoêæd ad sdld pdr bntois pnsoads+ Os gorros vnrtifois, an foao jrï`ifd, rnprnsnktob os A+B+V+, o ?., porofdktobikoêæd nb foao nspéfin+

3

7

1

0

=

?3

?7

3 ?3 73


B o t é r i o V n f o a n W o â z n s - j )

@e+ Pojnb NL"? Bufuko Srnto Bukjd Pnran

>

3

>

?3

?>

73

7>

63

3 ?3 73


B o t é r i o V n f o a o S o r t n O é r n o - j )

Foupi Pnrbnlmd @e+ Grovd ad Fnorï

>



7:

@IJ^WO IP+=+ Ïrno @dlior Qdtol an fikfd nspéfins lnjubikdsos frnsfiaos nb quotrd kâvnis anfdktobikoêæd ad sdld pdr bntois pnsoads+ Os gorros vnrtifois rnprnsnktob os A+B+V+, o ?.,

poro fdktobikoêæd nb foao nspéfin+

Bufuko Srnto `di o nspéfin qun sd`rnu bnkdr ibpoftd ao fdktobikoêæd pdr bntois pnsoads

kd pnsd ao botério snfo ao portn oérno, kds kâvnis an > n ?3., snjuiao an @nieæd Grovd ad Fnorï n

@nieæd Pojnb ^NL"?+ Wnsultoads snbnlmoktns `drob dgsnrvoads poro d pnsd ao botério snfo an

roâzns, dkan o nspéfin Foupi Pnrbnlmd supnrdu od @nieæd Pojnb ^NL"?, nb obgos os voriïvnis o

nspéfin Bukjd Pnran sd`rnu d boidr ibpoftd, tnkad rnauêæd an fnrfo an 9=. kds voldrns dgtiads

-Qognlo IP+6)+

Dutro voriïvnl rnlofidkoao fdb o portn oérno ovolioao knstn nxpnribnktd `di o ïrno `dlior tdtol aos ploktos -@ijuro IP+=), dkan d âkaifn an tdlnrçkfio -Qognlo IP+6) anbdkstrdu qun,

kdvobnktn, Bufuko Srnto supnrdu os anbois quoktd ã suo rnsiståkfio n$du tdlnrçkfio ods kâvnis an

fdktobikoêæd ad sdld pdr bntois pnsoads, snjuiad aos nspéfins @nieæd Grovd ad Fnorï n @nieæd

3

>33

?333

?>33

7333

7>33

3 ?3 73


Ï r n o @ d l i o r Q d t o l - f b ·


@e+ Pojnb NL"? Bufuko Srnto

Bukjd Pnran

>



7=

Pojnb ^NL"? qun dgtivnrob rnsultoads snbnlmoktns n Foupi Pnrbnlmd, kdvobnktn Bukjd Pnran

sd`rnu ds boidrns âkaifns an rnauêæd+

Os nspéfins Foupi Pnrbnlmd n Bukjd Pnran tivnrob ubo rnauziao kdauloêæd kos

tnstnbukmos n knkmubo kdauloêæd quokad nb prnsnkêo ads bntois+ Anktrn os anbois nspéfins,

Bufuko Srnto `di o nspéfin nb qun o sibgidsn `di bois tdlnroktn ods bntois, prikfipolbnktn kd kâvnl

an fdktobikoêæd an >. ad sdld fdktobikoad, dkan opnsor an sd`rnr ubo rnauêæd an fnrfo an 03.

kd kõbnrd an köaulds, d pnsd `rnsfd anstns o >. `di lnvnbnktn supnridr ã tnstnbukmo, ijuolokad"sn

nstotâstifobnktn o nsto -@ijuro IP+9, Oknxd II), o ?3. an fdktobikoêæd mduvn kdvo rnauêæd kd

kõbnrd an köaulds n ubo rnauêæd kd pnsd `rnsfd anstns, kd boidr kâvnl o kdauloêæd `di ikigiao

knsto nspéfin+ @nieæd Grovd ad Fnorï n @nieæd Pojnb ^NL"? sdbnktn prdauzirob köaulds o >. an

fdktobikoêæd, snkad nsto ikigiao kds kâvnis supnridrns, d ibpoftd nb @nieæd Pojnb ^NL"? `di

supnridr od dgsnrvoad nb @nieæd Grovd ad Fnorï +

@IJ^WO IP+9+ Kõbnrd n Snsd ao botério `rnsfo, nb jrobos, an köaulds an fikfd nspéfinslnjubikdsos frnsfiaos nb quotrd kâvnis an fdktobikoêæd ad sdld pdr bntois pnsoads+ Os gorros vnrtifois, an foao jrï`ifd, rnprnsnktob os A+B+V+, o ?., poro fdktobikoêæd nbfoao nspéfin+

3

63

03

93

?73

?>3

?=3

7?3

713

7:3

3 ?3 73


K õ b n r d a n

K ö a u l d s


>

3,3

3,>

?,3

?,>

7,3

7,>

6,3

6,>

1,3

1,>

>,3

3 ?3 73


B o t é r i o @ r n s f o a n K ö a u l d s - j )

@e+ Pojnb NL"? Bufuko Srnto Bukjd Pnran

>



79

O otiviaoan ao kitrdjnkosn, dgtiao pnlo téfkifo an rnauêæd an ofntilnkd, rnolizoao nb tdads

ds köaulds dgtiads kos ploktos, sö `di antnftoao nb @nieæd Grovd ad Fnorï, @nieæd Pojnb ^NL"? n

Bufuko Srnto+ Kd kâvnl an >. an fdktobikoêæd mduvn oubnktd an fnrfo an 6=. poro @nieæd Grovd

ad Fnorï , ??9. poro @nieæd Pojnb ^NL"? n 03. poro Bufuko Srnto kds voldrns dgtiads knsto

voriïvnl+ _uokad nb prnsnkêo an ?3. an sdld fdktobikoad kæd `di dgsnrvoao otiviaoan ao

kitrdjnkosn poro @nieæd Grovd ad Fnorï n @nieæd Pojnb ^NL"?, nkquoktd qun poro Bufuko Srnto d

rnsultoad dgtiad `di 17. supnridr od ao tnstnbukmo -Qognlo IP+6)+

QOGNLO IP+6+ Âkaifns an Qdlnrçkfio ads pnsds aos botérios snfos ao portn oérno n an roâzns, ïrno`dlior, kõbnrd n pnsd ao botério `rnsfo an köaulds n otiviaoan ao kitrdjnkosn anfikfd nspéfins lnjubikdsos frnsfiaos nb quotrd kâvnis an fdktobikoêæd ad sdld pdr bntois pnsoads+

Sortn Woâzns Köaulds rno Otiviaoan aoNspéfin KF Oérno Kõbnrd Snsd @dlior Kitrdjnkosn-j+bot+snfo) -j+bot+snfo) -j+bot+`rnsfo) -fb7) -bbdlF7M1$j+kda+$m)

Foupi 3 ?33,33 ?33,33 ?33,33 3,33 ?33,33 3,33Pnrbnlmd > ?1,:6 71,>9 3,33 3,33 66,1: 3,33

?3 :,?1 ?1,:> 3,33 3,33 ?7,31 3,3373 7,0= ??,1= 3,33 3,33 3,33 3,33

@nieæd 3 ?33,33 ?33,33 ?33,33 ?33,33 ?33,33 ?33,33Grovd > >:,96 ==,:7 >?,93 =:,=3 >:,90 ?6=,:?ad ?3 :,:1 ?>,93 3,33 3,33 ?3,60 3,33Fnorï 73 6,=1 1,07 3,33 3,33 7,7= 3,33

@nieæd 3 ?33,33 ?33,33 ?33,33 ?33,33 ?33,33 ?33,33Pojnb > 1>,0= ?=,13 7,66 ?>,?7 >7,07 7?9,39^NL"? ?3 ?3,7: :,9= 3,33 3,33 0,1= 3,33

73 7,:3 7,1> 3,33 3,33 7,09 3,33Bufuko 3 ?33,33 ?33,33 ?33,33 ?33,33 ?33,33 ?33,33Srnto > =6,96 9>,1> 13,10 ?31,03 :0,=7 ?03,1:

?3 16,3: 1:,:? 61,0= 03,7> 10,>9 ?17,6673 6,36 0,>= 3,33 3,33 >,9? 3,33

Bukjd 3 ?33,33 ?33,33 ?33,33 ?33,33 ?33,33 3,33Pnran > 7,16 ?,:9 3,33 3,33 1,17 3,33

?3 7,?= ?,:9 3,33 3,33 6,93 3,33

73 ?,7? ?,:9 3,33 3,33 7,:= 3,33

Os furvos an rnjrnssæd qun bnlmdr sn oeustob poro os voriïvnis ofibo ansfritos n snus

rnspnftivds fdn`ifinktns an antnrbikoêæd nstæd rnlofidkoads kd Opåkaifn II+



63

@IJ^WO IP+?3+ Otiviaoan ao Kitrdjnkosn, nb bbdl F7M1$j+ köaulds$mdro, ads köaulds dgtiads anquotrd nspéfins lnjubikdsos frnsfiaos nb quotrd kâvnis an fdktobikoêæd ad sdld

pdr bntois pnsoads+ Os gorros vnrtifois rnprnsnktob os A+B+V+, o ?., poro fdktobikoêæd nbfoao nspéfin+

IP+6+ Nxpnribnktd 65 Bntois Snsoads nb Lnjubikdsos fdb Ai`nrnktns @dktns an K -Biknrol nGidlöjifd)+

Ds rnsultoads anstn nxpnribnktd `drob okolisoads snporoaobnktn poro foao ubo aos auos

nspéfins okolisoaos, nb nxpnribnktd òtdriol fdb trås `drbos ai`nrnktns an `drknfibnktd an

kitrdjåkid -gidlöjifd, biknrol n snb `drknfibnktd) nb fikfd ailuiêþns ad sdld fdktobikoad+O okïlisn an voriçkfio, fdb ds kâvnis an sijkiìfçkfio n ds fdnìfinktns an vorioêæd, n ds

tnstns an béaios aos voriïvnis okolisoaos poro os nspéfin Qobgdril n Qibgduvo, nstuaoaos knstn

nxpnribnktd nstæd oprnsnktoaos kd opåkaifn III+

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IP+6+?+ Qobgdril " Nktnrdldgiub fdktdrtisiliquub-Pnll+) Bdrdkj+

O okïlisn an voriçkfio poro o nspéfin tobgdril sdg trås `drbos an `drknfibnktd an kitrdjåkid

nb fikfd kâvnis an fdktobikoêæd ad sdld pdr bntois pnsoads bdstrdu qun kæd mduvn iktnroêæd

sijki`ifotivo nktrn ds trotobnktd rnolizoads poro knkmubo aos voriïvnis ovolioaos n qun o `drbo an

`drknfibnktd an kitrdjåkid sdbnktn o`ntdu ds aoads rnlofidkoads ã kdauloêæd, nktrntoktd tdaos os

voriïvnis `drob o`ntoaos pnlo prnsnkêo a sdld fdktobikoad+

Ds pnsds aos botérios snfos ao portn oérno n an roâzns an tobgdril sdbnktn `drob o`ntoads

pnld oubnktd ads kâvnis an fdktobikoêæd ad sdld pdr bntois pnsoads -@ijuro IP+??), dkan

dgsnrvdu"sn ubo qunao ofnktuoao poro o portn oérno kd kâvnl an fdktobikoêæd an >., fdb ubo

pdstnridr rntdboao an ansnkvdlvibnktd o ?3., nktrntoktd ik`nridr ã tnstnbukmo, kds kâvnis

supnridrns mduvn ubo qunao prdjrnssivo, nstotâstifobnktn ds voldrns o 3, > n ?3. `drob

snbnlmoktns+ Soro aoads an roâzns, d pnsd ao botério snfo sd`rnu ubo pnqunko rnauêæd oté ?3.,nstotâstifobnktn ds voldrns `drob ijuois, snkad qun d oubnktd ao fdkfnktroêæd an bntois dfosidkdu

ko rnauêæd ad pnsd snfd+

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@IJ^WO IP+?7+ Kõbnrd n Snsd, nb jrobos, an köaulds dgtiads an tobgdril nb fikfd kâvnis anfdktobikoêæd ad sdld+ Béaio an ?> rnpntiêþns+ Os gorros vnrtifois rnprnsnktob os A+B+V+,o ?., poro fdktobikoêæd nb foao voriïvnl+

@IJ^WO IP+?6+ Kõbnrd n pnsd `rnsfd an köaulds dgtiads nb tobgdril ikdfuloao n fdb oaugoêædkitrdjnkoao biknrol, fdbporotivobnktn fdb o tnstnbukmo, ko prnsnkêo an bntois pnsoads kd sdld+ Béaios an ?> rnpntiêþns+ %% " Ikaifo tnstn an béaios od kâvnl ansijki`ifçkfio an ?.

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> 9=,>: 1:,== 736,9= ?3>,33 ?>6,>: 733,33 :0,1: 7>,33 733,33 ?7>,33 777,3: ??3?3 =0,60 :0,9: 760,3: 07,?1 ?1=,=? =3,33 >,== 733,33 ?33,33 ?7,>3 ?07,3: 3,73 =9,77 >>,?> ?::,3> :>,33 =7,?1 3,33 76,>6 ?=6,66 3,33 ?07,>3 ?17,3: ?1113 69,9: 61,>> :6,3: 71,79 ?,?9 3,33 7,91 3,33 3,33 3,33 3,33 3,

@IJ^WO IP+?>+ Snsd ao botério snfo, nb jrobos, ao portn oérno an tibgduvo sdg > kâvnis anfdktobikoêæd ad sdld pdr bntois pnsoads+ Béaios an ?> rnpntiêþns+ O gorro mdrizdktolrnprnsnkto o A+B+V+ o ?.+

Ds tnstns an béaios aos anbois voriïvnis ovolioaos kd nxpnribnktd n qun oprnsnktorob

iktnroêæd sijki`ifotivo nktrn ds trotobnktds oplifoads, du sneo, fdktobikoêæd ad sdld pdr bntois

pnsoads n `drbo an `drknfibnktd an kitrdjåkid nstæd oprnsnktoads kd Oknxd IP+ Os @ijuros IP+?: o

IP+73 anbdkstrob ds rnsultoads ad n`nitd aos adsns frnsfnktns an bntois pnsoads kd sdld sdgrnnstos voriïvnis nb foao ub ads trotobnktds fdb oaugoêæd kitrdjnkoao, ikdfuloêæd n tnstnbukmo+ Os

furvos an rnjrnssæd poro nstns aoads sæd oprnsnktoads kd Oknxd IP+

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@IJ^WO IP+73+ Otiviaoan ao nkzibo kitrdjnkosn, nb bbdl F7M1$j+kda+$m, ad köaulds dgtiads adsistnbo roaifulor an tibgduvo sdg oaugoêæd kitrdjnkoao, ikdfuloêæd n ko tnstnbukmonb fikfd kâvnis an fdktobikoêæd ad sdld pdr bntois pnsoads+ Béaios an >rnpntiêþns+ Os gorros vnrtifois rnprnsnktob os A+B+V+, o ?., poro fdktobikoêæd nb foao trotobnktd+

Dgsnrvdu"sn qun poro d pnsd aos botérios snfo ad sistnbo roaifulor mduvn ubo

supnridriaoan ads trotobnktds fdb oaugoêæd kitrdjnkoao, prikfipolbnktn ko prnsnkêo an bntois kdsdld, prdvovnlbnktn anviad od n`nitd anstns nlnbnktds sdgrn os nstirpns ikdfuloaos, ikigikad o

sibgidsn n o `ixoêæd an kitrdjåkid otbds`érifd+

O kdauloêæd anbdkstro o supnridriaoan ad trotobnktd fdb ploktos ikdfuloaos, nb rnloêæd ã

tnstnbukmo, nktrntoktd `drob tobgéb dgtiads köaulds kds adis dutrds trotobnktds anviad ã

prnsnkêo an nstirpns kotivos+ Ds kâvnis frnsfnktns an bntois kd sdld dfosidkorob ub oubnktd kds

voldrns ad kõbnrd an köaulds dgtiads n pnsd ao botério `rnsfo anstns n tobgéb, ko otiviaoan ao

kitrdjnkosn, kds kâvnis ik`nridrns an fdktobikoêæd+

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P " AIVF^VVÆD

O prnsnkêo, nb fdkfnktroêþns frnsfnktns, an bntois pnsoads kd sdld `di ovolioao knstn

trogolmd otrovés an trås nxpnribnktds snjuikad bntdadldjios ai`nrnktns an `drbo o sn dgsnrvor d

n`nitd kd ansnkvdlvibnktd n ko kdauloêæd an vïrios nspéfins lnjubikdsos+ Dgsnrvdu"sn qun nb

tdads ds nstuads rnolizoads mduvn ub n`nitd anlntérid kd ansnkvdlvibnktd aos nspéfins fdb d

oubnktd aos fdkfnktroêþns ads bntois+Nsto rnauêæd voridu nktrn os nspéfins ikaifokad snrnb oljubos bois tdlnroktns n$du

rnsistnktns qun dutros, nktrntoktd d n`nitd knjotivd sdgrn o prdauêæd an portn oérno n roâzns sæd

fdkfdraoktns fdb o litnroturo, dkan nkfdktrobds nxnbplds ad n`nitd anlntérid ads bntois pnsoads

sdgrn d ansnkvdlvibnktd an ai`nrnktns nspéfins vnjntois, tois fdbd bilmd -Kosfibnktd, @dktns n

Knvns, ?99:), `nieæd -Snrniro n Kosfibnktd, ?99:) n ol`o`o -Ignhwn nt ol +, ?990)+

Kd pribnird nxpnribnktd, dkan nstuadu"sn os nspéfins tobgdril, snsgokio, sirotrd n lnufnko,

nb kâvnis an fdktobikoêæd ad sdld qun voriorob an 3 o 03., dgsnrvdu"sn qun poro ds aoads an

portn oérno, snsgokio oprnsnktdu d boidr âkaifn an tdlnrçkfio kd kâvnl an fdktobikoêæd ?>.,

nktrntoktd tobgdril supnrdu tdaos os anbois nspéfins kds kâvnis an fdktobikoêæd supnridrns, sirotrd

`di o nspéfin bois snksâvnl ods bntois pnsoads, tnkad sd`riad ubo rnauêæd an 97. kd pnsd ao

botério snfo ao portn oérno kd kâvnl an fdktobikoêæd >. ad sdld fdktobikoad, poro d sistnbo

roaifulor an tobgdril `di bois tdlnroktn ods bntois nb tdaos ds kâvnis an fdktobikoêæd, snjuiad an

snsgokio, eï sirotrd kdvobnktn `di o bois snksâvnl+

Qobgdril `di o nspéfin qun dgtnvn bnlmdr tdlnrçkfio n$du rnsiståkfio ods bntois pnsoads, bos

tobgéb `di o`ntoao pnlo fdktobikoêæd, sd`rnkad rnauêæd an quosn =3. kd ansnkvdlvibnktd ao portn oérno o 03., o fdkfnktroêæd bois olto an bntois nstuaoao n o 1>. poro roâzns, oprnsnktokad

ub rnsultoad supnridr od dgtiad pdr Wdeos, Viquniro n Bdrniro -?990) qun dgsnrvorob ubo rnauêæd

an oté =3. ad pnsd aos botérios snfos ao portn oérno n an roâzns quokad nb prnsnkêo an 73. anstn

bnsbd sdld fdktobikoad kd sugstrotd+



13

D kõbnrd an köaulds dgtiads n, fdksnqunktnbnktn, d snu pnsd `rnsfd `drob snvnrobnktn

o`ntoads pnlo fdktobikoêæd ad sdld pdr bntois pnsoads, dfdrrnkad o fdbplnto ousåkfio an

kdauloêæd nb oljuks trotobnktds+

Qobgdril dgtnvn bnlmdrns rnsultoads poro o kdauloêæd, snkad qun nsto dfdrrnu oté 1>. an

fdktobikoêæd, nb snsgokio mduvn kdauloêæd oté 63., n nb sirotrd sdbnktn nb ?>.+ Nb lnufnko,

opnsor an tnr siad o nspéfin bois o`ntoao pnlo fdktobikoêæd, `drob nkfdktroads oljuks pdufds

köaulds n`ntivds, an fdr rösno kd iktnridr, o 1>. an fdktobikoêæd ad sdld+ Nstotistifobnktn, nb

knkmub ads kâvnis an fdktobikoêæd dfdrrnu kdauloêæd snbnlmoktn ã tnstnbukmo, sdbnktn nb

Virotrd d kõbnrd an köaulds, opnsor an ik`nridr ã tnstnbukmo, `di supnridr ã ousåkfio an kdauloêæd,

od kâvnl an ?>. an fdktobikoêæd, kds anbois trotobnktds, o pdufo kdauloêæd dfdrriao `di

nstotistifobnktn ijuol ã ousåkfio an kdauloêæd+

Ds rnsultoads ao kdauloêæd aos quotrd nspéfins anbdkstrob qun o nstirpn GW 1130,ikdfuloao nb tobgdril, n qun fdrrnspdkan ã nspéfin Groayrmizdgiub eopdkifub, ianktiìfoao pdr

snqunkfiobnktd porfiol ad ?0V rWKO -Bdrniro7), `di o bois tdlnroktn ods kâvnis frnsfnktns an

bntois pnsoads kd sdld, tnkad dgtiad boidr kõbnrd an köaulds qun os anbois nspéfins vnjntois

nstuaoaos, ìfokad an ofdrad fdb ds rnsultoads dgtiads pdr Okjln nt ol + -?996) qun dgsnrvorob qun

G+eopdkifub `di bois tdlnroktn qun dutros nspéfins an goftérios aiozdtröìfos quokad isdloaos an

sdld fdb oaiêæd an ldad an nsjdtd fdktobikoad pdr bntois pnsoads+ Jillnr nt ol + -?997) tobgéb

anbdkstrorob o boidr tdlnrçkfio ansto nspéfin o bntois ad qun Wmizdgiub bnlildti -Vikdrmizdgiub

bnlildti)+

O nspéfin snsgokio anbdkstrdu rnsultoads sotisòtörids nb tdaos os voriïvnis nstuaoaos,

fmnjokad o supnror tobgdril nb oljubos anstos n sn ijuolor nb dutros, prikfipolbnktn kds kâvnis

bois goixds an fdktobikoêæd+ Lnufnko n sirotrd `drob os nspéfins qun bois sd`rnrob fdb ds

trotobnktds ibpdstds, opnsor an Lnufnko dgtnr oljuks rnsultoads snbnlmoktns o Vnsgokio+

Nstns rnsultoads nstæd nb fdk`drbiaoan fdb o litnroturo fdksultoao, dkan rnlotob"sn ds

n`nitds anlntérids ao prnsnkêo anstns fdbpdstds töxifds kd sdld sdgrn ai`nrnktns nspéfins

-Kosfibnktd, @dktns n Knvns8 ?99:8 Snrniro n Kosfibnktd8 ?99:8 Ignhwn nt ol +8 ?990)+ D òtd ao

nspéfin Qobgdril snr o bois tdlnroktn n$du rnsistnktn ods ibpoftds dfosidkoads pnlo prnsnkêo an

bntois pnsoads kd sdld eï nro an sn nspnror, pdis snkad nsto ubo nspéfin orgörno, pdssui frnsfibnktd

7Bdrniro, @ïtibo B+V+ " Anportobnktd an Fiåkfio ad Vdld, ao ^kivnrsiaoan @nanrol an Lovros "AFV$^@LO+ ?99:+ -fdbukifoêæd pnssdol)



1?

bois lnktd qun os anbois, pnrbitikad"lmn bois tnbpd poro ubo bnlmdr oaoptoêæd ods n`nitds töxifds

ads bntois pnsoads, tobgéb nro nspnroad d oltd ibpoftd sdgrn Virotrd, õkifo nspéfin an mïgitd

mnrgïfnd n frnsfibnktd bois rïpiad+

Kd snjukad nxpnribnktd `drob ovolioaos fikfd nspéfins lnjubikdsos mnrgïfnos nb kâvnis

bois goixds an fdktobikoêæd qun ds oktnridrbnktn utilizoads+ Anktrn os nspéfins utilizoaos knstn

nstuad anstofdu"sn d fdbpdrtobnktd ao Bufuko Srnto kds kâvnis > n ?3. an fdktobikoêæd, dkan d

ibpoftd ads bntois aibikuiu fdb d ansnkvdlvibnktd vnjntotivd anbdkstrokad ubo fopofiaoan an

oaoptoêæd o nstn nstrnssn+ Os anbois nspéfins sn fdbpdrtorob an bokniro snbnlmoktn, tnkad suo

toxo an frnsfibnktd rnauziao fdb d possor ad tnbpd n fdb d oubnktd ao fdktobikoêæd ad sdld

pnlds bntois pnsoads, iktnrnssoktn fitor d `otd an qun kds pribnirds anz aios ad ansnkvdlvibnktd o

>. an fdktobikoêæd os nspéfins Foupi Pnrbnlmd, @nieæd Pojnb ^NL"? n Bukjd Pnran sd`rnrob d

bnsbd n`nitd quoktd ã rnauêæd ko toxo an frnsfibnktd, dfdrrnkad knstn nstïjid ub anfrésfibd kdsnu ansnkvdlvibnktd poro fnrfo an =3. ad dgtiad pnlos tnstnbukmos+

Ds aoads rn`nrnktns od pnsd ao botério snfo ao portn oérno anbdkstrorob qun Bufuko Srnto

dgtnvn ds bnlmdrns âkaifns an tdlnrçkfio qun os anbois nspéfins, ikaifokad snr nsto nspéfin viïvnl

poro usd nb oaugoêæd vnran an ïrnos anjroaoaos pdr bntois pnsoads, anviad o tnr boidr prdauêæd

an bosso n, fdksnqunktnbnktn an “littnr‒, fdb boidr opdrtn an botério drjçkifo n kutrinktns od sdld,

o nspéfin @nieæd Grovd ad Fnorï dgtnvn snbnlmokêo fdb Bufuko Srnto quoktd ã prdauêæd an bosso

vnran, bos sdbnktn o >. an fdktobikoêæd+ _uoktd ã ïrno `dlior tdtol o nspéfin Bufuko Srnto `di

kdvobnktn supnridr, nktrntoktd @nieæd Grovd ad Fnorï n @nieæd Pojnb ^NL"? oprnsnktorob

rnsultoads snbnlmoktns, ikaifokad qun nstos trås nspéfins pdssunb pdtnkfiol poro usd nb

rnfdgribnktd ad sdld, pdssigilitokad sdbgrnobnktd n fdksnrvoêæd an ïjuo kd sdld+

D ansnkvdlvibnktd ad sistnbo roaifulor an tdaos os nspéfins `di o`ntoad pnld fdktobikoêæd

frnsfnktn ads trotobnktds, snkad qun o >. Bufuko Srnto n @nieæd Grovd ad Fnorï `drob

snbnlmoktns, bos o ?3. `di Bufuko Srnto `di bois rnsistnktn+ Ossib, obgos os nspéfins pdssunb

fopofiaoan an usd fdbd bnlmdroadros aos foroftnrâstifos an sdld fdktobikoad pdr goixos

fdkfnktroêþns an bntois pnld ansnkvdlvibnktd ojrnssivd ad sistnbo roaifulor, dfosidkokad

bnlmdrio ko onroêæd n ko rntnkêæd an ubiaoan kd sdld+ Os anbois nspéfins sd`rnrob ubo rnauêæd

arïstifo kd ansnkvdlvibnktd roaifulor an fnrfo an :>. poro Foupi Pnrbnlmd, =7. poro @nieæd

Pojnb ^NL"? n 9=. poro Bukjd Pnran kd kâvnl bois goixd an fdktobikoêæd , snkad buitd

snksâvnis poro rnvnjntoêæd an ïrnos fdb bntois pnsoads+



16

Ds pnsds aos botérios snfos ao portn oérno n an roiz sd`rnrob rnauêþns fdb d oubnktd ao

fdkfnktroêæd an bntois kd sdld, fdbd dgsnrvoad ko litnroturo n kds aoads oktnridrbnktn aisfutiads,

tnkad"sn dgtiad ub oltd âkaifn an tdlnrçkfio knstos voriïvnis, prikfipolbnktn oté d kâvnl an 73.,

dkan o rnauêæd ìfdu nb tdrkd an 63., ai`nrnktnbnktn an Wdeos, Viquniro n Bdrniro -?990) qun

dgtivnrob ubo rnauêæd an =3. knsto bnsbo fdkfnktroêæd+

Ds aoads rn`nrnktns ã kdauloêæd, kõbnrd n pnsd ao botério `rnsfo an köaulds, anbdkstrorob

kæd tnr moviad ai`nrnkêo nktrn d trotobnktd ikdfuload n o tnstnbukmo, d qun ikaifo o prdvïvnl

prnsnkêo an nstirpns kotivos kd sdld qun anvnb tnr kdauload os ploktos, d qun kæd vnid o dfdrrnr kd

trotobnktd fdb oaugoêæd biknrol, qun opnsor an tnr dfdrriad kdauloêæd, kæd oprnsnktdu"sn

sijkiìfotivd+

O otiviaoan ao kitrdjnkosn ad sistnbo roaifulor an tobgdril oprnsnktdu ub oubnktd an fnrfo

an :3. kd kâvnl an >. n ijuoldu"sn ã tnstnbukmo o ?3., sd`rnkad ub boidr ibpoftd kds kâvnissupnridrns, nstn rnsultoad nstï nb fdkfdraçkfio fdb oqunlns dgtiads kd snjukad nxpnribnktd

rnolizoad knstn trogolmd, dkan os nspéfins @nieæd Grovd ad Fnorï,@nieæd Pojnb ^NL"?, n Bufuko

Srnto tivnrob oubnktds an 13., ?73. n 03., rnspnftivobnktn, ko otiviaoan ao kitrdjnkosn an snus

köaulds+ Nstn oubnktd ko otiviaoan ansto nkzibo tolvnz pdsso snr otriguâad o oljub bnfokisbd an

an`nso ao sibgidsn, dkan anviad od n`nitd ìtdtöxifd ads bntois sdgrn os ploktos n d bifrdsibgidktn,

qun dfosidkob ubo rnauêæd kd ansnkvdlvibnktd aos ploktos, gusfob ubo bokniro an suprir d

`drknfibnktd n$du orboznkobnktd an kitrdjåkid kds tnfiads ao plokto, boktnkad fdb issd ub

pnqunkd ansnkvdlvibnktd vnjntotivd+

O dutro nspéfin nstuaoao knstn nxpnribnktd, o tibgduvo tnvn ubo rnspdsto ai`nrnkfioao ao

dgtiao poro tobgdril, snkad qun ko okïlisn an voriçkfio dgtnvn"sn iktnroêæd sijkiìfotivo nktrn ds

kâvnis an fdktobikoêæd n os `drbos an `drknfibnktd an kitrdjåkid poro tdaos os voriïvnis, nxfntd

pnsd ao botério snfo ao portn oérno, qun sdbnktn sd`rnu n`nitd ads kâvnis an fdktobikoêæd, knsto

voriïvnl dgtnvn"sn oltds âkaifns an tdlnrçkfio oté 73. an fdktobikoêæd+

Mduvn oubnktd ko prdauêæd ad sistnbo roaifulor kds kâvnis an >. n ?3. an fdktobikoêæd,

dfdrrnkad ubo rnauêæd kds kâvnis supnridrns, fdb `drknfibnktd an kitrdjåkid biknrol ãs ploktos,

ìfokad ofibo ads voldrns dgtiads poro ds trotobnktds fdb ikdfuloêæd n o tnstnbukmo, qun sd`rnrob

rnauêæd kds pnsds ad sistnbo roaifulor nb tdads ds kâvnis an fdktobikoêæd+

Ds aoads rn`nrnktns ã kdauloêæd anbdkstrob o supnridriaoan ad trotobnktd dkan os ploktos

`drob ikdfuloaos, fdbporoads ã tnstnbukmo, nktrntoktd `drob dgtiads köaulds kds adis dutrds



11

trotobnktds, prdvovnlbnktn anviad ã prnsnkêo an nstirpns kotivos kd sdld ailunktn+ _uoktd od n`nitd

ads kâvnis frnsfnktns an bntois kd sdld sdgrn o kdauloêæd aos nspéfins dgsnrvdu"sn qun mduvn ub

oubnktd kds voldrns rn`nrnktns od kõbnrd an köaulds dgtiads, pnsd ao botério `rnsfo anstns n ko

otiviaoan ao kitrdjnkosn, kds kâvnis ik`nridrns an fdktobikoêæd, snkad qun o >. `di nstotistifobnktn

supnridr ã tnstnbukmo kos trås voriïvnis, n poro d kõbnrd an köaulds istd tobgéb dfdrrnu o ?3.,

knstn kâvnl os dutros auos voriïvnis `drob nstotistifobnktn ijuois ã tnstnbukmo, sdbnktn o 13. an

fdktobikoêæd mduvn ub n`nitd knjotivd sdgrn ds aoads an kdauloêæd, `ifokad nstotistifobnktn

ik`nridrns ã tnstnbukmo, nstns rnsultoads pdanb ikaifor qun oljub, du oljuks, ads bntois prnsnktns

knstn sdld pdan ik`lunkfior pdsitivobnktn o kdauloêæd ansto nspéfin, quokad nb goixos

fdkfnktroêþns kd sdld, eï qun ub lijnird oubnktd ko fdkfnktroêæd anstn dfosidko ub anfrésfibd ko

kdauloêæd+

Ds rnsultoads ai`nrnkfioads poro os nspéfins tobgdril n tibgduvo, pnrtnkfnktns od bnsbdjåknrd Nktnrdldgiub, anbdkstrob qun d n`nitd anlntérid ads bntois pnsoads kæd pdan snr

jnknrolizoad poro nspéfins ai`nrnktns aoqunlos okolisoaos kds nstuads, knfnssitokad"sn ossib an

boidrns nstuads qun anbdkstrnb d pdtnkfiol an dutros nspéfins ko rnfupnroêæd an ïrnos anjroaoaos

fdb bntois pnsoads+



1:

FMOÂWI, O+B+8 BfJWOQM, V+S+8 JILLNW, H+N+ Bntol tdlnrokfn d` isdlotns d` Wmizdgiub

lnjubikdsorub gidvor tri`dlii `rdb sdil fdktobikotna gy post opplifotidks d` snwojn sluajn+Vdil Gidldjy oka Gidfmnbistry, Dx`dra, v+71, k+7, p+=6"==, @NG+ ?997+

FDQWIB, O+W+ Bntois Snsoads ko Ojrifulturo5 Fdksnquåkfios aos nlnvoaos fdkfnktroêþns an

Bnrfõrid, Fïabid n Fmubgd kd sdld+ Væd Sould5 Srdauquâbifo Ika+ n Fdb+, ?991+ 1= p+AOPIAN, O+F++ Vnlnêæd an nspéfins vnjntois poro rnfupnroêæd an ïrnos anjroaoaos+ Ik5 VIBSÖVID

V^L"OBNWIFOKD, ?, N VIBSÖVID KOFIDKOL, 7, AN ÏWNOV ANJWOAOAOV, @dz adIjuoêõ, ?991+ Okois+++ Furitigo5 @ukaoêæd an Snsquisos @ldrnstois, ?991+ p+???"?77+

A^]G^WY, Q+8 GIFHKNLL, G+ Bntol"tdlnrokfn goftnriol pdpulotidks `rdb koturol oka bntol" pdllutna sdils+ Vdil Gidldjy oka Gidfmnbistry, Dx`dra, v+?>, k+6, p+716"7>3, BOW+ ?9=6+

@WOKFD, O+O+8 FOBSNLLD, L+N+A+8 @OWIO, V+B+ Wnvnjntoêæd an ïrnos an biknroêæd an gouxito nb Sdrtd Qrdbgnto " SO fdb lnjubikdsos orgörnos kdauloaos n bifdrrizoaos+ Ik5VIBSÖVID V^L"OBNWIFOKD, ?, N VIBSÖVID KOFIDKOL, 7, AN ÏWNOVANJWOAOAOV, @dz ad Ijuoêõ, ?991+ Okois+++ Furitigo5 @ukaoêæd an Snsquisos @ldrnstois,?991+ p+?1>"?>6+

@WOKFD, O+O+8 FOBSNLLD, N+@+F+8 AO VILPO, N+B+W+8 AIOV, L+N+8 @OWIO, V+B+ ^sd anlnjubikdsos fdb rizögid n ùkjds bifdrrâzifds fdbd ojnktns poro o rnvnjntoêæd an sdldsanjroaoads+ Ik5 FDKJWNVVD GWOVILNIWD AN FIÅKFIO AD VDLD, 71, Jdiçkio, ?996+Wnsubds+++ Fobpikos5 Vdfinaoan Grosilniro an Fiåkfio ad Vdld, ?996, v+7+ p+66:"66=+

JILADK, O+8 QIKHNW, S+G+ O Mnovy bntol"tdlnrokt stroik d` o byfdrrmizol ùkjus+ QroksoftidksGritism Byfdldjifol Vdfinty, Ldkarns, v+::, k+ 6, p+01="019, eukn+ ?9=?+

JILLNW, H+N+8 K^VVGO^B, W+8 FMOÂWY, O+B+8 BfJWOQM, V+S+ Wmizdgiub bnlildti is lnsssnksitivn td mnovy"bntol fdktobikotidk ik sdil tmok W+lnjubikdsorub gv+ tri`dlii dr W+ ldti+ VdilGidldjy oka Gidfmnbistry, Dx`dra, v+7>, k+7, p+7:6"7:=, @NG+ ?996+

JWI@@IQM, E+E+8 AIOV, L+N+8 E^FHVFM, I+ Kdvos nstrotéjios nfdlöjifos poro o rnvnjntoêæd an ïrnosbiknroaos kd Grosil+ Ik5 VIBSÖVID V^L"OBNWIFOKD, ?, N VIBSÖVID KOFIDKOL, 7, ANÏWNOV ANJWOAOAOV, @dz ad Ijuoêõ, ?991+ Okois+++ Furitigo5 @ukaoêæd an Snsquisos@ldrnstois, ?991+ p+6?"16+

MOQQDWI, M+ Ik`lunkfn d` mnovy bntols dk sdil bifrdgiol oftivitins+ Vdil Vfinkfn oka SloktKutritidk, Qdhid, v+6=, k+?, p+96"?33, EOK+ ?997+

MNJJD, O+8 OKJLN, E+V+8 FMOKNY, W+L+ N``nfts d` vnsifulor"orgusfulor byfdrrmizol ùkji dkmnovy bntol utohn gy sdygnoks+ Vdil Gidldjy oka Gidfmnbistry, Dx`dra, v+77, k+0, p+=0>"=09,E^KN+ ?993+



1=

IGNHZN, O+B+8 OKJLN, E+V+8 FMOKNY, W+L+8 vok GNWH^B, S+ Uikf oka foabiub tdxifity tdolòlò oka its bifrdsybgidkt+ Edurkol d` Nkvirdkbnktol _uolity, Boaiksdk, v+7>, k+6, p+?367"?313, VNSQ"DFQ+ ?990+

HOGOQO"SNKAIOV, O+8 SNKAIOV, M+ Qrofn nlnbnkts ik sdils oka ploktos+ Gdfo Wotdk5 FWF

Srnss, ?9=>+ 6?>p+HINML, N+E+ @nrtilizoktns drjçkifds+ Sirofifogo5 Ojrdkñbifo FNWNV, ?9=>+ 197p+

HDDBNK, I+8 BFJWOQM, S+ Byfdrrmizol ik`nftidk d` fldvnr is anloyna ik sdils fdktobikotna witmmnovy bntols `rdb post snwojn sluajn opplifotidks+ Vdil Gidldjy oka Gidfmnbistry, Dx`dra,v+77, k+ 0, p+=:?"=:6, E^KN+ ?993+

LOJNWZNW@@, E+P+ Lnoa, bnrfury oka foabiub os nkvirdkbnktol fdktobikokts+ Ik5Bifrdkutrinkts ik ojrifulturn, Boaiksdk5 Vdil Vfinkfn Vdfinty d` Obnrifo, ?9:7+ p+>96"060+

BOLOPDLQO, N+ @nrtilizoktns n snu ibpoftd obginktol5 Bntois pnsoads, bitds, bistiìfoêæd nòtds+ Væd Sould5 Srdauquâbifo Ika+ n Fdb+, ?991+ ?>6p+

BOQQIOUUD, B+N+8 JLÖWIO, K+O+ Sorçbntrds poro oaiêæd o sdlds an rnsâauds fdktnkad bntois+ I" Nstuads fdb sdluêþns+ Ik5 FDKJWNVVD GWOVILNIWD AN FIÅKFIO AD VDLD, 7>,Piêdso, ?99>+ Wnsubds++++ Piêdso5 Vdfinaoan Grosilniro an Fiåkfio ad Vdld, ?99>, v+1+ p+76?>"76?:+

BfJWOQM, V+S+8 GWDDHNV, S+F+ N``nfts d` pdtnktiolly tdxif bntols ik sdil anrivna `rdb postopplifotidks d` snwojn sluajn dk kitrdjnk ìxotidk gy Qri`dliub rnpnks L+ Vdil Gidldjy okaGidfmnbistry, Dx`dra, v+73, k+1, p+1?>"171, OSW+ ?9==+

KOVFIBNKQD, F+Z+O+8 @DKQNV, W+L+@+8 KNPNV, E+F+L+ Ogsdrêæd n aistriguiêæd an fïabid nbauos fultivorns an bilmd an ai`nrnktns jrous an snksigiliaoan od nlnbnktd+ Ik5 FDKJWNVVDGWOVILNIWD AN FIÅKFIO AD VDLD, 70, Wid an Eoknird, ?99:+ Okois+++ Piêdso5 VdfinaoanGrosilniro an Fiåkfio ad Vdld, ?99:+ -FA"WDB)

KDJ^NIWO, O+P+ Bokjoknsn Qdxifity ik Bikjgnok Pijko roaioto -L+) Zilfznh oka N``nftsd` Pnsifulor"Orgusfulor Byfdrrmizo dk Slokt Bokjoknsn Qdlnrokfn+ Ikjlotnrro5 ^kivnrsityd` Wnoaikj, ?991+ ?7>p+ -Qnsn " Bnstroad nb Bifrdgidldjio)+

DFQIPN, E+F+8 EDMKVDK, O+F+8 ZDDA, B+ N``nfts d` prnvidus olubikiub nxpdsurn dk bdtilityoka kdaulotidk gy Wmizdgiub oka Groayrmizdgiub+ Vdil Gidldjy oka Gidfmnbistry, Dx`dra,v+70, k+??, p+?1::"?1=7, KDP+ ?991+

DBON, V+ Ogsdrêæd an fïabid nb sdld pdazölifd vnrbnlmd"obornld"drtd n jlni mõbifd aornjiæd ad Poln ad Wigniro " VS n tnrro rdxo nstruturoao ad bukifâpid an Sirofifogo " VS+ Sirofifogo5 Ibprnkso ^kivnrsitïrio, ?9=1+ 1?p+ -Qnsn " Bnstroad nb Vdlds)+

SOJN, O+L+8 GIKJMOB, @+Q+ Foabiub rnsiauns ik tmn nkvirdkbnkto+ Wnsiauns Wnvinw, KnwYdrh, v+1=, p+?"11+ ?9:6+



19

SNWNIWO, E+G+B+8 KOVFIBNKQD, F+Z+O+ Ogsdrêæd n aistriguiêæd an Fa n bifrdkutrinktns nbfultivorns an `niednird nxpdstos ã adsns an fïabid+ Ik5 FDKJWNVVD GWOVILNIWD ANFIÅKFIO AD VDLD, 70, Wid an Eoknird, ?99:+ Okois+++ Piêdso5 Vdfinaoan Grosilniro anFiåkfio ad Vdld, ?99:+ -FA"WDB)

WNIFMBOKK KNQD, @+ Wnfupnroêæd an ïrnos anjroaoaos ko rnjiæd sul+ Ik5 FDKJWNVVD@LDWNVQOL SOKOBNWIFOKD , ?, Furitigo, ?996+ Okois+++ Furitigo5 Vdfinaoan Grosilniroan Vilvifulturo$Vdfinaoan Grosilniro an Nkjnkmnirds @ldrnstois, ?996, v+?+ p+?37"?3:+

WIGNIWD @ILMD, B+W+ Bntois pnsoads nb sdlds an ïrno an rnenitds ao ikaustriolizoêæd adzikfd+ Lovros5^@LO, ?99:+ 1>p+ -Qnsn " Bnstroad nb Vdlds n Kutriêæd an Sloktos)+

WDEOV, N+S+8 VI_^NIWO, E+D+8 BDWNIWO, @+B+V+ Frnsfibnktd an Nktnrdldgiub fdktdrtisiliquub -Pnll+) Bdrdkj+ fdb n snb bifdrrizoêæd nb sdld fdktobikoad fdb bntois pnsoads+ Ik5 VDLD"V^NLD " FDKJWNVVD LOQIKD OBNWIFOKD AN FIÅKFIO AD VDLD, 76, Ïjuos anLikaöio, ?990+ Okois+++ Piêdso5 Vdfinaoan Grosilniro an Fiåkfio ad Vdld, ?990+ -FA"WDB)

VBIQM, V+W+ oka JILLNW, H+N+ N``nftivn Wmizdgiub lnjubikdsorub gidvor tri`dlli prnsnkt ik `ivnsdils fdktobikotna witm mnovy bntols `rdb ldkj"tnrb opplifotidks d` snwojn"sluajn dr bntolbikn spdil+ Vdil Gidldjy oka Gifmnbistry, Dx`dra, v+71, k+=, p+:=?":==, O^J+ ?997+

VQNPNKVDK, @+E+ Fiflns d` sdil5 Forgdk, kitrdjnk, pmdspmdrus, sul`ur, bifrdkutrinkts+ Knw Ydrh5Edmk Zilny, ?9=0+ 6=3p+

Q^WKNW, O+S+8 JILLNW, H+N+8 BfJWOQM, V+S+ Ldkj tnrb n``nfts dk Wmizdgiub lnjubikdsorub gidvor tri`dlli d` mnovy bntol fdktobikotidk d` loka `rdb tmn opplifotidk d` snwojn sluajn+ Ik5 OLLOK, W+E+8 KWIOJ^, E+D+ Mnovy bntols ik tmn nkvirdkbnkt, Qdrdktd, ?99>+ p+117"11>+

QYLNW, J+ Mnovy bntol pdllutidk oka sdil nkzybotif oftivity+ Slokt oka Vdil, Kntmnrlokas, v+1?,k+7 p+636"6??, E^KN+ ?9:1+

PIFNKQ, E+B+ O bokuol `dr tmn protifol stuay d` rddt"kdauln goftnrio+ Ldkadk5 EGS, ?9:3+?01p+ -Mokagddh, ?>)



OKN]DV



OKN]D I

Okïlisn nstotâstifo ad nxpnribnktd ? " Ansnkvdlvibnktd n Kdauloêæd an Lnjubikdsos nb Bisturosan Vdlds fdb Ai`nrnktns Kâvnis an Bntois Snsoads+

Oknxd I+O " Okïlisn an Poriçkfio poro quotrd nspéfins lnjubikdsos ansnkvdlviaos sdg > kâvnis anfdktobikoêæd ad sdld pdr bntois pnsoads+

Oknxd I+G " Qnstn an Béaios poro quotrd nspéfins lnjubikdsos ansnkvdlviaos sdg > kâvnis anfdktobikoêæd ad sdld pdr bntois pnsoads+

NVSÉFIN Bot+ Vnfo aoSortn Oérno

Bot+Vnfo anWoâzns

Bot+ @rnsfo an Köaulds

Kõbnrd an Köaulds

Qobgdril 3,33 3,33 3,33 3,33fdn`+vorioêæd 69,77 16,39 >?,?9 0?,36

Vnsgokio 3,33 3,33 3,33 3,33fdn`+vorioêæd :9,?3 =>,?9 17,33 =:,00

Virotrd 3,33 3,33 3,33 3,33

fdn`+vorioêæd 66,9: 13,0? 00,1? 1=,17Lnufnko 3,33 3,33 3,33 3,33fdn`+vorioêæd 6:,>1 66,96 01,3= ?71,:>

Nspéfin Fdktobikoêæd Sortn Onrno Woiz Köaulds Kõbnrd an-.) -j Bot+Vnfo) -j Bot+Vnfo) -j Bot+@rnsfo) Köaulds

Qobgdril 3 ?,>= o ?,67 o 3,6= o 7=,:> o

?> 3,9? g ?,?? o 3,?6 g >,:> g63 3,=> g 3,>3 g 3,?6 g 1,?6 g1> 3,>0 gf 3,70 g 3,30 g 6,6= g03 3,70 f 3,?3 g 3,33 g 3,33 g

Vnsgokio 3 3,6= o 3,6= o 3,13 o 07,33 o?> 3,67 og 3,73 og 3,3> g 6,>3 g63 3,3= f 3,36 g 3,37 g 7,7> g1> 3,30 f 3,?3 g 3,33 g 3,33 g03 3,36 f 3,30 g 3,33 g 3,33 g

Virotrd 3 ?,77 o ?,=3 o 3,76 o 76,>3 o?> 3,?3 g 3,?> g 3,36 g 0,7> g

63 3,37 g 3,3> g 3,33 g 3,33 f1> 3,3? g 3,3? g 3,33 g 3,33 f03 3,33 g 3,33 g 3,33 g 3,33 f

Lnufnko 3 3,93 o 3,0? o 3,77 o ??,:> o?> 3,?= g 3,?6 g 3,33 g 3,?6 g63 3,?: g 3,?1 g 3,33 g 3,33 g1> 3,3= g 3,3: g 3,33 g 3,33 g03 3,33 g 3,3? g 3,33 g 3,33 g



Oknxd I+F " Nquoêþns an rnjrnssæd n fdn`ifinktns an antnrbikoêæd poro ds pnsds aos botérios

`rnsfo n snfo ao portn oérno an quotrd nspéfins lnjubikdsos ansnkvdlviaos sdg > kâvnisan fdktobikoêæd ad sdld pdr bntois pnsoads+

NVSÉFINV N_^OÊÆD r7

Snsd ao Botério Vnfo ao Sortn Oérno

Qobgdril y 2 "3,3?99x ( ?,17:> 3,97

Vnsgokio y 2 "3,3301x ( 3,600 3,=:

Virotrd y 2 "3,3?:x ( 3,::97 3,>:

Lnufnko y 2 3,=?>7+n"0,13:1+x 3,9?

Snsd ao Botério Vnfo ad Vistnbo Woaifulor

Qobgdril y 2 "3,37?9x ( ?,6?0> 3,9>

Vnsgokio y 2 "3,33>6x ( 3,67= 3,93

Virotrd y 2 ?,1176n"?7,??x 3,9=

Lnufnko y 2 3,::90+n":,?70:+x 3,==

Kõbnrd an Köaulds

Qobgdril y 2 "3,3:16x ( >,1?7? 3,=6Vnsgokio y 2 0,769n"6,>?19x 3,==

Virotrd y 2 "3,3:96x ( 1,:97= 3,::

Lnufnko y 2 "3,3166x ( 7,9=:9 3,19

Snsd @rnsfd an Köaulds

Qobgdril y 2 "3,33>>x ( 3,63>> 3,=?

Vnsgokio y 2 "3,33>:x ( 3,7066 3,0?

Virotrd y 2 "3,3367x ( 3,?1:> 3,03Lnufnko y 2 "3,3379x ( 3,?67 3,19



Oknxd II+F " Nquoêþns an rnjrnssæd n fdnìfinktns an antnrbikoêæd, an fikfd nspéfins lnjubikdsosmnrgïfnos nb 1 kâvnis an fdktobikoêæd ad sdld pdr bntois pnsoads+

NVSÉFINV N_ÔÊÆD r7

Snsd ao Botério Vnfo ao Sortn OérnoFoupi Pnrbnlmd y 2 ?,7009+n"3,?0=1+x 3,==

@nieæd Grovd ad Fnorï y 2 ?1,10>+n"3,?:6+x 3,=9

@nieæd Pojnb ^NL"? y 2 6,>67?+n"3,?=>6+x 3,9:

Bufuko Srnto y 2 "?,611=x ( 7:,?77 3,9=

Bukjd Pnran y 2 ?,31:?n"3,?=>x 3,0?

Snsd ao Botério Vnfo an Woâzns

Foupi Pnrbnlmd y 2 3,600+n"3,39=7+x 3,:>

@nieæd Grovd ad Fnorï y 2 "3,?3?6x ( ?,930 3,=7

@nieæd Pojnb ^NL"? y 2 ?,31=1+n"3,?:0?+x 3,96

Bufuko Srnto y 2 "3,>90?x ( ?7,0?= 3,9>

Bukjd Pnran y 2 "3,311x ( 3,0= 3,1:

Kõbnrd Qdtol an Köaulds

Foupi Pnrbnlmd y 2 "3,31==x ( ?,:67 3,1:

@nieæd Grovd ad Fnorï y 2 "3,1=96x ( 9,761 3,::

@nieæd Pojnb ^NL"? y 2 :,??7=+n"3,?716+x 3,06

Bufuko Srnto y 2 "3,7700x ( >,1== 3,90

Bukjd Pnran y 2 "3,3601x ( ?,>10 3,1:

Snsd @rnsfd Qdtol an Köaulds

Foupi Pnrbnlmd Kæd Vijkiìfotivd

@nieæd Grovd ad Fnorï y 2 "3,?6>1x ( 7,61 3,:>

@nieæd Pojnb ^NL"? y 2 "3,3600x ( 3,>0= 3,>:

Bufuko Srnto y 2 "3,703>x ( >,111 3,97Bukjd Pnran y 2 "3,330x ( 3,39 1:

Otiviaoan ao Kitrdjnkosn

Bufuko Srnto y 2 "3,37??x7 ( 3,639=x ( 7,770? 3,97



OKN]D III

Okïlisn nstotâstifo ad nxpnribnktd 6 "Bntois Snsoads nb Lnjubikdsos Orgörnos fdb Ai`nrnktns@dktns an K -Biknrol n Gidlöjifd)+

Oknxd III+O " Okïlisn @otdriol aos voriïvnis an Qobgdril ikdfuload, fdb oaugoêæd kitrdjnkoaobiknrol n snb `drknfibnktd an kitrdjåkid, nb fikfd kâvnis an fdktobikoêæd ad sdld pdr bntois

pnsoads+

@dktn an JL Sortn Oérno Woiz Köaulds Otiv+ Kitrdjnkosn

Porioêæd-?)

-j bot+snfo) -j bot+snfo) Kõbnrd-7)

-j bot+ rnsfo) -bbdl F7M1$j kda$m)

Fdktobikoêæd -KF) 1 3,36 3,33 3,33 3,33 3,33

@dktn an Kitrdj+-@K) 7 k+s+ k+s+ 3,33 3,33 3,?0KF x @K = k+s+ 3,17 3,79 3,71 k+s+

Fdn`+Porioêæd >7,36 03,?6 69,:6 :1,33 ??:,1=-?) " Kõbnrds nb fdr ozul ikaifob sijki`ifotivd o ?., nb vnran o >. n nb vnrbnlmd kæd sijki`ifotivd+-7) " Aoads Qroks`drboads pnlo nquoêæd x ? " Os okïlisns aisfutiaos kd tnxtd nstæd firfukaoaos nb bojnkto

Oknxd III+G " Qnstn an Béaios an Qobgdril ikdfuload, fdb oaugoêæd kitrdjnkoao biknrol n snb`drknfibnktd an kitrdjåkid, nb fikfd kâvnis an fdktobikoêæd ad sdld pdr bntois pnsoads+

KF Sortn Oérno Woiz Köaulds Otiviaoan ao. Bot+Vnfo %% Bot+Vnfo %% Kõbnrd %% Bot+@rnsfo %% Kitrdjnkosn

%%3 3,90 o 3,>= o 6,17 o 3,39 o 1,19 og> 3,0? gf 3,>0 o 7,9> o 3,3: og :,07 o?3 3,=7 og 3,>> o 6,71 o 3,39 o 1,>: og73 3,:6 og 3,1? og 7,=6 og 3,3> og ?,>? g13 3,6: f 3,?7 g ?,?= g 3,3? g ?,33 g

@dktn an Köaulds Kitrdjåkid Kõbnrd %% Bot+@rnsfo %%Ikdfuload 6,>3 o 3,?3 o

K"Biknrol ?,0: g 3,37 gQnstnbukmo 6,3? o 3,3: o



Oknxd III+F " Okïlisn @otdriol aos voriïvnis anQibgduvo, ikdfuload, fdb oaugoêæd kitrdjnkoaobiknrol n snb `drknfibnktd an kitrdjåkid, nb fikfd kâvnis an fdktobikoêæd ad sdld pdr bntois

pnsoads+@dktn an JL Sortn Oérno Woiz Köaulds Otiv+ Kitrdjnkosn

Porioêæd-?)

-j bot+snfo) -j bot+snfo) Kõbnrd-7)

-j bot+ rnsfo) -bbdl F7M1$j kda$m)

Fdktobikoêæd -KF) 1 3,33 3,33 3,33 3,33 3,3?@dktn an Kitrdj+-@K) 7 3,33 3,?6 3,33 3,33 3,33

KF x @K = 3,?0 3,31 3,33 3,33 3,37

Fdn`+Porioêæd 7>,?1 >>,99 13,:= ?3?,=6 ?31,16-?) " Kõbnrds nb fdr ozul ikaifob sijki`ifotivd o ?. pnld tnstn an Quhny, nb vnran o >. n nb vnrbnlmd kædsijki`ifotivd+-7) " Aoads Qroks`drboads pnlo nquoêæd x ? " Os okïlisns aisfutiaos kd tnxtd nstæd firfukaoaos nb bojnkto

Oknxd III+A " Qnstn an Béaios aos voriïvnis an Qibgduvo, ikdfuload, fdb oaugoêæd kitrdjnkoao

biknrol n snb `drknfibnktd an kitrdjåkid, nb fikfd kâvnis an fdktobikoêæd ad sdld pdr bntois pnsoads+

Snsd ao Botério Vnfo ad Vistnbo Woaifulor

@tn+K \ Kiv+Fdkt+ 3. k+s+ >. k+s+ ?3. k+s+ 73. k+s+ 13. k+s+

Ikdfuload k+s+ ?,0> 3,:9 ?,7: 3,9? 3,>:

K"Biknrol % 3,=> OG ?,:1 OG 7,37 O ?,>? OG 3,07 G

Qnstnbukmo % ?,13 O ?,1: O 3,=: OG ?,3> OG 3,61 G

Kõbnrd an Köaulds

@tn+K \ Kiv+Fdkt+ 3. k+s+ >. %% ?3. %% 73. %% 13. k+s+

Ikdfuload %% 6,=6 OG 1,91 o O >,30 o O 6,:? o OG ?,3= G

K"Biknrol % ?,6: OG ?,0= g O ?,6? g OG ?,33 g G ?,33 G

Qnstnbukmo k+s+ 7,>9 7,19 og ?,?9 g ?,19 g ?,?1

Snsd ao Botério @rnsfo an Köaulds

@tn+K \ Kiv+Fdkt+ 3. k+s+ >. %% ?3. %% 73. % 13. k+s+

Ikdfuload %% 3,?7 OG 3,36 o O 3,71 o OG 3,77 o OG 3,33 G

K"Biknrol k+s+ 3,3? 3,37 g 3,3? g 3,33 g 3,33

Qnstnbukmo k+s+ 3,3= 3,?3 og 3,3? g 3,?6 og

Otiviaoan ao Kitrdjnkosn

@tn+K \ Kiv+Fdkt+ 3. k+s+ >. %% ?3. % 73. % 13. k+s+

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