apostila ingles interlagos

UNIVERSIDADE ESTÁCIO DE SÁ

CURSO

BÁSICO

DE

INGLÊS

NÍVEL 1

TURMAS DE INTERLAGOS

PROF.ª RITA DE CÁSSIA R. M. DE AZEVEDO

[email protected]

SUMMARY

LESSON 1 - TECHNIQUES OF READING ........................................................................................................................ 5

1- SKIMMING ..................................................................................................................................................................... 5

2- SCANNING ..................................................................................................................................................................... 5

400 ENGLISH WORDS IN A MINUTE ......................................................................................................................................... 5

FALSE FRIENDS .................................................................................................................................................................... 6

LESSON 2 - NUMBERS ................................................................................................................................................. 7

CARDINAL NUMBERS ............................................................................................................................................................ 7

ORDINAL NUMBERS ............................................................................................................................................................. 7

MONTHS OF THE YEAR .......................................................................................................................................................... 7

WEEKDAYS ......................................................................................................................................................................... 7

HOW TO READ A NUMBER ..................................................................................................................................................... 7

ASKING THE TIME ................................................................................................................................................................ 8

LESSON 3 - CONVERSATIONS .................................................................................................................................... 10

CONVERSATION 1 .............................................................................................................................................................. 10

CONVERSATION 2 - INTRODUCING YOURSELF .......................................................................................................................... 10

CONVERSATION 3 - MAKING A PHONE CALL ............................................................................................................................ 10

CONVERSATION 4 - GREETING SOMEONE ............................................................................................................................... 10

CONVERSATION 5 - MAKING A PHONE CALL ............................................................................................................................ 10

CONVERSATION 6 - GETTING TO KNOW YOU ........................................................................................................................... 10

LESSON 4 - PRONOUNS AND POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES .............................................................................................. 11

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS .............................................................................................................................................. 11

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS ....................................................................................................................................................... 11

TEXT: DO PARENTS KNOW THEIR KIDS? .................................................................................................................................. 12

LESSON 5 - INTERROGATIVE WORDS ........................................................................................................................ 14

RELATIVE PRONOUNS ......................................................................................................................................................... 15

LESSON 7 - AUXILIARY VERBS ................................................................................................................................... 18

CAN/ COULD .................................................................................................................................................................... 18

WILL/ WOULD ................................................................................................................................................................. 18

SHALL/ SHOULD ................................................................................................................................................................ 18

MAY/ MIGHT ................................................................................................................................................................... 18

MUST ............................................................................................................................................................................. 18

TASK ............................................................................................................................................................................... 21

LESSON 8 - PREPOSITIONS ........................................................................................................................................ 22

GENERAL APPLICATION ....................................................................................................................................................... 23

IDIOMS WITH PREPOSITIONS ................................................................................................................................................ 24

TASK ............................................................................................................................................................................... 25

LESSON 9 - DETERMINERS OF QUANTITY .................................................................................................................. 29

UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS ....................................................................................................................................................... 29

ADJECTIVES ...................................................................................................................................................................... 29

LESSON 10 - DETERMINERS OF FREQUENCY .............................................................................................................. 32

ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY .................................................................................................................................................... 32

ADVERBS OF INTENSITY ....................................................................................................................................................... 32

ADVERBS ENDING IN “LY” = ADJECTIVE + LY ........................................................................................................................... 32

LESSON 11 - HOW TO GET THERE? ............................................................................................................................ 34

THERE IS/ THERE ARE ......................................................................................................................................................... 34

CONVERSATIONS ............................................................................................................................................................... 35

LESSON 12 - MAIN VERBS ......................................................................................................................................... 36

1) REGULAR VERBS ............................................................................................................................................................ 36

2) IRREGULAR VERBS .......................................................................................................................................................... 36

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE ...................................................................................................................................................... 38

SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE ....................................................................................................................................................... 38

PASSIVE VOICE .................................................................................................................................................................. 39

LESSON 13 - SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES ........................................................................................................... 41

TO / TOO / TWO ............................................................................................................................................................... 41

TO BORROW / TO LEND ...................................................................................................................................................... 41

TO REMEMBER / TO REMIND................................................................................................................................................ 41

TO RAISE / TO RISE ............................................................................................................................................................. 41

MAY BE / MAYBE ............................................................................................................................................................... 41

ALL / EVERY / EACH............................................................................................................................................................ 41

TEXT: THE INTERNET .......................................................................................................................................................... 43

GLOSSARY OF TERMINOLOGY OF INTERNATIONAL MANAGEMENT .......................................................................... 44

MATERIAL SUPPORT TO THE STUDENT TEACHING .................................................................................................... 45

QUIZ ......................................................................................................................................................................... 45

4 Etec Paulistano – Centro Paula Souza – Prof.ª Rita de Cássia R. M. de Azevedo – [email protected]

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Y

Z

ei:

bi:

si:

di:

i:

éf

dji:

eitch

ai

djei

kei

él

ém

én

ou

pi:

kiu:

ar

és

ti:

iu:

vi:

dãbliu:

éks

uai

zi:

PRONUNTIATION (PRONÚNCIA)

Limb / Limp Um limb é o seu braço, perna, ou o galho principal

de uma árvore e o "b" é mudo.

Você limp quando você machuca sua perna ou pé. O "p"

é pronunciado.

Said / Set: pronunciar o "d" e o "t". Ex.: I

said I would set the table.

Said é o passado do verbo

to say (falar).

Set é um verbo que pode significar 'tornar pronto' ou

'colocar em uma posição específica'.

Zen / Then: pronunciar o "z" e o "th". Ex.: I

went to a class about Zen, then I went home.

Zen é uma forma de

meditação.

Then é um advérbio que significa 'naquele

momento', 'depois daquilo', ou 'naquele caso'.

Loose / Lose: pronunciar o "s" e "z". Ex.: My

ring is loose, I'm afraid I'll lose it.

Loose termina com um "s" suave e

significa 'não apertado'.

Quando você lose alguma coisa você não

consegue encontrá-la. Enfatise o "z" em lose.

Statue / Stature: o final soa como "chew" e

"chur". Ex.: We honor historical figures of

great stature with statues.

Uma statue é uma grande

escultura de um humano ou

animal.

Stature se refere à altura ou ao poder e

reputação de alguém.

Quite / Quiet / Quit: sons das

vogais. Ex.: I quit playing loud

music and now it's quite quiet.

Quite (kwite) costuma ser usada para

enfatizar - pode significar 'completamente',

'realmente' e 'a certo nível' (I'm quite alone,

I'm quite sure).

Quiet (kwi-et) quer

dizer 'pequeno barulho'

- como em uma

livraria.

Quit (kwit)

significa 'cessar',

'desistir' ou 'sair'


LESSON 1 - TECHNIQUES OF READING

Each person has his special and particular way of learning words in a foreign

language, including: copy the word several times or simply write it to memorize it,

listen and repeat the word; translate text or grouping them by theme.

Something very important in the study of new words is the organization: some

people write the words and hear the vocabulary whenever possible; others write the

words on pieces of paper or make lists of words.

Knowing a word is recognize it when it is written or spoken, reminding itself

when it is needed. It is also important to know the meaning of the word, making the

associations between positive or negative.

TIPS: Read and memorize some words. Using cards, write in one side the word

in English and in other side in Portuguese. Use a dictionary.

1- Skimming

Skimming is a high speed

reading process and involves

visually searching the sentences

of a page for clues to meaning. It

is mainly used when researching

and getting an overall idea of the

text and results in a lower

comprehension rate.

2- Scanning

Scanning involves moving

your eyes quickly down the

page seeking specific words and

phrases. Is a technique you

often use when looking up a

word in the telephone book or

dictionary. You search for key

words or ideas. It is a reading

ability at high speed

400 English words in a minute

The text below is excerpted from an email circulating on the Internet and has some interesting information:

DADE capacidade TY capacity ÊNCIA eloquência ENCE eloquence

cidade city essência essence

naturalidade naturality frequência frequence

simplicidade simplicity reverência reverence

velocidade velocity AL fatal AL fatal

ÇÃO nação TION nation natural natural

naturalização naturalization sensual sensual

observação observation total total

sensação sensation

simplificação simplification

MENTE naturalmente LY naturally

oralmente orally

totalmente totally

1) Derive adverbs from the given adjectives:

Actual Heavy (pesado)

Angry (furioso) Kind (amável)

Beautiful Natural

Extreme Patient

Fluent Quick (rápido)

Frequent Real

Gradual Slow (vagaroso)


2) Rewrite these sentences. Follow the example:

Mr. Taylor is a rapid worker. He works RAPIDLY.

(Taylor é um trabalhador rápido. Ele trabalha rapidamente.)

a) That programmer is a careful driver (Esse programador é um motorista cuidadoso).

_______________________________________________________________________________________

b) Those analysts are slow writers (Esses analistas são escritoires lentos).

_______________________________________________________________________________________

c) Brenda is a hasty analyst (Brenda é uma analista apressada).

_______________________________________________________________________________________

d) John is an attentive operator (John é um operador atento).

_______________________________________________________________________________________

False friends

These are words that occur in modern English with similar spelling in Portuguese - usually derived from

the Latin - which over the years have acquired different meanings to translate them into Portuguese.

English Portuguese Portuguese English

actually na verdade atualmente currently

advise aconselhar avisar warn

army exército arma gun, weapon

assess avaliar, estimar, calcular acesso access

assist ajudar, auxiliar assistir watch

cigar charuto cigarro cigarette

collar colarinho, gola colar necklace

college universidade, faculdade colégio school

conceit vaidade, presunção conceito concept

deception fraude, engano decepção disappointment

educated instruído, culto educado, cortês polite

exit saída êxito success

expert perito, especialista esperto smart

guitar violão guitarra electric guitar

hazard risco, dano, mal, perigo azar mischance, jinx

large grande largo broad, wide

lecture conferência, palestra leitura reading

library biblioteca livraria bookstore

notice notar, perceber, reparar notícia news

policy diplomacia, política polícia police

pretend fingir pretender intend

push empurrar puxar pull

realize perceber, dar-se conta realizar accomplish, achieve

respite repouso, intervalo, trégua respeito respect

resume recomeçar, retomar resumir sum up, summarize

retire aposentar-se retirar remove

sensible ajuizado, sensato sensível sensitive

terrific extraordinário, impressionante terrível terrible

traduce caluniar, difamar, criticar traduzir translate


LESSON 2 - NUMBERS

Cardinal numbers

1 = one 5 = five 9 = nine 13 = thirteen 17 = seventeen

2 = two 6 = six 10 = ten 14 = fourteen 18 = eighteen

3 = three 7 = seven 11 = eleven 15 = fifteen 19 = nineteen

4 = four 8 = eight 12 = twelve 16 = sixteen 20 = twenty

21 = twenty-one

30 = thirty 70 = seventy

40 = forty 80 = eighty 1,000 = one thousand

50 = fifty 90 = ninety 10,000 = ten thousand

60 = sixty 100 = one hundred 100,000 = one hundred thousand 1,000,000,000 = one billion

200 = two hundred 1,000,000 = one million 1,000,000,000,000 = one trillion

Ordinal numbers

1st = first 6

th = sixth 11

th = eleventh 16

th = sixteenth 21

st = twenty-first

2nd

= second 7th = seventh 12

th = twelfth 17

th = seventeenth 30

th = thirtieth

3rd

= third 8th = eighth 13

th = thirteenth 18

th = eighteenth 40

th = fortieth

4th = fourth 9

th = ninth 14

th = fourteenth 19

th = nineteenth 50

th = fiftieth

5th = fifth 10

th = tenth 15

th = fifteenth 20

th = twentieth 60

th = sixtieth

HOW TO READ A DATE:

June 9th, 1941 June ninth, nineteen forty-one.

November 16th, 2010 November sixteenth, two thousand (and) ten.

Months of the year Weekdays

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

How to read a number

Question: What room is Margaret in? Answer: Margaret is in room…

103 – one-oh-three. 107 – one-oh-seven. 162 – one sixty-two.

431 – four thirty-one. 658 – six fifty-eight. 815 – eight fifteen.

319 – three nineteen. 2318 – twenty-three eighteen. 2517 – twenty-five seventeen.


Asking the time

“What time…” refers to the hours – clock. Example: What time is your class?

Question: What time is it? Answer: It‟s half past three. (3h30min)

10h10min – It‟s ten after ten. 8h45min – It‟s a quarter to nine.

7h10min – It‟s ten after seven. 13h50min – It‟s ten to two.

3h15min – It‟s a quarter after three 10h55min – It‟s five to eleven.

6h05min – It‟s five after six. 12h45min – It‟s a quarter to one.

16h20min – It‟s twenty after four. 5h – It‟s five o‟clock.

a.m. p.m.

12 12 12

midnight

noon

midnight

(before noon) (after noon)

EXERCISE:

1) Answer these questions with the numbers in the brackets, as in the model:

How much is this personal computer? ($790.00)

It is seven hundred (and) ninety dollars.

a) How much is this cell phone? ($250.00)

_______________________________________________________________________________________

b) How much is this fax machine? ($308.00)

_______________________________________________________________________________________


c) How much is this TV? ($1,420.00)

_______________________________________________________________________________________

d) How much is this laptop? ($2,200.00)

_______________________________________________________________________________________

e) How much is this DVD player? ($565.00)

_______________________________________________________________________________________

2) Answer the following questions with the numbers in the brackets.

a) What's your phone number? (270-3941)

_______________________________________________________________________________________

b) What's Peter's cell phone number? (579-6231)

_______________________________________________________________________________________

c) What's Angela's telephone number? (481-0597)

_______________________________________________________________________________________

d) What's the phone number of the hotel? (286-3047)

_______________________________________________________________________________________

e) What's the law firm's fax number? (265-8019)

_______________________________________________________________________________________

3) Give complete answer for these questions:

a) What‟s your telephone number?

_______________________________________________________________________________________

b) What‟s your address?

_______________________________________________________________________________________

4) Ask and answer the questions as in the model:

a) (you, 12/24) When were you born? I was born on December twenty-fourth.

b) (Douglas and Michel, 8/13) ______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

c) (your mother, 11/28/1967) _______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

d) (Richard, 9/5/1990) _____________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

5) Maggie is the customer service representative at a wholesale store. Listen to her talking to a purchasing

agent, Tom, who always wants better discounts: a) We give 1% off on orders of more than ten units. Only

1%? Can‟t you give me a 2% discount?

b) We give 2% off on orders of more than twenty units. __________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

c) We give 3% off on orders of more than thirty units. ___________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

d) We give 4% off on orders of more than forty units. ____________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________


LESSON 3 - CONVERSATIONS

Conversation 1

A: Excuse me. What time is it?

B: It‟s ___________________.

A: Are you sure?

B: Yes, I am.

A: Oh, no! I‟m late.

Bye. Thanks!

B: Bye, bye.

Conversation 2 - Introducing yourself

A: Hi. I'm _________.

B: Hi, _______. Nice to meet you.

A: Nice to meet you, too.

What's your name?

B: My name's ______________

A: Can you spell your first name,

please?

(or How do you spell your first

name, please?)

B: Yes. It's X-X-X-X

A: Thank you!

B: You're welcome.

Conversation 3 - Making a phone call A: Hello, John? This is Jane. I

just found a brown wallet on my

desk at work. Is it yours?

B: No. Unfortunately, it isn't

mine. Mine is black.

But it might be Mary's. She

lost hers, too.

A: Okay. I'll call her right away.

B: I hope it's hers. She was very

upset when she lost it.

Conversation 4 - Greeting someone A: Hi, __________. How's

everything?

B: Fine, thanks. How are you?

A: Great! (or Fine! O.K.! Pretty

good! Not bad!)

Who's that?

B: That's my brother.

A: He's very good-looking.

(handsome, cute = gracinha)

She‟s very beautiful. (or so

pretty)

B: I‟d like to introduce my brother.

A: Nice to meet you.

C: Nice to meet you, too. (or I‟m

pleased to meet you)

A: Thank you. (or Thanks)

C: You‟re welcome.

Conversation 5 - Making a phone call A: Hello?

B: Hello. Is __________ there?

A: No. He / She isn't here right

now.

He / She is at the bank

A: Hello?


A: Yes, He/ She is. Just a minute,

please. (or Just a moment, please.)

A: Hello?


A: This is _________.

B: Hi, _______. This is _______

Conversation 6 - Getting to know you A: So, where do you live?

B: I live in São Paulo.

And you?

A: Me too. I live at 503,

Ipanema Street.

B: Oh, really? And where are

you from?

A: I'm from Minas Gerais.

B: How old are you?

A: I'm thirty three.

B: Who‟s that?

A: That‟s my brother.

B: He‟s very good-looking

A: Thank you.

Well, nice talking to you.

EXERCISE:

1) Answer these questions:

What color is John's wallet? ________________________________________________________________

What did Mary lose at work? _______________________________________________________________

Is the wallet Mary's? ______________________________________________________________________

2) Choose a word below and fill up in the gaps with word / expression with similar meaning:

sunshine usually

mainly issue

wild everybody

waking seldom

stand for freedom

likely quickly

a) matter _________ e) rarely _______________ i) light of the sun ___________

b) everyone _______ f) principally ___________ j) represent ________________

c) commonly ______ g) not domesticated ______ k) not sleeping _____________

d) rapidly _________ h) liberty ______________ l) probably ________________


LESSON 4 - PRONOUNS AND POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES

GENERAL FRAMEWORK:

Number Person Subject

Pronouns

Object

Pronouns

Reflexive

Pronouns

Possessive

Pronouns

Possessive

Adjectives

Singular 1st

I me myself mine my

Singular 2nd

you you yourself yours your

Singular 3rd

he him himself his his

Singular 3rd

she her herself hers her

Singular 3rd

it - itself - its

Plural 1st

we us ourselves ours our

Plural 2nd

you you yourselves yours your

Plural 3rd

they them themselves theirs their

I X Me

The first refers to the person performing the

action of a verb:

I want to go (Eu quero ir).

This is the one I like (Isto é o que eu gosto).

You and I need to get ready (Você e eu precisamos

ficar prontos).

Tom and I are going to the movies (Tom e eu

estamos indo ao cinema.)

If John and I get married, we'll have two kids (Se

John e eu nos casarmos, vamos ter dois filhos).

The second refers to the person that the action of

a verb is being done to, or to which a preposition

refers:

David told me to leave (David disse-me para sair).

He gave me ten dollars (Ele me deu dez dólares).

Between you and me, this is a bad idea (Entre você e

eu, esta é uma má idéia).

She needs to talk to Joe or me (Ela precisa falar com

Joe ou comigo).

He told me to get ready (Ele me disse para ficar

pronto).

Note: Don't use a subject pronoun and object pronoun together: “Him and I” or “He and me” are WRONG!

The correct is: He and I are going to town. (Ele e eu estamos indo para a cidade).

She told him and me the truth. (Ela disse a ele e a mim a verdade).

Use the reflexive pronouns when both the author and the receiver of the action are the same: Your kids are

old enough to take care of themselves. (Seus filhos têm idade suficiente para cuidar de si) / She hurt herself

(Ela se feriu).

Use: Singular reflexive pronouns end in –self. Plural reflexive pronouns end in –selves.

Demonstrative Pronouns

this = este(a) these = estes(as) such = tal this / that = esse(a)

these / those = esses(as) that = aquele(a) those = aqueles(as)

Indefinite Pronouns

as much = quanto as much = tanto everybody = todo(s), toda(s)

few = pouco(s), pouca(s) many = muito(s), muita(s) other = outro

various = vários(as) whatever = qualquer / quaisquer

nobody = nenhum(a), nenhuns, nenhumas somebody = algum(a), alguns, algumas


Text: Do parents know their kids?

There are now 31 million kids in the 12-to-19 age group, and demographers predict that there will be

35 million teens by 2010, a population bulge bigger than even the baby boom at ______ (I) peak. In many

ways, these teens are uniquely privileged. They‟ve grown up in a period of sustained prosperity and haven‟t

had to worry about the draft (as _______ (II) fathers did) or cataclysmic global conflicts (as ________ (III)

grandparents did). Cable and Internet _______ (IV) them access to an almost infinite amount of information.

In survey after survey, many kids – even those on the honor roll – say that they feel increasingly alone

and alienated, unable to connect with ______ (V) parents, teachers, and sometimes even classmates. They‟re

desperate for guidance, and when they don‟t get _______ (VI) they need at home or in school, they immerse

themselves in a universe out of their parents‟ reach, a world defined by computer games, TV and movies,

______ (VII) brutality is so common it __________ (VIII) mundane.

Predict = predizer.

Bulge = crescimento, aumento exagerado.

Baby Boom = qualquer período onde o coeficiente

de natalidade cresce de forma acentuada e anormal.

Peak = pico.

Uniquely = excepcionalmente.

Sustained = sustentada.

The draft = o projeto.

Cataclysmic = cataclísmico.

Amount = quantidade.

Survey = pesquisa.

Honor roll = quadro de honra.

Unable = incapaz.

Guindance = orientação.

Brutality = brutalidade.

EXERCISE:

1) The following questions refer to the text:

A) The gaps I, II, III, V must be satisfied, respectively, by:

a) their – its – theirs - it

b) its – their– their – their

c) it – them – its - them

d) their – itself – ours - ours

e) them – their – them - their

B) Gaps IV and VIII shall be satisfied, respectively, by:

a) given - become

b) has given – have become

c) have given – has become

d) gave – had become

e) did give – did become

C) VI and VII gaps must be filled, respectively, by:

a) which – what

b) where – where

c) whose – which

d) what – where

e) whose – what

2) Using Possessive Pronouns, answer these questions like the models:

A) David‟s company is going to get a baseball team together to play on Saturday‟s against other companies

in their industry (A empresa de David irá formar um time de beisebol para jogar no sábado contra outras

empresas em sua indústria.). The jerseys they asked for just arrived (As camisetas que eles pediram

acabaram de chegar.). Listen to David and his secretary. (Ouça a David e sua secretária.) Which jersey is

Jack‟s? Here. This one is his. (Que camisa é do Jack? Aqui. Esta é dele.)

a) Which jersey is Ann‟s? __________________________________________________________________

b) Which jersey is yours? __________________________________________________________________

c) Which jersey is Stan‟s? __________________________________________________________________

d) Which jersey is mine? ___________________________________________________________________


e) Which jersey is Rhoda‟s? ________________________________________________________________

f) Which jersey is Mike‟s? _________________________________________________________________

B) Eric works in enginnering at a manufacturing company (Eric trabalha em uma empresa de Engenharia de

produção). Listen to him showing some photos to his friend who works in finance (Ouça-o mostrando

algumas fotos para o seu amigo que trabalha na área financeira.). Look. Here‟s a photo of the Hansons‟

new house. But there are two houses. Which one is theirs? (Veja. Aqui está uma foto da casa nova dos

Hansons. Mas existem duas casas. Qual delas é deles?)

a) Look. Here‟s a photo of our company‟s new. _________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

b) Look. Here‟s a photo of Bill‟s new car. _____________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

c) Look. Here‟s a photo of Amy‟s new restaurant. _______________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

d) Look. Here‟s a photo of my new house. _____________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

e) Look. Here‟s a photo of Dan and Donna‟s new laptop. _________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

f) Look. Here‟s a photo of our company‟s new TV. ______________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

3) Answer these questions:

a) What's your last name? __________________________________________________________________

b) What does your last (or first) name mean? ___________________________________________________

You can try to find out at Behindthename.com, or any other name-meaning site.

4) Choose the opposites and answer these questions:

a) Are you single or married? _______________________________________________________________

b) Are you heavy (fat) or thin? ______________________________________________________________

c) Are you tall or short? ___________________________________________________________________

d) Are these questions easy or difficult? _______________________________________________________

e) Is your house large (big) or small (little)? ____________________________________________________

f) Is the food at Outback Steakhouse expensive or cheap? _________________________________________

g) Are your neighbors noisy (loud) or quiet? ___________________________________________________

h) Is your father rich or poor? _______________________________________________________________

i) Is your car new or old? __________________________________________________________________

j) Are you young or old? ___________________________________________________________________


LESSON 5 - INTERROGATIVE WORDS 1) Interrogative adverbs: WHY, WHEN, WHERE, HOW (Por que?, Quando?, Onde?, Como?)

Why are you sad? Because my mother went to live in another city. (Por que você está triste? Porque minha

mãe foi morar em outra cidade.)

Why did you miss the class yesterday? Because I was sick. (Por que você perdeu a aula ontem? Porque eu

estava doente.)

When is your birthday? (Quando é seu aniversário?)

When did you go there? I went there last Friday. (Quando você foi lá? Fui lá na sexta-feira.)

Where do you study? (Onde você estuda?)

Where did you leave my book? I left it on your desk. (Onde você deixou o meu livro? Eu deixei ele em sua

mesa.)

How do you come here? I come here by bus. (Como que você vem aqui? Eu venho aqui de ônibus.)

How is the weather in New York? It‟s sunny (cloudy, raining, snowing, cool, hot). (Como está o clima em

Nova Iorque? Está ensolarado (nublado, chuvoso, nevando, frio, quente)

2) How + adject or adverb:

HOW OFTEN, HOW OLD, HOW LONG, HOW FAR, HOW WIDE, HOW TALL, HOW THICK

(Quantas vezes, Qual é a idade, Quanto tempo, Quão longe, Quão grande, Quão alto, Quão espesso)

How often do you go to the movies? (Com que frequência você vai ao cinema?)

How often do you go to school? (Com que frequência você vai à escola?)

How old are you? (Quantos anos você tem?)

How old is your sister? (Quantos anos tem sua irmã?)

How long have you studied English? (Quanto tempo você tem estudado Inglês?)

How far is the town? It's 2 miles from here. (Qual é a distância para a cidade? É duas milhas daqui.)

How far did you go? (Até onde você foi?)

How wide is the land? It's 30 yards wide. (Qual é a extensão da terra? Tem 30 jardas de extensão.)

How tall is the building? It's 150 feet tall. (Qual é a altura do prédio? Tem 150 pés de altura.)

How tall are you? (Qual é a sua altura?)

How thick is the wall? It's 1 inches thick. (Qual é a espessura da parede? É 1 cm de espessura.)

3) Interrogative pronouns and adjectives: WHO, WHOM, WHOSE, WHICH, WHAT

(Quem, A quem, De quem, Qual, Qual/O que)

Who is that boy? He is my cousin. (Quem é esse menino? Ele é meu primo.)

Who locked the door? (Quem trancou a porta?)

Who/ Whom did you meet yesterday? (Quem /A quem você conheceu ontem?)

To whom did you speak this morning? (Para quem você falou esta manhã?)

Who did you speak to? (Para quem você falou?)

Whose glasses are these? They are mine. (De quem são estes óculos? Eles são meus.)

Which of your brothers is the eldest? (Qual dos seus irmãos é o mais velho?)

What is he? He‟s an engineer. (O que ele é? Ele é um engenheiro.)

What do you want? I want some coffee. (O que você quer? Eu quero um café.)

Which color do you like best? Red or blue? (Que cor você mais gosta? Vermelho ou azul?)

What color do you like best? (Que cor você gosta mais?)

What color is your car? It‟s blue (light blue, dark blue, yellow, red, green, orange, purple, brown, black,

pink, gray (or grey), white). (Qual é a cor do seu carro? É azul (azul claro, azul escuro, amarelo, vermelho,

verde, laranja, roxo, marrom, preto, rosa, cinza, branco).)

Red usually symbolises heat, passion, fire and anger.

Yellow and orange are considered positive colors, representing sunshine. They stand for optimism and joy.

Blue is the color that represents our emotions and moods.

Black may reflect a feeling of depression and sadness.

White is likely that you are feeling hopefulness and self-confident.

Purple is considered the color of authority. It may suggest justice or a need to be more humble.


Vermelho geralmente simboliza fúria, paixão, fogo e raiva.

Amarelo e laranja são as cores consideradas positivas, representando a luz do sol. Elas significam otimismo e alegria.

Azul é a cor que representa nossas emoções e humores.

Black pode refletir um sentimento de depressão e tristeza.

Branco é como se você está sentindo esperança e auto-confiança.

Roxo é considerada a cor da autoridade. Ela pode sugerir a justiça ou a necessidade de ser mais humilde.

Relative pronouns

The relative pronoun refers to a noun (a thing, an animal or a person) previously mentioned and is used

to link sentences.

Person

Subject

Object who (that)

Quem? (pronome interrogativo)

Quem, que, o(a) qual, aquele(a) que

(pronome relativo)

Object whom (that) Quem, que, o(a) qual, os(as) quais

Things

Animals

Subject

Object which (that)

Qual, quais, que, o que, qualquer

Person

Things

Animals

Possessive whose De quem? (pronome interrogativo)

cujo(s), cuja(s) (pronome relativo)

O garoto que você conheceu ontem é meu irmão.

The boy who you met yesterday is my brother.

A mulher da qual eu estou falando é minha mãe.

The woman about whom I‟m talking is my mother.

The boy whom you met yesterday is my brother. The woman whom I‟m talking about is my mother.

The boy that you met yesterday is my brother. The woman who I‟m talking about is my mother.

The boy you met yesterday is my brother.

O garoto que acabou de chegar é meu irmão.

The woman that I‟m talking about is my mother.

The woman I‟m talking about is my mother.

The boy who has just arrived is my brother. O livro que você está procurando é raro.

O vestido que ela comprou é adorável.

The dress which she has bought is lovely.

The dress that she has bought is lovely.

The dress she has bought is lovely.

The book for which you‟re looking is rare.

The book which you‟re looking for is rare.

The book that you‟re looking for is rare.

The book you‟re looking for is rare.

O cão que tem uma coleira preta é meu.

The dog which has a black collar is mine.

Aquela casa cujas janelas estão abertas.

That house whose windows are open.

O homem cuja esposa está de azul é um advogado.

The man whose wife is in blue is a lawyer.

Note: preposition + Whom preposition + Which Whose + noun

EXERCISE:

1) Rewrite each sentence replacing THAT for WHO or WHICH:

a) A green belt is an area around a city that stops cities spreading into the countryside. (Um cinturão verde é

uma área em torno de uma cidade que não permite que as cidades se espalhem no campo.) ______________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

b) People that are physically active usually feel stronger. (Pessoas fisicamente ativas geralmente sentem-se

mais fortes.) _____________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

c) Leaders that encourage their followers to engage in wars should go to jail. (Líderes que encorajam seus

seguidores a se envolver em guerras deve ir para a cadeia.) _______________________________________


_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

d) Is there a definition of religion that can be accepted by everybody? (Existe uma definição de religião que

pode ser aceita por todos?) _________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

2) Complete with WHO, WHAT or WHICH:

a) _________ picture do you prefer, this or that?

(Qual quadro que você prefere, este ou aquele?)

b) _________ painted that picture?

(Quem pintou este quadro?)

c) _________ is the matter?

(Qual é o problema?)

d) _________ arrived first?

(Quem chegou primeiro?)

e) _________ is wrong with that exercise?

(O que há de errado com esse exercício?)

f) _________ of these books is yours?

(Qual desses livros é o seu?)

g) _________ went to London with you?

(Quem foi para Londres com você?)

h) _________ language is the easiest to learn?

(Que língua é mais fácil de aprender?)

3) Choose the correct option for each sentence:

The author ___ plays are famous, has gone to London. (O autor cujas peças são famosas, foi para Londres.)

a) whom b) who c) whose d) what e) which

The Milton Nascimento‟s latest record, ____ I bought yesterday, is extraordinary. (O último disco de Milton

Nascimento, que eu comprei ontem, é extraordinário.)

a) who b) whom c) what d) which e) whose

The Titanic was going very fast, ____ was dangerous. (O Titanic estava indo muito rápido, o que era

perigoso.)

a) which b) what c) that d) it e) who

____ did they go to Europe? By ship, I suppose. (Como é que eles foram para a Europa? De navio, eu

suponho.)

a) How long b) Where c) When d) How e) What time

4) Join these sentences using WHO, WHOM, WHICH or WHOSE. Follow the example:

Look for the words. + The words are similar to the Portuguese.

Look for the words which are similar to the Portuguese.

(Procure as palavras que são semelhantes aos Português)

a) Religion has to be adjusted to the times. + We live in these times. (A religião tem de ser ajustada aos

tempos em que vivemos.) ___________________________________________________________________

b) Ask these questions to a classmate. + The classmate is next to you. (Faça estas perguntas a um colega que

está ao seu lado.) ________________________________________________________________________

c) The ecologists are setting goals. + These goals are a challenge to society. (Os ecologistas estão

estabelecendo metas que são um desafio para a sociedade.) _______________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________


d) London had some space problems. + The solution to these problems was the creation of a green belt.

(Londres tinha alguns problemas de espaço que a solução foi a criação de um cinturão verde.)

_______________________________________________________________________________________

e) He was a tourist. + His credit card had expired. (Ele era um turista, cujo cartão de crédito tinha expirado.)

_______________________________________________________________________________________

f) Our coach is a man. + My sister would go out with him. (Nosso treinador é um homem com quem a minha

irmã iria sair.) ___________________________________________________________________________

g) What is the name of the artist? + He painted “Monalisa”. (Qual é o nome do artista que pintou a

"Monalisa"?) ___________________________________________________________________________

h) Valery is not the girl. + The girl has traveled to India. (Valery não é a menina que viajou para a Índia.)

_______________________________________________________________________________________

5) Underline the relative pronouns which can be omitted in these sentences:

a) I believe in a supreme Power that has created the world. (Eu acredito em um poder supremo que criou o

mundo.)

b) The travel agency which sold me the ticket gave a discount. (A agência de viagens que me vendeu o

bilhete deu um desconto.)

c) Paint the pot which you had carefully decorated with beans. (Pinte o pote que você tinha cuidadosamente

decorado com feijão.)

d) The sculpture that the artist showed us reveals his great talent. (A escultura que a artista nos mostrou

revela seu grande talento.)

e) No, this is not the same person that I saw at the party. (Não, esta não é a mesma pessoa que eu vi na

festa.)

f) Joel selected the sentences which he could understand. Then he showed them to the student that was next

to him. (Joel selecionou as frases que ele pode entender. Então, ele mostrou-as para o estudante que estava

perto dele.)


LESSON 7 - AUXILIARY VERBS In English, auxiliary verbs are verbs that only occur in the presence of another verb. The most common are

verb to be, to do and to have.

Can/ Could

Can = Poder, ser capaz de, ter a faculdade de, ter a possibilidade de, ter a autorização para, estar em

condições de.

Could imperative of CAN.

Negative: I can not (I can‟t) (= não posso).

Afirmative: He could have done it (= ele podia tê-lo feito).

As sure as can be (= com toda certeza, certamente, sem dúvida).

As happy as happy could be (= sobremodo feliz).

Will/ Would

Will = querer, desejar, estar inclinado ou disposto a.

Auxiliary verb used in the formation of the future and conditional in 2nd

and 3rd

persons.

It will be good (= será bom). / She will leave tomorrow (= ela partirá amanhã).

Would = past of WILL. Used in the formation of the conditional in 2nd and 3rd persons. / Would you

mind? (=Você se importaria?)

Every day my father would go for a walk (= meu pai costumava dar um passeio todos os dias).

He would smoke his pipe in the evening (= todas as noites ele costumava fumar seu cachimbo).

Woulda (EUA coloquial) contraction of WOULD HAVE.

Shall/ Should

Shall = dever. As auxiliary verb indicates:

a) future time.

b) a promise or determination.

Afirmative: I shall come (= virei)

Interrogative: Shall I call him? (= devo chamá-lo?)

Should imperative of TO SHALL (= tem, dever, indica conselho) (= deveria).

Advice (= conselho): You should study more. (= Você deveria estudar mais).

You shouldn‟t believe everything you read in the newspapers. (= Você não deveria acreditar em tudo que

você lê nos jornais).

Interrogative: Should I tell her or should I not?

Negative: I should not do that if I were you (= não faria isto se eu fosse você).

May/ Might

May (= Poder) indicates uncertainty / to be allowed to (= para ser autorizado a).

a) Possibility: It may rain today. (= Pode ser que chova hoje). / It may not rain today. (= Pode ser que não

chova hoje).

b) Permission: May smoke here? (= Pode fumar aqui?)

Might = past of May. (= poderia). Remote possibility: It might rain this weekend. (= É capaz de chover no

próximo fim de semana).

Must

Must (= tem, dever, indica obrigação).

a) Obligation / Necessity: You must stop smoking. (= Você tem que parar de fumar). / Must you stop

smoking? (= Você tem que parar de fumar?)

b) Dedution: He must be very rich. (= Ele deve ser muito rico).

c) Prohibition: You mustn't get out of bed. = Você não pode sair da cama.

OUGHT TO (= tem, devia, indica advertência).


USED TO (como habitual, equivalente ao pretérito imperfeito do português).

HAVE TO: We used to say that it is really necessary to do something. „Have to‟ is impersonal, or is used to

facts and not to express feelings.

You can‟t turn right here. / You have to turn left. (Você não pode virar a direita aqui. / Você tem de virar à

esquerda).

My eyesight isn‟t very good. / I have to wear glasses for reading. (Minha visão não está muito boa. / Eu

tenho de usar óculos para ler).

NEED TO (only in negative and interrogative forms).

DARE TO (= ousar) / be allowed (= ser permitido).

EXERCISE:

1) Supply the interrogative and the negative:

a) You can add sugar to your coffee.

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

b) They must work from eight to five.

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

c) She must be home before midnight.

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

d) Many communities can treat their water with fluorine.

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

e) You must swim three hours a day.

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

2) Fill in the blanks using CAN or MUST:

a) I ____________ study today because I have a test tomorrow.

b) My sister _____________ play tennis very well.

c) We _____________ wash our clothes; they are very dirty.

d) My father ___________ get up at seven every day because he works in the morning.

e) Joel ___________ swim two kilometers.

3) Fill in the blanks using MAY or MUSTN'T:

a) She is very young. She _______________ go out in the evening.

b) It _______________ rain today.

c) They _______________ arrive late. Their car is broken.

d) The children _______________ watch that film. It's very violent.

e) The party starts at 9. We _______________ arrive there after 9.


4) Complete with CAN, MAY, MUST or MUSTN'T:

a) In the future people _______________ travel to Mars. (possibility)

b) We _______________ reduce air pollution to a safe level. (obligation)

c) Scientists _______________ give precise weather forecasts. (capacity)

d) You _______________ damage the garden. (prohibition)

e) They _______________ see their schedule now. (permission)

f) I _______________ take the next train to Rio de Janeiro. (obligation)

g) We _______________ order cheap beer from that store. (possibility)

h) He lives in the country. He _______________ be a farmer. (deduction)

i) She _______________ waste her time with that experiment. (prohibition)

j) My sister ____________ dance rock-and-roll very well. (capacity)

5) Supply CAN or COULD:

a) Paul ___________ play the violin when he was young.

b) We ___________ go to the restaurant after the game today.

c) I ___________ see Jane in the concert last week.

d) My parents ___________ travel to Italy last year.

e) ___________ you get an invitation for the opera in the afternoon?

f) ___________ she read this book in two days?

g) They ___________ speak English and French very well.

h) ___________ I help you?

i) Water ___________ turn into ice.

6) Pass the following sentences to conditional (would):

a) The boys eat cake. ________________________________________________

b) The teacher plays the piano._________________________________________

c) Mike works at home._______________________________________________

d) He likes to wash the car.____________________________________________

7) Refhrase each sentence by using MAY, MUST or COULD:

a) Are people allowed to take photos in this museum? (As pessoas estão autorizadas a tirar fotos nesse

museu?) ________________________________________________________________________________

b) You have to study hard if you want to pass. (Você tem que estudar muito se quiser passar.)

_______________________________________________________________________________________

c) Yesterday Guga was not able to play so well. (Guga ontem não foi capaz de jogar tão bem.)

_______________________________________________________________________________________

d) He is probably very tired after working so much. (Ele provavelmente está cansado depois de trabalhar

tanto.) _________________________________________________________________________________


Task

Subject: Professions and Jobs. What do they have to do?

The subject of this task is the daily routines for certain professions: what 'we do routinely,' what 'we do out

of obligation' and what we are 'prohibited from doing‟. For example:

HAVE TO:

I have to get up early on Mondays and Wednesdays.

You don‟t have to copy the lesson now.

MUST:

I must finish my homework before my father arrives.

Must we answer all the 60 questions?

MUSTN’T:

You mustn‟t walk on the grass.

We mustn‟t cross the street here.

Activity: Presentation of a seminar held in groups.

Each group will randomly select a profession or occupation and establish ten sentences (two sentences for

each component of the group: HAVE TO, MUST and MUSTN‟T) with the professional activities that have

to do routinely, others who are obliged to do, and others are forbidden to do.

After checking the correctness of the task, the group will present their work to the class. The work will be

finalized in the Power Point program and may have photos, drawings or pictures, which will make the

presentations more dynamic and interesting.

Evaluation: We will evaluate your posture and oral presentation of each student. If the student does not have

the ability in speaking the English language, he or she can read only the translation into Portuguese.

Professions or occupations:

Baker / Cook / Chef

Bus driver / Pilot

Dentist

Film director

Genetic engineer

Hairdresser

Interior designer / architect

Journalist

Lawyer

Manager

Marine biologist

Musician

Nurse/ doctor / psychologist

Salesperson / Clerk

Secretary / receptionist

Soldier

Teacher

Tourist guide

Veterinary (Vet)


LESSON 8 - PREPOSITIONS The prepositions in English have a much wider use, with each of them expressing: time, place,

possession, purpose, content, price, etc. These are the most important of the English Language:

about por volta de, a cerca de, sobre, a respeito de, quase, aproximadamente, em todo

lugar, por toda parte time / place

above acima de, num nível superior, mais alto, maior em nº, preço, peso, etc. place

across através de, de um lado para o lado oposto place

after depois de, após time

against contra purpose

along ao longo de (acompanhar o sentido de) place

among entre (várias pessoas ou coisas), cercado por, no meio de place

around / round em volta de, em torno de, cercar, rodear, por toda parte, em todo lugar place

at a, em (indica o local exato, específico) time / place

away afastado de, longe de, fora place

back atrás, para trás, (posição traseira) place

before antes de, em frente a time

behind atrás de, na parte de trás place

below abaixo de, num nível inferior, mais baixo que place

beside ao lado de place

besides além de, bem como purpose

between entre (duas coisas ou pessoas) place

beyond mais tarde que; além de, mais longe que time / place

but = except exceto purpose

by por, com, perto de, de ( meios de locomoção; autoria; agente da voz passiva) place

down para baixo, abaixo, de cima para baixo, na parte mais baixa place

during durante time

far (from) longe de, distante de as far as = até place

for por, durante, para, a fim de time

forward adiante, para frente place

from desde, de (origem, procedência), o início, o ponto de partida, causa, razão, motivo,

separado de, distante de time / place / purpose

in em, dentro de, adentro, (posição interior) time / place

in front of na frente de, em frente de place

inside dentro de place

into para dentro de, em (para verbos de movimento), mudança de estado ou condição;

resultado; divisão em partes place / content

like como, igual, a semelhança de purpose

near perto de, próximo a place

next to próximo de; ao lado de place

of de (posse, entre vários) possession

off = not on fim da ação, para fora de purpose / place

on início da ação, sobre, em cima de (em contato com a superfície) purpose / time / place

out of fora de, (posição exterior), sem place / possession

outside fora de, do lado de fora place

over verticalmente sobre, bem em cima de (sem contato com a superfície), por toda parte,

mais de (nº, preço, peso, etc.), por cima de, superioridade place / possession

past depois de, além de, diante de time

since desde time

toward(s) em direção a, para com place

through passar através de, entrar por um lado e sair por outro place

till/ untill até time

to a, com, para, até, em direção a, o ponto de chegada time / place

under verticalmente sob, debaixo de, menos de, inferior a, submetido a place / purpose

up para cima, acima de, de baixo para cima, para o alto em posição vertical place

upon sobre, em cima de place

with com (instrumento com o qual a ação foi feita) possession

within dentro de, ao alcance de place

without sem possession


General application

- Something with sides (a box, a house, a car, etc.)

- Also with garden, park, field, countryside.

- Place

- Place

- Time

- A line or surface

(a wall, table, floor, etc.)

- Time

- A line or surface


- Somethings with sides

(a box, a house, a car)

- Also with garden, park, field, countryside.

- Surface


Less specific TIME PLACE

IN

For large units (month, season, year, century):

in March, in winter, in 1974, in the 20th century.

For times of the day:

in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening.

(continents, states, countries, cities,

villages):

in Europe, in Sao Paulo, in France,

in Campinas, in Greenwich Village.

ON

For medium units (weekdays, dates):

on Sunday, on March 13th, on Christmas day, on

New Year‟s eve.

(the Continent, streets, avenues and

squares):

on the Continent, on Tibiriça St., on

Ipiranga Ave., on Times Square.

AT

For small units (hours, ages, name of festivals and

celebrations):

at night, at two o‟clock, at six p.m., at noon, at

midnight, at 32 years old, at one’s age, at Christmas,

at Easter.

(address, number of home and

towns):

at 1142, Ipiranga Ave., at Sao Paulo.

More specific

Note: The day is more important that the month of the year, the century, the time, the seasons, etc.Therefore always be

used "on" with the day regardless of other indications of time.

She was born in 1974. She was born in August, 1974. She was born on August 26,

1974.

He always visits us at Christmas. He always visits us on Christmas day.

Seasons:

Cardinal points:

North

Northeast

Northwest

South

Southeast

Southwest

East

West


Idioms with prepositions

At (the) most: no máximo. At breakfast: no desjejum. At church: na igreja.

At first sight: à primeira vista. At full speed: a toda velocidade. At home: em casa.

At least: no mínimo, pelo menos. At school: na escola. At work: no trabalho.

At the expense of: às custas de. At sea: no mar. At war (with, against): em guerra (com,

contra).

By chance: por acaso. By heart: de cor, de memória. By mistake: por engano.

By the way: a propósito. (All) by oneself: (completamente) sozinho. Note: We say: by air, sea, land, car, bus, taxi, ship, boat, plane; on foot, horseback, a bycicle.

Fall from: cair de. Free from: livre de. Hide from: esconder-se de. Separate from: separar de.

In a hurry: com pressa, apressado. In love: apaixonado.

In blue: vestindo roupa azul. In brown shoes: usando sapatos marrons.

In charge of: encarregado, responsável por. In favor (of): a favor de, do lado de; apoiar.

In trouble: em dificuldade, com problemas. In spite of = despite: apesar de, a despeito de.

In touch (with): em contato com, em comunicação. In fact: de fato, na verdade. Note: We say: in a car, truck, taxi; on a bus, train, ship, boat, plane.

Off duty: de folga, não estar de serviço. To take off: despir; tirar roupas, chapéu, sapatos, etc.

To turn off: desligar (a luz, aparelhos elétricos).

On a diet: de dieta. On business: a negócios. On duty: estar de serviço.

On fire: em chamas. On purpose: de propósito. On sale: em liquidação.

On strike: em greve. On the radio: no rádio. On TV: na televisão.

On vacation: de férias. To turn on: ligar (a luz, aparelhos elétricos).

On the contrary, on the other hand: ao contrário. To put on: vestir, colocar roupas, chapéu, sapatos,

etc.

Out of control: descontrolado. Out of date: desatualizado. Out of fashion: fora da moda.

Out of order: não funcionando; quebrado.

Go to America: ir à América. Go to bed: ir para a cama. Go to the bank: ir ao banco.

EXERCISE:

1) Complete with AT/ BEHIND/ BETWEEN/ IN FRONT OF/ IN/ INTO/ NEAR/ NEXT TO/ ON or

UNDER:

a) A bird flew _______ the kitchen through the window. (Um pássaro voou para dentro da cozinha através

da janela).

b) Linda's house is the blue one ________ the end of the street. (A casa de Linda é a azul no final da rua).

c) Look at those people swimming ________ the river. (Olhe aquelas pessoas nadando dentro do rio).

d) She got out of the car and went ________ a shop. (Ela saiu do carro e foi para dentro da loja).

e) The briefcase is ________ the television. (A maleta está na frente da televisão).

f) The comb is ________ the hairbrush. (O pente está ao lado da escova de cabelo).

g) The notebooks are ________ the dictionary. (Os cadernos estão debaixo do dicionário).

h) The parking lot is ________ the bank. (O estacionamento está atrás do banco).

i) The restaurant is ________ a drugstore and a bookstore. (O restaurante está entre a farmácia e a livraria).

j) The supermarket is ________ the store. (O supermercado é perto da loja).

k) The umbrella is ________ the keys. (O guarda-chuva está perto das chaves).

l) The wallet is ________ the newspaper. (A carteira está debaixo do jornal).

m) There is a gas station ________ the hotel. (Há um posto de gasolina atrás do hotel).

n) There is a gas station ________ the parking lot. (Há um posto de gasolina ao lado do estacionamento).


o) There is a label ________ the bottle. (Há um rótulo na garrafa).

p) There is a newsstand ________ the hotel. (Há uma banca de jornal na frente do hotel).

q) There is a notice ________ the door. It says 'Do not disturb'. (Há um aviso na porta. Ele diz 'Não

incomode').

r) There is some water ________ the bottle. (Há alguma água dentro da garrafa)

s) There is somebody ______ the door. Shall I go and see who it is? (Há alguém na porta. Eu deveria ir e ver

quem é?)

t) When you leave the hotel, please leave your key ________ reception. (Quando você deixar o hotel, por

favor, deixe sua chave na recepção).

u) Who is that man standing ________ the bus stop? (Quem é aquele homem de pé no ponto de ônibus?).

2) Which prepositions do we use with these verbs? Mark the letter „P‟ or „M‟ after the verbs which go with

prepositions of Position (at, on, in) or Movement (to, from, into, out of, off)

Drive

(dirigir)

Stop

(parar)

Walk

(andar)

Move

(mover)

Meet

(encontrar)

Stay

(ficar)

Run

(correr)

Be

(ser, estar)

Park

(estacionar)

Live

(viver, morar)

Arrive

(chegar)

Work

(trabalhar)

Ride

(montar, subir)

Fall

(cair)

Take

(pegar)

Carry

(carregar)

Come

(vir)

Sleep

(dormir)

Task

Create sentences with 16 different verbs, using preposition.

3) Complete the sentences using TO/ AT or FROM

a) She walked ________ Simon‟s house. (Ela caminhou para a casa de Simão.)

b) We arrived ________ the station half an hour late. (Nós chegamos à estação com meia hora de atraso.)

c) We went ________ the cinema last night. (Nós fomos ao cinema noite passada.)

d) Linda works ________ the post office. (Linda trabalha nos Correios.)

e) They were tired when they arrived so they caught a taxi ________ the airport ________ the hotel. (Eles

estavam cansados quando chegaram então eles pegaram um taxi do aeroporto até o hotel.)

f) Kathy brought her daughter _______ work with her yesterday. (Kathy levou a filha para trabalhar com

ela ontem.)

g) We landed _____ Athen airport at 5 o‟clock in the morning. (Desembarcamos no aeroporto de Atenas às

5h da manhã.)

h) She waited ________ the bus stop. (Ela esperou no ponto de ônibus.)

i) I walked back ________ the office today. (Voltei do escritório hoje.)

j) I often return ________ my old home town. (Muitas vezes eu volto à minha cidade natal.)

k) Can you come ________ our party? (Você pode vir para a nossa festa?)


l) „How did you get there?‟ I caught the train and walked ________ the station. („Como você chegou lá?‟

Eu peguei o trem e vim da estação.)

m) I landed ________ Istambul airport and caught the train ________ Istambul ________ Ankara. (Eu

desembarquei no aeroporto de Istambul e peguei o trem de Istambul para Ankara.)

n) He travelled ________ Paris all night and arrived ________ the office here in London at 6:30 in the

morning. (Ele viajou de Paris a noite toda e chegou aqui no escritório em Londres pela manhã às 6h30min.)

4) Complete the sentences using ON or OFF

a) Can I sit ________ this chair? (Posso sentar nesta cadeira?)

b) Be careful. You‟re going to fall ________ the seat. (Seja cuidadoso. Você vai cair da cadeira.)

c) We spent the day ________ the beach. (Passamos o dia na praia.)

d) He lost control of the car and it went ________ the road. (Ele perdeu o controle do carro e saiu da

estrada.)

e) Why haven‟t you got any pictures ________ the wall? (Por que você não tem nenhum quadro na

parede?)

f) Don‟t park ________ the grass. (Não estacione na grama.)

g) He was very angry and he pushed me ________ the chair. (Ele ficou muito irritado e me empurrou para

fora da cadeira.)

h) There‟s a fly ________ the wall. (Há uma mosca na parede.)

5) Complete the sentences with INTO/ IN or OUT OF:

a) She‟s living ________ a flat on her own now. (Ela está morando em um apartamento por conta própria

agora.)

b) My bags are ________ the car. Please, help me to put them inside the car. (Minhas malas estão fora do

carro. Por favor, me ajude a colocá-las dentro do carro.)

c) The children are going ________ the car and they‟ll sit ________ the seat. (As crianças estão entrando

no carro e se sentarão no banco.)

d) Anne suddenly came ________ the room with a letter in her hand. (Anne de repente entrou na sala com

uma carta na mão.)

e) We moved ________ our old flat because of the neighbors. (Saímos do nosso antigo apartamento por

causa dos vizinhos.)

f) The plane took off and flew up ________ the clouds. (O avião decolou e voou entre as nuvens.)

g) All my clothes fell ________my suitcase when I picked it up. (Todas as minhas roupas caíram para fora

da minha mala quando eu a peguei.)

h) They carried the new sofa ________ the apartment. (Eles carregaram o sofá novo para o apartamento.)

i) Can you leave your coats ________ the bedroom? (Vocês podem deixar seus casacos no quarto?)


6) Complete the statements using TO/ AT/ FROM/ ON/ OFF/ INTO/ IN or OUT OF:

a) I got ________ the bath when the phone rang. (Eu saí do banho quando o telefone tocou.)

b) I forgot to send a birthday card ________ Helen yesterday. (Esqueci-me de enviar um cartão de

aniversário para Helen ontem.)

c) He was very tired when he got back ________ Australia. (Ele estava muito cansado quando voltou da

Austrália.)

d) We‟re going to stay ________ a holiday apartment in Portugal. (Estamos indo para ficar em um

apartamento de férias em Portugal.)

e) We stopped ________ the traffic lights and the car broke down. (Nós paramos no semáforo e o carro

quebrou.)

f) He took all the toys ________ the box and left them ________ the floor. (Ele tirou todos os brinquedos

da caixa e deixou-os no chão.)

g) Our friends met us ________ the airport when we arrived ________ Berlin. (Nossos amigos nos

encontraram no aeroporto, quando chegamos em Berlim.)

h) I arrived late ________work this morning. (Cheguei atrasado ao trabalho esta manhã.)

i) All the books suddenly fell ________ the shelf. (Todos os livros de repente, cairam da prateleira.)

j) It was a lovely morning so I walked ________ work. (Estava uma linda manhã então eu fui

caminhando para o trabalho.)

7) Complete the following statements using IN/ ON or AT:

a) Tom and Frank are ______ the phone. (Tom and Frank estão ao telefone.)

b) Do you live ____ Manchester? (Você mora em Manchester?)

c) My partner is that woman _______ the right. (Minha sócia é aquela mulher à direita.)

d) He was ____ the bus stop for half an hour. (Ele está no ponto de ônibus.)

e) Mr. Kramer is _______ his office. (O Sr. Kramer está no escritório dele.)

f) Mr. Woo is ______ a suit. (O Sr. Woo está de terno.)

8) Complete the following statements using OF or FROM:

a) My wife is European. She's ________ London. (Minha esposa é européia. Ela é de Londres.)

b) Sean: Is Mr. Klein a partner of a client _______ this company? (O Sr. Klein é sócio de uma cliente desta

empresa?)

Tracy: He is a client. (Ele é um cliente.)

c) Mr. Franklin is ______ BRC Computers. (O Sr. Franklin é da BRC Computadores.)

9) Complete the following sentences using BY or WITH:

a) Mrs. Wilson is _________ her partner. (A Sra. Wilson está com o sócio dela.)

b) My appointment is _______ Mrs. Lee. (Meu encontro é com o Sr. Lee.)


c) Businesswoman: Who's Mrs. Krawitz? (Quem é a Sra. Krawitz?)

Businessman: She's that gray-haired woman _______ the door. (Ela é aquela mulher de cabelos grisalhos

que está na porta.)

10) Complete the following sentences using FOR or NEXT TO:

a) My office is ________ the conference room. (Meu escritório fica perto da sala de conferência.)

b) Ted is here _________ a meeting. (Ted está aqui para uma reunião.)

c) I'm here ________ an appointment. (Eu estou aqui para um encontro.)

d) It's time ________ lunch. (É hora do almoço.)

11) Fill in the blanks with BETWEEN or AMONG:

a) He was sitting on the floor ___________ the children, telling stories. (Ele está sentado no chão com as

crianças, contando estórias.)

b) There are no secrets ______________ you and me. (Não há segredos entre você e eu.)

c) A flight __________________ Rio and Sao Paulo takes less than an hour. (Um voo entre Rio e São Paulo

leva menos que uma hora.)

d) He lives in a small town ___________ the hills hallway _______________ Rio and Belo Horizonte. (Ele

mora numa cidade pequena que fica nas colinas entre o Rio e Belo Horizonte.)

e) There are many strange things _______________ the souvenirs they brought from their trip around the

world. (Há tantas coisas estranhas entre as lembrancinhas que eles trouxeram da viagem ao redor do

mundo.)


LESSON 9 - DETERMINERS OF QUANTITY

100% all nearly all most many a lot of some not many a few few no one 0%

todos quase todos a maioria muitos um monte de alguns não muitos alguns poucos ninguém

How many (=quantos, quantas?) is used to ask the quantity of countable things:

Question: How many restaurants are there?

Answers: There are a lot.

There are a few.

How much (=quanto, quanta?) is used to ask the quantity of uncountable things and price:

Question: How much time?

Answers: There's a lot (= muito)

There's a little (= pouco)

There isn't much (= não muito)

There isn't any (= não há qualquer)

There's none (= nenhum) Note1: In affirmative statements, we use “a lot of” or “a few” to countable nouns and “a lot of” or “a little” to

uncountable nouns. Examples: Carlos takes a lot of vitamins. Olivia takes a few vitamins. I do a lot of exercise. You do

a little exercise.

Note2: In negative statements, we use “many” to countable nouns and “much” to uncountable nouns. Examples: Olivia

doesn‟t take many vitamins. You don‟t do much exercise.

Uncountable nouns

a) Abstract nouns: love, hope, advice, information, intelligence, beauty, hunger, poverty, etc.

b) Collective nouns: furniture, luggage, equipment, accommodation, traffic, etc.

c) Names of subjects: history, mathematics, music, physics, law, art, etc.

d) Names of substances (materials, liquids, gases, etc.): leather, paper, wood, metal, silver, water, coffee, air,

bread, meat, butter, wine, flour, etc.

e) Activities and sports: running, swimming, shopping, gardening, football, tennis, snooker, etc.

f) Languages: Portuguese, English, Greek, German, etc.

NOUNS WHICH MAY BE UNCOUNTABLE OR COUNTABLE:

Some nouns are uncountable when we talk about the substance, material or abstract concept, but countable

when we:

a) Talk about one specific item: chicken/ a chicken; light/ a light; stone/ a stone; hope/ a hope; education/ an

education; hair/ a hair.

b) Refer to a specific thing have a particular meaning as countable nouns: wood/ a wood; paper/ a paper;

iron/ an iron; cloth/ a cloth; glass (= vidro)/ a glass (= um copo). Note: a glass refers to an item that we drink from which is made of glass. It does not refer to a piece of glass.

c) Refer to a particular variety: wine/ an excellent wine; cheese/ a strong cheese; fruit/ a very sweet fruit.

d) Are making an order of drinks or some food in a cafe or restaurant (informal English): tea/ three teas;

coffee/ a coffee; soup/ two soups.

e) Use some “ing” forms: painting/ a good painting; drawing/ a few drawings.

Adjectives

MUCH (sing.) / MANY (plural). They are used before nouns to expressing quantity and can be replaced by

“a lot of” that is used in uncountable and countable nouns.

SOME (= algum (s) (a) (as); um pouco de). Use in affirmative phrases:

Some people never give up their dreams. (= Algumas pessoas nunca desistem dos seus sonhos).

I drank some wine at the party yesterday. (= Eu bebi um pouco de vinho na festa ontem).

SOME. Use in interrogative phrases (polite or formal) with an uncountable substantive.

Would you like some coffee? (= Você gostaria de um pouco de café? / Você aceita um cafezinho?).

ANY (= qualquer um – “entre mais de dois elementos”) use in affirmative phrases:

She is so elegant that any jeans will surely look good on her. (= Ela é tão elegante que qualquer calça jeans

certamente ficará bonita nela).


You may take any of those five books. (= Você pode pegar qualquer um daqueles cinco livros).

ANY (= algum (a) (s) (as)) use in interrogative phrases:

Do you have any brothers and sisters? (= Você tem (alguns) irmãos e irmãs?)

Are there any good restaurants near here? (= Há algum bom restaurante aqui perto? / Há (alguns) bons

restaurantes aqui perto?)

ANY (= nenhum (a)) use in negative phrases:

I don‟t have any friends in Australia. (= Eu não tenho nenhum amigo na Austrália).

There aren‟t any pens here. (= Não há nenhuma caneta aqui).

EITHER (= também) used at the end of negative sentences:

I don't want it either. (= Eu não quero este também).

EITHER (= qualquer um – entre dois elementos).

You can take either of these two books. (= Você pode ter qualquer um destes dois livros).

EITHER... OR (= ou... ou).

You have to decide it. Either you go or you stay. (= Você tem que decidir isso. Ou você vai ou você fica).

NEITHER (= nenhum – entre dois elementos).

There are two pens here. Take both, either or neither. (= Há duas canetas aqui. Pegue ambas, qualquer uma

ou nenhuma).

NEITHER... NOR (= nem... nem).

I want neither this nor that (Não quero nem isto nem aquilo).

Note: the English words either and neither can cause some problems for native and non-native speakers of English.

Sometimes you can use either one and sometimes you have to choose either one or the other, but neither one is very

difficult.

Either means one, neither means none, and not either equals neither. Or goes with either and nor goes with neither.

NONE (= nenhum – entre mais de dois elementos).

None of those people will accept your ideas. (= Nenhuma dessas pessoas vai aceitar suas ideias.)

Note: There is many ways of saying “também” in English:

Affirmative sentences: Negative sentences:

So:Lucy went to the park, and so did Janet. Either: Lucy didn't go to the park, and Janet didn't either.

Too: Lucy went to the park, and Janet went to the park, too. Neither: Lucy didn't go to the park, and neither did Janet.

Also:Lucy went to the park, and Janet also went to the park.

EXERCISE:

1) Complete with EITHER, ANY, NEITHER or NONE:

a) No, I don't want it __________________ (Não, eu não quero isso também).

b) I know there are many choices but I prefer _______________ of them (Eu sei que existem muitas opções,

mas eu prefiro nenhuma delas).

c) I don't want either this or that. So I'll take _________.(Eu não quero isto ou aquilo. Então, eu não vou

pegar nenhum).

d) Come here at __________ time you want. There's always somebody on call to welcome visitors (Venha

aqui a qualquer tempo que você desejar. Há sempre alguém de plantão para receber os visitantes).

2) Complete with HOW MANY or HOW MUCH:

a) Susan: _____________ coffee do we have? Nick: Sorry. We don't have any coffee left (Quanto café

nós temos? Desculpe. Não restou nenhum café.)

b) Kelly: _____________ employees are there in your department at the moment? Betty: There are

thirteen (Quantos funcionários há no seu departamento no momento? Há treze).

c) Cole: _____________ sales reps are there in the conference room? Brenda: There are twenty (Quantos

representantes de venda estão na sala de conferências? Há vinte).


d) Walter: _____________ reams of copy paper do we have, Barney? Barney: We still have five reams,

Walter (Quantas resmas de papel nós temos, Barney? Nós ainda temos cinco resmas, Walter).

e) Josh: _____________ paper is there left, Jake? Jake: There's a lot of paper left, Josh (Quanto papel

resta, Jake? Restou um monte de papel, Josh).

3) Fill in the blanks with A, AN, MUCH, MANY or leave blank.

a) I‟m very interested in ____ education (Estou muito interessado em Educação).

b) It is important that she receives ___ good education (É importante que ela receba uma boa educação).

c) There isn‟t _____ light in this room (Não há muita luz nesta sala).

d) Is there ___ light in this room? (Existe luz nesta sala?)

e) ____ beauty is subjective (A beleza é subjetiva).

f) She‟s ____ real beauty (Ela é uma beleza real).

g) I am fortunate to have had ___ very good education (Tenho a sorte de ter tido uma educação muito

boa).

h) ____ education does not just take place at school (Educação não é apenas ter lugar na escola).

i) My eyes are very sensitive to _____ light (Meus olhos são muito sensíveis à luz).

j) Is there _____ light in there? (Há luz lá dentro?)

k) You‟ve been _____ great help to me (Você foi uma grande ajuda para mim).

l) I‟m sorry to ask you but I desperately need _____ help (Desculpe-me te perguntar, mas eu preciso

desesperadamente de ajuda).

m) I don‟t usually drink _____ coffee (Eu geralmente não bebo café).

n) I‟ll have two teas and _____ coffee please (Eu vou querer dois chás e um café, por favor).

o) He has _____ great love of music (Ele tem um grande amor pela música).

p) Sometimes _____ love can be very painful (Às vezes o amor pode ser muito doloroso).

4) Complete the sentences using the indefinite articles A or AN:

a) It‟s _______ new book (É um livro novo).

b) She‟s _______ English teacher (Ela é professora de inglês).

c) Are you _______ student? (Você é estudante?)

d) Britain is _______ island (Grã-Bretanha é uma ilha).

e) They‟re at _______ restaurant (Eles estão num restaurante).

f) He‟s _______ waiter (Ele é garçom).

g) It‟s _______ ugly house (É uma casa feia).

h) There‟s _______ ticket for the play (Há um bilhete para o jogo).

i) He‟s _______ good worker (Ele é um bom trabalhador).

j) It‟s not _______ easy language (Não é uma linguagem fácil).

5) My uncle is ____ (1) pilot. He works for ____ (2) international airline company in India. He lives in ____

(3) house near Bombay. I admire him because he is ____ (4) honest man (Meu tio é piloto. Ele trabalha para

uma companhia aérea internacional na India. Ele mora em uma casa perto de Bombaim. Eu o admiro

porque ele é um homem honesto).

(1) (2) (3) (4)

a) a, a, an, an. b) an, an, a, a. c) a, an, a, an.


LESSON 10 - DETERMINERS OF FREQUENCY

100%

always almost

always

usually frequently often sometimes rarely seldom never

0% sempre quase

sempre geralmente frequentemente muitas

vezes às vezes raramente quase

nunca nunca

Note: Usually: happens most days; frequently: it's common; often: many times; sometimes: at particular occasions, but

not all the time; rarely: it's not common; seldom: hardly ever or almost never.

Adverbs of frequency

A) Adverbs of frequency are possible to use when refering to the Past, Present and Future Tense:

- We often went camping when we were children (Muitas vezes fomos acampar quando éramos crianças).

- I usually go to the gym at lunchtime (Eu costumo ir ao ginásio na hora do almoço).

- I will always love you (Eu sempre vou te amar).

B) Adverbs of frequency are possible to use in affirmative, negative or interrogative sentences:

- I always drink water in the morning (Eu sempre bebo água pela manhã). / Peter is sometimes late for

lessons (Peter às vezes está atrasado com as lições).

- We don't often go to the theater (Nós não costumamos ir ao teatro). / My sister isn't usually so quiet (Minha

irmã não costuma ser tão quieta).

- What do you usually have for breakfast? (O que você normalmente come no café da manhã?) / Do you

always eat a sandwich for lunch? (Você sempre come um sanduíche no almoço?)

- Say it once, say it twice! (Diga uma vez, diga duas vezes!)

Note: "Always" can't go at the beginning or end of the sentence.

"Never", "seldom", "rarely" can't go at the end of a sentence.

Adverbs of intensity

VERY (sing.) / PLENTY OF (= abundância de). They are used before nouns to expressing intensity.

If you say you have plenty of something, it means you have lots of it (Se você diz que tem muito de algo, isso

significa que você tem muito do mesmo). So, if you‟re in a job interview and say that you have lots of

experience in a specific area, you mean that you have plenty of experience in that area (Então, se você estiver

em uma entrevista de emprego e dizer que você tem muita experiência em uma área específica, você quer

dizer que você tem muita experiência nessa area).

SO + adjective or adverb = tão Billy used to be so obedient, so easy to deal with (Billy costumava

ser tão obediente, tão fácil de lidar).

SUCH A/ AN + adjective + singular noun = tão

He used to be such a good boy (Ele costumava ser um menino tão bom).

In affirmatives and interrogative sentences: still = ainda.

Do you still love her? (Você ainda a ama?)

Yes, I still love her very much (sim, eu ainda a amo muito).

The idea contrary to the "still" is given by:

NO LONGER + verb = não mais

Methods of discipline that used to work well when he was a child no longer have an effect (Os métodos de

disciplina que costumavam funcionar bem quando ele era criança não têm mais efeito).

ANYMORE = any longer (use at the end of the sentence)

He used to read a lot but he does not even look at a book anymore/ any longer (Ele costumava ler muito,

mas ele nem sequer olha para um livro mais.).

He says he doesn‟t need books anymore/ any longer (Ele diz que não precisa mais de livros.).

Adverbs ending in “ly” = Adjective + LY

Simple – simply Brave – bravely Noisy – noisily (ruidosamente) Rapid – rapidly Note: The adverbs of manner are formed by an adjective plus the suffix "-ly" that corresponds to the suffix "-mente" in

Portuguese.


EXERCISE:

1) Complete the sentences with SO or SUCH:

a) Adolescente is __________ difficult! (Adolescente é tão difícil!) It is __________ a difficult challenge

that many families have to look for professional help (É um grande desafio que muitas famílias têm que

procurar por uma ajuda profissional).

b) That movie is __________ interesting! (Aquele filme é tão interessante!) It is __________ a good movie

that we went to see it twice (É um filme tão bom que nós fomos ver duas vezes).

c) Ayrton Senna was __________ a good driver. (Ayrton Senna era um piloto tão bom). He drove

__________ fast! (Ele dirigia tão rápido!)

d) It‟s __________ hot today! (É um dia quente hoje!) It‟s __________ a hot day! (É um dia quente!)

e) Curitiba is __________ a nice city, but it‟s __________ cold! (Curitiba é uma cidade tão agradável, mas

faz muito frio!)

2) Complete the sentences with “still”, “no longer” or “anymore”:

a) Is Bill Clinton __________ the President of the United States? No, he is __________ in office (Bill

Clinton ainda é o presidente dos Estados Unidos? Não, ele não está mais no cargo).

b) The Soviet Union __________exists, but Russia __________ has considerable military power (A União

Soviética não existe mais, mas a Rússia ainda tem considerável poder militar).

c) The Rolling Stones are __________ on the road, but the Beatles don‟t play together __________ (Os

Rolling Stones estão ainda na estrada, mas os Beatles não tocam mais juntos).

3) Place the FREQUENCY ADVERBS correctly, look at the models:

Those cards are in that box. (usually). Those cards are usually in that box.

(Esses cartões estão na caixa. (geralmente). Esses cartões estão geralmente nessa caixa.)

Bob works with printers. (always). Bob always works with printers.

(Bob trabalha com impressoras. (sempre). Bob sempre trabalha com impressoras.)

a) My boss calls my attention. (never). _______________________________________________________

(Meu chefe nunca me chama a atenção).

b) Those managers don't attend meetings. (often) _______________________________________________

(Esses gerentes muitas vezes não comparecem às reuniões).

c) The customer is right. (always) ___________________________________________________________

(O cliente sempre tem razão).

d) Does he read manuals? (usually) __________________________________________________________

(Ele geralmente lê manuais?)

e) David is in a hurry. (seldom) _____________________________________________________________

(David quase nunca está apressado).

f) She misses the 8:30 bus. (sometimes) ______________________________________________________

(Ela às vezes perde o ônibus das 8h30min).


LESSON 11 - HOW TO GET THERE?

VOCABULARY:

Walk up/ walk down/ walk along Drive up/ drive down/ drive along

On the right/ on the left Turn right/ turn left

Across from/ next to/ between Around the corner from

SOME PLACES:

Bakery Church Flower shop Hotel Parking garage School

Bank Clinic Gas station Ice cream shop Parking lot Shoe store

Barber shop Concert hall Hair salon Laundromat Pet shop Supermarket

Baseball stadium Courthouse Hardware store Library Playground Train station

Book store Department store Health club Movie theater Police station University

Bus station Drug store High school Museum Post office Video store

Cafeteria Fire station Hospital Park Restaurant Zoo

EXAMPLES:

It‟s next to the bank. It‟s across from the movie theater.

It‟s between the library and the park. It‟s around the corner from the hospital.

There is/ There are

There is (There‟s) + singular. There‟s one window in the bedroom.

There are + plural. There are two bedrooms in the apartment.

QUESTIONS FORMS:

Is there….? Is there a laundromat in this neighborhood?

Are there…? Are there any children in the building?


Conversations

CONVERSATION 1:

A: Excuse me. Can you tell me how to get to the laundromat from here? (Post office)

B: Sure. Walk up First Avenue and you‟ll see the laundromat on the right, across from the Shopping Center.

A: Thank you.

CONVERSATION 2: A: Excuse me. Could / Would you please tell me how to get to the drugstore from here? (Bank)

B: Sure. Walk along Pine Street and you‟ll see the drugstore on the left, between the grocery and the shoe

store.

A: I‟m sorry. Could you please repeat that (say that again)?

B: Sure. Walk along…

A: Thanks very much.

EXERCISE:

1) Complete the sentences using There is (There‟s), There are, Are there or Is there:

a) __________ four girls and two boys in her family.

b) __________ a beach down here.

c) __________ a train to Sao Paulo?

d) __________ a new disco near the college.

e) __________ a good restaurant in this street?

f) __________ two hospitals in town.

g) __________ a lot of children in the pool?

h) __________ three families in that house.

i) __________ a television in the flat?

j) __________ a big grey cloud over there.

2) Answer these questions according to the list below; choose the right place with the right action:

PLACES ACTIONS

At home At the beach

In front of the house In the bathroom

In the classroom In the garage

In the club In the kitchen

In the backyard

Brushing their teeth Cooking dinner

Doing her exercises Listening to the radio

Planting flowers Playing cards

Playing with her dog Reading the newspaper

Studying English

a) Where is he and what‟s he doing?

_______________________________________________________________________________________

b) Where is she and what‟s she doing?

_______________________________________________________________________________________

c) Where are you and what are you doing?

_______________________________________________________________________________________

d) Where are they and what are they doing?

_______________________________________________________________________________________


LESSON 12 - MAIN VERBS Main verbs in English have three fundamental forms: Infinitive; Simple past; and Past participle.

Some examples of ordinary verbs: to be, to do, to have, to need, to go, to put, to love, etc.

1) Regular verbs

In the forms of Simple Past and Past participle use the termination "ED".

Example: Infinitive: to call Past: called Past Participle: called

2) Irregular verbs

In contrast to regular verbs, irregular verbs are those verbs that fall outside the standard of conjugation in the

languages in which they occur.

Infinitive without ‘to’ Past Tense Past Participle Translation into Portuguese

arise arose arisen surgir, erguer-se

awake awoke awoken despertar

be was, were been ser, estar

beat beat beaten bater

become became become tornar-se

befall befell befallen suceder

begin began begun começar

bend bent bent curvar

bet bet bet apostar

bid bid bid oferecer, fazer uma oferta

bind bound bound unir, encadernar, obrigar-se

bite bit bitten morder

bleed bled bled sangrar, ter hemorragia

blow blew blown soprar, explodir

break broke broken quebrar

breed bred bred procriar, reproduzir

bring brought brought trazer

broadcast broadcast broadcast irradiar, transmitir

build built built construir

buy bought bought comprar

cast cast cast lançar

catch caught caught pegar, capturar

choose chose chosen escolher

cling clung clung aderir, segurar-se, pegar, agarrar-se

come came come vir

cost cost cost custar

cut cut cut cortar

deal dealt dealt negociar, tratar

dig dug dug cavar

do did done fazer

draw drew drawn desenhar

drink drank drunk beber

drive drove driven dirigir, ir de carro

eat ate eaten comer

fall fell fallen cair

feed fed fed alimentar

feel felt felt sentir, sentir-se

fight fought fought lutar

find found found achar, encontrar

flee fled fled fugir, escapar

fly flew flown voar, pilotar


forbid forbade forbidden proibir

forget forgot forgot, forgotten esquecer

forgive forgave forgiven perdoar

freeze froze frozen congelar, paralisar

get got gotten, got obter

give gave given dar

go went gone ir

grind ground ground moer

grow grew grown crescer, cultivar

have had had ter

hear heard heard ouvir

hide hid hidden, hid esconder

hit hit hit bater

hold held held segurar

hurt hurt hurt machucar

keep kept kept guardar, manter

know knew known saber, conhecer

lay laid laid deitar, derrubar

lead led led liderar

leave left left deixar, partir

lend lent lent emprestar

let let let deixar, permitir

lie lay lain mentir

lose lost lost perder, extraviar

make made made fazer, fabricar

mean meant meant significar

meet met met encontrar

overcome overcame overcome superar

overtake overtook overtaken alcançar

pay paid paid pagar

put put put colocar

quit quit quit abandonar

read read read ler

ride rode ridden cavalgar

ring rang rung badalar

rise rose risen subir, erguer-se

run ran run correr, concorrer

saw sawed sawn serrar

say said said dizer

see saw seen ver

seek sought sought objetivar, buscar, procurar

sell sold sold vender

send sent sent enviar

set set set estabelecer

shake shook shaken agitar, sacudir

shed shed shed lançar

shine shone shone brilhar, reluzir

shoot shot shot atirar, alvejar

show showed shown mostrar, exibir

shrink shrank shrunk encolher, contrair

shut shut shut fechar, cerrar

sing sang sung cantar

sink sank sunk afundar, submergir

sit sat sat sentar

sleep slept slept dormir


Simple Present Tense

SINGULAR PLURAL

1st - I drink

2nd

- you drink

3rd

- he, she, it drinks

1st - we drink

2nd

- you drink

3rd

- they drink

Varies only in the third person singular:

+ S

Used at the end of most verbs.

Drinks (to drink)

+ ES

Used at the end of the verbs

ending in S, SH, CH, O, X, Z.

Brushes (to brush)

- Y + IES

Used at the end of the verbs ending

in consonant + Y.

Tries (to try)

Simple Future Tense

The most common auxiliary verbs used to express futurity are will and shall. Going to express future actions

too. And has the verb to be as auxiliary. Followed by a verb in the infinitive without the particle to.

It is usually followed by adverbs of time: next week/ in a week; next month/ in a month; next year/ in a year;

tomorrow; tonight. Roger is going to work tomorrow. / Roger is not going to work. / Is Roger going to work?

EXERCISE:

1) Rewrite each sentence according to the instruction in brackets:

a) Mr. Gates is going to divide his fortune among his friends. (interrogative)

_______________________________________________________________________________________

b) These colors are going to have a strange effect inside the house. (negative)

_______________________________________________________________________________________

c) Is Bella going to move to another neighbourhood? (affirmative)

_______________________________________________________________________________________

d) Cristina is going to write another English book. (negative)

_______________________________________________________________________________________

e) My travel to Africa is going to be unforgettable. (interrogative)

_______________________________________________________________________________________

2) Express the future with GOING TO plus the verb in brackets:

a) This compost of organic substances __________________________________ (to be) used in our garden.

b) His marks are very bad. Fred ___________________________________ (to pass, negative)

c) I‟m so glad. We __________________________________ (to spend) this weekend in a countryside hotel.

d) Francine‟s party ___________________________________ (to begin) at 8 p.m. and end at midnight.

e) You ___________________________________ (to find, negative) your privacy in a public place.

f) I think it ___________________________________ (to snow) tonight.

3) Rewrite these sentences using the SIMPLE PRESENT.

Substitute NOW using an EXPRESSION OF TIME from the given list. Make any other necessary changes.

This company is publishing employment tests now. It publishes employment tests every year.

a) Steve and George are verifying the costs now.

_______________________________________________________________________________________

b) I'm following the instructions now.

_______________________________________________________________________________________


c) The operator is feeding the machine now.

_______________________________________________________________________________________

d) We are reading a text on computing now.

_______________________________________________________________________________________

e) The secretary is typing a price list now.

_______________________________________________________________________________________

f) Barbara is doing a test now.

_______________________________________________________________________________________

4) Transform the sentences using GOING TO. Don‟t forget the adverbs of time:

a) She brings her books to school every day.

_______________________________________________________________________________________

b) She gives information about the new experiment every week.

_______________________________________________________________________________________

c) The boy delivers the newspaper at home at 7 o‟clock.

_______________________________________________________________________________________

d) They always obtain cells from embryos.

_______________________________________________________________________________________

e) Jack often researches information about human organs.

_______________________________________________________________________________________

f) The cells begin to divid.

_______________________________________________________________________________________

5) Transform in negative and interrogative sentences:

a) She is going to order the goods.

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

b) She is going to buy food at the supermarket.

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

6) Complete the sentences with SIMPLE FUTURE (will):

a) My boss___________________ to meet you. (like)

b) He __________________ to the United States. (go)

c) I ________________________ you. (help)

d) Diane _______________________ until late. (study)

Passive voice

The passive voice is used when focusing on the person or thing affected by an action. Only verbs that take an

object can be used in the passive voice.

The Passive is formed: Passive Subject + To Be + Past Participle: The house was built in 1989.


It is often used in business when the object of the action is more important than those who perform the

action.

For Example: We have produced over 20 different models in the past two years. Changes to: Over 20

different models have been produced in the past two years.

If the agent is important (the person, company or thing that does the action) , use "by"

For Example: Tim Wilson wrote "The Flight to Brunnswick" in 1987. Changes to:"The Flight to

Brunnswick" was written in 1987 by Tim Wilson.

Time Reference Active

Passive

Present Simple They make Fords in Cologne.

Fords are made in Cologne.

Present Continuous Susan is cooking dinner.

Dinner is being cooked by Susan.

Past Simple James Joyce wrote "Dubliners".

"Dubliners" was written by James Joyces.

Past Continuous They were painting the house when I arrived.

The house was being painted when I arrived.

Present Perfect They have produced over 20 models in the past two years.

Over 20 models have been produced in the past two years.

Future Intention with Going to They are going to build a new factory in Portland.

A new factory is going to be built in Portland.

Future Simple I will finish it tomorrow.

It will be finished tomorrow.

We rented the video for tonight. The video for tonight was rented by us.

She bought the tickets for the movie. The tickets for the movie were bought by her.

The fire destroyed the theater. The theater was destroyed by the fire.

The elephants carried the cameras. The cameras were carried by the elephants.

You can see the movie. The movie can be seen by you.

Tom left them on the table. They were left on the table by Tom.

Everybody will see this film soon. This film will soon be seen by everybody.

Jane took that video from the desk. That video was taken from the desk by Jane.

He may pay the tickets for us. The tickets may be paid for us by him.

The movie disappointed us very much. We were very much disappointed by the movie.


LESSON 13 - SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES

To / too / two

The confusion between to, too, and two occurs because the three words are pronounced identically.

One: If you're able to replace the word with "also" or "excessively/too much," use too. Two: If the word is a

number, use two. Otherwise, you'll want to use to.

TO has two functions:

First, as a preposition, in which case it always precedes a noun: I'm going to the store. / He went to Italy. /

This belongs to David.

Secondly, to indicates an infinitive when it precedes a verb: I need to study. / We want to help. / He's going

to eat.

TOO has two uses:

First, as a synonym for "also": Can I go too? / He went to France too. / I think that's Paul's book too.

Secondly, too means excessively when it precedes an adjective or adverb: I'm too tired. / He's walking too

quickly. / I ate too much.

TWO is a number. One, two, three... I have two cars. / She ate two pieces of pie.

To borrow / to lend

To borrow (= tomar emprestado) (past: borrowed): to get something for a short time.

To lend (= emprestar) (past: lent): to give something for a short time.

Mark went to a neighbor's house to borrow a book. / Later the neighbor asked Mark to lend him a lawn

mower.

To remember / to remind

To remember someone or something (= lembrar-se de algo ou de alguém).

To remind someone of something or to be reminded of something (= fazer alguém se lembrar de um fato ou

de uma semelhança). I remember you (Eu me lembro de você). / Talking about John reminds me that I have

to call him (Falando em John me faz lembrar de que tenho que ligar pra ele).

To raise / to rise

To raise (=levantar). Sua ação influi sobre um objeto. (Verbo Transitivo Direto): We raise something

(Levantamos alguma coisa). / Inflation raises prices (A inflação aumenta os preços).

To rise (levantar). Não aceita um objeto. (Verbo Intransitivo): We rise (Levantamos) / Prices rise (Os preços

aumentam). / Prices have risen a lot, raising consumer resistance (Os preços aumentaram muito, aumentando

a resistência do consumidor).

May be / maybe

May be (= talvez, pode ser). Auxiliary verb "may" followed by the verb "to be". I have to work late so I may

be late for dinner (Tenho de trabalhar até mais tarde. Talvez me atrase para o jantar).

Maybe (= talvez). Não ocorre o verbo to be. Maybe I'll take a vacation (Talvez eu tire umas férias) / Maybe.

I'm not sure (Talvez. Não tenho certeza).

All / every / each

All (=todos, todas, todo, toda)

Every (=todo, toda) normally used to generalize. Used when referring to all members of a group of three or

more.

Each (=cada) indicates each person or thing “separately”.

EXERCISE:

1) Complete each sentence witht the correct form of the verbs TO BORROW or TO LEND:


a) Banks always ___________ money.

b) I never __________ books or DVD's to anybody. The person who __________ them seldom returns them.

c) It's raining now. Will you ____________ me your umbrella, please?

d) I _____________ Father's suit for the party, but it was a little too big.

e) Can I ______________ some money from you? I don't know where my bag is.

f) Hey, Jack. Is your father going to _________ us the car tomorrow?

2) Mark the sentence in which TO REMEMBER or TO REMIND is used incorrectly:

a) I reminded him to post the letter.

b) I remembered to send the telegram.

c) Did you remind how to do it?

d) Don't forget to remind me about it tomorrow.

3) Complete with EVERY, EACH or ALL:

a) I like _________________the students here.

b) I read __________________ sentence carefully.

c) _______________girl has homework to do.

d) ________ seats were booked. I had to wait for the plane.

e) _________ single day I wake up at 6 o‟clock.

f) ________ person has a special dream.

4) Complete the sentences of IF CLAUSES with the verb in the correct time (would, will):

a) If you wait, you _____________see.

b) If I were you, I______________go out tonight.

c) If she travels with us, she____________have fun.

d) If I were you, I _______________buy a new car.

5) Rewrite the sentences with personal pronouns (subjetive case):

a) Bob is going to travel next week. __________________________________________________________

b) My friends are going to dance with me. _____________________________________________________

c) The dog is happy. ______________________________________________________________________

d) Jack and I study at the same school. ________________________________________________________

6) Rewrite the sentences with personal pronouns (objetive case):

a) Let‟s go to the school. ___________________________________________________________________

b) This man is not like Doug. _______________________________________________________________

c) The school is going to start for the students. __________________________________________________

d) I am going to get married with Sheila. ______________________________________________________


Text: The Internet

1st A few years ago the Internet did not exist. The world seemed bigger and communications were not

so fast.

2nd

Today‟s world is considered very small, partly due to the fast development in the communication

system. To become a member of this “small world”, also called an international community, two things are

essential: to know English and to be computer literate.

3rd

The Internet is a familiar term to almost everyone, and it is

also called the Net, cyberspace, the information highway, the

online community.

4th By the way, what is the Internet? The Internet is an

electronic communication network linked by telephone lines and

satellites which are connected to computers. It transports

information all over the world through programs such as e-mail

(electronic mail) and the World Wide Web (www).

5th The Internet started during the 1960s in the United States

as a network for the Defense Department and as a channel for

information sharing among scientists. Soon people started to send

simple messages to distant friends and colleagues, and the system was improved to become the

communications tool called Internet.

6th It was in 1973 that the Internet was first connected to the United Kingdom and Norway. South

America gained access to the Net only in the early 1990s. Most of the communication via the Internet takes

place in English today.

7th So, let‟s learn English and become computer literate to enter this international community.

(TEELER).

EXERCISE:

1) Find in the text the English equivalent to these words and expressions:

Portuguese English

Alguns anos atrás

Rápidas

“Mundo pequeno”

Alfabetizado

Quase todo mundo

Pista de alta velocidade, via expressa

2) Match the words/ expressions and the explanation of their meaning:

a) computer literate.

b) to become.

c) tool.

d) to improve.

e) to seem.

f) network

( ) an instrument to facilitate operations.

( ) to appear to be.

( ) to get better.

( ) a large system of similar parts connected together.

( ) person who has the ability to use computers.

( ) to start to be.

3) Link these expressions to their function in the text:

a) soon.

b) so.

c) because.

( ) indicates a consequence.

( ) indicates a reason.

( ) indicates time.

4) Check your understanding of the text choosing the correct answers to these questions:

a) Why is the world considered “small” today?

( ) Because communications have developed a lot.

( ) Because of the computers.

b) What does a person need to become a member of this international community?

( ) He or she needs to learn English and to be computer literate.

( ) He or she needs to use the international highway.


c) What‟s the Internet?

( ) The Internet is a way of communicating with friends.

( ) The Internet is an electronic communication network linked by telephone lines and satellites which

are connected to computers.

d) What does the Internet do?

( ) It helps the computer literate people communicate.

( ) It transports information all over the world.

Glossary of Terminology of International Management Glossário de termos da Terminologia Internacional da Administração:

1. Administração geral

Agreement – acordo, acerto, convênio

Average - média, proporção, avaliação.

B to B (business to business) - transação entre empresas no

mercado eletrônico.

B to C (business to consumer) - transação entre as empresas e os

consumidores no mercado eletrônico.

Benchmarking - estratégia de copiar o que os concorrentes estão

fazendo de melhor e, se possível, ainda inovar. Encaixa-se em uma

estratégia de competição empresarial que visa economizar tempo,

dinheiro e trabalho.

Business - empreendimento, negócio, transação comercial.

By pass - ultrapassagem; ocorrência comum no ambiente de

trabalho que se caracteriza quando o subordinado contorna seu

chefe direto e fala com o superior deste, indevidamente. E vice-

versa.

Copyrights - direitos autorais.

E – business - negócios no mercado eletrônico, comércio

eletrônico, transação via Internet.

Entrepreneur – empreendedor, pessoa dotada de iniciativa.

Follow up - acompanhamento, controle.

Leader - líder, comandante, dirigente.

Leadership – liderança, comando.

Management - gerência, administração, gestão.

Manager - gerente, administrador, gestor.

Quality control - controle de qualidade.

Ranking - cotação, posição, colocação, classificação.

Trend - tendência, perspectiva.

2. Marketing Advertising - propaganda, publicidade, anúncio.

Brainstorm - tempestade cerebral; fluxo de idéias; reunião de

publicitários dedicada à geração espontânea de idéias para uma

campanha publicitária; reunião de criatividade de um grupo

qualquer de interessados.

C I F (cost, insurance and freight) – custos diversos, seguro e valor

do frete por conta do vendedor. Mercadoria adquirida na

condição de chegar ao destino sem nenhuma despesa adicional

para o comprador.

Customer care - concepção avançada de mercado, na qual o mais

importante para as empresas é o nível de relacionamento mantido

com os clientes.

Customer share - visão do mercado na qual as empresas enfatizam

o prestígio ou o grau de preferência pelo produto que existe na

mente do consumidor.

Delivery - entrega de mercadorias no local combinado ou no

endereço do comprador .

Design - projeto visual, configuração estética de um produto.

Designer - profissional do design; programador ou projetista

visual.

E – commerce – comércio eletrônico, transações via Internet.

Feeling - percepção, visão, intuição. Faro para negócios ou para

boas idéias.

FOB (free on board) - condições de compra em que o vendedor

despacha a mercadoria e, as despesas de frete, seguro e custos

Plant - Planta (empregada no sentido de estabelecimento

fabril); fábrica.

Quality control - controle de qualidade.

Schedule - plano, esquema, programa, roteiro.

Standard - padrão, modelo básico.

Stock - Estoque, sortimento, abastecimento. Emprega-se

ainda como ações ou aquisição de ações.

This side up - este lado para cima; instrução para guardar

ou posicionar um determinado produto de forma segura.

Warning - Advertência; aviso de perigo.

4. Finanças Asset management - gerenciamento de rendas; gestão de

investimentos pessoais; administração de poupança; gestão

de fundos.

Blue chip - ação valorizada no mercado.

Bridge loan - adiantamento de empréstimo; empréstimo

preliminar, antecedendo empréstimo de maior valor.

Budget - orçamento, estimativas de recursos.

Controller - controlador, executivo financeiro.

Exchange rate - taxa de câmbio.

Home banking - serviços bancários via internet ou por

telefone.

Inflation target - meta inflacionária.

Leasing - arrendamento; aluguel com opção de compra.

Libor (London interbank offered rate) - taxa preferencial do

mercado britânico. Reflete o mercado financeiro das moedas

européias.

Open market - mercado livre; mercado aberto.

Prime rate - taxa preferencial do mercado norte-americano.

Reflete o ambiente mercadológico do dólar.

Smart card - cartão inteligente; cartão de crédito com o qual

se pode realizar variadas operações bancárias.

Spread - sobretaxa; adicional cobrado sobre um empréstimo.

Ágio.

Stand by - disponibilidade; pronto para ser usado.

Take over - compra de ações de uma empresa, tomando-lhe o

controle.

5. Organização Cartel - grupamento de empresas independentes, mas do

mesmo ramo, que se combinam para atuar visando interesses

comuns no mercado. Geralmente, interesses lesivos aos

consumidores. O termo cartel, em seu significado original,

refere-se a arranjos no plano internacional. Nos planos local

ou regional, essas associações são, originalmente, traduzidas

com trustes ou sindicatos. A mídia, entretanto, tem insistido

na popularização do termo cartel para a designação dessas

associações em todas as dimensões.

Corporation - corporação, companhia, sociedade anônima.

Downsizing - redução do tamanho da estrutura das

empresas; enxugamento; atualização da tecnologia com

ganhos de espaço e otimização de funções.

Enterprise - empresa; empreendimento.

Flowchart - fluxo, esquema, diagrama.

Franchising - sistema de representação por franquias; forma


diversos ficam por conta do comprador.

Free sample - amostra grátis, cortesia.

Market share - visão tradicional do mercado, na qual as empresas

enfatizam mais as dimensões desse mercado.

Marketing – termo que designa a função gerencial voltada para o

amplo relacionamento da empresa com o seu mercado. Inclue-se

nesta função um conjunto de subfunções, como pesquisa

mercadológica, concepção de produtos, propaganda, publicidade,

relações públicas, comercialização e distribuição.

Marketing mix - composto de marketing; trabalho de marketing no

qual são contempladas várias das subfunções mercadológicas.

Media - mídia; conjunto dos meios de comunicação ou de

empresas de comunicação.

Merchandising - exposição de produtos; exposição de produtos

sugerindo uma aparição espontânea em um determinado cenário;

exposição elaborada; vitrine.

Telemarketing - atividades de marketing desenvolvidas através das

telecomunicações; vendas e propaganda por telefone.

Webdesigner - projetista visual de sites para o mercado

eletrônico; criador dos elementos gráficos para os sites na

Internet.

Dependendo do tipo de empresa e do ramo de negócio, algumas

dessas subfunções podem alcançar grande visibilidade e

importância. Muitas delas costumam ser terceirizadas. O termo

mercadologia é a alternativa para tradução de marketing na

língua portuguesa, porém, com um alcance limitado, o que

contribui mais ainda para a popularização do termo inglês em

nosso meio.

3. Produção (industrial) Break-even-point - ponto de nivelamento; ponto de equilíbrio; na

análise financeira dos projetos empresariais, corresponde ao

momento em que os resultados obtidos pela empresa igualam-se

aos custos. A partir daí, começam os lucros.

Commodity - mercadoria, artigo, utilidade, produto.

Just-in-time - sistema de produção e abastecimento no qual os

componentes são produzidos e distribuídos no momento certo, no

lugar certo, na quantidade certa. Depende da exata sincronização

entre quem produz e entrega e quem utiliza. É também conhecido

como sistema kanban ou sistema Toyota, desenvolvido por essa

empresa japonesa, mantem-se até hoje como uma administração

econômica de estoques.

Know-how - conhecimento; técnica de realizar alguma coisa;

experiência.

Made (in) - fabricado (em); produzido (em).

de representação na qual o representante tem o direito de

uso da marca ou nome comercial, recebendo assistência

técnica para manutenção dos padrões originais e pagando

em troca os royalties ou franquia.

Holding company - empresa gestora; empresa criada para

administrar outras empresas das quais possui a maioria das

ações.

Joint venture - união entre pessoas ou empresas para

realizar um empreendimento. Normalmente, são associações

envolvendo riscos característicos das aventuras de negócios.

Layout - arranjo físico; representação gráfica da

racionalização do espaço de trabalho.

Learnig organization - organização que aprende; visão da

organização moderna que está sempre se modificando em

razão das mudanças ambientais; organização que aprende e

se ajusta ao ambiente.

Partner - sócio, parceiro.

Reengeneering - reengenharia, reforma radical da empresa;

transformação.

System - sistema; conjunto integrado de partes interagentes

formando um todo.

6. Pessoal Background - retaguarda; respaldo; currículo; história.

Boss - chefe; dirigente.

Chairman - presidente, dirigente principal. Feminino:

chairwoman.

Employment - emprego; empregabilidade; função;

utilização.

Gap - espaço vazio; hiato, intervalo.

Headhunter - caçador de talentos profissionais, recrutador

de pessoal.

Job - trabalho, emprego, tarefa.

Managerial grid - grade gerencial; técnica desenvolvida por

Blake e Mouton para classificação dos estilos gerenciais,

tendo como referências as ênfases nas pessoas ou na

produção como indicadores predominantes daqueles estilos.

Part time - tempo parcial; meio expediente.

Score - pontuação; avaliação.

Senior - profissional experiente.

Staff - pessoal de apoio especializado; estado maior;

assessoria.

Trainee - profissional em treinamento; estagiário; iniciante.

Material support to the student teaching Google tradutor <http://translate.google.com.br/> acessado em 27/06/2011.

IGREJA, José R. A. Fale Tudo em Inglês!. São Paulo: Disal.

MARINOTTO, Demóstene. Reading on Info Tech (Inglês para Informática). Novatec.

Password – English Dictionary for Speakers of Portuguese – Martins Fontes.

World Digital Library – Disponível em <www.wdl.org>

Disponível em <www.englishspeak.com>

Quiz http://www.bbc.co.uk/mastermind/quiz/ http://esl.about.com/library/quiz/blvocabularyquiz.htm http://educacao.uol.com.br/testes-idiomas/#topo

http://www.bbc.co.uk/mastermind/quiz/

http://esl.about.com/library/quiz/blvocabularyquiz.htm

http://educacao.uol.com.br/testes-idiomas/#topo

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