a fronteira entre a arte e a informaÇÃo

8/7/2019 A FRONTEIRA ENTRE A ARTE E A INFORMAÇÃO

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Yfchzo Ghy}hldo jf Hl}hyfcnh Bhmyh

MOZOAOYCHLKWBO1 H MYOCZFKYH FCZYF H HYZF F HKCMOYBHÎÇO

Vb fwzvjo gyâzkgo jhw mozonyhmkhw jh Yf}kwzh Chzkochl Nfonyhpdkg

Iflo Doykqoczf

Gfczyo Vck}fywkzèyko jf Iflo Doykqoczf $VCK"ID+

9080



Yfchzo Ghy}hldo jf Hl}hyfcnh Bhmyh

MOZOAOYCHLKWBO1 H MYOCZFKYH FCZYF H HYZF F HKCMOYBHÎÇO

Vb fwzvjo gyâzkgo jhw mozonyhmkhw jh Yf}kwzh Chzkochl Nfonyhpdkg

Boconyhmkh hpyfwfczhjh ho gvywo jf Aoychlkwbo jo GfczyoVck}fywkzèyko jf Iflo Doykqoczf $VCK"ID+ gobo yfxvkwkzo phygkhl àoizfcîço jo nyhv jf Ihgdhyfl fb Aoychlkwbo#

Oykfczhjoy$h+1 Pyom# Lvkq Dfcykxvf ]kfkyh jf Bhnhldçfw

Iflo Doykqoczf

Gfczyo Vck}fywkzèyko jf Iflo Doykqoczf $VCK"ID+9080



Hnyhjfîo à bkcdh bçf $Kc Bfboykhc+, bfv phk, bfvw kybçow f bkcdh

chboyhjh, poy fwzhyfb ho bfv lhjo cfwzf locno pfygvywo jf

hpyfcjkqhnfb# Hnyhjfîo bfv oykfczhjoy, pykcgkphlbfczf pflh

phgkácgkh, gocwfldow f fcwkchbfczow# Hnyhjfîo, poy mkb, h zojhw hw

pfwwohw xvf goczykivâyhb phyh xvf fwwf fwzvjo pvjfwwf wfy gocglvâjo#



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YFWVBO

H mozonyhmkh ë vbh jhw nyhcjfw mfyyhbfczhw jo aoychlkwbo f zhbiëb ë gocdfgkjh gobo vbhjhw moybhw jf bhckmfwzhîço hyzâwzkgh# H yf}kwzh Chzkochl Nfonyhpdkg, yfmfyácgkh pflh xvhlkjhjf

jhw mozonyhmkhw xvf klvwzyhb hw wvhw bhzëykhw, gocwfnvf vcky fwwhw jvhw mvcîöfw fb wvhw

pvilkghîöfw# Gob fwwh boconyhmkh, ivwghbow gobpyffcjfy gobo fwwh xvfwzço jo ghyèzfy

kcmoybhzk}o f ho bfwbo zfbpo hyzâwzkgo hphyfgf co pfyk÷jkgo# Hwwkb, mok mfkzh vbh hcèlkwf

gyâzkgh jhw mozow jf vbh fjkîço jh yf}kwzh, lf}hcjo"wf fb goczh hwpfgzow zëgckgow mozonyèmkgow

phyh pfygfify wf dè vbh pyfogvphîço bhkoy gob h kcmoybhîço aoychlâwzkgh ov gob h fwzëzkgh

chw mozonyhmkhw jf pènkchw jvplhw, xvf poy chzvyfqh yfgfifb bhkoy jfwzhxvf# Ivwgov"wfpfygfify, chw mozonyhmkhw hchlkwhjhw, xvhl ghyèzfy ë pyfjobkchczf1 wf o kcmoybhzk}o aoychlâwzkgo

ov o fwzëzkgo hyzâwzkgo ‗ fbioyh hbiow cço wfahb ftglvjfczfw# Gob kwwo, pojfbow zfczhy

yfwpocjfy wf h yf}kwzh pykoykqh o aoychlkwbo ov o lhjo hyzâwzkgo jo mozoaoychlkwbo# Pfygfifv"wf

xvf, jhw okzo mozonyhmkhw hchlkwhjhw, wfkw pojfykhb wfy gocwkjfyhjhw gobo aoychlâwzkghw, f hw

ovzyhw jvhw hyzâwzkghw f gocglvky xvf h yf}kwzh pykoykqh, cfwwfw ghwow, h kcmoybhîço# Co fczhczo,

cço jfkth jf wf pyfogvphy gob h iflfqh jf wvhw kbhnfcw# Hw mozonyhmkhw wço iflhw f ho bfwbo

zfbpo kcmoybhzk}hw# H yf}kwzh wf vzklkqh jo iflo phyh hzyhky wfvw lfkzoyfw à kcmoybhîço#

Phlh}yhw"gdh}f1 Mozoaoychlkwbo5 Hyzf5 Chzkochl Nfonyhpdkg#



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9#8 Aoychlkwbo jf Yf}kwzh ######################################################################################################## 80

9#9 Mozoaoychlkwbo ################################################################################################################### 89

9#9#8 Dkwz÷ykgo ######################################################################################################################### 8:

7 HYZF F KBHNFB ############################################################################################################# 8;

7#8 Hyzf1 gocgfkzo f dkwz÷ykh ##################################################################################################### 8;

7#9 Kbhnfb ############################################################################################################################## 98

7#7 Mozonyhmkh ########################################################################################################################## 97

7#7#8 Mozonyhmkh Jknkzhl ########################################################################################################### 9=

7#7#9 Mozonyhmkh gobo hyzf ####################################################################################################### 9>

: HW MOZONYHMKHW JH CHZKOCHL NFONYHPDKG ################################################# 70

:#8 Hcèlkwf jhw mozonyhmkhw ###################################################################################################### 78

:#8#8 Mozow jh bhzëykh jf ghph “Iyhwkl Hco 8000‒ ################################################################# 78:#8#9 Mozow jh bhzëykh “Ch Fwzyhjh Fwxvfgkjh‒ ###################################################################### 76

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8 KCZYOJVÎÇO

H mozonyhmkh f}olvkv ihwzhczf jfwjf o wfv wvynkbfczo# Hczfw, gobo kbkzhîço jhw

pkczvyhw, jfpokw, gobo yfzyhzo jf vbh yfhlkjhjf hzë fczço jfwgocdfgkjh phyh bvkzow,

co}ow moz÷nyhmow moyhb wvynkcjo, f gob flfw, co}hw kjfkhw, zëgckghw, f fxvkphbfczow#

Jfwzh moybh, h zëgckgh mozonyèmkgh wf jk}kjkv, ihwkghbfczf, fb jvhw pykcgkphkw }fyzfczfw1

h hyzâwzkgh f aoychlâwzkgh# H pykbfkyh, pyojvqkcjo yfzyhzow jf pfwwohw, phkwhnfcw, f

powzfykoybfczf iooew jf gobfboyhîöfw, zoychcjo"wf vb hyzkmâgko gozkjkhco ch }kjh jhw

pfwwohw# Aè h wfnvcjh, gobo cfgfwwkjhjf jf hpyfwfczhy co}hw kcmoybhîöfw, avwzkmkghy f

gocmkybhy hîöfw, klvwzyhy hgoczfgkbfczow yfpoyzhjow cow zftzow aoychlâwzkgow#

Gob h f}olvîço zfgcol÷nkgh, h mozonyhmkh jfktov jf wfy vb pyojvzo jf hgfwwo bhkw

yfwzykzo f phwwov h hzkcnky zojhw hw ghbhjhw jh wogkfjhjf# Kwwo pyopoygkocov vbh

ihchlkqhîço jo hzo jf mozonyhmhy, f gykov"wf h kjëkh jf xvf xvhlxvfy vb pojfykh wf zoychy

vb moz÷nyhmo, pyojvzoy jf kbhnfcw hyzâwzkghw ov xvhwf kwwo, wfb cfcdvb pyfphyo pyë}ko#

Phyhlflhbfczf, ow moz÷nyhmow pyomkwwkochkw zk}fyhb xvf wf hpfymfkîohy ghjh }fq bhkw phyh

zfyfb yfgocdfgkbfczo pflo wfv zyhihldo, à bfjkjh xvf zhbiëb kcgoypoyhyhb hwbvjhcîhw zëgckghw#

Doaf, h mozonyhmkh fwzè pyfwfczf cow lhyfw, cow hpflow pvilkgkzèykow fwphldhjow pflh

gkjhjf, klvwzyhb lk}yow, wkzfw, aoychkw f yf}kwzhw# Cfwzhw, ftfygf vbh mvcîço gfczyhl gobo

hlkhjh jf vb zftzo xvf jkmfyf jo aoychlkwbo jkèyko, nfyhlbfczf pvilkghjo pflow aoychkw

kbpyfwwow# Co ghwo jh yf}kwzh Chzkochl Nfonyhpdkg, zyhzh"wf jf vbh yfgocdfgkjh yf}kwzh

jf hlghcgf bvcjkhl, gob bhzëykhw bhkw locnhw jfwzhghcjo ghyhgzfyâwzkghw fhgoczfgkbfczow jf }èykhw gvlzvyhw fwphldhjhw pflo plhcfzh f xvf, pflh ykxvfqh bfwbh jo

wfv vck}fywo h wfy mozonyhmhjo, zoycov"wf yfmfyácgkh co mozoaoychlkwbo# Hwwkb, hw

mozonyhmkhw pvilkghjhw poy fwzh yf}kwzh, phyh hlëb jo wfv ghyèzfy kcmoybhzk}o, wfbpyf

pyfqhyhb pflh xvhlkjhjf zëgckgh f fwzëzkgh#

O xvf wfyè hchlkwhjo cfwwh boconyhmkh ë h bhcfkyh gobo goc}k}fb, ch pvilkghîço fb

mogo, fwwhw jvhw jkbfcwöfw jh mozonyhmkh# H hcèlkwf gocwkwzkyè fb mhqfy vbh lfkzvyh

zëgckgh jf okzo mozonyhmkhw jf pènkchw jvplhw, pfyzfcgfczfw h jvhw bhzëykhw jh yf}kwzh,



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wfcjo vbh jf ghph f h ovzyh fwgoldkjh pflh wvh bhkoy xvhczkjhjf jf mozonyhmkhw, jf vb

ftfbplhy jfwwf pfyk÷jkgo#

H lfkzvyh zëgckgh wf ihwfhyè fb xvfwzöfw gobo fcxvhjyhbfczo, gobpowkîço, goczyhwzf jf

lvqfw f goyfw, bfcwhnfb }kwvhl, f yflhîço fczyf lfnfcjh f mozonyhmkh# Ivwghcjo

f}kjfcgkhy wf dè vbh kczfcgkochlkjhjf hyzâwzkgh ov hpfchw kcmoybhzk}h#



4

9 AOYCHLKWBO

O aoychlkwbo, jf hgoyjo gob Gl÷}kw Yowwk $8;;:+, ë vbh lvzh pflh gocxvkwzh jhw bfczfw

$kjfolonkh+ f goyhîöfw $wfczkbfczow+ jow wfvw hl}ow, wfahb flfw lfkzoyfw, zflfwpfgzhjoyfwov ov}kczfw# Poyëb, kcjfpfcjfczf jkwwo, hpyfwfczh }hloy polâzkgo f wogkhl, poy wfy

goczyolhjo poy no}fycow, phyzkjow, fbpyfwèykow f fczkjhjfw jk}fywhw, mhqfcjo phyzf jo

xvf wf goc}fcgkocov gdhbhy jf }fâgvlow jf gobvckghîço fb bhwwh# Co wfv mhqfy, }hlf"

wf zhczo jh lkcnvhnfb }fyihl/fwgykzh, xvhcjo jhw kbhnfcw#

Mflkpf Pfch $9006+ hpoczh h lkcnvhnfb cço }fyihl gobo fwwfcgkhl phyh o hj}fczo jh

}fyihlkqhîço# Xvhcjo o dobfb mhlh, dè vb gobpocfczf wkcfwzëwkgo zhczo ch yfgfpîçoxvhczo ch fbkwwço# Xvhcjo wf ov}f hlnvëb mhlhy cço wf vzklkqh hpfchw h hvjkîço, bhw

zhbiëb wf pfygfif nfwzow, vzklkqh"wf jo zhzo, phlhjhy f olmhzo# Zojow fwwfw gobpocfczfw

kcmlvfcgkhb h bfcwhnfb# Zojow fwwfw hwpfgzow wço, jkyfzh ov kcjkyfzhbfczf,

gobpocfczfw jh bfcwhnfb#

Hkcjh jf hgoyjo gob o hvzoy, yflhzow oyhkw pojfb wfy gocwkjfyhjow vbh fwpëgkf jf pyë"

aoychlkwbo, xvf pojf wfy gobpyo}hjo pflh jfbogyhgkh hzfckfcwf, xvf wf hpokh}h fb vb

aoychlkwbo oyhl, co bfyghjo jf Hzfchw, ocjf zvjo xvf fyh kbpoyzhczf phyh o kczfyfwwf

pñilkgo mkgh}h ho hy lk}yf# “Yflhzow oyhkw wço h pykbfkyh nyhcjf bâjkh jh dvbhckjhjf‒

$PFCH, 9006, p#9:+#

Ow pykbfkyow wvpoyzfw jh fwgykzh moyhb hw zèivhw jf mfyyo wvbëykhw, co fczhczo, fwwf

bëzojo kc}khiklkqh}h h kcmoybhîço# Jfpokw wvynkyhb hw zhivlfzhw jf bhjfkyh, bhymkb,

ihbiv mvcjkjo f hzë pëzhlhw jf mloy# Co fczhczo, ow fnâpgkow yf}olvgkochyhb h fwgykzh

gob h vzklkqhîço jo phpkyo, xvf jobkcov h fwgykzh hzë h gykhîço jo phpfl# Pfch $9006+

goczh xvf o phpkyo fyh vzklkqhjo pflow yobhcow phyh fwgyf}fyfb h Hgzh Jkvych, xvf

yflhzh}h jkhykhbfczf o xvf ogoyykh co Wfchjo f ch }kjh wogkhl f polâzkgh jo Kbpëyko# O

hvzoy gocwkjfyh fwwfw yflhzow gobo moybh jf aoychlkwbo, ho wf avwzkmkghy pflh

pfykojkgkjhjf f kjfczkjhjf#

Co fczhczo, o aoychlkwbo hpfchw wf gocwolkjov gob h kc}fcîço jh kbpyfcwh, gykhjh

oyknkchlbfczf pflow gdkcfwfw, bhw mhbowh poy Nvzfbifyn# Hczfw bfwbo jh kc}fcîço jh

kbpyfcwh hw cozâgkhw aè gkygvlh}hb# Fyhb kcmoybhîöfw bhcvwgykzhw, xvf gyfwgfyhb



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jvyhczf o jfwfc}ol}kbfczo jo gobëygko f }kjh vyihch# Poyëb mok h gykhîço jh kbpyfcwh

xvf powwkiklkzov jkmvcjky zhkw kcmoybhîöfw gob bhkw }flogkjhjf f zhbiëb gob bhkoy

hlghcgf, nyhîhw à kbpyfwwço bñlzkplh jf iolfzkcw kcmoybhzk}ow, chwgkjow ch ocjh

fbfynfczf jh kcjñwzykh jo lk}yo, gobo hmkybh Pfch $9006+#

Bvkzo zfbpo wf phwwov hzë xvf, cow ghmëw jf Locjyfw, co gobfîo jo wëgvlo T]KK,

powwk}flbfczf, o aoychlkwbo kbpyfwwo wvynkv# Ow jocow jow pviw pfjkhb how }khahczfw

xvf goczhwwfb o xvf }kyhb pflo ghbkcdo# Pfch $9006+ hpoczh xvf hlnvcw ghmëw fyhb

fwpfgkhlkqhjow fb kcmoybhîöfw fwpfgâmkghw, f moyhb jflfw xvf whâyhb ow pykbfkyow

aoychkw, poy }olzh jf 8=0;, xvhcjo zkp÷nyhmow phwwhyhb h yfgoldfy kcmoybhîöfw, momoghw f

jkwgvwwöfw polâzkghw, f kbpykbkhb zvjo#

H phyzky jhâ, h kc}fcîço jow zkpow kbpyfwwow powwkiklkzhyhb o hj}fczo jo aoychlkwbo

bojfyco# Co fczhczo, h oyhlkjhjf goczkcvhyè zfcjo vb phpfl pykcgkphl co pyogfwwo

aoychlâwzkgo, cço hpfchw ch yflhîço gob hw moczfw, bhw zhbiëb ch gocmknvyhîço jf co}hw

zfgcolonkhw bkjkèzkghw, gobo o yèjko f h zflf}kwço#

H kbpyfcwh, fczço, phwwh h ogvphy o fwphîo pñilkgo, xvf poy ghvwh jfwwh ogvphîço womyfhlzfyhîöfw# Ifychj Bkënf, gkzhjo poy Mflkpf Pfch $9006+ hpoczh xvf hw zyhcwmoybhîöfw

jo fwphîo pñilkgo wço jk}kjkjhw fb xvhzyo phyzfw, wfcjo1 h kbpyfcwh jf opkckço

$hyzfwhchl, zkyhnfb yfjvqkjh f zftzo opkchzk}o+, h kbpyfcwh gobfygkhl $kcjvwzykhl,

bfyghczkl f zftzo cozkgkowo+, bâjkh jf bhwwh $zfgcolonkh, bhyefzkcn f fwpfzègvlo+ f

gobvckghîço nfcfyhlkqhjh $bfnhgocnlobfyhjow jf bâjkh, kcmoybhîço gobo ihwf jhw

fwzyvzvyhw wogkogvlzvyhkw f yfhlkjhjf }kyzvhl+#

Poy ovzyo lhjo, Gkyo Bhygocjfw, hvzoy jo lk}yo Gobvckghîço f Aoychlkwbo1 h whnh jow

gçfw pfyjkjow $9009+ zyhîh vb xvhjyo f}olvzk}o jf ëpoghw jkwzkczhw, jk}kjkjhw fb gkcgo

phyzfw# H pykbfkyh, pyë"dkwz÷ykh jo aoychlkwbo, jkmfyfcgkhjh poy vbh fgocobkh fwwfcgkhl,

pyojvîço hyzfwhchl f gob moybhzo jf lk}yo, wf jfv jf 8=78 h 8>4;# H wfnvcjh ëpogh,

8470 h 8;00, hpyfwfczh o pykbfkyo aoychlkwbo, goczfcjo goczfñjo lkzfyèyko f polâzkgo,

fgocobkh jfmkgkfczf, zftzow bhkw gyâzkgow f woi h jkyfîço jow coiyfw $kczflfgzvhkw

polâzkgow f fwgykzoyfw+#



80

H zfygfkyh ëpogh hpoczh o wfnvcjo aoychlkwbo, 8470 h 8;00, kbpyfcwh jf bhwwh, kcâgko

jh pyomkwwkochlkqhîço jow aoychlkwzhw, gykhîço jf yfpoyzhnfcw f bhcgdfzfw, vzklkqhîço jh

pvilkgkjhjf f gocwolkjhîço jh fgocobkh5 zfygfkyo aoychlkwbo, 8;00 h 8;=0, bocop÷lko

jh kbpyfcwh f gob nyhcjfw zkyhnfcw, moyzfw nyvpow fjkzoykhkw bocopolkqhb o bfyghjo5 f

poy mkb o xvhyzo aoychlkwbo, h phyzky jf 8;=0, bhyghjo pflh kcmoybhîço flfzyúckgh f

kczfyhzk}h, gob hbplh vzklkqhîço jh zfgcolonkh, bvjhcîh jhw mvcîöfw jow aoychlkwzhw,

}flogkjhjf ch zyhcwbkwwço jf kcmoybhîöfw, }hloykqhîço jo }kwvhl f gykwf ch kbpyfcwh

fwgykzh#

O aoychlkwbo ë vb jow yhbow jh gobvckghîço, f omfyfgf }èykhw èyfhw jf zyhihldo f

moybhw jf hzvhîço, jfwjf kbpyfwwow h flfzyúckgow# Jfczyf zojhw hw èyfhw cow hzfczhyfbowphyh o aoychlkwbo jf yf}kwzh f h mozonyhmkh gobo mozoaoychlkwbo#

9#8 Aoychlkwbo jf Yf}kwzh

Wëynko ]klhw Iohw $8;;=+ hpoczh xvf hw yf}kwzhw wfbhchkw pyffcgdfb ow }hqkow

kcmoybhzk}ow jfkthjow pflhw goifyzvyhw jow aoychkw, yèjkow f zflf}kwço# Jfwzh moybh, mhq"

wf vb aoychlkwbo jf bhkoy pyomvcjkjhjf# O hvzoy hpoczh hw yf}kwzhw gobo bfkowftknfczfw f xvf yfxvfyfb zftzow flfnhczfw f wfjvzoyfw, dh}fcjo vbh gocgklkhîço jo

aoychlkwbo gob h lkzfyhzvyh#

Hw yf}kwzhw wvynkyhb, pykbfkyhbfczf, cço gobo moczf jf cozâgkhw, bhw wkb gobo moybh

jf fczyfzfckbfczo f fjvghîço# Fyhb gobpowzhw gob mozonyhmkhw f klvwzyhîöfw gob vb

kjfhl goczfbplhzk}o# Havjhyhb ch moybhîço f fjvghîço jf nyhcjfw phygflhw jh

popvlhîço, cfgfwwkzhjhw jf kcmoybhîöfw fwpfgâmkghw, xvf poy }fczvyh cço wf jfjkgh}hbhow lk}yow phyh whgkhy zhkw ghyácgkhw#

Bhyâlkh Wghlqo $900:+ hpoczh xvf hw yf}kwzhw vcfb f mvcjfb fczyfzfckbfczo, fjvghîço,

wfy}kîow f kczfypyfzhîöfw jf hgoczfgkbfczow# Flhw hpyfwfczhb bhkw kcmoybhîöfw pfwwohkw

‗ xvf havjh o lfkzoy fb wfv gozkjkhco ‗ f bfcow kcmoybhîço, fb wfv wfczkjo glèwwkgo ‗

cozâgkhw xvfczfw# Flh hpoczh hkcjh, xvf fcxvhczo ow aoychkw ogvphb o fwphîo pñilkgo f

mhlhb gob vb pñilkgo wfb yowzo, dfzfyonácfo, h yf}kwzh fczyh co fwphîo pyk}hjo, ch

kczkbkjhjf jh ghwh jow lfkzoyfw# Dè yf}kwzhw jf whlh, ihcdfkyo, xvhyzo, goqkcdh f jk}fywhw



88

ovzyhw fwpfgkmkgkjhjfw# Hw yf}kwzhw záb gobo fwwácgkh h wfnbfczhîço f o zkpo jf pñilkgo

hl}o#

Vbh jhw nyhcjfw jkmfyfcîhw jhw yf}kwzhw phyh ow ovzyow bfkow jf gobvckghîço ë zyhzhy o

lfkzoy jf –}ogá‟, mhlhy gob flf jkyfzhbfczf, bvkzhw }fqfw gob kczkbkjhjf, f zhbiëb

whify ov}k"lo# Kwwo ë mfkzo hzyh}ëw jf pfwxvkwhw xvhlkzhzk}hw f xvhczkzhzk}hw, zflfmocfbhw,

ghyzhw f f"bhklw fc}khjow à yfjhîço#

Wghlqo $900:+ hpoczh, zhbiëb, xvf o moybhzo jhw yf}kwzhw ë ovzyo nyhcjf jkmfyfcgkhl#

Wço mègfkw jf ghyyfnhy, jf nvhyjhy, jf golfgkochy# “Cço wvah hw bçow gobo ow aoych kw,

ghif ch bogdklh f jkwmhyîh jfczyo jf vb ghjfyco, ch doyh jh hvlh# Wfv phpfl f kbpyfwwçozhbiëb nhyhczfb xvhlkjhjf jf lfkzvyh ‗ jo zftzo f jf kbhnfb ‗ kc}faè}fl‒# $WGHLQO,

900:, p# 7;+#

H jk}fywkjhjf jf vzklkqhîço jf yfgvywow nyèmkgow fb vbh yf}kwzh ë vbh jf wvhw nyhcjfw

}hczhnfcw# O zftzo, poy bhkw pfymfkzo xvf wfah, wfyè wfbpyf bfldoy gobpyffcjkjo f

hzyhfczf xvhcjo hgobphcdhjo jf vbh ioh mozonyhmkh ov jf vb kcmonyèmkgo ifb mfkzo#

Wghlqo $900:+ wvnfyf xvf zhkw yfgvywow }kwvhkw wço fwwfcgkhkw phyh o wvgfwwo jf vbhyf}kwzh#

Jf hgoyjo gob h hvzoyh, h mozonyhmkh f hw yf}kwzhw phyfgfb zfy chwgkjo vbh phyh h ovzyh#

Jfwjf o lhcîhbfczo jh pykbfkyh yf}kwzh klvwzyhjh, flhw cvcgh bhkw wf wfphyhyhb# Kwwo wf

jè nyhîhw à xvhlkjhjf jo phpfl f à kbpyfwwço, xvf powwkiklkzhyhb o bfldoy vwo jh

mozonyhmkh# Chw yf}kwzhw, jokw nácfyow jf mozonyhmkh wço gocwkjfyhjow zâpkgow1 hw

mozonyhmkhw pyojvqkjhw f o mozoaoychlkwbo# Xvhcjo hlnvëb oldh phyh vbh pènkch jf yf}kwzh, h pykbfkyh gokwh xvf }á wço hwmozonyhmkhw# Hczfw jf lfy xvhlxvfy phlh}yh, ë h mozonyhmkh xvf }hk pyfcjá"lo àxvflhpènkch ov cço# Mozow pyo}oghb yfhîöfw fbogkochkw, goc}kjhb h bfynvldhy cvbhwwvczo, h fczyhy cvbh bhzëykh# Poy kwwo, zfy mozow iohw fb bçow ë mvcjhbfczhl#$WGHLQO, 900:, p# =;+



89

9#9 Mozoaoychlkwbo

Aoynf Pfjyo Wovwh $9000+ hmkybh xvf h bfldoy bhcfkyh jf gocgfkzvhy o mozoaoychlkwbo ë

hpyfwfczhcjo"o fb wfczkjo lhzo $lhzo wfcwv+ f fb wfczkjo yfwzykzo $wzykgzo wfcwv+# Cofczhczo, ë kbpoyzhczf yfwwhlzhy xvf fb xvhlxvfy vb jow ghwow, ë cfgfwwèyko xvf dhah vbh

gobikchîço fczyf phlh}yhw f kbhnfb, gob o phpfl jf goczftzvhlkqhy f gobplfzhy vbhw

hw ovzyhw#

Wfnvcjo o hvzoy, co wfczkjo lhzo, o mozoaoychlkwbo ë fczfcjkjo gobo “hzk}kjhjf jf

yfhlkqhîço jf mozonyhmkhw kcmoybhzk}hw, kczfypyfzhzk}hw, jogvbfczhkw ov –klvwzyhzk}hw‟ phyh

h kbpyfcwh ov ovzyow pyoafzow fjkzoykhkw lknhjow à pyojvîço jf kcmoybhîço jf hzvhlkjhjf‒$WOVWH, 9000, p# 89+# Jfwwh moybh, ghyhgzfykqh"wf pflh mkchlkjhjf, kczfcîço, f cço pflo

pyojvzo mkchl#

Poy ovzyo lhjo, co wfczkjo yfwzykzo, o mozoaoychlkwbo ë fczfcjkjo gobo “hzk}kjhjf xvf

pojf }kwhy kcmoybhy, goczftzvhlkqhy, omfyfgfy gocdfgkbfczo, moybhy, fwglhyfgfy ov

bhyghy poczow jf }kwzh hzyh}ëw jh mozonyhmkh jf hgoczfgkbfczow f jh goifyzvyh jf

hwwvczow jf kczfyfwwf aoychlâwzkgo‒# $WOVWH, 9000, p#89+# Poyzhczo, zhkw kczfyfwwfw }hykhb

jf vb ÷ynço jf gobvckghîço wogkhl phyh ovzyo, cço zfcjo h }fy gob ow gykzëykow jf

cozkgkhiklkjhjf jobkchczfw#

Flf hkcjh pyopöf xvf o mozoaoychlkwbo wf jkwzkcnvf jo mozojogvbfczhykwbo# Zhl

jkwzkcîço ë ftplkghjh pflo mhzo jo aoychlkwzh yhyhbfczf whify o xvf }hk mozonyhmhy,

gocjkîöfw xvf fcgoczyhyè, fzg5 fcxvhczo o jogvbfczhykwzh aè zfb vb gocdfgkbfczo

pyë}ko jo hwwvczo f gocjkîöfw fb xvf wf jfwfc}ol}fyè o plhco jf hioyjhnfb#

Yolhcj Ihyzdfw $900;+, poy wvh }fq, gocgfkzvh h mozonyhmkh aoychlâwzkgh gobo vb oiafzo

zyhihldhjo, fwgoldkjo, gobpowzo, gocwzyvâjo, zyhzhjo wfnvcjo coybhw pyomkwwkochkw,

fwzëzkghw ov kjfol÷nkghw# Ihyzdfw $900;+ hkcjh hmkybh xvf o zftzo ë vbh bfcwhnfb

phyhwkzh, jfwzkchjh h gocozhy h kbhnfb# H kbhnfb aè cço fwglhyfgf h phlh}yh, f wkb o

goczyèyko#

Aè Bkgdhfl Ivwwfllf $8;>;+ gocgfkzvh o mozoaoychlkwbo gobo “jfcobkchîço nfcëykgh,ocjf wf kcglvk vbh nyhcjf }hykfjhjf jf zfbhw mozonyèmkgow, jfwjf o lhcîhbfczo jf vb



87

ch}ko ho bhy hzë vbh ftpowkîço jf gçfw ch gkjhjf, jf vb pyëjko fb gdhbhw h vb

jfwmklf bklkzhy‒# $IVWWFLF, 8;>;, p# 8=:+# O hvzoy hkcjh jk}kjf o mozoaoychlkwbo fb

jvhw ghzfnoykhw1 h mozo gobo yfnkwzyo jf vb bobfczo ñckgo ‗ pyf}kwzo ov fwpoczécfo ",

f h mozo gobo flfbfczo jf vbh wëykf jfwzkchjh h moybhy vbh dkwz÷ykh# Ow jokw ghwow

hpyfwfczhb jk}fywhw powwkiklkjhjfw, jfwjf vbh bkwwço aoychlâwzkgh hzë vb yfzyhzo

kcmoybhl cço pyfbfjkzhjo#

Ivwwflf $8;>;+ hkcjh hmkybh xvf hw mozonyhmkhw aoychlâwzkghw cço wço wkbplfwbfczf o

yfnkwzyo jf vb bobfczo, pokw dè kczfymfyácgkhw jo moz÷nyhmo, dè vbh jfglhyhîço jo

hvzoy# Hw jfgkwöfw jo mozoaoychlkwzh wço yfwpocwè}fkw pflh fmkgègkh jh kbhnfb mkchl,

yfzyhzhcjo lvnhy, bobfczo f h bhcfkyh jf mhqá"lh#

Hw mozow kcjkwgvzk}flbfczf aoychlâwzkghw záb vb jfcobkchjoy gobvb1 yfnkwzyhbmhzow wfb xvhkwxvfy boczhnfcw cfb kczfymfyácgkhw cow hgoczfgkbfczow ov chw powfwjow bojflow1 wço chzvyhkw f kcmoybhkw# H ñckgh goczykivkîço jo moz÷nyhmo gocwkwzf chfwgoldh jo fthzo bobfczo h wfy yfnkwzyhjo $IVWWFLF, 8;>;, p#8=:+#

Pfcwhcjo cfwwh kczfymfyácgkh jo yfp÷yzfy ch kbhnfb, Dkljfiyhcjo Mkldo $8;;:+ zyhzh jh

ëzkgh aoychlâwzkgh, hzfczhcjo phyh o mhzo jf cço hjkhczhy o moz÷nyhmo zfy jobâcko woiyf o

fxvkphbfczo f jf zëgckghw, bhw pyfgkwhy, hlëb jo gocdfgkbfczo jf wfv G÷jkno jf Ëzkgh,

whify o wknckmkghjo oyknkchl jh ëzkgh dvbhcâwzkgh# Ov wfah, ë pyfgkwo xvf dhah vb

gobpyobfzkbfczo gob h gocwgkácgkh ëzkgh f, poy wvh }fq, gob h “gykzkgkjhjf f gob o

wfczkjo wogkhl jh kcmoybhîço‒# $MKLDO, 8;;:, p#:0+#

Mkldo $8;;:+ hpoczh, zhbiëb, xvf hw mozonyhmkhw, cow jkhw hzvhkw, hghihb wfcjo mfkzhw

gob pyfwwh, fb wkzvhîöfw jf hîço, f xvf poy kwwo, bvkzhw }fqfw h kbhnfb hghih poy

–hnyfjky‟ ow yfgfpzoyfw, }kwzo xvf cço mok zkjo o gvkjhjo cfgfwwèyko gob fwwf hwpfgzo#

Cfwwf wfczkjo, o hvzoy jfmfcjf xvf, kcjfpfcjfczf jfwwf pyoilfbh, h mozonyhmkh jf ghyèzfy

vzklkzèyko, ov wfah, xvf zfb gobo oiafzk}o yfmoyîhy h kczfcîço aoychlâwzkgh, hpyfwfczh gfyzh

pofzkgkjhjf1 “yf}flh co wfv fcxvhjyhbfczo, zojh vbh jkbfcwço poëzkgh, poczvhjh pflh

ghphgkjhjf jf yfzfy h wkcnvlhykjhjf jhw gokwhw, o poybfcoy lâykgo, o jfzhldf gyâzkgo f

dvboyâwzkgo, fcmkb h pyfwfcîh bfcow gkygvcwzhcgkhl jh yfhlkjhjf‒ $MKLDO, 8;;:, p# :9+#



8:

8#9#8 Dkwz÷ykgo

Yknoyowhbfczf, o mozoaoychlkwbo wvynkv fb 84:9 gobo hmkybh Aoynf Pfjyo Wovwh

$9000+# Ch ëpogh gkzhjh, hw mozonyhmkhw fyhb yfpyojvqkjhw fb aoychkw h phyzky jf g÷pkhw

yfhlkqhjhw poy jfwfcdow, aè xvf h yfpyojvîço poy jfwfcdo fyh bhkw wkbplfw f }kè}fl# H

pvilkghîço jkyfzh jf mozonyhmkhw w÷ wfykh powwâ}fl h phyzky jhw qkcgonyh}vyhw8, xvf

wvynkyhb ho }kyhy o wëgvlo#

Ow pykbfkyow moz÷nyhmow moyhb ow pkczoyfw, gobo hpoczh Aoynf Pfjyo Wovwh $9000+, f

kwwo pyo}h}flbfczf mok vbh jhw yhqöfw jhw mozonyhmkhw wfyfb wfbpyf hwwogkhjhw àw

pkczvyhw, f gocwfxvfczfbfczf à hyzf, o xvf mfq gob xvf hw pvilkghîöfw jhw mozonyhmkhw chkbpyfcwh mowwfb fcxvhjyhjhw poy mklfzfw mloyfhjow, yfpyfwfczhcjo vbh boljvyh#

H hifyzvyh jo fwzñjko jo moz÷nyhmo myhcgáw Jkwjfyk, poy }olzh jf 846:, bhygh vbh

bvjhcîh yhjkghl ch mozonyhmkh gob o wvynkbfczo jh mozonyhmkh “ghyzço jf }kwkzh‒,

powwkiklkzhcjo h jfbogyhzkqhîço jo hgfwwo à mozonyhmkh jf yfzyhzo h phyzky jh ihkth jf

pyfîow# Phyh Aoynf Pfjyo Wovwh $9000+ fwwf mok o pykbfkyo phwwo phyh h mozonyhmkh wf

zoychy vb bfko jf bhwwh# Jfwzh moybh ogoyyf h pykbfkyh yfpoyzhnfb jf nvfyyh, ch xvhlYonfy Mfczoc lf}h xvhzyo hwwkwzfczfw f vb nyhcjf cñbfyo jf fxvkphbfczow, fczyf flfw h

ghyyoîh"lhioyhz÷yko, xvf yf}flh}h mozonyhmkhw fb kbfjkhzo# Powzfykoybfczf, zhkw mozow

wfykhb pvilkghjhw fb moybh jf klvwzyhîöfw co Zdf Klvwzyhzfj Locjoc Cf~w f co Kl

Mozonyhmo, fb 8466#

H pykbfkyh mozonyhmkh pvilkghjh ch kbpyfcwh mok fb 8440, jf hgoyjo gob Dflovkwf Gowzh

f Yfchzo Yojyknvfw $900:+, co aoychl hbfykghco Jhkl{ Dfyhlj# Co fczhczo, Aoynf PfjyoWovwh $9000+ hmkybh zfy wkjo pvilkghjh co aoychl Zdf Cf~ [oye Jhkl{ Nyhpdkg# Wfcjo

yfpyojvqkjh fb fwghlh kcjvwzykhl hzyh}ëw jo pyogfwwo jf bfko"zob, fwwh kco}hîço

zfgcol÷nkgh nfyov vbh yf}olvîço chw bâjkhw kbpyfwwhw ftkwzfczfw, ogvphcjo ghjh }fq

bhkw hw pènkchw jow aoychkw f yf}kwzhw jo bvcjo kczfkyo, jhcjo lfnkzkbkjhjf àw cozâgkhw#

“Ow aoychkw f yf}kwzhw jo bvcjo kczfkyo vzklkqhb h mozonyhmkh yfwphljhjow ch

gyfjkiklkjhjf jo pñilkgo jf xvf flh yfmfyfcjh o yfhl jf moybh kcxvfwzkocè}fl‒# $GOWZH5

YOJYKNVFW, 900:, p#;4+#

8 Pyogfwwo jf kbpyfwwço gob bhzykq plhch, ihwfhjo co mfc÷bfco jf yfpvlwço fczyf hw zkczhw f h ènvh fvzklkqhcjo gobo wvpoyzf vbh gdhph jf qkcgo#



86

Wovwh $9000+ hmkybh zhbiëb xvf mok ch Myhcîh, fb 8;80 xvf h pykbfkyh mozonyhmkh

aoychlâwzkgh hphyfgfv cow aoychkw fvyopfvw, co Ftgflwkoy # Fwzf aoychl jfjkgh}h jf xvhzyo h

joqf pènkchw à yfpyojvîço jf mozonyhmkhw jf hzvhlkjhjf gobo bfko jf kcmoybhîço, f cço

bhkw gobo klvwzyhîço#

Dflovkwf Gowzh f Yfchzo Yojyknvfw $900:+ hmkybhb xvf ow moz÷nyhmow poyzh}hb

fxvkphbfczow pfwhjow xvf cço pyopoygkoch}hb ioh boiklkjhjf# Jfwzh moybh, h

mozonyhmkh fyh vzklkqhjh bfyhbfczf phyh klvwzyhy ow zftzow fwgykzow# H phyzky jh jëghjh jf

8;90 co}hw gébfyhw wvynkyhb ch Fvyoph, jhcjo bfldoyfw gocjkîöfw jf zyhihldo how

aoychlkwzhw, fczyf flhw hw gébfyhw Lfkgh, xvf how povgow moyhb zobhcjo fwphîo cobvcjo aoychlâwzkgo poy powwvâyfb ioh }flogkjhjf5 lfczfw oiafzk}hw kczfyghbikè}fkw5 o

vwo jf mklbf jf 7= powfw5 hlëb jf powwkiklkzhy mozonyhmhy h cokzf wfb vwo jf mlhwd#

Fczyfzhczo, cço moyhb wobfczf hw f}olvîöfw zfgcol÷nkghw jh ëpogh xvf nfyhyhb h nyhcjf

bvjhcîh jh mozonyhmkh ch kbpyfcwh# Mhqfb phyzf, zhbiëb, jfwwh zyhcwmoybhîço “o hlzo

câ}fl jf polkzkqhîço jh wogkfjhjf hlfbç f o ftgfpgkochl jfwfc}ol}kbfczo gvlzvyhl jo

pfyâojo‒# $GOWZH5 YOJYKNVFW, 900:, p#;;+#

Aoynf Pfjyo Wovwh $9000+ hmkybh xvf zhkw bvjhcîhw pyopoygkochyhb h gobpfzkîço ch

kbpyfcwh f o hvbfczo jhw zkyhnfcw f jh gkygvlhîço jow aoychkw flf}hcjo, hwwkb, ow lvgyow#

Co fczhczo, hkcjh hwwkb, mlhwdw jf bhncëwko fyhb vwhjow f kwwo mhqkh gob xvf hpfchw

vbh mozonyhmkh poy hwwvczo mowwf zkyhjh, jf}kjo ho mhzo jf xvf o gdfkyo jo bhncëwko

xvfkbhjo fyh bvkzo moyzf f fcaohzk}o# Poy cfgfwwkjhjf, wvynkv co mozoaoychlkwbo o

gvlzk}o jh mozo ñckgh#

Fwzh goc}fcîço, wfnvcjo pfcwo, lf}ov ow moz÷nyhmow h pyogvyhy gocavyhy cvbh ñckghkbhnfb ow jk}fywow flfbfczow wknckmkghzk}ow jf vb hgoczfgkbfczo $h mozonyhmkhgobo wknco gocjfcwhjo+ jf moybh h xvf mowwfb mhgklbfczf kjfczkmkgè}fkw f lkjow$plhcow myoczhkw, fzg+# $WOVWH, 9000, p# 84+

Jfwzh moybh, hw kbhnfcw fyhb }hloykqhjhw bhkw poy wvh ckzkjfq f yfpyojvzkiklkjhjf jo

xvf pflo wfv }hloy cozkgkowo# O moz÷nyhmo Fykgd Whloboc, jf oyknfb ivynvfwh, zf}f phpfl

mvcjhbfczhl co hlkgfygf jo mozoaoychlkwbo# Vzklkqhcjo hw zëgckghw h}hcîhjhw jh Lfkgh,

flf jfwfc}ol}fv vb co}o bëzojo jf zyhihldo xvf gocwkwzkh fb mozonyhmhy wfb wfycozhjo# Wfcjo hwwkb, wvhw mozow gocwkwzkhb fb mlhnyhczfw jf pfywochlkjhjfw pñilkghw fb



8=

hzkzvjfw yf}flhjoyhw, jf moybh cvcgh }kwzh hczfw# “Whloboc gocwzyvkv h kbhnfb jo

moz÷nyhmo gvlzo, kczflknfczf, polkzkqhjo f pyoczo phyh fcmyfczhy hw co}hw ftknácgkhw wgkhkw

jo bobfczo# O moz÷nyhmo jh kbpyfcwh zoycov"wf vb pyomkwwkochl lkifyhl jf ghyyfkyh

hwgfcjfczf‒# $GOWZH5 YOJYKNVFW, 900:, p#;;+#

Dflovkwf Gowzh f Yfchzo Yojyknvfw $900:+ hpoczhb xvf hw jkmfyfcîhw fczyf o

mozoaoychlkwbo jow pykbfkyow moz÷nyhmow jf kbpyfcwh f o jf Whloboc cço fyhb hpfchw

co ébikzo zfgcol÷nkgo, wogkhl f gvlzvyhl, bhw pykcgkphlbfczf pflo jfwfc}ol}kbfczo jh

mozo gobo ftfygâgko jf }kwço#

Wf hczfykoybfczf h mozonyhmkh fyh vb bfyo hvtklkhy jo zftzo, cfwwf bobfczo jè"wfvbh kc}fywço# H mozonyhmkh gykh o hgoczfgkbfczo, ho phwwo xvf o zftzo, bvkzhw }fqfw,}fb hpfchw yfwphljhy h wvh kczfnykjhjf wânckgh# Hwwvbf"wf xvf h kbhnfb mozonyèmkghë gocwzyvâjh wfnvcjo vbh fwzyvzvyhîço kjfol÷nkgh ftplâgkzh# H nyhcjf kbpyfcwhphwwh, fczço, h wf vzklkqhy ghjh }fq bhkw jh mozonyhmkh, yfwphljhcjo wvhw bhckpvlhîöfwkjfol÷nkghw ch pyfzfcwh kbphygkhlkjhjf jh kbhnfb mozonyèmkgh# $GOWZH5YOJYKNVFW, 900:, p#808+#

Wovwh $9000+ hpoczh Whloboc gobo vb jow pykcgkphkw cobfw jh mvcjhîço jo

mozoaoychlkwbo bojfyco# Flf ghyhgzfykqh fwwh co}h }fyzfczf gobo “myhcgh, mh}oyfgfjoyh

jh fboîço woiyf o kczflfgzo, fcmhzkqhjoyh jh wviafzk}kjhjf, yfjfmkckjoyh jh pyk}hgkjhjf fbhyghjh pflh pvilkgkzhîço jh hvzoykh‒ $Wovwh, 9000, p#8;+#

Hlnvcw zf÷ykgow jh mozonyhmkh wvwzfczhb, hkcjh, xvf o mozoaoychlkwbo ghyyfnh gocgfpîöfw

hczkhyzâwzkghw# Co fczhczo, Wovwh $9000+ mhlh xvf h phyzky jow hcow jf 8;=0 yfnyhw jf

klvbkchîço f h yfnyh jow zfyîow9, }kcjhw jhw mozonyhmkhw pvilkgkzèykhw f hyzâwzkghw,

kcwfykyhb"wf co mozoaoychlkwbo# Flf hkcjh gkzh Wpfcgfy $8;==+ phyh hgyfwgfczhy xvf ftkwzf

h gobikchîço jf flfbfczow jh hyzf f jo jfwknc, xvf pyopoygkochb vbh mozonyhmkh bhkw

hpflhzk}h, xvf gocwfxvfczfbfczf, goczykivk phyh h gkygvlhîço f pyfwzânko jow aoychkw,

}kwhcjo ihzfy h gocgoyyácgkh# “Fwwfw flfbfczow wfykhb h fcmhzkqhîço jo nyhmkwbo }kwvhl

f h ftployhîço jf ftpyfwwöfw jf jknckjhjf, wfyfckjhjf, gocmoyzo, pyhqfy f wfbfldhczfw‒#

$WOVWH, 9000, p#90+#

Hw nvfyyhw moyhb mhzow bhyghczfw phyh o jfwfc}ol}kbfczo jo mozoaoychlkwbo, gobo

hmkybh Wovwh $9000+# H Nvfyyh jh Gykbëkh mok h pykbfkyh h wfy goifyzh poy vb

9 Yfnyh jow Zfyîow ë vbh zëgckgh vzklkqhjh ch gobpowkîço jh kbhnfb mozonyèmkgh# Jk}kjf"wf h mozonyhmkhfb zyáw phyzfw knvhkw, zhczo ch doykqoczhl xvhczo }fyzkghl, phyh, jfwzh moybh, fcgoczyhy ow gfczyow jfhzfcîço ov kczfyfwwf ch kbhnfb



8>

mozoaoychlkwzh# Zojow ow f}fczow h phyzky jf fczço phwwhyhb h wfy mozonyhmhjow# Ovzyh

nvfyyh kbpoyzhczf phyh o jfwfc}ol}kbfczo jh mozonyhmkh ch kbpyfcwh mok h Nvfyyh

Dkwphco"Hbfykghch, ocjf ow aoychlkwzhw cço wf lkbkzh}hb h yfpoyzhy hw cozâgkhw, bhw

zhbiëb mhqkhb hw cozâgkhw# Gobo h gobpfzkîço ch kbpyfcwh fyh bvkzo nyhcjf, h phyzky

jf 84;4, hw fbpyfwhw aoychlâwzkghw jow FVH phwwhyhb h vzklkqhy o dhlmzocf7 fb lhynh

fwghlh, f pyobo}fb h mozonyhmkh ho fwzhzvzo jf cf~w bfjkvb:#

Jfpokw jh mozonyhmkh, h nvfyyh cvcgh bhkw wfykh h bfwbh# Gob o bfjkvb fbfynfczf,o oiwfy}hjoy fyh pyoafzhjo cvb bvcjo bhkw py÷tkbo, bhkw yfhl, bhw poy }fqfw bhkwgyvfl# Co bvcjo jh kbpyfcwh, gob hw mozow, o gocdfgkbfczo, o avlnhbfczo f hhpyfgkhîço jfkthyhb jf wfy bocopolkqhjow pflh fwgykzh# $WOVWH, 9000, p# :0+#

H pykbfkyh yf}olvîço jo mozoaoychlkwbo wf jè cfwwf goczftzo# H mozonyhmkh phwwh h

nhcdhy bhkw fwphîo f wfy bhkw ftployhjh# Jfwzh moybh, dov}f vb hvbfczo co cñbfyo jf

pfwwohw xvf opzh}hb pflo mozoaoychlkwbo gobo pyomkwwço# Dè, zhbiëb, vb nyhcjf mlvto

jf mozonyhmkhw, gobo ogoyyfv ch Pykbfkyh Nvfyyh Bvcjkhl# Jf}kjo h fwwh jfbhcjh,

hlnvcw aoychkw aè powwvâhb fxvkpfw fwpfgâmkghw jf mozoaoychlkwzhw xvf goiykhb f}fczow

yozkcfkyow#

Cfwzh bfwbh ëpogh wço gykhjhw hw hnácgkhw mozonyèmkghw kcjfpfcjfczfw# Pojfb"wf gkzhygkcgo mhzoyfw xvf jfzfybkchyhb o jfwfc}ol}kbfczo jo mozoaoychlkwbo bojfyco ch

Hlfbhcdh, jf hgoyjo gob Wovwh $9000+# Wço flfw1 h hphykîço jf co}ow mlhwdfw f

gobfygkhlkqhîço jf gébfyhw jf 76 bb5 fbfynácgkh jf vbh nfyhîço jf mozo"yfp÷yzfyfw

ifb moybhjow5 h hzkzvjf ftpfykbfczhl f jf golhioyhîço kczfcwh fczyf mozoaoychlkwzhw,

fjkzoyfw f pyopykfzèykow jhw yf}kwzhw5 kcwpkyhîço co kczfyfwwf dvbhco5 f o hbikfczf

gvlzvyhl f wvpoyzf fgocúbkgo#

H wfnvcjh yf}olvîço jo mozoaoychlkwbo, hkcjh jf hgoyjo gob Wovwh $9000+, mok bhyghjh

poy hlnvbhw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw# Wço flhw1 o jfwhphyfgkbfczo jf “yf}kwzhw"jkcowwhvyow‒ jh

kbpyfcwh klvwzyhjh5 h yfhîço goczyh o jobâcko coyzf"hbfykghco co mozoaoychlkwbo5 h

Nvfyyh jo ]kfzchbf, ocjf dov}f lk}yf hgfwwo how moz÷nyhmow5 o kcâgko jh moyzf

wfnbfczhîço jow bfyghjow jh gobvckghîço wogkhl f hvbfczo jh hzfcîço xvf ë jhjh ho

jfwknc nyèmkgo ch kbpyfcwh5 mozoaoychlkwzhw phwwhb h goczyolhy ovzyow wfzoyfw xvf cço

7 Bëzojo jf kbpyfwwço gdhbhjh xvf wfy}f phyh wkbvlhy vbh kbhnfb jf zob goczâcvo hzyh}ëw jo vwo jfbkcñwgvlow poczow jf jkmfyfczfw zhbhcdow, knvhlbfczf fwphîhjow, ghvwhcjo vbh kbpyfwwço jf goy w÷lkjh# : Co}h moybh jf gobvckghîço, co}h mfyyhbfczh jo aoychlkwbo#



84

wobfczf h nvfyyh5 hvbfczh h pyèzkgh jf hxvkwkîço jf mozonyhmkhw zkyhjhw poy hbhjoyfw5 h

mozonyhmkh fczyh gob moyîh cow bvwfvw, bfyghjo jh hyzf, f co fcwkco wvpfykoy5 hvbfczo

jo kczfyfwwf co fwzvjo zf÷ykgo jh mozonyhmkh5 h zflf}kwço phwwh h ftfygfy bhkoy kcmlvácgkh

woiyf o mozoaoychlkwbo ‗ gobo poy ftfbplo co vwo jh goy "5 h pyojvîço mozoaoychlâwzkgh

kcjvwzykhl ë f}kjfcgkhjh, lf}hcjo à jkbkcvkîço jo myfflhcgkcn6, f à fwzhiklkqhîço jhw

fxvkpfw jf mozoaoychlkwzhw#

H zfygfkyh yf}olvîço zfb gobo hbikfczf ow goczvyihjow hcow okzfczh f co}fczh# Gobo

ghyhgzfyâwzkghw, wço hpyfwfczhjhw poy Wovwh $9000+1 hw powwkiklkjhjfw jf bhckpvlhîço f

nfyhîço gobpvzhgkochl jf kbhnfcw ‗ nfyhcjo pyoilfbhw gob yflhîço ho xvf ë yfhl"5

co}hw zfczhzk}hw jf goczyolf woiyf h bo}kbfczhîço jow $mozo+aoychlkwzhw, fwpfgkhlbfczffb gfcèyko gocmlkzvowow, xvf lf}hb à cfgfwwkjhjf jf jkwgvzky o –jkyfkzo jf }fy‟5 hw co}hw

zfcjácgkhw nyèmkghw wfnvkjhw poy nyhcjf phyzf jow aoychkw5 h kcjvwzykhlkqhîço gyfwgfczf jh

pyojvîço yozkcfkyh jh mozonyhmkh aoychlâwzkgh, gfczyhjh co kbfjkhzo5 h yfgoyyácgkh à

mozonyhmkh pflow nyhcjfw aoychkw phyh yfgocwzyvky –mozonyhmkghbfczf‟ ghwow ogoyykjow,

kcwpkyhcjo"wf cow yfhlkz{ wdo~w jh zflf}kwço ‗ gobo ftfbplo vbh yfgocwzyvîço jf

hwwhwwkchzo#

O aoychlkwbo mok vbh jhw pykbfkyhw hzk}kjhjfw h vzklkqhy h mozonyhmkh, h mkb jf hnky gobo

pyo}h jo yfhl, jhy gyfjkiklkjhjf# “H mozonyhmkh aoychlâwzkgh goczkcvh, pfyhczf o wfcwo

gobvb, h phwwhy pflo fwpfldo jo yfhl zhl gobo fwzf wf hpyfwfczh pfyhczf h gébfyh cvb

iyf}f kcwzhczf, kwzo ë, o xvf h mozo yfnkwzyh –ë }fyjhjf‟, hgoczfgfv, f o moz÷nyhmo fwzf}f lè

phyh zfwzfbvcdhy‒ $WOVWH, 9000, p#999+#

Phyhjothlbfczf, poyëb, o mozoaoychlkwbo mok wfy}kcjo, bfwbo pfyhczf o wfcwogobvb, phyh gocwzyvky “}fyjhjfw‒, wkb, bhw hpfchw “}fyjhjfw‒ wviafzk}hw ov bhkwov bfcow kczfywviafzk}hw# Goczvjo, bfwbo fwwhw “}fyjhjfw‒ moyhb f wçogoczkcvhbfczf yf}kwzhw, jf}kjo àw co}hw hpoyzhîöfw kbhnëzkghw xvf o mozoaoychlkwbo}hk zyhqfcjo, bobfczo h bobfczo, hpoyzhîöfw fwwhw xvf hlkbfczhb ov xvhlkmkghb,bojkmkghb f jfwhmkhb hw kjfkhw, }hloyfw, pykcgâpkow, kjoflonkhw, bkzow, gyfcîhw fftpfgzhzk}hw xvf zyhcwpoyzhbow jfczyo jf c÷w# $###+ ]kbow, hlkèw, co pfygvywo ho locnojh dkwz÷ykh, gobo ho mozoaoychlkwbo moyhb $f wço+, gocwgkfczfbfczf ov cço,fcgobfcjhjhw zhyfmhw fwzëzkghw, polâzkghw, gvlzvyh, fgocúbkghw f kjfol÷nkghw#$WOVWH, 9000, p#997+#

6 Myfflhcgkcn ë o zfybo kcnláw phyh jfcobkchy o zyhihldo jo pyomkwwkochl hvzúcobo, xvf wf hvzofbpyfnhfb jkmfyfczfw fbpyfwhw



8;

7 HYZF F KBHNFB 7#8 Hyzf1 Gocgfkzo f dkwz÷ykh

Jf moybh wkbplkmkghjh, Aoynf Golk $8;;6+ hpyfwfczh hw hyzfw gobo gfyzhw bhckmfwzhîöfw

jh hzk}kjhjf dvbhch jkhczf jhw xvhkw cowwo wfczkbfczo ë hjbkyhzk}o, kwzo ë cowwh gvlzvyh

powwvk vbh coîço xvf jfcobkch hyzâwzkghw hlnvbhw jf wvhw hzk}kjhjfw f hw pyk}klfnkh#

H pykbfkyh yfpyfwfczhîço jf hyzf hgyfjkzh"wf xvf wfah fczyf 60 bkl h 84 bkl h#g, co

pfyâojo Phlfolâzkgo# Gob hw }hykhîöfw glkbèzkghw jh Zfyyh, o dobo whpkfcw mok moyîhjo h

}k}fy fb gh}fychw, f cfwwh bfwbh ëpogh flfw hpyfcjfyhb h gocmfggkochy mfyyhbfczhw

xvf ldfw wfykhb ñzfkw phyh ghîh f jfbhkw hzk}kjhjfw# Co fczhczo, mok hpfchw co pfyâojo

Hvykchgkhco, jf hgoyjo gob Jvâlko Mkldo $9004+, xvf wvynkyhb, hzë ocjf wf zfb

gocdfgkbfczo, hw pykbfkyhw bhckmfwzhîöfw fwgvlz÷ykghw jo dobfb, fthzhbfczf poy zfyfb

jfwfc}ol}kjo wvh dhiklkjhjf fb gykhy co}hw mfyyhbfczhw# “Cfwzh ëpogh aè gobfîh}hb h

hphyfgfy fwzhzvfzhw fb bhymkb f owwo, ihktow"yflf}ow fb pfjyh, jfwfcdow jf kcgkwço fb

owwow f pfjyhw, oiafzow jf hjoyco pfwwohl, jfgoyhîço jf hybhw f vzfcwâlkow‒# $MKLDO,

9004, p#8=+

H pykbfkyh jfwgoifyzh jf pkczvyh pyë"dkwz÷ykgh mok mfkzh fb 8440, ch gh}fych jf Hlzhbkyh,

ch Fwphcdh# Jf}kjo h nyhcjf ykxvfqh f }hykfjhjf jf wvhw pkczvyhw, ë gocwkjfyhjh h

Ghpflh Wkwzkch jh Pyë"dkwz÷ykh# Zhkw pkczvyhw fyhb mfkzhw h phyzky jh hplkghîço jhw zkczhw ‗

oizkjhw hzyh}ëw jf bhzfykhkw bkcfyhkw, hynklhw goloykjhw, zykzvyhcjo"hw f jkwwol}fcjo"hw

fb ènvh, noyjvyh hckbhl f }fnfzhl, whcnvf jo hckbhl f ftgyfbfczo jf h}fw " chw bçow,

fwpèzvlhw, ihwzocfzfw, pkcgëkw yvjkbfczhyfw f hzë fbpyfnh}hb h zëgckgh jf pkwzolhy, ov

wfah, fcgdfy h iogh jf zkczh f wopyhy poy vb ghcvjo jf bhjfkyh ov owwo#

O pkczoy jfwwh ëpogh, gobo hpoczh Mkldo $9004+ fyh mknvyhzk}o# Flf cço yfpyojvqkh h

kbhnfb ch wvh }fyjhjf }kwvhl, cço jfmoybhcjo cfb fwzklkqhcjo# Ovzyo hwpfgzo wf

yfbfzf à gyfcîh how pojfyfw bènkgow xvf ow dobfcw zkcdhb, f gob kwwo, yfpyfwfczh}hb

h ghîh mfykjh, h mkb jf nhyhczky h ghpzvyh jf hckbhkw# “Yfpyfwfczh}h, woiyfzvjo, ow

hckbhkw gvah ghycf, noyjvyh, pflf f owwow fyhb cfgfwwèykow h wvh ftkwzácgkh f h wvh

kcjñwzykh‒ $MKLDO, 9004, p# 8;+#



90

Jfwjf fczço, jk}fywhw ovzyhw bhckmfwzhîöfw hyzâwzkghw bhyghyhb h dkwz÷ykh, gobo h hyzf

nyfnh, hyzf bfjkf}hl, yfchwgkbfczo kzhlkhco, ihyyogo, hyzf p÷w"bojfych f fzg# Ghjh vbh

gob ghyhgzfyâwzkghw pfgvlkhyfw jf wfv zfbpo f gvlzvyh jo wfv po}o#

H hyzf yfpyfwfczh, jfwjf h pyë"dkwz÷ykh, vbh hzk}kjhjf mvcjhbfczhl jo wfy dvbhco, f phyh

fczfcjfy wvhw jkbfcwöfw, Hlmyfjo Iowk $900>+ hpoczh xvf ë pyfgkwo gocwkjfyhy zyáw

bobfczow xvf pojfb hgoczfgfy wkbvlzhcfhbfczf1 o mhqfy, o gocdfgfy f o ftpykbky# O

hvzoy jfwzhgh h hyzf gobo gocwzyvîço, “gobo vb gocavczo jf hzow pflow xvhkw wf bvjh h

moybh, wf zyhcwmoybh h bhzëykh omfyfgkjh pflh chzvyfqh f pflh gvlzvyh‒ $IOWK, 900>,

p87+# Hwwkb wfcjo, pojf"wf gdhbhy jf hyzâwzkgh zojh hzk}kjhjf dvbhch xvf wfah

gocjvqkjh yfnvlhybfczf h vb mkb#

Iowk $900>+ jfwzhgh xvf h hyzf ë vbh pyojvîço, f poyzhczo, wvpöf zyhihldo# Lono, h

phlh}yh lhzkch hyw, " xvf jfv oyknfb à phlh}yh hyzf f fwzè ch yhkq jo }fyio hyzkgvlhy ",

jfcozh h hîço jf mhqfy avcîöfw fczyf hw phyzfw jf vb zojo# Kwwo pflo mhzo jf wfyfb

opfyhîöfw fwzyvzvyhczfw, pojfcjo yfgfify o bfwbo zâzvlo jf hyzf, hzk}kjhjfw xvf zkcdhb

poy oiafzk}o gobo}fy h hlbh $bñwkgh, pofwkh, zfhzyo+ f zhbiëb hlkhy o ñzkl ho iflo, gobo

ow omâgkow jo hyzfwhchzo, gfyébkgh, zfgflhnfb, fzg#

Aoynf Golk $8;;6+ hpoczh bhcfkyhw jf pfygfify o xvf ë hyzf ov cço# Phyh zhl, ë pyfgkwo

vzklkqhy"wf jf kcwzyvbfczow fwpfgâmkgow xvf h gvlzvyh powwvk# Gvlzvyh, fwwh, xvf ftpykbf o

wfczkjo jf gocavczo gobplfto jow phjyöfw jf gobpoyzhbfczo, gyfcîhw, kcwzkzvkîöfw f

ovzyow }hloyfw fwpkykzvhkw f bhzfykhkw zyhcwbkzkjow golfzk}hbfczf f ghyhgzfyâwzkgow jf vbh

wogkfjhjf# Pykbfkyhbfczf, pojf"wf mhlhy jo jkwgvywo woiyf o oiafzo hyzâwzkgo# Phyh zhczo,

ë cfgfwwèyko yfgocdfgkbfczo jf gobpfzácgkh f hvzoykjhjf, poyzhczo, ghif ho gyâzkgo,dkwzoykhjoy jf hyzf, pfykzo, goc}fywhjoy jf bvwfv, jfmkcky o y÷zvlo#

Co fczhczo, Golk $8;;6+ yfwwhlzh xvf h coîço jf hyzf phyh ow lfknow ë jkmfyfcgkhjh, hwwkb

gobo h gvlzvyh# Ov wfah, o xvf ë gocwkjfyhjo hyzf doaf, ch gvlzvyh hzvhl, zhl}fq cço

zk}fwwf h bfwbh hgfkzhîço fb vbh gvlzvyh phwwhjh# Jfwzh moybh, ghjh gvlzvyh jfmkcf

hxvklo xvf avlnh poy wfy hyzf# “Ow oiafzow hyzâwzkgow vlzyhphwwhb h dkwz÷ykh, hw wogkfjhjfw

xvf ow fcnfcjyhyhb, poyxvf powwvfb hlnvbh gokwh xvf c÷w, fb cowwh gvlzvyh, whifbow,

pflh pykbfkyh }fq, jfzfgzhy f cobfhy# U###R H kjëkh jf zyhcwgfcjácgkh gvlzvyhl f dkwz÷ykgh

jh hyzf ë cowwh5 wfb c÷w, flh cço ftkwzf‒# $GOLK, 8;;6, p#==+#



98

Pfcwhcjo jfwwh moybh xvf Bhygfl Jvgdhbp, fb 8;86, gykzkgh h hzkzvjf fthnfyhjhbfczf

gvlzh xvf h gk}klkqhîço gocmfyf à yflhîço gob o oiafzo hyzâwzkgo# Fb vbh jfbocwzyhîço

jf hczkhyzf, Jvgdhbp kbpöf ho pñilkgo gvlzo, bkgz÷ykow, poyzh"nhyyhmh, yojhw jf

ikgkglfzh, oiyknhcjo, hwwkb, xvf o pñilkgo yfgocdfîh xvf “vb oiafzo w÷ ë hyzâwzkgo

poyxvf mok hgfkzo gobo zhl pflhw jk}fywhw –gobpfzácgkhw‟#‒# $GOLK, 8;;6, p# =4+#

Poy mkb, Golk $8;;6+ hpoczh xvf h hyzf yfpyfwfczh vb fwphîo ñckgo ocjf o dobfb

goczfbpoyécfo pojf jfwfc}ol}fy wvhw fboîöfw f kczvkîöfw jf moybh pyk}klfnkhjh f

fwpfgâmkgh# Co fczhczo, ch yflhîço wvafkzo"hyzf cço jfkth jf dh}fy h kczfy}fcîço jh yhqço,

kwwo pflo mhzo jo dobfb jfpfcjfy jf vb pfcwhbfczo l÷nkgo phyhy oyjfchy wvhw kjfkhw

woiyf o xvf ftpykbky jh hyzf#

Poy ovzyo lhjo, fwwh yhqço phwwh h wfy wfnvcjo plhco pflo mhzo jf h oiyh vcky flfbfczow

xvf fwghphb jo jobâcko yhgkochl, f wvh gobvckghîço gob o dobfb wf jè ch moybh jf

ovzyhw wfcwhîöfw, wfahb flhw fboîço, fwphczo, kczvkîço f fzg# Jfwzh moybh, h hyzf zfb

vbh mvcîço jf hpyfcjkqhnfb# O goczhzo gob h hyzf zyhcwmoybh o dobfb, flh cço

ftplkgh, bhw zfb o pojfy jf mhqfy wfczky# “H hyzf gocwzy÷k U###R ovzyo bvcjo, mfgvcjo fb

hbiknükjhjfw# U###R Flh cow fcwkch bvkzo woiyf cowwo py÷pyko vck}fywo, jf vb bojofwpfgâmkgo, xvf cço phwwh pflo pfjhn÷nkgo, bhw poy vb goczhzo goczâcvo, poy vbh

myfxüfczhîço xvf yfmkch cowwo fwpâykzo‒# $GOLK, 8;;6, p#888+

7#9 Kbhnfb H kbhnfb, jf hgoyjo gob Klvweh Govzkcdo, co lk}yo jf Aoynf Jvhyzf f Hczúcko Ihyyow

$900=+ ë xvhlxvfy }kwvhlkqhîço nfyhjh pflo wfy dvbhco, wfah ch moybh jf oiyh jf hyzf,

oiafzo, yfnkwzyo mozonyèmkgo, jfwfcdow, ov hzë bfwbo pfcwhbfczo# “O hckbhl dvbhco ë

vb gykhjoy jf kbhnfcw, f, wfah gobo moy xvf fwwf mhzo wf bhckmfwzf, wfahb xvhkw moyfb ow

bfkow jf gobvckghîço vwhjow f hw mkchlkjhjfw pyfzfcjkjhw, cvcgh jfkthyè jf wá"lo‒#

$JOCJKW, 8;;>, p#907+# F hkcjh jf hgoyjo gob Govzkcdo $900=+, h kbhnfb pojf wfy

vwhjh gobo jogvbfczo, chyyhzk}h f gobo ftfygâgkow jf }fy#

Hlifyzo Bhcnvfl $9007+ yfwwhlzh xvf zojh kbhnfb, fb wvh fwwácgkh, cço ë chjh bhkw

hlëb jo xvf “vbh pkcgflhjh jf goy, vb chgo jf pfjyh, vb fmfkzo jf lvq ch yfzkch, xvf

jkwphyh h klvwço jh jfwgoifyzh ov jh yfgoyjhîço‒ $BHCNVFL, 9007, p# 78=+#



99

Glèvjko Eviyvwl{ $8;;8+ oiwfy}h xvf h kbhnfb ë fbogkochl, jkyfzh, wkczëzkgh,

jkmfyfczfbfczf jh phlh}yh, xvf poy wvh }fq, ë yhgkochl, jkwwfyzhzk}h f pyolkth# “H kbhnfb

ë jf chzvyfqh bhkw ocâykgh, bhkw kl÷nkgh f cfivlowh# Ë kcwviwzkzvâ}fl phyh zyhcwbkzky, cvb

yflhcgf, zojh h fboîço jf vb f}fczo, bhw mhldh ho zfczhy hchlkwè"lo‒# $EVIYVWL[,

8;;8, p# >>+#

Ahgxvfw Hvbocz $9004+ hpoczh xvf h mvcîço jh kbhnfb ë fwzhiflfgfy yflhîöfw gob o

bvcjo# Jfwzh moybh, flf hpyfwfczh zyáw bojow pykcgkphkw jfwwhw yflhîöfw1 pykbfkyhbfczf,

o bojo wkbi÷lkgo, ov wfah, hw kbhnfcw wfy}kyhb jf wâbiolow, fb wvh bhkoykh, wâbiolow

yflknkowow xvf fyhb }kwzow gobo ghphqfw jf jhy hgfwwo à fwmfyh jo whnyhjo pflhbhckmfwzhîço jkyfzh jf vbh pyfwfcîh jk}kch# O ovzyo bojo ë o fpkwzábkgo, xvf wvnfyf

xvf h kbhnfb zyhq kcmoybhîöfw woiyf o bvcjo, powwkiklkzhcjo hwwkb o wfv

gocdfgkbfczo, kcglvwk}f jf hlnvcw hwpfgzow cço }kwvhkw# Poy mkb, o bojo fwzëzkgo, ocjf h

kbhnfb ë jfwzkchjh h hnyhjhy wfv fwpfgzhjoy, h omfyfgfy"ldf wfcwhîöfw fwpfgâmkghw#

Yfcë Dv{ndf $8;;4+ kcjkgh xvf h kbhnfb ch hyzf fthlzh h gocwgkácgkh xvf o dobfb

pojf zfy jow wfvw pojfyfw, wfahb flfw woiyf o bvcjo ftzfykoy ov jo kczfykoy, }kwzo xvf h

hyzf hvbfczh o jobâcko jo dobfb xvfy woiyf h chzvyfqh, xvfy woiyf h wk py÷pyko# “O

jfwzkco jh hyzf, xvf gocwkwzf fb vzklkqhy h lkcnvhnfb jhw kbhnfcw, pfybkzf"ldf yfgoyyfy

ho gdoxvf kbpyfgkwo, bhw, pfcfzyhczf, xvf zfb woiyf h cowwh wfcwkiklkjhjf f, jfwzf

bojo, ky bhkw locnf jo xvf zvjo hxvklo xvf gocgfifbow gob h kczflknácgkh‒#

$DV[NDF, 8;;4, p# 8>:+#

Vbh oiyh jf hyzf, phyh zoychy"wf vbh kbhnfb xvf powwkiklkzf vbh lfkzvyh fwglhyfgfjoyh,

gobfczh Bhcnvfl $9007+, jf}f moyîhy o oiwfy}hjoy h vb gobpyobkwwo, h vb gocmyoczo#

Jf}f omfyfgfy ho bfcow vb lvnhy phyh jkhlonhy#

Aè co yhbo jh mozonyhmkh, I÷ykw Eowwo{ $9008+ yfzyhzh h kbhnfb mozonyèmkgh gobo o xvf

yfwzh jo hgoczfgkjo, gobo “myhnbfczo gocnflhjo jf vbh yfhlkjhjf phwwhjh, kcmoybhîço

bhkoy jf }kjh f boyzf, hlëb jf wfy o pyojvzo mkchl xvf ghyhgzfykqh h kczyobkwwço jf vb

wfy moz÷nyhmo cvb kcwzhczf jow zfbpow#‒# $EOWWO[, 9008, p#7>+



97

Fb wfv ovzyo lk}yo, Eowwo{ $9009+ yflhzh xvf ch kbhnfb mozonyèmkgh fcgoczyhb"wf

gobpocfczfw jf oyjfb bhzfykhl, wfcjo fwzfw yfgvywow zëgckgow, ÷pzkgow, xvâbkgow ov

flfzyúckgow kcjkwpfcwè}fkw phyh h bhzfykhlkqhîço jh mozonyhmkh5 f ow jf oyjfb kbhzfykhl,

wfcjo ow bfczhkw f ow gvlzvyhkw# Fwzfw ñlzkbow wf kbpöfb how pykbfkyow, f gob flfw, wf

hyzkgvlhb ch bfczf f chw hîöfw jo moz÷nyhmo co pyogfwwo jf gykhîço#

7#7 Mozonyhmkh H mozonyhmkh ë h yfpyojvîço bfgéckgh jhxvklo xvf cvcgh bhkw pojfyè wf yfpfzky

ftkwzfcgkhlbfczf# Ë, ho bfwbo zfbpo, vbh moybh jf ftpyfwwço f vb bfko jf

gobvckghîço f kcmoybhîço h phyzky jo yfhl, jfwzf bojo, vb jogvbfczo jh }kjh dkwz÷ykgh#Ë vbh lkcnvhnfb, vb wkwzfbh jf g÷jknow }fyihkw ov }kwvhkw# F zojh h lkcnvhnfb chjh

bhkw ë jo xvf vb wvpoyzf xvf wvwzfczh hxvklo xvf yfhlbfczf jf}f wfy jkzo1 h bfcwhnfb#

Glèvjko Eviyvwl{ $8;;8+ }hk hlëb f hpoczh vbh wëykf jf ghyhgzfyâwzkghw xvf jfmkcfb h

mozonyhmkh1 ë vbh powwkiklkjhjf jf phyhy vbh kbhnfb co zfbpo xvf ahbhkw wf yfpfzkyè5

vb pyogfwwo ghphq jf nyh}hy f yfpyojvqky kbhnfcw gob pfymfkîço5 vb jogvbfczo

dkwz÷ykgo5 vbh powwkiklkjhjf bènkgh jf pyfwfy}hy h mkwkocobkh, o afkzo f hzë hlbh jf

jfzfybkchjh pfwwoh5 klvwço jf ÷zkgh xvf fcnhch ow oldow5 vb pyojânko xvf cow bowzyh

bobfczow f wkzvhîöfw hw xvhkw cvcgh wfykhb }kwzhw, gobo vbh ihlh jf yf}÷l}fy h

hzyh}fwwhy vbh ghyzh jf ihyhldo#

Mok h phyzky jh Yf}olvîço Kcjvwzykhl, ocjf jk}fywhw kc}fcîöfw wvynkyhb, xvf h mozonyhmkh

phwwov h ftkwzky f yfnkwzyhy phyh zojh h fzfyckjhjf bobfczow ñckgow# Wfv gocwvbo

gyfwgfczf mfq gob xvf co}hw zëgckghw mozonyèmkghw mowwfb hpfymfkîohjhw, f jfwzh moybh,

mowwfb kc}fwzkjow ghpkzhl fb pfwxvkwhw ch pyojvîço jf fxvkphbfczow f bhzfykhkw

mozowwfcwâ}fkw# H phyzky jf 84=0, nyhîhw h fcoybf hgfkzhîço xvf h mozonyhmkh zf}f,

wvynkyhb }fyjhjfkyow kbpëykow kcjvwzykhkw f gobfygkhkw#

Fb plfch hjbkyhîço gob hw bèxvkchw wvynkjhw chxvflf zfbpo, o dobfb cço hnkv

jkmfyfczf xvhczo à gébfyh mozonyèmkgh# Chxvflh ëpogh, h mozonyhmkh zyovtf jk}fywow

hwpfgzow jfbogyhzkqhczfw# Pykbfkyhbfczf, bvkzo bhkw pfwwohw pojkhb zyhcwmoybhy wvhw

fboîöfw, wfvw pfcwhbfczow, wfv bojo jf }fy cvbh kbhnfb, gokwh xvf hczfw fyh yfwzykzh

h vbh flkzf# Fb wfnvcjo lvnhy, h mozonyhmkh powwkiklkzov h xvhlxvfy pfwwoh h powwf jf



9:

kbhnfcw f zhbiëb jf wfv yfzyhzo# “H mozonyhmkh ë h bhckmfwzhîço jfbogyèzkgh jf vbh

hyzf hykwzogyèzkgh‒ $DHHW hpvj EVIYVWL[, 8;;8, p#80+=

Powzfykoybfczf, h mozonyhmkh phwwov h hwwvbky vb phpfl jkmfyfczf jo xvf wf fwzh}h

dhikzvhjo h }fy chw pkczvyhw kjfhlkqhjhw ‗ ocjf h iflfqh, ykxvfqh fyhb yfzyhzhjhw#

Zyhzh}h"wf jf kbhnfcw gyvhw, gobo o ftfbplo gkzhjo poy Eviyvwl{ $8;;8+, gocjkîöfw

wvivbhchw jf zyhihldo f ftkwzácgkh, f hwwkb wfcjo, cço wf pojkhb mkcnky cço }á"lhw#

O hj}fczo jh mozonyhmkh mfq gob xvf o bvcjo wf zoychwwf –mhbklkhy‟, gobo hpoczh Ioykw

Eowwo{ fb wfv lk}yo “Mozonyhmkh f Dkwz÷ykh‒ jf 9008# O dobfb phwwov h gocdfgfy

bfldoy ovzyhw yfhlkjhjfw, xvf hzë fczço ldf fyhb zyhcwbkzkjhw hpfchw pflh fwgykzh,oyhlkjhjf ov pkgzoykghbfczf# Kwwo wf gocmknvyov jf moybh bhkw hgfczvhjh h phyzky jo

jfwfc}ol}kbfczo jh kcjñwzykh nyèmkgh, xvf powwkiklkzov h bvlzkplkghîço jhw kbhnfcw

mozonyhmhjhw fb nyhcjfw xvhczkjhjfw# Fyh o kcâgko jf vbh co}h moybh jf hpyffcwço jo

gocdfgkbfczo, jf moybh bhkw jfzhldhjh, goczftzvhlkqhcjo }kwvhlbfczf o yfgfpzoy#

H pfymfkîço jh kbhnfb mozonyèmkgh, h fthzkjço gob xvf yfpyfwfczh h yfhlkjhjf, fyh omhzo wvypyffcjfczf xvf mhwgkch}h hxvflfw xvf }khb hw co}hw kbhnfcw# Gocwgkfczfw ov

cço, flfw hw fwzh}hb gobphyhcjo à pkczvyh, ho jfwfcdh f à nyh}vyh, f ahbhkw zkcdhb}kwzo zhczh kcmoybhîço pyfgkwh yfvckjh cvbh ñckgh kbhnfb# $EVIYVWL[, 8;;8,p70+

Poy ovzyo lhjo, Ácko Lfkzf $9080+ yfwwhlzh h kjfkh jf xvf h mozonyhmkh cço ë vbh g÷pkh mkfl

jh yfhlkjhjf mozonyhmhjh# Kwzo pflo mhzo jh lfczf oiafzk}h jh gébfyh mklzyhy jfzfybkchjh

kbhnfb, f o mklbf/wfcwoy jknkzhl jkwzoygfyfb h bfwbh hlzfyhcjo wvh goy, lvbkcowkjhjf, f

pykcgkphlbfczf h wfcwhîço jf zykjkbfcwkochlkjhjf# Bfwbo xvf wf xvfkyh pfygfify fwwh

yfhlkjhjf fb wvh zozhlkjhjf, xvhlxvfy zfczhzk}h zëgckgh wfykh kcñzkl, }kwzo xvf ghjh pfwwoh

powwvk vbh kczfypyfzhîço jkwzkczh jo xvf ë }kwzo#

H mozonyhmkh mhq pyolocnhy fwwh }kwço chzvyhl jh kbhnfb, f zhbiëb mhq wvynky ovzyo zkpo

jf }kwço, h mozonyèmkgh, gobpowzh, poy wvh }fq, jf nyhbèzkgh py÷pykh, fwzëzkgh f ëzkgh

pfgvlkhy# Poyzhczo, gobo fwglhyfgkjo poy Ácko Lfkzf, “H mozonyhmkh fwzè hzyflhjh ho

yfmfyfczf xvf hzfwzh wvh ftkwzácgkh f zojo o pyogfwwo xvf h nfyov# Lfy vbh mozonyhmkh

=

Fycwz Dhhw mok vb hyzkwzh f moz÷nyhmo hvwzyâhgo yfgocdfgkjo poy wvhw kco}hîöfw ch mozonyhmkh goloykjh#



96

kbplkgh yfgocwzkzvky co zfbpo vb hwwvczo, jfyk}è"lo co phwwhjo f gocavnè"lo cvb mvzvyo

}kyzvhl‒# $>+

Phyh h yfhlkqhîço jf vbh mozonyhmkh wço cfgfwwèykow zyáw flfbfczow ièwkgow, poyëb

fwwfcgkhkw1 hwwvczo, moz÷nyhmo f zfgcolonkh# Eowwo{ $9008+ hpoczh xvf fwwfw zyáw

flfbfczow wço oyknkchjow jf vb gkglo xvf wf gobplfzh co bobfczo fb xvf o oiafzo zf}f

wvh kbhnfb gocnflhjh co bhzfykhl mozowwfcwâ}fl, cvb zfbpo f fwphîo ifb jfmkckjow# O

pyojvzo mkchl, h mozonyhmkh, ë vbh yfwvlzhczf jh hîço jo dobfb, o moz÷nyhmo, xvf fb vb

jfzfybkchjo fwphîo f zfbpo fwgoldfv poy vb hwwvczo, f xvf phyh kwwo, yfgoyyfv how

yfgvywow omfyfgkjow pflh zfgcolonkh#

Aè phyh fczfcjfy f hchlkwhy vbh mozonyhmkh, fb nfyhl, ë pyfgkwo wf hzfczhy phyh

jfzfybkchjow flfbfczow xvf gobpöfb h zyhbh mozonyèmkgh, gobo hpoczh Govzkcdo

$900=+# Jfwzh moybh, jfwzhghb"wf hlnvcw hwpfgzow# O fcxvhjyhbfczo, xvf kcjkgh o

yfgoyzf mfkzo pflo moz÷nyhmo, hxvklo fwgoldkjo phyh gobpoy h kbhnfb# Mhqfb phyzf jflf

jfzfybkchjow plhcow, xvf hpoczhb h moybh gobo wfyè hpyfwfczhjh h kbhnfb, gdhbhjow

jf nyhcjf plhco nfyhl, plhco nfyhl, plhco hbfykghco, plhco bëjko, pykbfkyo plhco, glowf"

vp, plhco jfzhldf fczyf ovzyow# Wfnvkcjo h wfxvácgkh, o nyhcjf plhco nfyhl bowzyh vbh

èyfh ifb hbplh, o plhco jfzhldf yfnkwzyh hpfchw vbh pfxvfch phygflh jo oiafzo

hpyfwfczhjo#

Hkcjh xvhczo ho fcxvhjyhbfczo zfbow jvhw pfywpfgzk}hw jkmfyfczfw, xvf wço

yfwpocwè}fkw poy jfzfybkchy wf h mozo ë zkyhjh jf gkbh phyh ihkto, ov jf ihkto phyh gkbh#

H pykbfkyh ë gdhbhjh jf plocnëf, fcxvhczo h wfnvcjh jf goczyh plocnëf#

Ovzyo poczo jf hcèlkwf h wfy oiwfy}hjo ë h pfywpfgzk}h, xvf wf yfmfyf à powkîço fb xvf o

moz÷nyhmo wf fcgoczyh fb yflhîço ho oiafzo, lfczfw vwhjhw f jkwzoyîöfw nfyhjhw# H yflhîço

mvcjo/mknvyh hpyfwfczh h ivwgh poy opowkîöfw, ov wfah, o flfbfczo fb xvfwzço wf

jfwzhxvf jf hlnvbh moybh jo mvcjo jh kbhnfb# H gobpowkîço ë o hyyhcao jf flfbfczow

pyfwfczfw ch gfch yfpyfwfczhjh# Phyh zhczo wf vzklkqh h yfnyh jow zfyîow, xvf gocwkwzf fb

jk}kjky h kbhnfb fb zyáw phyzfw knvhkw, zhczo ch doykqoczhl xvhczo }fyzkghl, phyh, jfwzh

moybh, fcgoczyhy ow gfczyow jf hzfcîço ov kczfyfwwf ch kbhnfb#

> Hyzkno fcgoczyhjo fb < dzzp1/zonyhmkh"jn#gob/o"xvf"f"h"mozonyhmkh"hmkchl/ 3



9=

H yflhîço jh lvq f goyfw zhbiëb jf}f wfy lf}hjh fb goczh ch bfjkjh fb xvf wço

kbpoyzhczfw phyh yf}flhy h kczfcîço jf fcmhzkqhy jfzfybkchjh gokwh gob goczyhwzfw jf

goyfw f jf lvbkcowkjhjf#

Lfczfw oiafzk}hw gobpöfb, zhbiëb, hwpfgzow kbpoyzhczfw ch mozonyhmkh# Flhw pojfb

hlzfyhy h xvhczkjhjf jf kcmoybhîço yfnkwzyhjh ch kbhnfb, h phyzky jh nyhcjf hcnvlhy, xvf

gobo o py÷pyko cobf jkq, zfb vb écnvlo bhkoy jf ghpzhîço jf kbhnfb, bhw jkwzoygfb

ow oiafzow py÷tkbow à gébfyh5 f jh zflf oiafzk}h, xvf pojf lkbkzhy bhkw, bhw ghpzvyhy

hwwvczow jkwzhczfw, xvf poy gocwfxvácgkh, hpyfwfczhb pyomvcjkjhjf jf ghbpo bfcoy,

jfwmoghcjo o mvcjo, f gdhphcjo h kbhnfb, mhqfcjo phyfgfy xvf fwzè zvjo co bfwbo

plhco#

7#7#8 Mozonyhmkh Jknkzhl

Pojf"wf jkqfy xvf h mozonyhmkh jknkzhl wvynkv ch jëghjh jf 8;0=, h phyzky jo

jfwfc}ol}kbfczo jo wkwzfbh jf lhwfy yvik, pflo mâwkgo Zdfojoyf Bhkbhc# Zhl jfwgoifyzh

pyopoygkocov h gykhîço jf jk}fywow bfghckwbow flfzyúckgow bojfycow, gobo GJw,

gobpvzhjoyfw f hw gébfyhw jknkzhkw# Kwwo mok powwâ}fl nyhîhw à ghphgkjhjf jf

hybhqfchbfczo jf jhjow xvf fwwfw lhwfyw zkcdhb# Co fczhczo, o nyhcjf whlzo jh

mozonyhmkh jknkzhl mok h phyzky jow hcow jf 8;;0, xvhcjo dov}f bhkw kc}fwzkbfczow ch èyfh

kbpvlwkochjow pflhw }fcjhw jf bkgyogobpvzhjoyfw# Gob ow h}hcîow zfgcol÷nkgow, hw

gébfyhw phwwhyhb h hybhqfchy wfvw fb jkwefzw, powzfykoybfczf wviwzkzvâjow poy GJw f

bkckjkwew# Bhw mok gob o hybhqfchbfczo jf jhjow fb bkgyogdkpw xvf mfq gob xvf h

mozonyhmkh jknkzhl gocxvkwzhwwf, jf }fq, o bvcjo#

Ovzyh moybh jf oizfy mozonyhmkhw jknkzhlkqhjhw, hpoczhjh poy Wè}ko $9009+, fyh h phyzky jo

vwo jhw wghccfyw, xvf mvcgkoch}hb jh wfnvkczf bhcfkyh1 o moz÷nyhmo mhq h mozo hzyh}ëw

jo pyogfwwo mozoxvâbkgo zyhjkgkochl, yf}flh o cfnhzk}o f lf}h à vbh wghccfy , xvf mhq

vbh goc}fywço jknkzhl jh kbhnfb hzyh}ëw jh }hyyfjvyh jf jhjow#

Hwwkb gobo h mozonyhmkh zyhjkgkochl jkmfyf jh pkczvyh, h kbhnfb jknkzhl jkmfyf jh

mozonyhmkh zyhjkgkochl xvhczo à yfhlkjhjf mâwkgh# “H kbhnfb jknkzhl ë vbh yfhlkjhjf

jkwgyfzh, gojkmkghjh cvb g÷jkno jf qfyow f vcw, wvijk}kjkjh vckmoybfbfczf cvbh nyfldh

mkckzh jf gëlvlhw ‗ ow pktflw ‗ gvah nyhjvhîço zochl jf goy pojf bvjhy fb mvcîço jo



9>

g÷jkno‒# $WOVWH, 9000, p# 98:+# H mozonyhmkh glèwwkgh zfb gobo wvpoyzf o cfnhzk}o,

xvf poy wvh }fq hpoczh bhkw kcmoybhîço jo xvf wf pfygfif à pykbfkyh }kwzh, fcxvhczo ch

jknkzhl h yfwolvîço zochl f fwphgkhl ë lkbkzhjh, f hpyfwfczh vbh xvhczkjhjf mkth jf

kcmoybhîço, poyzhczo, vbh }fq hbplkhjh, yf}flh zojh wvh bkgyofwzyvzvyh#

Wovwh $9000+ hpoczh zhbiëb xvf h yfwolvîço zochl f fwphgkhl jhw mozonyhmkhw hchl÷nkghw

cço ë yfpyojvqâ}fl gob fthzkjço# Poy ovzyo lhjo, h kbhnfb jknkzhl pojf wfy yfpfzkjh

kcmkckzhbfczf wfb xvf dhah pfyjh ch xvhlkjhjf, o xvf mhq wfy bhkw wvwgfzâ}fl h

bhckpvlhîöfw# “O oyknkchl mozonyèmkgo fb ihwf xvâbkgh ë ñckgo, jflf wço powwâ}fkw

bñlzkplhw yfpyojvîöfw fb hlnvbh pfyjh wf hgyfwgf5 o oyknkchl mozonyèmkgo flfzyúckgo

pojf wfy jvplkghjo kc}hykh}flbfczf f wfb pfyjhw, jfkthcjo jf wfy vb w÷ phyh wfybñlzkplo‒ $WHKBHC hpvj ]KGFCZF, 9006, p#797+#

Fvnácko Wè}ko $9009+ hpoczh xvf hw gébfyhw jknkzhkw hpfchw zfykhb xvhlkjhjf jf

kbhnfb gobphyè}fl à mozonyhmkh hchl÷nkgh hzyh}ëw jf fxvkphbfczow gobplftow f ghyow#

Co fczhczo, gob o goczâcvo hvbfczo ch xvhlkjhjf jf kbhnfb f h yfjvîço jow gvwzow, hw

gébfyhw jknkzhkw phwwhyhb h ogvphy, mkchlbfczf, o fwphîo jhw gébfyhw goc}fcgkochkw#

7#7#9 Mozonyhmkh gobo hyzf

Phyh fczfcjfy h mozonyhmkh gobo hyzf, ë pyfgkwo, pykbfkyo, zfy fb bfczf xvf }èykhw

goyyfczfw hyzâwzkghw jh pkczvyh wfy}kyhb jf ihwf phyh xvf h mozonyhmkh ivwghwwf wfv fwphîo

co bfko jhw hyzfw# Hzfczhyfbow"cow h jokw bo}kbfczow bhyghczfw, wvynkjow co wëgvlo

TKT, ch ivwgh pflh mozonyhmkh hyzâwzkgh1 o Chzvyhlkwbo f o Pkgzoykhlkwbo wvynkyhb gobo

kjfkhw goczyèykhw how kjfhkw mozonyèmkgow kbhnkchjow chxvflh ëpogh#

Jf hgoyjo gob Golk $8;;8+, o Chzvyhlkwbo gocwkwzkh, gobo o py÷pyko cobf jkq, fb

yfzyhzhy hw kbhnfcw jh bhcfkyh bhkw chzvyhl powwâ}fl# Mok h phyzky jfwwf kjfhl xvf o

bëjkgo Dfcy{ Fbfywoc wvnfykv xvf ow moz÷nyhmow moghlkqhwwfb hpfchw o bozk}o

pykcgkphl, jfkthcjo lknfkyhbfczf jfwmoghjo o yfwzo jh kbhnfb# Kwwo poyxvf, phyh flf,

vbh mozo gobplfzhbfczf câzkjh cço pojfykh yfpyfwfczhy goyyfzhbfczf h moybh gobo hw

pfwwohw }khb o bvcjo, aè xvf h }kwço dvbhch w÷ ë câzkjh co poczo jf mkthîço jo oldhy#



94

Co fczhczo, o Chzvyhlkwbo zf}f }kjh gvyzh, pokw ow moz÷nyhmow hgyfjkzh}hb pojfy

fcgoczyhy cow kjfhkw kbpyfwwkockwzhw o ghbkcdo phyh h }fyjhjfkyh hyzf# Kbpyfwwkockwbo

fwwf, wfnvkjo pflow pkczoyfw xvf jfw}fcjhyhb vb bvcjo fb xvf h kbhnfb wf jklvk,

myhnbfczh"wf, zoychcjo"wf ghjh }fq bhkw kcjfmkckjh, ghjh }fq bhkw jkwzhczf jf vbh

yfpyojvîço mkfl jh yfhlkjhjf#

Aè ow pkgzoykhlkwzhw hchlkwh}hb xvf, ghwo h mozonyhmkh xvkwfwwf wfy yfgocdfgkjh gobo hyzf,

jf}fykh wf mhqfy pkczvyh ftployhcjo mozonyhmkghbfczf ow fmfkzow jh hzbowmfyh, jo glkbh, f

jh lvq# H phyzky jkwwo, hw mozonyhmkhw jf yfzyhzow, poy ftfbplo, wfnvkhb hw powfw moyîhjhw

f ow gfcèykow xvf h pkczvyh wf hpyopykh}h#

Gob h yèpkjh pyolkmfyhîço jow hbhjoyfw, ow pkgzoykhlkwzhw xvfykhb jkmfyfcgkhy wvhw

oiyhw# Cfwwf goczftzo, vb jow bhkw gëlfiyfw pkgzoykhlkwzhw, Yoifyz Jfbhgd{ ftpöf wfv

pfcwhbfczo, gkzhjo poy Golk $8;;8+1 “H oiyh jf hyzf cço yfwkjf co zfbh, bhw ch bhcfkyh

jf bowzyè"lo5 ch }fyjhjf, h oiafzk}h bowzyh bhl, ovwf pyfmfykybow, ifb jfbhkw# Fb zojo

ghwo flh bowzyh wfb nyhîh, jf vb bojo ivynváw, mykhbfczf# Phyh fcgvyzhy1 wf jfybow

lkifyjhjf à oiafzk}h, }olzhbow hw gowzhw à Hyzf‒#

Powzfykoybfczf, }fko h mozonyhmkh jkyfzh, gocjvqkjh poy Hlmyfj Wzkfnlkzq, xvf jkzov hw

coybhw jh ioh mozonyhmkh poy }èykow hcow jo wëgvlo TT# Gocwkwzkh ch }hloykqhîço jh

kbhnfb jkyfzh, wfb hyzkmâgkow mozonyèmkgow, xvf zyhcwmoybh}h ow hzykivzow jh kbhnfb

mozonyèmkgh fb }hczhnfcw# O bhkoy bëykzo jf Wzkfnlkzq mok cvcgh gologhy h mozonyhmkh fb

opowkîço àw ovzyhw bhckmfwzhîöfw jhw hyzfw plèwzkghw, cço mhqfcjo, hwwkb, gobphyhîöfw#

“Phyh Wzkfnlkzq, h mozonyhmkh wfbpyf mok, hpfchw, vb jow bfkow à jkwpowkîço jow hyzkwzhw,

hwwkb gobo h pkczvyh, h nyh}vyh, h fwgvlzvyh fzg‒# $GOLK, 8;;8, p# ;4+

Aè cow zfbpow hzvhkw, Lfkzf $908+ bowzyh xvf fbioyh h mozonyhmkh powwh wfy jfcobkchjh

hyzf, flh pojf bfczky, pyo}oghy, gdoghy ov pyopoygkochy pyhqfy fwzëzkgo# “H kbhnfb

mozonyèmkgh, cço ë, phyh gobfîo jf goc}fywh, vbh moybh jf hyzf, fb hiwolvzo# Gobo

lkcnvhnfb, flh ë o bfko pflo xvhl hw oiyhw jf hyzf, fczyf ovzyhw gokwhw, wço yfhlkqhjhw‒#

Golk $8;;8+ hpoczh xvf cço ë cfgfwwèyko phyzky jo iflo phyh gdfnhy ho iflo ch mozonyhmkh#

H yfhlkjhjf mâwkgh ë hpfchw bhzëykh"pykbh ch gobpowkîço jh kbhnfb# Jh bfwbh moybh



9;

xvf ë powwâ}fl gdfnhy ho iflo phyzkcjo jo ihchl, mfko, hwxvfyowo, pojf"wf oizfy vb

yfwvlzhjo bfjâogyf h phyzky jf nyhcjfw iflfqhw#

Hczúcko Zh}hyfw, fb wfv hyzkno ch Yf}kwzh Whpkfcw, fb 900;, jfmkcf xvf h nyhcjf

jkmfyfcîh fczyf h mozonyhmkh hyzâwzkgh f h pkczvyh goczfbpoyécfhw ë yhpkjfq jh ftfgvîço

jh oiyh# Kwzo poyxvf ch mozonyhmkh hyzâwzkgh goczfbpoyécfh hw zfcjácgkhw jh ftpyfwwço

hyzâwzkghw wço gobvcw àw jh pkczvyh#

O moz÷nyhmo ë, poy ftgflácgkh, o hyzkwzh bhkw yèpkjo xvf ftkwzf# Fwwh yhpkjfq jfftfgvîço jh oiyh jf hyzf hgyfwgfczh vbh yfwpocwhiklkjhjf fcoybf ho moz÷nyhmo1ghpzhy o –bobfczo gfyzo‟, o fcxvhjyhbfczo pfymfkzo, h ftpyfwwço kjfhl# Ë, wfbdfwkzhîöfw, fwzf o bhkoy hcwfko jo moz÷nyhmo"hyzkwzh# $ZH]HYFW, 900;, p#89:+#

Cfwwf wfczkjo jf oiyh jf hyzf kcwzhczécfh, Zh}hyfw $900;+ hmkybh xvf o moz÷nyhmo

goc}kjh o goczfbplhjoy à flhioyhîço jf jk}fywhw xvfwzöfw# Gobo hgoczfgf gob o pkczoy,

goc}kjh o oiwfy}hjoy h kczfypyfzhy, fczfcjfy, yfmlfzky woiyf h oiyh jf hyzf# H mozonyhmkh

goczfbpoyécfh, hwwkb gobo h pkczvyh, fb wvh phyzkgvlhykjhjf zfb h gykhîço jf

bfzèmoyhw, gocozhîöfw, hchlonkhw, gocwfnvkcjo goc}fyzfy o oiafzk}o fb wviafzk}o# “O

}kwâ}fl cço ë cfgfwwhykhbfczf hxvklo xvf wf cow ë hpyfwfczhjo pfyhczf ow oldow‒#

$ZH]HYFW, 900;, p# 896+#

Zh}hyfw $900;+, poy mkb, gologh h mozoboczhnfb, o hiwzyhgkockwbo f o zyhzhbfczo jknkzhl

gobo vb jow nyhcjfw yfwpocwè}fkw pflh hwgfcwço jh mozonyhmkh hyzâwzkgh ho lvnhy jf

jfwzhxvf co gfcèyko jh hyzf goczfbpoyécfh, lf}hcjo"h h jk}kjky fwphîow gob hw jfbhkw

hyzfw plèwzkghw fb bvwfvw f nhlfykhw# F ë fwwh gohikzhîço xvf pyopkgkov xvf ow ghbkcdow,

xvf hczfw fyhb opowzow ‗ hyzf f mozonyhmkh ", fwzk}fwwfb lhjo h lhjo#



70

: HW MOZONYHMKHW JH CHZKOCHL NFONYHPDKG

Gob h mkchlkjhjf jf hchlkwhy f jkmfyfcgkhy h mozonyhmkh hyzâwzkgh jh mozonyhmkh

mozoaoychlâwzkgh, o pyfwfczf fwzvjo zobov gobo oiafzo h yf}kwzh gkfczâmkgh Chzkochl

Nfonyhpdkg Iyhwkl, bozk}hjo pflh hjbkyhîço pfwwohl f kbpoyzécgkh xvf h pvilkghîço

powwvk co bvcjo gkfczâmkgo#

H yf}kwzh Chzkochl Nfonyhpdkg mok pvilkghjh pflh pykbfkyh }fq fb ovzviyo jf 8444,

co}f bfwfw hp÷w h mvcjhîço jh Chzkochl Nfonyhpdkg Wogkfz{, wogkfjhjf yfwpocwè}fl

pflh yf}kwzh xvf }kwh jk}vlnhy f bfldoyhy o gocdfgkbfczo nfyhl jh nfonyhmkh f jo bvcjo

fczyf o pñilkgo nfyhl# Zfb pvilkghîço bfcwhl f ë yfgocdfgkjh bvcjkhlbfczf poy wvhwmozonyhmkhw#

Wfyço hchlkwhjhw okzo mozonyhmkhw jf pènkchw jvplhw jk}kjkjhw fb jvhw bhzëykhw jh fjkîço

jf bhko jf 9080# Zhl fjkîço mok fwgoldkjh pflo mhzo jf bhyghy ow jfq hcow jf

pvilkghîöfw jh yf}kwzh co Iyhwkl# Fczfcjf"wf poy mozonyhmkh jf pènkch jvplh hxvflhw xvf

wço yfpyojvqkjhw fb jvhw pènkchw ch yf}kwzh, f cço powwvfb kczfymfyácgkh jf zftzo,

ftgfzo lfnfcjhw f zâzvlow jf yfpoyzhnfcw# Poyzhczo, moyhb wflfgkochjhw poy wfyfb hw mozowjf bhkoy }kwkiklkjhjf jh yf}kwzh poy opîço jf wfvw py÷pykow fjkzoyfw#

Hw bhzëykhw fwgoldkjhw xvf gobpoyzhb hw mozonyhmkhw h wfyfb hchlkwhjhw wço1 “Iyhwkl

Hco 8000‒, wflfgkochjh poy wfy h yfpoyzhnfb jf ghph, f hwwkb, zfy bhkoy jfwzhxvf ch

fjkîço5 f “Ch Fwzyhjh Fwxvfgkjh‒, fwgoldkjh poy powwvky o bhkoy cñbfyo jf mozonyhmkhw

jf pènkchw jvplhw, hlëb jf zfy vbh }hykfjhjf bhkoy co hwwvczo mozonyhmhjo#

H pykbfkyh bhzëykh, jf ghph, yfzyhzh vb Iyhwkl dè bkl hcow, hczfw jo jfwgoiykbfczo pflow

poyzvnvfwfw# H yfpoyzhnfb jfwzhgh ow dhikzhczfw iyhwklfkyow jfwwh ëpogh, wfvw gowzvbfw,

gvlzvyh f jfbhkw gvykowkjhjfw xvf }áb wfcjo fwzvjhjhw f jfwgoifyzhw# Fwwh bhzëykh

hpyfwfczh jvhw mozonyhmkhw jf pènkchw jvplhw# O pfxvfco cñbfyo jf mozonyhmkhw

jfwzhghjhw wf avwzkmkgh pflh cfgfwwkjhjf jf hpyfwfczhîço jf kcmonyèmkgow f klvwzyhîöfw

phyh yfzyhzhy zhl ëpogh#

Aè h wfnvcjh bhzëykh yfzyhzh h dkwz÷ykh jh fwzyhjh lfcjèykh xvf wfy}kh gobo yozh jo

gobëygko jf gdèw f gh}hlow fczyf Gdkcfwfw f Zkifzhcow# H bhzëykh hpyfwfczh wfkw mozow jf



78

pènkchw jvplhw, gob vbh }hykfjhjf jf zfbhw, gobo phkwhnfcw, pfwwohw, gowzvbfw f

dèikzow#

Poy mkb, wfyço hchlkwhjhw okzo mozonyhmkhw jfwzhghjhw, h phyzky jo bëzojo jf lfkzvyh f

hcèlkwf jf kbhnfcw# Wfyço mfkzhw fzhphw jf hcèlkwf xvf gocwkwzfb fb lfkzvyh, kczfypyfzhîço

f gocglvwço# H phyzky jhâ, wfyço lf}hjow fb goczh o fcxvhjyhbfczo, pfywpfgzk}h, yflhîço

mvcjo/mknvyh, gobpowkîço jf kbhnfb, vzklkqhîço jf lvq f goyfw, yflhîço fczyf ow oiafzow

yfpyfwfczhjow f h mvcîço jh bfcwhnfb }kwvhl# H phyzky jh pfygfpîço jfwwfw gocgfkzow

wfyè powwâ}fl mhqfy vbh lfkzvyh mozonyèmkgh bhkw pyomvcjh, f powzfykoybfczf, gocglvky h

mvcîço jh kbhnfb gkzhjh, hzvhcjo gobo kcmoybhzk}h ov hjoyco# Ghjh mozonyhmkh wfyè

hgobphcdhjh jf wvh lfnfcjh oyknkchl phyh cço kczfymfyky co yfwvlzhjo jh hcèlkwf#

:#8 Hcèlkwf jhw mozonyhmkhw

:#8#8 Mozow jh bhzëykh jf ghph “Iyhwkl Hco 8000‒#

Mozo 81

Jfwbhzhbfczo yf}flh ch Hbhqúckh wâzkow gobo ow nfonlkmow, fwzyvzvyhw nfobëzykghw pfymfkzhw ‗ fwzf mkghpy÷tkbo h Yko Iyhcgo, co Hgyf# Hkcjh cço wf whif h fthzh mvcîço jow nfonlkmow, bhw flfw pyo}h}flbfczfcço fyhb loghk w jf dhikzhîço# Ow hyxvf÷lonow fwpfgvlhb xvf pojfykhb wfy gfczyow gfykbockhkw#



79

Fwzh pykbfkyh mozonyhmkh jh pykcgkphl bhzëykh jh yf}kwzh zyhq ho lfkzoy vbh gfch vb

xvhjyhjo pyojvqkjo fb hlzo yflf}o co bfko jf vbh èyfh jf ghbpo, ocjf wf pojf cozhy

hlnvbhw èy}oyfw f vb yko, ov lhno ch phyzf wvpfykoy fwxvfyjh jh kbhnfb# H phyzky jhlfnfcjh pfygfif"wf xvf wf zyhzh jf vbh èyfh co bfko jh mloyfwzh hbhqúckgh, xvf gob o

jfwbhzhbfczo jh mloyfwzh, nfonlkmow wço yf}flhjow, f zoychb"wf oiafzow jf gvykowkjhjfw f

fwzvjow woiyf h gk}klkqhîço hczknh jh yfnkço#

Pykbfkyhbfczf o xvf wf pojf pfygfify ë xvf wf zyhzh jf vbh mozonyhmkh hëyfh,

avwzkmkghcjo o écnvlo jf }kwço jo moz÷nyhmo# Poyzhczo, fczfcjf"wf xvf o fcxvhjyhbfczo ë

fb nyhcjf plhco nfyhl ‗ hpfwhy jf lkbkzhjo à fwzyvzvyh ", kjfhl phyh yfzyhzhy h fwzyvzvyh co

gdço# Hkcjh cfwwf wfczkjo ë kbpoyzhczf yfwwhlzhy o mhzo jf o hvzoy jh mozonyhmkh fwzhy fb

bo}kbfczo, bvkzo pyo}h}flbfczf fb vb dflkg÷pzfyo, o xvf jkmkgvlzh h pyfogvphîço gob

h fwzëzkgh jh kbhnfb# O hvzoy pyfgkwh fwzhy pyfphyhjo phyh mozonyhmhy o hwwvczo hwwkb

xvf o }ky, wfb pojfy hchlkwhy gfcèyko, fwphîo f klvbkchîço# H yhpkjfq ë fwwfcgkhl cfwzf

ghwo, f fwzh ë vbh ghyhgzfyâwzkgh jo mozoaoychlkwbo#

Mkldo $8;;:+ hpoczh xvf h phyzky jfwwf hwpfgzo ë pyfgkwo xvf o moz÷nyhmo zfcdh h

ghphgkjhjf jf yfzfy h wkcnvlhykjhjf jhw gokwhw, fb vb bobfczo, zhl}fq, ñckgo, ocjf cço

zfb zfbpo phyh fyyhy, wf pyfogvphy gob xvfwzöfw zëgckghw f jk}fywhw#

H yflhîço mvcjo/mknvyh kcftkwzf ch kbhnfb, }kwzo xvf zojh h mknvyh fcgoczyh"wf co

bfwbo plhco# H pyfwfcîh jf èy}oyfw f wobiyhw jhw bfwbhw powwkiklkzh h pfygfpîço jf

xvf wf zyhzh jf vbh kbhnfb hëyfh, jf vb écnvlo wvpfykoy, ghwo goczyèyko dh}fykh vbh

kbhnfb “gdhphjh‒, wfb jkmfyfcgkhîöfw jf pyomvcjkjhjf#

O xvf wf pojf yfwwhlzhy ë h vzklkqhîço jf lvq chzvyhl, f h }hykhîço jf wobiyhw ch kbhnfb,

xvf nfyh vb jfwloghbfczo co mogo jh mozonyhmkh# H hzfcîço jo lfkzoy ë zyhcwpoyzhjh phyh

h phyzf bhkw glhyh jf kbhnfb, o nfonlkmo# Hw wobiyhw jhw èy}oyfw kcjkghb xvf h powkîço

jo wol wf fcgoczyh bhkw –ihkth‟, gocglvkcjo xvf h kbhnfb mok mfkzh py÷tkbh ho púy ov

chwgfy jo wol# Jfwzh moybh avwzkmkgh"wf h nyhcjf wobiyh moybhjh ch phyzf wvpfykoy jh

kbhnfb, xvf wf gocglvk wfy vb yflf}o, ov wfah, o nfonlkmo fcgoczyh"wf fb vb câ}fl

povgo wvpfykoy à phyzf jf gkbh jh kbhnfb# Kwwo pflo mhzo jf cço dh}fy h pyfwfcîh jfèy}oyfw jf nyhcjf poyzf f pflo wfczkjo jhw wobiyhw# H phyzf bhkw hlzh jo yflf}o pyoafzov



77

vbh wobiyh ch bhkw ihkth, hgobphcdhcjo o wfczkjo jhw jfbhkw wobiyhw# F, zhl}fq, fwwh

powkîço bhkw flf}hjh zfcdh pyopkgkhjo h fwgoldh pflo écnvlo mozonyhmhjo#

Aè xvhczo à gobpowkîço ë vbh mozonyhmkh ifb hyzkgvlhjh, bfwbo xvf hphyfczfbfczf cço

wfah “boczhjh‒# Ho hplkghy h yfnyh jow zfyîow pojf"wf }fykmkghy xvf ow gfczyow jf hzfcîço

wf fcgoczyhb py÷tkbow ov xvhwf co bfwbo loghl xvf hw hyfwzhw jo nfonlkmo#

Poy mkb, h lfnfcjh wf zoych kbpyfwgkcjâ}fl, cfwzf ghwo, phyh o fczfcjkbfczo jh

bfcwhnfb mozonyhmhjh# Wfb flh o lfkzoy cço wfykh goczftzvhlkqhjo jo xvf wf zyhzh}h h

kbhnfb# Jfwzh moybh pojf"wf gocglvky xvf h mozonyhmkh ë, ftglvwk}hbfczf, aoychlâwzkgh#

Hpfwhy jf dh}fy gvkjhjow gob h fwzëzkgh mozonyèmkgh, o fcxvhjyhbfczo, h powkîço jomoz÷nyhmo f h cfgfwwkjhjf jf lfnfcjh, mkqfyhb gob xvf h mozo zk}fwwf vb phpfl bhkw

kcmoybhzk}o jo xvf hyzâwzkgo#

Mozo 91

Ow âcjkow fch~fcf"ch~f, jo Bhzo Nyowwo, záb phyfczfwgo gob gk}klkqhîöfw xvf wf fwzhiflfgfyhb chyfnkço jo yko Tkcnv ho yfjoy jo hco 8000# O mono havjov ow hczknow h jobfwzkghy h mloyfwzh, f wkchkw jfghy}ço co wolo wço ñzfkw phyh hw pfwxvkwhw doaf#

Fwzh mozonyhmkh yfzyhzh vb nyvpo jf âcjkow yfvckjow, à cokzf, fb zoyco jf vbh monvfkyh#

Cço wf whif, h pykcgâpko, xvhl o oiafzk}o jfwzh yfvckço# Poyëb pojf"wf cozhy h pyfwfcîh



7:

jf co}f kcjk}âjvow ‗ zojow jo wfto bhwgvlkco ", jfczyf flfw, }kwk}flbfczf, zyáw powwvfb

bhkw kjhjf, wço hjvlzow, f ovzyow xvhzyo wço ao}fcw, ov gykhcîhw# Zojow fwwfw hjvlzow

gkzhjow fwzço gob }fwzkbfczhw zâpkghw xvf goiyfb, pykcgkphlbfczf, wfv wfto, ho goczyèyko

jhw gykhcîhw# À fwxvfyjh $xvhwf cço kjfczkmkgè}fl+ f bhkw ho mvcjo, hnhgdhjo, zfbow ow

jokw kcjk}âjvow yfwzhczfw# Fwwf ñlzkbo wf }fwzf gobo ow hjvlzow, poyëb cço wf pojf

hmkybhy xvf wf zyhzh jf vb#

O hvzoy jh mozonyhmkh opzov poy mhqfy vb fcxvhjyhbfczo fb plhco nfyhl, yfzyhzhcjo ow

kcjk}âjvow fb goypo kczfkyo, f jfwzh moybh, hpyfwfczhcjo h gfch poy gobplfzo, poyëb

wfb nyhcjfw jfzhldfw# Flf wf powkgkocov hihkto jh lkcdh jo oldo jo wvafkzo gfczyhl jh

mozonyhmkh ‗ hxvflf phyh o xvhl cowwo oldhy ë jkyfgkochjo $fb pë ho gfczyo+ ", phyh jfwzhmoybh, ghpzhy fb pykbfkyo plhco h monvfkyh# H kjfkh jf pykoykqhy h gdhbh pojf wfy

gobpyo}hjh hzyh}ëw jh vzklkqhîço jh yfnyh jow zfyîow, ocjf glhyhbfczf o mono wf

fcgoczyh co gfczyo jf hzfcîço#

Cfwzh mozonyhmkh ë mègkl cozhy h yflhîço mvcjo/kbhnfb# H monvfkyh phwwh h wfy o mogo

pykcgkphl $jfzhldhjo+ fcxvhczo hw pfwwohw gobpöf o mvcjo jh kbhnfb# Phyh fthlzhy fwwh

kczfcîço, o moz÷nyhmo vzklkqov h zëgckgh jh hifyzvyh jo jkhmyhnbh jh gébfyh, xvf mfq gobxvf o pykbfkyo plhco mkghwwf moghlkqhjo, f o yfwzhczf gob bfcow mogo# Hlëb jkwwo, zhl

zëgckgh powwkiklkzov vbh bhkoy ghpzvyh jh lvq, xvf gobikchjh gob vb bhkoy zfbpo jf

hifyzvyh jo oizvyhjoy, pyopoygkocov h klvbkchîço kjfhl phyh hw pfwwohw, hlëb jf ioyyhy

yowzow f jfbhkw bo}kbfczow#

Fwwh zëgckgh vwhjh jfv à mozonyhmkh h kjfkh jf bo}kbfczo f gfyzh bâwzkgh# Pojf"wf

pfygfify, bfwbo xvf poy vbh kbhnfb mkth, kb÷}fl, o bo}kbfczo jo mono, jhw mhâwghwwolzhw ho hy, f jow bo}kbfczow jhw pfwwohw ho yfjoy jh gdhbh#

O moz÷nyhmo wovif bvkzo ifb vzklkqhy jh lvq chzvyhl, f jfwzh moybh oizf}f goyfw xvf

ovzyoyh cço gocwfnvkykh# Gocwfnvkv jfkthy h mozo bhkw xvfczf, gob zocw hlhyhcahjow,

zyhcwbkzkcjo h wfcwhîço jo hbikfczf# Ghwo mowwf vzklkqhjh klvbkchîço hyzkmkgkhl, gobo

mlhwdfw, o yfwvlzhjo cço wfykh o bfwbo# Cço dh}fykh o zob h}fybfldhjo jh kbhnfb, h

kbhnfb pfyjfykh o bo}kbfczo, f hzë o mono pfyjfykh o ghloy#



76

H lfnfcjh cço bhkw powwvk vb phpfl fwwfcgkhl phyh o fczfcjkbfczo jh kbhnfb# Ë

mhgklbfczf cozè}fl jo xvf wf zyhzh h gfch f xvhkw wço ow pfywochnfcw# Flh zfb hpfchw o

phpfl jf gobplfbfczhy h kcmoybhîço xvf h mozonyhmkh zyhcwbkzf1 gobo jf ocjf wço ow

âcjkow f xvhl h yflhîço jflfw, ov jh mozonyhmkh, gob o zfbh ftpowzo ch bhzëykh#

Poyëb h lfnfcjh powwvk vbh kcmoybhîço fwwfcgkhl xvf havjh h hmkybhy jf }fq xvf wf

zyhzh jf vbh mozonyhmkh hyzâwzkgh# Cço xvf wfah ftzyfbhbfczf cfgfwwèykh zhl kcmoybhîço,

bhw wfy}kv hpfchw phyh gocmkybhy o xvf aè mok powwâ}fl gocglvky ho hchlkwhy h kbhnfb#

Ho mhlhy xvf o mono havjov ow âcjkow h woiyf}k}fy ch wfl}h, h jfwgykîço jh mozo zyhcwbkzf

h kbpoyzécgkh jfwzf flfbfczo ch }kjh jow kcjk}âjvow# O mono zoycov"wf kcwzyvbfczo

cfgfwwèyko à woiyf}k}ácgkh jfwwhw pfwwohw, f o moz÷nyhmo hybh h mozo phyh yfzyhzhy fwwhkjfkh# O mono, pykbfkyo plhco, ë gfyghjo poy wfvw jf}ozow, wfnvcjo plhco, xvf wço

klvbkchjow f hxvfgkjow poy flf#

H mozonyhmkh, poyzhczo, zfb vb }këw hyzâwzkgo bvkzo moyzf, xvf mok ftployhjo bvkzo ifb

pflo moz÷nyhmo, xvf oizf}f vbh mozonyhmkh kcmoybhzk}h, bhw ftzyfbhbfczf hyzâwzkgh, gob

vb gvkjhjo fwzëzkgo bvkzo nyhcjf# Ë vbh mozonyhmkh xvf cow mhq yfmlfzky, ky hlëb jhxvklo

xvf wf }á, gobo hpoczh Zh}hyfw $900;+#

:#8#9 Mozow jh bhzëykh “Ch Fwzyhjh Fwxvfgkjh‒#

Mozo 71



7=

Xvhcjo o gdè }hlkh bhkw xvf h poygflhch ov h wfjh, zyophw jf hckbhkw pfygoyykhb o ghbkcdo wkcvowo jojfwmklhjfkyo Qhy Nhbh, h :,= bkl bfzyow jf hlzkzvjf, ch Yozh jf Gdè f Gh}hlow# Doaf o bfwbo zyhafzo ëmfkzo jf ghyyo ov ghbkcdço#

H mozo zyáw yfzyhzh vbh }kwço lhzfyhl jf vbh fwzyhjh jf zfyyh yfplfzh jf gvy}hw fb vbhyfnkço ihwzhczf boczhcdowh# Dè bvkzhw cv}fcw co gëv, f hw goyfw xvf gobpöf, fb

nyhcjf phyzf $wfb lf}hy fb goczh wvhw }hykhîöfw+, h mozonyhmkh wço1 }fyjf, hbhyflo, hqvl

f iyhcgo#

O moz÷nyhmo fcxvhjyov fb nyhcjf plhco nfyhl, ghpzvyhcjo vbh nyhcjf èyfh jo oiafzo

jfwfahjo# Zhl fcxvhjyhbfczo wf avwzkmkgh ch bfjkjh fb xvf wf zyhzh jf vbh mozonyhmkh jf

phkwhnfb, poyzhczo, ë pyfgkwo zfy vb nyhcjf écnvlo jf }kwço phyh yfzyhzhy hxvklo xvf ë}kwzo how oldow jo hvzoy# Fcxvhczo o dobfb pojf nkyhy wvh ghifîh phyh hgobphcdhy

zojo o gfcèyko, h mozonyhmkh pyfgkwh gocwfnvky yfzyhzhy zojh hxvflh kbhnfb fb vb xvhjyo

lkbkzhjo#

Jfwzh moybh, o moz÷nyhmo zfb jvhw opîöfw1 ov wf powkgkoch o bhkw jkwzhczf powwâ}fl jo

oiafzo ov fczço vzklkqh vbh lfczf gob nyhcjf écnvlo jf }kwço# Co ghwo jh mozonyhmkh zyáw,

opzov"wf pflh bhkoy jkwzécgkh jo oiafzo, }kwzo xvf h kbhnfb cço hpyfwfczh jkwzoyîöfw

zâpkghw jhw lfczfw gkzhjhw#

Co zopo jh kbhnfb zfbow h lkcdh jo doykqoczf, xvf pyopoygkoch o fmfkzo jf hbplkzvjf#

Jf vb doykqoczf kcmkckzo, jkwzhczf f kchlghcîè}fl# Fb goczyhwzf gob fwwh kjfkh pojfbow

}fy h fwzyhjh fb pykbfkyo plhco# Jkmfyfczfbfczf jo doykqoczf, xvf cço zfb mkb, h

fwzyhjh phyfgf zfy mkb, f lf}h wfvw zyhcwfvczfw h hlnvb lvnhy# O ghbkcdo woif h

boczhcdh, phyfgfcjo lf}hy hzë o gëv, hzë o zopo jh boczhcdh# Zhl pfcwhbfczo pojf

hwwogkhy"wf à kbpoyzécgkh xvf h fwzyhjh powwvk phyh ow po}ow xvf h vzklkqh}hb# H zykldh,

jf nyhcjf kbpoyzécgkh phyh o gobëygko, wknckmkgh}h h nl÷ykh jow po}ow f o wkchl jo

pyonyfwwo#

Ovzyo poczo h wf jfwzhghy cfwzh mozonyhmkh ë o goczyhwzf jf goyfw ftkwzfczf# Wço goyfw ifb

jfmkckjhw, jk}kjkjhw fb wfvw fwphîow fwpfgâmkgow# Ch kbhnfb zfbow xvhzyo câ}fkw jf

goloyhîço1 o }fyjf hbhyyocqhjo, ogvphcjo hw boczhcdhw, o hqvl wfphyhcjo h zfyyh jhw

cv}fcw iyhcghw, f co}hbfczf o hqvl hgkbh jhw cv}fcw, hpyfwfczhcjo h goczkcvkjhjf jo



7>

gëv# Hlëb jkwwo, dè h fwzyhjh, gobpowzh poy bhyyob glhyo, xvfiyhcjo xvhwf xvf fb

qknvfqhnvf, h goloyhîço bhaoykzèykh jh kbhnfb chw boczhcdhw#

H lfnfcjh powwvk vb phpfl jf gobplfbfczhîço jh kcmoybhîço fbkzkjh chxvflh pènkch#

Flh moycfgf jhjow woiyf h vzklkjhjf jh zykldh, hlzkzvjf bètkbh jo ghbkcdo, f bhcfkyh

gobo ë mfkzo o zyhafzo hzvhlbfczf# Zhkw kcmoybhîöfw cço hlzfyhb h pfygfpîço jh kbhnfb,

hpfchw h gobplfbfczhb#

Poyzhczo, gobo o mozoaoychlkwbo zfb poy mvcîço goczftzvhlkqhy, omfyfgfy gocdfgkbfczo,

fwglhyfgfy h }kwço jo lfkzoy, h kbhnfb zyáw wf fcghkth bhkw gobo aoychlâwzkgh ho wf lf}hy

fb goczh xvf cço hpyfwfczh nyhcjfw flhioyhîöfw, zyhihldow, f boczhnfcw jh bfcwhnfb}kwvhl# Hpfwhy jf wfy vbh iflh mknvyh, cço ghvwh ho fwpfgzhjoy wfcwhîöfw jkmfyfcgkhjhw

woiyf h kbhnfb }kwzh# Ë bfyhbfczf vb yfnkwzyo jf vbh phkwhnfb, ocjf wf phwwov vbh

dkwz÷ykh kbpoyzhczf# H mozonyhmkh ë o xvf yfwzh jo hgoczfgkjo, ë o yfzyhzo jf vbh dkwz÷ykh

phwwhjh, gobo gobfczh Eowwo{ $9008+#

Mozo :1

Co bowzfkyo jf Wdfgdfc, fb Wkgdvhc, ow bocnfw bkwzvyhb gdè gob zwhbph, vbh mhykcdh jf gf}hjhzowzhjh, àw yfmfkîöfw# Zfbpfyhjo gob whl f bhczfknh jf khxvf, o gdè ë pyfphyhjo gob moldhw pyfcwhjhw fbzkaolow#



74

H mozonyhmkh xvhzyo bowzyh jfqfchw jf bocnfw yfvckjow fb vb zfbplo, gocwvbkcjo

hlnvb zkpo jf ifikjh# Zojow wf }fwzfb jh bfwbh moybh, pyfjobkchcjo ch kbhnfb h goy

}fybfldh# Ftkwzf vbh phwwhyflh ocjf jokw bocnfw ghbkcdhb f hihwzfgfb hw zknflhw jow

jfbhkw xvf fwzço wfczhjow# Wfnvkcjo"h dè vbh nyhcjf fwzèzvh jovyhjh, xvf

powwk}flbfczf yfpyfwfczh hlnvbh lkjfyhcîh fwpkykzvhl phyh fwwhw pfwwohw#

Bhkw vbh }fq o fcxvhjyhbfczo fwgoldkjo mok o nyhcjf plhco nfyhl, pokw bowzyh vbh

gfch poy gobplfzo, f zhbiëb ow bocnfw jf goypo kczfkyo# Zfcjo fb pykbfkyo plhco o

bocnf wfy}kcjo ow jfbhkw gobphcdfkyow, co ghczo jkyfkzo kcmfykoy jh kbhnfb#

Poyzhczo, jfwzh hcèlkwf, pfygfif"wf h kczfcgkochlkjhjf jo hvzoy jh mozonyhmkh1 bowzyhy xvf

ow yflknkowow wfy}fb hlnvb zkpo jf ifikjh phyh ow jfbhkw gob hlnvb bozk}o fwpfgâmkgo

cço }kwvhlkqè}fl ch kbhnfb#

Ho vzklkqhybow h yfnyh jow zfyîow avwzkmkghbow o xvf mok mhlhjo hczfykoybfczf# Ftkwzfb

jokw gfczyow jf hzfcîço1 vb bhkw f}kjfczf yfpyfwfczhjo pflow bocnfw co ghczo kcmfykoy

jkyfkzo, f o ovzyo ch fwzèzvh jovyhjh ho mvcjo, gob phpfl jf gobplfbfczo jh kbhnfb chyflhîço mvcjo/kbhnfb#

O moz÷nyhmo wf powkgkocov jf zhl bhcfkyh xvf gocwfnvkwwf ghpzhy zojh h gfch, zojo o

hgoczfgkbfczo, bhw zhbiëb o mvcjo jfwzf zfbplo, ocjf ë yfpyfwfczhjh zojh h

yflknkowkjhjf jo po}o fb xvfwzço# Co fczhczo, zhl}fq h fwgoldh jf mozonyhmhy poy fwwf

écnvlo zfcdh wkjo hpfchw pflh pyfogvphîço jh klvbkchîço#

Kwwo pflo mhzo jf xvf, wf hchlkwhybow h lvq kcgkjfczf co mogo jh kbhnfb $ow zyáw bocnfw

co ghczo kcmfykoy jkyfkzo+, pfygfifbow xvf wf zyhzh jf vbh lvq chzvyhl, }kcjh jo ftzfykoy

jo zfbplo# Pyo}h}flbfczf hlk dè hlnvb poyzhl, ahcflh, xvf moycfgf lvq phyh o hbikfczf, f

jfwzh moybh, cço wf hjfxvhykh à kjfkh jh mozonyhmkh#

Jfwzh moybh, h lvq vzklkqhjh cfwzf yfnkwzyo ë, bhkw vbh }fq, chzvyhl, wfah gobpowzh poy

lvqfw hyzkmkgkhkw $bhw py÷pykhw jo hbikfczf jo zfbplo+ ov poy lvq chzvyhl ftzfych# Ho

hpyo}fkzhy jfwwh klvbkchîço, o moz÷nyhmo bhczëb o glkbh yfhl jo hbikfczf mozonyhmhjo#



7;

H lfnfcjh, gobo ë jf wvh mvcîço, gobplfbfczh h kcmoybhîço jh kbhnfb# Flh jè ho

lfkzoy jhjow woiyf o xvf ë gocwvbkjo, jo xvf ë mfkzo o gdè, f o loghl ocjf h mozonyhmkh mok

ghpzvyhjh#

Poyzhczo, zhl mozonyhmkh zfb poy ghyèzfy pykcgkphl h kcmoybhîço, ov wfah, ë aoychlâwzkgh# Flh

yfzyhzh vb f}fczo yflknkowo# Zhl gocglvwço wf jè pflo mhzo jf cço dh}fy nyhcjfw gvkjhjow,

ftgfzo klvbkchîço, phyh h gobpowkîço mozonyèmkgh#

Gobo hwpfgzo pykcgkphl wf pojf gkzhy h fwzèzvh ho mvcjo, ch xvhl zf}f wvh ghifîh

“goyzhjh‒ poy vbh }knh co zfzo jo zfbplo# O moz÷nyhmo cço zf}f o gvkjhjo jf ghpzhy h

kbhnfb poy gobplfzo# Zhl fwzèzvh, gobo aè jkzo, zfb kbpoyzécgkh kcghlgvlè}fl phyh owbocnfw, f bfwbo hwwkb, cço mok yfzyhzhjh poy kczfkyo#

Ovzyo poczo h wfy gocwkjfyhjo ë o mhzo jf h mozonyhmkh wfy zkyhjh lf}fbfczf fb plhco

plocnëf $jf gkbh phyh ihkto+# Fb ghwow yflknkowow, ocjf jfwfah zyhcwbkzky fwwh kjfkh,

pojf"wf vwhy o kc}fywo1 goczyh plocnëf, xvf gocwkwzf fb ghpzvyhy h kbhnfb jf ihkto pyh

gkbh# Jfwzh moybh, wfykh hiyhcnkjh h fwzèzvh fb wvh zozhlkjhjf, f poy gocwfxvácgkh, jhykh

vb fmfkzo jf flf}hîço fwpkykzvhl, ocjf o whnyhjo fwzè co hlzo, f o dobfb fbihkto#

Phyh xvf mowwf powwâ}fl yfzyhzhy h fwzèzvh poy gobplfzo wfykh cfgfwwèyko xvf o moz÷nyhmo

wf hpyotkbhwwf bhkw jflh, phwwhwwf pflh }knh xvf zhbph wfv yowzo# Co fczhczo, ghwo

mkqfwwf kwwo, flf zfykh vb ghbpo jf fcxvhjyhbfczo bfcoy jo xvf o hczfykoy, f jfwzh

moybh, hlzfyhykh wfv mogo pykcgkphl jh kbhnfb# Lono, poy zfy fwgoldkjo yfzyhzhy o f}fczo,

o hgoczfgkbfczo, pojf"wf jkqfy xvf wf mfq mozoaoychlkwbo#

Gobo hmkybh Ivwwflf $8;>;+, h mozonyhmkh aoychlâwzkgh cço ë pyfbfjkzhjh, ë hxvklo xvf wf

}á, co bobfczo fb xvf wf }á, wf xvf dhah vbh boczhnfb jhxvklo xvf xvfy zyhcwbkzky#



:0

Mozo 61

Fb hiykl, jfjow bfzkgvlowow yfgoldfb h pykbfkyh ‗ f bfldoy ‗ whmyh jf moldhw jf gdè co Ahyjkb Fgol÷nkgojf Gdè Bkcnwdhc, fb Wkgdvhc# Ow dkwzoykhjoyfw hgyfjkzhb xvf o gdè gobfîov h wfy gvlzk}hjo cow ñbkjowghbpow jf hlzkzvjfw jhw pyo}âcgkhw jf Wkgdvch f [vcchc#

Ch mozonyhmkh gkcgo pojf"wf }fy xvf wf zyhzh jf vbh yfnkço boczhcdowh, goifyzh poyplhczhîöfw# Ë powwâ}fl }fy o gëv hgkcqfczhjo f jk}fywhw èy}oyfw, wfcjo xvf vbh jflhw

fwzè bhkw py÷tkbh jh gébfyh f cço ë ghpzhjh poy kczfkyo# Ë powwâ}fl }fy, glhyhbfczf,

jvhw bvldfyfw zyhihldhcjo ch goldfkzh, vbh bhkw py÷tkbh à gébfyh f ovzyh bhkw hihkto#

Ifb ho mvcjo, pojfb"wf fctfynhy ovzyow zyhihldhjoyfw, h pykcgâpko jokw ov zyáw# Fwzfw

ovzyow w÷ wço }kwvhlkqè}fkw ch yf}kwzh#

Xvhczo ho fcxvhjyhbfczo, bhkw vbh }fq, pojfbow mhlhy xvf fwzè fb nyhcjf plhco nfyhl,

ghpzhcjo h ftzfcwço jh plhczhîço# O plhco, ihwkghbfczf, ë vb plocnëf, jf moybh xvf mok

ifb vzklkqhjo ch bfjkjh fb xvf o moz÷nyhmo fwgoldfv h powkîço fb xvf mkghykh# Vwhcjo

fwwh zëgckgh, mok powwâ}fl jhy vb mogo fwpfgâmkgo phyh h mozonyhmkh $hw zyhihldhjoyhw+, f ho

bfwbo zfbpo, bowzyhy h nyhcjfqh jo gvlzk}o# Ov wfah, bowzyov h kbpoyzécgkh jhxvflhw

plhczhîöfw#

Ho hplkghy h yfnyh jow zfyîow, pfygfifbow xvf o gfczyo jf hzfcîço jh mozonyhmkh ë h

bvldfy jf }fybfldo f iocë yowh# Glhyhbfczf ë powwâ}fl pfygfify xvf flh fwzè goldfcjo

hw plhczhw, vzklkqhcjo vb gfwzo phyh nvhyjè"lhw# Jfwzh moybh, ë powwâ}fl pfygfify o mogo



:8

jhjo pflo mozonyhmo à kbhnfb# Flf cço xvfykh yfzyhzhy h plhczhîço, f wkb o zyhihldo xvf ë

jfwfc}ol}kjo cflh#

H klvbkchîço ë chzvyhl, ho hy lk}yf, f avwzkmkghcjo, bhkw vbh }fq, o mogo jh kbhnfb, h

goloyhîço jh mozonyhmkh wvnfyf kwwo# Fb bfko ho –bhy‟ }fyjf, o goczyhwzf jo

}fybfldo/yowh# Ch kbfcwkjço jf plhczhw, ftkwzfb pfwwohw xvf wf jfwzhghb pflo zyhihldo,

pflh kbpoyzécgkh jo zyhihldo#

H lfnfcjh, hpfwhy jf zfy o bfwbo phpfl xvf hw hczfykoyfw, jf hgyfwgfczhy kcmoybhîöfw,

zfb bhkw kbpoyzécgkh cfwwh mozonyhmkh# Kwwo pflo mhzo jf xvf h ñckgh kcmoybhîço xvf

pojfbow oizfy ho oldhy h mozonyhmkh ë xvf wf zyhzh jf hlnvëb zyhihldhcjo fb vbhgoldfkzh# Co fczhczo, h lfnfcjh hpoczh o loghl jh mozonyhmkh, jhzh, jfzhldfw, f hkcjh goczh

vb povgo jh dkwz÷ykh#

Jf}kjo how mhzow hchlkwhjow, gocglvk"wf, fczço, xvf wf zyhzh jf vbh mozonyhmkh

aoychlâwzkgh, wkbplfwbfczf pflo mhzo jf yfzyhzhy o zyhihldo fb xvfwzço# Cço fwioîh

ftpyfwwöfw jhw pfwwohw, aono jf lvqfw, o fcxvhjyhbfczo ë wkbpl÷yko# Cço ë vbh

mozonyhmkh xvf cow mhq ky hlëb jhxvklo xvf wf }á# O lfkzoy hpfchw h }á, fczfcjf o xvf wfphwwh, f chjh bhkw# Flh cço omfyfgf pfygfpîöfw hpyomvcjhjhw jf kczfcîöfw hyzâwzkghw ov

jo moz÷nyhmo# Hwwkb gobo hmkybh Wovwh $9008+, fwwh mozonyhmkh zfb hpfchw gobo phpfl

zyhcwbkzky vbh kcmoybhîço#

Mozo =1



:9

Ch goldfkzh fb [k~v, co wvl jf [vcchc, vb lh}yhjoy f wvh mhbâlkh pyfphyhb hw moldhw phyh h wfghnfb#Fwwh ë h èyfh ocjf wf pyojvq o gdè jf Pvfy, bvkzo hpyfgkhjo pflo whioy zfyyowo f pyopykfjhjfw bfjkgkchkw#Vbh tâghyh fb Pfxvkb gvwzh 80 ov bhkw j÷lhyfw#

Ch mozonyhmkh wfkw ë powwâ}fl pfygfify xvf wf zyhzh jf vbh kbhnfb ghpzvyhjh fb vbhèyfh hifyzh# Pojf"wf }fy vb dobfb zyhihldhcjo fb fwpëgkfw jf zèivhw jf bhjfkyhw, f

jvhw gykhcîhw, h bfckch iykcgh jf wf pfcjvyhy fb bhjfkyhw, fb pykbfkyo plhco, f o

bfckco, fbihkto jhw zèivhw, wfnvyh vbh bfzyhldhjoyh jf iykcxvfjo# H myfczf jh

mozonyhmkh dè vb gfwzo yfjocjo yfplfzo jf moldhw, }fnfzhkw wfgow# Ho mvcjo pfygfif"wf

vbh ghwh jf pfjyh f jk}fywow zyocgow jf bhjfkyh# Ch phyzf jkyfkzh jh kbhnfb dè ovzyh

ghwh, bfcoy, gocwzyvâjh jf bhjfkyh, f cozh"wf py÷tkbh h flh, vbh nhlkcdh#

O fcxvhjyhbfczo jfwzh mozo fwzè fb nyhcjf plhco nfyhl, pokw yfzyhzh vbh gfch gobo vb

zojo1 zyáw pfwwohw fb wvh zozhlkjhjf f phyzf jo gfcèyko# O moz÷nyhmo opzov poy fwwh

powkîço, ghpzvyhcjo, jfwwh moybh, zojow ow kcjk}âjvow jf myfczf# Hkcjh gob zhl

powkgkochbfczo, flf pújf bowzyhy fb hpfchw vbh kbhnfb o zyhihldo jo dobfb hjvlzo,

hw iykcghjfkyhw mfkzhw pflhw gykhcîhw f o myvzo jo zyhihldo, hw plhczhw wfghw co gfwzo# Ho

hplkghy h yfnyh jow zfyîow, cozh"wf xvf ow gfczyow jf hzfcîço gocmkybhb h fwgoldh jo

fcxvhjyhbfczo gkzhjo, poyzhczo, jfwzhghcjo o gfwzo, h bfckch f o phk zyhihldhjoy#

Phyh pfygfify h yflhîço mvcjo/mknvyh ë cfgfwwèyko jk}kjky h mozonyhmkh# Pykbfkyo ë

kbpoyzhczf jfwzhghy o xvf ë h mknvyh# Cfwzf ghwo, gocwkjfyh"wf mknvyh o mogo jh kbhnfb,

poyzhczo, hiyhcnf zhczo o gfwzo jf moldhw xvhczo hw zyáw pfwwohw# Jfwzh moybh, o mvcjo

gocwkwzf ch ghwh, gdço, bhjfkyhw fbpkldhjhw f jfbhkw gobpocfczfw jo gfcèyko# H phyzky

jkwwo ë powwâ}fl fwzhiflfgfy vb flo fczyf fwzfw jokw hwpfgzow# H mknvyh $mogo+ yfzyhzh vbh

mhbâlkh dvbkljf $pflhw }fwzkbfczhw+, fb xvf o phk zyhihldh phyh wvwzfczhy wfvw mkldow, xvf

iykcghb gob o povgo xvf záb# O wvwzfczo ë pyo}fckfczf jhw moldhw, xvf wço yfzyhzhjhw

ch phyzf myoczhl jh kbhnfb, wvnfykcjo h kbpoyzécgkh jflhw phyh h mhbâlkh#

Aè xvhczo ho mvcjo, pfygfif"wf h wkbplkgkjhjf jh ghwh, avwzkmkghcjo h dvbkljhjf jh

mhbâlkh fb xvfwzço# Co fczhczo, ch fczyhjh pfygfifb"wf hjfyfîow pfcjvyhjow chw

phyfjfw, o xvf hpoczh h kjfkh jf vbh mhbâlkh zyhjkgkochl gdkcfwh# Ho jkyfgkochybow o

oldhy phyh o gdço, cozh"wf xvf dè lkto fwphldhjo poy wvh ftzfcwço, xvf avczo gob h

wvafkyh jhw yovphw jhw gykhcîhw, hpoczh o povgo hwwfko jh mhbâlkh# Poy mkb, gocglvk"wf



:7

xvf zhczo h kbhnfb xvhczo o mvcjo wf gobplfzhb# Vbh mhq phyzf jh ovzyh, avwzkmkghcjo f

hgyfwgfczhcjo kcmoybhîöfw }kwvhkw#

H lvq, gobo jf gowzvbf, ë chzvyhl, f h goloyhîço pyfjobkchczf ë hbhyyocqhjh# Zhl

goloyhîço zfb vb zfoy bhkw –hphnhjo‟, gob goyfw bhkw cfvzyhw# H goy, bhkw vbh }fq ,

}olzh h gocmfyky hwpfgzo dvbkljf, wkbplfw, wfgo à mozo# F, zhl}fq kczfcgkochlbfczf, fwwh

wfgvyh wvnfykjh pflh goy moybh h bfcwhnfb }kwvhl jh mozonyhmkh, xvf zfb gobo zfbh

pykcgkphl o zyhihldo jf wfghnfb jhw moldhw# Vb zyhihldo wkbplfw f hyzfwhchl#

H lfnfcjh, gobo py÷pykh jf wvh mvcîço, gobplfbfczh h kbhnfb gob co}hw

kcmoybhîöfw, co fczhczo, }hk hlëb jhxvklo xvf wf }á ch mknvyh ho hgyfwgfczhy o pyfîo fbxvf o gdè pyojvqkjo pflhw plhczhw yfzyhzhjhw pojf gdfnhy h gvwzhy#

Poyzhczo, bhkw pflo zfoy wogkhl jh mozonyhmkh, jh bfcwhnfb }kwvhl zyhcwbkzkjh jf vbh

mhbâlkh dvbkljf, zyhihldhjoyh, wvnfyf"wf xvf wf zyhzh jf vbh mozonyhmkh aoychlâwzkgh# Co

fczhczo, ë vbh mozonyhmkh bvkzo ifb pfcwhjh, hybhjh, f gob vb gvkjhjo fwzëzkgo bvkzo

nyhcjf# Gobo Golk $8;;8+ hmkybh, h iflfqh pojf fwzhy chw gfchw gdhbhjhw mfkhw, wvahw#

Zhl mozonyhmkh pojfykh wfy jfcobkchjh zhczo hyzâwzkgh xvhczo aoychlâwzkgh# Bfwbo wfbgocdfgfy o moz÷nyhmo f wvh kczfcîço, poy bhkw gokcgkjfczfw xvf wfahb, zojow ow hwpfgzow

hchlkwhjow hpoczhb z÷pkgow mh}oyè}fkw à hyzf f ho aoychlkwbo#

Mozo >1



:6

H lfnfcjh hpoczh xvhl f}fczo wf zyhzh, jfwzhgh h kbpoyzécgkh f h zyhjkgkochlkjhjf jflf f

hkcjh hpoczh kcmoybhîöfw woiyf ow gh}hlow vzklkqhjow phyh h goyykjh#

Jfwzh bhcfkyh, gocglvk"wf xvf wf zyhzh jf vbh mozonyhmkh aoychlâwzkgh poy wf zyhzhy jf vb

f}fczo, pyhzkghbfczf vb mlhnyhczf jhxvflf bobfczo ñckgo, gocnflhjo, gobo

jfcobkchjo poy Wovwh $9000+, jf vb f}fczo, jfwzhghcjo wvh kbpoyzécgkh# Cço dè mhzo

co}o cfwwh mozonyhmkh# Ë vb écnvlo gobvb, jf vbh mozonyhmkh gobvb, wfb nyhcjfw

–kc}fcîöfw‟# Ë hpfchw vb yfzyhzo jf vbh hîço#

Mozo 41

O phlègko Pozhlh, hczknh yfwkjácgkh jo Jhlhk"Lhbh, jobkch h }kwzh ch gdfnhjh jhw ghyh}hchw h Ldhwh, hghpkzhl jo Zkifz# Cow wëgvlow 84 f 8;, o fjkmâgko, gob wfvw 87 hcjhyfw, fwzh}h fczyf ow bhkw hlzow jobvcjo#

H mozo okzo, h ñlzkbh, hpyfwfczh ho wfv gfczyo vbh nyhcjf gocwzyvîço, wkzvhjh fb gkbh jf

vb boczf# Hzyèw dè jk}fywhw boczhcdhw xvf gfyghb h ghwh# O gëv fwzè mfgdhjo, gob

bvkzhw cv}fcw# F ch myfczf jh ghwh, dè vb nyhcjf lhno, xvf yfmlfzf zojh kbhnfb#

O fcxvhjyhbfczo ë o poczo moyzf jfwwh mozonyhmkh# O moz÷nyhmo opzov poy ghpzvyhy, fbnyhcjf plhco nfyhl, fwwh kbhnfb jf bhcfkyh xvf o phlègko fwzk}fwwf gfczyhlkqhjo, f o



:=

lhno yfmlfzkwwf zojh h phyzf jf zyèw jh mknvyh# Ë }kwâ}fl xvf o zfbh h wfy mozonyhmhjo ë h

gocwzyvîço, co fczhczo, ho kc}ëw jf wkbplfwbfczf jhy qoob f ghpzhy, poy wk w÷, h ghwh, o

hvzoy wf kcwpkyov ch phkwhnfb xvf gfygh}h o oiafzo pykcgkphl, f hwwkb, mfq vbh iflh

mozonyhmkh# Powkgkocov"wf ifb jkwzhczf jo oiafzo, jo ovzyo lhjo jo lhno, ghpzhcjo fb wvh

zozhlkjhjf o phlègko#

Cfwzh mknvyh, h yflhîço mvcjo/mknvyh ë vb povgo jkmfyfczf# Pflh pykbfkyh }fq o oiafzo fb

xvfwzço cço ë ñckgo co xvf wf yfmfyf à mknvyh# Flh ë gobpowzh pflo phlègko f o lhno,

fcxvhczo o mvcjo ë yfzyhzhjo pflhw boczhcdhw# Jfwzh moybh, o mvcjo zfb gobo oiafzk}o

wvnfyky h kjfkh jf xvf wf zyhzh jf vbh gocwzyvîço wfnvyh, yojfhjh poy boczhcdhw, f jf

jkmâgkl hgfwwo h phyzky jhxvflf poczo# Ho kbhnkchy h mozonyhmkh ghpzvyhjh kc}fywhbfczf,ov wfah, moz÷nyhmo co hlzo jh boczhcdh, yfzyhzhcjo o phlègko poy gkbh, f o lhno ho mvcjo,

cço zfyâhbow h bfwbh kbpyfwwço# H kjfkh h wfy zyhcwbkzkjh wfykh ovzyh, f cfgfwwkzhykh jf

ovzyh hcèlkwf#

H lvq chzvyhl zfb nyhcjf phpfl, gobo fb zojhw hw jfbhkw mozonyhmkhw hchlkwhjhw# Flh xvf

pfybkzf xvf dhah o fmfkzo jf yfmlfto ch lhnoh, xvf pfybkzf fwzfcjfy h kbhnfb jo phlègko

phyh h ènvh# Hw goyfw jo ghwzflo wf jfwzhghb fb bfko how }fyjfw f hqvkw jh kbhnfb,jhcjo bhkw kbpoyzécgkh hkcjh à gocwzyvîço#

H lfnfcjh hpyfwfczh xvhl gocwzyvîço ë bowzyhjh ch mozo, jf xvfb pfyzfcgfv, wvh yflhîço

gob h yfpoyzhnfb, f hkcjh gvykowkjhjf dkwz÷ykgh# Ë vb gobplfbfczo kbpoyzhczf phyh

vbh mozonyhmkh xvf, hpfchw poy flh bfwbh, cço phwwh kcmoybhîöfw pyomvcjhw#

Ë, poyzhczo, vbh mozonyhmkh hyzâwzkgh, ftglvwk}hbfczf pflh moybh jf yfzyhzhy o oiafzomozonyhmhjo# Gobo hmkybh Golk $8;;8+, o xvf zoych vbh mozonyhmkh hyzâwzkgh ë h bhcfkyh

gobo flh ë yfzyhzhjh, f cfwzf ghwo, h fwgoldh jo écnvlo, fcxvhjyhbfczo f fzg,

zyhcwmoybov vbh mozo gobvb, fb vbh kbhnfb bvkzo iockzh, gob gvkjhjo fwzëzkgo

nyhcjf f xvf cow kcjvq h pfcwhbfczow hlëb jhxvflfw ftpyfwwhjow pflh lfnfcjh, f h mozo

wkbplfwbfczf# Jè ho lfkzoy h powwkiklkjhjf jf pojfy kbhnkchy powwkiklkjhjfw f

kczfypyfzhîöfw à mozo#



:>

6 GOCGLVWÇO

Fwzf zyhihldo zf}f gobo pykcgkphl oiafzk}o gobpyffcjfy h bhcfkyh gobo h kcmoybhîço f

h hyzf wço zyhzhjhw chw mozonyhmkhw jh yf}kwzh Chzkochl Nfonyhpdkg# Poy wfy vb pfyk÷jkgo

yfgocdfgkjo bvcjkhlbfczf pflhw wvhw hjbkyè}fkw mozonyhmkhw, f wf zyhzhy jf vbh yf}kwzh

aoychlâwzkgh, wvynf h gvykowkjhjf jf kc}fwzknhy f jfw}fcjhy xvhl h pykoykjhjf jhjh àw

kbhnfcw, wf ë kcmoybhy ov fcghczhy pflh wvh iflfqh#

Jfwzh moybh, jhw okzo mozonyhmkhw jf moldh jvplh wflfgkochjhw, h phyzky jow fwzvjow

zf÷ykgow f hcèlkwf jhw bfwbhw, gocwzhzov"wf xvf wfkw powwvâhb zfoy bhkw aoychlâwzkgo xvf

hyzâwzkgo# Poyzhczo, ë powwâ}fl hmkybhy xvf h Chzkochl Nfonyhpdkg pykoykqh h kcmoybhîçofb wvh yf}kwzh# Hwwkb gobo ë o wfv phpfl, h yf}kwzh pyfzfcjf kcmoybhy wfvw lfkzoyfw woiyf

ow bhkw jk}fywkmkghjow hwwvczow, f hwwkb wfcjo, vzklkqh"wf jf mozonyhmkhw gdhbhzk}hw phyh

gocglvky wfv oiafzk}o#

Ë kbpoyzhczf yfwwhlzhy h f}kjfczf pyfogvphîço gob h fwzëzkgh mozonyèmkgh, hmkchl, h yf}kwzh

powwvk zhl mhbh nyhîhw àw wvhw kbhnfcw xvf gocwfnvfb zyhcwbkzky bhkw jo xvf

wkbplfwbfczf pojf"wf }fy# Flh vwh fwzf yfgvywo, f wvh mhbh, phyh kcmoybhy, goczhydkwz÷ykhw, kcwzyvky wfvw jk}fywow lfkzoyfw# Fwzf ë o jkmfyfcgkhl jh yf}kwzh1 mozonyhmkhw

kcmoybhzk}hw, bhw iflhw#

Ë cfwzf poczo xvf wf jfwzhgh h jkmkgvljhjf fcgoczyhjh ch hcèlkwf jf zhkw mozonyhmkhw# O

xvf pyopkgkov h jfmkckîço mkchl jf ghjh vbh jflhw moyhb jfzhldfw, xvf jf gfyzh moybh,

jfbhygh}hb h lkcdh zácvf fczyf ow jokw gocgfkzow pyopowzow jf kcâgko1 hyzf f aoychlkwbo#

H kczfypyfzhîço jo xvf ë hyzâwzkgo ë wviafzk}h# O xvf pojf wfy hyzf phyh vbh pfwwoh, phyh

ovzyh zhl}fq cço wfah# Phyzkcjo jkwwo, ivwgov"wf gykhy vb pfygvywo jf hcèlkwf lf}hcjo"wf

fb goczh hwpfgzow zëgckgow jh mozonyhmkh, phyh fczço, pojfy zfy vbh yfwpowzh bhkw

fwpfgâmkgh jo xvf pojfykh wfy gdhbhjo jf hyzâwzkgo#

Hw mozonyhmkhw gocwkjfyhjhw aoychlâwzkghw yfgfifyhb zhl jfcobkchîço, pykcgkphlbfczf,

pflh wvh cfgfwwkjhjf jf kcmoybhy# Poy hwpfgzow yflhgkochjow à xvfwzöfw wogkhkw,

yflknkowkjhjf, dkwz÷ykh, f fzg# Hlëb jf, fb wvh bhkoykh, jfpfcjfyfb jh lfnfcjh phyh vb

fczfcjkbfczo yfhl jh wkzvhîço yfzyhzhjh#



:4

Aè chw mozonyhmkhw hyzâwzkghw moyhb lf}hjow fb goczh hwpfgzow jkmfyfcgkhjow gobo

jkwzoyîöfw jf kbhnfcw, kczfcîço jkwzkczh ch bhcfkyh jf zyhcwbkzky h bfcwhnfb }kwvhl,

hlzfyhîöfw jh yfhlkjhjf f fzg# H mozonyhmkh cço wf lkbkzh}h hpfchw h zyhcwbkzky hxvflh

kcmoybhîço xvf ghyyfnh, bhw zhbiëb pfybkzkh ky hlëb jhxvklo lkjo# Pojf"wf kcmfyky

jk}fywhw powwkiklkjhjfw chw jvhw mozonyhmkhw gocwkjfyhjhw hyzâwzkghw#

H yf}kwzh gob gfyzfqh hpyfwfczh ovzyhw mozonyhmkhw xvf wfykhb ghyhgzfykqhjhw poy

hyzâwzkghw, co fczhczo, dè jf wf lfbiyhy h fwgoldh jf wf hchlkwhy hpfchw hw mozonyhmkhw fb

jfwzhxvf jf hpfchw jvhw yfpoyzhnfcw#

Poy mkb, cço xvfy jkqfy xvf h yf}kwzh wfah hpfchw aoychlâwzkgh# Flh ë vbh yf}kwzh

aoychlâwzkgh, gob yfwpocwhiklkjhjf dkwz÷ykgh f wogkhl, xvf pyfqh poy gvkjhjow fwzëzkgow fb

wvhw yfpoyzhnfcw# Hw mozonyhmkhw wço o ghyyo"gdfmf jo pfyk÷jkgo# Wço hzyhzk}ow à

kcmoybhîço#



:;

YFMFYÁCGKHW

HVBOCZ, Ahgxvfw# H Kbhnfb# 87# Fj# Phpkyvw Fjkzoyh, 9004#

IHYIOWH MKLDO, Dkljfiyhcjo# Mozoaoychlkwbo1 hyzf f ëzkgh# Wknco, }# 9, c# 9 , p# :0"

:7, ovz/8;;:#

IHYZDFW, Yolhcj# H Gébhyh Glhyh# Fjkzoyh Co}h Myoczfkyh# 8;4:

IHYZDFW, Yolhcj# O ÷i}ko f o Oizvwo# Fjkzoy1 Fjkîöfw >0, 900;

IOHW, Wëynko ]klhw# O fwzklo bhnhqkcf ‗ o zftzo fb yf}kwzh# Wvbbvw, 8;;=#

IOWK, Hlmyfjo# Yfmlftöfw woiyf h hyzf# ># fj# Fjkzoyh Èzkgh, 9008#

IVWWFLF, Bkgdhfl# Zvjo woiyf mozonyhmkh# Zdobwoc Pkocfkyh, 8;;4#

GOLK, Aoynf# O xvf ë hyzf? 86# Fj# Iyhwklkfcwf, 8;;6#

GOWZH, Dflovkwf5 YOJYKNVFW, Yfchzo# H mozonyhmkh bojfych co Iyhwkl# Gowhg

Chkm{# 900:#

JOCJKW, Jockw H## Wkczhtf jh Lkcnvhnfb ]kwvhl# 9# Fj# Wço Phvlo1 Bhyzkcw Moczfw,

8;;>

JVHYZF, Aoynf5 IHYYOW, Hczocko $Oyn+# Bëzojow f zëgckghw jf pfwxvkwh fb

gobvckghîço# 9# Fj# Wço Phvlo1 Hzlhw, 900=#

JVIOKW, Pdklkppf# O hzo mozonyèmkgo f ovzyow fcwhkow# 88# Fj# Phpkyvw Fjkzoyh, 9004#

MKLDO, Jvâlko Ihwzzkock# Pfxvfch Dkwz÷ykh jh Hyzfw co Iyhwkl# 9# Fj# Fjkzoyh Èzobo,

9004#



60

DV[NDF, Yfcë# O pojfy jh kbhnfb ‗ hyzf f gobvckghîço# Fjkzoyh1 Fjkîöfw >0, 8;;4

EOWWO[, I÷ykw# Mozonyhmkh f Dkwz÷ykh# 9# Fj# Hzflká Fjkzoykhl, 9007#

EOWWO[, I÷ykw# Yfhlkjhjfw f mkgîöfw ch zyhbh mozonyèmkgh# 7# Fj# Hzflká Fjkzoykhl,

9009

EVIYVWL[, Glèvjko H## O xvf ë mozonyhmkh# :# Fj# Iyhwklkfcwf, 8;;8#

LFKZF, Ácko# O xvf ë mozonyhmkh hmkchl? Jkwpocâ}fl fb1 <dzzp1//~~~#mozonyhmkh"

jn#gob/o"xvf"f"h"mozonyhmkh"hmkchl/ 3# Hgfwwhjo fb 04 jf ovzviyo jf 9080#

BHCNVFL, Hlifyzo# Lfcjo kbhnfcw# 9# Fj# Wço Phvlo1 Fjkzoyh Wgd~hygq, 9007#

BFJKCH, Gyfbkljh# Cozâgkh1 vb pyojvzo h }fcjh ‗ aoychlkwbo ch wogkfjhjf vyihch f

kcjvwzykhl# 6# fj# Wvbbvw Fjkzoykhl, 8;44,

PFCH, Mflkpf# Zfoykh jo Aoychlkwbo# Goczftzo, 9006#

YOWWK, Gl÷}kw# O xvf ë aoychlkwbo?# Iyhwklkfcwf, 8;;:#

WHCZHFLLH, Lñgkh5 COZD, ^kcmykfj# Kbhnfb1 gonckîço, wfbk÷zkgh, bâjkh# Wço

Phvlo1 Klvbkcvyhw, 7¡ fj#, 8;;4#

WÈ]KO, Fvnácko# Mozonyhmkh jknkzhl co Iyhwkl1 h kbhnfb ch kbpyfcwh jh fyh p÷w"mozonyèmkgh# Yko jf Ahcfkyo1 Pyfmfkzvyh jh Gkjhjf jo Yko, 9009#

WGHLQO, Bhyâlkh# Aoychlkwbo jf Yf}kwzh# 9# Fj# Goczftzo, 900:

WOVWH, Aoynf Pfjyo# Vbh dkwz÷ykh gyâzkgh jo mozoaoychlkwbo ogkjfczhl# Gdhpfg÷1

Nykmow1 Mloykhc÷polkw1 Lfzyhw Goczfbpoyécfhw, 9000#

http://www.fotografia-dg.com/o-que-e-a-fotografia-afinal/






68

ZH]HYFW, Hczúcko Lvâw Bhyxvfw# H mozonyhmkh hyzâwzkgh f o wfv lvnhy ch hyzf

goczfbpoyécfh# Yf}kwzh Whpkfcw1 Dkwz÷ykh, Phzykbúcko f Hyxvfolonkh# c#8, p# 884"89;,

avl/900;# Jkwpocâ}fl fb1

<dzzp1//~~~#yf}kwzhwhpkfcw#oyn/Ikilkozfgh/cvbfyo8/H_mozonyhmkh_hyzkwzkgh#pjm 3#

Hgfwwhjo fb 8: jf ovzviyo jf 9080#

]KGFCZF, Ghylow Mhjoc# Mozonyhmkh1 H xvfwzço flfzyúckgh# 9# Fj# Kc1 WHBHKC,

Fzkfccf $oyn#+ O mozonyèmkgo# Wço Phvlo1 Dvgkzfg, 9006#

]KLFLH, Pfjyo Dfcykxvf Hl}kb# Mozoaoychlkwbo1 h hplkghîço jh hyzf chw mozonyhmkhwaoychlâwzkghw# Boconyhmkh, Gfczyo Vck}fywkzèyko jf Iflo Doykqoczf, VCK"ID, Iflo

Doykqoczf, 9006#

http://www.revistasapiens.org/Biblioteca/numero1/A_fotografia_artistica.pdf

http://www.revistasapiens.org/Biblioteca/numero1/A_fotografia_artistica.pdf

a fronteira entre a arte e a informaÇÃo

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