50 teorias cientificas.pdf

7/28/2019 50 teorias cientificas.pdf

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This description of one of the

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UNIVERSAINGRAVITATION

ALHEORY

ose 30-secon t eory

fundamental forces of nature is among the greatest

sachievements in science. Isaac Newton came ui .

lic enwith it in 1687 as part of his masterful rincipiaa

Mathematica, a three-volume d scription

mat ematics.. Universa ravitation t eor sa s t a

there is a mutual attraction between anything thatr e

has massanything made of normal matter, thato tThat attraction depends on the two masses inv

t e istance etween t em, an a constant nown

separa y deas the gravitational constant. One of.

the central insi hts of the t tacineory was that the

ravitativ enal force follows an inverse square law..

T is means t e attraction etween t e two o je

diminishes as the square of the distance betwed in

them. Newtons formulation of the law.

accurate that it immediately explained the moc

of the planets, creating an easy way to predict tho

movements relative to each other and the Sun. It

etas,has also enabled us to send rockets into space.t

elAfter Einstein came up with the theory of relativitye

.an use it to exp ain some sma anoma ies in t e

o.planetary orbits, it was realized that Newtons lawn s

was not quite the final word on gravity. However,r .

equeasit is almost universally accurate when appliedi

ato t e gravitationa attractions we encounter

ue la ley de Newton no era lain everyday life.l .

de nitiva en relacin a la gravedad, pero es casi

completamente universal, y su cientemente precisa

cuan o se ap ica a a atraccin gravitatoria que se

presenta en la vida cotidiana.

COMENTARIO

EN 3 SEGUNDOSLo que sube debe bajar,y as ser, tal como

Newton ijo quedeba suceder.

EN 3 MINUTOSAlgunas ideas de la Fsicamo erna sugieren quela ley de la gravitacinuniversa e Newton pue erequerir algunos ajustescuando se trata de objetos

separados por menos deun milmetro o por msdel dimetro del SistemaSolar. Por otra parte, nadietiene una exp icacinsatisfactoria de por quos o jetos se atraen unos

a otros, de la causa por laque la fuerza gravitatoriaes mucho ms dbil quelas otras fuerzas de lanaturaleza. Adems,

el valor de la constantee gravitacin no est ien

de nido; es la constantefsica que se ha medidocon el menor gradode exactitud.

DAS

ee al mbinsoVIMIENTOLAWS OF MOTIONL F

18page 18p

ADTHEORY OF RELATIVITY I0page 30p g

UANTUM FIELD THE Ea e 6

CINa epgina 50

--

ISAAC NEWTONI A N W N16 17271 1727

0-SECOND TEXT-

Sean grandes o

pequeos, todos los

cuerpos caen haciala Tierra a la misma

velocidad si lo hacendesde la misma altura.20 El macrocosmos


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Whenever we copy habits, skills,

i the

t in

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rate

cience

some

is

memes

s

APHY

144 El conocimiento

COMENTARIO

EN 3 SEGUNDOSLa cultura evolucionagracias a la seleccin

e os memes, comola biologa lo hace por lase eccin e genes.

PENSAMIENTO

EN 3 MINUTOSA los memes se les hallamado analogas vacasy metforas sin sentido.La mayor parte de los

i ogos niegan que a

memtica sea necesariapara exp icar e origendel gran cerebro humano,o por qu nos deleitamoscon el arte y la msica, yarguyen que las teoras yaexistentes son mejores.Quiz la memtica asustea a gunos; os umanossomos mquinas dememes, y a ora quelos memes tecnolgicos

(o temes) estn creandotecnologas an mejores,nuestro papel resulta cadada menos relevante.

MEMETICSM ET

ose 30-secon t eory

stories, songs, or any kind of i ormati nn romtipoperson to person, we are dealing in memes. Ther i .

a.idea of memes, along with all scientific theories is

itself a meme. The meme meme emerged fromi r

itheory of Universal Darwinism; the idea that when

,any information is copied, varied and selected, theni i

acin se copia, modificaevolution must happen..o Our most familiar replicator is the gene, bo

6 Richard Dawkins argued that culture consists or

a second replicator, and he called this the meme.e

Humans copy memes including ideas, skills, aa d

behaviors through imitatior an eachin ; then

vary w at t ey copy y ma ing errors, y e i

alterations or by creative combining; and they selecti ;

which memes to reme ber and pass on. The s.

of memetics studies how memes s read, whe

t rive an ot ers ai , an t e consequences o ti

for the evolution of culture. Generally, som. r

os read because the are useful or advanta eousr

to us, like parts of science and medicine, financialu c

lainstitutions, arts, an music. Ot ers sprea i e,

mesviruses, even though they may be useless or even

, comoharmful to us, including Internet viruses, chain

esletters, religions and cults, and useless alternatives i

t erapies. We umans are meme mac ines,.

iles o inclusoand the memes use us for their survival.

perjudiciales, como los virus en Internet, las cadenas

de cartas, las religiones y los cultos, y las terapias

a ternativas inti es. Los umanos somos mquinas

de memes, y stos nos utilizan para sobrevivir.

DASRELATED THEORIESEee a m ino

ALNATURAL SELECTION8page 58pa

TAELFISH GENEI0page 60p

-SECOND BIOG-RICHARD DAWKINSRI HARD D KI19411 1

UNDOS30-SECOND TEXTNSue B ac moreB c more

Todas las ideas en

nuestra cabezacompiten entre s.Quieren que usted lediga a alguien algoms sobre s mismas.De esta manera puedenentrar en una nuevacabeza y continuardifundindose.


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50 teorias cientificas.pdf

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