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HydroquinoneDrug NomenclatureDate of monograph revision: 28-Jun-1996; 20-May-1998; 09-Jan-2001; 06-Dec-2001;16-Jun-2004; 17-Jul-2006Synonyms: Hidroquinona; Hydrochinonum; Hydroquinone; QuinolChemical name: 1,4-BenzenediolMolecular formula: C6H6O2 =110.1CAS: 123-31-9ATC code: D11AX11Chemical Structure of HydroquinoneChemical Structure of Hydroquinone

NOTE: Do not confuse with Hydroquinine (Go to Hydroquinine Hydrobromide).Pharmacopoeias:In US.

USP 29 (Hydroquinone). Fine white needles which darken on exposure to light andair. Soluble 1 in 17 of water, 1 in 4 of alcohol, 1 in 51 of chloroform, and 1 in 16.5 of ether. Store in airtight containers. Protect from light.

Adverse Effects, Treatment, and PrecautionsTopical hydroquinone may cause transient erythema and a mild burning sensation.High concentrations or prolonged use may produce hyperpigmentation especially onareas of skin exposed to sunlight. Occasionally hypersensitivity has occurred a

nd some recommend skin testing before use. Hydroquinone should not be applied toabraded or sunburnt skin. It should not be used to bleach eyelashes or eyebrowsand contact with the eyes should be avoided as it may produce staining and corneal opacities. The systemic effects of hydroquinone and their treatment are similar to those of phenol (see Go to Adverse Effects) but tremors and convulsions may also occur.

Effects on the liver.Toxic hepatitis in a radiographer was attributed to occupational exposure to hydroquinone fumes from the developing medium used in the darkroom.1 However, it has been pointed out2 that hydroquinone is not volatile under normal conditions ofuse and that surveillance of 879 people engaged in the manufacture and use of hydroquinone from 1942 to 1990 found no association between toxic hepatitis and h

ydroquinone exposure.

1. Nowak AK, et al. Darkroom hepatitis after exposure to hydroquinone. Lancet 1995; 345: 1187. PubMed2. O'Donaghue JL, et al. Hydroquinone and hepatitis. Lancet 1995; 346: 14278. PubMedEffects on the skin.The incidence of exogenous ochronosis (blue-black hyperpigmentation) in a surveyof black South African patients was found to be 15% in males and 42% in femaleswith 69% of affected individuals admitting to using hydroquinone-containing pre

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parations.1 This was considered to be more consistent with a toxic effect of a drug with a low therapeutic index, rather than an idiosyncratic reaction. The data revealed that even preparations with hydroquinone 2% or less with a sunscreenproduced ochronosis. Ochronosis usually became apparent after about 6 months ofuse and, once established, was probably irreversible. Patients may initially useskin lighteners for cosmetic purposes but once ochronosis develops they may fall into the 'skin lightener trap' as they use other hydroquinone preparations toremove the disfigurement.1 The problems caused by over-the-counter skin-lightening creams in countries such as the UK have also been highlighted.2 Reversible brown discoloration of the nails has also been reported after the use of skin lighteners containing hydroquinone.3

1. Hardwick N, et al. Exogenous ochronosis: an epidemiological study. Br J Dermatol 1989; 120: 22938. PubMed2. Williams H. Skin lightening creams containing hydroquinone. BMJ 1992; 305: 9034. PubMed3. Mann RJ, Harman RRM. Nail staining due to hydroquinone skin-lightening creams. Br J Dermatol 1983; 108: 3635. PubMedUses and AdministrationHydroquinone increases melanin excretion from melanocytes and may also prevent its production. Hydroquinone is used topically as a depigmenting agent for the skin in hyperpigmentation conditions (Go to Pigmentation disorders) such as chloasma (melasma), freckles, and lentigines (small macules that resemble freckles). Concentrations of 2 to 4% are commonly used; higher concentrations may be very ir

ritant and increase the risk of ochronosis. It may be several weeks before any effect is apparent but depigmentation may last for 2 to 6 months after stopping.Application of hydroquinone should stop if there is no improvement after 2 months. Hydroquinone should be applied twice daily only to intact skin which should be protected from sunlight to reduce repigmentation. Hydroquinone preparations often include a sunscreen or a sunblocking basis.

Hydroquinone is also used as an antoxidant for ether and in photographic developers.

PreparationsSingle-ingredient PreparationsThe symbol denotes a preparation which is discontinued or no longer actively mar

keted.

Argentina: Claripel; Brazil: Clariderm; Claripel; Solaquin; Canada: African Gold;Banishing Cream; Eldopaque; Eldoquin; Esoterica Regular; Esoterica Unscented; Jouvence; Lustra; Nadinola; NeoStrata Canada HQ Plus; Porcelana Nighttime Formula; Ultraquin Plain; Chile: Etnoderm; France: Aida; Creme des 3 Fleurs d'Orient; Hong Kong: Derma-Rx Lightener; Eldopaque; Eldoquin; Solaquin; Israel: Esomed; Italy: Discromil; Epocler; Malaysia: Eldopaque; Eldoquin; Mexico: Crema Blanca; Eldopaque;Eldoquin; Hidroquin; Melanex; New Zealand: Eldoquin; Singapore: Aida; Eldopaque;Eldoquin; Melanex; Melanox; Polyquin; Solaquin; Spain: Hidroquilaude; Licostrata;Melanasa; Nadona; Pigmentasa; United Kingdom: Eldopaque; Eldoquin; Esoterica; Solaquin; United States: Aclaro; Claripel; Eldopaque; Eldoquin; EpiQuin; EsotericaRegular; Lustra; Melanex; Melpaque HP; Melquin HP; Neostrata AHA; Porcelana; Solaq

; Venezuela: Pharquinon;

Multi-ingredient PreparationsThe symbol denotes a preparation which is discontinued or no longer actively marketed.

Argentina: Melacler; Melasmax; Neoceuticals Crema Despigmentante de Dia; NeoquinForte; Neoquin; Neostrata Gel Despigmentante; Solaquin Forte; Tri-Luma; Australia: Superfade; Brazil: Glyquin; Canada: Esoterica; Glyquin XM; Lustra-AF; NeoStrata Canada HQ Plus; NeoStrata HQ; Porcelana Daytime Formula; Reversa AHA HQ; Skini

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cles; Solaquin Forte; Ultraquin; Viquin Forte; Chile: Alastik; Clasifel; D 4; Neostrata; Neostrata; Tri-Luma; Trio-D; France: Melanex Duo; Germany: Pigmanorm; Hong Kong: Glyquin; Superfade; Malaysia: Solaquin Forte; Mexico: Clasifel; Nova Derm; Quinoret; Solaquin; Tri-Luma; Portugal: Eutrofic Forte Gel Despigmentante; MelanexDuo; Singapore: AHA Skin Lightening Gel; Glyquin; High Potency Lightening Serum; Switzerland: Pigmanorm; United States: Ambi Skin Tone; Esoterica Facial and Sunscreen; Glyquin XM; Nuquin HP; Porcelana with Sunscreen; Solaquin Forte; Solaquin Forte; Tri-Luma; Viquin Forte;

Pharmacopoeial PreparationsUSP 29: Hydroquinone Cream; Hydroquinone Topical Solution;

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