tema 1 unidades 1 e 2 10º ano

8/3/2019 tema 1 unidades 1 e 2 10º ano

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tema-1-unidades-1-e-2-10o-ano 1/20



KZG ‚ Ckecwbòb 26¾ bme ‚ Vwe`kzzew> Nebr{ol Lbaw{cb

QKLB O

2-2- B kpei{ãêe ab vev{ibãêe vewq{c{kzb mb 7® lkqbak ae zïj{ie XX

M{l l{mae kl qwbmzèwlbãêe k jbab pk~ lboz ciegbio~bae) l{oqez aez vwegiklbz jel r{k zk ak`wemqbl bzzejokabakz jemqklvewçmkbz qîl ewockl kl r{kzqûkz wkibjoembabz jel b aklecwbòb- Ez kzq{aez aklecwâòjezbzz{lkl) vew ozze) {lb olvewqçmjob `{mablkmqbi mb vwkvbwbãêe ak vwejkzzez ak vibmkblkmqe k mb akòmoãêe kkxkj{ãêe ak veiìqojbz ak akzkmpeipolkmqe) j{ne egnkjqope ï jemqwog{ow vbwb b lkihewob ab r{bioabak ak poab abzvev{ibãûkz-Kl Vewq{cbi) b wkjeihb k e qwbqblkmqe ak abaez kzqbqìzqojez wkzvkoqbmqkz æ vev{ibãêe qkl kzqbae) akzak 2?16) mbakvkmaîmjob ae Omzqoq{qe Mbjoembi ak Kzqbqìzqojb (OMK/ r{k) æ zklkihbmãb ab ckmkwbioabak aez vbìzkzakzkmpeipoaez) wkbio~b ak 26 kl 26 bmez evkwbãûkz ak jemqbckl ab vev{ibãêe) akzocmbabz vew jkmzez e{wkjkmzkblkmqez- Ewb) zêe vwkjozblkmqk kzqkz kzq{aez aklecwâòjez r{k vkwloqkl `b~kw {lb bpbiobãêevewlkmewo~bab aez ao`kwkmqkz vbwçlkqwez ab vev{ibãêe be iemce ae qklve k mez vezzogoioqbl pkwoòjbw b

kxozqîmjob ak biqkwbãûkz vwe`{mabz mb kpei{ãêe ab vev{ibãêe vewq{c{kzb) j{nez wkìkxez qîl qoae olviojbãûkz bezlboz aopkwzez mìpkoz-Vewq{cbi) klgewb jel bic{l akz`bzblkmqe qklvewbi) jemhkjk{ {l vwejkzze ak qwbmzoãêe aklecwâòjb (òc- 2/vwúxole ae aez vbìzkz akzkmpeipoaez) qkmae,zk qwbmzèwlbae mbz þiqolbz aïjbabz m{l vbìz kmpkihkjoae) jelgboxez mìpkoz ak mbqbioabak k lewqbioabak-

@oc- 2 ‚ Leakie aklecwâòje aez vbìzkz akzkmpeipoaez

E leakie ab qwbmzoãêe aklecwâòjbAk bjewae jel kzqk leakie (òc- 2/) b kpei{ãêe ab h{lbmoabak vwejkzzb,zk kl qwîz `bzkz (e{ r{bqwe) zkc{maebic{mz b{qewkz) zk èw jemzoakwbae e wkcolk qwbaojoembi/-B oakob `{mablkmqbi akzqb qkewob%leakie ï b vbzzbckl ak {l kzqbae ak kr{oiìgwoe) kl r{k b lewqbioabak k b`kj{maoabak qîl mìpkoz kikpbaez) vbwb {l e{qwe kzqbae ak kr{oiìgwoe) kl r{k b lewqbioabak k b `kj{maoabakbvwkzkmqbl mìpkoz gboxez) mb zkr{îmjob e{ vbwbikiblkmqk b {l vwejkzze ak leakwmo~bãêe abz zejokabakz-Bqï jkwjb ak lkbaez ae zïj{ie XPOOO) e k`kjqope vev{ibjoembi lezqwb,zk kzqbgoio~bae e{ jel {l jwkzjolkmqel{oqe ikmqe) kl jkwqe kr{oiìgwoe jel e lkoe blgokmqk- Bz biqbz qbxbz ak mbqbioabak kwbl bm{ibabz vkibz qblgïlkikpbabz qbxbz ak lewqbioabak) vew k`koqe ab èlk) gboxe mìpki zbmoqâwoe) kvoaklobz) c{kwwbz) kqj-Kzqk qove ak jwkzjolkmqe ikmqe) kl r{k zk jelgombl biqbz qbxbz ak mbqbioabak k ak lewqbioabak) ï jemhkjoae vewwkcolk aklecwâòje vwoloqope-

(b/ Mb vwolkowb `bzk) r{k akjewwk ak lkbaez ae zïj{ie XPOOO bez òmz ae zïj{ie XOX) akzkmjbakob,zk {lvwejkzze ak jwkzjolkmqe aklecwâòje bjkikwbae) jemhkjoae vew 'Wkpei{ãêe Aklecwâòjb'- E b{lkmqe ae mìpkiak poab iocbae be akzkmpeipolkmqe kjemúloje) b lkihewob ab biolkmqbãêe) ab hocokmk k ae jemèwqe) e vwecwkzzeab joîmjob k b lboew kòjâjob ab i{qb jemqwb b aekmãb) wka{~kl awbzqojblkmqk b qbxb ak lewqbioabak- Jele b qbxbak mbqbioabak zk lbmqïl bomab kikpbab) e jwkzjolkmqe aklecwâòje ï l{oqe wâvoae-

B Vev{ibãêe> [qoio~baewb ak Wkj{wzez k Ewcbmo~baewb ak Kzvbãez




(g/ Mb zkc{mab `bzk) b qbxb ak mbqbioabak kmqwb kl bjkmq{bab wkcwkzzêe) kmr{bmqe b qbxb ak lewqbioabak jemqom{bqblgïl b akjwkzjkw) lbz bcewb lboz ikmqblkmqk- Jibwe r{k e wkz{iqbae ï b jemqìm{b wka{ãêe ab qbxb akjwkzjolkmqe mbq{wbi-(j/ B qkwjkowb `bzk jbwbjqkwo~b,zk vew {lb jkwqb kzqbgoioabak abz qbxbz ak mbqbioabak k ak lewqbioabak k)jemzkr{kmqklkmqk) ab qbxb ak jwkzjolkmqe mbq{wbi) lbz b mìpkoz l{oqe gboxez) jel qkmaîmjob vbwb e 'jwkzjolkmqe~kwe'-Qkl,zk) veoz) {lb mepb `bzk ak kzqbgoio~bãêe) r{k wkzqbgkikjk e kr{oiìgwoe kmqwk b mbqbioabak k b lewqbioabak)klgewb ak èwlb l{oqe aopkwzb ab r{k jbwbjqkwo~e{ b vwolkowb `bzk (wkcolk aklecwâòje vwoloqope/> kmr{bmqe

mkzqk jbze e ikmqe jwkzjolkmqe wkz{iqbpb ak biqbz qbxbz ak mbqbioabak k ak lewqbioabak) r{k zk jelvkmzbpbl) mbqkwjkowb `bzk wkz{iqb) vkie jemqwâwoe) aez gboxez pbiewkz abz qbxbz akzzbz a{bz pbwoâpkoz aklecwâòjbz-Wkjkmqklkmqk) klkwco{ b oakob ak {lb zkc{mab qwbmzoãêe) kl r{k) kl pk~ ak {l jwkzjolkmqe m{ie) zk baloqk bvezzogoioabak ak {lb wkcwkzzêe aklecwâòjb) qwba{~oab vew pbiewkz lboz biqez ab qbxb ak lewqbioabak kl wkibãêebez ab mbqbioabak-B vev{ibãêe vewq{c{kzb jemhkjk{ kzqâaoez oaîmqojez) klgewb akz`bzbaez me qklve kl wkibãêe bez ab K{wevbejoakmqbi- E vwolkowe akjewwk{ bqï bez òmz ae zïj{ie XOX k e zkc{mae bgwbmck{ e vkwìeae r{k pbo aez vwomjìvoezae zïj{ie XX bqï be omìjoe aez bmez 06- B vbwqow abr{o Vewq{cbi kmqwe{ mb zkc{mab `bzk) r{k akjewwk{ bqï beomìjoe ab aïjbab ak 86) biq{wb kl r{k e mezze vbìz qkwâ kmqwbae mb qkwjkowb `bzk-

B kpei{ãêe aklecwâòjb kl Vewq{cbi) kmqwk 2?;6 k 7661) wkcozqe{ {l bjwïzjole zocmoòjbqope) qkmae vbzzbae akjkwjb ak 8;26 loihbwkz vbwb bvwexolbablkmqk 26;7? loihbwkz) e r{k jewwkzvemak{ b {l b{lkmqe vwúxole aez28+- Mkzqk vkwìeae) bvkmbz zk wkcozqe{ {lb aolom{oãêe ab vev{ibãêe kmqwk 2?06 k 2?36) kl cwbmak vbwqk akpoae

æ klocwbãêe lbz qblgïl kl wkz{iqbae ae akjwïzjole ab mbqbioabak (òc- 7/-

@oc- 7 ‚ Kpei{ãêe aklecwâòjb kl Vewq{cbi

Kzqk wkqwbqe z{vkwòjobi ab kpei{ãêe ab vev{ibãêe vewq{c{kzb veakw,mez,ob ikpbw b jemji{ow r{k e mezze vbìz bòmbizk kmjemqwb kl `wbmje jwkzjolkmqe vev{ibjoembi) jemqwbwobmae bz qkmaîmjobz aklecwâòjbz ab ckmkwbioabak aezvbìzkz akzkmpeipoaez) e r{k mêe ï pkwabak) bqï vewr{k kzqk b{lkmqe akpk,zk) kl cwbmak vbwqk) æ olocwbãêe-Vbwb lkihew veakwlez kmqkmakw b kpei{ãêe ab vev{ibãêe vewq{c{kzb akpklez bmbiozbw jel lboew vewlkmew ejelvewqblkmqe ak bic{mz aez vwomjovboz omaojbaewkz aklecwâòjez k zejoekjemúlojez-

Kpei{ãêe ab qbxb ak mbqbioabak

Kl Vewq{cbi) æ zklkihbmãb ae r{k ejewwk{mez e{qwez vbìzkz akzkmpeipoaez) qkl,zkwkcozqbae) mbz þiqolbz aïjbabz) {l bjkmq{baeakjwïzjole ab mbqbioabak (òc- :/- Kzqbqkmaîmjob qkl) bioâz) jemzqoq{ìae {l aez`kmúlkmez aklecwâòjez ak lboew zocmoòjbaek jel wkvkwj{zzûkz zejoboz k kjemúlojbzao`ìjkoz ak vwkpkw-

@oc- : ‚ Kpei{ãêe ab qbxb ak mbqbioabak (egzkwpbab k vwenkjqbab/ kl Vewq{cbi

Qbxb ak mbqbioabak (Qm/ ‚ mþlkwe akmbaez,popez ejewwoae) m{lb akqkwlombabâwkb) a{wbmqk {l jkwqe vkwìeae ak qklve)mewlbilkmqk e bme- (Qm < M¾ akmbzjolkmqez % Vev{ibãêe Bgzei{qb x2666/

Qbxb ak `kj{maoabak (Q`/ ‚ mþlkwe qeqbiak mbaez,popez vew jbab loi l{ihkwkz

kl oabak `ïwqoi (aez 2; bez 1? bmez/) m{lakqkwlombae vkwìeae ak qklve- (Q` < M¾ak mbaez,popez % M¾ ak l{ihkwkz aez 2;bez 1? bmez x 2666/




B vbwqow ak 2?;6 b wka{ãêe ab qbxb ak mbqbioabak vwejkzze{,zk b {l woqle jbab pk~ lboz bjkikwbae) bvkmbz jelkzjbzzbz kxjkvãûkz n{zqoòjbabz vkie wkqewme aez vewq{c{kzkz abz kx,jeiúmobz (k ak bic{mz vbìzkz kzqwbmckowez/ kae jemzkr{kmqk olvbjqe mb qbxb ak `kj{maoabak r{k kzqb mepb vev{ibãêe omqwea{~o{-

Be mìpki wkcoembi zêe kpoakmqkz ez jemqwbzqkz mbaozqwog{oãêe akzqk omaojbaew aklecwâòje- Ak {lbèwlb ckwbi) ez pbiewkz lboz kikpbaez vkwqkmjkl æz

âwkbz ioqewboz) kmr{bmqe e omqkwoew wkcozqb pbiewkzom`kwoewkz æ lïaob mbjoembi (òc- 1/-Akzqbr{k vbwb bz Wkcoûkz B{qúmelbz k vbwb eMewekzqk) emak zk pkwoòjbl ez pbiewkz lbozkikpbaez-B kpei{ãêe ab mbqbioabak kzqâ omqolblkmqkakvkmakmqk ae jelvewqblkmqe ae ìmaojk zomqïqoje ak`kj{maoabak) e r{bi qblgïl qkl pomae b aolom{ow beiemce ae qklve-Vewq{cbi ï bjq{bilkmqk {l vbìz jel {l gboxe ìmaojkzomqïqoje ak `kj{maoabak) wkcozqbmae pbiewkz

om`kwoewkz be mìpki mkjkzzâwoe vbwb bzzkc{wbw bwkmepbãêe ak ckwbãûkz (jkwjb ak 7)2 òihez vewl{ihkw/-Wkibqopblkmqk æz vwenkjãûkz vbwb ez vwúxolez bmez)e Omzqoq{qe Mbjoembi ak Kzqbqìzqojb (OMK/ bvemqb vbwb{lb wkbioabak r{k) lkzle m{l jkmâwoe ak pbiewkzlboz kikpbaez) mêe vkwloqk qkw {l cwbmak evqolozlezegwk b wkbioabak `{q{wb ae vbìz-

@oc- 1 ‚ Aozqwog{oãêe ab qbxb ak mbqbioabak kl Vewq{cbi) vew M[Q OOO) kl 7661

Kl 766;) e mþlkwe lïaoe ak òihez vew l{ihkw) klVewq{cbi) kwb ak 2)16) pbiew kzqk r{k kwb nâ l{oqeom`kwoew æ lïaob ab [moêe K{wevkob r{k) mbr{kiklkzle bme) kwb ak 2);7-Kzqk akjwïzjole ab mbqbioabak k ab `kj{maoabak kzqâbzzejobae b aopkwzez `kmúlkmez) jele e bjkzze bevibmkblkmqe `bloiobw k b jemzkr{kmqk ckmkwbio~bãêeaez lïqeaez jemqwbjkvqopez) b vwecwkzzopb kmqwbab abl{ihkw me lkwjbae ak qwbgbihe k b iogkwabak k wkbio~bãêe vkzzebi) e b{lkmqe aez kmjbwcez zejoboz akjewwkmqkz aemþlkwe ak òihez) e jbzblkmqe qbwaoe k e wkqbwabw ae mbzjolkmqe ae vwolkowe òihe) b vwkjbwokabak ae klvwkce k eb{lkmqe ab vev{ibãêe {wgbmb-Qblgïl b wka{ãêe ab qbxb ak m{vjobioabak (mþlkwe ak jbzblkmqez vew loi hbgoqbmqkz/ k e b{lkmqe ab qbxb akaopewjobioabak (mþlkwe ak aopúwjoez vew loi hbgoqbmqkz/ zêe `bjqewkz r{k jemqwog{ìwbl vbwb {l akjwïzjole aemþlkwe ak mbzjolkmqez-

Kpei{ãêe ab qbxb ak lewqbioabak

Me omìjoe ae zïj{ie XX) b qbxb ak lewqbioabak (QL/ kwb ak jkwjb ak 76+ e) ze`wkmae {l b{lkmqe bqï 2?76) bmekl r{k bqomco{ {l pbiew vwúxole aez 7;+ e kl wkz{iqbae aez k`koqez ab kvoaklob jemhkjoab vew cwovkvmk{lúmojb (kl 2?28/ k ab O® C{kwwb L{maobi (2?21,2?28/ (òc- ;/-B vbwqow ak 2?76 bzzozqk,zk b {l vwecwkzzope k jemzqbmqk akjwïzjole) bqï 2?82) bme kl r{k bqomck e pbiew lboz

gboxe> ?)3+6- B vbwqow abr{kik lelkmqe) bzzozqk,zk b {l iockowe b{lkmqe vbwb 26);+6 kl 2??2) pbiew kl qewmeae r{bi vwbqojblkmqk kzqbgoio~e{) bjelvbmhbmae bz qkmaîmjobz r{k zk wkcozqbl mez vbìzkz lboz akzkmpeipoaez)melkbablkmqk br{kikz r{k omqkcwbl b [moêe K{wevkob) kl powq{ak vwomjovbilkmqk ae kmpkihkjolkmqe abvev{ibãêe-

Ìmaojk ak wkmepbãêe ak ckwbãûkz ‚ `kj{maoabakmkjkzzâwob vbwb r{k bz ckwbãûkz lboz oaezbz vezzbl zkwz{gzqoq{ìabz vew e{qwbz lboz nepkmz- Vbwb r{k zkpkwoòr{k kzqb z{gzqoq{oãêe) e mþlkwe ak òihez vewl{ihkw akpk zkw oc{bi e{ z{vkwoew b 7)2 vew l{ihkw kloabak `ïwqoi (2; bez 1? bmez/-




B aolom{oãêe cwba{bi ab qbxb ak lewqbioabak klVewq{cbi akpk,zk `{mablkmqbilkmqk b {lbvwecwkzzopb lkihewob ab aokqb biolkmqbw k abzjemaoãûkz hbgoqbjoemboz) æ omqkmzoòjbãêe aezj{oabaez ak zbþak k ak bzzozqîmjob lïaojb) ælkihewob aez hâgoqez ak hocokmk vkzzebi k abzjemaoãûkz ak qwbgbihe (melkbablkmqk b wka{ãêe ae

mþlkwe ak hewbz ak qwbgbihe k lkihewkz jemaoãûkzak zkc{wbmãb/- Bvkzbw akzqb aolom{oãêe ckmkwbio,~bab) b qbxb ak lewqbioabak bvwkzkmqb bomab bic{mzjemqwbzqkz wkcoemboz> ez pbiewkz lboz kikpbaezpkwoòjbl,zk mbz Wkcoûkz Jkmqwe) Bikmqkne k Bicbwpkk ez pbiewkz lboz wka{~oaez ejewwkl mbz WkcoûkzMewqk k Iozgeb (òc- 0/-

@oc- ; ‚ Kpei{ãêe ab qbxb ak lewqbioabak kl Vewq{cbi

B kzqw{q{wb kqâwob ab vev{ibãêe ak jbab {lb abz wkcoûkz k e cwb{ ak jegkwq{wb aez zkwpoãez lïaojez bjbgbl vewkxviojbw kzqkz jemqwbzqkz-

Vbwkjk veoz kpoakmqk b wkibãêe kmqwk e cwb{ akakzkmpeipolkmqe abz ao`kwkmqkz wkcoûkz ae vbìz k ejelvewqblkmqe akzqk omaojbaew aklecwâòje-Zoq{bãêe zklkihbmqk ï br{kib r{k zk pkwoòjb kmqwk ezvbìzkz ab [moêe K{wevkob-Olvewqb jemq{ae wk`kwow r{k b bjq{bi kzqbgoio~bãêe abqbxb ak lewqbioabak kl Vewq{cbi bmab l{oqebzzejobab be kmpkihkjolkmqe ab vev{ibãêe r{k) vewz{b pk~) wkìkjqk ak èwlb omkr{ìpejb) b lboewiemckpoabak (lboew a{wbãêe ak poab r{k b jel{l/aez omaopìa{ez) e{ zknb) e b{lkmqe vwecwkzzope abkzvkwbmãb lïaob ak poab (mþlkwe ak bmez r{k) kl

lïaob) jbab omaopìa{e qkl vwegbgoioabak ak popkw/-

@oc- 0 ‚ Aozqwog{oãêe ab qbxb ak lewqbioabak kl Vewq{cbi) vew M[Q OOO) kl 7661

Kpei{ãêe ab qbxb ak lewqbioabak om`bmqoi

[l e{qwe jemqwog{qe vbwb b aolom{oãêe cwba{bi abqbxb gw{qb ak lewqbioabak kl Vewq{cbi èo abae vkibqbxb ak lewqbioabak om`bmqoi r{k) kl 2?06) bqomcob{l pbiew ak 33);+e) jbomae vbwb 71):+e kl 2?86 k)kl 766:) vbwb 1)2 +e (òc- 3/- Kzqk akjwïzjolevwecwkzzope jemòwlb b kpei{ãêe vezoqopb abz

jemaoãûkz ak poab me mezze vbìz-

@oc- 3 ‚ Kpei{ãêe ab qbxb ak lewqbioabak om`bmqoi kl Vewq{cbi

Qbxb ak lewqbioabak (Ql/ ‚ mþlkwe ak úgoqezejewwoae) m{lb akqkwlombab âwkb) a{wbmqk {l jkwqevkwìeae ak qklve) mewlbilkmqk e bme-(Ql < Mþlkwe ak úgoqez x 2666

Vev{ibãêe Bgzei{qb




Ez vwecwkzzez wkbio~baez ak èwlb jemqom{bab kl lbqïwob ak zkwpoãez ak zbþak) kl vbwqoj{ibw be mìpki aezj{oabaez lïaojez a{wbmqk e vkwìeae ak cwbpoak~) e bjelvbmhblkmqe mb `bzk ae vbwqe k ez vezqkwoewkz j{oabaezak pbjombãêe om`bmqoi l{oqe qîl jemqwog{ìae vbwb ez vwecwkzzez bijbmãbaez vkie mezze vbìz me r{k ao~ wkzvkoqe bkzqk omaojbaew-Æ zklkihbmãb aez e{qwez omaojbaewkz aklecwâòjez)qblgïl b qbxb ak lewqbioabak om`bmqoi bvwkzkmqbaozvbwoabakz kl qkwlez wkcoemboz (òc- 8/-

Ez pbiewkz lboz biqez ejewwkl me Mewqk) Omqkwoew Jkmqwe(Gkowbz k Biqe Bikmqkne/) mb Lbakowb k mez Bãewkz-Kmr{bmqe ez lboz gboxez zk zoq{bl me Bikmqkne (:)0+e/ kmb wkcoêe Jkmqwe Ioqewbi-Be mìpki abz M[Q OOO kxozqkl) me kmqbmqe) ao`kwkmãbzzocmoòjbqopbz) jele zk veak egzkwpbw) vew kxklvie) mbwkcoêe Jkmqwe) jel b Gkowb Omqkwoew b akzqbjbw,zk vkibmkcbqopb k b Jepb ab Gkowb b wkcozqbw pbiewkz l{oqevezoqopez-

@oc- 8 ‚ Aozqwog{oãêe ab qbxb ak lewqbioabak om`bmqoi kl Vewq{cbi) vew M[Q OOO) kl 7661

Kpei{ãêe ab qbxb ak jwkzjolkmqe mbq{wbi

E jwkzjolkmqe mbq{wbi (JM/ ak {lb vev{ibãêe akvkmak kxji{zopblkmqk aez jelvewqblkmqez ab mbqbioabak k ablewqbioabak- Ak oc{bi leae) b qbxb ak jwkzjolkmqe mbq{wbi (QJM/ ï bvkmbz `{mãêe ab qbxb ak mbqbioabak k ab qbxbak lewqbioabak-

Bzzol) k `bjk bez jemqwbzqkz nâ wk`kwoaezbmqkwoewlkmqk) me r{k wkzvkoqb be jelvewqblkmqe akjbab {l akzqkz aeoz þiqolez omaojbaewkzaklecwâòjez) veaklez bòwlbw r{k b qbxb akjwkzjolkmqe mbq{wbi qkl bjelvbmhbae b qkmaîmjob

ak akzjoab ab qbxb ak mbqbioabak) vkie r{k qkl pomaevwecwkzzopblkmqk b aolom{ow) zkmae kzzb wka{ãêelboz bjkmq{bab kmqwk 2?06 k 2??2 (òc- ?/-

@oc- ? ‚ Kpei{ãêe ab qbxb ak jwkzjolkmqe mbq{wbi kl Vewq{cbi

Bvkzbw akzqk akjwïzjole) Vewq{cbi jemqom{b b wkcozqbw {lb qbxb ak jwkzjolkmqe mbq{wbi vezoqopb (E)3+e kl 7661/)akzqbjbmae,zk bzzol ak bic{mz vbìzkz ab [moêe K{wevkob emak zk wkcozqbl nâ pbiewkz mkcbqopez- Kzqb vezoãêe mêeakoxb) me kmqbmqe) ak zkw l{oqe vwkej{vbmqk) veoz mêe qkl kpoqbae r{k e mezze vbìz zk qwbmzèwlk m{l aez lboz

kmpkihkjoaez ab K{wevb-

Qbxb ak lewqbioabak om`bmqoi (Qlo/ ‚ mþlkwe ak

úgoqez ak jwobmãbz jel lkmez ak {l bme ejewwoae)m{lb akqkwlombab âwkb) a{wbmqk {l jkwqe vkwìeae akqklve) mewlbilkmqk e bme) vew jbab loi mbaez,popez-(Qlo < M¾ ak úgoqez ak jwobmãbz jel lkmez ak {l bme x 2666

Qeqbioabak ak mbaez,popez




Qbi jele polez bmqkwoewlkmqk vbwb b qbxb ak mbqbioabakk vbwb b qbxb ak lewqbioabak) b qbxb ak jwkzjolkmqembq{wbi bvwkzkmqb kpoakmqkz jemqwbzqkz wkcoemboz(òc- 26/-Akzqbr{k vbwb e mewekzqk) jel QJM vezoqopbz (jel bkxjkvãêe ab z{g,wkcoêe Lomhe,Iolb/ k vbwb e cwbmakmþlkwe ak âwkbz emak kzqk omaojbaew ï nâ mkcbqope-

Kzqk jelvewqblkmqe mkcbqope ab qbxb ak jwkzjolkmqembq{wbi kl bic{lbz wkcoûkz ae vbìz bjbgb vew zkwbcwbpbae) jele pkwklez) vew vkwabz aklecwâòjbzolvewqbmqkz be mìpki aez lepolkmqez locwbqúwoez-

@oc- 26 ‚ Aozqwog{oãêe ab qbxb ak jwkzjolkmqe mbq{wbi kl Vewq{cbi) vew M[Q OOO) kl 7661

Lepolkmqez locwbqúwoez

B kpei{ãêe ab vev{ibãêe ak {l vbìz mêe veak zkw jemzoakwbab

bvkmbz kl qkwlez ak jwkzjolkmqe mbq{wbi) abae kxozqowkllepolkmqez locwbqúwoez kxqkwmez (kmqwbabz k zbìabz/ r{komqkw`kwkl mb aklecwbòb ak r{bir{kw qkwwoqúwoe-Vewq{cbi) æ zklkihbmãb ak l{oqez e{qwez vbìzkz k{wevk{z) qklpozqe biqkwbab b z{b qwbaoãêe locwbqúwob ak {lb èwlb l{oqevwe`{mab- M{l vbzzbae mêe l{oqe aozqbmqk) b wkbioabaklocwbqúwob vewq{c{kzb bzzkmqbpb zegwkq{ae mb klocwbãêe)jemq{ae) mbz a{bz þiqolbz aïjbabz b olocwbãêe qkl pomae bbzz{low vwecwkzzopb olvewqçmjob-Bqï bez bmez 06) ez ì{xez locwbqúwoez mbjoemboz aowocowbl,zklboewoqbwoblkmqk vbwb vbìzkz ae jemqomkmqk blkwojbme (Gwbzoi)

Kzqbaez [moaez/- Jel b jwozk kjemúlojb ak 2?7? k b O®C{kwwb L{maobi b klocwbãêe ze`wk{ cwbmakz wkzqwoãûkz-Vezqkwoewlkmqk) b zkc{ow æ OO® C{kwwb L{maobi) b evãêe vkib K{wevb cbmhb bic{lb wkikpçmjob k qewmb,zkaelombmqk vbwb b lboew vbwqk aez vewq{c{kzkz) qkmae bqomcoae e zk{ lâxole me vkwìeae jelvwkkmaoae kmqwk 2?0;k 2?3:-Kl 2?3:) ejewwk {lb abz lboewkz jwozkz kjemúlojbz l{maoboz vwepejbab vkib z{goab wâvoab ae vkqwúike) r{k zkvweiemce{ vkib aïjbab ak 86) e r{k akqkwlome{ {lb wka{ãêe l{oqe bjkmq{bab aez ì{xez locwbqúwoez- Lbz) mklvew ozze b klocwbãêe akoxe{ ak kxozqow) qkmae,zk lbmqoae bqï henk) klgewb b mìpkoz gbzqbmqk lboz wka{~oaez k) vewjemzkr{îmjob) jel lkmew zocmoòjbae- R{bmqe æz wkcoûkz ak ewockl) zk m{lb vwolkowb `bzk ez aozqwoqez ae ioqewbizk akzqbjbl akpoae b {lb lboew `bjoioabak ak akziejbãêe) jel b klocwbãêe jibmakzqomb ez aozqwoqez ae omqkwoewcbmhbl lboz olvewqçmjob- B vbwqow ae òmbi ab aïjbab ak 2?36) b olocwbãêe qewmb,zk jbab pk~ lboz pozìpki)bzz{lomae,zk vwecwkzzopblkmqk jele b vwomjovbi jelvemkmqk aez lepolkmqez locwbqúwoez kxqkwmez-

Ak `bjqe) b vbwqow aez bmez 86) e mþlkwe ak olocwbmqkz z{vkwe{) vkib vwolkowb pk~) bz zbìabz ikcboz- Mbz a{bzþiqolbz aïjbabz) b jewwkmqk olocwbqúwob bjkikwe{,zk jel e mþlkwe ak olocwbmqkz b vbzzbw aez jkwjb ak ;6 loi vbwbjkwjb ak 1;6 loi (kl 7661/) aez r{boz jkwjb ak 736 loi jel ¤b{qewo~bãêe ak wkzoaîmjob´ k ez wkzqbmqkz jel¤b{qewo~bãêe ak vkwlbmîmjob´-

Qbxb ak jwkzjolkmqe mbq{wbi (QJM/ ‚ ao`kwkmãb kmqwk bqbxb ak mbqbioabak k b qbxb ak lewqbioabak) m{lbakqkwlombab âwkb k m{l akqkwlombae vkwìeae akqklve) mewlbilkmqk {l bme- QJM< QM , QL

Zbiae locwbqúwoe (ZL/ ‚ ao`kwkmãb kmqwk emþlkwe ak olocwbmqkz k e mþlkwe akklocwbmqkz) m{lb akqkwlombab âwkb k m{l

abae vkwìeae ak qklve) mewlbilkmqk {lbme- ZL< O , K

Klocwbãêe (K/ ‚ zbìab ak mbjoemboz vbwb {lvbìz kzqwbmckowe) emak òxbl wkzoaîmjob vew{l vkwìeae ak qklve lboz e{ lkmezvweiemcbae-

Olocwbãêe (O/ ‚ kmqwbab ak kzqwbmckowez klqkwwoqúwoe mbjoembi) emak òxbl wkzoaîmjob vew{l vkwìeae ak qklve lboz e{ lkmezvweiemcbae-




Kmqwk ez òmboz ab aïjbab ak 36 k ak ?6) vwkaelombwbl ez ì{xez vwepkmokmqkz ae l{mae i{zúème> b`wojbmezewo{maez aez Vbìzkz B`wojbmez ak Iìmc{b Eòjobi Vewq{c{kzb (VBIEV/) zegwkq{ae) k {l jemqomckmqk kzqâpki akgwbzoikowez-B vbwqow ak òmboz ab aïjbab ak ?6) pkwoòjb,zk e wâvoae b{lkmqe ab olocwbãêe vwepkmokmqk ab K{wevb ak Ikzqk-[lb cwbmak vkwjkmqbckl akzqkz olocwbmqkz òxb,zk mbz vwomjovboz âwkbz lkqweveioqbmbz) br{kibz r{kvwevewjoembl lkihewkz evewq{moabakz ak klvwkce-

Kzqkz ì{xez ak zbìabz k kmqwbabz ak vev{ibãêe kl qkwwoqúwoe mbjoembi qîl cwbmak omì{îmjob mb kpei{ãêeaklecwâòjb ae mezze vbìz-

Qbxb ak jwkzjolkmqe k`kjqope

E jwkzjolkmqe k`kjqope wkz{iqb ab jemn{cbãêe aezjelvewqblkmqez ae jwkzjolkmqe mbq{wbi k ae zbiaelocwbqúwoe- Mbz þiqolbz aïjbabz) e jwkzjolkmqe mbq{wbi)me mezze vbìz) qkl,zk wka{~oae z{gzqbmjobilkmqk) vkier{k e cwbmak ’leqew“ ae jwkzjolkmqe aklecwâòjevewq{c{îz ï bjq{bilkmqk e zbiae locwbqúwoe r{k qkl

pomae b b{lkmqbw jel b jwkzjkmqk kmqwbab akkzqwbmckowez-E zbiae locwbqúwoe vezoqope ï l{oqe lboz r{k {l b{lkmqe mez k`kjqopez vev{ibjoemboz ae vbìz- Jemzqoq{o {lbomkzqolâpki èmqk ak lêe,ak,egwb) {l lkjbmozle kòjb~ ak wkn{pkmkzjolkmqe aklecwâòje k omji{zopk {lolvewqbmqk jemqwog{qe vbwb b kjemelob mbjoembi- Kzqk jemqwog{qe ï k`kjq{bae bqwbpïz ae vbcblkmqe aowkjqe akolvezqez) bn{abmae b kr{oiogwbw b Zkc{wbmãb Zejobi) e{ ak èwlb omaowkjqb) bqwbpïz ab wor{k~b ckwbab mbzvweòzzûkz r{k akzklvkmhbl-Wkibqopblkmqk æ aozqwog{oãêe kzvbjobi ab qbxb ak jwkzjolkmqe k`kjqope) veaklez jemji{ow r{k bz bzzolkqwobzpkwoòjbabz zêe vwbqojblkmqk bz lkzlbz wkcozqbabz vbwb b qbxb ak jwkzjolkmqe mbq{wbi) e{ zknb) e ioqewbi jelpbiewkz vezoqopez e{ m{iez k e omqkwoew) ej{vbae vew âwkbz ak jwkzjolkmqe k`kjqope mkcbqope-

2-7- Bz kzqw{q{wbz k ez jelvewqblkmqez zújoe,aklecwâòjez

B kzqw{q{wb kqâwob ab vev{ibãêe vewq{c{kzb

E jelvewqblkmqe aez ao`kwkmqkz omaojbaewkz aklecwâòjez) wkibqopez æ mbqbioabak) lewqbioabak) olocwbãêe kklocwbãêe) qkl qoae omkpoqâpkoz wkìkxez mb biqkwbãêe ab kzqw{q{wb kqâwob ab vev{ibãêe vewq{c{kzb-

@oc- 22 ‚ Kpei{ãêe ab vkwjkmqbckl ak vev{ibãêe nepkl k oaezb kl Vewq{cbi

Me mezze vbìz) b kpei{ãêe ae vkze wkibqope aez ao`kwkmqkz cw{vez kqâwoez vkwloqk jemzqbqbw) mbz þiqolbz aïjbabz)

{l zocmoòjbqope b{lkmqe ab vkwjkmqbckl ak oaezez bjelvbmhbae vew {lb wka{ãêe olvewqbmqk ab vkwjkmqbcklak nepkmz- E cw{ve aez ba{iqez ze`wk{) a{wbmqk e lkzle vkwìeae) {l iockowe omjwklkmqe (òc- 22/-

Jwkzjolkmqe k`kjqope (JK/ ‚ zelb ae jwkzjolkmqembq{wbi (JM/ jel e zbiae locwbqúwoe (ZL/-(JM < M ‚ L/-

Qbxb ak jwkzjolkmqe k`kjqope (QJK/ ‚ wkibãêe(wb~êe/ kmqwk e jwkzjolkmqe k`kjqope (JK/ k bvev{ibãêe qeqbi-QJK < Jwkzjolkmqe K k̀jqope x 2666

Vev{ibãêe Qeqbi




Me zkmqoae ak qewmbw lboz `âjoi b ikoq{wb aez abaez wkibqopez ækzqw{q{wb kqâwob) ï jel{l wkvwkzkmqâ,iez kl cwâòjezakzocmbaez vew vowçloakz kqâwobz e{ vowçloakz ak oabakz-Bz vowçloakz kqâwobz vkwloqkl) bqwbpïz ab z{b èwlb)poz{bio~bw bic{lbz abz jbwbjqkwìzqojbz abz vev{ibãûkz r{kwkvwkzkmqbl) melkbablkmqk e zk{ cwb{ ak n{pkmq{ak e{ akkmpkihkjolkmqe- Wkpkibl bomab bic{mz bjemqkjolkmqez

vbzzbaez k vkwloqkl,mez `b~kw vwenkjãûkz `{q{wbz-Ak zbiokmqbw r{k e jemhkjolkmqe ab kzqw{q{wb kqâwob ak {lbvev{ibãêe ï `{mablkmqbi kl qkwlez ak vwejkzze akvibmkblkmqe) qbmqe me aelìmoe aez kr{ovblkmqez jeikjqopez(kzjeibz) hezvoqboz) ibwkz ak oaezez) ---/ jele me ab qelbab akakjozûkz kzqwbqïcojbz) be mìpki ae klvwkce) ab zkc{wbmãbzejobi) ab hbgoqbãêe) kqj-B kxozqîmjob ak {l kpkmqe r{k qkmhb jemaojoembae bmbqbioabak e{ b lewqbioabak m{l akqkwlombae bme `b~,zk zkmqowmb vowçloak bqwbpïz ak {lb biqkwbãêe ab z{b èwlb- Ï jel{l)vew kxklvie) bvbwkjkwkl jibzzkz ejbz kl bmez emak zk

wkcozqe{ {lb aolom{oãêe ab mbqbioabak e{ {l b{lkmqeomkzvkwbae ab lewqbioabak (kvoaklobz) zoq{bãûkz vemq{boz akèlk) c{kwwb) jbqâzqwe`kz mbq{wboz) kqj-/-

@oc- 27 ‚ Vowçloakz kqâwobz ab vev{ibãêe vewq{c{kzbvbwb ez bmez ak 2?06 k 7662

B bmâiozk ab kzqw{q{wb kqâwob (òc- 27 k 2:/) vkwloqk,mez jemòwlbw e kmpkihkjolkmqe aklecwâòje me mezze vbìzqkl pomae vwecwkzzopblkmqk b bjkmq{bw,zk) r{kw vkib gbzk ab vowçloak kqâwob (aolom{oãêe ab vev{ibãêe nepkl/r{kw vkie qeve (b{lkmqe ab vev{ibãêe oaezb/-B vowçloak kqâwob ak 2?06 vezz{o bomab {lb gbzk wkibqopblkmqk ibwcb k {l qeve wka{~oae kpoakmjobmae mìpkozzocmoòjbqopblkmqk kikpbaez r{kw ak mbqbioabak r{kw ak lewqbioabak- Kzqâpblez bomab vkwbmqk {lb vev{ibãêe

nepkl- Vewïl) b vbwqow akzzk bme) ejewwk {l kzqwkoqblkmqe ab gbzk ab vowçloak) wkìkjqomae e vkze jbab pk~lkmew abz jblbabz lboz nepkmz-

Zol{iqbmkblkmqk pkwoòjb,zk e bibwcblkmqe aeqeve ab vowçloak wkpkibmae {lb vkwjkmqbckljwkzjkmqk ak oaezez mb vev{ibãêe qeqbi-Bz vowçloakz aez bmez zkc{omqkz qwba{~kl nâ evwejkzze ak kmpkihkjolkmqe ab vev{ibãêevewq{c{kzb) bqwbpïz ak {l jibwe kzqwkoqblkmqe

ab gbzk) r{k ï jemzkr{îmjob ab wka{ãêe abmbqbioabak) gkl jele ak {l iockowebibwcblkmqe ae qeve-Kl 766; (òc- 2:/) b vev{ibãêe wkzoakmqk memezze vbìz bvwkzkmqbpb {lb kzqw{q{wb kmpkihk,joab k) vkib vwolkowb pk~ mb z{b hozqúwob) bvkwjkmqbckl ak oaezez vbzze{ b zkw z{vkwoew æ

aez nepkmz-

@oc- 2: ‚ Vowçloak kqâwob) Vewq{cbi) 2??; ‚ 766;




Me lkzle bme) e ìmaojk ak kmpkihkjolkmqe abvev{ibãêe qwba{~ob kzqb zoq{bãêe) zoq{bmae,zk nâ mez 26?4zocmoòjb ozqe r{k kxozqobl jkwjb ak 26? oaezez vew jbab266 nepkmz-Kl qkwlez ak aozqwog{oãêe kzvbjobi) ez jemqwbzqkzwkcoemboz zêe qblgïl gbzqbmqk meqúwoez- E Bikmqkne) e

Bicbwpk k e omqkwoew Jkmqwe bvwkzkmqbl ìmaojkz akkmpkihkjolkmqe kikpbaez k z{vkwoewkz æ lïaob mbjoembi(òc- 21/-E `bjqe wkibjoemb,zk jel ez gboxez pbiewkz ab mbqbio,abak k jel lepolkmqez locwbqúwoez) qbmqe omqkwmezjele kxqkwmez) r{k zk pkwoòjbwbl mkzqbz wkcoûkz)kzvkjobilkmqk mbz âwkbz iejbio~babz lboz me omqkwoew-Kzqb vwe`{mab biqkwbãêe mb kzqw{q{wb kqâwob ab vev{ibãêevewq{c{kzb) me zkmqoae ak {l a{vie kmpkihkjolkmqe ,kl wkz{iqbae ab zocmoòjbqopb r{kgwb ab qbxb akmbqbioabak k ab wâvoab kpei{ãêe ab kzvkwbmãb lïaob akpoab , qkl pâwobz olviojbãûkz b mìpki zejoekjemúloje-

@oc- 21 ‚ Aozqwog{oãêe ae ìmaojk ak kmpkihkjolkmqe kl Vewq{cbi) vew M[Q OOO) kl 7661

Ak `bjqe) mêe veaklez ocmewbw r{k qbmqe e cw{ve kqâwoe aez nepkmz jele e aez oaezez jemzqoq{kl vev{ibãûkzakvkmakmqkz) mb lkaoab kl r{k mêe jemqwog{kl vbwb b vwea{ãêe ak wor{k~b- Ez vkzez wkibqopez akzqkz aeozcw{vez) `bjk æ vev{ibãêe ak oabakz omqkwlïaobz) zêe) vew ozze) omaojbaewkz ae cwb{ ak zegwkjbwcb kxocoae ævev{ibãêe kl oabak bjqopb-[l akzzkz omaojbaewkz ï e ìmaojk ak akvkmaîmjob qeqbi r{k kzqbgkikjk b wkibãêe kmqwk b vev{ibãêe akvkmakmqk(kl oabak mêe bjqopb/ jel b vev{ibãêe kl oabak bjqopb-

Bzzol) zklvwk r{k e zk{ pbiew ï kikpbae) zocmoòjb b kxozqîmjob ak {lb cwbmak akvkmaîmjob (nepkmz k%e{ oaezez/wkibqopblkmqk æ vev{ibãêe kl oabak bjqopb- Zk) vkie jemqwâwoe) kzzk pbiew èw gboxe) e mìpki ak akvkmaîmjob ïwka{~oae-Kl Vewq{cbi) e ìmaojk ak akvkmaîmjob qeqbi qkl pomae b aolom{ow mbz þiqolbz aïjbabz) e r{k zk akpk æ r{kgwb akvev{ibãêe nepkl r{k zk qkl pkwoòjbae (òc- 2;/-

@oc- 2; ‚ Kpei{ãêe ae ìmaojk ak akvkmaîmjob qeqbi) ak oaezez k nepkmz) kl Vewq{cbi




E ìmaojk ak akvkmaîmjob aez nepkmz jemqom{b bbvwkzkmqbw {l jelvewqblkmqe akjwkzjkmqk) qkmaevbzzbae ak ;?+) me omìjoe aez bmez 06) vbwb 7:)0+kl 7662-R{bmqe be ìmaojk ak akvkmaîmjob ak oaezez) bqkmaîmjob ak b{lkmqe abz þiqolbz aïjbabzvkwlbmkjk{) qkmae bqomcoae) kl 7662) ez 71)7+- Ak

wkbiãbw r{k) me akj{wze ae bme 7666) e ìmaojk akakvkmaîmjob ak oaezez {iqwbvbzze{) vkib vwolkowb pk~)e ak akvkmaîmjob aez nepkmz-Kzqb zoq{bãêe ak akvkmaîmjob ak {lb `bqobzocmoòjbqopb ab vev{ibãêe) r{k qkl bioâz qkmaîmjobvbwb zk bcwbpbw æ lkaoab r{k b{lkmqb b kzvkwbmãblïaob ak poab) jeiejb {lb kmewlk vwkzzêe ae ibae abvev{ibãêe kl zoq{bãêe jemqwog{qopb-Vewq{cbi qkl e kmewlk akzbòe ak kmjemqwbw e lbozwbvoablkmqk vezzìpki {l mepe leakie akòmbmjoblkmqe ae zozqklb ak Zkc{wbmãb Zejobi)

vwej{wbmae cbwbmqow) ak {lb èwlb n{zqb k kr{oiogwbab)ez wkzvkjqopez aowkoqez zejoboz (vkmzûkz) z{gzìaoez)bgemez) kqj-/-

Æ kzjbib wkcoembi) ez jemqwbzqkz kl qkwlez ak ìmaojk ak akvkmaîmjob zêe kpoakmqkz) klgewb e `kmúlkme aekmpkihkjolkmqe aklecwâòje qkmhb ejewwoae kl qeabz bz wkcoûkz ae vbìz-Bz wkcoûkz jel lboew ìmaojk ak akvkmaîmjob qeqbi (Bikmqkne) Jkmqwe k Bãewkz/ bvwkzkmqbl jbab pk~ lbozaoòj{iabakz kl cbwbmqow òmbmjoblkmqe vbwb z{vewqbw ez aowkoqez zejoboz abz z{bz vev{ibãûkz-Lkzle mbr{kibz kl r{k e ìmaojk ï lkmew (Mewqk) Iozgeb k Pbik ae Qkne/) b zoq{bãêe mêe ï vezoqopb-N{zqoòjbl,zk bzzol bz bvwkkmzûkz wkibqopblkmqk æ zegwkpopîmjob akzqk leakie ak òmbmjoblkmqe ab Zkc{wbmãbZejobi k {wckl lkaoabz ak jbwâjqkw wkjqoòjbqope) r{k zú bvwkzkmqbwêe wkz{iqbaez) me kmqbmqe) b lïaoe vwb~e-

B kzqw{q{wb ab vev{ibãêe bjqopb

B vev{ibãêe bjqopb jemzqoq{o {l olvewqbmqk wkj{wze vbwb e akzkmpeipolkmqe ae vbìz) {lb pk~ r{k blêe,ak,egwb wkvwkzkmqb {l aez vwomjovboz `bjqewkz aozvemìpkoz vbwb b jwobãêe ak wor{k~b- Olvewqb) vew ozze) `b~kwwkjbow b mezzb bqkmãêe zegwk b èwlb jele qkl kpei{ìae kzqk jemqomckmqk vev{ibjoembi-Mb ckmkwbioabak) b qbxb ak bjqopoabak qkl qoae {lb kpei{ãêe gbzqbmqk vezoqopb mez þiqolez bmez- Jemzqoq{okxjkvãêe b aïjbab ak 06) r{k wkcozqe{ {l jwkzjolkmqe iockowe) akpoae æ èwqk klocwbãêe r{k kmqêe zk `k~ zkmqow-Me vkwìeae jelvwkkmaoae kmqwk ez bmez ak 2??; k 7662 pkwoòje{,zk {l iockowe bgwbmablkmqe mb qkmaîmjob akjwkzjolkmqe) akpoae be b{lkmqe ae vkwìeae ak kzjeibwoabak (k jemzkr{kmqk wkqbwablkmqe ab kmqwbab mb poabbjqopb/ k be kmpkihkjolkmqe ab vev{ibãêe-

Kl qkwlez ak kzqw{q{wb vweòzzoembi abvev{ibãêe) e{ zknb) me r{k wkzvkoqb æaozqwog{oãêe ab vev{ibãêe vkiez zkjqewkz akbjqopoabak kjemúlojb) pkwoòjb,zk r{k) kl 2?;6)r{bzk lkqbak ab mezzb vev{ibãêe qwbgbihbpb mezkjqew vwolâwoe) e r{k kpoakmjobpb e `wbjeakzkmpeipolkmqe zejoekjemúloje ae vbìz-Vewq{cbi kwb br{oie b r{k zk veaob jhblbw {lvbìz w{wbi (òc- 20/-Jel e qklve) kzqb zoq{bãêe èo,zk biqkwbmae akèwlb vwecwkzzopb k ez zkjqewkz zkj{maâwoe k

qkwjoâwoe èwbl b{lkmqbmae e zk{ vkze wkibqopekl akqwolkmqe ae zkjqew vwolâwoe-@oc- 20 ‚ Kpei{ãêe ab kzqw{q{wb ab vev{ibãêe bjqopb kl Vewq{cbi

Ìmaojk ak Kmpkihkjolkmqe (OK/ ‚ r{ejokmqk kmqwk bvev{ibãêe oaezb (0; k lboz bmez/ k b vev{ibãêe nepkl(aez 6 bez 21 bmez/- Kxvwolk,zk kl vkwjkmqbckl-

OK< vev- 0; k $ x 266vev- 6,21

Ìmaojk ak akvkmaîmjob qeqbi (OAQ/ ‚ wkibãêe kmqwk bvev{ibãêe akvkmakmqk (nepkl k oaezb/ k b vev{ibãêekl oabak bjqopb (ba{iqb/- Kxvwolk,zk klvkwjkmqbckl- OK< nepkmz $ oaezez x 266

bjqopezÌmaojk ak akvkmaîmjob ak nepkmz (OAN/ ‚ wkibãêe kmqwkb vev{ibãêe nepkl (6 bez 21 bmez/ k b vev{ibãêe kloabak bjqopb (aez 2; bez 01 bmez/- Kxvwolk,zk klvkwjkmqbckl- OK< nepkmz x 266

bjqopezÌmaojk ak akvkmaîmjob ak oaezez (OAO/ ‚ wkibãêe kmqwkb vev{ibãêe oaezb (0; k lboz bmez/ k b vev{ibãêe kloabak bjqopb (aez 2; bez 01 bmez/- Kxvwolk,zk kl

vkwjkmqbckl- OK< oaezez x 266bjqopez




B vbwqow ab aïjbab ak 86 wkcozqb,zk {l akjwïzjole bjkmq{bae ae zkjqew vwolâwoe) {lb aolom{oãêe) lboz iockowb)ae zkj{maâwoe k e b{lkmqe vwecwkzzope ae zkjqew qkwjoâwoe) e r{bi) klvwkcb bjq{bilkmqk) lboz ak lkqbak abvev{ibãêe bjqopb vewq{c{kzb , qkwjobwo~bãêe-Kzqk `kmúlkme ak qkwjobwo~bãêe abz bjqopoabakz kjemúlojbz bjelvbmhb b kpei{ãêe pkwoòjbab mez wkzqbmqkz vbìzkzab [moêe K{wevkob k kzqâ wkibjoembae jel b jwkzjkmqk {wgbmo~bãêe k jel b kpei{ãêe qkjmeiúcojb aez vwejkzzezoma{zqwoboz) r{k vkwloqo{ iogkwqbw lêe,ak,egwb abz bjqopoabakz ak kxviewbãêe e{ qwbmzèwlbãêe vbwb bz bjqopoabakzqkwjoâwobz-

Bzvkjqe mêe lkmez olvewqbmqk ï e r{k ao~ wkzvkoqe æ zoq{bãêe ab vev{ibãêe bjqopb `bjk be lkwjbae ak qwbgbihe)abae kxozqow {l mþlkwe jbab pk~ lboz zocmoòjbqope ak vkzzebz kl zoq{bãêe ak akzklvwkce) e r{k bioâz jemzqoq{o{l kmewlk akzvkwaìjoe ak wkj{wzez) ak jbvbjoabakz k ak jelvkqîmjobz-E mezze vbìz qkl wkcozqbae mez þiqolez bmez {l b{lkmqe bzzombiâpki mb qbxb ak akzklvwkce) æ zklkihbmãb aer{k z{jkak mb lboew vbwqk aez vbìzkz ab [K) ab K{wevb k ae L{mae-Wkòwb,zk r{k kl Vewq{cbi) k me jemqkxqe ab [moêe K{wevkob) akzklvwkcbae ï qeae br{kik r{k) mêe qkmaeklvwkce) `k~ aoiocîmjobz vbwb bwwbmnbw klvwkce mbz þiqolbz r{bqwe zklbmbz bmqkwoewkz æ wkbio~bãêe ak jbabomr{ïwoqe vkiez ewcbmozlez jelvkqkmqkz- Zk) vewpkmq{wb) mêe `k~ qboz aoiocîmjobz) kzzb vkzzeb ï jemzoakwbabombjqopb) n{mqbmae,zk bez wkèwlbaez) kzq{abmqkz k aelïzqojbz-Wkibqopblkmqk æ aozqwog{oãêe wkcoembi ab vev{ibãêebjqopb vew zkjqewkz ak bjqopoabak (òc- 23/) ezjemqwbzqkz zêe kpoakmqkz k wkìkjqkl e akzoc{biakzkmpeipolkmqe abz bjqopoabakz kjemúlojbz kl jbabwkcoêe-Ak {lb lbmkowb ckwbi) ez cw{vez vweòzzoemboz akqeve) lboz pbiewo~baez zejobilkmqk) vwkaelombl mbzâwkbz lkqweveioqbmbz ak Iozgeb k Vewqe k kl joabakzak lïaob aolkmzêe-Mb gbzk zoq{bl,zk ez cw{vez vweòzzoemboz lkmezpbiewo~baez k r{bioòjbaez) r{k bvwkzkmqbl lboewomjoaîmjob mbz âwkbz w{wboz e{ ak oma{zqwobio~bãêeao`{zb ae omqkwoew k ae ioqewbi-Ak qeabz bz wkcoûkz akzqbjb,zk b Wkcoêe ak Iozgeb k

Pbik ae Qkne) jel pbiewkz ak vev{ibãêe bjqopb mezkjqew qkwjoâwoe l{oqe kikpbaez) zklkihbmqkz bez r{kzk wkcozqbl mb lboew vbwqk aez vbìzkz akzkmpeipoaezab K{wevb Jel{moqâwob- Lbmqïl {l jemqomckmqk akvev{ibãêe bjqopb me zkj{maâwoe zocmoòjbqope k ezpbiewkz lboz gboxez b mìpki mbjoembi me vwolâwoe-

@oc- 23 ‚ Aozqwog{oãêe ab vev{ibãêe bjqopb vew zkjqewkz ak bjqopoabak) kl 7661

Mìpki ak omzqw{ãêe k ak r{bioòjbãêe vweòzzoembi

M{l jemqkxqe omqkwmbjoembi lbwjbae vkib ciegbio~bãêe k vew mìpkoz jwkzjkmqkz ak jelvkqoãêe kmqwk bz kjemelobzaez ao`kwkmqkz vbìzkz) e `{q{we ak Vewq{cbi akvkmak jbab pk~ lboz ae kzèwãe wkbio~bae be mìpki ab r{bioabak akèwlbãêe ab z{b vev{ibãêe-Bvkzbw aez kmewlkz ompkzqolkmqez `koqez mbz þiqolbz aïjbabz kl ka{jbãêe k èwlbãêe k ab zocmoòjbqopblkihewob ak jemaoãûkz wkcozqbabz) b pkwabak ï r{k Vewq{cbi jemqom{b b vezz{ow b lêe,ak,egwb lboz akzr{bioòjbabab [moêe K{wevkob- Jkwjb ak 3:+ ab vev{ibãêe bjqopb qkl lkmez ak mepk bmez ak kzjeibwoabak k bvkmbz 2:+akqïl r{bioòjbãêe ak mìpki z{vkwoew-

Kzqw{q{wb bjqopb ‚ aozqwog{oãêe ab vev{ibãêe vewzkjqewkz ak bjqopoabak-




Bz wb~ûkz akzqk bqwbze zêe jemhkjoabz k kzqêe wkibjoembabz jel b kxvbmzêe qbwaob ae zozqklb kzjeibw) bakzpbiewo~bãêe ae vbvki ab kzjeib me leakie kjemúloje) e bgbmaeme vwkjejk ab kzjeib k {l jemqkxqe zejobi kj{iq{wbi ve{je kxockmqk be mìpki abz jelvkqîmjobz omaopoa{boz-Ez gboxez mìpkoz ak r{bioòjbãêe vweòzzoembi) bzzejobaez b gboxez mìpkoz ak kzjeibwoabak ab ckmkwbioabak abvev{ibãêe bjqopb kl Vewq{cbi) jemzqoq{kl vewqbmqe {l egzqâj{ie be akzkmpeipolkmqe ae vbìz) r{k akoxe{ akveakw gbzkbw b z{b jelvkqoqopoabak me gboxe j{zqe ab lêe,ak,egwb-Bjq{bilkmqk) kxozqk {lb wâvoab kpei{ãêe ab zejokabak- Q{ae kzqâ kl jemzqbmqk l{abmãb k akzkmpeipolkmqe- B

qkjmeiecob kpei{o b {l woqle bjkikwbae k) jemzkr{kmqklkmqk) ez jemhkjolkmqez mkjkzzâwoez vbwb qwbgbihbwqblgïl- Bzzozqk,zk) vew ozze) b {lb biqkwbãêe meqâpki ae lkwjbae ak qwbgbihe k abz kxocîmjobz ak èwlbãêe r{kzk jeiejbl bez qwbgbihbaewkz-E gboxe mìpki ak omzqw{ãêe%èwlbãêe ab vev{ibãêe vewq{c{kzb jeiejb,mez kmewlkz aoòj{iabakz vbwb bjelvbmhbwe woqle abz qwbmzèwlbãûkz b r{k bjq{bilkmqk bzzozqolez k wkikcb,mez vbwb {lb zoq{bãêe ak 'bqwbze jwúmoje'wkibqopblkmqk bez wkzqbmqkz Kzqbaez k{wevk{z-B mìpki wkcoembi) bz aozvbwoabakz zêe kpoakmqkz> jemjkmqwbãêe ab vev{ibãêe jel lboewkz cwb{z ak omzqw{ãêe mbzâwkbz {wgbmbz lboz olvewqbmqkz k omaojbaewkz ak r{bioòjbãêe l{oqe vwkej{vbmqkz mez jemjkihez lboz w{wboz-Kzqb aozvbwoabak wkcoembi) vbwb biïl ak zkw zejobilkmqk ombjkoqâpki jeiejb kl jb{zb b vwúvwob jekzêe mbjoembi- Bqìq{ie ak kxklvie) veaklez bòwlbw r{k) kmr{bmqe kl Iozgeb b vkwjkmqbckl ak vev{ibãêe mez cw{vezvweòzzoemboz ak qeve kwb ak :6)?+) mbic{mz jemjkihez ae omqkwoew bikmqknbme e pbiew ï ak 1)2 + (Le{wêe/-

E{qwe aez kzèwãez b wkbio~bw mbz vwúxolbz aïjbabz zoq{b,zk be mìpki ab jhblbab bvwkmao~bckl be iemce ab poabk ab mkjkzzoabak jwkzjkmqk ak qeaez ez vweòzzoemboz zk pkwkl egwocbaez) a{wbmqk b z{b poab bjqopb) b k`kjq{bwkl`wkr{kmqklkmqk bjãûkz ak èwlbãêe vweòzzoembi me zkmqoae ak bjelvbmhbwkl bz omepbãûkz jemzqbmqkz mb z{bâwkb ak qwbgbihe-E{qwb abz zoq{bãûkz) jbab pk~ lboz `wkr{kmqk) zoq{b,zk be mìpki ab jwkzjkmqk legoioabak aez qwbgbihbaewkz beiemce ab z{b poab bjqopb- Bz l{abmãbz bjkikwbabz me lkwjbae ak qwbgbihe jeiejbl b mkjkzzoabak ak eqwbgbihbaew zk babvqbw b ao`kwkmqkz klvwkcez k) akmqwe ae lkzle klvwkce) b ao`kwkmqkz zoq{bãûkz ibgewboz-[lb abz jwìqojbz r{k hbgoq{bilkmqk zk `b~ æz jelvkqîmjobz bar{owoabz vkiez vewq{c{kzkz ï ak r{k mêejewwkzvemakl b {lb zejokabak ae jemhkjolkmqe) gbzkbab me bjkzze æ omèwlbãêe k be aelìmoe abz Qkjmeiecobzab Omèwlbãêe k ab Jel{mojbãêe (QOJ/- Abì e kzèwãe k`kjq{bae vkiez þiqolez cepkwmez me zkmqoae ak vwkvbwbw bmezzb vev{ibãêe vbwb {lb kjemelob gbzkbab me aelìmoe akzqbz `kwwblkmqbz-

2-:- Ez vwomjovboz vwegiklbz zejoeaklecwâòjez

Vewq{cbi akgbqk,zk) mkzqk omìjoe ak loiïmoe) jel {l jemn{mqe ak vwegiklbz zejoeaklecwâòjez r{k zk `b~klzkmqow bez lboz aopkwzez mìpkoz- Ak kmqwk kikz akzqbjbl,zk e akjiìmoe ab `kj{maoabak) e kmpkihkjolkmqe) e gboxemìpki ka{jbjoembi k b zoq{bãêe vkwbmqk e klvwkce-

E akjiìmoe ab `kj{maoabak

B aklecwbòb ae mezze vbìz ï jbwbjqkwo~bab vew gboxbz qbxbz ak mbqbioabak k gboxbz qbxbz ak lewqbioabak- Vewïl)r{bmae q{ae `b~ob jwkw r{k kxozqob {lb jkwqb kzqbgoioabak mkzqbz a{bz pbwoâpkoz aklecwâòjbz) b mbqbioabak mêeakoxe{ ak gboxbw) bqomcomae mìpkoz olvkmzâpkoz hâ bic{mz bmez bqwâz- Vewq{cbi) æ zklkihbmãb ak l{oqez e{qwezvbìzkz k{wevk{z) pî,zk jem`wemqbae jel kzqk mepe jkmâwoe jbwbjqkwo~bae vew mìpkoz ak `kj{maoabak vwúxolez ak{lb jwobmãb vew l{ihkw) lkmez ak lkqbak ae r{k zkwob mkjkzzâwoe vbwb r{k zk aî b z{gzqoq{oãêe abz ckwbãûkz-Kzqk kxjkzzope akjiìmoe ab `kj{maoabak ï vwkej{vbmqk kl wkibãêe be kr{oiìgwoe `{q{we abz ckwbãûkz- B wka{ãêejwkzjkmqk aez mbzjolkmqez kr{opbik æ wka{ãêe ab vwevewãêe ak nepkmz) kmr{bmqe e b{lkmqe wkibqope aez wkzqbmqkzcw{vez kqâwoez owâ) b lïaoe vwb~e) b`kjqbw ak mepe e kr{oiìgwoe omqkwckwbjoembi vkib jewwkzvemakmqk wka{ãêe aez

nepkmz ba{iqez k aez ba{iqez bjqopez-Kzqk zkc{mae olvbjqk ae akjiìmoe ab `kj{maoabak) be jemqwâwoe ae vwolkowe) r{k vwevewjoeme{ b wka{ãêe aezkmjbwcez vþgiojez jel e zkjqew ab ka{jbãêe) omqkw`kwk aowkjqblkmqk mez ì{xez abz r{eqo~bãûkz ab vev{ibãêe r{kjemqwog{o vbwb e zozqklb- Zêe lboz ombjqopez b wkjkgkw k lkmez bjqopez b vbwqojovbw vbwb e zozqklb ak zkc{wbmãbzejobi) e r{k kr{opbik b ao~kw r{k kzqkz qkwêe r{k jemqwog{ow jel {lb vbwjkib lboew aez zk{z wkmaolkmqez vbwbcbwbmqow e `{mjoemblkmqe ae zozqklb-




E kmpkihkjolkmqe

E kmpkihkjolkmqe aklecwâòje qkl wkvkwj{zzûkz kl vwbqojblkmqk qeaez ez aelìmoez ae Kzqbae k ab zejokabak)vbwqoj{ibwlkmqk mez j{oabaez ak zbþak) mez lkwjbaez ae klvwkce k ae qwbgbihe) mbz lkaoabz ak vweqkjãêe zejobik me jwkzjolkmqe kjemúloje-E kmpkihkjolkmqe ab vev{ibãêe) k jemzkr{kmqk aolom{oãêe ab vev{ibãêe bjqopb) vwkzzoembl ak {lb èwlb

gbzqbmqk bjkmq{bab br{oie r{k zk jempkmjoeme{ akzocmbw vew Kzqbae,Vwepoaîmjob) melkbablkmqk) e zozqklb akvkmzûkz) b{lkmqbmae b mkjkzzoabak ak j{oabaez ak zbþak k ak zkwpoãez ak bveoe k vweqkjãêe zejobi vbwb bqkwjkowb oabak-@bjk be vwegiklb akjewwkmqk ae kmpkihkjolkmqe ab vev{ibãêe k mêe zkmae b olocwbãêe z{òjokmqk vbwb vkwloqowz{vewqbw e `{mjoemblkmqe ab kjemelob) Vewq{cbi) æ zklkihbmãb ak l{oqez e{qwez vbìzkz vkwqkmjkmqkz æ [moêeK{wevkob) pî,zk mb mkjkzzoabak ak b{lkmqbw b qbxb ak bjqopoabak abz l{ihkwkz (r{k vbzze{ ak :;);+ kl 2??2vbwb 17+ kl 7662/ k ak b{lkmqbw b oabak ab wkèwlb (ak 06 vbwb 0; bmez/ ak lbmkowb b r{k ez qwbgbihbaewkzlboz pkihez vezzbl vbwqojovbw me lkwjbae ak qwbgbihe vew lboz qklve-

E gboxe mìpki ka{jbjoembi

B ka{jbãêe ï {l aez bzvkjqez `{mablkmqboz vbwb e akzkmpeipolkmqe ak {l vbìz- E mìpki ak omzqw{ãêe ïakqkwlombmqk mb jbvbjoabak ak {qoio~bãêe aez wkj{wzez k mb ewcbmo~bãêe aez kzvbãez-E mezze vbìz akgbqk,zk jel {l gboxe mìpki ka{jbjoembi) vezz{omae {lb zocmoòjbqopb qbxb ak bgbmaeme kzjeibw k)qblgïl) {lb `wbjb r{bioòjbãêe vweòzzoembi) biobab b {l zozqklb ka{jbqope wkibqopblkmqk aïgoi-Vkzk klgewb e gboxe mìpki ka{jbjoembi) b egzkwpbãêe aez abaez wkibqopez æ vev{ibãêe zkc{mae e mìpki akomzqw{ãêe vkwloqk wkjemhkjkw {lb kpei{ãêe vezoqopb akzqb pbwoâpki mb þiqolb aïjbab) {lb pk~ r{k zk pkwoòje{{l b{lkmqe ae mþlkwe ak omaopìa{ez jel lboew kzjeibwoabak- E cw{ve ak omaopìa{ez jel lkmewkz hbgoioqbãûkzwkcwkao{) kzvkjobilkmqk me r{k ao~ wkzvkoqe be 2¾ jojie ae kmzome gâzoje) r{k vbzze{ ak 1:)8+) kl 2??2) vbwb:;+) kl 7662- B wkèwãbw kzqb qkmaîmjob kzqâ e bjwïzjole ae mþlkwe ak vkzzebz jel {l mìpki ak hbgoioqbãûkz

oc{bie{ z{vkwoew be 7¾ jojie ae kmzome gâzoje) r{k vbzze{ e zk{ vkze wkibqope ak ::)0+) kl 2??2) vbwb ;6)0+) kl7662-Mkzqb jbqkcewob bzz{lk kzvkjobi wkikpçmjob e mþlkwe ak omaopìa{ez jel j{wzez lïaoez k z{vkwoewkz) r{k) meakj{wze ae þiqole akjïmoe) r{bzk a{vioje{) zegwkq{ae akpoae æ jemqwog{oãêe `klomomb-Kzqb zoq{bãêe kpoakmjob {l b{lkmqe ae mìpki ka{jbjoembi ab vev{ibãêe vewq{c{kzb) kl vbwqk n{zqoòjbae vkibwkmepbãêe ckwbjoembi kmr{bmqe vwomjovbi `bjqew aomblo~baew akzzk b{lkmqe- Me kmqbmqe) b vwevewãêe akomaopìa{ez zkl r{bir{kw mìpki ak kmzome aolom{o{ bvkmbz 7 vemqez vkwjkmq{boz me akj{wze ak {lb aïjbab)zoq{bmae,zk bcewb mez ?+-Vewq{cbi pkl) vewqbmqe) wkcozqbmae {lb aolom{oãêe ab qbxb ak bmbi`bgkqozle be iemce aez bmez) me kmqbmqe) kib ïbomab kikpbab me Bikmqkne) omqkwoew ab wkcoêe Jkmqwe k me Biqe Qwâz,ez,Lemqkz-B qbxb ak bmbi`bgkqozle abz l{ihkwkz kwb z{gzqbmjobilkmqk z{vkwoew æ aez helkmz kl blgez ez lelkmqez

jkmzoqâwoez) lbz bz ao`kwkmãbz wka{~owbl,zk mkzqk vkwìeae-Wkibqopblkmqk æ qbxb ak bgbmaeme kzjeibw) aez 26 bez 2; bmez) bvkzbw ae zocmoòjbqope akjwïzjole ak 2??2 vbwb7662 (27);+ vbwb 7)3+) wkzvkjqopblkmqk/) jemqom{b b bvwkzkmqbw,zk jele vwkej{vbmqk) mb lkaoab kl r{k zk qwbqbak {l mìpki ak kmzome egwocbqúwoe k ak kzqb zkw z{vkwoew mez þiqolez bmez ak `wkr{îmjob akzqk mìpki ak kmzome-Kl qkwlez abz qbxbz ak zbìab bmqkjovbab (vkwjkmqbckl ak omaopìa{ez jel 28 b 71 bmez r{k mêe jemji{ìwbl e :¾jojie k mêe zk kmjemqwbl b `wkr{kmqbw b kzjeib/ k ak zbìab vwkjejk (vkwjkmqbckl ak omaopìa{ez jel 28 b 71 bmezr{k mêe jemji{ìwbl e kmzome zkj{maâwoe k mêe zk kmjemqwbl b `wkr{kmqbw b kzjeib/) wkcozqbwbl {lb r{kgwbbjkmq{bab kmqwk ez lelkmqez jkmzoqâwoez-Jemq{ae) b ao`kwkmãb be pbiew lïaoe k{wevk{ ï bomab l{oqe zocmoòjbqopb me r{k wkzvkoqb æ zbìab vwkjejk) kl7662) veoz kmr{bmqe kl Vewq{cbi 1;+ ab vev{ibãêe kmqwk ez 28 k ez 71 bmez mêe jemji{o{ e zkj{maâwoe) bvkmbz2?+ zk kmjemqwbl mkzzb zoq{bãêe me kzvbãe jel{moqâwoe-

Qbxb ak bgbmaeme kzjeibw ‚ vkwjkmqbckl ak nepkmz kl oabak kzjeibw r{k bgbmaemb bkzjeib-




Zoq{bãêe vkwbmqk e klvwkce

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2-1 E wkn{pkmkzjolkmqe k b pbiewo~bãêe ab vev{ibãêe

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Ez omjkmqopez æ mbqbioabak

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Klvwkce qklvewâwoe ‚ kzqbq{qe vwkjâwoe ak klvwkce- E pìmj{ie aeqwbgbihbaew æ klvwkzb ï zb~embi-




B r{bioòjbãêe ab lêe,ak,egwb

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QKLB 2

7-2- Ez jemaojoembmqkz ab aozqwog{oãêe ab vev{ibãêe

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B aozqwog{oãêe ab vev{ibãêe




@oc- 2 ‚ Akmzoabak vev{ibjoembi kl Vewq{cbi) @oc- 7 ‚ Bz bzzolkqwobz vev{ibjoembozvew M[Q OOO) kl 7661 kmqwk e aozqwoqe ak Iozgeb k ez aozqwoqez

ae omqkwoew

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Ez `bjqewkz ak aozqwog{oãêe ab vev{ibãêe

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@bjqewkz `ìzojez e{ mbq{wboz

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lkmez `bpewâpkoz b cwbmakz jemjkmqwbãûkz aklecwâòjbz-Jele kxklvie ab bqwbjqopoabak kxkwjoab vew jkwqbz âwkbz veak wk`kwow,zk b `boxb ioqewbi ejoakmqbi) emak e jiolbhþloae) bz qklvkwbq{wbz leakwbabz) e wkikpe vibme k ez zeiez `ïwqkoz zk jemn{cbwbl vbwb `bpewkjkw ebvbwkjolkmqe ak {lb bcwoj{iq{wb l{oqe vwea{qopb ak jbwâjqkw omqkmzope) jbvb~ ak bzzkc{wbw kikpbabz akmzoabakzh{lbmbz-E{qwe kxklvie) bcewb oi{zqwbqope ab `biqb ak bqwbjqopoabak ï e Bikmqkne)emak e jiolb r{kmqk) b kzjbzzk~ ak wkj{wzez hìawojez k b kxozqîmjob akcwbmakz lbmjhbz ak wkibqopb vegwk~b mez zeiez bjbgbwbl vew abwewockl b {lb abz lkmewkz akmzoabakz aklecwâòjbz ae qkwwoqúwoembjoembi-

@bjqewkz h{lbmez

Klgewb ez `bjqewkz `ìzojez zknbl olvewqbmqkz) b wkbioabak ï r{k b aozqwog{oãêe ab vev{ibãêe kxviojb,zk jbab pk~lboz bqwbpïz ak `bjqewkz h{lbmez) kzqknbl kikz wkibjoembaez jel ez bmqkjkakmqkz hozqúwojez e{ jel ez vwejkzzezak ewakl kjemúlojb k%e{ zejobi-Ez vwolkowez kzqêe aowkjqblkmqk wkibjoembaez jel b èwlb jele zk vwejkzze{ b kpei{ãêe ae vepeblkmqe-Ez zkc{maez zêe l{oqe olvewqbmqkz k kxviojbl e bvbwkjolkmqe ak bic{mz aez lboewkz èjez ak jemjkmqwbãêe abvev{ibãêe me ioqewbi ae mezze vbìz- Jele kxklvie) veak wk`kwow,zk b akmzoabak ak pobz ak jel{mojbãêe) bkxozqîmjob ak wkj{wzez ae z{gzeie) e cwb{ ak oma{zqwobio~bãêe e{ b vezzogoioabak ak bjkzze b akqkwlombae qove ak

zkwpoãez r{k) r{bmae vwkzkmqkz) vwelepkl b jwobãêe ak klvwkce k bqwbkl cwbmakz jemqomckmqkz aklecwâòjez-B kzqk vwevúzoqe jempïl wkiklgwbw r{k bz lboewkz qbxbz ak jwkzjolkmqe aklecwâòje pkwoòjbwbl,zk r{bzkzklvwk mez jemjkihez ae ioqewbi) jel akzqbr{k vbwb ez r{k omqkcwbl bz âwkbz lkqweveioqbmbz ak Iozgeb k Vewqe)kmr{bmqe b lboewob aez jemjkihez ae omqkwoew vkwakwbl vev{ibãêe-

Âwkbz bqwbjqopbz ‚ âwkbz r{k) vew {ljemn{mqe ak jowj{mzqçmjobz) zêe`bpewâpkoz æ òxbãêe ab vev{ibãêe-Âwkbz wkv{izopbz ‚ âwkbz r{k) akpoaeb {l jemn{mqe ak `bjqewkz bapkwzez)mêe zêe `bpewâpkoz æ òxbãêe ab

vev{ibãêe-




7-7- Ez vwegiklbz mb aozqwog{oãêe ab vev{ibãêe

Bjq{bilkmqk) ez vwegiklbz lboz lbwjbmqkz ab aozqwog{oãêe ab vev{ibãêe kl Vewq{cbi zêe) vew {l ibae) ez r{kakjewwkl ab jemzeioabãêe be iemce aez þiqolez akjïmoez ab qkmaîmjob ak jemjkmqwbãêe ab vev{ibãêe mb `boxbioqewbi (ioqewbio~bãêe/) kl kzvkjobi mez cwbmakz jkmqwez {wgbmez ak Iozgeb k ae Vewqe (goveibwo~bãêe/) k) vewe{qwe ibae) ae akzvepeblkmqe ae omqkwoew-

B ioqewbio~bãêe ae vepeblkmqe

B jemjkmqwbãêe ab vev{ibãêe mb `boxb ioqewbi z{wco{) m{lb vwolkowb `bzk) jele wkz{iqbae ab jbvbjoabak ak bzwkcoûkz ioqewboz bqwbìwkl b vev{ibãêe w{wbi , îxeae w{wbi , lbz) lboz wkjkmqklkmqk) kzqb qkmaîmjob vwejkzze{,zk)zegwkq{ae) kl `{mãêe ab poqbioabak aez zbiaez mbq{wboz k ae `kmúlkme ab olocwbãêe-B kikpbab jemjkmqwbãêe aklecwâòjb mbz âwkbz {wgbmbz) pkwoòjbab mbz þiqolbz aïjbabz) qkl jemqwog{ìae vbwb bbiqkwbãêe aez vbawûkz ak ej{vbãêe ae zeie) ewocombmae vew pk~kz cwbmakz vwkzzûkz zegwk ez wkj{wzez) klvbwqoj{ibw) zegwk bz om`wb,kzqw{q{wbz) kr{ovblkmqez k zkwpoãez aozvemìpkoz) e r{k jeiejb kl jb{zb b jbvbjoabak akjbwcb h{lbmb ak akqkwlombabz vbwjkibz ae qkwwoqúwoe-

Nâ mbz âwkbz ae omqkwoew) {lb cwbmak vbwqk akzqkz lkoez kmjemqwb cwbmakz aoòj{iabakz ak zk akzkmpeipkw vewwb~ûkz wkibjoembabz jel b z{b pobgoioabak kjemúlojb-E bjkmq{bw abz aozvbwoabakz mb wkvbwqoãêe ab vev{ibãêe kmqwk ioqewbi k omqkwoew) zk) vew {l ibae) jemqwog{o vbwbblviobw vwejkzzez ak bqwbze me omqkwoew) ckwb) me ioqewbi) vwegiklbz jwkzjkmqkz r{k b`kjqbl aowkjqblkmqk br{bioabak ak poab abz vev{ibãûkz-Akzqkz) zêe kxklvie ez jemckzqoemblkmqez ae qwâ`kce) r{k qeaez ez aobz wkvwkzkmqbl {lb kmewlk vkwab akqklve k ak wkj{wzez (cbzeiomb/ vbwb {l cwbmak mþlkwe ak hbgoqbmqkz aez lboewkz bcielkwbaez vev{ibjoemboz-Wkvwkzkmqbl bomab zoq{bãûkz ak zqwkzz r{k bjbgbl vew jemqwog{ow vbwb {lb akcwbabãêe kpoakmqk ab r{bioabak akpoab mkzqkz kzvbãez) zkmae jbab pk~ lboew e mþlkwe ak vkzzebz b ze`wkwkl ak aekmãbz ewocombabz vew kzqk qove akblgokmqk-Lbz veakl wk`kwow,zk) bomab) bz kmewlkz aoòj{iabakz kl kmjemqwbw hbgoqbãêe jel j{zqez jelvewqâpkoz) zoq{bãêer{k bjbgb vew bqowbw b vev{ibãêe jel lkmewkz wkj{wzez vbwb bz âwkbz lboz kxjîmqwojbz e{ vew jowj{mzjwkpî,ibz b

geizbz ak hbgoqbãêe akcwbabab-Qblgïl b lboew jelvkqoãêe vkie klvwkce) b zegwkieqbãêe aez kr{ovblkmqez zejoboz k e b{lkmqe ak zoq{bãûkz akkxji{zêe zejobi) lbwcombioabak k omzkc{wbmãb) e{ e b{lkmqe ab vei{oãêe zêe jemzkr{îmjobz akzqb kikpbabjemjkmqwbãêe aklecwâòjb-B vei{oãêe bqlez`ïwojb) zemewb) ae zeie k poz{bi zêe vwkzkmãbz jemzqbmqkz mb lboew vbwqk abz vbozbckmz {wgbmbz-Bz veiìqojbz ak ewakmblkmqe ae kzvbãe {wgbme vwej{wbl bcewb bjq{bw me zkmqoae ab lomolo~bãêe akzqkzvwegiklbz bqwbpïz ak bic{lbz lkaoabz) qboz jele>, b aolom{oãêe ab akmzoabak vev{ibjoembi) wkjempkwqkmae kzvbãezhbgoqbjoemboz4, b lkihewob aez qwbmzvewqkz jeikjqopez4

, b jwobãêe ak kzvbãez ak ib~kw k ak kr{ovblkmqez r{k vkwloqbllkihewbw b r{bioabak ak poab {wgbmb4, b wka{ãêe abz èmqkz ak vei{oãêe) vwej{wbmae gboxbw ez ìmaojkz vbwbpbiewkz bjkoqâpkoz-

E akzvepeblkmqe ae omqkwoew

Jemqwbwoblkmqk be ioqewbi) e omqkwoew qkl pomae vwecwkzzopblkmqk b vkwakw vev{ibãêe kl wkz{iqbae ae `kmúlkmelocwbqúwoe k ak qeab b aomçlojb aklecwâòjb r{k ihk kzqâ bzzejobab-

Ak zbiokmqbw) me kmqbmqe) r{k me omqkwoew qkl,zk bzzozqoae mez þiqolez bmez b {lb jbvbjoabak veibwo~baewb aezjkmqwez {wgbmez ak lboew aolkmzêe- Ez ompkzqolkmqez wkbio~baez kl vbwr{kz oma{zqwoboz) vúiez {mopkwzoqâwoez)lkihewob abz bjkzzogoioabakz k mb j{iq{wb k ib~kw qîl jemqwog{ìae vbwb e jwkzjolkmqe ab lboew vbwqk abz joabakzae omqkwoew- Kzvkwb,zk) jemq{ae) r{k kzqbz mêe vkwlbmkãbl jele 'oihbz' omjbvb~kz ak aomblo~bw bz pbzqbz âwkbz

Goveibwo~bãêe ‚ jwkzjkmqk jkmqwbio~bãêeae akzkmpeipolkmqe kl aeozbcielkwbaez {wgbmez) gbzkbab mbjemjkmqwbãêe ak vev{ibãêe k abz

bjqopoabakz kjemúlojbz-Jbvbjoabak ak jbwcb h{lbmb ‚ mþlkweak omaopìa{ez r{k {l abae qkwwoqúwoeveak z{vewqbw zkl akcwbabãêe-Akzvepeblkmqe ‚ aolom{oãêe aemþlkwe ak omaopìa{ez r{k popkl m{lbabab wkcoêe) ckwbilkmqk akpoae blepolkmqez locwbqúwoez-

Ioqewbio~bãêe ‚ jemjkmqwbãêe ab vev{ibãêe mb `boxbioqewbi- Kzqb jemjkmqwbãêe ejewwk `{mablkmqbilkmqkkmqwk Pobmb ae Jbzqkie k Zkqþgbi-



jbab pk~ lboz akzvepebabz r{k bz kmpeipkl- Vbwb kpoqbw r{k qbi bjemqkãb bic{lbz abz âwkbz ae omqkwoew)kmpkihkjoabz k akzvepebabz) akpkl qblgïl gkmkòjobw ak vwecwblbz vþgiojez r{k vkwloqbl ompkwqkw b zoq{bãêeak bgbmaeme kjemúloje k zejobi b r{k qîl kzqbae z{nkoqbz-Mkzqk zkmqoae) k bqwbpïz ak lkaoabz ak aozjwolombãêe vezoqopb) vwej{wb,zk akzkmpeipkw vbwjkwobz kmqwk e veakwjkmqwbi k bz b{qbwr{obz vbwb b vweleãêe ae gkl,kzqbw akzqbz vev{ibãûkz k b jwobãêe ak {l blgokmqk `bpewâpki æomzqbibãêe ak akqkwlombabz bjqopoabakz vwea{qopbz-Bic{lbz akzqbz lkaoabz pozbl>

, b lkihewob abz bjkzzogoioabakz) `{mablkmqboz vbwb jwobw jemaoãûkz ak jelvkqoqopoabak b qeabz bz bjqopoabakzkjemúlojbz ae omqkwoew4, e akzkmpeipolkmqe ak {l ikr{k bibwcbae ak zkwpoãez zejoboz ak bveoe b kzqb vev{ibãêe kmpkihkjoab (ibwkz)

jkmqwez ak aob) jkmqwez ak zbþak) kqj-/4, b vweleãêe ak vkr{kmbz k lïaobz klvwkzbz iejboz) kzvkjobilkmqk bz r{k {qoio~bl lbqïwob,vwolb k

lêe,ak,egwb iejboz4, e akzkmpeipolkmqe ae q{wozle jele bjqopoabak jbvb~ ak jemqwog{ow vbwb {l akzkmpeipolkmqe z{zqkmqâpki k

vwelepkw e blgokmqk k j{iq{wbz iejboz4, b jwobãêe ak lkjbmozlez òzjboz ak omjkmqope æ òxbãêe ak klvwkzbz k vev{ibãêe mkzqbz âwkbz4, b bvezqb mb omzqbibãêe ak vúiez ak kmzome {mopkwzoqâwoe jel èwlbãûkz pejbjoembabz vbwb b wkbioabak emak zk

omzkwkl) jemzqoq{omae bckmqkz ak aomblo~bãêe ab kjemelob iejbi k ak wkn{pkmkzjolkmqe ab vev{ibãêe-

Jemjkoqez%Meãûkz gâzojbz b wkqkw>

Akzkmpeipolkmqe z{zqkmqâpki ‚ akzkmpeipolkmqe bqwbpïz ae r{bi zk aâ wkzvezqb æz mkjkzzoabakz aevwkzkmqk) zkl jelvwelkqkw) jemq{ae) b zbqoz`bãêe abz mkjkzzoabakz abz ckwbãûkz pomae{wbz-

Klvwkce qklvewâwoe ‚ klvwkce jel jemqwbqe b vwb~e- Kmpkihkjolkmqe aklecwâòje ‚ b{lkmqe ab oabak lïaob ab vev{ibãêe- Kzqw{q{wb bjqopb ‚ aozqwog{oãêe ab vev{ibãêe vew zkjqewkz ak bjqopoabak- Kzqw{q{wb kqâwob ‚ aozqwog{oãêe ab vev{ibãêe vew cw{vez ak oabak- Îxeae w{wbi ‚ lepolkmqe locwbqúwoe ab vev{ibãêe aez lkoez w{wboz vbwb ez jkmqwez {wgbmez- Olocwbãêe ‚ kmqwbab ak kzqwbmckowez m{l vbìz vbwb bì qwbgbihbwkl k wkzoaowkl- Ìmaojk ak akvkmaîmjob ak oaezez ‚ wkibãêe kmqwk b vev{ibãêe jel 0; e{ lboz bmez k b vev{ibãêe

ba{iqb) ozqe ï) aez 2; bez 01 bmez- Ìmaojk ak akvkmaîmjob ak nepkmz ‚ wkibãêe kmqwk b vev{ibãêe aez 6 bez 21 bmez k b vev{ibãêe ba{iqb)

ozqe ï) aez 2; bez 01 bmez- Ìmaojk ak akvkmaîmjob qeqbi ‚ wkibãêe kmqwk b vev{ibãêe akvkmakmqk) ozqe ï) bqï bez 21 bmez k jel 0;

e{ lboz bmez k b vev{ibãêe ba{iqb) ozqe ï) aez 2; bez 01 bmez- Ìmaojk zomqïqoje ak `kj{maoabak ‚ mþlkwe lïaoe ak òihez vew l{ihkw) jbvb~ ak bzzkc{wbw b

z{gzqoq{oãêe abz ckwbãûkz k r{k ï oc{bi b 7)2 òihez- Qbxb ak bi`bgkqo~bãêe ‚ vkwjkmqbckl ab vev{ibãêe r{k zbgk ikw k kzjwkpkw- Qbxb ak akzklvwkce ‚ vkwjkmqbckl ak akzklvwkcbaez me jemqkxqe ab vev{ibãêe bjqopb- Qbxb ak `kj{maoabak ‚ mþlkwe ak mbaez,popez r{k ejewwkwbl m{l akqkwlombae vkwìeae m{l cw{ve

ak loi l{ihkwkz kl oabak `ïwqoi (l{ihkwkz aez 2; bez 1? bmez/-

Me òmbi ae Qklb O akpkwâz zkw jbvb~ ak>

Wkibjoembw b kpei{ãêe ab vev{ibãêe vewq{c{kzb) mb 7® lkqbak ae zïj{ie XX) jel e jelvewqblkmqeabz pbwoâpkoz aklecwâòjbz4

Wkibjoembw b kpei{ãêe ab vev{ibãêe vewq{c{kzb) mb 7® lkqbak ae zïj{ie XX) jel b legoioabak abvev{ibãêe4

Kxviojbw b pbwobãêe ae jelvewqblkmqe abz pbwoâpkoz aklecwâòjbz4 Jbwbjqkwo~bw b kzqw{q{wb kqâwob ab vev{ibãêe vewq{c{kzb4 Kxviojbw b akzoc{bi aozqwog{oãêe abz pbwoâpkoz aklecwâòjbz me kzvbãe vewq{c{îz4 Kr{bjoembw bz jemzkr{îmjobz aez vwomjovboz vwegiklbz aklecwâòjez4 Akgbqkw lkaoabz vbzzìpkoz ak jemqwog{ow vbwb b wkzei{ãêe aez vwegiklbz aklecwâòjez4 Wkjemhkjkw b olvewqçmjob ae ewakmblkmqe ae qkwwoqúwoe mb lkihewob ab r{bioabak ak poab ab

vev{ibãêe4 Wkibjoembw b akzoc{bi aozqwog{oãêe kzvbjobi ab vev{ibãêe jel `bjqewkz mbq{wboz4

Wkibjoembw b akzoc{bi aozqwog{oãêe kzvbjobi ab vev{ibãêe jel `bjqewkz h{lbmez4 Kxviojbw ez vwegiklbz mb aozqwog{oãêe ab vev{ibãêe4 Akgbqkw lkaoabz vbzzìpkoz ak bqkm{bw bz bzzolkqwobz mb aozqwog{oãêe kzvbjobi ab vev{ibãêe-

tema 1 unidades 1 e 2 10º ano

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