sociologia

sociologia

SOCIOLOGY

CRAIG CALHOUN, DONALD LIGHT,

SUZANNE KELLER

ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba

Tbilisi 2008

sociologia

qreg kalhuni, donald laiTi, suzen keleri

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am wigniT sociologiis ZiriTad sakiTxebs gaecnobiT. mniSvnelovani soci

ologiuri sakiTxebis kritikuli ganxilva Tanamedrove socialur cxovrebaSi

Caxedvis saSualebas mogcemT da srulfasovani adamianisaTvis arsebiTi kriti

kuli azrovnebis unaris CamoyalibebaSi dagexmarebaT. saSualeba geqnebaT kriti

kulad SevafasoT Teoriuli Sexedulebebi da sociologiuri azrovnebisa da/an

kvlevisaTvis saWiro praqtikuli unarebi ganiviTaroT.

avtorebi ecadnen sociologiis iseTi saxelmZRvanelo SeeqmnaT, romlis wa

kiTxva studentebisaTvis sasurveli iqneboda da amave dros maT Tanamedrove da

klasikuri sociologiis safuZvlebs Seaswavlida. funqciuri integraciis, Za

lauflebis, socialuri struqturis da kulturis koncefciebi am sociologi

uri naSromis ZiriTad instrumentebad aris gamoyenebuli.

es studentze orientirebuli da diskusiaze dafuZnebuli wignia, Tumca

vfiqrobT, is mxolod studentebisTvis rodi iqneba saintereso.

ucxouri gamocemis yvela uflebas gankargavs

The Mc MGraw-Hill Companies, Inc 1997

pirveli qarTuli gamocema 2008

yvela ufleba daculia. (dauSvebelia wignis romelime nawilis gamoyeneba ga

momcemlis nebarTvis gareSe. saavtoro uflebebis darRveva kanoniT isjeba.)

c 2008. ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba

ISBN 978-99940-58-05-1

wignis Targmani dafinansda saqarTvelos mecnierebisa da ganaTlebis saministros pro

gramiT _ `sauniversiteto saxelmZRvaneloebis ganviTareba~ da ilia WavWavaZis saxelm

wifo universitetis mier.

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avtorTa Sesaxeb ................................................................................................ 7

winasityvaoba ..................................................................................................... 9

nawili I mecniereba sazogadoebis Sesaxeb ........................................................13

Tavi 1 sociologiuri perspeqtivebi ......................................................15

Tavi 2 sociologiuri kvlevis meTodebi ..............................................59

nawili II. individi da sazogadoeba ......................................................................97

Tavi 3 socialuri urTierTqmedebis struqtura .....................................99

Tavi 4 kultura .........................................................................................157

Tavi 5 socializacia da identoba sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi ...........197

Tavi 6 deviacia da danaSauli .............................................................. 237

nawili III gansxvaveba da uTanasworoba .......................................................... 285

Tavi 7 klasi da stratifikacia .............................................................287

Tavi 8 rasa da eTnosi...........................................................................323

Tavi 9 sqesi da genderi .........................................................................373

Tavi 10 Taobebi da mosaxleobis dabereba .........................................403

nawili IV socialuri institutebi .........................................................................447

Tavi 11 ojaxi ............................................................................................449

Tavi 12 ganaTleba .....................................................................................491

Tavi 13 religia .........................................................................................527

Tavi 14 janmrTeloba da jandacva ..........................................................573

nawili V socialuri cvlilebebi da globalizacia ...........................................607

Tavi 15 samuSao, organizaciebi da ekonomika ...................................609

Tavi 16 saxelmwifo da politika ...........................................................655

Tavi 17 globaluri integracia da globaluri uTanasworoba .............703

Tavi 18 mosaxleoba da garemo ...............................................................753

Tavi 19 Temi da urbanizacia ..................................................................807

Tavi 20 socialuri Zvrebi da koleqtiuri qmedebebi ........................... 851

s a Z i e b e l i

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avtorTa Sesaxeb

qreg kalhuni (Craig Calhoun) sociologiis da istoriis profesori da CrdiloeT karolinis Capel hilis (Chapel Hill) universitetis saerTaSoriso kvlevaTa sauniversiteto centris direqtoria. profesorma kalhunma daafuZna sauniver

siteto programa socialur Teoriasa da kulturaTa kvlevaSi, iyo magistratu

ris dekani. is aswavlida CineTSi, inglisSi, eritreaSi, norvegiasa da sudanSi, kv

levebs atarebda am da ramdenime sxva qveyanaSi.

mqadageblis Svili profesori kalhuni kentukis, ilinoisis, indianasa da kali

forniis sxvadasxva TemSi gaizarda; yoveli axali sacxovrebeli adgilis Seswavla

sociologiaSi misi pirveli gakveTili iyo. samxreT kaliforniisa da kolumbiis

universitetebSi swavlis Semdeg man inglisSi swavlis stipendia moipova da doqto

ris wodeba oqsfordis universitetSi miiRo. is Capel hilSi 1977 wlidan aswavlis.

profesor kalhunis bolodroindeli wignebia: `arc RmerTebi da arc impera

torebi: studentoba da demokratiisaTvis brZola CineTSi~ (kalifornia, 1995),

romelic amerikis sociologiuri asociaciis mier politikuri sociologiis

seqciis premiiT dajildovda da `kritikuli socialuri Teoria: kultura, is

toria da gansxvavebulobis sirTule~ (bleksveli, 1995w.). is ramdenime sxva wig

nis avtori da redaqtoricaa, romelTa Sorisaa: `habermasi da sazogadoebrivi

sfero~ (MIT, 1992w.), `burdie: kritikuli perspeqtivebi~ (m. postonTan (M. Post-one) da e. lipumasTan (E. LiPuma) erTad, Cikago, 1993w.) da `socialuri Teoria da identobis politika~ (bleksveli, 1994w.). mis statiebs SexvdebiT mraval samec

niero JurnalSi, rogoricaa `sociologiis amerikuli Jurnali~, `sazogadoebisa

da istoriis SedarebiTi Seswavla~ `saerTaSoriso sociologia~, `kvlevis soci

ologiuri meTodebi~ da `Teoria da sazogadoeba~. misi Sromebi ramdenime enazea

Targmnili.

profesori kalhuni amerikis sociologiuri asociaciis Jurnal `sociolo

giuri Teoriis~ redaqtori da asociaciis seqciaTa _ `SedarebiTi istoriuli

sociologia~ da `sociologiuri Teoria~ _ Tavmjdomarecaa. amJamad is Sedar

ebiT istoriul kvlevas atarebs nacionalizmisa da eTnikurobis, demokratiisa

da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis, komunikaciebsa da satransporto teqnologiebSi

globalur cvlilebaTa socialuri zemoqmedebis Sesaxeb.

pedagogiur moRvaweobas profesor kalhunis saqmianobaSi arsebiTi adgili

uWiravs. sociologiis mravalferovani kursebis swavlebis garda, is araerTgzis

monawileobda UNITAS _ multikulturuli cxovrebisa da swavlis eqsperimentSi, romlis damfuZnebeli da samecniero xelmZRvanelia dRemde. 1988 wels CrdiloeT

karolinis universitetis studentebma is sapatio sazogadoeba `oqros verZis or

denis~ wevrad airCies.

donald laiTi (Donald Light) sociologiis profesoria ratgeris universitetSi da socialuri da qcevis medicinis profesori fsiqiatriis kaTedraze

niujerzis medicinisa da stomatologiis universitetSi. profesori laiTi ma

saCusetsSi daibada da gaizarda, swavlobda stenfordis kolejSi da sadiplomo

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namuSevari sociologiaSi Cikagosa da brandeisis universitetebSi Seasrula. pre

zident kenedis ̀ dasaqmebis Tanabari SesaZleblobebis programis~ ganxorcieleba

Si monawileobisas, romelic muSakTa umciresobisken iyo mimarTuli, ganaTlebisa

da jandacvis sferoTi dainteresda. amJamad is amerikis jandacvis sistemaSi mim

dinare sociologiur cvlilebebs ikvlevs.

profesori laiTi Tavdapirvelad prinstonis universitetSi aswavlida Sesa

val kurss sociologiasa da ganaTlebaSi. swored aq Sexvda da daumegobrda suzen

kelers da masTan erTad Seqmna winamdebare wignis pirveli gamocema. man gamoaqvey

na cnobili naSromi medicinaSi _ `fsiqiatroba: mes profesiuli transforma

cia~ (nortoni, 1980). is jandacvis sistemis Sesaxeb ramdenime naSromis avtori da

redaqtoria. igi avtoria mravali statiisa, romlebic gamoqveynda `sociologiis

amerikul JurnalSi~, `janmrTelobisa da socialuri qcevis JurnalSi~, `adminis

traciul mecnierebaTa kvartalur Jurnalsa~ da `axali inglisis medicinis Jur

nalSi~.

suzen keleri (Suzanne Keller) prinstonis universitetis sociologiis profesoria da sociologiis kaTedras xelmZRvanelobs. is venaSi daibada da SeerTe

bul StatebSi bavSvobisas Cavida, Tumca profesiuli cxovrebis mniSvnelovani

nawili evropaSi gaatara. 1953 wels kolumbiis universitetSi miiRo filosofiur

mecnierebaTa doqtoris wodeba sociologiaSi. 1957 wels brandeisis universite

tis asistentprofesori gaxda, aqve aswavlida socialuri Teoriis kurss, strati

fikaciasa da religiis sociologiaSi. 1963 wels fulbraiTis leqciebma aTenSi

ekistikis doqsiadis centrSi safuZveli Cauyara arqiteqturisa da sazogadoe

brivi dagegmarebisadmi mis interess. fulbraiTis programis damTavrebis Semdeg

1967 wlamde profesori keleri centris TanamSromeli iyo. imave wels is prinsto

nis universitetis miwveuli profesori, xolo 1968 wels ki profesoris StatSi mo

muSave pirveli qali iyo. mas ramdenime arCeviTi Tanamdeboba hqonda amerikis soci

ologiur asociaciaSi, maT Soris, viceprezidentisa, xolo ukanasknel periodSi

_ aRmosavleTis sociologiuri sazogadoebis prezidentisa.

prinstonSi suzen keleri aswavlis Semdeg kursebs: Tanamedrove elita, sao

jaxo sistemaTa Sedareba, kacobriobis Teoriebi da socialuri fsiqiatria. mrava

li statiisa da ramdenime wignis avtorma profesorma kelerma prinstonSi safuZve

li Cauyara `qalTa kvlevis~ programas. amJamad is asrulebs muSaobas wignze `Temis

Seqmna~ da iwyebs Tanamedrove elitis kvlevas. profesori keleri amerikasa da sxva

qveynebSi bevri universitetis, korporaciisa da samTavrobo dawesebulebis kon

sultantia, miRebuli aqvs ramdenime stipendia da jildo, maT Soris gugenheimis

jildo, sapatio samecniero xarisxi, xolo ukanasknel periodSi Temis Sesaxeb naS

romis gamo rokfeleris fondis granti. amJamad is DBH fondis xelmZRvanelia adamianuri da usafrTxo garemo pirobebis miRwevis mimarTulebiT.

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w i n a s i t y v a o b a

sociologiis erTerTi momxibvleloba isaa, rom mudam axalia. amis mizezi

nawilobriv sociologTa mier socialuri cxovrebis modelebis Sesaxeb axali aR

moCenebia, nawilobriv ki _ axali Teoriebisa da socialuri cxovrebis axleburi

xedvis SemuSaveba. magram ZiriTadi mainc isaa, rom Tavad socialuri cxovrebaa

mudmivad cvalebadi.

socialuri cvlilebis arsi

sazogadoeba adamianTa aqtiurobis Sedegia da amitom mudam icvleba. tradi

ciaTa SenarCunebasac ki Zalisxmeva sWirdeba. socialur cvlilebaTa umravleso

ba mcirea. individebis cxovrebis cvlilebas _ axal samsaxurs, Svilebis dabade

bas _ aucileblad rodi mosdevs mTeli sazogadoebis cvlileba. am individualur

cvlilebaTa garda, arsebobs ufro didi cvlilebebic: mTliani Sromis bazris cv

lileba, mosaxleobis ricxovnobis gazrda. iSviaTad xdeba kidev ufro didi cv

lilebebi _ moZvelebuli samrewvelo teqnologiis Secvla axali kompiuteruli

komunikaciebiTa da avtomatizaciiT, rac samudamod cvlis Sromis bazars. wignis

SesavalSi mocemuli magaliTi adasturebs, rom axali teqnologiebi da cvalebadi

kulturuli Rirebulebebi aseve cvlis Svilebis yolis bunebriv process.

wignis meore gamocemisas gaviTvaliswineT rogorc sociologiuri codnis ga

farToeba, aseve TviT socialuri samyaros cvlilebebi. Cven xelT arsebuli uax

lesi monacemebi gamoviyeneT da uaxlesi samecniero kvlevis Sedegebi avxseniT.

Tanamedrove socialuri debatebisa da sajaro sakiTxebis magaliTebi movitaneT

imis saCveneblad, rogor gvexmareba sociologia axlebur xedvaSi. amavdroulad,

SevajameT mravali sociologiuri kvlevis Sedegi, romlebmac drois gamocdas

gauZlo da sazogadoebis sxva TaviseburebaTa cvlilebis miuxedavad ucvleli

darCa. aseve warmovadgineT klasikuri Teoriuli Sexedulebebi, romlebmac so

ciologiuri azrovneba Seqmna. am gamocemaSic gansakuTrebuli yuradReba mieqca

xuT ZiriTad sociologiur koncefcias _ funqcias, struqturas, Zalauflebas,

moqmedebasa da kulturas, romlebic centraluria sociologiaSi misi daarsebis

dRidan da dRemde sociologiuri kvlevisa da TeoriisaTvis orientiria.

am saxelmZRvanelos yovel axal gamocemaze muSaoba sociologiasTan Cvens

pirvel `Sexvedras~ gvaxsenebs. is, ramac maSin mogvxibla, dResac yvelaze mniS

vnelovnad gveCveneba: uTvalavi globaluri mimarTulebis dakavSirebis unari

da sakiTxebi, romlebic Tanamedrove samyaros ayalibebs Cveni yoveldRiuri

cxovrebis mravali myisieri sazrunavis safuZvelze. sociologias unikaluri

unari aqvs, gaaRrmavos Cveni codna analizis mraval gansxvavebul doneze da

gansxvavebuli masStabiT, dawyebuli piradi fiqrebidan globaluramde insti

tucionaluri Tu organizaciuli safexurebis gavliT. is mdidari socialuri

cxovrebis sisavsis Sesacnobad codnis sxvadasxva ganzomilebis _ ekonomikuris,

politikuris, kulturulis _ TavmoyraSi gvexmareba.

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globalur da adgilobriv doneTa dakavSireba

mniSvnelovani saerTaSoriso cvlilebebisa da Cvens cxovrebaze maTi Zireuli

gavlenis gamo gamocemaSi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba davuTmeT am globalur ten

denciebsa da kulturaTa Sedarebebs. es mTliani teqstidanac Cans, magram gansa

kuTrebiT TvalsaCinoa CanarTebis seriaSi `globaluri sakiTxebi/adgilobrivi

Sedegebi~. am SemTxvevaSi `adgilobrivi~ xSirad, Tumca ara yovelTvis, `amerike

lebs~ gulisxmobs. aq iseTi sakiTxebia ganxiluli, rogoricaa globaluri Zalebis

zemoqmedeba sxvadasxva garemoSi mcxovreb adamianTa yoveldRiur cxovrebaze,

magaliTad, ra gavlenas axdens tropikul tyeebSi mcxovreb adamianebze morebis

warmoebis gazrdis globaluri ekonomikis stimuli.

socialuri debatebi da sajaro arCevani

CvenTvis, rogorc individebisa da moqalaqeebisaTvis, sociologiis mniSvn

eloba arsebuli arCevanis gaazrebaSi gamoixateba. kerZod, raki socialuri sam

yaro adamianTa aqtivobis Sedegia, ufleba gvaqvs mis Secvlas xma mivceT. imis xa

zgasasmelad, rogor gvexmareba sociologia, gansakuTrebiT ki zemoxsenebuli

xuTi koncefcia, sajaro sakiTxebisa da arCevanis ukeT gagebaSi, wignSi CanarTTa

seria warmovadgineT amJamindeli ZiriTadi `socialuri debatebiT~. miuxedavad

sakamaTo sakiTxis arsisa, rogor gavaumjobesoT skola an ratom gaxda aborti

politikuri diskusiis sagani, sociologiis ZiriTadi koncefciebi imis Rrmad

CawvdomaSi gvexmareba, ras emyareba socialuri debatebi da ra safrTxea maTSi.

sociologiuri kvlevis meTodebi

sociologia mxolod SexedulebaTa da koncefciaTa Sesaxeb mecniereba ro

dia. is mecnieruli kvlevis saganicaa. saxelmZRvaneloSi uaxlesi da saukeTeso

kvlevebia mocemuli, romelic socialuri cxovrebis sxvadasxva aspeqtis axsnaSi

gvexmareba. erTi mTliani Tavi kvlevis meTodebs eZRvneba. magram amas garda, Cven

CanarTTa seria mivamateT, romelic sociologebma ukanasaknel periodSi Catare

buli mniSvnelovani kvlevebisas gamoiyenes. aseTi CanarTebi maSin aris warmodge

nili, rodesac sakvlevi Tema _ dawyebuli sqesobrivi qcevidan quCis garCevebiT

damTavrebuli _ sakamaTo xdeba. im CanarTebSi, romelSic Zalze mniSvnelovani

kiTxva `ratom~ aris dasmuli, Tavmoyrili informaciis sizuste SevamowmeT. maTSi

aRwerilia kvlevebi da eqsperimentebi, monawileTa siRrmiseuli dakvirveba da sx

vadasxva kulturaTa Sedarebebi, romelic aCvenebs, rogor awydebian mkvlevarebi

winaaRmdegobebs CarCoebs miRma kvlevisas da rogor moipoveben ufro Rrma da

srulyofil informacias mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis Sesaxeb.

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vizualuri sociologia

es saxelmZRvanelo mxolod Teoriisa da kvlevis Sedegebis krebuli rodia;

is kargi magaliTebiTa da gasagebi axsniT sociologiis gacocxlebis mcdelo

baa. es wignze muSaobisas upirveles da umTavres miznad davisaxeT. unda iTqvas,

rom zogierTi udidesi nabiji sociologiur codnaSi daxvewili vizualuri te

qnikis saSualebiT aris gadadgmuli. wina TaobebisaTvis raodenobrivi informa

ciis udidesi nawili cxrilebis saxiT iyo warmodgenili. amJamad, kompiuteruli

grafikis daxmarebiT, amgvari informaciis ufro gasagebi, martivi da mimzidveli

formiT warmodgena SegviZlia. cifrebis garda, wignSi mravalgvar grafiks nax

avT, Tumca es mxolod TvalismomWreli ilustraciebi rodia. rukebi, `namcxvri

seburi~ da `Zeliseburi~ grafikebi da sxv., sociologiuri informaciis vizua

luri formiT warmodgenis saSualebebia. rogorc wesi, isini adamianTa sxvadasxva

jgufisa da socialuri cxovrebis sxvadasxva aspeqtebis Sesaxeb informaciis,

magaliTad, mamakacebsa da qalebSi an Savkanianebsa da TeTrkanianebSi saSualo Se

mosavlis Sedarebis saSualebas gvaZleven.

igive SeiZleba iTqvas fotoebsa da naxatebzec. es ar aris mxolod mimzidveli

suraTebi, romlebic dekoraciis rols asrulebs, isini sociologiuri informa

ciis wyaroa. maTi saTaurebi dagexmarebaT ufro kargad gaigoT suraTiT `naTqva

mi~, magram vizualuri informaciis `wakiTxvis~ unaris ganviTarebaze Tavad unda

izrunoT. axali fotoebi ferTa siuxviT Zvel, xSirad SavTeTr fotoebTan da

naxatebTan aris Serwymuli da warsulis socialur pirobebs asaxavs.

madlierebis niSnad

sociologiis mTavari gakveTili is aris, rom individTa miRwevebi, rogorc

wesi, sxvaTa daxmarebasa da TanamSromlobazea damokidebuli. es sruli WeS

maritebaa am wignTan mimarTebaSic. samive avtori erTmaneTisagan swavlobda da

kvlevisa da weris tvirTs iziarebda. Cven mravali sxva adamianic gvedga mxarSi.

makgrei hilSi (McGraw-Hill) wignze muSaobis sxvadasxva safexurze mravalma adamianma gadamwyveti roli Seasrula. wigns, avtorTa garda, mbeWdavi, koreq

tori, dizaineri da gamyidveli sWirdeba. yvelaze mniSvnelovani daxmareba, al

baT, araCveulebrivma redaqtorebma gagviwies, romlebic Cveni azris ufro cxa

dad gadmocemaSi, sociologiis gacocxlebaSi gvexmarebodnen da amowmebdnen,

rom raime ar gamogvrCenoda. Cven madlierebi varT ana levinis (Ann Levine), meri marSalis (Mary Marshall) da gansakuTrebiT roberta meieris (Roberta Mey-er), romelmac araCveulebrivi redaqtoroba gagviwia. yvelam wina gamocemebzec imuSava da am wignis warmatebaSi didi wvlili miuZRviT. eseni arian fil batCeri

(Phil Butcher) da jil gordoni (Jill Gordon) makgrei hilis gamomcemeli da sociologiis redaqtori. aseve gvsurs Tavdauzogavi SromisaTvis madloba gadavuxadoT

redaqtirebaze, dizainsa da fotoebis moZiebaze momuSave niWier TanamSromlebs

_ qeiT Sainmans (Kate Scheinman), karen quiglis (Karen Quigley), nensi daiers

12

(Nancy Dyer), barbara zalcs (Barbara Salz), anete maieskis (Annette Mayeski), emi smeltzlis(Amy Smeltzley) da joel bernStains (Joel Bernstein).

sociologiis ori niWieri maswavlebeli muSaobis procesSi mudam sasarge

blo rCevebs gvaZlevda. madlobas vuxdiT ted vagenaars (Ted Wagenaar) maiamis universitetidan da tom gierins (Tom Gieryn) indianas universitetidan. aseve dagvexmara sociologiis bevri maswavlebeli, romelTac wina gamocemis mixedviT

dagvakvalianes, risi Secvla SeiZleboda studentTa sasargeblod. eseni arian:

Carlz qeisi (Charles Case), avgustas kolejidan (Augusta College); dana dani (Dana Dunn) texasis universitetidan; jon v. a. ehli umcrosi (John V. A. Ehle Jr.) CrdiloeT virjiniis adgilobrivi kolejidan; barens v. jonstoni (Barrance V. John-ston) CrdilodasavleT indianas universitetidan; rabi s. levisi (Ruby C. Lewis), dekalbis kolejidan (Dekalb College); kenet e. mileri (Kenneth E. Miller) dreikis universitetidan (Drake University); kim d. Sopmaieri (Kim D. Schopmeyer) henri fordis adgilobrivi kolejidan da avtar singi (Avtar Singh) aRmosavleT karolinis universitetidan.

SesaZloa daxmarebis lomis wili Cvens studentebze modiodes. sociologiis

Sesavals wlebis ganmavlobaSi aTasobiT students vaswavliT da mniSvnelovan

wilad maTgan viswavleT sociologiuri Sexedulebebisa da informaciis miwo

debis gzebi. zogierTma maTganma damatebiT am wignis axali gamocemis kvlevis

asistentis rolic Seasrula. stiv pfafma (Steve Pfaff), mark regnerusma (Mark Regnerus) da met titolom (Matt Titolo) didi daxmareba gagviwies statistikuri monacemebis ganaxlebis, informaciis moZiebisa da kvlevis procesSi. madlobas

vuxdiT maT da am wigns vuZRvniT yvela Cvens students.

qreg kalhuni

dDonald laiTi

suzen keleri

nawili I

mecniereba sazogadoebis Sesaxeb

1�

1�

sociologiuri warmosaxva

. ZiriTadi koncefciebisociologia, rogorc mecniereba

. mecnieruli meTodi . socialuri faqtebi

sociologiis safuZvlebi

. sociologia da Tanamedrove epoqa . klasikuri sociologiuri Teoriebi

Tavi 1

sociologiuri perspeqtivebi

16

1�

r a SeiZleba iyos ufro bunebrivi, vidre bavSvis dabadeba?vilma da vilem stiuartebi, 30 wels gadacilebuli holandieli wyvili, Za

lian gaxarebulebi iyvnen: vilmam Soba janmrTeli tyupebi, tuni da koeni. Tavda

pirvelad stiuartebs yuradReba ar miuqceviaT im faqtisTvis, rom tyupebi erT

maneTisgan gansxvavdebodnen, magram Tveebi gadioda da gansxvaveba ufro da ufro

sagrZnobi xdeboda: tuns, iseve, rogorc mis mSoblebs, Ria feris Tma da kani hqonda,

xolo koens _ muqi feris kani da xuWuWa yavisferi Tma.

rodesac stiuartebi TavianT tyupebs saerTo etliT aseirnebdnen, garSemo

myofni gaocebas ver malavdnen: `raa?, eseni tyupebi arian? ki magram, es xom SeuZle

belia?~ xalxi interesdeboda: `koeni hqvia? rogori holandiuri saxelia aseTi eg

zotikuri garegnobis mqone bavSvisTvis!~ bolos, mezobelma vilmas dausva kiTxva,

rac yvelas aeWvebda: `gamimxile Seni saidumlo. or mamakacTan gqonda erTi da imave

dros urTierToba? (niuiork Taimsi, 28 ivnisi, 1995)~. tyupebis sxvadasxva feris

kani garSemomyofebisTvis im faqtis dadastureba iyo, rom vilma qmars Ralatobda.

sinamdvileSi, `saidumlo~ imaSi mdgomareobda, rom 5 wlis ganmavlobaSi sti

uartebis ojaxSi bavSvis Casaxvis yvela mcdeloba warumateblad mTavrdeboda. bo

los maT `in vitro~ ganayofierebis, anu IVF-is specialur klinikas miakiTxes. `in vitro~ iseTi proceduraa, romlis drosac qalis kvercxujredebs iReben sakver

cxeebidan da anayofiereben mamakacis spermiT. ramdenimedRiani inkubaciis Semdeg,

rodesac darwmundebian, rom namdvilad moxda ganayofiereba, eqimebi warmoqmnil

embrions danergaven qalis saSvilosnoSi.

rodesac tyupebis kanis feri garSemomyofTa yuradRebis sagani gaxda da

zurgs ukan CurCuli gamZafrda, stuartebma TavianT eqims mimarTes. dnms tes

tma aCvena, rom koens sxva mama hyavda. Semdgomma, ufro srulyofilma kvlevam ki

yvelafers naTeli mohfina: rodesac vilem da vilma stiuartebi `in vitro~ klinikaSi mividnen, im dRes iq ramdenime aseTi procedura Catarda. rogorc gairkva,

teqnikurma personalma wesebi daarRvia da ori proceduris Casatareblad erTi

sawveTuri gamoiyena. Sesabamisad, aRmoCnda, rom koenis genebis naxevari ekuTvno

da karibis erTerT kunZulze, aribaze mcxovreb mamakacs, romelic klinikas Ta

vis colTan erTad swored im dRes ewvia, ra dResac stiuartebi. stiuartebs un

dodaT TavianTi Svilebi daecvaT stigmatizaciisgan, rom maTTvis aravis daeZaxa

`xelovnuri ganayofierebiT Seqmnili bavSvebi~. stiuartebi daiRalnen Tanaso

flelebis kritikiT, maT aseve SeeSindaT, rom koenisTvis SeiZleboda moekiTxa

mis aribel mamas....

aziaSi gogonebis raodenoba biWebTan SedarebiT izrdeba. rogorc wesi, yov

el 100 gogonaze modis 106 biWi. imdenad, ramdenadac mamrobiTi sqesis axalSobi

lebs gadarCenis naklebi Sansi aqvT, vidre mdedrobiTi sqesisas, adreuli bavS

vobis periodSi gogonebisa da biWebis raodenoba Tanabrdeba. magram indoeTSi,

magaliTad, 1991 wels sqesobrivi Sefardeba aseTi iyo: 929 gogona yovel 1000 bi

Wze (balakriSani, 1994). es Tanafardoba SemTxveviTi ar aris.

saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi bevri aziuri kulturisTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo bi

WebisTvis prioritetis miniWeba gogonebTan SedarebiT. indoeTis udides nawil

1�

Si am sakiTxis mimarT zogadi damokidebuleba aseTia: `gogonas aRzrda mezoblis

mcenaris morwyvas hgavs~ (kusumi, 1993). qaliSvilis yola finansur tvirTad iTv

leba. wesCveulebis Tanaxmad, gogonas mSoblebma mis momaval meuRles sakmaod

didi mziTevi unda SesTavazon; gaTxovebis Semdeg gogona qmris ojaxis nawili

xdeba. qaliSvilebisagan gansxvavebiT, vaJebi agrZeleben ojaxis gvars; da imde

nad, ramdenadac isini memkvidreobiT iReben ojaxis kuTvnil miwas an bizness, iTv

leba, rom isini ojaxis simdidris SenarCunebaze zrunaven. socialuri dazRvevi

sa da moxucebulTa saxlebis ararsebobis gamo, rodesac mSoblebi berdebian, maT

vaJiSvilebi (da maTi colebi) uvlian.

warsulSi mSoblebs mxolod imedi unda hqonodaT da elocaT, rom maT vaJiSvi

li SesZenodaT. dRes ki, axalma teqnologiam SesaZlebeli gaxada, rom vaJiSvilis

dabadeba mSoblebis arCevanze iyos damokidebuli da ara mxolod survilze. am

niocentezisi da masTan dakavSirebuli procedurebi qals SesaZleblobas aZlevs

amoicnos jer kidev daubadebeli bavSvis sqesi da gadawyvitos, dabados igi Tu

aborti gaikeTos. qalTa centrebis kvlevam bombeiSi daadgina, rom amniocentez

isis Semdeg gakeTebuli 8.000 abortidan, 7.999 Canasaxi mdedrobiTi sqesis iyo

(msoflio jandacvis organizacia, 1992). rodesac indoeTis mTavrobam Canasaxis

sqesis niSniT abortebis gakeTebis mizniT amniocentezis gamoyeneba akrZala, Sav

ma bazarma es procedura Tavis Tavze aiRo da daakmayofila arsebuli moTxovna

(balakriSani, 1994). bilbordebi iuwyebodnen: `sjobs 500 rupia gadaixadoT axla

(eqoskopiasa da abortis gakeTebaSi), vidre 50.000 rupia mogvianebiT (mziTvisT

vis)~. eqoskopiis mowyobilobiT SeiaraRebuli specialuri manqanebi dadioda

provinciebSi da im ojaxebs sTavazobdnen `arCevans~, romlebic Tanamedrove sa

medicino momsaxurebis centrebisagan Sors cxovrobdnen.

kulturuli tradiciis mixedviT biWebis yolis survilma da mTavrobis mkacrma politikam, romelic ojaxze _ erTi Svilis yolas gulisxmobs, biWebisa da gogoebis Tanafardoba CineTSi, biWebisken gadaxara.

wyaro: CineTis mosaxleobis aRweris biuro da gamouqveynebeli monacemebi, citirebulia `niu iork TaimsSi~, 21 ivlisi 1993w. gv. a1.

sqema 1.1. sqesis arCeva

CineTSi vaJiSvilebisTvis tradiciuli prioritetis miniWeba garTulebulia

mTavrobis mier SemoRebuli `erTi Svilis~ dadgenilebiT. imisaTvis, rom Seemci

1�

rebinaT mosaxleobis raodenobis zrda, 1979 wels CineTis mTavrobam daakanona

mSobiarobis erTerTi yvelaze mkacri sakontrolo politika, rac odesme yo

fila (kuni da li, 1994, ii da sxvani, 1993). wyvilebs ekrZalebaT iyolion erTze

meti Svili. rogorc indoeTSi, CineTSic aikrZala teqnologiis gamoyeneba sqesis

SerCevis mizniT. Tumca, imdenad, ramdenadac teqnologia bevrgan arsebobs, wyvi

lebs martivad SeuZliaT eqimebis moqrTamva Canasaxis sqesis gasagebad. Sedegad

CineTSi axalSobilTa sqesobrivi Tanafardoba mamrobiTi sqesisaken gadaixara (ii

da sxvani, 1993) (ix. sqema1.1).

xelovnuri ganayofierebis teqnologia, iseve rogorc yvela sxva teqno

logia, zrdis adamianis mier bunebrivi procesebis gakontrolebis SesaZleb

lobas. xelovnuri ganayofierebis teqnologia Tavdapirvelad Seiqmna uSvilo

wyvilebis dasaxmareblad, imisaTvis, rom isini mSoblebi gamxdariyvnen. ganayo

fierebis teqnologia aseve exmareboda im wyvilebs, romlebsac genetikuri avad

myofoba aReniSneboda (rogoric aris, magaliTad taizaxis avadmyofoba an kidev

namgliseburi anemia) da asakian qalebs (romlebisTvisac ufro maRalia daunis

sindromiT daavadebuli bavSvis gaCenis riski), imis dasadgenad, rom gaegoT,

janmrTeli daibadeboda Tu ara maTi Svili.

axal teqnologiaTa da sxva movlenaTa gavlenis arsi TviT teqnologiebisa da

maT momxmarebel individTa miRma _ im socialur ZalebSi unda veZioT, romlebic

adamianur qcevas ayalibeben. axali reproduqciuli teqnologiebi cariel ad

gilze rodi Cndeba. isini SobadobaSi samedicino Carevis Tanamedrove tendenciis,

ufro zogadad ki _ mecnierebisa da teqnikis bunebaze `sazedamxedvelod~ gamoy

enebis nawilia. gvian Seqmnili ojaxebi da SeerTebul Statebsa da dasavleTis sxva

qveynebSi patara ojaxebis Seqmnis miswrafeba aseve arsebiT rols asrulebs, radgan

potenciuri Semosavlis wyaro xdeba reproduqciuli klinikebisaTvis (yovel Sem

TxvevaSi SeerTebul StatebSi). aziis zogierT kulturaSi vaJiSvilisaTvis myari

tradiciuli upiratesobis miniWebam da CineTis mTavrobis mier Zalauflebis gam

oyenebam waaxalisa reproduqciuli teqnologiebic. wyvilebis mier reproduqci

uli teqnologiebis gamoyenebis arCevanisa da misi Sedegebis gasagebad maT qcevaze

moqmedi socialuri Zalebi unda gvesmodes. amgvari gageba sociologiur warmosax

vas moiTxovs.

es Tavi sociologiis mimoxilviT daviwyeT. rogor gaamdidra sociologiur

ma perspeqtivam axali teqnologiebis, msoflio movlenebisa da TviT cxovrebis

Cveneuli xedva? wignis winamdebare nawili xuT ZiriTad sociologiur kon

cefcias warmogidgenT, romelsac SemdgomSic SexvdebiT. esenia: socialuri

struqtura, socialuri qcevebi, funqciuri integracia, Zalaufleba

da kultura. Semdeg sociologias mecnieruli kuTxiT ganvixilavT da aRvwerT,

rogor iyeneben sociologebi mecnierul meTodebs socialuri faqtebis Sesaxeb

kvlevebis Casatareblad. dabolos, sociologiis fesvebs gavyvebiT da gavecno

biT klasikur sociologiur Teoriebs, romlebic Tanamedrove Teoriisa da kv

levebis safuZvelia.

20

sociologiuri warmosaxva

sociologia ikvlevs adamianuri cxovrebis organizebis gzebs. sociologebi

sxvadasxva garemoSi socialuri cxovrebis Seswavlis mizniT samecniero kvleviT

meTodebsa da Teoriebs iyeneben. isini cdiloben Seiswavlon rogorc intimuri

urTierTobebi, aseve vrceli globaluri qselebi da yvelaferi, rac maT Soris

arsebobs. sociologebi dainteresebulebi arian im gzebiT, riTic adamianebi uka

vSirdebian erTmaneTs. sxva socialuri mecnierebani ZiriTadad Seiswavlian so

cialuri cxovrebis mxolod erT sferos: ekonomika Seiswavlis bazrebis dinamika

sa da produqtebis cirkulacias; politikuri mecniereba uRrmavdeba samTavrobo

da Zalauflebis urTierTobebs; anTropologia ekologiasa da kulturul Ta

viseburebebs ikvlevs; fsiqologia swavlobs biologias, adamianur ganviTarebasa

da individualur mentalur Taviseburebebs Soris urTierTkavSirs. sociologia

ki moicavs yvela am aspeqts. sociologebi yvelaze metad dainteresebulni ari

an socialuri cxovrebis sxvadasxva aspeqtis urTierTqmedebiT – magaliTad, ra

gavlenas axdens religiuri Sexedulebebi bavSvis gaCenis teqnologiebis mimarT

ojaxis damokidebulebaze da, Sesabamisad, ra gavlenas axdens maTi gadawyvetile

bebi samedicino momsaxurebis bazarze, bavSvebis raodenobaze, romlebsac moma

valSi dasWirdebaT skola da a.S.

sociologia gvTavazobs ara mxolod informacias, aramed samyaros dakvirvebi

sa da am samyaroSi Cveni adgilis moazrebis gansakuTrebul gzas. xSirad vcdi

lobT Cveni monawileobiT mimdinare movlenebis axsnas im adamianebis motivebiT,

romlebic pirdapir iyvnen dakavSirebulni ama Tu im movlenasTan. sociologebi

gvibiZgeben, rom mxolod individualuri fsiqologiis amocnobas ki ar davjer

deT, aramed yuradReba mivaqcioT adamianebis damokidebulebebsa da qmedebebSi

arsebul ganmeorebad tendenciebs da sxvadasxva periodis, kulturisa Tu so

cialuri jgufis Taviseburebebidan gamomdinare, am tendenciebis erTmaneTisa

gan gansxvavebas. magaliTad, sociologi ubralod ar ikiTxavs: `ratom iyeneben in

dividebi eqoskopias da `in vitro~ (Sida) ganayofierebas?~ is aseve dainteresdeba

`ram ganapiroba ganayofierebasTan dakavSirebuli teqnologiebis ganviTareba;

romelma jgufebma moaxdines am teqnologiebis popularizacia (an, piriqiT, See

cadnen SezRudvas); visTvis aris xelmisawvdomi xelovnuri gziT ganayofiereba?~

sociologebi individs ar uweven ignorirebas, isini gvaCveneben, rom individis

qmedebaTa da Cveni sakuTari gamocdilebis gasagebad saWiroa socialuri konte

qstis gaTvaliswineba. magaliTad, Cinelebis mier vaJiSvilisaTvis prioritetis

miniWeba ganpirobebulia CineTSi memkvidreobis sistemis specifikiT, imiT, rom

ojaxis gvars mamakaci agrZelebs da winaprebis didi TayvaniscemiT. SesaZloa,

swored es socialuri maxasiaTeblebi iwvevdes Cinelebis mier mamrobiTi sqesis

STamomavlebisaTvis prioritetis miniWebis midrekilebas.

amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi samedicino daxmarebis xelmisawvdomoba ZiriTa

dad ganpirobebulia gadaxdisunarianobiT; uSvilobis mkurnaloba gavrcelebu

21

li biznesia. 1995 wels daaxloebiT 3 milionamde amerikelma mimarTa xelovnuri

ganayofierebis klinikebs (begli, 1995), xelovnuri ganayofierebisTvis wyvilebi

xarjaven sul cota 10.000 dolars; xandaxan es Tanxa 100.000 dolarsac ki aRwevs.

janmrTelobis dazRvevis zogierTi saagento ixdis Sida ganayofierebasTan daka

vSirebul xarjebs, magram bevri sadazRvevo saagentos momsaxurebaSi es xarjebi

ar Sedis. xSir SemTxvevaSi ki qals kerZo janmrTelobis dazRvevac ar gaaCnia,

rac niSnavs, rom ganayofierebis axal teqnologiebze xeli mxolod SeZlebulebs

miuwvdeba.

Cveni piradi cxovrebis mraval aspeqts, _ Tundac Cveni dabadebis garemoe

bebs, Cvengan damoukidebeli Zalebi marTavs: ra xnis arian Cveni mSoblebi; gvy

avs Tu ara daZma da ramdeni; Cveni asakisa Tu Taobis ramdeni adamiani gagviwevs

konkurencias vakansiebis dasakaveblad jer sabavSvo baRSi, Semdeg ki _ samsaxur

Si; da isic saTuoa, saerTod, davibadebiT Tu ara. am Sexedulebis gaazreba didi

nawilia im cnebisa, rasac didi amerikeli sociologi raiT milsi `socialur war

mosaxvad~ moixseniebs.

socialuri warmosaxva niSnavs sakuTari gamocdilebis aRqmas socialur sa

myaroSi mimdinare procesebTan mimarTebaSi. es im farTo socialur movlenaTa

aRqmasac gulisxmobs, romlebic araa gamovlenili martooden pirovnul gamoc

dilebaSi. magaliTad, xalxi, visac uSualod hqonia saqme reproduqciul teqno

logiebTan, mozaikis mxolod erT nawils xedavs. mTliani suraTis ageba ki pozi

ciaTa da zneCveulebaTa sistematur mecnierul Seswavlas moiTxovs sxvadasxva

drosa da adgilas, sxvadasxva socialur garemoebasa da socialur klasebSi,

agreTve socialur qmedebaTa gamiznuli Tu uneblie Sedegebis gaTvaliswinebas.

socialuri warmosaxva dagvanaxebs, rom imaze bevrad metni varT, vidre mxo

lod Cvens pirad speqtaklebSi monawile msaxiobebi. is farTo socialuri mov

lenebi, romlebSic CarTulni varT, did socialur scenaze TamaSdeba. rogorc

milsi (1959/70. gv. 3,9) werda:

amJamad [adamianebi] xSirad SeigrZnoben, rom maTi piradi cxovreba

maxeebis qselia. isini xvdebian, rom yoveldRiur samyaroSi Tavs ver

daaRweven problemebs da am gancdaSi xSirad marTalni arian.

am TvalsazrisiT ganvixiloT umuSevroba. rodesac 100 000ian qa

laqSi mxolod erTi kacia umuSevari, es misi piradi gasaWiria da mis

dasaxmareblad, Cveulebriv, misi xasiaTi, unari, agreTve uSualod bed

nieri SemTxveviToba unda gaviTvaliswinoT. magram rodesac umuSevar

ia mravali aTasi, rac ukve socialuri sakiTxia, ver SevZlebT igi erTi

individuumisTvis xelmisawvdom SemTxveviTobaTa rigiT gadavWraT. aq

irRveva SemTxveviTobis TviT struqtura. rogorc problemis swori

formulireba, aseve SesaZlo gadawyvetilebani moiTxovs ganvixiloT

sazogadoebis ekonomikuri da politikuri institutebi da ara ubralod

calkeul individuumTa pirovnuli situacia da xasiaTi.

ganvixiloT omi. rodesac omi iwyeba, pirovnebis winaSe wamoWri

22

li problema SeiZleba iyos: rogor gadarCes anda rogor daiRupos

gmirulad; rogor gamdidrdes omis pirobebSi; rogor miaRwios maRal,

usafrTxo, samxedro Tanamdebobas, ra wvlili Seitanos omis damTavre

baSi... xolo omis struqturuli sakiTxebi kavSirSia mis socialur

mizezebTan; im xalxis tipTan, romelic mas warmarTavs; mis zegavlenas

Tan ekonomikasa da politikaze, ojaxisa da religiur institutebze;

erTa da saxelmwifoTa qaosur upasuxismgeblobasTan.

sociologiuri warmosaxva xels gviwyobs CavxvdeT rogorc pirovnul gamoc

dilebas, aseve sazogadoebriv sakiTxebsac.

Cven gvgonia, rom mniSvnelovan pirad gadawyvetilebebs _ rogorc, davuSvaT,

bavSvebis gaCenaa _ damoukideblad viRebT. sinamdvileSi Cvens pirovnul arCev

ans socialuri Zalebi gansazRvravs. amas Sobadobis cvalebadi maCvenebelic mow

mobs. XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi SeerTebul StatebSi Sobadoba nela, magram

mudmivad iklebda. meore msoflio omis Semdeg, meurneobis ganviTarebam, binaT

mflobelobis saxelmwifo mxardaWeram da gareubnebis zrdam, qalebis daTxovnam

samsaxuridan omis veteranTaTvis adgilis dasaTmobad da sxva faqtorebma bavS

vebis `bumi~ gamoiwvia. 196070ian wlebSi Sobadobis maCvenebeli kvlav daeca,

radgan marto cxovreba, uSvilo ojaxebi da gayra Cveulebrivi da ufro misaRebi

gaxda. 1980ian wlebSi es tendencia ramdenadme ukuiqca, radgan bavSvebis `bumis~

Taobam daiwyo Svilebis gaCena da qalebs, romlebmac dedoba gadades, drom mou

wia. amJamad, bevri axalgazrda qali, winamorbedi TaobisTvis damaxasiaTebeli

nayofierebis problemaTa SiSiT, amjobinebs adre gaaCinos Svili. es cvlilebe

bi milionobiT individualur gadawyvetilebaTa erTiani Sedegia, magram drois

politikurekonomikur klimatsac Seesatyviseba (laskeri da borgi, 1994).

ZiriTadi koncefciebi

sociologia socialuri fenomenis sakuTari xedvis Camosayalibeblad da mis

specifikur niSnebsa da sakiTxebze yuradRebis gasamaxvileblad, sxva mecniereba

Ta msgavsad, cnebebs iyenebs. Cveulebriv, yoveldRiur saubarSi xSirad gamoiyene

ba sociologiisgan nasesxebi mravali cneba da termini _ magaliTad, `asakobrivi

jgufi~ anda `Sida qalaqi~ _ magram isini sociologiis konteqstSi gamoyenebisas

ufro specifikur mniSvnelobas iZenen. ganvixilavT xuT mTavar cnebas, romleb

sac sociologebi socialuri cxovrebis umniSvnelovanes movlenaTa Sesafaseb

lad iyeneben.

struqtura

socialuri struqtura im xalxis urTierTobebis, poziciebisa da rao

denobis modelia, vinc mosaxleobis, mcire jgufi iqneba es Tu mTeli sazogadoeba,

socialuri organizebis `ConCxs~qmnis. urTierTobebi arsebobs, Tuki adamianebi

23

SedarebiT mdgrad da xangrZliv interaqtiursa da/Tu ormxriv damokidebule

baSi arian _ magaliTad, qorwineba an samsaxuri _ pirovnebaTSoris doneze,

anda ganaTlebisa Tu jandacvis sistemaTa msgavsi institutebi _ ufro farTo

gagebiT da abstraqtul doneze. poziciebi (zogjer statusebad moxseniebuli)

gansazRvravs adgils socialur urTierTobaTa sqemaSi, rogorc _ deda, prezi

denti, mRvdeli, _ rac, Cveulebriv, qcevis (rols rom uwodeben) mosalodnel

yaidas gansazRvravs. xalxis raodenoba sxvadasxva kategoriis SigniT (rogori

caa: qalTa klubebi Tu eris gansaxleba, martoxela dedebi Tu momuSave qalebi) da

gansakuTrebiT, am kategoriaTa SefardebiTi odenoba (rogoricaa: mosaxleobaSi

samocdaTxuTmets gadacilebuli mosaxleobis procentuli raodenoba an armiaSi

momsaxureTa Soris oficerTa proporciuli raodenoba), zemoqmedebas axdens so

cialur struqturaze.

mniSvnelovania ganvasxvavoT socialuri struqtura da pirovnebebi an `per

sonali~. universitetis struqtura, magaliTadAD, SedarebiT Ystabiluria, Tumca

personali mudmivad icvleba. yovel gazafxulze bolo kursis studentebi am

Tavreben da Semdeg Semodgomaze maT adgils axlad Semosuli kursi Seavsebs. icv

lebian pirovnebebi inglisurisa da qimiis fakultetebze, agreTve fexburTis

gundsa da sauniversiteto gazeTis StatSi. es SeiZleba gansakuTrebul adamianeb

sac Seexos, visac reqtoris, dekanis, kaTedris gamgisa Tu fexburTis mwvrTnelis

Tanamdeboba uWiravs. TanamSromelTagan zogi sruli profesori xdeba, zogic sxva

universitetSi midis. personalSi mimdinare am cvlilebaTa miuxedavad, ZiriTa

di struqtura _ urTierToba administracias, fakultetebsa da studentTa

korpuss Soris, profesorebsa da studentebs Soris, maRal da dabalkurselebs

Soris da a. S. _ Zalze nela icvleba an sulac ucvlelia. struqtura ayalibebs

SesaZleblobebs adamianebisaTvis, Tumca xalxic axdens gavlenas struqturaze.

magaliTad, Tuki Semosul studentTa ricxvi iklebs, SesaZloa, zogi profesori,

daiTxovon an datvirTva Seumciron. rodesac kolejSi Semsvlel qalTa raodeno

ba imatebs, Cndeba qalTa saerTo sacxovreblebis, qalTa saswavlo da sportuli

programebis moTxovnileba.

socialuri struqtura socialuri cxovrebis stabilurobis wyaroa, Tumca

cvlilebaTa gamowveva da warmarTva struqturul faqtorebsac SeuZlia. erT

Sviliani ojaxis politikaSi gamoxatuli ojaxis dagegmvis mkacri programis Se

muSaveba CineTSi mosaxleobis mkveTri zrdiT iyo gamowveuli. CineTis mosaxleo

bis ara mxolod raodenoba, aramed misi mateba Sedegad mohyva komunisturi

xelisuflebis mier gaumjobesebul kvebis sistemasa da janmrTelobis dacvas. es

niSnavs imas, rom CineTis mosaxleobis nawili axalgazrdaa da STamomavlobis Se

qmnis asaks aRwevs. amdenad erT wyvilze bavSvebis raodenobam rom iklos kidec,

dabadebuli bavSvebis raodenoba mainc didi iqneba. ase rom, arsebobda mosaxle

obis mosalodneli swrafi zrdis struqturuli mizezi (Warb mosaxleobaSi STa

momavlobisTvis momwifebuli adamianebis raodenobis maRali procenti). Tu am

qveyanaSi mosaxleobis mateba ar Seferxda, ekonomikisa da soflis meurneobis

ganviTarebis Sedegebs `STanTqavs~ mzardi mosaxleoba da cxovrebis xarisxi ar

2�

gaumjobesdeba. amitom ojaxis dagegmvis programis farglebSi CineTma Casaxvis

sawinaaRmdego teqnologiebis investireba moaxdina.

rogorc vnaxeT, CineTma mosaxleobis raodenobis kontrolisaTvis Zalis

mieri politika SeimuSava. aman gauTvaliswinebeli Sedegebi gamoiRo _ Cineli

wyvilebi (ultrabgeriTi gamokvlevisa da abortis saSualebiT), tradiciis Ses

abamisad, amjobinebdnen vaJi hyolodaT. amiT gamowveul sqesTa disbalanss mniS

vnelovani struqturuli rRveva mosdevs. rodesac meti biWi ibadeba, oci wlis

Semdeg iqmneba qalebis nakleboba ucolo mamakacebisaTvis. es niSnavs aramarto

imas, rom mamakacebis nawili ver moaxerxebs sacolis povnas, aramed imasac, rom

asakovani mamakacebi iZulebuli iqnebian SedarebiT axalgazrda qalebze iqorwi

non (ramac SesaZloa Seaferxos qalebi, ganaTlebis saSualebiT daimkvidron sta

tusi). garda amisa, naklebi iqneba qaliSvili da rZali, raTa xandazmul adamianebs

mouaros, amitom xelisuflebas meti Zalisxmeva dasWirdeba maTi siberis uzrunv

elsayofad. mTavrobis mier qalTa umaRlesi ganaTlebis xelSewyoba da tradici

ulad mamakacur profesiebSi maTi waxalisebasac gamoiwvevs qalebis naklebobas

tradiciul qalur saqmianobasa da socialur rolebSi.

nayofierebis Sablonebi dasavleTis qveynebSic iwvevs socialuri struqturis

Camoyalibebas. Sobadoba iklebs, Tuki wyvilebi naklebi Svilis yolas gadawyveten

(nawilobriv, Sobadobis sakontrolo teqnologiebis saSualebiT). Cveni axali

ojaxuri struqtura, sadac erTda orSviliani ojaxebi normadaa miCneuli, me

tad cvlis ojaxuri cxovrebis yaidas, skolebze moTxovnilebas, aiolebs profe

siuli karieris Seqmnas qalebisaTvis da cxovrebis mraval aspeqts gansazRvravs

CrdiloeT amerikasa da evropaSi. wyvilebi, vinc patara ojaxis Seqmnas apirebs,

bavSvsac ufro gvian aCenen. SeerTebul StatebSi pirveli mSobiarobis daaxloe

biT meoTxedi ocdaaTiormoci wlis asakSia (maranto, 1995). es imas niSnavs, rom

oci wlis Semdeg kolejebsa da universitetebSi Semsvleli axalgazrdebis meo

Txeds sapensio asakis mSoblebi eyolebaT (rac asakovan mSoblebs aiZulebs sam

saxurSi darCenas, xolo mTavrobas _ gauzardos daxmareba umaRlesi ganaTlebis

miRebis msurvel axalgazrdebs).

moqmedeba

moqmedeba aRniSnavs qcevas, romlis arCevani bevrad aRemateba instinqtursa

Tu refleqsurs. moqmedeba socialuria erTi mxriv, radgan sxva adamianebsac Seexeba

da, meore mxriv, sxvaTa mier Seqmnil garemoebebzec aris damokidebuli. sinamdvile

Si adamianad da pirovnebad qcevis TviT procesia socialuri. Cven vswavlobT enas,

Rirebulebebsa da qcevas, pirvel yovlisa, socialuri urTierTobis meSveobiT.

socialuri moqmedeba SeuZliaT ara mxolod pirovnebebs, aramed jgufebsa

da iseT rTul organizaciebs, rogoric korporaciebi Tu xelisuflebebia. Cven,

rogorc pirovnebebs, sakuTari pirobebis Sesacvlelad moqmedeba SegviZlia, maga

liTad, yoveldRiurad vvarjiSobT kalaTburTSi, raTa ukeTesi moTamaSe gavxdeT,

anda vwevriandebiT anonimur alkoholikTa organizaciaSi, raTa vadoT organizm

sa da urTierTobebze mavne CvevaTa damangreveli zemoqmedebis SeCereba. rogorc

2�

individualurad, aseve jgufebsa da organizaciebSi gawevrianebiT SegviZlia

sazogadoebis Secvlas vecadoT _ SevarbiloT rasobrivi SuRli, gavaumjobe

soT jandacvis sistema, gadavarCinoT saxelmwifo tyeebi anda movaxdinoT revo

lucia. sazogadoebriv qmedebaTagan zogierTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani warmoqmnis

axal urTierTobebs, vTqvaT, rodesac qorwinebisas nefepatarZali warmoTqvams:

`Tanaxma var~ an axali saxelmwifosa Tu organizaciis damaarseblebi mis gansaxor

cieleblad da socialuri struqturis misaniWeblad konstitucias SeimuSaveben.

es qmedebani, Tavis mxriv, axal samoqmedo pirobebs qmnis. daqorwinebul mamakacsa

da qals, SesaZloa, Sinaganma da gareganma faqtorebma aiZulos bavSvis gaCena; Svi

lis dabadebis Semdeg, miuxedavad maTi Zalisxmevisa, Tanabrad gainawilon mSoblis

pasuxismgebloba, SesaZloa, isini gaucnobiereblad mainc aRmoCndnen sqesobrivad

stereotipul rolebSi.

xSirad uciloblad migvaCnia Cveni socialuri garemos aspeqtebi, TiTqos isini

yovelTvis arsebobda an axlaxans, saswaulebriv da meyseulad Seiqmna da ar vuwevT

angariSs socialuri moqmedebis mniSvnelobas. magaliTad, axali reproduqciuli

teqnologiis SemoReba ar yofila mecnieruli ganviTarebis TavisTavadi nayofi,

romelic aucileblad warmoiSoboda. es iyo `xalxis gansazRvrul jgufTa mier

gansazRvrul drosa da adgilas miRebul sagangebo gadawyvetilebaTa Sedegi,

maT moTxovnilebas rom Seesabameboda~ (uaismeni, 1994). aseTive Zalisxmevas unda

movuxmoT unayofobis mizezTa dasadgenad da Casaxvis aRmkveTi saSualebebis ga

mosaZebnad, agreTve Svilad ayvanis samsaxurebis gasafarToeblad, raTa savarau

do mSoblebi da mitovebuli umweo bavSvebi erTmaneTs daukavSirdnen.

erTSviliani ojaxis politika CineTSi da bavSvis sqesis SerCeviT aborti indoe

li ojaxebis mier socialuri moTxovnebis mkafio magaliTebia. da mainc, pirovne

baTa mier miRebuli kerZo Ogadawyvetilebebi socialuria. davuSvaT, ocdaCvidmeti

wlis martoxela atlanteli qali xelovnuri ganayofierebis gziT xdeba deda. ra

tomaa misi moqmedeba `socialuri~? pirvel yovlisa, imitom, rom igi damokidebu

lia arsebul socialur pirobebze. miuxedavad imisa, rom es teqnologia ocdaxuTi

wlis winaTac arsebobda (da, udavod, zogierTi imdroindeli `SinaberasTvis~ sa

surveli iqneboda), maSin eqimebis umetesoba uars ityoda daorsulebaSi daxmare

boda martoxela qals. amaTanave, gaTxovili iqneboda Tu martoxela, ocdaaTs

gadabijebuli qalisTvis metad didi iyo daunis sindromiani bavSvis gaCenis riski.

amJamad, martoxela dedoba samarcxvinod aRar iTvleba, xolo Tanamedrove mSobia

robamdel testebs SeuZlia genetikuri problemebi orsulobis periodSive gamoav

linos. garda amisa, qalis moqmedeba socialuria, vinaidan igi sxva adamianebsac

Seexeba: bavSvs, mamas (Tundac anonimur donors, Tuki bavSvi mogvianebiT masTan

Sexvedras isurvebs) da ufro farTod, sazogadoebasac.

amniocentezisi da masTan dakavSirebuli teqnologiebi saSualebas gvaZlevs

zogierTi Tandayolili defeqti da genetikuri nakli muclad yofnis periodSive

gamovavlinoT. genetikur tests winaswar SeuZlia gansazRvros colqmris Sansi,

uaryofiTi genebi gadasces Svils. taizaxis genis (nela mimdinare davaadeba, ad

reul asakSi mtkivneul sikvdils rom iwvevs) mqone mSoblebs oTxidan erT SemTx

vevaSi emuqreba am seniT daavadebuli bavSvis gaCenis saSiSroeba. warsulSi maT

26

an tkivilisa da tanjvis riski unda gaewiaT, an uari eTqvaT Svilis yolaze. amJa

mad mSoblebs winaswar SeuZliaT gaigon, rom taizaxis geni aqvT. Tuki es orive

aReniSneba, isini amjobineben bavSvi iSvilon, vidre taizaxis genis mqone Svili

moavlinon amqveynad. es arCevani SesaZlo gaxda, radgan teqnologia viTardeba,

eqimebs surT gardaqmnebis danergva da a.S.

kultura

kultura azrovnebis, aRqmis, Sefasebisa da urTierTobis metnaklebad inte

grirebuli modelia, romelic xalxis cxovrebis wesis nawilia. mravali im niSan

Tagan, romelTac sakuTari Tavis adamianad mosaazreblad movixmobT _ ena, zneo

ba, teqnologia, unari _ Cveni kulturis elementebia, romlebsac ojaxebidan

moyolebuli socialuri urTierTobisas viTvisebT kulturuli institutebiT

_ skolebi iqneba Tu religiuri dawesebulebebi _ sargeblobis. kultura gvama

ragebs resursebiT azrovnebisa da moqmedebisaTvis, romelTagan umniSvnelova

nesi enaa. kultura gvawvdis agreTve kriteriumebs moqmedebis mniSvnelobis

Sesafaseblad. erTerTi sakamaTo sakiTxia abortis legalizacia da misi xelmis

awvdomoba yoveli amerikeli qalisaTvis. am sakiTxze yovel Cvengans mxolod pi

radi Sexedulebis gamoTqma SeuZlia (iseve, rogorc mraval sxvaze), radgan unda

gadavwyvitoT nayofis `sicocxlis ufleba~ davayenoT pirvel adgilze, Tu `qa

lis arCevanis ufleba~. Cveni saziaro kultura gvexmareba am ori ideidan erTi

avirCioT da vikamaToT maTze. Cveni kultura pozitiur Rirebulebas aniWebs si

cocxles zogadad da agreTve arCevans anu Tavisuflebas. aborti is sakiTxia, sa

dac sxvadasxva kulturuli Rirebulebebi upirispirdeba erTmaneTs.

bevr aziur sazogadoebaSi kulturuli Rirebulebebi ubiZgebs adamianebs

vaJebi amjobinon qaliSvilebs. arcTu aSkarad, aziuri kulturebi midrekile

bas avlens. jgufs (gansakuTrebiT _ ojaxs) meti Rirebuleba mianiWos, vidre

pirovnebas, sazogadoebrivi wesrigi da harmonia ki pirovnul Tavisuflebaze

maRla daayenos. bevri Cineli xvdeba, rom saxelmwifosTvis swori da xelsayre

lia mosTxovos wyvilebs bevri Svilis yolis survili mTlianad sazogadoebis

keTildReobas Seswiros, magram rogorc SeerTebul StatebSi abortis SemTxveva

Si, CineTSi ojaxisa da sazogadoebrivi dakveTis RirebulebaTa Sejaxeba xdeba:

erTi Rirebulebis (socialuri keTildReobis) sasargeblo qmedeba avtomaturad

Trgunavs meore maTgans (didi ojaxis mniSvnelovnebas).

kultura warmogviCens idealebs, romlebic pirad ocnebebsa da survilebs ay

alibebs. dasavleTSi uSvilo qorwinebebi amJamad ufro misaRebia, vidre warsul

Si, magram maT axlac ar miiCneven idealad. bavSvebTan saubrisas frazas _ `rode

sac gaizrdebi~ imdenad xSirad moayoleben _ `da deda/mama gaxdebi~, rom isini

Tanabar mniSvnelobas iZenen (laskeri da borgi, 1994). qalis ideali CvenTvis de

dobaa, kacisa _ mamoba. kultura, socialur wnexSi moyolili, ocdaaTs gadabi

jebul uSvilo wyvilebs xSirad arasrulfasovnebas ganacdevinebs. rac ufro met

Svils aCenen maTi megobrebi, isini sul ufro metad arian amovardnili (an Tavs

grZnoben aseTad) socialuri konteqstidan. Cveni kultura, umeteswilad, ego

2�

istebad da ucnaurebad aRiqvams uSvilo adamianebs. ara mxolod uSvilo wyvili,

aramed martoxela uSvilo qali, lesboseli iqneba Tu heteroseqsuali, normidan

gadaxvevad iTvleba. Tuki Svilebis aryola egoistobadaa miCneuli, mxolod erTi

bavSvis gaCena _ uaris Tqma mis dasa Tu Zmaze _ arcTu bevrad ukeTesad aRiqmeba.

miuxedavad aSkara simcdarisa, fexmokidebulia stereotipi, TiTqos dediserTa

bavSvebi ganebivrebuli da umarTavi arian. metic, Cven rogorc kultura, `bune

briv~ mSobiarobas vamjobinebT bavSvis Svilad ayvanas, Tundac bunebrivi mSo

biaroba maRali teqnologiebis samedicino Carevis Sedegi iyos.

garda amisa, kultura, SesaZlebels xdis axal teqnologiebs socialurad

organizebuli informaciis maragis meSveobiT, romlebzec muSaoben eqimebi, ga

momgoneblebi, saxelmwifo moxeleebi da maTi mzgavsi Cveulebrivi adamianebi.

amerikul kulturas mravalwilad teqnologiebi ayalibebs. Cven did energias

vandomebT mowinave teqnologiebs. mecnierebisa da teqnologiebis miRwevebma

ukanaskneli 200 wlis ganmavlobaSi Secvala Cveni warmodgena adamianis SesaZle

blobebze. winaparTagan gansxvavebiT, romelTa rwmena bunebisa Tu RvTis mier

dawesebul CarCoebSi iyo moqceuli, gvwams, rom yvela problemas gadavWriT, Tuki

xelT teqnologia gveqneba. buneba asaTvisebel da dasamuSaveblad xelmisawvdom

maragad warmogvidgeba da ara sakralurad Zlevamosilad, romlis gardaqmna gve

krZaleba. es adamianis bunebazec vrceldeba, rasac SobadobasTan dakavSirebuli

axali teqnologiebic gvidasturebs.

Zalaufleba

Zalaufleba socialurad moqmedi romelime piris unaria, gansazRvros so

cialuri organizaciis struqturisa Tu movlenebis kursi. SesaZloa Zalaufleba

socialurad moqmed sxva pirTa nebis sawinaaRmdegod gamoiyenebodes, raTa aiZu

los maT imis Cadena, rac ar surT, anda gamoiyenebodes sxva pirTa nebis Camosayali

beblad, rom esa Tu is saqcieli Caidinon (an piriqiT). pirveli saxiT gamtacebeli,

roca iaraRis muqariT aiZulebs mZRols waiyvanos ukacriel adgilze, sadac arc

policiaa da arc mowme. sxvisi nebis Camosayalibeblad Zalauflebas iyenebs mwar

moebeli, roca reklamis saSualebiT moandomebs momxmarebels misi produqciis

SeZenas, maT Soris iseTsac romelze manamde arc ufiqria. aSSis mTavroba Tavis

Zalauflebas iyenebs amerikuli sazogadoebis struqturis Camosayalibeblad,

kerZOod, ipoTekuri sesxebis gadasaxadebisgan gaTavisuflebas uiolebs binaTm

flobelebs, mxars uWers saSualo klasisa da danarCeni sazogadoebis wvlilsa da

pasuxismgeblobas maTi gaerTianebebisadmi.AAA A A A aRvniSnavT, rom Zalaufleba SeiZleba

gamoiyenebodes rogorc oficialur, aseve kanongareSe pirTa mier, an ufro zus

tad, socialur SemsrulebelTa, magaliTAad, korporaciebisa Tu mTavrobebis mier.

CineTis xelisufleba aSkarad iyenebs Zalauflebas, rodesac Tavisi kanon

proeqtebiT zRudavs ojaxebs erTi bavSviT da nergavs axal teqnologiebs `arasa

survel~ mSobiarobaTa aRsakveTad. aseTi eqstremaluri da sakamaTo politikis

gatareba mxolod CineTis msgavs avtoritarul mmarTvelobas Tu SeuZlia. mo

saxleobis msgavsi problemebis, magram susti xelisuflebis mqone sxva qveynebs _

2�

indoeTs, indonezias, nigerias, ojaxis dagegmvis efeqturobisaTvis ufro Znelad

gansaxorcielebeli saSualebebis Zieba uwevT.

mTavrobis mier Tavisi Zalauflebis gamoyeneba Sobadobis kontrolisaT

vis miuRebelia amerikelTa umravlesobisaTvis. Tumca es praqtika amerikisTvis

arc ise `ucxoa~, rogorc gvgonia. 1930 wels bevri amerikeli mecnieri emxroboda

evgenikas _ mosaxleobis xarisxis gaumjobesebis mcdelobas SerCeviTi repro

ducirebis gziT. ocdaaTze met StatSi miiRes kanoni iZulebiTi sterilizaciis

Sesaxeb, rac miznad isaxavda sazogadoebis gawmendas `gariyulebis~ _ loTebis,

narkotikebis momxmareblebis, epilefsiiT Sepyrobilebis, sulierad daavadebu

lebis, damnaSaveebisa da, gansakuTrebiT, gonebrivad CamorCenilebisgan, visi

problemebic memkvidreobiTad iTvleboda. evgenikas socialur (da ekonomikur)

sakiTxTa mecnierul gadawyvetad ganixilavdnen. erTi oficialuri warmomad

genlis TqmiT, maTTvis STamomavlobis Seqmnis danebeba `sazogadoebis eqstrava

ganturobas~ niSnavda (larsoni, 1995, gv.120). amdenad, `mecnierebas~ ufro popu

laruli crurwmenebi gansazRvravda, vidre mecnierebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli

winaswari ganWvretis faqtobrivi unari. ase rom iyos, abraam linkolnis mSoblebi

saTvis, romelTagan erTi fsiqikurad daavadebuli iyo, xolo meore _ loTi, Svi

lis gaCena unda agvekrZala. da mainc, iZulebiTi sterilizacia zogierT StatSi

197080ian wlebamde rCeboda ZalaSi (amJamad zogierTni SiSoben, biogenetikis

miRwevebma evgenikis politika kvlav ar gamoaRviZos).

fuli Zalauflebis erTerTi formaa. SeerTebul StatebSi ganayofierebaze

momuSave klinikebi metwilad komerciuli dawesebulebebia maTTvis, vinc Se

Zlebs gaistumros dadgenili momsaxurebis safasuri. kanadasa da evropis bevr

qveyanaSi es momsaxureba xalxis umetesobisaTvis xelmisawvdomia, radgan saxelm

wifo jandacvis sistema afinansebs. am sazogadoebaTa farTo jgufebs SeuZliaT

Tavisi politikuri Zalis gamoyeneba, raTa dabegvra mTeli mosaxleobis jandac

vis sasargeblod moxdes da ar emyarebodes mxolod kerZo dazRvevasa da pirad

angariSsworebas, rogorc es SeerTebul StatebSia miRebuli. Tumca am qveyana

Sic ganayofierebis ZviradRirebuli momsaxurebisaTvis gadaxdisas adgilobrivi

xelisufleba gamoyofs Tanxebs. amdenad, am sakiTxSi Tavs iyris mTavrobis Za

laufleba moqalaqeTa dabegvris da amoRebuli Semosavlebis gankargvis gzebis

Ziebisas, da agreTve SeZlebuli (kargad organizebuli) jgufebis Zalaufleba,

romelic zewolas axorcielebs xelisuflebaze, raTa `xalxis fuli~ am jgufebis

sasargeblod daixarjos.

sociologebi mTlianad socialuri sistemis Zalauflebasac Seiswavlian, ro

melic pirovnebaTa, jgufTa Tu organizaciaTa Zalauflebisgan gansxvavebulia.

amerikul sazogadoebas meti Zalaufleba aqvs, vidre, davuSvaT, eTiopiisas. es

ar niSnavs, rom amerikas aqvs samxedro Zalaufleba, romelic brZolaSi daamar

cxebs eTiopias anda ekonomikuri berketebi eTiopiis Sesaviwroveblad. es ufro

exeba teqnologiuri, ekonomikuri da socialuri ganviTarebis dones, romelic

am sazogadoebebSi xalxis cxovrebas gansazRvravs. amerikelebs umuSevrobisa

da siRaribis gamocdileba aqvT, magram SimSiliT iSviaTad ixocebodnen. eTiopi

aSi, piriqiT, xSiria sastiki SimSiloba, rasac ara mxolod hava, aramed SedarebiT

2�

primitiuli teqnologia, ekonomikis ganviTarebis dabali done da socialuri

aSliloba iwvevs. Tanamedrove industriuli sazogadoeba xalxs ganrigis, tabe

luri drois, SezRuduli vadebis enaze azrovnebas aiZulebs. eTiopiis msgavs mi

waTmoqmed sazogadoebaSi es droiTi zewola matulobs, rodesac qalaqebis, sam

saxurebis, Tanamedrove industriis ganviTareba iwyeba. droSi gaTvlili amgvari

cxovreba ar aris mimzidveli, magram xalxi iZulebulia miiRos igi. eTiopiaSic

da SeerTebul StatebSic piradi identuroba erovnul identurobasTan ufro

mWidrodaa gadanaskvuli, vidre separatistul eTnikur identurobasTan. Cven

vixdiT gadasaxadebs da umeteswilad vaRiarebT samxedro samsaxuris aucileb

lobas, radgan gvwams, rom Cveni rogorc pirovnebaTa gadarCena da cxovrebiseuli

gza sakuTari qveynis gadarCenasTanaa dakavSirebuli. nacionalizmi Zalauflebas

iyenebs patriotul grZnobaTa mobilizebisaTvis. es Zalaufleba damaxasiaTebe

lia ara romelime erTi socialuri SemsruleblisaTvis (Tumca pirovnebebsa da

jgufebs SeuZliaT patriotul grZnobebs mouxmon), aramed sazogadoebisTvis,

rogorc mTlianisaTvis.

funqcia

adamianis dabadeba sazogadoebisgan gamijnuli ar aris. gaCenili bavSvebis rao

denoba, gogonebi iqnebian Tu biWebi, jansaRebi Tu arajansaRebi, gavlenas axdens

skolebze, SromiT bazarze, qorwinebis modelze, xandazmulTa mzrunvelobaze da

a.S. socialuri struqturisa da socialuri organizaciis sxvadasxva aspeqti funq

ciurad erTmaneTTanaa dakavSirebuli. sazogadoebis erT nawilSi momxdari mov

lena exeba da gansazRvravs sxva nawilebSi mimdinare procesebs. magaliTad, Tuki

viTardeba axali samedicino teqnologiebi dRenaklul CvilTa gadasarCenad, am

Zviri teqnologiis safasuris dasafarad imatebs sadazRvevo Tanxac.

adre funqciur urTierTkavSirebs sociologebi xSirad xsnidnen `organuli

analogiis~ saSualebiT. iseT organizmSi, rogoric adamianis sxeulia, guli,

filtvebi, tvini da sxva organoebi sruqturulad diferencirebulia, Tumca _

funqciurad SekavSirebuli. sisxlis miwodeba filtvebisaTvis gulis muSaobazea

damokidebuli; yvela sxva organo damokidebulia filtvebis mier sisxlis Jang

badiT gamdidrebaze; tvini sxeulis mraval operacias nervuli sistemis saSuale

biT xelmZRvanelobs, magram Tavadac gulisa da filtvebisgan iRebs JangbadiT

gamdidrebul sisxls da a.S. Tuki guliscema regularuli araa anda filtvebi ver

awvdis sakmao Jangbads an tvinia dazianebuli, mTliani sistema _ organizmic zi

andeba. sazogadoebebi araa iseve mtkiced integrirebuli, rogorc biologiuri

organizmebi, magram maTi calkeuli nawilebic damokidebulia erTmaneTze, raTa

imuSaon, rogorc sistemebma. amdenad, reproduqciuli teqnologiebi mxolod im

itom arsebobs, rom samedicino saswavleblebi amzadebs eqimebs, mkvlevrebi avi

Tareben teqnologiebs, ekonomika qmnis dovlaTs maT asanazRaureblad da a.S.

termini _ funqcia aRniSnavs am wvlils, romelic socialur urTierTobas,

pozicias, organizebas, Rirebulebasa Tu sazogadoebis sxva aspeqtebs Seaqvs far

30

To socialur sistemaSi. funqciurad integrirebuli sistemis yoveli nawili ax

dens zemoqmedebas da Tavadac ganicdis zemoqmedebas sxvebisgan. aseTia skolebis

funqcionireba studentTa mosamzadeblad, vinc SeZlebs damqiraveblisTvis

saWiro samuSao Seasrulos da sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi miiRos monawileoba,

rogorc sakuTari qveynis moqalaqem. SeuZlebelia CavwvdeT skolis arss, Tuki mas

gamijnulad SeviswavliT _ aucilebelia sazogadoebis sxva nawilebTan misi kav

Siris gaTvaliswineba. Tavis mxriv, skola funqciurad TviTonac organizebulia:

sxvadasxva sagnis maswavleblebi, administratorebi, moswavleebi, biblioTek

arebi da materialuri obieqtebic ki, dafebisa da wignebis CaTvliT, sxvadasxva

funqcias asruleben. funqciuri integracia xarisxzea damokidebuli _ ramde

nad SeuZlia jgufisa Tu sazogadoebis nawilebs metnaklebad harmoniuli Tanam

Sromloba anu urTierTSewyobili moqmedeba.

zogjer socialuri sistemis erTi nawili ise moqmedebs, rom sistemis, rogorc

mTlianis efeqtur muSaobas aferxebs. am SemTxvevaSi igi `disfunqciuria~. maga

liTad, zogierTis mtkicebiT, axali reproduqciuli teqnologiebi disfunqci

uria, radgan sxva, ufro saSur moTxovnilebebs (rogoricaa jandacva, saTanado

kveba da ganaTleba sabavSvo baRebSi, Raribi orsuli qalebis daxmareba) aklebs

resursebs da savaraudo mSoblebs ubiZgebs ganayofierebis xelovnur xerxebs

mimarTon Svilis ayvanis nacvlad, rac obol da mitovebul bavSvebs moyvaruli da

mzrunveli ojaxebis gareSe tovebs.

zogjer SegviZlia reproduqciuli teqnologiis sasikeTo, saswaulebrivi

Sedegebi davinaxoT, roca uSvilobis problemebis mqone wyvilebs bavSvis gaCenis

saSualeba eZlevaT, SegviZlia davinaxoT safrTxec _ zneobrivad saCoTiro Ca

reva bunebisa Tu RvTis nebaSi. es piraduli gansjis gadasawyvetia. magram am axali

teqnologiis gasagebad _ rad ganviTarda igi, rogor mimarTebaSia pirovnebasa

Tu mTlianad sazogadoebasTan, vis exmareba (Tu azaralebs) yvelaze metad da saiT

mivyavarT _ yvela is sakiTxi unda gaviTvaliswinoT, romelzec zemoT visaubreT.

sociologebs, maTi gansaxilveli Tematikisa da Teoriuli perspeqtividan gamom

dinare, SeuZliaT yuradReba mTavar cnebaTagan erTerTze _ struqturaze, mo

qmedebaze, kulturaze, Zalasa Tu funqciaze gaamaxvilon, Tumca xuTive maTgani

mniSvnelovania sociologiurad azrovnebisTvis.

sociologia, rogorc mecniereba

yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi samyaros praqtikuli Secnoba xdeba. Cven Segvi

Zlia viaroT, Tumca ar vicodeT kunTebis fiziologia, SegviZlia visaubroT me

tyvelebis Teoriis Seswavlis gareSe. sxva sityvebiT _ yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi

bevr rames TavisTavad, dasabuTebis gareSe viRebT da ise vmoqmedebT, TiTqos

yvelaferi gvesmodes, Tundac ar SegveZlos amis axsna. praqtikuli, yoveldRi

uri Secnoba mniSvnelovnad gvexmareba qmedebaSi, magram mainc SezRudulia. sa

myaros Sesaxeb Cveni codnis gaRrmavebas mecnierebis calkeuli dargebi isaxavs

31

miznad da Cvens pirad gamocdilebas mecnieruli meTodis saSualebiT afarToebs

(burdie, Sambordoni da paseroni, 1991).

mecnieruli meTodi

mecniereba samyaros Sesaxeb informaciis Segrovebisa da organizebis Seda

rebiT axali formaa. dRes mecnierebaSi vgulisxmobT bunebaze dakvirvebis

sistemur meTods, obieqturad aRqmulis interpretacias, mizezSedegobrivi

kavSiris Ziebas da Cveni warmodgenebis sistemaSi moyvanas Teoriis meSveobiT.

iseT mecnierTa mier, rogorc galilei, koperniki da niutoni iyvnen, meCvidmete

saukuneSi gakvaluli es gza `mecnierul revoluciaSi~ gadaizarda codnis yvela

sferoSi. amJamad cnobil mecnierebis yvela dargs _ fizikas Tu biologias, eko

nomikas da sociologias _ safuZveli mecnierulma revoluciam Cauyara.

mecnieruli revolucia emyareboda or ZiriTad princips, romlebic mecniere

baSi dRemde daculia. pirveli empiriuli dakvirvebaa. mecnieruli meTodi dasa

buTebuls eyrdnoba da ara savaraudosa da yurmokruls. empiriuli informacia

Cveni xuTi grZnobiT (mxedveloba, smena, ynosva, Sexeba, gemos SegrZneba) an maTi ga

farToebiT (rogorc radioteleskopi `iWers~ TvalisTvis uxilav talRebs) aris

SeZenili da Semowmebuli. meore ZiriTadi principi logikuri analizia. movle

nis mecnieruli xedva gulisxmobs, rom SegviZlia igi racionalurad gaviazroT da

logikuri forma mivceT. logika da empiriuli dakvirveba mecnierebaSi uerTman

eTod ar muSaobs. SeuZlebelia mizezSedegobriobas mxolod dakvirvebiT Cavwv

deT; yovel Cvengans SeuZlia dainaxos, rom ori ram erTdroulad xdeba _ vTqvaT

wvima da yvavilebis zrda. mizezSedegobrivi kavSiris gamosavlenad am ori mov

lenis logikur mimdinareobas unda mivyveT (wvima uSualod ar iwvevs yvavilobas,

magram Teslis gaRvivebasa da mcenaris ayvavebisTvis aucilebel pirobebs warmo

qmnis, Tuki Tesli nayofier niadagSia moxvedrili da a.S.).

empiriul dakvirvebasa da logikur analizze damyarebuli mecnieruli meTo

di iswrafis Seamowmos codna, radgan igi Cveulebrivi Sexedulebisgan gansxvave

bulia. mecniereba WeSmaritebad arafers scnobs mxolod avtoritetze (RvTisa

iqneba, romis papisa Tu mefisa), tradiciaze (vinaidan xalxs odiTganve sjeroda,

rom es asea) anda konsensusze (yvelas ase hgonia) dayrdnobiT. mecnieruli codna

yovelTvis ar ukuagdebs avtoritets, tradiciasa Tu konsensuss, magram SeuZlia

asec moxdes. amis erTerTi yvelaze gamorCeuli magaliTia manamde gavrcele

buli Sexedulebis _ dedamiwis garSemo mzis brunvis sawinaaRmdegod galileis

gamoTqmuli mosazreba da Tavisi daskvnis empiriuli dakvirvebiTa da logikuri

analiziT gamyareba. Tavdapirvelad xalxma sruliad uaryo galileis mosazreba,

romelic ewinaaRmdegeboda maT mamapapaTa da, SesaZloa, miTologiur rwmenas

(tradicia); ufro metic, upirispirdeboda eklesiur moZRvrebas (avtoriteti).

amasTanave, TiToeuls SeeZlo daenaxa, rom mze aRmosavleTidan amodis, gadakveTs

32

cas da dasavleTiT Cadis (konsensusi). yovelive amis miuxedavad, am SemTxvevaSi sab

olood mecnierebam gaimarjva.

mecnieruli meTodi metad Zlieria. Tanamedrove epoqaSi mas SeuZlia uaRresad

gaafarTovos codna, rasac didi miRwevebi aqvs teqnologiaSi. mecnierebasaviT

Zliers, mas mainc ar SeuZlia `srulqmnili~ codna mogvawodos. pirveli, mecnie

ruli codna dausrulebelia: saTanadod Seuswavlelia mravali fenomeni da axal

Ziebas SeuZlia eWvqveS daayenos is, rac manamde garkveuli gvegona. meore, zogierT

kiTxvas SeuZlebelia mecnierulma kvlevam gasces pasuxi (magaliTad, arsebobs Tu

ara RmerTi). metic, sxvadasxva adamiani, mecnierTa CaTvliT, sxvadasxva kulturaSi

gabatonebuli TvalsazrisiT xelmZRvanelobs, sxvadasxva Sexeduleba aqvs sagnebze,

maT aRsawerad gansxvavebul enasa da gamoTqmebs iyenebs da daskvnac gansxvavebuli

gamoaqvs. mecnierTa TanamSromlobas SeuZlia srulyos mecniereba da teqnologia,

warmatebiT ganaxorcielos praqtikuli saqmianoba, xidebis mSenebloba iqneba Tu

kosmosuri xomaldis gaSveba, magram mecnierebi verasodes SeZleben sxvadasxva Tval

sazrisTa Sedegebis srulad gabaTilebasa da erT `WeSmaritebaze~ SeTanxmebas.

rogorc mecniereba, sociologia specifikur winaaRmdegobebs awydeba. rode

sac sociologebi dakvirvebis mecnierul meTods mimarTaven, isini akvirdebian

ara `bunebas~, romelic adamianebis gareT arsebobs da metnaklebad dafiqsire

bulia maTTan urTierTobaSi, aramed ufro im samyaros adevneben Tvals, romelic

nawilobriv adamianTa mier aris Seqmnili da romelsac mecnierebi verasodes gae

mijnebian. socialuri samyaro araa uZravi, igi gamudmebiT icvleba. magaliTad,

ena mxolod imitom arsebobs, rom mas adamianebi iyeneben, magram gamoyenebisas maT

cotaodeni cvlilebac SeaqvT masSi. socialuri samyaro Cveni nawilia, Cven ki misi

nawili varT. socialuri mecnieruli dakvirveba araa ubralod bunebis interpre

tacia, sul cota, igi interpretaciaa xalxisa, vinc Tavad axdens interpretacias

da Tavis samyaroebs qmnis (gidensi, 1984).

empiriuli dakvirveba

empiriuli dakvirveba sityvasityviT `yurebasa da danaxvas~ unda niSnavdes.

sinamdvileSi igi ufro rTulia. sociologebma Tavisi dakvirveba unda aqcion

monacemebad _ informaciad, romelic gamosadegi iqneba specifikur sociolo

giur kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad. amisaTvis sami etapis gavlaa saWiro. pirveli

ganyeneba, abstraqciaa. sociologma dasakvirvebeli fenomenis niSanTvisebaTa

gan yvelaze niSandoblivi unda SearCios. raa niSandoblivi, dasmul SekiTxvazea

damokidebuli. magaliTad, repqoduqciul teqnologiebTan dakavSirebuli poli

tikis Seswavlisas CineTSi, bavSvis sqess mniSvneloba ara aqvs, radgan mSoblebs

abortis ufleba mxolod nayofis Tandayolili defeqtis, memkvidreobiTi naklis

an sxva problemebis SemTxvevaSi aqvT. magram, rodesac vigebT, rogor gamoiyeneba

es teqnologia (da ra borotad iyeneben am politikas vaJebs danatrebuli mSoble

bi), bavSvis sqesi metad niSandoblivi gaxdeba.

meore etapi Cveulebrivi dakvirvebis monacemebad gadasaqcevad interpreta

ciaa. igi aseve mniSvnelovania fizikuri bunebis Seswavlisas, magaliTad, rodesac

33

meteorologebma Rrublebis formebze TavianTi dakvirveba da klasifikacia unda

moaxdinon. socialuri cxovrebis Seswavlisas interpretacia met mniSvnelovneba

sac iZens, radgan adamianTa qmedebis Sesaxeb unda SeviqmnaT warmodgena (teilori,

1958 x, 1955). Tandayolili da memkvidreobiTi defeqtebisa matarebeli bavSvis

gaCenis riskis mqone qalebisaTvis sagangebod Seqmnili mSobiarobamdeli diag

nostikuri testebi amJamad aucilebeli wesia ocdaaT wels gadacilebulTaTvis

qalebisaTvis (rouneri da presi, 1955), radgan qalebs surT darwmundnen, rom jan

saR bavSvs gaaCenen (Tuki ara _ ganixileba abortis SesaZlebloba) da eqimebi am

sinjiT saWiro informacias miiReben dedisa da nayofis janmrTelobis Sesaxeb. da

mainc, orsuli qalebis gamokiTxvam SesaZloa gamoavlinos, rom maT testi, pirvel

rigSi meanis rCeviT Caitares, xolo man, cxadia, ukeT icis. meanTa gamokiTxvam ki

SeiZleba gamoavlinos, rom isini pirvel yovlisa, mSobiarobamdeli testis ga

keTebas urCeven Tandayolili defeqtis mqone bavSvis dabadebis SemTxvevaSi mSo

blebis mier sasamarTloSi Civilis Tavidan asacileblad. Cveulebrivi dakvirveba

motivebsa da mniSvnelobebs ar gamoavlens.

mesame etapi dakvirvebaTa monacemebad gardasaqmnelad gulisxmobs maT da

fiqsirebas im saxiT, rom SesaZlo iyos maTi ganmeoreba. ganmeoreba niSnavs imave

gamokvlevis xelaxal Catarebas axali obieqtebis TanxlebiT, raTa gairkves, mi

viRebT Tu ara imave Sedegs. yovelTvis arsebobs SesaZlebloba, rom calkeuli

gamokvlevis obieqti tipuri ar aRmoCndes mosaxleobisTvis, romlis warmosaCenad

is SeirCa anda kvlevis meTodebi iyo mcdari. mecnieruli monacemebis wardgenasa

da gamoyenebas yovelTvis unda axldes zusti angariSi im garemoebaTa Sesaxeb,

romlebSic dakvirveba Catarda, mkvlevaris gamoyenebuli abstragirebis xerxis

CaTvliT. agreTve unda aRiniSnos, ra ganasxvavebda mas sxva dakvirvebaTagan da

rogor interpretacias aZlevda mkvlevari dakvirvebas (gamokvlevis meTodebi

ganxilulia meore TavSi da warmodgenilia sagangebo gamokvlevebSi, romlebic

kvlevis grafebis saxiTY gasdevs wigns).

logikuri analizi

emperiuli dakvirvebis msgavsad logikuri analizic bevrad rTulia, vidre

erTi SexedviT Cans. rodesac ojaxur cxovrebas, religiuri institutisa Tu so

cialuri cxovrebis romelime sxva aspeqts ganvixilavT, davinaxavT, rom mravali

gansxvavebuli sakiTxi da fenomenia gadajaWvuli. logikuri analizis pirveli

nabijia gadawyveta _ romel sakiTxsa an sakiTxebze unda gavamaxviloT yuradRe

ba. analizis erTeulebi ufro vrceli, rTuli mTlianis diferencirebuli nawile

bia. davuSvaT, sociologs surs Seiswavlos sociologiuri jgufebi da saamisod

eklesiis mrevls irCevs. upirvelesi da yvelaze gamokveTili erTeulebi analizis

Casatareblad individualuri wevrebi arian. analizis meore erTeuli am pirovne

bebs Soris urTierTkavSiria _ unda gairkves, vin megobrobs erTmaneTTan, vinaa

erTi ojaxis wevri, vin msaxurobs erT kompaniaSi da a.S, raTa Seiqmnas jgufis axle

buri suraTi. analizis mesame erTeuli kulturaa, romelsac eklesiis wevrebi

3�

iziareben, maTi rwmenis, eklesiis (an seqtis) istoriis, saeklesio ritualebisa da

wesebis CaTvliT. analizis Semdegi erTeuli eklesiis formaluri organizaciaa

_ meurveobisa da movaleobebis struqtura, urTierToba moZRvarsa da mrevls

Soris, pasuxismgebelia Tu ara mRvdeli episkoposis winaSe da sxv. analizis yove

li es erTeuli logikurad gansxvavebulia danarCenebisagan, xolo eklesiis er

Tiani suraTi TiToeuli maTganis Sesaxeb Seicavs informacias.

urTirTobaTa gamovlena analizis erTeulebs Soris, pirovnebebi iqneba, pira

di urTierTobebi, kulturuli midrekilebani Tu organizaciuli struqturebi,

Semdegi etapia logikuri analizis. sociologis mTavari amocanaa gaarkvios, so

ciologiur wyobaSi erTdroulad arsebul saganTagan romelia danarCnenebze me

tad gavlenisunariani. magaliTad, ra faqtori axdens ufro Zlier gavlenas iseT

gadawyvetilebaze, rogorc winamZRvris SerCeva anda diakvnisa Tu uxucesis daniS

vnaa _ wevrTa rwmena (kultura) Tu organizebis wesi (struqtura)? es sakiTxi

mizezSedegobriobas ukavSirdeba. sociologebs ainteresebT funqciuri urTi

erTkavSiri sxvadasxva erTeulsa Tu mTelsa da mis nawilebs Soris. saeklesio

gundSi, magaliTad, lotbari da sxvadasxva xmis mqone momRerlebi (sopranoebi,

baritonebi, tenorebi, banebi) saerTo produqtis _ musikaluri nawarmoebis Sesa

qmnelad, rac mxolod socialuri TanamSromlobiT aris SesaZlebeli. maTi gansx

vavebuli rolebi, amrigad, funqciurad SekavSirebulia, arc erTi maTgani araa

swored meoriT gamowveuli (diriJoris CaTvliT), magram TiToeuli damokidebu

lia sxvebze.

mesame safexuri logikur analizSi aris codnis Camoyalibeba Teoriad. Teor

ia urTierTobaTa amokiTxvisa da maTi moqmedebis axsnis mwyobri, logikuri mcd

elobaa. mecnieruli Teoria damyarebulia empiriuli dakvirvebisas mopovebul

garemoebebsa da faqtebze. Teoretikosis winaSe ismeba kiTxva, ratom aqvs faqtebs

swored aseTi mimarTuleba da ara sxvagvari. vTqvaT, ratom irCevs zogi qristian

uli eklesia winamZRvars, xolo sxvagan episkoposi agzavnis? pasuxis gasacemad,

nawilobriv istoriis gaTvaliswinebaa saWiro (rodis da rogor daedo saTave ama

Tu im aRmsareblobas), nawilobriv sarwmunoebrivi gansxvavebisa (gansakuTrebiT,

_ ra saxiT iZens pirovneba religiur Sexedulebebs _ locviTa da bibliis Ses

wavliT Tu zemdgom avtoritetebze dayrdnobiT), nawilobriv _ gansxvavebuli

saeklesio struqturisa (ierarqiuloba Tu Tanasworoba). am sakiTxis Teoriuli

gaazreba damokidebulia yoveli calkeuli faqtoris Sekrebasa da erTmaneTTan

dakavSirebaze. magaliTad, mRvdlis arCeviTobis wesi, SesaZloa, individualis

turi azrovnebis aRzevebis Sedegi iyos (Tundac _ protestantuli reforma

ciis dros wamoSobili Sexedulebisa, rom pirovnebas SesaZloa uSualo kavSiri

hqondes RmerTTan) da agreTve SedarebiT demokratiuli azrovnebidan (xalxma

Tavisi lideri Tavad unda airCios) momdinareobdes.

idealuri warmodgeniT Teoriebi sakmaod mkafiodaa gamoxatuli, raTa em

piriuli dakvirvebisa da informaciis gavrcobiT gamokvlevas daeqvemdebaros.

Tumca, aseTi sizuste da gamokvleva SedarebiT iolia mcire, metad specifikuri

TeoriebisaTvis _ aseTia magaliTad, Teoria, romelic amtkicebs, rom eklesiis

3�

wevrTa Soris piradi urTierTobebi ufro ganmsazRvrelia axali winamZRvris

arCevisas, vidre sarwmuneobrivi gansxvavebani. xolo zogadi, farTomasStabiani

TeoriebisaTvis sizustis dacva da gamokvleva ufro rTulia _ vTqvaT, Teor

iisa, romelic acxadebs, rom socialuri cxovrebis yvela sferosaTvis social

uri struqtura ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre pirovnuli arCevani. aseTi vrceli

Teoriebi, _ Tundac, karl marqsis Teoria, romlis mixedviT istorias, umTavres

ad, klasobrivi brZola ayalibebs an adam smiTis Teoria, romelic amtkicebs, rom

pirovnuli arCevani sayovelTao keTildReobas gansazRvravs (orives qvemoTaa

ganxiluli) _ safuZvels uyris SedarebiT specifikuri Teoriebis ganviTarebas,

romelTa sizuste ufro advili Sesamowmebelia.

sqema 1. 2. mecnieruli meTodis mimoxilva

a. empiriuli dakvirveba b. logikuri analizi

1. abstraqcia

2. interpretacia

3. ganmeoreba

1. analizis nawilebis

diferencireba

2. urTierTobaTa gamovlena

3. Teoriis ageba

socialuri faqtebi

yoveli mecniereba damokidebulia rogorc empiriul dakvirvebaze, aseve lo

gikur analizze. gansxvavebuli mecnierebebi specifikur sakiTxebs awydeba da

gansxvavebul midgomasac gvTavazobs. magaliTad, qimia Teoriebis Sesamowmeblad

aucileblad mimarTavs cdebis Catarebas. am saxis cdebi sociologiisTvis dama

xasiaTebeli araa. sociologebi rac SeiZleba met monacemebs kreben mimdinare

socialuri cxovrebis procesebsa da agreTve gamorCeuli movlenebis _ revo

luciebisa Tu stiqiuri ubedurebebis Sesaxeb, sadac socialuri modelebis gan

sakuTrebuli tipebi areulia.

sxvadasxva mecniereba, rogorc monacemTa Sesakrebad iyenebs gansxvavebul

midgomas, aseve faqtebis gansxvavebul saxeebzec amaxvilebs yuradRebas. socia

luri faqtebi socialuri cxovrebis mudmivi Tanmdevia da gansazRvravs anda

aferxebs pirovnebaTa qmedebebs. isini, rogorc socialuri cxovrebis nawili,

ver Tavsdeba izolirebul pirovnulSi, aramed piriqiT, garegnulad mJRavndeba,

Tumca maTSi pirovnebebic monawileoben (durkhaimi, 1895/1982).

ekonomika socialuri cxovrebis kargi magaliTia. Cveni ekonomika arc erTi

pirovnebis mier gamogonebuli da daarsebuli araa da arc erTi pirovneba Tu jgu

fi akontrolebs. pirovnebebs ekonomikis Secvla SeuZliaT axali produqciisa Tu

teqnologiis danergviT an axali organizaciebisa da sawarmoo strategiis dam

36

kvidrebiT. zogierTni (saxelisuflebo gadawyvetilebaTa avtorebi, msxvil kor

poraciaTa meTaurebi) mniSvnelovan zegavlenas axdenen sameurneo ganviTarebis

tendenciebze, sxvani (miusafarni) zRvars miRma arseboben. magram yoveli Cven

gani, raimenairad, monawileobs ekonomikaSi. faqtobrivad igi mxolod mravali

adamianisa da jgufis urTierTqmedebis Sedegad arsebobs. ekonomikis mdgomareoba

_ aRmavlobis gzas adgas, Tu daqveiTebulia _ Tavis mxriv, pirovnebebs Seexeba

maRali Tu dabali saprocento ganakveTis, umuSevrobisa Tu sxva formiT.

zogierTi socialuri faqti socialuri movlenebis maCvenebeli anu mosaxleo

baSi yovelwliurad (an sxva droiT SualedSi) momxdar SemTxvevaTa procentuli

xarisxia. danaSaulis maCvenebeli socialuri faqtia. igive iTqmis qorwinebis, So

badobisa Tu SidsiT (HIV) inficirebis maCveneblebze. igi irRveva mxolod mravali kerZo SemTxvevis Sekrebisa da ganxilvis Sedegad da Seexeba imaTac, visac saerTo

araferi hqonia danaSaulTan, qorwinebasTan, dabadebasa Tu SidsiT daavadebas

Tan mocemuli wlebis ganmavlobaSi. zogadi maCveneblebi im socialur modelebs

avlens, rac calkeuli SemTxvevebis analizisas ar Cans. magaliTad, ganayofiere

baze momuSave klinikebis swrafi mateba adasturebs, rom amerikelebi unayofobis

epidemiaa. faqtobrivad, Sobadobis maCvenebeli ucvlelia, magram radgan bavS

vebis `bumis~ Taoba ricxobrivad winamorbed Taobebs aRemateba, nayofierebis

problemebis mqone pirTa raodenobac metia.

komunikaciis iseTi saziaro saSualeba, rogoricaa ena, agreTve socialuri

faqtia. axali sityvebis, frazebis, mniSvnelobebis warmoqmnisa da gavrcelebis

asaxsnelad sociologebi im socialur Zalebs eZeben, romlebsac axali sityvebis

Semotana SeuZliaT. isini Seiswavlian, axali sityvebi prestiJul sazogadoebriv

figurebTan asocirdeba Tu ara, Tu imeoreben maT MTV-ze da filmebSi, Tu aitacebs maT sazogadoebis erTi jgufi da Semdeg Tu vrceldeba sxva jgufebSi da a.S.

SedarebiT stabiluri da xangrZlivia socialuri faqtebi, Tumca mTlad

ucvleli mainc araa. am mizezis gamo, sociologia ar emsgavseba fizikur mec

nierebebs. socialur cxovrebas srulad verasodes aRwers mecnierul kanonTa

rigi, romelic yvela adamianze, yvela adgilsa da dros gavrceldeba. urTierT

damokidebuleba masasa da mizidulobas Soris msoflios erT nawilSi meoresTan

SedarebiT mniSvnelovnad ar icvleba da aguri CineTSic imave siCqariT vardeba,

rogorc kanzasSi, magram urTierTmimarTeba samuSaosa da anazRaurebas Soris

gansxvavebulia. CineTSi taqsis mZRoli xSirad met Tanxas gamoimuSavebs, vidre

eqimi; kanzasSi es ase araa. amasTanave, adamianma SeiZleba saqmianoba da cxovrebis

wesi Seicvalos. amis gamo sociologebi mudam axalaxal movlenebs awydebian aR

werasa da axsnas rom moiTxovs.

3�

sociologiis safuZvlebi

sociologia Caisaxa meTvramete saukunis bolosa da mecxramete saukunis da

sawyisSi _ dasavlur sazogadoebebsa da mTel msoflioSi mimdinare radikaluri

cvlilebebis periodSi. is socialuri samyaro, romelsac saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi

icnobdnen evropelebi, TandaTan qreboda da iwyeboda `Tanamedrove epoqa~.

sociologia da Tanamedrove epoqa

Tanamedrove epoqis SeqmnaSi samma faqtorma Seasrula gadamwyveti roli.

maT Soris pirveli iyo qalaqis kapitalisturi _ industriuli sazogadoebis war

moSoba. me18 saukunemde evropelebi cxovrobdnen umeteswilad patara, naxevrad

avtonomiur agrarul dasaxlebebSi, sadac maT ojaxebs manamde TaobaTa ganmav

lobaSi ucxovriaT. ojaxi iyo dasaxlebis cxovrebis birTvi, romelic Tavadve

zrunavda sakuTar Tavze da uzrunvelyofda mas. es dasaxlebebi iyo ufro didi

qveynebis nawili, romelTa mmarTvelebs _ rogorc wesi, mefeebs _ dawyebuli

hqondaT imperiebis Seneba. Tumca, omianobis garda, rigiT mamakacsa Tu qals,

saxelmwifo saqmeebi naklebad exeboda. mogzauroba iSviaToba iyo (ar arsebobda

araTu rkinigza, aramed diliJansebic ki) da `axal ambebs~ umetesad, adgilobrivi

Worebi Seadgenda (ar iyo arc gazeTebi da arc regularuli safosto datareba),

yvela erTsa da imave eklesiaSi dadioda (iSviaTi ebrauli anklavis gamoklebiT),

mosaxleobis did umravlesobas fermerebi Seadgendnen, maTi umetesoba ar iyo im

miwis mflobeli, romelsac amuSavebda. isini miwas metwilad ijariT iRebdnen mi

waTmflobelebisgan (xSirad aristokratiis warmomadgenlebisgan) ramdenime sau

kunis win dadebuli xelSekrulebebis safuZvelze. es socialuri wesrigi TiTqos

RmerTis mier iyo dawesebuli da iSviaTad Tu badebda eWvs. cotani iyvnen dabade

bulni marTvisaTvis, maSin, rodesac xalxis didi umravlesoba mZime SromisaTvis

iyo gaCenili. mamebi flobdnen Zalauflebas TavianT ojaxebze, miwaTmflobelebi

_ moijareebze, monarqebi ki _ yvela Tavis qveSevrdomze. xalxma icoda Tavisi mov

aleoba da adgili, Taobidan Taobamde cota ram Tu icvleboda.

aseTive myari iyo socialuri wesrigi Tanamedrove epoqamdel qalaqebSi, kar

gad damkvidrebuli ierarqia marTavda socialur urTierTobebs. ostatebi iyvnen

daqiravebuli xelosnebis zemdgomni, romelnic, Tavis mxriv, xelosanTa gildieb

Si gaerTianebuli Segirdebis ufrosebad iTvlebodnen, iseve, rogorc hercogebi

iyvnen raindTa zemdgomni, romelnic Tavis mxriv samxedro samsaxurSi myof da

sofelSi mcxovreb ymebs marTavdnen. isic ki dakanonebuli iyo, ra saxis samosi

SeeZlo etarebina gansxvavebuli xelobisa da statusis adamians, xolo saboloo

uflebamosileba yvela sakiTxze adamianis dabadebidan gardacvalebamde ekle

3�

sias hqonda (yovel SemTxvevaSi, protestantul reformaciamde mainc, romelmac

xeli Seuwyo Tanamedrove epoqis dadgomas).

am industriamdel soflebsa da qalaqebSi cxovreba Sors iyo idiliurisagan.

miwaTmflobelebi eqspluatacias uwevdnen moijareebs da xSirad ise begravdnen

maT, rom SimSilobamdec ki mihyavdaT. mezobeli mezobels edaveboda da xandaxan

sagvareulo SuRli Taobebze vrceldeboda. sanitariuli pirobebi cudi iyo,

samedicino momsaxureba _ primitiuli, naadrevi sikvdili ki _ xSiri. magram

miuxedavad aseTi rTuli mdgomareobisa, socialuri cxovrebisgan msazRvreli

faqtorebi da konturebi cnobili iyo. industriulma revoluciam Secvala orive

landSafti _ fizikurica da socialuric. me19 saukuneSi fabrikaqarxnebma,

qvanaxSiris sabadoebma, rkinigzam da satelegrafo xazebma moSala is izolacia,

romelic tradiciuli soflis meurneobis Temebis TavSesafari iyo. TiTqmis

erT RameSi gaCnda saqarxno qalaqebi da qalaqis mosaxleobac swrafad gaizarda.

1850 wlisaTvis did britaneTSi ufro meti xalxi cxovrobda didsa da patara qa

laqebSi, vidre soflad (me20 saukunemde SeerTebuli Statebi ar gamxdara upi

ratesad urbanuli). am procesis dros moiSala tradiciuli socialuri urTier

Tobebi. kapitalist mewarmeTa axalma klasma, romlis specializacia warmoeba da

vaWroba iyo, gverdze gaswia miwebis mflobeli Zveli aristokratia. xalxis didma

nawilma datova (an iZulebuli gaxda daetovebina) soflebi, raTa xelfasiani sa

muSao mieRo samrewvos qalaqebSi. am procesSi ikargeboda TviTkmari cxovrebis

wesi. industriulma revoluciam Seqmna rogorc axali samuSao adgilebi, umuSev

robac gamoiwvia. qalaqSi areulobebma da sibinZurem masobrivi, SemaZrwunebeli

siRatake moitana da danaSaulisa da daumorCileblobis saSiSroeba warmoSva ev

ropuli sazogadoebis SigniT.

Tanamedrove epoqis warmoSobisaTvis meore gadamwyveti faqtori iyo kul

turuli gansxvavebebis Tavidan aRmoCena. mogzaurobebma dedamiwis `Soreul

mxareebSi~, qalaqebSoris vaWrobis zrdam da koloniuri imperiebis damkvidre

bam aiZula evropelebi dapirispirebodnen msoflios gansxvavebul kultura

Ta uzarmazar wyebas _ Tavisi damaxasiaTebeli eniT, adaTwesebiT, mrwamsiT,

mmarTvelobis sistemiTa da cxovrebis wesiT. evropelebsa da araevropelebs So

ris kontaqtis zrdam orive maTganis cxovreba Secvala _ yvelaze TvalnaTliv

kolonializmisa da monobis meSveobiT. zogierTi Sedegi iyo materialuri, ro

goricaa simdidris zrda, zRvaosnobis gaZliereba iseT savaWro qveynebSi, ro

goricaa britaneTi. aseve mniSvnelovania, rom am kontaqtebma eWvqveS daayena

gabatonebuli warmodgenebi adamianis bunebis Sesaxeb. evropelebis umetesoba

darwmunebuli iyo, rom maT sakuTar kulturas aSkara upiratesoba hqonda sx

vebTan SedarebiT, Tumca kulturis nairgvarobam sagonebelSi Caagdo swav

lulebi. saidan iyo mosuli evropuli civilizacia