28

zaza firaliSvili

am kiTxvebze pasuxebis mosaZieblad unda gavcdeT kerZo msjelobebs da zogadi kanonzomie-rebebis povna vcadoT – rogorc filosofosebi ityvian, metafizikis sferoSi unda gadavinacv-loT.

albaT, yovel Tqvengans gasCenia iseTi ucnauri kiTxvebi, mosvenebas rom ar aZlevs. vTqvaT, ra aris silamaze? TiTqos sruliad sakmarisia, erTmaneTisagan vasxvavebdeT lamaz da ulamazo sagnebs, magram raRac mainc ar gvaZlevs mosvenebas da Cagvciebia: ratom aris esa Tu is sagani la-mazi, ra ganapirobebs mis silamazes? ra aris mSveniereba? zustad aseve viciT, rom sikeTea, ro-desac vinmes vexmarebiT, an rodesac janmrTelad varT da a.S. magram ar viciT, Tu ra aris is, ra-sac sikeTes vuwodebT, ra aris sikeTe TavisTavad?

magaliTad, Cven xSirad vnaxulobT sam sagans, magram verasodes vnaxavT ricxv sams, rogorc aseTs, sagnebis gareSe. ar vgulisxmobT furcelze daweril cifrs. ricxvebi, rogorc aseTi, Cvens gonebaSia da swored Cveni goneba usadagebs maT im sagnebs, romlebsac vxedavT.

ra aris filosofia

mecniereba

albaT, imasac davkvirvebivarT, rom ar-sebobs kiTxvebi, romlebic dausruleblad SeiZleba dausva adamians. vTqvaT, kiTxva – „ratom?“ me vzivar. – ratom? – imitom, rom daviRale. – ratom daiRale? – imitom, rom virbine. – ratom irbine? da ase Semdeg. ro-gor jiutadac ar unda gavyveT am kiTxvas, verasodes mivagnebT im pasuxs, romlis Sem-degac kiTxvis dasmas azri aRar eqneboda. ma-le aRmovaCenT, rom usasrulo gzas davdgo-mivarT.

Zneli warmosadgenia adamiani, romelsac erTxel mainc ar dausvams kiTxva imis Sesa-xeb, Tu ratom cxovrobs amqveynad? ra aris yvelaze Rirebuli mis arsebobaSi? ra aris is Rirebuleba, romelsac adamiani unda em-saxuros? ra ufro mniSvnelovania – materi-aluri warmateba Tu adamianis Sinagani gan-viTareba da a.S. amgvar kiTxvebze pasuxis mo-Ziebas cdilobs filosofiuri disciplina, romelsac aqsiologia ewodeba.

modi, kidev erTi iseTi kiTxva davsvaT, romelic, albaT, xangamoSvebiT mainc, nebis-mier adamians uCndeba: ras niSnavs Semecne-ba? ra SeiZleba me vicode? ra aris imis ga-rantia, rom Cemi codna sagnebs Seesabameba? gamocdileba mkarnaxobs, rom grZnobis or-ganoebi SeiZleba matyuebdnen. aseve SeiZle-ba matyuebdes Cemi goneba. magram mainc darwmunebuli var, rom zogi ram, rac vici, WeSmaritia. rogor aris es SesaZlebeli?

es kiTxvebic filosofosTa Ziebis sa-gans warmoadgens da maT eZRvneba filoso-fiis mniSvnelovani nawili, saxelad – gno-seologia.

hoda, arseboben adamianebi, romlebic sakuTar Tavs gamudmebiT usvamen amgvar „ucnaur“ kiTxvebs da maT filosofosebs uwodeben. rogori bednieri da uzrunveli cxovrebac ar unda gvqondes, adre Tu gvian gviCndeba kiTxvebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra aris bedniereba? ratom movediT amqveynad? aqvs Tu ara Cvens cxovrebas raime umaRlesi az-ri? ra ganapirobebs, rom samyaro swored aseTia da ara sxvagvari? swored es kiTxvebi ganasxvavebs adamians sxva arsebebisagan. ad-amiani mudmivad, farulad Tu aSkarad, am um-niSvnelovanes kiTxvebze eZebs pasuxebs.

amitomac, zogjer amboben, rom filoso-fia aris ara codnis dargi, aramed adamianis cnobierebis mdgomareoba. ubralod, arse-boben adamianebi, romlebic am kiTxvebs

ra aris filosofia

gnoseologia (berZn. γνῶσις – gnosis – Semecne-ba, codna da λόγος – logos – sityva, moZRvreba) – filosofiuri disciplina, romelic Semecnebisa da codnis sakiTxebs swavlobs.

aqsiologia (Zv. berZn. ἀξία – Rirebuleba da λόγος - sityva, moZRvreba) – RirebulebaTa Teo-ria. filosofiuri disciplina, romelic swav-lobs RirebulebebTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs.

Talesi (Zv.w. 624-≈546)

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ontologia (Zv. berZnuli ὄντος (ontos) – is, rac arsebobs + λόγος (logos) – sityva, moZRvreba) – fi-losofiis nawili, romelic swavlobs arsebobis safuZvlebs, kanonzomierebebs, struqturas.

metafizika (berZn. Μεταφυσικά – metafizika – is, rac xiluli da grZnobis organoebiT aRqmadi samyaros miRmaa) – filosofiis nawili, romelic swavlobs, Tu ra aris is, rac safuZvlad udevs arsebobas, rogorc aseTs. es SeiZleba iyos Rmer-Ti, materia da sxva.

mokled, Talesma adamianur ZiebaTa sruliad axali hori-zonti gaxsna.

cxadia, mas Semdeg mecniereba Zalze win wavida da Talesis gacemuli pasuxi gul-

ubryvilo Cans, magram swored misma kiTxvam mniSvnelovnad ganapiroba kacobriobis ganvi-

Tarebis mTeli gza. gadmocemebis Tanaxmad, Ta-lesi iyo pirveli, vinc dasmul kiTxvaze pasuxis

dasabuTebas cdilobda. amiT man mravali saukunis win daudo saTave Tanamedrove mecnierebis umTavres

princips – mecniereba SeiZleba iyos mxolod dasabu-Tebuli codnis sistema.

pirveli adamiani, visac filosofosad mo-ixseneben, iyo Zveli berZeni Talesi. igi

Zv.w-is VII-VI saukuneebSi cxovrobda. Talesi pirveli iyo, vinc erTi aseTi „ucnauri“, magram ukiduresad mniSvnelovani kiTxva dasva. Cveni gadasaxedidan misi pasuxic ucnaurad da cota ar iyos gulubryvi-lodac gamoiyureba: ra aris arsebuli? ra aris is, risganac yvelaferi warmosd-geba? Talesi miiCnevda, rom aseTi ram iyo wyali. misi SesqelebiT miiReba miwa,

xolo gaTxelebiT – jer haeri da Sem- deg – cecxli.

filosofia swored amiT gansxvavdeba miTologiisagan. miTo-logiaSi mocemuli pasuxebi ar saWiroebs damtkicebas. isini ubralod unda miiRo. romelime miTSi SeiZleba ubralod iyos naTqvami, rom adamiani RmerTma Tixisgan Seqmna da suli Cahbera. filosofosi aucileblad ikiTxavs: rogor aris es SesaZlebeli? rogor SeiZleba Tixa gacocx-ldes da sulier arsebad iqces?

sakmarisi iyo, Taless es kiTxva daesva, rom maSinve gamoCndnen sxvebic da amave an msgavs kiTxvebze eZiebdnen pasuxebs. maga-liTad, anaqsimandre (Zv.w. VII-VI ss.) yvela-fris sawyisad miiCnevda uTvisebo da ganusazRvrel apeirons, anaqsimene (Zv.w. VI s.) – haers, empedokle (Zv.w. V s.) – oTx sawyiss: miwas, wyals, haersa da cecxls da a.S.

sxvebze xSirad svamen, sxvebze xSirad fiqroben am sakiT-xebze, winamorbedebis Sexedulebebsac mudmivad ecno-

bian da Tavis gamocdilebas sxvebsac acnoben. swo-red aseTebs uwodeben filosofosebs.

piTagora samoselma (Zv.w. VI-V ss.) aRmoaCina, rom samyaro ma-Tematikuri proporciebiT aRiwereboda da maTematikur kanonzomierebebs eqvemde-bareboda. is pirve-li iyo, vinc musi-kaluri harmoniis

anaqsimandre (Zv.w. 610-546)

anaqsimene (Zv.w. 585-526)

30

mecniereba

termini „filosofiac“ piTagoras miewe-reba. arsebobs gadmocema, rom mas erTi aR-mosavleli brZeni CaekiTxa, Tu vin iyo igi. piTagoram upasuxa: me filosofosi, anu sib-rZnis moyvaruli varo. adamianebs Soris sibrZne aravis miewereba. ukeTes SemTxveva-Si, adamiani mxolod sibrZnis moyvaruli, anu filosofosi SeiZleba iyoso. es azri SemdegSi gaimeora sxva didma berZenmac – aTenelma sokratem.

maTematikuri safuZvlebi aRmoaCina. rac mTavaria, piTagoram da misma mimdevrebma Seqmnes maTematika, rogorc dasabuTebuli codnis sistema.

sokrate mTeli cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi cdilobda gaego, Tu ras niSnavs codna, ro-gor SeiZleba, adamianma raimeze Tqvas, me es vicio. misi azriT, adamianma unda SeZlos aRiareba, rom man sinamdvileSi araferi icis da amis Semdeg daadges Ziebis gzas. sayovel-Taod cnobilia misi gamonaTqvami: me vici, rom araferi ar vici. Cvenamde moaRwia kidev erTma didma sokrateseulma principma: Sei-can Tavi Seni. Tu ginda, rom raime gaigo, gai-azro samyaros raoba da Seni adgili masSi, TviTSemecnebis gzas unda daadge.

sokrates filosofiuri meTodidan ki-dev cnobilia e.w. sokrates ironia. igi Tana-mosaubres dasmuli kiTxvebiT aiZulebda eRiarebina, rom sinamdvileSi cru warmod-genebis tyveobaSi iyo da WeSmariti azriT araferi icoda. vTqvaT, saubrobda siqvele-ze sayovelTaod gavrcelebuli warmodge-nebis mixedviT ise, rom ar esmoda, Tu ra aris siqvele TavisTavad.

mokled, filosofia Cndeba, rogorc da-sabuTebuli codnis sistemis Seqmnis mcde-loba. vTqvaT, egvipteSi maTematikuri cod-na – farTobis gamoTvlis wesebi, mSeneblo-bisaTvis saWiro geometriuli codna – Tao-

aq bevrs arafers vityviT sokrates mowa-fe platonsa da am ukanasknelis mowafe aristoteleze. am oris gavlena kacobrio-bis istoriaze imdenad didia, rom dabeji-TebiT SeiZleba iTqvas: dRevandeli kacob-riobis kultura didwilad am adamianebis damsaxurebaa. SemdgomSi qristianebi, mus-limebi da iudevelebi erTnairad aRiarebd-nen am ori didi filosofosis avtoritets da am samive didi religiis Teologebi maT mier Seqmnil filosofiur principebs eyr-dnobodnen.

31

filosofia (Zv. berZn. Φιλοσοφία - sityva-sityviT: sibrZnis siyvaruli) warmoadgens adamianis mcdelobas, gaigos yovelive arse-bulis safuZvlebi da kanonzomierebebi. swo-red filosofiurma Ziebebma daudo saTave kerZo mecnierebebis ganviTarebas.

Teologia, igive RvTismetyveleba (Zv. berZ-nuli θεός - RmerTi da λόγος - sityva, moZRvre-ba) – romelime religiuri moZRvrebis siste-maturi gadmocema, misi principebis ganmarte-ba.

sokrate (Zv.w. 470-399)

piTagora (Zv.w. 580-500)

ra aris filosofia

platoni (Zv.w. 427-347) da aristotele (Zv.w. 385-323) rafaelis naxati

bidan Taobaze gadadioda, rogorc erTgva-ri tradicia. es codna ufro gamocdilebas eyrdnoboda, vidre mtkicebas. Zveli berZe-ni filosofosebi, amisgan gansxvavebiT, ne-bismieri maTematikuri debulebis dasabu-Tebas cdilobdnen.

im xanebSi jerac ar arsebobda mecniere-bis sxvadasxva dargi. yvela SesaZlo zogadi codna filosofiad iwodeboda. SemdgomSi filosofias gamoeyo biologia, fizika, astronomia da sxva dargebi, Tumca ki yo-veli maTgani inarCunebda da inarCunebs fi-losofiasTan kavSirs. dgeba momenti, rode-

sofisti (Zv. berZn. σοφιστής (sofistes)) – mcodne, brZeni.

aq saintereso isicaa, rom dasabuTebuli codnis gaCena mniSvnelovnad gan-sazRvra berZnuli qalaqi-saxelmwifoebis cxovrebis demokratiulma wesma. demok-

ratia xom imasac niSnavs, rom moqalaqeebi raime azrs WeSma-

sac maT Tavisi problemebi swored im uzoga-desi wesiT da meTodebiT unda ganixilon, filosofiisaTvis rom aris damaxasiaTebe-li.

vTqvaT, biologia da medicina, rogorc mecnierebebi, filosofiis wiaRSi Caisaxa ma-Sin, rodesac adamianebma kiTxva dasves imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra aris sicocxle, rogorc ase-Ti, da ra ganasxvavebs cocxals aracocxa-lisagan. amiT cocxali organizmebi gamo-acalkeves aracocxali samyarosagan da calke kvlevis sagnad aqcies. marTalia, dRemde ar arsebobs pasuxi kiTxvaze, Tu ra aris sicocxle TavisTavad, magram am kiTx-vis dasmis Sedegad gaCnda biologia da medi-cina. orive mudmivad ubrundeba im Tavda-pirvel kiTxvas, romlis wyalobiTac gaCnd-nen – ra aris sicocxle?

fsiqologia sakmaod didxans warmoad-genda filosofiis nawils. Zveli berZnebic cdilobdnen adamianis sulis Seswavlas. pirvelad termini „fsiqologia“ gamoiyena

rudolf gokleniusma (1547-1628) 1590 wels. am mecnierebis saboloo formire-

ba miewereba germanel mecnier vil-helm vundts (1832-1920), romelmac

1879 wels adamianis cnobierebis Semswavleli pirveli laborato-ria daaarsa. da mainc, fsiqologe-

bi drodadro ubrundebian kiTxvas imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra ar-is adamianis cnobiereba da kvlav filosofiur msjelo-bebSi „inacvleben“.

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mecniereba

manaTleblebi da profesionali pedagoge-bi. magram male maT Soris gaCndnen iseTebic, vinc, erTi SexedviT, Tanamimdevruli msje-lobiT aSkarad mcdar daskvnebs iRebdnen da miiCnevdnen, rom lamis nebismieri ramis dam-tkiceba SeeZloT, magaliTad: yvela kata Zu-Zumwovaria. me ZuZumwovari var. e.i. me kata var.

am msjelobaSi gvaqvs ori wanamZRvari: a) yvela kata ZuZumwovaria da b) me ZuZumwova-ri var da – me kata var.

aSkaraa, rom am msjelobaSi raRac ar ar-is wesrigSi. TiTqos orive wanamZRvari swo-ria, magram daskvna aSkarad ar aris swori.

raSia saqme? saqme is gaxlavT, rom msjelo-bisas Cven gamogvrCa garemoeba, rom, marTa-lia, yvela kata ZuZumwovaria, magram yvela ZuZumwovari ar aris kata, rom ZuZu-mwovarTa simravle kataTa sim-ravleze farToa da masSi ka-tebis garda sxvebic igulis-xmebian: Tagvebi, ZaRlebi adamianebi da a.S. ase gaC-nda e.w. sofizmebi.

deduqcia (laT. deductio – ga-moyvana) – azrovnebis meTodi, romlis drosac swor daskvnebs swori wanamZRvrebi ganapiro-bebs. deduqcia ewodeba azrovne-bis imgvar processac, romlis drosac zogadi debulebidan ker-Zo daskvnaze gadavdivarT.

induqcia (laT. inductio – dadgena, dayvana) – kerZo msjelobebidan zogadi daskvnis gakeTeba. deduqciis sapirispiro procesia. vTqvaT, Cite-bi, romelic me vnaxe, galoben. maSasadame yvela Citi galobs. am meTods simkacre aklia, radgan SeiZleba aRmoCndes erTi Citi mainc, romelic ar galobs.

ritad miiCneven ara imis gamo, rom am azris matarebeli avtoritetuli pirovnebaa, wi-naprebis gadmocemiT viciT es da a.S., ara-med imitom, rom maT am azris WeSmariteba da-usabuTes.

Zv. w-is V-IV saukuneebSi saberZneTSi ga-moCndnen e.w. sofistebi. Tavdapirvelad so-fistad miiCneoda yvela, visac raime codna hqonda. swored isini iyvnen pirveli gan-

aRmoCnda, rom dRes swored am „ucnauri“ kiTxvebis wyalobiT arsebobs is, rasac ada-mianuri samyaro, anu kultura hqvia. adami-ani xom ori samyaros moqalaqea. erTia bu-nebrivi samyaro, romelic adamianisagan da-moukideblad arsebobs. meorea kultura, romelic mxolod imitom arsebobs, rom ada-miani mudmivad zrunavs mis Seqmnasa da Se-narCunebaze.

dasabuTebuli codnis sistemis Seqmna Tavad dasabuTebis gzis gamarTulobas gu-lisxmobs.

rudolf gokleniusi (1547-1628) vilhelm vundti (1832-1920)

33

ra aris filosofia

an, vTqvaT, Semdegi msjeloba: yvela ada-mians aqvs kudi. me adamiani var. e.i. me maqvs kudi.

aq ukve aSkaraa, rom am sofizmis avtorma Tavidanve mcdari wanamZRvari Semogvapara – adamians ara aqvs kudi.

swored sofistebis wyalobiT dafiqrd-nen berZeni moazrovneebi imaze, Tu ras niS-navs swori msjeloba da azrovnebis ra kano-nebi unda iqnes daculi, raTa mcdari daskv-nebi ar gavakeToT. ase gaCnda filosofiuri disciplina, saxelad „logika“. misi Semqmne-lia udidesi berZeni moazrovne aristote-le.

sofizmi – am termins iyeneben imgvari msjelobis mniSvnelobiT, romelsac „SeumC-nevlad“ mivyavarT mcdari daskvnebisaken.

logika aris filosofiuri disciplina, romelic swavlobs im kanonebs, romlebic swori msjelobisa da swori daskvnisaTvis unda davicvaT.

sokrate adamiania. adamiani ar aris igi-ve, rac sokrate. maSasadame, sokrate ar aris igive, rac sokrate.

ganvixiloT swori msjelobis magaliTi: yvela adamiani mokvdavia. sokrate adamiania, maSasadame, sokrate mokvdavia. amgvar daskv-nas deduqciuri daskvna ewodeba. zogadi WeSmaritebidan gamomdinareobs kerZo viTa-rebebis Sesaxeb daskvna. Tu raime simravles (am SemTxvevaSi – yvela adamians) raRac Tvi-seba miewereba, maSin es Tviseba miewereba am simravlis yvela elements (sokrates). gva-qvs ori swori wanamZRvari da swori daskvna.

Tavis Sesaqcevad gTavazobT oriode so-fizms. SeecadeT, gaarkvioT, Tu ra Secdome-bia daSvebuli. amas specialuri codnis ga-reSec iolad mixvdebiT.

avadmyofisaTvis wamlis miReba sikeTea. rac met sikeTes gavakeTebT, miT ukeTesia. maSasadame, rac met wamals davlevT, miT ukeTesia.

ფსიქოლოგია

ფილოსოფია

ბიოლოგია ფიზიკა

ასტრონომია

esTetika – filosofiuri swavleba mSven-ierebis arsis, misi formebis Sesaxeb.

34

vaJa-fSavela

mecniereba

miTologiuri azrovneba xSirad adamianebs Soris gadaulaxav sazRvrebs qmnis. zogi miTo-logiuri warmodgena gansxvavebuli mrwamsis adamianebs „namdvil“ adamianebadac ki ar aRiq-vams. zogi religiuri mrwamsisaTvis gansxvavebulis winaaRmdeg mudmivi brZola ufro mniSvne-lovania, vidre erTad cxovrebaze zrunva. am dros swored filosofia da mecnierebaa is, rac adamianebs TanacxovrebaSi da erTmaneTis gagebaSi exmareba.

zogjer miiCneven, rom mas Semdeg, rac filosofiam saTave daudo sxvadasxva mecnierebis ar-sebobas da ganviTarebas, Tavad usagnod darCa. es azri ramdenime mizeziT ar aris swori. jer erTi, rogorc vTqviT, yoveli calkeuli mecnierebis ganviTarebis gzaze dgeba momenti, rode-sac mis warmomadgenlebs uwevT am mecnierebis filosofiur safuZvlebs miubrundnen. meore mi-zezia is, rom aSkara gaxda, rom Tanamedrove mecnierebam kargad unda gaiazros Tavisi kvlevis zneobrivi da sasicocxlo Sedegebi. es problema gansakuTrebiT mwvave aRmoCnda atomuri iara-Ris Seqmnis, ekologiuri problemebis gamwvavebisa da sxva movlenaTa Semdeg. garda amisa, arse-bobs kiTxvebi zneobis, mSvenierebis, WeSmaritebis raobis, cxovrebis azris, WeSmaritebisa da sikeTis urTierTmimarTebis Sesaxeb da es yvelaferi filosofiur ZiebaTa sferoa.

logika, rogorc mecniereba, udides rols asrulebs kacobriobis cxovrebaSi. ori gansxva-vebuli rwmenis adamianma SeiZleba erTmaneTs ver gaugos, Tu saqme religias Seexeba. magram Tu isini Tavis dialogs logikis kanonebis dacviT warmarTaven, aRmoCndeba, rom bevri saerTo hqo-niaT, rom erTmaneTs gaugon.

amis saukeTeso magaliTia vaJa-fSavelas nawarmoebebi. vaJa gansxvavebuli rwmenis adamiane-bis urTierTobas agebs ara religiur mrwamsze, aramed adamianebisaTvis saerTo zneobriv fi-losofiaze.

eTika aris filosofiuri swavleba, romelsac safuZvlad udevs adamianis mcdeloba, gaerk-ves, Tu ras niSnavs zneobrivi saqcieli? ras niSnavs sikeTe?

35

ra aris filosofia