sindicalismo no brasil de hoje dilemas e perspectivas roberto veras 0909

8/20/2019 sindicalismo No Brasil de Hoje Dilemas e Perspectivas Roberto Veras 0909

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S I N D I C A L I S M O N O B R A S I L D E H O J E :

D I L E M A S E P E R S P E C T I V A S

Rb Va1

R: E a ca a a ca daa a d d aba, a a

d d d aba, a abaa ca dca, aca a a

d c d a 90. A , bca dca a da a da ca ca

dca aa a, a CUT a Fa Sdca, ca a aa d

a da bca d d da caa cc da a d aba.

Q a, ad a ca a ada dca a ad da

ca c ad d G La.

Paaaca: Sdca, d, ba da a d aba, dcaca, ca

a.

1 Doutor em Sociologia pela USP e pesquisador do CENEDIC/USP.


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2

A 9 0 : á ç ã

U c, c a ca a a d c d a 90, a

dca ba. O a 80, acad a ac d dca a

a c c í d c , aca aa

da ca da Ca ca d Tabaad CUT, caaa c ad

aca, d a dca a d a (A,

1995, 1997 1999; Rd, 1999; ), a da c cc

caa aa a dca cca, ca ca, ca ada

c a baa2.

Faa a d

d aadad, dad

í (Ha, 1992), a, d a

a, a c d S

da cd d bdad da a

. O ab, a dca abc c

c ca ccd a aa a

Ead, a , a da a.

A

c d aba, cad d aba, d

ad d c. N

d aba, Td (1997) caa a

a aa a d cc cad c d dca

ca ca. Ua a aca c a ad ca

, d a a ca daa a a da aa

d ca d cad d da a cd d d

a aba, acad d aa ad a b

2 N d Bd (1998), a baa, d ba, a aa c a

, adad a d a

, d d a aada aa d aba ac ca, aa, , . O a, aa d d d , dc d, adaa, a da a ca, aa a ca. a aa ca da a ca a ca d Wa Sa...(1998: 48). Paa a d a ba a (aada bd a ca d cad ac, ca a a aa dd d caa aca d da aa d Ead aca), a dca ca d cadda baa, c a aca ca d d cad ac: , a a a a c d caaadca, ca ca a d c , caa dac, a acaad, ad a d a ccacca a d d a da d da, c

, d cca d aa, c a ad cad, a, a bcdad cca (Bd, 1998: 50). Paa G (1998: 19), a baac, c, ca


3/28

3

a dada d abaad, ddaad a a d aa d

acd c a ddad aa. Ua da ca c a a

ó , c a c

(B, 1988), da

í

(P Sab, 1984)

(Fa, 1982), c c

d d c a da d aa adada aa

aa aada d d d a a . A

c da

, a a

d c d aba

a ca a

d cad d aba (ba cada)3. A

ca ca aca a a da ca d aa d aba,

ab aa a cca a

, ca a a da da dQ

T

J - -

, dad a a ac c aca d abaad a a, a c dca da

aa a a caaca. Paa

, dda d

bd a da d , a a d dcada c a cdad

a a d aa a ada d a c a dad.

A a d a 80, ada d Td (1997), a c ca,

cad a da d

da a d aba: a

d aa, acada a da a dada,

bdc a aaca; a d a, d

c acd abaad a; a cada cad d

aba, da c a dad da caa

da da a dada d . O a , ada,

a d

d aba, a a ac b a cd: é

(acada a ),

(acada a d aba

a c ca a bda d a ada cca. A c a a ca ca a , aca dad d a a, aaba a c d abdad.3 L Raca dcaa a a dca c d d aa d a aada c c d a bdad a a a, a d c a c dc, bcad cacc ca a d a d a aaca bda c a ddad (Td,1997: 137).


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4

c d aba)

(a a d a da

ddad)4.

Bd (1998: 44) dca ab dc a c: H d

c a ca a aca d aaa c bdad,

aabdad, daa, d a a c a a ba

a a aa d ba.

Da d caa daa, dca, a da da

, a a d

S a ca da ba ca

da

, aa da ad. A aa

aa, d , d c b abaad, a

5, a

6 a

7 da a d aba. A

abdad da a, c aaa B (1998), aa a a

a d a d abaad a aa dca, ca

a d ca, a d d

, a a d d

caa .

4 E , a bdad d aba c a a a caacdad d a ca d aa , d a a d aba c dc aa a a cdc caba d a dcc, a a d a cd,ddd d a ccc d, b d d a acc ac, c, a ca d a d aba (Td, 1997: 142). Tab c Wd (1989), aa d ba daba, a a da d

;

;

.

5 O (1989) aaa aa ad a ad a a a ca d aba aaaad acad da a da: a d ca a aa ca acada da a aca a

(abaad a, c a aaa, bc a); a d cad d

aba (

) (abaad d a bcaada, bc); acca da d d b cada a a da ba d aba aaaad a, caa (a d a); , , a da a a d a d aba da (a aa d c daba, a ca a aa aaca da caa d ).6 B (1998), cad M (1987), a bdad d da a d aba: a

,

cba a aa ada a d cc d c, cd a c d c d aba ca d aba ; a

, cba dda c d

aba ca d aba ; , a

(d Sa da GM) cba cd abaad, cad d da aa dca, c ca d aba d (aaa d ). Da, a a caa ca a, a cada a d acada a d d aad (1998: 9899).7 Qa d caa d abaad d c d a, B (1998: 86) aaa a c a b a c d ca: abdad d , a, d da; daaa ada d a cd dca d d aba ( a a a cca);ca d ca ; c ca, aca d a bc cca; a a a d ,aca d a dca; , dca ddaa a da a aaa.


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5

A c d ad a ad a aca a a c d

aba, da cdad aada d aba d dca, a da

a d a aada. Ad G a

acad dca a, a ca, d aba a cdad,

aca a a d A

P

(G, 1982). Sd ,

a a cdad d d, a ca d aba,

aba a ca c ca, ca a d caa,

a ca ca d cada , a ca d a d ba,

d c d a da (G, 1995 :16). N , d a

dd d aba ad a ca d ddad d d da da

da a. Na a a , cad a d

accad , a c Sca (1990), O (1989), Haba (1992), K (1993).

Oa (1998b) ad, c L Gaa B, a da aa d

caa ca, a d db da adad d cc (

, c a c a d

ú

, a cada a d aba,

aca dcaada, da d da aca).

Ccda c Rad Pad, , a c a a ca d c d

aba ad, a cc d aba dda a

daa dcad, dad a, , a a a cc d

abaad (Oa, 1998b: 57). Ma, aa a a da da da

cadad d aba a a d d c, caada

, b

, d daa da cdad d d d

d bc c ca ad d caa. Cc:

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6/28

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1 9 9 9 : 1 1 - 1 2 ) .

A bdad da a d ca ca ( d Oa, 1999b) d

a da ca a d dca ( d B, 1997),

ba aaa daa a a aad a cdad, abaad

dca, a a d.

N ca d Ba, a da ba da a ada. S a a d c d a90, c a d Fad C a dda

,

a ca a a a a da

. Ea, ab

d Ba c a ca a a cadad

bada a C d 1998. P ad, ab c

cad c

d C Iaa. Paa dca ba,

c a, a a ad da dcada d 90, a a d c

ba c (a c a acad c ca a, da da a ca baa c ca a da a dca)

da (ad a

, a cadad C d

1988 c c

). Ua cba,

cada, abc a b a dad.

E ca c a aa d a da Aca Laa, a a c d

dca ba cdca c ca a d bdad. A

ca da Caa Sa, a a d ca d ca

da 1992 1993 (Oa

, 1992 1993), da a

cada dda ac d ABC (Ba, 1998 2001),

ca. Ea, ca c aad ad a

da d. Sd Raa (1997), a d


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7

a d da ca, a ca c d a d a

a, ca aa a dca ba a c d ca, a

aa d , a dca d a cc caa d aba a

aa da aa ca d abaad.

c, aa, a a a da ca, c

ad d a a da cd d aba a d c aa

b ad8, aad da a a dca. Ea daada a,

d ad, aca aa a ca a a cca

aaca, aca a d da ca; , d ,

a a dcdad ca, aa caada a ca, d da c

aba caad, acad a, aad a aa da a a

da a dc (Raa, 1997, :9798)9.

S Ba ac a a

a a da

,

c a dda, ba da, a 80, c a ad

a da dda d

da ca (d aa aba,

dd d C) a c d

c ca ba daa ad c a d10.

Ta , d F (1997: 237), a d d a d Ead

ca d ad d b accc, ad

caa d d dad a ca d c a

cdad, d c ca a a, d a

8 Acc a , a d c d ca ca acaad d c ca d

caa d aba, c aa d aa d d aa d c b abaad, a a daca. V a , , Ab (1998) La Aa (1999).9 Ma (1994) ab aa dca aa aba a a ca, d ca d ab d dd a cc, ca c a ca.10 Paa F (1997), a da da b a baa a a a d : d da ca daa d cad (ad d a a d dc ca, a a aa cca dac aca, a c ca cca a ba a a c); d aa d ba (ad aa d cada c, ad c, ada aaa a ca a d a ca); ca a d da baa d ad aca (a a aa d a baa d d ad,dd a ca d c).


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8

bc a a, a d aa a d

.

R ç ã í ç ã

: ç õ

O C, da a

, aa d d

d a C Naca, aa a a abaa, aca

a aa dca ca ca. A ca ad d 1992

cd aa, c a C d Mda da

La d Taba, ad da caa a

a. E da

, c Iaa, a dca

d Wa Ba (ca d d dca, d abad a

aa da cda cca d D) aa M d Taba. C

, b caa a, aad dba aca b

da a d aba a bdad d ca c aca (A d

Oa, 2002). O F Naca b Ca C Ra d Taba a

dba a d a b db d 1993. C 11

a d cada d 3 : dad d abaad,

dad aa d Ead da cdad c. A d Oa (2002)

dc a ca d ca: a) d d a a

ba d a d a d aba; b) d da daa; c)

d d a a aca.

Pcaa a a da a ba a CUT, a Fa Sdca PaNaca da Ba Eaa (PNBE). Ta c ca c,

a c da OIT, a dcaa da a d aba, a

aada aa da ad d d bdad aa dca d a

a d aa dca ca ca. O a ba,


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9

a, a PNBE c a Fa Sdca aaa a da CUT,

aa aad a a d Ca C Naca Acad, da

d aa a d Sa Dcc d Ra d Taba11. P

a a, a da dca ccaa, a a da CUT a cada a ada, da da ad cc da

cdad a d ba. Dc, a a , a adaa ab da

daa d PNBE (dad aa a a adad) a FIESP

a a aa da Fa Sdca a a ca

da aa12. Ab aa cada a a

11 A da Sa Dcc d Ra d Taba SDRT, adada a CUT c d a 90, cada aab a d Ca C d Taba CCT. O b d a daa d dca ca a da a,

d a ca ca, a ac a a d aba, a c: aadca, d d , ca ca, d aba, d c dda c, aca ad ad, a d Ead c. E a aaa, aaa d aa a aaa ba a a da d aba c b, c, d aa a d cdadaa cda a ca dcca Ba (CUT, 1995a: 19). A a d SDRT da CUT a caa a a a ca da Caa Sa,ba d d aa da, aa a a ca a c: A a c d a da ca d da cdad d a ba cca. Pa a ba c da aaca, da ca, da a d cd dcc. Q a ad aa dcdadaa (CUT, 1995b: 12). A CUT , aa d a a, a da d d da da a daba, a ccada aa ca a a ba. A d a d d ca, abaa dca (a daa a ada ba bca d daa d ddda, cbad c d aa aa a b a aa a dca CUT, 1996d: 05),da a a d aba ca a a dcaa c cd bca aa a cc d ba aad. A dcaa da a d aba b aa da ca d ca caa d ca

a b d d caa aba d d a d. Sca da abaad a dad dcad a a a Ead d da da d d cc. Fa c, a,b d da dc d a a a a, a ca d a d aba.D , a, a dc caa d da dad aa cca ada d aaaad(CUT, 1995c: 13). A a d SDRT da CUT da aada a a ca ca da VII Pa Naca,aada 1995.12 C baa Rd Cad (1993: 158 164), dca d ad a a da aa ca daCGT, ca da dad R Ma A Md, dcad c

aca. A, a, c aaa a aba a Ca: c cad dca cad a CUT, d ad, a CGT, d , baa aa a a ca a bada da ddad a caa a ca ca aca da CGT. S a: a c da daa d La, d a 70, a c acac, a d Md aa a d

dca aca, c c aad b c da

a dca ac a ca c aa a adad. E a d , c a CUT, adba a d ca aca, a a c, d ca a ac, a a ba dcaa acd ad c a a, ccad a a ca , d, a , dcaad

ca a da ca d cad (Rd, 1991: 36). Sb a a, cad da c d a ca a CGT. A d a : E d a d 1988, a a da dadaada S Pa, a ac d Md d Ma c da PC d B ( da c a aa d aa, ddda Ma Md, d ca c b d caad C, a C, a d a,a C, a cb dca, c ccdaa dcaa d PC d B). S a abadaa a caa, a d a, S Pa, a C Sdca Caa. E d 1989, a CSC a R d Ja P C Naca, d ca 2.563 dad, ad 703 dad. (Eba dadac c a c dca, a CSC ad CUT aca d IV C Naca da ca)(Rd, 1991: 3738). C a ada d a ad a PC d B, a CGT a d c, d 27 d ab a 1 da d 1989. N, R Ma d, ca cadda d PCB MR8, Ja: A ac dada dcd cca, aa fins de setembro do mesmo ano, o ‘seu’ congresso, elegendo Joaquinzão como seu presidente. Enquanto a CGT deMagri mantinha o nome Confederação Geral do Trabalho), a CGT de Joaquinzão retomava o antigo nome de Central Geral dos


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10

a d

d d ca

da a d

aba13.

A a da daa da a d aba a: FIESP, Cda

Naca da Ida (CNI), Cda Naca da Aca (CNA), Cda

Naca d Cc (CNC), Fda Naca d Bac (FEBRABAN) Aca

Baa d Rc Ha (ABRH). D aa a ca aa d

a, a dad aca aaa aa dd a ca a

a bdad dca, a a d c a aca d

b

. Rcad a d ddad

cdad, adaa bd a d d c d aba. P ad,

a, ccaa a a da a d a cda, c ba da

a aa.

A a d a aca, daaa, a d d, a da d

a d a d aba , a dad aa d

abaad dcada c a cda: a CGTCa, a CGT

Cda, a Cda Naca d Tabaad a Ida (CNTI), a

Cda Naca d Tabaad Mac (CNTM), a Cda Nacad Tabaad Cc (CNTC), a Cda Naca d Ta (CNT)

a Cda Naca d Tabaad a Aca (CONTAG). Ccaa,

a ad d ca a a daa, da da a da cdad

Tabaad. O ad a a da a a (Rd, 1991: 38). E da a d PCB daa a CGT aa aa a CUT. E a d 1991, a c d da da Fa Sdca, d 1.793 dad 783dad. N A Md c d. Pa c aaa, a a cad da CGT adca ada c da CUT (Rd, 1991). A da (Cca, CGT, Fa Sdca), c ada a a ca dca, a U Sdca Idd USI. Cada 1985, ada baca da cda d d ad d cc. E b d 1989, c a aca d cca d 1.500 dad, a USI c. Ra a d cc, ddd dca ac, a USI, a dada, ca a a ca a c ca dca b da da cda a caa(Rd, 1991: 3637). C C (1995: 109), a a d aa d da CGT d da FaSdca, a a a da dca ba: d ad, dcaa dcad c d daaca d a cadcaa, caa ca , d , dcaa d ad, a aad c aaaa d ba.13 C b A d Oa (2002: 297), Sdca d Mac d S Pa, ca c da Fa Sdca,a a caa d ba da a d aba aa a a dda abaa d FHC.


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11

dca, da cb ca, d d a da Ja d Taba, d

caa, d a cda da CLT.

A dada aa caa a a d da d

a da a d daa, a c ddba d

dcaa ad a cab a d a 80 a dc d

dca, a a ada a c a da bacada. A Ead,

da da a d a, caba a dc a a a a.

Ea, a caa d abdad

cca adad ca (c a a d dad d Iaa),

a ad a da, a a a da cdad

c d (caad aa a dada , a

-

, d aa a da a

aa, d

, Ja Tabaa da). A

cda a d F a caada , c FHC,

c, dba bc , ad a a dda

aa a ca aad c c ca... I

cc a

14.

A a dda a a ba, a CUT da, adaa a

dd a caacdad d aa bca , a, d b a

daa caa a ada. Cb aa ad d

d caa cc da a d aba, a aa da a

ba cdad a a cad da dca CUT,

aca a a a c a aa da a dca

.

14 C Raa (1997: 87), c bc ba a d cad d aba a a a a a aaaa (a a d caa d a a acca da adad d dca, d d d , daca ca). Eaa dcaada a a aba a dca.


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A F H C

Cb a FHC cda a dca, cdcad a a da a

ca d aba a, ad a cab ca aa d

aa15, aad a ba d d d baa d a a

baa, dcadad c d

da a d aba

d ca. N , a aa da a Vaa

cdada ,

, aacad c é

dca, dcaad

bc. Eabc a a d daa da ca ca

a a acaada, a

16.

N ba a da a ca d a da b da a da

ca da aaa da dadad a ca (Ca, 2000),

c da d cda a a Vaa c ,

c, ad ca17, c Ba aa cad a a 90 c a

aa d caa ca ca ca.

Ua c d dda a a adada a a d 1994, a

caa da Pdca da Rbca, aad caa a aa daa d aba Ba, d ac c c d caa

d, a a d a d aba a aa d ca

c. Dacaa, a Mdda Pa, a dda:

d aba aaaad a caa, da Paca Lc

Rad, d Bac d Ha, d aba , d aba aca, da

15 Sd Oa (2000), cca d d PIB ba, a d R$ 250 b, d d c aaa.16 T d Sca (1993), aa da a

c c c, a ad caa. Aad CENEDIC/USP, a a dca b a da cdadaa a a FHC.17 C Oa (1998a: 10): A a d aca, a ada ca a d Vaa a Kbc, c abaad a d a. Ma, a aa caba d ca a a dad, caa dcb da a d cad d ca d da, a d aa. E d d,ad c ad , abaad , aad, cbaa a ca a c .Tcaa a a aca d ca. a cb aca , a aa d d a d, a c ad ca c a ca da dca ca, da a da ada d aba, d a , da a, d d aca dca c c a a d Wa, a


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C d Cca Pa, c (, , K, 2002 A d Oa,

2002).

Facc D, a a M d Taba E, 2000, ac a

d aa a 7 da C Fda, c a a

ba d ca a , aa da ad da aca d

b

. Da da ca aada da ca d

d d a C Naca, a a a a a d

aa a 618 da CLT. O ca, 2001, d ca,

P d L ( 5.483), c cd: aada a d

Cca a a b aa ad aba, da d

abaa aad d b d ca ca18. S aad

P, a a abaa aaaa caa a d

FHC dcaa. A aa ad d a a c

aad d a c bca ca da aa d A 7

da C da a bc da Cda da L d Taba

CLT19. Sb dc da da da a d aba, FHC

aa, ad a aa aa, ada

da a a abaa d d

ad dca da ca c ca d ca da Rbca Va. O d 1964 dcad ca aa.18 E a cd, d aa 50% a d d ca a Caa Sad, dd aa. Na a aa, add a ca a ac b a , a ad ad a a a abaad. C a aa d PL, aa d a a a a a a aca ca, ad a C (c: c da dbdad d a, a adaa d aba d 44 a aa d 6 a , dca aa ad, a a daaa 50% a a a a a, a a aa acaada d ab a d , a d 30 da, a b d da d a, d cc d d c d ad d , dad, c ad, ). C , d ad, a d dd caa, d a a aa ca a CLT a b d ca. P : a d a aad aC, a a da ada da; a a 13 a, d ab aad cca, c aa , d aca a d aa d cad; ca d d d FGTS, ad 8% d a, da cad; ab da da d a aa, dad aa, a d ca d ca c (K, 2002).19 O a a a d dba aca: E ac a a a ada CLT a a C Naca. N ca d a ca , a aca da cab a a. Od ca, a a . Od ca, a cad (D d,

Caa N, 1999: 362).


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14

20. Ma da a dca dca

da a ca a da ca a P. Ea a CUT

cc a ca21, a Fa Sdca, d dc

aa, a a dda c c22. O ca

a da c a d ad da a CUT

aaa aca ca a a d 23, a Fa Sdca

20 A , ba, a a d a a caa a, caada a a d ba.21 C J Fc, d da CUT, da, dacd c a a aa d dca bac, aa a 618 da CLT, abd a bdad d ba d d c d abaad, ac 13 a, adca d a, da a da ca adad, aa a ca. caa a cad a aada aa abaad, cca c b d ca a aa , a,a daa aa a ca a aa d d, a aa d d , aa d c ad acabaa c a daa a d a a a d d, caad ba da d a d abaad (Fa d S Pa, 24/03/02). Na aaa d dcaa ad CUT, a dabaad C d Ada da OIT: N a CLT c c. Aaa a ca. Ada bdad d aa dca. c aa a a abaca c a cca da ca ca. Q dca aad ca d aba. S a ada. Pca dc. Ma a a a ca dda aa? E, a ada: dda a dd d d ca cca, aad a dca c d C, aa aa d a d. c aa d dca d dca ca dc a a c ca ad (O Oa, 2002: 25 27).22 O d dca a 618 da CLT (Cda da L Tabaa) d b d adc . C ab, d caa ca d d acac; cc aaca ada ad d ca a. A a aa da CLT a d; a ac dca aaaa a da da a caa aba Ba. E a a, a ca acc addad d abaad d a acd; ca c, a a a CLT. A da da a caa aba, caa aa a aa da da a, . A CLT 60 a, a a da ad Ba ad a a d da a a abaad

d . Ea aac d a dacada c d ca a ad ca d d c. Da da adad, a acab d a bcaa d c, add a ca cada; a adad a da da aaa bcca (...) A Fa Sdca, c abaad dba a 1.600 dad ada, acda a dca a CLT ca a (...) P cab a a a ca d dca d aa ada a d cc.A a aba caa ca da, adaa a adad. O a d d cac a aad a c d a cda a adad. A a a adad aacaa a da da CLT (Pa Pa da Sa, Pa, d da Fa Sdca, Fa d S Pa,24/03/02).23 C aa da Fa d S Pa (22//03/02): Ma d 1 d abaad 27 caa a c cdad d aacaa d , aa, aaa aaa ca d aa a CLT (Cda da L dTaba), d aa da CUT (Ca ca d Tabaad), a A Ucad ca a Rd dD d Tabaad. N cc da ca, Ead d S Pa a a aaa a 200 abaad d bc ad da a d d da. O d ba da CLT, aad a Fa Sdca, acd cad dca a a b . O ada ca

ad Sad. C b, a caa a a d da a a. N d da d d abaad. Aca ca, . Ma ca [ca] d abaad ba caa, a J Fc, d aca da CUT. E S Pa, a aaa da ada Paa a a aa daRbca 4.000 da, , ac, c, c d da ad, , daa da Pca Ma. Paa a CUT, a 5.000. N a d , a da 19, aa aa bc aa d FHC, d Taba, Facc D, d da Fa Sdca, Pa Pa daSa. N c, cca d 15 bac abaa bac c d aca a a Ba Va XV d Nbab a aa. N ABC, 30 ac da V, Scaa Fd d d a d aa da aaa a da a a. N d d c, d acd c a a. Na V, 230 ca daa d ad. E Caa (SP), 10 a ada a a acca dad, c, aa ac a A Iaca d Vac. N Va d Paaba, 20 abaad ada a da d , a 11 bca a a GM, a V a Fd. Na ada, 135 ca daa d ad. A PM


15/28

15

aaa acd c Sda, aad a ca da CLT a a

aada P24. E aad a Caa d ca c

aa aa c daad da a.

E da, d a Sad.

A

ã

E aa ca c a caa cada c a a a ca

ca, ada a cab a 80 cada a a Caa Cca, a c

d c d a da cdad c ac a,

aca c Pa Ra a d FHC, a a da cada,

a, a cba d a aad, d abdad,

aa, d d daa ca a (Oa, 1998b: 165). D

ad da ca da, adaa a a da d aa

ccca da dcdad d bc, ada c a c da dda a d

a 80 a c dda a bca, a a d a

cd d Ead a a caaa. A c a d Ead cc

b a da bca c a da ca bca bd

a da aca d Ead cd (Oa, 1999b: 67). Da d dc

d cc dcaa S J d Ca acad d ad d c d a a d b ba. O ad da CUT a dad da LG P, ab da d da.24 Tab d aa cada a Fa d S Pa (22/03/02): A Fa Sdca Sda (dca da a daa) aaa acd aa cc da CLT (Cda da L d Taba). Cca d 145 ac d Ead d S Pa d, adad acd, a, aca c, caadad, d 13 a a d a d d a . O acd a a a Ja d Taba. Ma, Sad ad a daa a , a ca S da a ca aa d Taba, Facc D, aaa Daca Ra d Taba S Pa aa M Pbc d Taba. O a d abaad da

a d, ada, ca acd aa a d Ead. Sd Da Ra, cad aad d aa, a a caa Sda aa dc a ad d , a d d . A d d d a a, a a 30 ca a aa d ca d aba.Ra ab a d aa d , da a a ad. O d da Fa Sdca, Pa Pa da Sa, d a ca d d ad d a da a ada acd. U da a acd d ad ac, aba 25 abaad d, Pa a aa da a. Pa aaaca. O ba [ acd] daa ca. Ca da Ja, d ca, d M Pbc adadabaa. J d a a ad ada acd dad a. Paab cc a ba da a CUT d a. A CUT d Ma [M d A d SPa], a d Ba. I a b a CUT , aa. Q da a a a abaad, a d d .


16/28

16

da

, a aa d aa da

a aa, a d a aa a aa d bc, a

cd bca d ad a caada, a cad,

c a d Ead d BEa (Oa, 1999b: 68).

O a aaa, ada, , c a c aa ca

ad, cc aca d

ca a d

d da da a a. Taaa d c ad a

ca a da a a da dcaca.

Paa ca da Aca Laa,

a ad a

a aa da ca a

(aa), a ada a a a aa. Paa a cba a

, da cd daa: d ad, a

ad, da, cad c d

d dc dcc cd a a da a ca ca d

a 80; d , a a da dcaca (aa) d a ada da

dca í

(cada c abdad) dca d

(,

b da aca da aca, d bdad/adad).

Qa a d aa/ca dca, baa a a

d da d , cda 1995, d a a

da aaa d Ead d d dcc da da d d da cdadaa

( dd a d d cd). A caa a

da bca d c a ca d a cdadaa aada,

da aa d c d ca da da, d

aad cad aa a d d:

a aad/dd a

; í

, a é -

;

,

a í

(ad a ab

d ) a é

(ad a ab d a);

, a

;

, a

.


17/28

17

N aa, aa a dad, caad, aad, a aaa

í , ad a caada

í ó (aa d

ad d ca bca c aa ca d Cdad Sda

aa d da a, d baca, d aca a, ).

A í

, b ca aaa da da (Ca, 1998b), a

a dca (ada a d) a aca (dda c a a ac da

daba d Ead aa c a ca). Na ca,

caa caa ca: a) aa da, caa c

aa a cd d

(d b aa ); b) a a

dad, a bc d a aa d aca (b a a

ba, dd a aa ca d ca

aad, caad, a, , c c

daad25), abad a, a, a c bc, a,

cdadaa); c) aa aad , a a ac

d Ead a c d ca d aca. A aa da ba ,

a, a acada a aca da aca cdad (c ba

a Cdad Sda a da Oaa Sca26,

ca)27. Da ca d c 28 a da ca a29.

25 Qa ca acaa cdada a abada a ca cca, ad bda a ba(Oa, 1998b). Paa Dab (1993: 99): Dad a a d caa aa d ac d adadadad ca, a cb aa cda a dadad. P ad, ca a ad d d a, acad a d da c ac a . P ad, abc a aa daca ca, d a, a da da a aa cb c , db a bc d da a.26 E 1997 G d, c a da a d Ead, a Mdda Pa cad a a dca da OaaSca. O a da OS, c a d bc a ONG, a d aa aca c Ead a c dca, ad, ca d cc cc. Rcbd, aa a, c bc ,

caada, ad abdad d c d ca ca. V a T (2001).27 C T (1998 2001).28 A ca da a aca c Ead, aa c c a aaa da Ead Mcad, d a d B Pa b aa ca , d , a a d aaaca, a d aa da cdad c (Oa, 1999a: 12).29 H aa bc d d G FHC c a da caada Tca Va, d adacada Pd ( ac d c aca) B Pa, cd da a dEad, c a . C dd d d ba a c a a c da.Na aaa d Pa (2002: 379), a da aa aa d c dc d a aa aadaba ca, aa da d bc aa, aaa aa a ca dcd ddad a a aa baa. Paa a aa ca da ca da Tca Va,


18/28

18

N , c aaa aa ca, c cbaa

dc d

ca c dc da cdadaa daaa a cadad

a aa d a ca, a aad

cada aada. Daaaa, a, d a aa aa a.

N aaa da a ca ca dada, a a da a

dca, ad, c M (1982), a da da cdad

aa a aa da ca (da a ca aa Ead a ca

aa a cdad). Sb a cd, a ca í

ú

(a a d

a c c a d d c d

Ead, daad d a caad ccad) aa, ada

ca. Aa, c FHC, a c, a da da cdad a a

ada a aa da ca (ad a í

ú

aaa a a

d a ca , c ca bdad d a cdad, a a

aca). N , a ca í

ú

(a, caada b a a

ccadaa), aa aa c

(

), c

,

a caa d c, a da cdad, ca da ca. Ua

aa dc, ac da da bca, a

ú

( aa

c aa cd), aa d ca a

dada; a c c (a d dca CUT) a

d bd a a da dacada/dada,

cbada a c d a ba ca d a, ada cc

ad dad30, aad ad

a a d.

Gdd (1999 2000). Paa a d a aca Ba, Pa (1998 1999). E aa a cca, da, daca ca, Ca (1999).30 Sd Ma (1999), aad dad d IBGE d DSad, a d 50% da a cada Ba, d a ad cdad, ca a d adad, ad a aaa a dad, aada, d, FGTS. V a ab Ddcca (1998).


19/28

19

D

a d d a d cad c d

a ba ca d a d d, a a d

(Ma, 1999; Pca, 2001). Saa, c d c

acad da a ba. Ta aa c a d db da

ca d a ca abaad ca da, c ca

aa d a daa a c

. Paca,

a d d dc, da d

d

3

1

c a a aa.

O d c a cada d

aa ca acada: a) a a da c abaad ad, a aaa

a d d c a da ca aa da a a

ad d a aa d , a a, c dca aca,

caa d ca d aba (ca, aba aca, aba

c), ba da ada d aba (bac d a) da a

(PLR), ca d d aba, a abaad

c; b) a a c a ada bca ca, ada da, ad aa a bc ca, cdc aa aa

aa ac dad ( d caada

a ca, d c, ad a a), cbd aa a

Ead d cad32; c) a a c a dad dca, ad,

ad, da aaa d d / aca aa a , a a

bca a a a cc / a dcaaca c dada

c d caa ca.

P ad, d d cd ca d a

ca, a a c a

( d Ca, 1998). Paa

31 C cc d Gac ( a , , G, 1980).


20/28

20

abaad, d aca ad, aa d dc

aa, aa dc da abdad, c abdad d

cada , a d ad a dda, aa d a aca

a (F, 1999; G, 1999). N b ccc (a da

a), d ad d ccada d aa d

d d c, ca bca d a cdad (a

ê

cada

a d cad baad). N b accc (a da ca

aa), cad c a abdad da baa, a d

a ca ca da dca da aca a33. C, a

ca ba, aa d ba d cad (da a ada, a), a

Ead caba baca: c a a a ad d cacada caa (d baca, ba c).

A a , a d ca, a acad, a aa

dca ba a a ac ca a a da

aa da ca ba Ba, c C FHC. Sa a a da a d

ca ca d aba ca a d da d d ca. Sa

aa da c d da aa d aa aca, c

a ca d F Naca d La Da da Ta, Taba Cdadaa,

1998, a Maca d 100 M, 1999. Sa, ada, aa da aca

caa aca, c a ca da Aaa Sca Ca, a aa d

F Sca Mda a aa d aa -

, c a d

Sa, 1999, d Wa Paa, 2000, d Qbc Ga, 2001. Sa,

ab, aa da cc cada a da aca c,

c bc, a acad caa c d

ca bca ca. O da, ca, cad aa a c d

32 V a , , Zbc (2000) Ab (2001).33 N d TEM, ad b a d FHC: O d a 90 cc: a abdad,c d cc, abdad, ca a a a c aa aa a, aaa da a aa. H a a d aa b a , ac cad a. Paa, c aa a caa d aba , a (MTE/S, 1995,

A, 200: 72).


21/28

21

, aada a a da bca (ca, ada da),

cada C Dba d Fd d Aa a Tabaad Cda, d

c a. Aa da aca, a ca dca aaa a b

c bc (d d FAT), a a d c da da ad da dcada d

90, aa aca d a a, d a d da

d da d d ba. A a d d

P Naca d Qaca Pa, a Ca d Taba Rda a Aca

d D Sd, da CUT, C d Sdadad, da Fa Sdca.

Paa a caa a a aa, a, a ca ca

ca, a bca d d c c a

, d abdad ú , a daa da aada da í ,

d

. E, aa, d d a dada

(aa bca d a aaa). R a ca aca

d a a: a) d da a (a d ca, aa ca d

aba ca); b) d d a c a ca: c)

b d d ca (ad d ca bca d c

a d aba da); d) ca da ca bca aca (ad

d ca bca d d ad d a d

da); ) b aca (acad d a a, Mc,

ca, da d da Aca, ba, da da ca da OMC, FMI, Bac

Mda c.

G

L

Ta da ccd c a ca d c, ad a d

La aa d d a. Sa c a d

a, a

cca dba da a abaa dca, c ddad

d dca ca dcad c a CUT a La, a


22/28


23/28

23

B I B L I O G R A F I A C I T A D A

Ab, Pa P (1998), Caa d Taba: Mdaa da Ra d Pd?,S ã

P

P

, S Pa, Fda Sad, V. 12, 01, aa.

A d Oa, Mac (2002),P

í

T

R

ç õ

T

B

: D E

V

H C

, Caa, T d Dad, I d Eca/Uca.

A, Rcad (1995) A

T

?

E

S

M

C

M

T

,

S Pa, C Eda; Caa, Eda da Uca.

______________ (1997),

, A, Rcad. (.),N

T

S

:

R

ç

ã

B

I

, S Pa, B Eda.

______________ (1999), O S T

: E

A

ç

ã

N

ç

ã

T

, SPa, B Eda.

Ab, Gac (2001), Ga Fca, Ea Pbc Ida Abca Ba, Va, Rb(.),

A

ç

ã S

E

ç

L

, S Pa, Cad d Fa II, Eca Sdca SPaCUT/Sdca d Bac d S Pa.

B, H (1995), A D da Ca Oa Ia?, R B C S , S Pa, 27.

__________ (1997), A Pca d Taba Ma,

A, Rcad (.).N

T

S

:

R

ç

ã B

I

, S Pa, B Eda.

Ba, La Maa da Sa (1998), Acac L da Ra Ncada,

S ã

P

P

, S Pa, Fda Sad, V. 12, 01, aa.

_______________________ (2001),D

V

:

O

D

E

S

A

, S Pa, Edc.

B, Aa (1990), L Paa Da T S ca,L M

D

, Pa.

________ (1998),D

N à A

:

O M O á

E

C , S Pa,B Eda.

Bd, P (1998), C

: T

á

E

I

ã N

, R d Ja, JZaa Ed.

B, R (1988), L

ó

T

E

, Madd, M d Taba.

Cad, Adab Ma (1992), O Paa I: O da Fa Sdca,N

E

,S Pa, a.

Ca, Rb (1998),A M

Q

ã S

: U

C ô

S

á

, P, EdaV.


24/28

24

Ca, Maa (1999), Faaa da Tca Va,

S ã

P

, 19/12.

_____________ (2000),B

M

S

A

á

, S Pa, Fda PAba.

C, a (1995), A E

S

C

: U

O

á

à C

ç

ã

C

S

B

, Da d Mad, FFLCH/USP.

F, L (1997), O M

, P, Eda V.

Fac, Ga (1993a), Nba Nca, Fa d S Pa, 04 d a.

_____________ (1993b),. A Va d Md Ccad,

S ã

P

, 20 d a.

Fa, C. (1982),U

T

I

, Ld, Fac P.

F, Gadc (1999), Fa TccPa a C d Taba Aaaad: O M daEabdad Da d Rc Pa, Paaa, V. (cd),

E

ç

ã

P

C

P

í

R

ç

ã

ç

ã

, Maa, EDUA.

G, Pab (1999), O Cc d Eabdad, Ld, Lca (), S á N

A

ç

ã

P

: U

P

í

P ú

E

ç

ã

P

D

, Cad daUaba, S Ca.

Gdd, A (1999), A Tca Va Cc D,

S ã

P

, 21/02.

_______________ (2000),A

T

V

, R d Ja, Rcd.

G, Ad (1990a), O F da Ca Oa,

R

I

Q

, S Pa, . 101.

__________ (1990b), P La Sc Saaa a B d Na Va, L M D

, Pa.

__________ (1995), Taba Nc Racadad Ecca,N R

, S Pa, . 24, a10.

__________ (1998),M

P

R

P

, B A, Baca, Mc, Pad.

Gac, A (1977),N

M

, Ra, Ed R.

G, Lca (1980), O C H

, R d Ja, Ed Gaa.

Haba, J (1984),M

ç E

E

P ú

, R d Ja, T Ba.

______________ (1992),T

T

C

A (

T

C

R

)

, V.II, Ld, P P.

Ha, Dad (1992),C

ç

ã

P

ó - M

, S Pa, Ed La.

Jc Rd, Ia (1997), Sdca, E Ra d Taba a IdaAbca,

A, Rcad (.),N

T

S

:

R

ç

ã

B

I

, S Pa, B Eda.


25/28

25

____________________ (1999), A Taa d N Sdca, Jc Rd, Ia (), O N S

V

A

D

, R d Ja, Eda V, S Pa, Edc/Uaba.

___________________ (2001), U Laba da Ra d Taba: O ABC Paa A 90,Caab, C

ç

ã

V E

A

A , .

Jc Rd, Ia Raa, J Rcad (1998), Sdca a Iaa Ba: EaaDa da Na Fa d G da Pd,

S ã

P

P

, S Pa,Fda Sad, V. 12, . 1, aa.

K, J Da (2000), A Ra d Sa d Ra d Taba Ba,P

C

D

ã

T

ó

P D

C

T /

C N

P

D

(Ra d Pa), S Pa,Uca/C.

_____________ (2001),O A

ç

ã

R

ç õ

T

B

, Caa,Da d Mad, I d Eca/Uca.

_____________ (2002), A d Iac da Edad da Pca Aa La Pad dRa d Taba S Mac, 19962000, Ra d Pa (a)

d P D Tcc, Adad Ecca Mcad d Taba Ea Ra Ba:

P

P

ç

ã

T é

D I E E

S

E /

C

E

S

I T /

C N

P

, La4 Mcad Ra d Taba.

K, J Da Oa, Mac A d (1999), Mdaa Ica Ra d Taba: AIcaa d G FHC Pd 19951998,

A

V I E

N

E

T

, S Pa, ABET.

K, Rb (1993),O C

M

ç

ã

: D D

S

C

à C

E

M

, R d Ja, Pa Ta.

Lad, M Va, Rb (2001), Tdca Rc d Sdca CUT S Pa,

Va,

Rb (),A

ç

ã S

E

ç

L

, Cad d Fa, V. 2, S Pa, Eca SPaCUT/Sdca d Bac.

La, Jacb Ca Aa, Naa (1999), Paa A d N Sdca: A C d Aaaa a Eca c Taba Acad,

Jc Rd, Ia (),O N S

V

A

D

, P, Ed. V.

Ma, Ha H. T. d Sa (1994), O Da d M Sdca Fac da Tca,

Ma, H. Raa, R. (),

T

ç

ã

: D

N

ç

ã M

T

,S Pa, Ed. Hcc/CdN.

Maa, E. J. Oa, L. (1994), Cadad Pdca Aa Oba,

Na, J. (.),N

P

P

R

S

A

é

L

, B A,

Acac Taba Scdad.

Ma, J (1999),O B

D

:

C

D

í

M

3 M

õ

E

A 9 0

, S Pa, Fda P Aba.

Ma, Ed (2001),

P

1 9 9 5

:

A C

ç

ã

D

á

Q

ã

,Da d Mad, FFLCH/USP.

M, J a (1982),L

ç õ

L

O ã

, R d Ja, Pa Ta.


26/28

26

O, Ca (1989), Taba: A CaaCa da Sca?, R

B

C ê

S

, SPa, . 10, .

_________ (1994),C

D

: T

ç õ

C â

T

P

í

, S Pa, Ba.

Oa, Facc d Oa (1997), Aca N: O Ca da Ta d Nba, SPa, .

_________________________ (1998a), Ca: Cc Ea?,D

V

, R dJa, Iba, 03, .

_________________________ (1998b),O

D

A

:

A

E

P

í

H

I

, P, Eda V.

___________________________ (1999a), E a Ta C: Mad a Ua?,D

V

,R d Ja, Iba, 06, a.

___________________________ (1999b), Paa d Pbc, D da Faa Aa da

Pca: O Taa Nba, Oa, Facc d Pa, Maa Ca (), O S

D

: P

í

D

H

, P, V; S Pa, Ndc.

___________________________ (2000), A Cada d Pa: O Ecda Gba,

S ã

P

, 17 d a.

_________________________ (2001a), Aa a a: d d ca?,

ó

, S Pa.

_________________________ (2001b), Q Caa d N LIaa?, R ç

ã

E

ç

ã S

, Cba (.c..c./aca).

Oa, F.

(cd) (1992).

O Caa d Aaca: O Acd da Mada. S Pa,P

P

, Cba ().

______________________ (1993) Qa M, M: O Acd da Mada. IN

E

C

. S Pa, Cba, . 36, .

Pa, L Ca B (1996), A Ca Ead Mcad,

S ã

P

, 01/09.

______________________ (1998),E

E

M

:

O

P ú

N ã -

E

, R d Ja, FGV.

______________________ (1999), A Na CEda,

S ã

P

, 21/02.

Pa, L Ca B Ga, Na C (1999),O

P ú

N ã

E

R

E

, R

d Ja, Eda FGV.

P, M. J. Sab, C. F. (1984),T

S

I

D

: P

P

, N Y, BacB.

Pca, Mc (1999),O

T

C

: E

ã

D

P

ç

ã

S

é

, S Pa, Eda C.


27/28

27

Pca, M., Ba, R. Mda, S. (1998), A Sdca Ba: Taa Pca, S ã

P

P

, S Pa, Fda Sad, V. 12, . 1, aa.

P, H (1983),

B

H ó

, R d Ja, Pa Ta.

Raa, J Rcad (1997), Pcaa d Taba Ia da Oaa Ca Ba,

A, R. (.),N

T

S

:

R

ç

ã B

I

,S Pa, B Ed.

___________________ (1999), Oaa Sdca a Iaa d Na Fbca d SAbc O Ca d S F,

Jc Rd, Ia (.),O N

S

V

A

D

, R d Ja, Ed. V, S Pa, Edc/Uaba.

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___________ (1998b), A G d P, Paa, S Pa, Eda Hcc.

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