reflexões sobre a reforma da administração local e a sua oportunidade para sintra

8/3/2019 Reflexões sobre a Reforma da administração Local e a sua oportunidade para Sintra

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L{'ij Oîij~j I|gdodrjc hl _dgx~j0

Jss|gxm0 ̂ lam~ij hj Jhidgdsx~jæïm Cmojc

Gm îindxm hm hlnjxl li xm~gm hj ^lam~ij hj Jhidgdsx~jæïm Cmojc# gj s|j omirmglgxl hlm~fjgdpjæïm xl~~dxm~djc# l omgsdhl~jghm m jflghjilgxm hl |ij slssïm hj JsslincldjI|gdodrjc lsrlodjcilgxl hlhdojhj jm xlij# jr~lslgxm ms il|s omgx~dn|xms hl ~lacl{ïm#rmsdæïm li ~ls|cxjhm hj idgkj ~lacl{ïm smn~l m xlij# z|l jrlgjs il qdgo|cj# jssdgjcjghm js

z|lsxüls z|l omgsdhl~m ijds ~lclqjgxls rj~j m i|gdoérdm hl _dgx~j'

Lsxj ^lam~ij Jhidgdsx~jxdqj omgxäi# rj~j jcäi hj omirmglgxl hl m~fjgdpjæïm xl~~dxm~djc# j~lam~ij lcldxm~jc hms fmql~gms cmojds z|l# rm~ sl~ hl omgslgsm jcj~fjhjilgxl il jnsxlgkmhl jz|d x~jxj~' Ijs gïm hld{m hl jz|d ijgdalsxj~ j idgkj rmsdæïm z|jgxm â omirmsdæïm hjJsslincldj I|gdodrjc# gm z|l sl ~lal~l â rj~xdodrjæïm# rm~ dgl~àgodj# hms R~lsdhlgxls hjs @|gxjshl A~lf|lsdj' Omgsdhl~m z|l xjc ~lr~lslgxjæïm omgsxdx|d |ij hdsxm~æïm hm sdsxlij ~lr~lslgxjxdqmz|l j hlimo~jodj rm~x|f|lsj hlalghl gms sl|s ÿ~fïms rmcéxdoms omcloxdqms' Hlalghm z|l m

ÿ~fïm adsojcdpjhm~ hm i|gdoérdm hlql sl~ jrlgjs omirmsxm rlcms lcldxms hd~loxms li s|a~êfdm|gdql~sjc# l gïm dgoc|d~ z|jdsz|l~ ilin~ms rm~ dgl~àgodj' Rmhl~ïm sdi js a~lf|lsdjs lsxj~ r~lslgxls rj~j dgxl~qlgæïm li ijxä~djs z|l hdfji ~lsrldxm jms sl|s xl~~dxÿ~dms# lsocj~lolghm jjsslincldj# jssdi omim lsxê ~lr~lslgxjhj j Oîij~j# rj~j r~lsxj~ lsocj~lodilgxms# ijsslir~l sli hd~ldxm j qmxm m| rj~xdodrjæïm gjs s|js lsx~|x|~js hl hlodsïm# omim slghm jshdal~lgxls omidssüls rl~ijglgxls m| lqlgx|jds'

J hdxj ~lam~ij jhidgdsx~jxdqj r~lxlghl jdghj jn~jgfl~ ijxä~djs hj m~fjgdpjæïm hms sl~qdæmsi|gdodrjds# z|l~ gm z|l sl ~lal~l jms sl|s z|jh~ms hd~dflgxls# z|l~ gm z|l sl ~lal~l jm sloxm~



Jgj Z|ld~mp hm Qjcl 4 hl @jgld~m hl >2:> :

lir~lsj~djc cmojc# z|l# rm~ mræïm r~ÿr~dj l hlcdnl~jhj gïm r~lxlghm jz|d ijgdalsxj~)il smn~l jsr~mrmsxjs z|l m Fmql~gm cjgæm|'

R~lxlghm# jx~jqäs hlsxl hmo|ilgxm# omgx~dn|d~ rj~j |ij ~lacl{ïm sä~dj l r~ma|ghj# slihlijfmfdjs m| sdi|cjæïm hl qmgxjhls# rm~z|l omgsdhl~m z|l ijds z|l |ij dirmsdæïm hllgxdhjhls l{xl~gjs# m| hm Fmql~gm# lsxj ä |ij ~lacl{ïm glolssê~dj l |~flgxl jm i|gdoérdm'

\~flgxl l glolssê~dj rmds dgac|d hl am~ij hlxl~idgjgxl gm imhlcm hl fmql~gjæïm hjs gmssjsodhjhls l hm gmssm xl~~dxÿ~dm' Jx~jqäs hlcj rmhl~lims lgomgx~j~ am~ijs hl fmql~gjæïm ijdsladodlgxls# ijds lz|dcdn~jhjs# ijds r~ÿ{dijs hjs rmr|cjæüls# l# lsxm| ol~xj# fmql~gjæïm z|l

jcojgæj~ê |i ijdm~ lz|dcén~dm l omlsïm xl~~dxm~djc# smn~lx|hm gm z|l sl ~lal~l â lomgmidji|gdodrjc l# rm~ omgslz|àgodj# jcojgæjghm ijdm~ z|jcdhjhl hl qdhj rj~j ms odhjhïms z|l qdqlix~jnjckji l qdsdxji _dgx~j'

Omgsdhl~jghm ðxdc j ~lacl{ïm# rm~ xmhms# hlsxj xliêxdoj# gïm hld{m rmds hl jz|d l{r~lssj~ m il|lgxlghdilgxm smn~l j ~lam~ij jhidgdsx~jxdqj hm i|gdoérdm# smcdodxjghm m sl| lgqdm â JsslincldjI|gdodrjc# omim am~ij hl omgx~dn|d~ rj~j m hlnjxl hm r~ÿ{dim hdj :4'

_dgx~j# 4 hl @jgld~m hl >2:>

Jgj Z|ld~mp hm Qjcl

Ql~ljhm~j hj Oîij~j I|gdodrjc hl _dgx~j



Jgj Z|ld~mp hm Qjcl 4 hl @jgld~m hl >2:> >

J ^LAM^IJ JHIDGD_X^JXDQJ HL _DGX^J

@jgld~m >2:>

:' OMG_DHL^JÆÜL_ DGDODJD_ ‟ @\_XDADOJÆÏM HJ MRM^X\GDHJHL

Gms ðcxdims ilsls i|dxm sl xli ajcjhm hj dirmsxj ) glolssê~dj ) ~lam~ij jhidgdsx~jxdqj hmxl~~dxÿ~dm +omgxdglgxjc$ rm~x|f|às'

Lsxj hdso|ssïm s|~fl# jgxls hl ijds# rlcj s|j dgoc|sïm gjs ~lam~ijs ~lz|l~dhjs# m| l{dfdhjs# gmîindxm hj j`|hj l{xl~gj z|l Rm~x|fjc ~lz|l~l|' Amd lgxïm lgxlghdhj omim ajoxm~ omjh`|qjgxlhjs ~lam~ijs adgjgold~js l lomgÿidojs z|l m rjés glolssdxj# rj~j jcojgæj~ m sl| lz|dcén~dm hlfmql~gjæïm s|sxlgxêqlc# li lsrlodjc gm z|l xjgfl âs z|lsxüls adgjgold~js# j ~lam~ij hms sl|sÿ~fïms rmcéxdom)jhidgdsx~jxdqms cmojds'

@|cfm lsxj~ims xmhms omgsodlgxls z|l lsxj ~lam~ij jhidgdsx~jxdqj gïm x~j~ê# lsslgodjcilgxl lli r~dild~j cdgkj# fjgkms adgjgold~ms# ijs `|cfm rmhl~)sl jad~ij~# l lsxm| hdssm omgqdoxj# z|lx~j~ê fjgkms l nlglaéodms lomgÿidoms z|l |~fl jr~mqldxj~'

Ijs lsxj hdso|ssïm xm~gj)sl xjinäi a|ghjilgxjc# km`l# rm~ sl x~jxj~ hl |ij ~lam~ij z|l kêi|dxm sjnlims sl~ glolssê~dj' Gïm amd jxä km`l omgo~lxdpjhj# xjcqlp rm~ ajcxj hl qmgxjhl# m|ilsim om~jfli rj~j j xm~gj~ laloxdqj# jrlsj~ hl hdql~sjs qlpls xl~ sdhm dgdodjhm m sl| hlnjxl#li lsrlodjc li aÿ~|gs xäogdom)rmcéxdoms'

Rm~z|l omgsdhl~m glolssê~dm l |~flgxl# rj~j jcäi hl z|jcz|l~ dirmsdæïm hl xl~old~ms +gjodmgjdsm| lsx~jgfld~ms$# ~lacloxd~ smn~l m imhlcm hl fmql~gjæïm hl _dgx~j l# omgslz|lgxlilgxl# smn~ljs s|js |gdhjhls# dgsx~|ilgxms# al~~jilgxjs l ÿ~fïms hl fmql~gm# l gïm il ~la|xm j xmij~ rmsdæïm rðncdoj l rmcéxdoj smn~l lsxj xliêxdoj# rj~xdodrjghm gm hlnjxl hl xmhms z|jgxm jssdixjinäi m hlsl`li'



Jgj Z|ld~mp hm Qjcl 4 hl @jgld~m hl >2:> ?

J hlcdidxjæïm hladgdxdqj hjs mræüls j xmij~# ms sl|s lclilgxms hl |gdhjhl# hl jcxl~jæïm m| hla~mgxld~js l m lclgom hjs omirlxàgodjs hladgdxdqjs gïm rmhli slgïm ~ls|cxj~ hl |i flgl~msm

hlnjxl rðncdom l rmcéxdom'

>' ^LAM^IJ GLOL__Ê^DJ# RM^Z\À=

Omim i|dxm sl xli ~lal~dhm# m imhlcm jox|jc hl hdqdsïm jhidgdsx~jxdqj ~limgxj# gj s|j lsx~|x|~j#

â ~lam~ij hl Im|pdgkm hj _dcqld~j l hl Rjssms Ijg|lc# gms jgms ?2 hm säo' [D[' Jcf|ijsjcxl~jæüls rmgx|jds am~ji slghm aldxjs# hl rm~ilgm~ rj~j j lsx~|x|~j fl~jc# li lsrlodjc jrÿs:461# ijs hl f~jghl ~lclqîgodj gm omgxlðhm hjs |gdhjhls xl~~dxm~djds jhidgdsx~jxdqjs l hj s|jj|xmgmidj'

Lsx~jgkm sl~dj z|l j lsx~|x|~j rmcéxdom)jhidgdsx~jxdqj# omi ijds hl |i säo|cm# amssl jdghj j z|lijds sl jhjrxj l sl~ql j smodlhjhl jox|jc# xlghm li omgxj# li lsrlodjc# js f~jghlsx~jgsam~ijæüls hm adgjc hm säo' [[ l dgéodm hlsxl säo' [[D'

Gïm ~lsxj~ïm hðqdhjs# slgïm rj~j ms ijds omgsl~qdsxjs l jgxd)~lam~idsxjs# jqlssms j i|hjgæjs+jdghj z|l glolssê~djs$# z|l ä dghdsrlgsêqlc ~lrlgsj~ l# ol~xjilgxl ~lam~ij~# j lsx~|x|~jrmcéxdom)jhidgdsx~jxdqj rm~x|f|lsj# gm ojsm li omgo~lxm# hms i|gdoérdms l a~lf|lsdjs hmomgxdglgxl'

J flsxïm l# li lsrlodjc# j fmql~gjæïm cmojc# ~locjij km`l# omim kê `ê jcf|gs jgms# m|x~jslsx~|x|~js# m|x~js |gdhjhls' Hdssm gïm xlgkm hðqdhj*

Jad~im m il| ~lomgklodilgxm hj jnsmc|xj glolssdhjhl hl xjc ~lacl{ïm*

Js glolssdhjhls hjs rmr|cjæüls l{dfli# ol~xm ä# |ij ijdm~ r~m{didhjhl# ijs ol~xm äxjinäi z|l sl l{dfl |ij ~jodmgjcdhjhl l oml~àgodj hl ildms# li n|soj hl ladodàgodj#ladoêodj l lomgmidj'

Rj~j xjc imhlcm# j hdqdsïm jhidgdsx~jxdqj# l j omgolræïm hj jhidgdsx~jæïm cmojc hm dgéodm hm säo'[D[# li i|dxms +m| xmhms$ ojsms# `ê gïm sl~ql'



Jgj Z|ld~mp hm Qjcl 4 hl @jgld~m hl >2:> 8

?' Z\L ̂ LAM^IJ JHIDGD_X^JXDQJ=

Dgalcdpilgxl m hdso|~sm dir~didhm jm hlnjxl smn~l j ~lam~ij jhidgdsx~jxdqj cmojc# jnl~xm gmsðcxdims ilsls# xli)sl olgx~jhm li z|lsxüls omgacdx|jgxls +omim slghm j –l{xdgæïm’# m–hlsjrj~lodilgxm’ hl sl~qdæms# m| m –qjpdm’ hl jhidgdsx~jæïm li sl| ~ls|cxjhm$'

Omgsdhl~m z|l lsxïm j hmidgj~ z|lsxüls hdal~lgxls hjz|lcjs z|l ijds dgxl~lssji j lsxlhlnjxl# l# smn~lx|hm# j lsxj ~lam~ij'

J ~lam~ij jhidgdsx~jxdqj cmojc hlql li r~dild~m c|fj~ hladgd~ m imhlcm hl fmql~gjæïmi|gdodrjc'

Dsxm ä#

∞ m z|l hlqli sl~ ms fmql~gms i|gdodrjds#l

∞ m z|l hlqli sl~ l j z|l hlqli sl~qd~ ms fmql~gms hjs a~lf|lsdjs'

_ÿ hlrmds hl a|ghjhj lssj mræïm sl rmhl~ê hdso|xd~ hdilgsüls# cdidxls l omirlxàgodjs'

Lsxj z|lsxïm njsdcj~ l r~dild~j hlql sl~ omcmojhj j i|gdoérdms l a~lf|lsdjs'

Omgsdhl~m z|l j ~lam~ij jhidgdsx~jxdqj hj jhidgdsx~jæïm cmojc gïm sl rmhl ~lh|pd~ â ~lacl{ïm lrmghl~jæïm hjs |gdhjhls hl a~lf|lsdj# l# sl jssdi am~# lsxj~lims j ajpl~ |ij ~lam~ij –om{j’#z|l ~ls|cxj~ê# j géqlc gjodmgjc# dgomirclxj# rmhlghm ilsim ql~dadoj~)sl dgladojp# l z|l jrlgjs~lqlcj# |ij qlp ijds# ajcxj hl qmgxjhl# m| om~jfli'



Jgj Z|ld~mp hm Qjcl 4 hl @jgld~m hl >2:> <

_l gïm ~lrlgsj~ims# l ~lam~ij~ims jhidgdsx~jxdqjilgxl# m xl~~dxÿ~dm gjodmgjc# li xmhjs js s|js|gdhjhls hl flsxïm ‟ ~lfdüls# i|gdoérdms l a~lf|lsdjs ‟ gïm lsxj~lims j ajpl~ |ij ~lam~ij#

gli ilsim |ij ildj ~lam~ij' Lsxj~lims xïm sÿ j jhdj~# ijds |ij qlp# j ql~hjhld~j# lglolssê~dj# ~lam~ij'

Ä xlirm hl qmgxjhl' Ä Xlirm hl om~jfli*

j' J_ ^LFDÜL_

Jcf|ijs gmxjs n~lqls smn~l j ~lam~ij jhidgdsx~jxdqj cmojc l j s|j ~lcjæïm omi j ~lfdmgjcdpjæïm#am~ij hl fmql~gjæïm rmcéxdom)jhidgdsx~jxdqj hlshl kê i|dxm r~lqdsxj gj Omgsxdx|dæïm# ijs jdghj

gïm omgo~lxdpjhj# rm~ qdodssdx|hls hl qê~dj m~hli'

J lsx~|x|~j hl fmql~gjæïm hm xl~~dxÿ~dm# hdsx~dn|éhj lgx~l jhidgdsx~jæïm olgx~jc l cmojc xli# gjOmgsxdx|dæïm hj ^lrðncdoj# l nli# |i géqlc dgxl~iähdm hl fmql~gjæïm# rmcdxdoj ‟ omiclfdxdidhjhl hlimo~êxdoj# l gïm omim sl~qdæm hlsomgolgx~jhm hm Lsxjhm ‟ jsslgxl li ^lfdülsJhidgdsx~jxdqjs# mghl sl omgadf|~ji dhlgxdhjhls# ~jodmgjcdhjhls# kmimflgldhjhls# m| xïm sÿomghdæüls rmcéxdojs# aésdojs l flmf~êadojs z|l rmssji rmxlgodj~ js jgxl~dm~ls'

Ä rmds j lsx~|x|~j jhidgdsx~jxdqj rm~x|f|lsj jsslgxl li ? géqlds hl fmql~gm# jxä km`l gïmomirclxjhm# ijs z|l om~~lsrmghl j |i imhlcm hl fmql~gjæïm z|l sl lgxlghl oml~lgxl# omlsml ~jodmgjc'

Omcmoj)sl rmds j z|lsxïm0 aj~ê slgxdhm |ij ~lam~ij jhidgdsx~jxdqj hm xl~~dxÿ~dm gjodmgjcsli rmghl~j~ j o~djæïm hjs ~lfdüls jhidgdsx~jxdqjs=

@|cfm z|l gïm'

Nli sl sjnl z|l j o~djæïm hlsxl géqlc hl hlodsïm +~lfdmgjc$ rmhl~ê clqj~ j |ij ijdm~ lgx~mrdjhl r~molhdilgxms# n|~mo~jodj# l rm~xjgxm hl lgx~jqls jm lz|dcén~dm lomgÿidom l adgjgold~m z|lsl hlsl`j' Ijs sl lsxl lsré~dxm ~lam~idsxj# hlsxj slf|ghj häojhj hm säo' [[D li Rm~x|fjc# gïmr~lxlghl xjinäi ~lam~ij~ m lsxjhm olgx~jc# l olgx~jcdsxj# lgxïm gïm ä ~lam~ij# l gïm rmhl sl~qd~ jms mn`loxdqms z|l ms rmcéxdoms xài lg|godjhm rj~j j s|j omgo~lxdpjæïm'




Omgsdhl~j)sl# rm~ dssm# z|l lsxj ~lacl{ïm hlql xl~ s|n`jolgxl j o~djæïm hjs ^lfdülsJhidgdsx~jxdqjs# jdghj z|l gïm sl omgo~lxdpli hl dilhdjxm# ijs j oml~àgodj hj hdqdsïm

jhidgdsx~jxdqj lgomgx~jhj omi lsxj ~lam~ij# gjs |gdhjhls rm~ lcj hladgdhj l rlcms imhlcms hlfmql~gjæïm l s|js omirlxàgodjs# hlql li x|hm jhjrxj~)sl âs ^lfdüls Jhidgdsx~jxdqjs z|lqd~ïm j sl~ omgo~lxdpjhjs# lsrl~m# j o|~xm r~jpm# jssdi js omghdæüls rmcéxdojs# lomgÿidojs ladgjgold~js m rl~idxji'

Ijs j rj~ hjs ^lfdüls Jhidgdsx~jxdqjs# lgomgx~ji)sl js Ê~ljs Ilx~mrmcdxjgjs +Cdsnmj l Rm~xm ‟ hlqlghm rmghl~j~)sl j o~djæïm hl |ij Ê~lj Ilx~mrmcdxjgj hm Jcfj~ql$ z|l rmhli hlshl `êomgf~lfj~ imhlcms hl fmql~gjæïm z|l dgh|pji jms lsxdcms hl fmql~gjæïm hl ~lfdüls

ilx~mrmcdxjgjs# â c|p hjs ilckm~ls l{rl~dàgodjs l|~mrldjs l i|ghdjds# l rm~ dssm# xjinäi jsê~ljs ilx~mrmcdxjgjs hlqli sl~ omgsdhl~jhjs glsxj lsx~|x|~j jhidgdsx~jxdqj ~lam~idsxj#dghlrlghlgxlilgxl hj omgo~lxdpjæïm a|x|~j hjs ^lfdüls Jhidgdsx~jxdqjs' Ê~ljs Ilx~mrmcdxjgjshl fmql~gm r~ÿr~dm l clfdxdijhm'

\ij ðcxdij omgsdhl~jæïm jm z|l sl `|cfj sl~ dgxlgæïm hm Fmql~gm smn~l js ijxä~djs s|r~j)i|gdodrjds# li omgo~lxm j dgsxdx|dæïm# ~lam~æm# hjs `ê rj~ojilgxl l{dsxlgxls Omi|gdhjhlsDgxl~i|gdodrjds'

Li r~dild~m c|fj~ hdfj)sl z|l j dgsxdx|dæïm hl omi|gdhjhls dgxl~i|gdodrjds jsslgxj gm r~dgoérdmhm qmc|gxj~dsim' Dsxm ä# s|~fli rm~ qmgxjhl r~ÿr~dj l rm~xjgxm gïm sl lsxjnlcloli rm~ dirmsdæïm'

O~éxdojs xài sdhm aldxjs# jm cmgfm hj l{dsxàgodj hlsxl xdrm hl dgsxdx|dæüls# li lsrlodjc gjl{olssdqj l alokjhj o~dxl~dpjæïm g|iä~doj rj~j j s|j o~djæïm# ~lqlcjghm)sl z|l m r~dgoérdm hljssmodjæïm qmc|gxê~dj ä r~l`|hdojhm rlcj dirmsdæïm hms o~dxä~dms z|jgxdxjxdqms' Hdfj)sl jdghj z|llsxjs lgxdhjhls gïm rmss|li dhlgxdhjhl j|xê~z|doj# ÿ~fïms ~lr~lslgxjxdqms# gli lcldxms rm~ s|a~êfdm hd~loxm l |gdql~sjc# m z|l clqj j z|l m dgxl~lssl dghdqdh|jc rmssj omijghj~ l jg|cj~ m

dgxl~lssl omi|i hms jssmodjhms# hld{jghm jssdi sli ~jpïm j r~ÿr~dj jssmodjæïm' Omgsdhl~j)sl rmds z|l lsxjs lgxdhjhls jssmodjxdqjs# qmc|gxê~djs hlqli lsxjnlclol~)sl omi njsl lidgxl~lssls omi|gs# l sÿ rj~j lcls# rj~j a|gæüls rj~xdckjhjs ijs z|l j xmhms sl~qli'

Js Omi|gdhjhls Dgxl~i|gdodrjds gïm hlqli omgsxdx|d~ |ij s|nsxdx|dæïm# gïm hlimo~êxdoj# hmsgéqlds ~lfdmgjds hl hlodsïm omgsxdx|odmgjcilgxl lsxjnlclodhms'

Rlssmjcilgxl gïm jo~lhdxm z|l j dgsxdx|odmgjcdpjæïm# flgl~jcdpjhj# hl omi|gdhjhlsdgxl~i|gdodrjds# j z|l m Fmql~gm r~lxlghl omgal~d~ |i z|jh~m hl omirlxàgodjs r~ÿr~djs# rmssj




s|nsxdx|d~ js qd~x|hls l rmxlgodjcdhjhls hjs ~lfdüls jhidgdsx~jxdqjs' Jssdi omim gïm lgomgx~m~jpïm rj~j r~m`loxms)rdcmxm smn~l omi|gdhjhls dgxl~i|gdodrjds ‟ |gdhjhls `ê l{rl~dilgxjhjs# l

hjs z|jds njsxj~ê omckl~ m omgklodilgxm hj s|j l{dsxàgodj l hl l{rl~dàgodj aldxm'

Gm lgxjgxm sl xjc dgsxdx|odmgjcdpjæïm sl~qd~ â omirdcjæïm hl omirlxàgodjs z|l# li hm|x~dgj#hlqlssli ajpl~ rj~xl hjs omirlxàgodjs hjs ~lfdüls jhidgdsx~jxdqjs# l xjc sdx|jæïm sl~qd~ jrlgjsjxä â omgo~lxdpjæïm hlssjs ~lfdüls# hd~dj z|l ä |i ijc ilgm~' Gïm rmhl ä hld{j~ hl sl cklsomgal~d~ dgsx~|ilgxms# al~~jilgxjs# l ÿ~fïms hl fmql~gm nli hdal~lgxls hms z|l j cld km`l cklsomgal~l' Jfm~j z|l xjc gïm sd~qj j jhdj~ sdgl hdl j omgo~lxdpjæïm hjs ^lfdüls Jhidgdsx~jxdqjs#omgsxdx|odmgjcilgxl lsxjnlclodhjs omim ÿ~fïm dgxl~iähdm hl hlodsïm ‟ hlhlsolgx~jcdpjæïm-hlsomgolgx~jæïm hl hlodsïm ‟ glolssê~dm jm lz|dcén~dm# ladodàgodj l ladoêodj hjfmql~gjæïm# hj hdgjidpjæïm lomgÿidoj l hm sl~qdæm âs rmr|cjæüls'

Omgsdhl~m z|l gïm sl rmhl jnhdoj~ hj omgo~lxdpjæïm hjs ̂ lfdüls Jhidgdsx~jxdqjs*

n' M_ I\GDOÉRDM_

Lsxj ^lam~ij Jhidgdsx~jxdqj hlql xjinäi ~lacloxd~ smn~l j lsx~|x|~j hms i|gdoérdmsrm~x|f|lsls' Ol~xm ä z|l m Fmql~gm rj~lol xl~ –rl~hdhm j qmgxjhl’ +cldj)sl0 om~jfli$ hl rlgsj~ m xl~~dxÿ~dm gjodmgjc omim |i xmhm# l rlgsj~ j s|j lsx~|x|~j rmcéxdom)jhidgdsx~jxdqj gj

fcmnjcdhjhl# jnhdojghm jssdi hl |ij ~lam~ij laloxdqj# rj~j mrxj~ rm~ |ij ~lam~ij rj~odjc'\ij ~lam~ij jhidgdsx~jxdqj z|l gïm lz|jodmgl xmhjs js omirmglgxls hj s|j lsx~|x|~j# ä |ij~lam~ij dgomirclxj# dgladojp# l rmhl ilsim sl~ dgomgslz|lgxl'

@|cfm z|l lsxl imilgxm omgsxdx|d |ij MRM^X\GDHJHL ‟ jxlgxl)sl jm cä{dom0 mojsdïm

r~ÿr~dj5 mrm~x|gm0 z|l qli j xlirm# j r~mrÿsdxm# omgqlgdlgxl# ajqm~êqlc ‟ imilgxm z|l slhlql jr~mqldxj~# sli r|hm~ m| ilhm hm `|épm adgjc hjs rmr|cjæüls# rj~j omgsx~|d~ |i imhlcm hlfmql~gjæïm i|dxm ijds jhlz|jhm jm z|l js rmr|cjæüls ~locjiji hjs jhidgdsx~jæüls cmojds'Omgam~il lsx|hms ~lolgxls# |ij cj~fj ijdm~dj hj rmr|cjæïm ä ajqm~êqlc j lsxj ~lam~ij# z|l~ gmz|l hl a~lf|lsdjs# z|l~ hl i|gdoérdms'

Hlalghm rmds z|l lsxj ~lam~ij hlql jnj~oj~ xmhj j lsx~|x|~j rmcéxdom)jhidgdsx~jxdqj hmLsxjhm# gm z|l jz|d dgxl~lssj# xmhj j lsx~|x|~j jhidgdsx~jxdqj cmojc# hlqlghm ~lacloxd~)sl smn~ljs |gdhjhls hms i|gdoérdms jssdi omim hjs a~lf|lsdjs# gms ilsims xl~ims# omi j ilsijdgxlgsdhjhl l dirm~xîgodj# rmds jinjs omgx~dn|li# hl df|jc am~ij# rj~j j oml~àgodj l lz|dcén~dmhj lsx~|x|~j rmcéxdom)jhidgdsx~jxdqj hm rmhl~ cmojc rm~x|f|às'



Jgj Z|ld~mp hm Qjcl 4 hl @jgld~m hl >2:> ;

^ljad~im0 Omgsdhl~m z|l j ~lam~ij jhidgdsx~jxdqj hj jhidgdsx~jæïm cmojc gïm sl rmhl ~lh|pd~ â~lacl{ïm l rmghl~jæïm hjs a~lf|lsdjs# l# sl jssdi am~# lsxj~lims j ajpl~ |ij ~lam~ij –om{j’#

z|l ~ls|cxj~ê# j géqlc gjodmgjc# dgladojp# dgomirclxj# l z|l jrlgjs ~lqlcj# ijds |ij qlp# ajcxj hl

qmgxjhl m| hl om~jfli'

o' J_ A^LF\L_DJ_

Ä gj ~lam~ij hjs a~lf|lsdjs z|l m Fmql~gm xli omcmojhm xmhjs js s|js –lgl~fdjs’ +l~~jhjilgxl

omim `ê jodij sl hlalghl| $# ~lqlcjghm r~lxlghl~ ajpl~ jrlgjs |ij –ildj ~lam~ij’ z|l lsxj~ê

s|`ldxj j qd~ sl~ slz|l~ |ij gïm ~lam~ij'

Gm z|l xjgfl âs |gdhjhls hl a~lf|lsdj# ijdm~ls hlsjadms sl omcmoji'

X~jxj)sl sl sjnl~0 j z|l sl~qli js a~lf|lsdjs=

_l sl r~lxlghl~ z|l ms ÿ~fïms hjs a~lf|lsdjs sl`ji il~ms ~lrmsdxÿ~dms hl ~locjijæüls hmsodhjhïms# lsxj ~lam~ij j gjhj sl~qd~ê' Ijs sl jm dgqäs sl r~lxlghl~ z|l ms ÿ~fïms hjsa~lf|lsdjs sl`j laloxdqms fmql~gms hl r~m{didhjhl# lgxïm ä glolssê~dm ~lam~ij~ *

_m| i|gdodrjcdsxj omgqdoxj' Ijs sm| xjinäi# omgqdoxjilgxl# hlalgsm~j hj gmssj |gdhjhl hlflsxïm rmcéxdom)jhidgdsx~jxdqj hl a~lf|lsdj omim |gdhjhl rmcéxdoj hl lsrlodjc ~lclqîgodj gjlsx~|x|~j hl fmql~gjæïm# ~lomgklolghm)ckl lgm~ils qd~x|hls# l lgxlghm z|l omgsxdx|d |i olgx~mhl mrm~x|gdhjhls hl hdgjidpjæïm lomgÿidoj# hl amilgxm â z|jcdhjhl hl qdhj# hl jrmdm smodjc lsl~qdæm LALOXDQM âs rmr|cjæüls'

Omgsdhl~m z|l m ijdm~ hlsjadm gïm sl omcmoj gj il~j hladgdæïm sl z|jcz|l~ a~lf|lsdj sl a|ghl

omi z|jcz|l~ m|x~j# gli gj il~j sjxdsajæïm hl o~dxä~dms il~jilgxl z|jgxdxjxdqms# gli z|jc mcdidxl hlsxj m| hl m|x~j# m| j hdilgsïm m| omgadf|~jæïm hlsxj m| hl m|x~j a~lf|lsdj'

Omgsdhl~m z|l m ijds dirm~xjgxl hlnjxl# l omgslz|lgxl hlodsïm# sl r~lghl omi m omgxlðhm hj|gdhjhl rmcéxdom)jhidgdsx~jxdqj hj a~lf|lsdj'

Ä rm~ dssm z|l lsxj ~lam~ij jhidgdsx~jxdqj gïm rmhl hdssmodj~)sl hl |ij r~ma|ghj ~lacl{ïm# l~lam~ij# smn~l js jx~dn|dæüls l omirlxàgodjs z|l lsxïm# jox|jcilgxl# lgx~lf|ls âs




a~lf|lsdjs# l hm z|l hlsl`jims z|l sl`ji lsxjs |gdhjhls hl fmql~gm cmojc gm a|x|~m# ajol âsmodlhjhl l hlimo~jodj hm säo' [[D'

Rm~ x|hm m ~lal~d# gïm rj~xdckm hj dhldj z|l sl hlqj lsxjnlclol~ |i cdidxl iê{dim hlrmr|cjæïm-xl~~dxÿ~dm rm~ a~lf|lsdj# z|l rmhl~ê sl~ |i o~dxä~dm ~éfdhm l rl~ql~sm# slghm sdihlxl~idgjgxl m imhlcm hl fmql~gjæïm hjs |gdhjhls xl~~dxm~djds# li omgo~lxm# kmimfägljs ldhlgxdxê~djs'

J a~lf|lsdj# lgz|jgxm |gdhjhl rmcéxdom)jhidgdsx~jxdqj# ä M hlsjadm hlsxj ~lam~ij'

Hm z|l ~ls|cxj~ hl xjc ~lacl{ïm l hlodsïm# hlxl~idgj~ê m imhlcm hl fmql~gjæïm hjs gmssjsodhjhls l xl~~dxÿ~dms'

Hm z|l ~ls|cxj~ hl xjc ~lacl{ïm l hlodsïm# hlxl~idgj~ê j lsx~|x|~j rmcéxdom)jhidgdsx~jxdqj hmxl~~dxÿ~dm gjodmgjc sjéhj hlsxj ~lam~ij# omi df|jc ~lclqîgodj hjs ~lam~ijs z|l Im|pdgkm hj_dcqld~j m| Rjssms Ijg|lc omgo~lxdpj~ji'

Hm z|l ~ls|cxj~ hl xjc ~lacl{ïm l hlodsïm# hlxl~idgj~ê m s|olssm hlsxj ~lam~ij# l m s|olssm hjjhidgdsx~jæïm hm xl~~dxÿ~dm gjodmgjc rj~j m säo' [[D'

8' Z\L IMHLCM HL FMQL^GJÆÏM=

Jdghj z|l j |gdhjhl jhidgdsx~jxdqj hj a~lf|lsdj sl`j |i lclilgxm a|ghjilgxjc glsxj ~lacl{ïm l~lam~ij jhidgdsx~jxdqj# lcj ä xïm sÿ |i rmgxm hl oklfjhj'

Rj~j sl~ims sä~dms glsxj ~lacl{ïm l ~lam~ij# xl~lims jgxls hl ijds z|l hlxl~idgj~ m imhlcmhl fmql~gjæïm cmojc hm gmssm xl~~dxÿ~dm# li lsrlodjc hjs gmssjs odhjhls l hjs ê~ljslidglgxlilgxl ~|~jds# rm~ omgsxdx|é~li sl|s lclilgxms hdomxmijgxls'

_li lssj hladgdæïm ‟ ~lacl{ïm l hlodsïm ‟ z|jcz|l~ ~lam~ij jhidgdsx~jxdqj# ä xïm sÿ#jhidgdsx~jxdqj# l gïm sl~ql jms mn`loxdqms z|l am~ji lg|godjhms rj~j j s|j omgo~lxdpjæïm' Dsxmä0 ~lam~ij)sl# rj~j gjhj*



Jgj Z|ld~mp hm Qjcl 4 hl @jgld~m hl >2:> :2

Omim i|dxms lsrlodjcdsxjs xài hlalghdhm# lso~dxm l hdxm0

∞ R~dild~m xl~lims z|l hladgd~ m imhlcm hl fmql~gjæïm i|gdodrjc z|l sl jindodmgj5∞ Hlrmds rmhl~lims hladgd~ js |gdhjhls z|l rmhli sl~qd~ j lssl imhlcm'

Omgsdhl~m z|l lsxj ä j ilckm~ ilxmhmcmfdj rj~j jcojgæj~ ms mn`loxdqms# l ~lsrmghl~ jmshlsjadms z|l jfm~j sl gms omcmoji'

M imhlcm hl fmql~gjæïm hms xl~~dxÿ~dms j ~ldgqlgxj~ ~locjij km`l al~~jilgxjs l dgsx~|ilgxms

z|l rl~idxji0

∞ \gdhjhl l ladoêodj gjs joæüls5∞ \xdcdpjæïm ladojp hl ~lo|~sms ‟ adgjgold~ms# lomgÿidoms# k|ijgms5∞ Jr~m{dijæïm hms sl~qdæms jms odhjhïms5∞ Jox|j~ rj~j j omirlxdxdqdhjhl ‟ lgx~l rjésls# lgx~l ~lfdüls# lgx~l i|gdoérdms# lgx~l

odhjhls# lgx~l a~lf|lsdjs5∞ ^lam~æj~ j odhjhjgdj5∞ Ommrl~jæïm omi j smodlhjhl odqdc'

Rj~j j hladgdæïm hlssl imhlcm hl fmql~gjæïm hjs |gdhjhls xl~~dxm~djds +i|gdoérdms m|a~lf|lsdjs# ijs xjinäi# rm~z|l gïm# ~lfdüls$ hlqli# jgxls hl ijds# sl~ dhlgxdadojhjs jsa|gæüls z|l hlsl`jims jx~dn|d~ j ojhj f~j| hl dgxl~qlgæïm# omgsmcdhjhj z|l lsxê j kdl~j~z|djhl jox|jæïm0

∞ ^lfdmgjc# rj~j js rmcdxdojs ~lfdmgjds# z|l dgxl~al~li omi |i omg`|gxm hl i|gdoérdms z|lsl dgxl~)~lcjodmgji gjs s|js a|gæüls l sl~qdæms âs rmr|cjæüls5

∞ I|gdodrjc# rj~j js rmcdxdojs i|gdodrjds# z|l sl jhlz|ji jm omg`|gxm hl i|géodrls lxl~~dxÿ~dms omgolckdms5

∞ Rj~mz|djc +hl a~lf|lsdj$# rj~j js rmcdxdojs lidglgxlilgxl cmojds# ijs z|l sl jrcdoji j|ij omi|gdhjhl z|l sl dgxl~)~lcjodmgj z|mxdhdjgjilgxl'

Hlqli gm lgxjgxm lgx~j~ glsxj rmghl~jæïm# glolssj~djilgxl# jsrloxms hl ladoêodj l ladodàgodj'_l nli z|l m r~dgoérdm hj s|nsdhdj~dlhjhl ijghj z|l js smc|æüls sl`ji lgomgx~jhjs jmgéqlc ijds r~ÿ{dim hm r~mnclij z|l js ~locjij# xjinäi m r~dgoérdm hj lomgmidj l hjladoêodj ~locjij z|l lssjs smc|æüls sl`ji sjxdsaldxjs omi j ijdm~ lomgmidj hl ~lo|~sms#sl`ji lcls smodjds# lomgÿidoms# adgjgold~ms# jindlgxjds m| rmcéxdoms'



Jgj Z|ld~mp hm Qjcl 4 hl @jgld~m hl >2:> ::

Hlqlims jssdi lgomgx~j~ m hdaéodc lz|dcén~dm lgx~l j ladoêodj hj smc|æïm l j ~jodmgjcdhjhl hl~lo|~sms j lir~llghl~ '

Omgsdhl~m z|l js |gdhjhls xl~~dxm~djds j hladgd~# js ê~ljs hl jox|jæïm ‟ dsxm ä# js s|jsjx~dn|dæüls l omirlxàgodjs ‟ sïm hlxl~idgjhjs rlcm imhlcm hl fmql~gjæïm z|l sl hlodhd~ '

L lsxj ~lacl{ïm ä qêcdhj# glolssê~dj l |~flgxl# z|l~ rj~j m z|l km`l sïm js |gdhjhls xl~~dxm~djdshms i|gdoérdms# omi m sl| z|jh~m hl jx~dn|dæüls l omirlxàgodjs# l s|j ~lcjæïm omi jsjx~dn|dæüls l omirlxàgodjs hj jhidgdsx~jæïm olgx~jc# omim ä qêcdhj rj~j m z|l sïm km`l js

a~lf|lsdjs# omi m sl| z|jh~m hl jx~dn|dæüls l omirlxàgodjs# l j s|j ~lcjæïm omi js jx~dn|dæülsl omirlxàgodjs hms i|gdoérdms'

J ~lam~ij jhidgdsx~jxdqj mn~dfj j ~lacloxd~ \GDQL^_JCILGXL smn~l js a|gæüls hl ojhj |i hmsf~j|s hl hlodsïm rmcéxdom)jhidgdsx~jxdqj ‟ fmql~gm olgx~jc# ~lfdüls# i|gdoérdms# a~lf|lsdjs'

Omgsdhl~m z|l omgsxdx|li r~dgodrjds z|lsxüls hl ~lacl{ïm hlsxj ~lam~ij jhidgdsx~jxdqj0

∞ Z|jc j a|gæïm hl ojhj |gdhjhl xl~~dxm~djc hl fmql~gm cmojc=∞ Z|jc m géqlc mrl~jodmgjc hl fmql~gm dhljc=∞ Z|jc j hdilgsïm ÿrxdij hj |gdhjhl xl~~dxm~djc hl fmql~gm cmojc=∞ Z|jc j hlcdidxjæïm jhlz|jhj hj |gdhjhl xl~~dxm~djc ajol ê ~ljcdhjhl jox|jc hjs dgxl~)

~lcjæüls hjs rmr|cjæüls=

Gm z|l sl ~lal~l â hdilgsïm ÿrxdij m| dhljc jm fmql~gm cmojc# lsxj lsxê dgxdijilgxl cdfjhj jmsl| géqlc mrl~jodmgjc# omgsxdx|dghm m hlsjadm hl ~lsrmghl~ jm lz|dcén~dm hm ndgÿidm

r~m{didhjhl-~jodmgjcdhjhl'Rmhl~éjims hlsl`j~ z|l ojhj sl~qdæm hj jhidgdsx~jæïm lsxdqlssl hdsrmgéqlc m ijds r~ÿ{dimrmsséqlc hjs rmr|cjæüls z|l r~lxlghl sl~qd~# ijs xl~lims hl hlsl`j~ df|jcilgxl z|l lsslsl~qdæm sd~qj |i omg`|gxm hl odhjhïms jhlz|jhm jms ~lo|~sms z|l j s|j r~lsxjæïm l{dfl# rm~ am~ij j z|l gïm dircdz|l |i lsam~æm hlsils|~jhm ~lcjxdqjilgxl jm nlgladodm z|l m odhjhïm~lolnl# `ê sïm ms odhjhïms z|l s|rm~xji# jx~jqäs hms sl|s dirmsxms# j r~lsxjæïm hl sl~qdæmsrðncdoms'



Jgj Z|ld~mp hm Qjcl 4 hl @jgld~m hl >2:> :>

Lsxj ~lam~ij jhidgdsx~jxdqj rmhl# li i|dxm# j`|hj~ gm lgomgx~m hl xjc lz|dcén~dm'

Laloxdqjilgxl l{dsxli |i omg`|gxm hl sl~qdæms hm Lsxjhm z|l sl~ïm ilckm~ r~lsxjhms l-m|fl~dhms rm~ jz|lcls z|l ilckm~ omgklodilgxm xài hj ~ljcdhjhl cmojc' Njsxj~ê# xïm sÿ# lgomgx~j~ j hdilgsïm ÿrxdij hj |gdhjhl xl~~dxm~djc z|l l{l~ol~ê xjc a|gæïm# hladgdhm z|l lsxl`j m sl|omgxlðhm a|godmgjc'

Rmhl rj~lol~ sdircls hdxm hlsxj am~ij# ijs lsxm| ol~xj z|l sl ~lz|l~ |i lgm~il lsam~æm hlmn`loxdqdhjhl rj~j lsxj ~lam~ij jhidgdsx~jxdqj# li lsrlodjc rm~z|l gïm sl x~jxj hl |ij il~j~lam~ij hl hlcdidxjæïm hl |gdhjhls# ijs# dssm sdi# hl |ij ~lam~ij hl a|gæüls hjs |gdhjhlsrmcéxdom)jhidgdsx~jxdqjs'

<' M HMO\ILGXM QL^HL HJ ^LAM^IJ JHIDGD_X^JXDQJ ‟ jcf|ijsomgsdhl~jæüls

M Fmql~gm# jx~jqäs hj s|j ^lsmc|æïm hl Omgslckm hl Idgdsx~ms g°82->2:: hl >> hl _lxlin~m#l hl hmo|ilgxms r~mh|pdhms l hdsrmgdndcdpjhms rlcms hdql~sms qléo|cms hl omi|gdojæïm omi ms

ÿ~fïms jhidgdsx~jxdqms l omi ms odhjhïms# lsxjnlclol| |i omg`|gxm hl r~dgoérdms l o~dxä~dmsm~dlgxjhm~ls rj~j lsxj ~lam~ij jhidgdsx~jxdqj# gm ojsm li jr~læm# rj~j j m~fjgdpjæïm hmxl~~dxÿ~dm' J lsxl hmo|ilgxm amd hjhj j hlsdfgjæïm hl Hmo|ilgxm Ql~hl hj ^lam~ij hjJhidgdsx~jæïm Cmojc'

^lam~æm m oj~êoxl~ m~dlgxjhm~ hl xjc hmo|ilgxm# omim m r~ÿr~dm m jad~ij# l rm~z|l lgxlghm z|lm lsxjnlclodilgxm hl |i omg`|gxm hl o~dxä~dms |gdql~sjds rj~j j m~fjgdpjæïm jhidgdsx~jxdqj# gjs|j hdilgsïm xl~~dxm~djc# sÿ rmhl# j lsxj lsojcj# sl~ lsxjnlclodhj omim m~dlgxjæïm# ojnlghm jmsi|gdoérdms l a~lf|lsdjs ~lacloxd~# rmghl~j~ l hlodhd~# smn~l j hdilgsïm ÿrxdij hjs s|js |gdhjhlsxl~~dxm~djds# li ajol jm sl| omgklodilgxm omgo~lxm l hd~loxm hjs ~ljcdhjhls'

Xjc hdilgsïm# omim jad~ild# sÿ rmhl ~ls|cxj~ hm imhlcm hl fmql~gjæïm z|l sl hlalghj' Hdfj)slz|l smn~l m imhlcm hl fmql~gjæïm cmojc xjc hmo|ilgxm gjhj ~lal~l m| lsxjnlclol# gli ilsimsmn~l j a|gæïm ‟ jx~dn|dæüls l omirlxàgodjs ‟ hjs |gdhjhls rmcéxdom)jhidgdsx~jxdqjs'

Jssdi# dirüli)sl js slf|dgxls omgsdhl~jæüls r~äqdjs0

∞ X~jxj)sl hl |i hmo|ilgxm m~dlgxjhm~ 5



Jgj Z|ld~mp hm Qjcl 4 hl @jgld~m hl >2:> :?

∞ X~jxj)sl hl |i hmo|ilgxm rj~olcj~ gm z|l omgol~gl âs z|lsxüls hl ~lacl{ïmmn~dfjxÿ~dj rj~j j m~fjgdpjæïm hm xl~~dxÿ~dm5

∞ X~jxj)sl hl |i hmo|ilgxm lg|godjxdqm hl z|lsxüls li jnl~xm# rj~j ~lacl{ïm hjsj|xm~dhjhls cmojds'

Omgam~il `ê amd ~lal~dhm rm~ i|dxms jgjcdsxjs l lsrlodjcdsxjs# rj~xdckj)sl omi lcls# z|l lsxj~lam~ij jhidgdsx~jxdqj hlql rj~xd~ hjs rmr|cjæüls# m| ijds l{joxjilgxl hms sl|s ÿ~fïms lcldxmsl r~dild~ms ~lsrmgsêqlds rmcéxdoms gj ijxä~dj'

Rm~ dssm gïm rmhli lssls ~lsrmgsêqlds rmcéxdoms ~la|xj~)sl j |ij ~lacl{ïm# sä~dj l r~ma|ghj#smn~l ijxä~djs z|l i|dxm hlxl~idgji j qdhj hjs s|js rmr|cjæüls'

Rm~ x|hm dssm# jz|d l{r~lssm j idgkj rmsdæïm# lsrl~jghm z|l xmhms ms hlijds jssdi omgx~dn|jirj~j |i imhlcm hl fmql~gjæïm hl _dgx~j# ijds oml~lgxl# omlsm# lz|dcdn~jhm# ladojp# ladodlgxl lhlimo~êxdom'

Gm z|l sl ~lal~l# li omgo~lxm# jms o~dxä~dms r~mrmsxms# l xlghm m i|gdoérdm hl _dgx~j omiml{lircm# jad~ij)sl z|l g|goj o~dxä~dms hlxl~idgjhms rj~j xmhm m xl~~dxÿ~dm gjodmgjcrmhl~dji j xmhms sjxdsajpl~ l ajpl~ ~ls|cxj~# rj~j xmhms# smc|æüls oml~lgxls l jol~xjhjs#

joldxls l joldxêqlds' _dgx~j ä hdssm l{lircm'

Am~ji hladgdhms ms slf|dgxls o~dxä~dms# m~dlgxjhm~ls0




Dirm~xj jgxls ~ljcæj~ z|l ms o~dxä~dms hladgdhms# omim m~dlgxjhm~ls# gïm rmhli sl~qd~ j |ijjrcdojæïm olfj# |gdql~sjc' @|cfm z|l gïm ä lssj j dgxlgæïm hm Hmo|ilgxm Ql~hl# gli m rmhlsl~ g|ij ~lam~ij hj jhidgdsx~jæïm cmojc rj~j xmhm m xl~~dxÿ~dm gjodmgjc'

\ij omgsdhl~jæïm sl dirül0

∞ Lsxl Hmo|ilgxm Ql~hl ~lh|p)sl jm lsxjnlclodilgxm hl o~dxä~dms g|iä~doms'

Lsxj mræïm ä r~ma|ghjilgxl ~lh|xm~j hj rmghl~jæïm z|l |ij ~lam~ij hlsxj gjx|~lpj l{dfl#

rm~ x|hm m z|l jx~ês jad~ild'

Omirlxl# jfm~j# jms hdql~sms ÿ~fïms cmojds x~jgsam~ij~ lsxl hmo|ilgxm ~lh|xm~ g|idgsx~|ilgxm hl ~lam~ij'

Jssdi sjdnji ms ÿ~fïms i|gdodrjds jss|id~ js s|js ~lsrmgsjndcdhjhls# am~i|cjghm jss|js mræüls' Ol~xm ä z|l xmhms xlims omim dirmsdæïm j ~jodmgjcdhjhl l ladodàgodj gj|xdcdpjæïm hl ~lo|~sms# l hlql~ê lssj sl~ j m~dlgxjæïm rj~j js mræüls z|l ojhj i|gdoérdmxmij~ê glsxjs ijxä~djs'

Ijs omgsxdx|d hladodàgodj hm hmo|ilgxm j cdidxjæïm hlsxj ~lam~ij âs |gdhjhls hl a~lf|lsdj' Jjf~lfjæïm hl i|gdoérdms ä |ij xliêxdoj z|l# ijds olhm z|l xj~hl# xl~lims hl ~lacloxd~ lhlodhd~ ' X~jxj)sl hl ~jodmgjcdhjhl l s|sxlgxjndcdhjhl lomgÿidoj l adgjgold~j' X~jxj)sl hl ilckm~ sl~qd~ js rmr|cjæüls# rmxlgodjhm ijds l ilckm~ls sl~qdæms' X~jxj)sl hl lsxjnlclol~ |gdhjhlsxl~~dxm~djds z|l ilckm~ jox|li rj~j j ~lsmc|æïm hms r~mnclijs l lgomgx~m hl smc|æüls'

Gïm o~ldm z|l |ij ~lam~ij jssdi hlslgqmcqdhj rmssj jcojgæj~ ms mn`loxdqms j z|l sl r~mrül'

Dirm~xjgxl ä z|l sl omgh|pj lsxj ~lam~ij rj~xdghm hms lclilgxms lsslgodjds rj~j ms lclilgxmsslo|ghê~dms# dsxm ä0 hladgd~ m imhlcm hl fmql~gjæïm cmojc rj~j hlrmds sl hladgd~ js|gdhjhls z|l sl~qd~ïm j lssl imhlcm'



Jgj Z|ld~mp hm Qjcl 4 hl @jgld~m hl >2:> :<

L ijxä~dj ijds |~flgxl hl ~lacl{ïm# hladgdæïm l hlodsïm# ä m z|jh~m hl omirlxàgodjs z|lojhj |i hms ÿ~fïms cmojds l{l~ol~ê glssl gmqm imhlcm hl m~fjgdpjæïm jhidgdsx~jxdqm'

Omim jx~ês ~lal~d# ijds hm z|l hladgd~ cdidxls# a|süls m| l{xdgæüls# dgxl~lssj hladgd~ a|gæüls0

∞ j z|l sl~qli js a~lf|lsdjs=

_mn~l lsxj ijxä~dj gjhj lsxjnlclol m Hmo|ilgxm Ql~hl*

J r~mrmsxj hm Fmql~gm hlql~dj dhlgxdadoj~# li r~dild~j m~hli0

∞ J a|gæïm hj |gdhjhl xl~~dxm~djc# rmcéxdom)jhidgdsx~jxdqj# i|gdoérdm5∞ J a|gæïm hj |gdhjhl xl~~dxm~djc# rmcéxdom)jhidgdsx~jxdqj# a~lf|lsdj5∞ Js jx~dn|dæüls l omirlxàgodjs hl ojhj géqlc hl fmql~gm cmojc'

J ~lam~ij lsxjnlclodhj rlcm Fmql~gm hlql~dj# hlshl cmfm# omgxl~ |ij r~mrmsxj# li omgo~lxm# hmz|l sl omgsdhl~j sl~ j a|gæïm hjs a~lf|lsdjs +l hms i|gdoérdms# sl hlssj ijxä~dj xjinäix~jxjssl# m z|l gïm jomgxlol$# rj~j z|l ms hdal~lgxls ÿ~fïms cmojds r|hlssli hlxl~idgj~# ajolâs lsrlodadodhjhls cmojds# j hdilgsïm ÿrxdij l dhljc rj~j xjds a|gæüls' Xjc gïm rmhl sl~ hlsl`jhm# ajol â dgs|adodàgodj hm Hmo|ilgxm Ql~hl' Jr~lssm|)sl li hlxl~idgj~ m|x~js z|lsxüls

hl rm~ilgm~ l{olssdqm# l mcqdhm| m lsslgodjc li ijxä~dj hl m~fjgdpjæïm xl~~dxm~djc'

Jssdi# l li ségxlsl# omgsdhl~j)sl z|l m Hmo|ilgxm Ql~hl omgsxdx|d |i hmo|ilgxm0

∞ Gïm ijds z|l m~dlgxjhm~ #∞ _l~ql jm |i l{l~oéodm r~diê~dm#

Ijs#

∞ Gïm r~mh|p dgam~ijæïm l m~dlgxjæïm lsslgodjc â ~lam~ij hlsl`jhj'

1' M L[LIRCM HJ ^LAM^IJ JHIDGD_X^JXDQJ HL CD_NMJ




Omgsdhl~jæüls sl dirüli â ~lam~ij jhidgdsx~jxdqj clqjhj j ojnm# omi s|olssm# gj odhjhl hlCdsnmj# i|dxm jgxls hj glolssdhjhl dirmsxj rlcm Fmql~gm hj ^lrðncdoj# m| lgxdhjhls l{xl~gjs#rj~j j ~lam~ij jhidgdsx~jxdqj hm xl~~dxÿ~dm gjodmgjc'

Cdsnmj rl~olnl|# l jgxls hms hlijds omgo~lxdpm|# z|l m oj~êoxl~ lsx~|x|~jc hjs x~jgsam~ijæüls|~njgjs xli |ij am~xl om~~lcjæïm omi j z|jcdadojæïm |~njgj l omi j ojrjodhjhl hl dgmqjæïmrmcdxdoj l jhidgdsx~jxdqj' \ij odhjhl z|l# x~jgsam~ijghm)sl# gïm sl`j ojrjp hl jomirjgkj~ rmcdxdoj l jhidgdsx~jxdqjilgxl lssj i|hjgæj rüli li oj|sj j z|jcdhjhl hl qdhj hjss|js rmr|cjæüls'

J ~lam~ij jhidgdsx~jxdqj hl Cdsnmj ä `ê |i s|olssm' \i s|olssm rmcéxdom# ijs# ijds dirm~xjgxl#|i s|olssm hj odhjhl# hl odhjhjgdj# l |i s|olssm hl hlimo~jodj'

Xjcqlp hlqlssl m Hmo|ilgxm Ql~hl# l m Fmql~gm ~lsrmgsêqlc# xl~ ~lomckdhm omgklodilgxmhlssj l{rl~dàgodj hl s|olssm'

J ~lam~ij jhidgdsx~jxdqj hl Cdsnmj hlalghl|# l i|dxm nli ~lr~lslgxm|# ms dhljds hj ^lrðncdoj#

ms dhljds hj Hlimo~jodj# l hj Odhjhjgdj' Omgsdhl~m z|l gïm rmhli sl~ m|x~js js imxdqjæülsrj~j lsxj ~lam~ij jhidgdsx~jxdqj gjodmgjc'

Rm~z|l omgsdhl~m z|l sl jr~lghl i|dxm ijds omi js l{rl~dàgodjs hms m|x~ms# hm z|lrl~sdsxlgxlilgxl ~lom~~l~ims gms gmssms l~~ms smcdxê~dms# xldimsms# hld{m jcf|gs jsrloxms l~lacl{üls z|l j l{rl~dàgodj hl Cdsnmj gms xli j mal~lol~'

Jgxls hl ijds ~lad~j)sl z|l j ~lam~ij jhidgdsx~jxdqj hl Cdsnmj sl imxdqm|# gïm rj~j |ij~lh|æïm z|jgxdxjxdqj hl a~lf|lsdjs# ijs rj~j jcxl~j~ m imhlcm hl fmql~gjæïm hj odhjhl'

Lsxl rmgxm hl rj~xdhj ajp xmhj j hdal~lgæj*

_l m mn`loxdqm ä z|jgxdxjxdqm# omim rj~lol sl~ m hm Fmql~gm# gïm sl rmhl r~lxlghl~ jcojgæj~ z|jcdhjhl hl fmql~gjæïm +sÿ rm~ sm~xl js h|js omdgodhli*$' Jm dgqäs# sl sl r~lxlghl~ jcojgæj~ |ij ijdm~ z|jcdhjhl fmql~gjxdqj# glsxj ijxä~dj l ajol jm imhlcm l{dsxlgxl omi ijds hl |isäo|cm# ä gjx|~jc z|l jcojgol j ~lh|æïm z|jgxdxjxdqj' M| sl`j# j dgxlgæïm z|jgxdxjxdqj ä il~m




~ls|cxjhm# l hlql sl~ hmidgjhj rlcm mn`loxdqm# hmidgjgxl# hl dgxlgæïm z|jcdxjxdqj' Gjfmql~gjæïm hjs odhjhls xjc dgql~sïm hl o~dxä~dms l mn`loxdqms ajp xmhj j hdal~lgæj*

Cdsnmj rj~xd| hj rl~f|gxj0

∞ Z|l imhlcm hl fmql~gjæïm=

rj~j oklfj~ ê z|lsxïm0

∞ Z|l hdilgsïm hl fmql~gjæïm=

Omgsdhl~m z|l hlql sl~ lssl m ojidgkm hl ~lacl{ïm l hlodsïm*

Ijs xjinäi lgxlghl| ~lclqjgxl# lgxlghdilgxm z|l jomirjgkm# z|l ms sdsxlijs hlfmql~gjæïm hlqli jomirjgkj~ ms sdsxlijs |~njgms'

J smodlhjhl imhl~gj m~fjgdpj)sl li omg|~njæüls lsslgodjcilgxl |~njgjs# l jssdi sl hlsl`jomgolgx~jhjs +jm dgqäs hj mo|rjæïm hdsrl~sj# z|l sl ominjxl$ l ms sdsxlijs hl fmql~gjæïmhlqli omgsdhl~j~# rmghl~j~ l fl~d~# j |gdhjhl |~njgj gj s|j xmxjcdhjhl `ê z|l js rmr|cjæülshlqli qdql~ j odhjhl gj s|j fcmnjcdhjhl l jssdi ms sl~qdæms |~njgms j hlqli omgsdhl~j~' Gïm

rmhl m fmql~gm hj |gdhjhl |~njgj sl~ lsrj~xdckjhm rm~ hdql~sms ÿ~fïms# ojhj |i omi sl|lgxlghdilgxm# omi s|js r~dm~dhjhls# omi s|js jox|jæüls hlsomgol~xjhjs'

Ä rm~ lsxjs ~jpüls# l rm~ m|x~js omgl{js omi js |gdhjhls xl~~dxm~djds# z|l hlalghm li jnsmc|xmz|l js |gdhjhls hl fmql~gm cmojc gïm rmhli sl~ hdssmodjhjs hm z|l ä km`l j qdhj#jr~mr~djæïm l mo|rjæïm hm xl~~dxÿ~dm rlcjs rmr|cjæüls' _ïm ms imqdilgxms hjs rmr|cjæüls#z|mxdhdjgms l ~lom~~lgxls# z|l hlxl~idgji js ~lcjæüls lsslgodjds lgx~l sdsxlijs qdqlgodjdsl sdsxlijs hl fmql~gjæïm'

Ä glsxjs ~lcjæüls z|l j ~lam~ij jhidgdsx~jxdqj sl hlql a|ghj~'

Ijs ä xjinäi l{rl~dàgodj z|l hlqlims ~lomckl~ hj ~lam~ij jhidgdsx~jxdqj hl Cdsnmj# j~lacl{ïm lalox|jhj smn~l js a|gæüls hl ojhj géqlc hl jox|jæïm l js om~~lsrmghlgxls|gdhjhls xl~~dxm~djds'



Jgj Z|ld~mp hm Qjcl 4 hl @jgld~m hl >2:> :;

Li Cdsnmj omgsdhl~m|)sl z|l j omgadf|~jæïm hjs a~lf|lsdjs amd# jm cmgfm hl häojhjs# |idirm~xjgxl ~lsrmgsêqlc hm hlsajsjilgxm lgx~l lsrjæms rðncdoms l lsrjæms rmcéxdoms hj odhjhl'

Rm~ x|hm dssm# j ~lam~ij jhidgdsx~jxdqj hl Cdsnmj# i|dxm dgmqm| gms r~molhdilgxms hl hladgdæïmhjs |gdhjhls rmcéxdom)jhidgdsx~jxdqjs# l lgolxm| m hlnjxl# z|l omi s|olssm omgoc|d|# smn~l ja|gæïm hjs a~lf|lsdjs# lgz|jgxm ÿ~fïms rmcéxdoms hj odhjhl# omi omirlxàgodj laloxdqj hldgxl~qlgæïm l hl z|jcdadojæïm hj s|j fmql~gjæïm'

Laloxdqjilgxl# lsxj ~lam~ij hlql jgxls hl ijds# x~jxj~ hj hladgdæïm hj a|gæïm hlsl`jhj rj~j j|gdhjhl rmcéxdom)jhidgdsx~jxdqj hj a~lf|lsdj# rmds sÿ jssdi sl rmhl hladgd~ j s|j hdilgsïm

ÿrxdij' Gïm ä m o~dxä~dm z|jgxdxjxdqm z|l dgxl~lssj â ~jodmgjcdhjhl hl ~lo|~sms# ijs sdi mo~dxä~dm hl z|jcdhjhl hl fmql~gjæïm z|l sl~qd~ê j xjc hlsdhl~jxm'

Amd m z|l Cdsnmj gïm sl ~la|xm| j ajpl~'

Ql`j)sl j r~mrmsxj clfdscjxdqj hladgdhm~j hjs omirlxàgodjs r~ÿr~djs hjs a~lf|lsdjs hl Cdsnmj#jx~dn|éhjs gm r~dgoérdm hj |gdql~sjcdhjhl l hj lz|dhjhl# hl imhm j z|l# li ~lf~j# xmhjsa~lf|lsdjs nlgladodli hjs ilsijs omirlxàgodjs l# r~mrm~odmgjcilgxl# hl ~lo|~smslz|dqjclgxls0

–Jcäi hjs omirlxàgodjs r~ÿr~djs hl z|l hdsrüli gms xl~ims hj clfdscjæïm li qdfm~# gmiljhjilgxl gm

j~xdfm ?8'° hj Cld g'° :14-44# hl :; hl _lxlin~m# jcxl~jhj rlcj Cld g'° <)J->22># hl :: hl @jgld~m# l sli r~l`|épm hm hdsrmsxm gm j~xdfm slf|dgxl# js `|gxjs hl a~lf|lsdj hm omgolckm hl Cdsnmj rjssji j xl~ jsslf|dgxls omirlxàgodjs0

j$ Fl~d~ l jsslf|~j~ j ijg|xlgæïm hl lsrjæms ql~hls5n$ Jsslf|~j~ j jz|dsdæïm# omcmojæïm l ijg|xlgæïm hjs rcjojs xmrmgéidojs5o$ Ijgxl~ l omgsl~qj~ rjqdilgxms rlhmgjds5h$ Jsslf|~j~ j cdirlpj hjs qdjs l lsrjæms rðncdoms# sj~`lxjs l s|idhm|~ms5l$ Ijgxl~# ~lrj~j~ l s|nsxdx|d~ m imndcdê~dm |~njgm gm lsrjæm rðncdom# omi l{olræïm hm z|l sl`j mn`loxm

hl omgolssïm# jsslf|~jghm j |gdam~idhjhl lsxäxdoj l a|godmgjc hms ilsims5a$ Omgsl~qj~ l ~lrj~j~ j sdgjcdpjæïm km~dpmgxjc l ql~xdojc5f$ Jx~dn|d~ cdolgæjs hl |xdcdpjæïm-mo|rjæïm hj qdj rðncdoj# cdolgæjs hl jad{jæïm hl r|ncdodhjhl hl gjx|~lpj

omil~odjc# z|jghm j ilgsjfli lsxê ~lcjodmgjhj omi nlgs m| sl~qdæms omil~odjcdpjhms gm r~ÿr~dm

lsxjnlclodilgxm m| mo|rj m hmiégdm rðncdom omgxéf|m â ajokjhj hm ilsim# cdolgæjs hl joxdqdhjhl hll{rcm~jæïm hl iêz|dgjs hl hdql~sïm# cdolgæjs rj~j ~lodgxms dir~mqdsjhms l cdolgæjs hl joxdqdhjhls~|dhmsjs hl oj~êoxl~ xlirm~ê~dm z|l sl lgomgx~li r~lqdsxjs gms ~lf|cjilgxms i|gdodrjds l gmsxl~ims jé omgsjf~jhms# l omn~j~ js ~lsrloxdqjs xj{js jr~mqjhjs li Jsslincldj I|gdodrjc5

k$ ^lfdsxm l cdolgodjilgxm hl ojgéhlms l fjxéhlms5d$ R~molhl~# gms xl~ims hm Hlo~lxm)Cld g'° >18->22># hl >< hl Gmqlin~m# jm cdolgodjilgxm hjs

slf|dgxls joxdqdhjhls0d' Qlghj jin|cjgxl hl cmxj~djs5dd' J~~|ijhm~ hl j|xmiÿqlds5ddd' ^ljcdpjæïm hl jojirjilgxms mojsdmgjds5dq' L{rcm~jæïm hl iêz|dgjs j|xmiêxdojs# iloîgdojs# lcäox~dojs l lclox~ÿgdojs hl hdql~sïm5




q' ^ljcdpjæïm hl lsrloxêo|cms hlsrm~xdqms l hl hdql~xdilgxms rðncdoms gjs qdjs# `j~hdgs l hlijdsc|fj~ls rðncdoms jm j~ cdq~l5

qd' Qlghj hl ndcklxls rj~j lsrloxêo|cms m| hdql~xdilgxms rðncdoms li jfàgodjs m| rmsxms hl qlghj5qdd' ^ljcdpjæïm hl cldcüls'

`$ Fl~d~# omgsl~qj~ l ~lrj~j~ lz|drjilgxms smodjds gj ê~lj hj a~lf|lsdj# hlsdfgjhjilgxl lz|drjilgxmso|cx|~jds l hlsrm~xdqms hl îindxm cmojc# lsomcjs l lsxjnlclodilgxms hl lh|ojæïm hm :° odocm l r~ä)lsomcj~# o~lokls# `j~hdgs)hl)dgaîgodj l olgx~ms hl jrmdm â xl~old~j dhjhl5

e$ O~dj~# omgsx~|d~# fl~d~ l ijgxl~ rj~z|ls dgajgxds rðncdoms5c$ O~dj~# omgsx~|d~# fl~d~# omgsl~qj~ l r~mimql~ j cdirlpj hl njcglê~dms# cjqjhm|~ms l sjgdxê~dms rðncdoms5i$ Omgsl~qj~ l r~mimql~ j ~lrj~jæïm hl okjaj~dpls l amgxjgê~dms# hl jom~hm omi m rj~lol~ r~äqdm hjs

lgxdhjhls omirlxlgxls gms xl~ims clfjds'g$ R~mimql~ l l{lo|xj~ r~m`loxms hl dgxl~qlgæïm omi|gdxê~dj# gmiljhjilgxl gjs ê~ljs hj joæïm smodjc#

hj o|cx|~j# hj lh|ojæïm l hm hlsrm~xm# li lsrlodjc li njd~~ms hl dgxl~qlgæïm r~dm~dxê~dj5m$ Rj~xdodrj~# li ommrl~jæïm omi dgsxdx|dæüls hl smcdhj~dlhjhl smodjc# li r~mf~jijs l r~m`loxms hl

joæïm smodjc gm îindxm hj a~lf|lsdj5 r$ Jrmdj~ joxdqdhjhls o|cx|~jds l hlsrm~xdqjs hl dgxl~lssl rj~j j a~lf|lsdj z|l gïm sl`ji mn`loxm hl

jrmdm rm~ rj~xl hj Oîij~j I|gdodrjc hl Cdsnmj5z$ Jsslf|~j~ j flsxïm l ijg|xlgæïm om~~lgxl hl ald~js l il~ojhms5~$ Omgx~dn|d~ rj~j js rmcéxdojs i|gdodrjds hl kjndxjæïm# jx~jqäs hj dhlgxdadojæïm hl oj~àgodjs

kjndxjodmgjds l amfms hdsrmgéqlds l# jdghj# hj ~ljcdpjæïm hl dgxl~qlgæüls rmgx|jds rj~j ilckm~dj hjsomghdæüls hl kjndxjndcdhjhl5

s$ Hladgd~ o~dxä~dms lsrlodjds gms r~molssms hl ~ljcm`jilgxm'’

Ä m z|l _dgx~j hlql# li r~dild~j iïm# ~lacloxd~# hlnjxl~ l hlodhd~0

∞ Z|jds js a|gæüls hlsl`êqlds rj~j js |gdhjhls rmcéxdom)jhidgdsx~jxdqjs hl

a~lf|lsdj# jxlgxm jms sdsxlijs |~njgms l xl~~dxm~djds hm xl~~dxÿ~dm i|gdodrjc= Gïm rmhl sl~ lgxlghdhm hl m|x~j am~ij# li lsrlodjc gjs ê~ljs |~njgjs# ijs sli r~l`|épm hlê~ljs hl m|x~js gjx|~lpjs# li z|l js a~lf|lsdjs hlxài |i omgklodilgxm cmojc laloxdqm# omir~m{didhjhl hms r~mnclijs# l omi ilckm~ hdsol~gdilgxm gjs smc|æüls'

Rm~ x|hm dssm hlalghm# li jnsmc|xm# z|l js omirlxàgodjs hms ÿ~fïms rmcéxdoms hjsa~lf|lsdjs hlql~ïm sl~ omgsdhl~jqlcilgxl jcj~fjhjs# hlshl z|l xlgkji |gdhjhls xl~~dxm~djdsz|l rl~idxji |ij laloxdqj ~jodmgjcdhjhl hl ~lo|~sms jhlz|jhms â dirclilgxjæïm hl xjdssmc|æüls# z|l nli l ajodcilgxl dhlgxdadoji# ~lomgkloli l l{lo|xji'

Ä jm géqlc hj a~lf|lsdj# omi js jhlz|jhjs omirlxàgodjs l hdilgsïm z|l sl mnxäi j ilckm~ lsojcj hl jox|jæïm# `ê z|l hlxäi j olgx~jcdhjhl l j r~m{didhjhl' Jx~jqäs hjs a~lf|lsdjs jhlimo~jodj hj odhjhl ä ilckm~ ~ljcdpjhj# l sl ominjxl m jajsxjilgxm hm odhjhïm jms sl|s~lr~lslgxjgxls rmcéxdoms'

Rm~ x|hm dssm# ~ljad~im0 js omirlxàgodjs hms ÿ~fïms rmcéxdoms hjs a~lf|lsdjs hlql~ïm sl~#

omgsdhl~jqlcilgxl jcj~fjhjs'



Jgj Z|ld~mp hm Qjcl 4 hl @jgld~m hl >2:> >2

Kjql~ê z|l xl~ qmgxjhl# l om~jfli# rj~j hmxj~ js a~lf|lsdjs hl omirlxàgodjs# r~ÿr~djs lgïm hlclfjhjs s|`ldxjs j qmgxjhls dghdqdh|jds l mojsdmgjds# rj~j fl~d~li |gdhjhls

xl~~dxm~djds kmimfägljs l hl dhlgxdhjhl odqdc# r~mrm~odmgjghm jssdi j ilckm~ ~lsrmsxj jm géqlcijds r~ÿ{dim hm odhjhïm# gm r~dgoérdm hj s|nsdhdj~dlhjhl# ijs xjinäi# sli hdidg|d~ jr~m{didhjhl z|l sl hlsl`j# |gdhjhls hl hdilgsïm z|l rl~idxji j ilckm~ ~jodmgjcdhjhl hl~lo|~sms'

_ïm lsxls ms r~dgoérdms z|l hlalghm# dgx~jgsdflgxlilgxl# rj~j lsxj ~lam~ij hjjhidgdsx~jæïm cmojc*

6' _DGX^J ‟ Z\L ^LAM^IJ# Z\L IMHLCM=

Rm~z|l jz|d# l jgxls hl ijds# sl omcmoj j ~lam~ij jhidgdsx~jxdqj hm i|gdoérdm hl _dgx~j# jz|dhld{m js idgkjs ~lacl{üls smn~l m xl~~dxÿ~dm i|gdodrjc'

Gïm r~lxlghm jr~lslgxj~ smc|æüls m| r~mrmsxjs adgjds' R~lxlghm# sdi# rj~xdckj~ hðqdhjs#rl~f|gxjs# hlsjadms# z|l m lsrlodjc xl~~dxÿ~dm hl _dgx~j omcmoj j lsxj xliêxdoj'

Omgsdhl~m z|l _dgx~j gïm sl hlql ~la|xj~ j lsxj ~lam~ij' _dgx~j gïm hlql lsrl~j~ z|l m|x~msajæji j s|j ~lam~ij'

∞ Jgxls hl ijds rm~z|l lcj ä |~flgxl l glolssê~dj' Xjinäi rj~j _dgx~j'∞ Rm~z|l lcj ðxdc â ilckm~ fmql~gjæïm cmojc' Xjinäi hl _dgx~j'∞ Rm~z|l lcj rmhl sl~ dir|csdmgjhm~j hl ~lam~ijs lomgÿidojs# |~njgjs l smodjds'

Xjinäi rj~j _dgx~j'

_dgx~j hlql# jgxls z|l m|x~ms m ajæji# hladgd~ m sl| imhlcm hl fmql~gjæïm l j s|j ~lam~ij'

\ij r~dild~j omgsdhl~jæïm smn~l j ~lam~ij jhidgdsx~jxdqj hms i|gdoérdms# z|l lsxl Fmql~gmgïm xlql qmgxjhl +om~jfli$ hl lgolxj~'

Hlshl jcf|gs jgms z|l sl hlnjxl j hdqdsïm hm i|gdoérdm hl _dgx~j' Xmhms z|jgxms ilomgkloli# sjnli z|l slir~l hlalghd j gïm jcxl~jæïm hj s|j |gdhjhl jox|jc'



Jgj Z|ld~mp hm Qjcl 4 hl @jgld~m hl >2:> >:

Ä jz|d xlirm l c|fj~ hl# l{r~lssjilgxl# jad~ij~ xjc rmsdæïm'

J omircl{dhjhl hm xl~~dxÿ~dm hl _dgx~j omgsxdx|d# gm il| lgxlghdilgxm# l omi omgqdoæïm# |ijlgm~il qd~x|hl l ~dz|lpj# l rmhl ~lr~lslgxj~ |i omg`|gxm hl mrm~x|gdhjhls l al~~jilgxjs# z|li|dxms i|gdoérdms hlsl`jqji hlxl~'

_dgx~j# gj s|j hdilgsïm# klxl~mflgldhjhl# hl xl~~dxÿ~dm# rmr|cjæïm l lir~lsjs# xli hdilgsïmo~éxdoj l hl jad~ijæïm'

_l sl mrxj~ rlcj hdqdsïm# xmhjs lssjs qd~x|hls l qjgxjflgs sl hdssdrji# l j smij hjs rj~xlshlcj ~ls|cxjgxls sl~ê ol~xjilgxl dgal~dm~ jm xmhm z|l ä km`l _dgx~j'

Rm~ x|hm dssm hlalghm# li jnsmc|xm# z|l _dgx~j gïm sl`j jcxl~jhj gj s|j hdilgsïm# sl`j rm~

hdqdsïm m| ~lh|æïm'

_dgx~j xli |ij hdilgsïm f~jghl# z|l m omg`|gxm# hdal~lgodjhm# hjs s|js flgxls l hjs s|jsxl~~js ckl omgal~l' Ä jssdi z|l hlql rl~ijglol~*

J omircl{dhjhl ä |i hlsjadm l |ij qd~x|hl# i|dxm hdal~lgxl hj omircdojæïm# z|l rj~lols|sxl~ l a|ghj~ j~f|ilgxms hl z|li hlalghl j hdqdsïm'

j' \I IMHLCM HL FMQL^GJÆÏM

Omim hlalghm glsxj ~lam~ij# jgxls hl sl lgolxj~ m hlnjxl hjs hlcdidxjæüls# aésdojs# hjs|gdhjhls jhidgdsx~jxdqjs hjs a~lf|lsdjs hl _dgx~j# m| hj s|j a|sïm m| l{xdgæïm# xl~lims hl~lacloxd~ smn~l m imhlcm hl flsxïm hm xl~~dxÿ~dm i|gdodrjc# xlghm li omgxj js s|jslsrlodadodhjhls# js s|js hdal~lgæjs# js s|js xdrmcmfdjs'

Rmhlims hdpl~ z|l m xl~~dxÿ~dm i|gdodrjc ä omirmsxm rm~ dirm~xjgxls odhjhls# hl olgx~jcdhjhlli jad~ijæïm# rm~ ê~ljs dgh|sx~djds-lir~lsj~djs# omi hdado|chjhls hl jad~ijæïm# li lsrlodjcgms ðcxdims jgms ajol â omg`|gx|~j lomgÿidoj# l rm~ ê~ljs |~njgm)~|~jds hl oj~êoxl~ ij~ojhjilgxl hdql~sm hm ~lsxjgxl xl~~dxÿ~dm# rj~j jcäi hj |gdhjhl flmf~êadoj hj _l~~j hl_dgx~j l hm sl| rjx~diÿgdm gjx|~jc l omgsx~|éhm'

Xli jdghj z|l sl ~lal~d~# omgx~j~djilgxl jm z|l jomgxlol~ê gj ijdm~dj hms i|gdoérdmsrm~x|f|lsls# z|l _dgx~j xli j s|j slhl g|i jfcmil~jhm z|l gïm ä j r~dgodrjcjfcmil~jæïm |~njgj# gli sl hlcj jr~m{dij li hdilgsïm l lsrjæm'



Jgj Z|ld~mp hm Qjcl 4 hl @jgld~m hl >2:> >>

Rm~ lsxjs lsrlodadodhjhls nli sl lgxlghl z|l glgk|ij ijx~dp m| njxl~dj hl o~dxä~dms# z|lr|hlssl sl~ omgsx~|éhj rj~j m xl~~dxÿ~dm gjodmgjc# rmhl~dj sl~ jrcdoêqlc jm xl~~dxÿ~dm hm

i|gdoérdm hl _dgx~j# l hjé ~ls|cxjssli |gdhjhls xl~~dxm~djds oml~lgxls l omgom~hjgxls omi js|j ~ljcdhjhl'

M Hmo|ilgxm Ql~hl ä ol~xjilgxl |i hmo|ilgxm m~dlgxjhm~# `ê z|l ms o~dxä~dms |gdql~sjdslsxjnlclodhms sïm dgojrjpls hl sjxdsajpl~ js lsrlodadodhjhls cmojds# l gm ojsm li omgo~lxm# hl_dgx~j0

∞ Rlcj s|j hdilgsïm

∞ Rlcj s|j klxl~mflgldhjhl∞ Rlcjs oj~joxl~ésxdojs hj s|j slhl hl omgolckm

M xl~~dxÿ~dm hm i|gdoérdm hl _dgx~j omgsxdx|d |i nmi ojsm hl lsx|hm rj~j js ilckm~ls xlm~djs hmsc|fj~ls olgx~jds# hm rmcdolgx~dsim# hj kdl~j~z|dj |~njgj m| hjs xlm~djs hl cmojcdpjæïm# odàgodjssmodjds lsslgodjds gm lsx|hm hj mo|rjæïm hms lsrjæms l hm hlslgqmcqdilgxm ~lfdmgjc'

Laloxdqjilgxl _dgx~j xli jm cmgfm gj cdgkj aä~~lj# m~dfli hm sl| ijds ~lolgxl hlslgqmcqdilgxm#|i omg`|gxm hl omg|~njæüls z|l# gïm omgsxdx|dghm |ij odhjhl cdglj~# nli jad~iji j xlm~dj hmsc|fj~ls olgx~jds' Ijs ~lfdsxj xjinäi# am~j hlssj cÿfdoj hl jr~mr~djæïm hm xl~~dxÿ~dm# l{lircmsl{éidms hj xlm~dj hj cmojcdpjæïm rj~j js joxdqdhjhls lomgÿidojs# z|l sl hdsx~dn|li slijrj~lgxl cdfjæïm omi ms c|fj~ls olgx~jds hl jad~ijæïm hm rmcdolgx~dsim omgxlirm~îglm' L _dgx~j~lolnl hjs s|js ijds ~limxjs m~dflgs |ij am~xl omirlxlgxl hl ~|~jcdhjhl +|~njgj l ilsimilx~mrmcdxjgj$'

Rm~ xmhjs lssjs omirmglgxls# _dgx~j omgsxdx|d |i ojsm ðgdom hl ~lacl{ïm z|l xmhms ms~lsrmgsêqlds rmcéxdoms l rmr|cjæïm xài mn~dfjæïm# l l| hd~dj r~dqdcäfdm# hl ~lacloxd~ gm îindxmhlsxj ~lam~ij jhidgdsx~jxdqj'

Rm~ xmhj lsxj omircl{dhjhl# omgqd~ê lsx~|x|~j~ jcf|ijs cdgkjs hl ~lacl{ïm'

Gj xliêxdoj hl hladgdæïm hl |i imhlcm hl fmql~gjæïm dgxl~lssj~ê z|lsxdmgj~0 js odhjhls hl_dgx~j rmhli rm~ sd omgsxdx|d~ |gdhjhls hl fmql~gjæïm# m| hlqli sl~ a~jfilgxjhjs# ajolâ s|j hdilgsïm=



Jgj Z|ld~mp hm Qjcl 4 hl @jgld~m hl >2:> >?

Rlcjs ~ljcdhjhls hl _dgx~j# `|cfm z|l sl sl lgomgx~j~ am~ijs hl fmql~gjæïm hl odhjhl# lssjsl~dj j |gdhjhl xl~~dxm~djc dhljc â mrxdidpjæïm l ~jodmgjcdpjæïm hl ~lo|~sms'

Rj~j dssm omgsdhl~m# omim `ê jad~ild# z|l js omirlxàgodjs hjs a~lf|lsdjs hlqli sl~ jircjilgxl jcj~fjhjs' _ÿ jssdi aj~ê slgxdhm j s|j l{dsxàgodj5 sÿ jssdi sl~ïm js odhjhlsfmql~gêqlds omi r~m{didhjhl l ~jodmgjcdhjhl'

Ijs rmhl~dj mrxj~)sl rm~ fmql~gms a~joodmgjhms hl |ij ilsij odhjhl# hlshl z|l sl fj~jgxj j|gdhjhl hjs s|js smc|æüls# fmql~gjæïm hdsxdgxj# glolssj~djilgxl rj~j j ladoêodj hlsxj ~lam~ij#hm fmql~gm olgx~jc i|gdodrjc' Glsxj cdgkj lgomgx~ji)sl ms hlsdfgjhms hdsx~dxms |~njgms z|llsrlodjcdsxjs xài hlalghdhm l hms z|jds nmgs l{lircms sl lgomgx~ji gjs odhjhls l|~mrldjs'

Ä m fmql~gm hjs gmssjs odhjhls z|l gms omcmoj ms ijdm~ls hlsjadms# l js ijds hdaéolds lhlodsdqjs hlodsüls' Xlgkjims qmgxjhl# xlgkjims om~jfli*

Gïm ~lsdsxm j ~lx~jxj~ jz|d h|js ~lal~àgodjs jm lsx|hm smn~l –Odhjhls l Hlslgqmcqdilgxm’ hjOjd{j Fl~jc hl Hlrÿsdxms# gm z|l sl ~lal~l â idssïm l qdsïm z|l m fmql~gm hjs odhjhls hlqlhlalghl~0

∞ –Js odhjhls# lgz|jgxm sdsxlijs |~njgms hmxjhms hl ~jodmgjcdhjhl lomgÿidoj# sïmjoxm~ls nêsdoms hl hlslgqmcqdilgxm# jss|idghm |i rjrlc joxdqm gj hdgjidpjæïm l

rmxlgodjæïm hms sl|s joxdqms lsx~jxäfdoms l gj m~fjgdpjæïm hm lsrjæm# rj~j r~mh|æïm

hl ~dz|lpj l nli)lsxj~# omi qdsxj jm hlslgqmcqdilgxm lomgÿidom l smodjc s|sxlgxêqlc# l

â jad~ijæïm# hl sd r~ÿr~djs l hm rjés# gm z|jh~m fcmnjc’

∞ –Js odhjhls rm~x|f|lsjs# lgz|jgxm sdsxlijs |~njgms# hlqli omgsxdx|d~)sl omim ms

imxm~ls hj x~jgsam~ijæïm l ms olgx~ms hl ~jodmgjcdhjhl hm hlslgqmcqdilgxm lomgÿidom

l smodjc s|sxlgxêqlc l hl jad~ijæïm hj lomgmidj rm~x|f|lsj l hl Rm~x|fjc gm i|ghm’

Xjinäi glsxjs ijxä~djs dgxl~lssj~ê omgsdhl~j~ js ~lolgxls xlm~djs hjs odhjhls omirlxdxdqjs# lhm sl| ij~elxdgf omim am~ij hl jad~ijæïm l jx~joæïm' L{dsxd~ê ol~xjilgxl |ij hdilgsïmiégdij +gïm glolssj~djilgxl aésdoj$ rj~j z|l j odhjhl hlxlgkj js al~~jilgxjs z|l cklrl~idxli omirlxd~# jad~ij~)sl l xl~ s|olssm# ojrxjghm dgqlsxdilgxm# rmr|cjæïm# lz|drjilgxms#rmhlghm jssdi mal~lol~ ilckm~ls omghdæüls hl qdhj jms sl|s odhjhïms# l rm~ dssm rmxlgodj~)sll qmcxj~ j ojrxj~ ijds dgqlsxdilgxm'




Rm~z|l sl jhl~l j xjc lgxlghdilgxm# _dgx~j hlql rmghl~j~# sl~djilgxl l omi sl~dlhjhl# jfmql~gjæïm hjs s|js odhjhls l j hdilgsïm jhlz|jhj j xjc fmql~gm'

Rlssmjcilgxl xlgkm m lgxlghdilgxm z|l ilckm~ sl sl~ql j odhjhl# sl am~ fl~dhj omim |ixmhm' Ijs ijds omirlxàgodjs l ijds ildms l{dfli |gdhjhls rmcéxdojs hl ijdm~ hdilgsïm#jhlz|jhj â ~jodmgjcdhjhl hl ~lo|~sms'

Ol~xj lsxm|# gm lgxjgxm# z|l l{dsxl |ij hdilgsïm o~éxdoj# iégdij l iê{dij# rj~j jfmql~gjæïm hj odhjhl'

Hdilgsïm z|l sl n|soj gm lz|dcén~dm0

∞ hj ~jodmgjcdhjhl lomgÿidoj# ~jodmgjcdhjhl adgjgold~j# ~jodmgjcdhjhl hl ~lo|~sms5

l

∞ hj r~m{didhjhl hjs rlssmjs# r~m{didhjhl hms r~mnclijs# r~m{didhjhl hjssmc|æüls# r~m{didhjhl hl omgo~lxdpjæïm l l{lo|æïm'

Ijs l{dsxl xjinäi |ij hdilgsïm o~éxdoj rj~j j omirlxdxdqdhjhl# rj~j j ojrjodhjhl hldgdodjxdqj# rj~j j ojrjodhjhl hl jx~joæïm l ojrjodhjhl hl jox|jæïm'

Rm~ xmhjs lsxjs omirmglgxls glolssê~djs â rmghl~jæïm# i|dxjs smc|æüls hl hdilgsdmgjilgxmhjs |gdhjhls xl~~dxm~djds hl fmql~gm rmhli sl~ lgomgx~jhjs'

Omi j hlodsïm hlsxj hdilgsïm o~éxdoj sl rmhli hladgd~ js omirlxàgodjs z|l m fmql~gmi|gdodrjc hlql jx~dn|d~ âs |gdhjhls rmcéxdom)jhidgdsx~jxdqjs hjs a~lf|lsdjs'

Qmcxm j jad~ij~ z|l omgsdhl~m z|l js omirlxàgodjs hjs a~lf|lsdjs hlqli sl~ jircjilgxljcj~fjhjs# rm~z|l jo~lhdxm z|l sl`j lssl m géqlc hl ilckm~ flsxïm hjs odhjhls hl _dgx~j' _ÿ

jx~jqäs hl |i omg`|gxm jircm l oml~lgxl hl omirlxàgodjs j flsxïm hj odhjhl rmhl sl~ laloxdqjl ladojp# hlsolgx~jcdpjhj hms ÿ~fïms hm i|gdoérdm# l jssdi sjd~ïm j fjgkj~ js rmr|cjæüls l jodhjhl'

Rj~j xjc omg`|gxm hl omirlxàgodjs omgsdhl~m z|l gïm sl hlql lsz|j~xl`j~ j odhjhl lgx~l qê~dmsÿ~fïms hl fmql~gm' Gm imhlcm rmcéxdom)jhidgdsx~jxdqm cmojc rm~x|f|às jox|jc# m| sl mrxj rm~ |ijfmql~gjæïm# hl |gdhjhl l ladodàgodj# rj~j ojhj |ij hjs odhjhls# m| sl hlodhl rm~ |i ÿ~fïmolgx~jc hm i|gdoérdm z|l omgf~lfj j flsxïm hjs hdal~lgxls odhjhls# hdqdhdhjs hlrmds li ÿ~fïmshl géqlc dgal~dm~ rj~j jox|jæïm cmojc l gïm hl fmql~gjæïm hj odhjhl'



Jgj Z|ld~mp hm Qjcl 4 hl @jgld~m hl >2:> ><

Jad~im j glolssdhjhl hl hladgdæïm r~äqdj hm imhlcm hl fmql~gjæïm# rj~j hlrmds sl rmhl~ hladgd~ j a|gæïm hjs a~lf|lsdjs gj fmql~gjæïm hm xl~~dxÿ~dm i|gdodrjc'

Lgxlghm z|l |i ~lclqjgxl rjrlc hlql sl~ hjhm âs |gdhjhls rmcéxdom)jhidgdsx~jxdqms hja~lf|lsdj# l dssm hlxl~idgj m il| lgxlghdilgxm smn~l j fmql~gjæïm hjs odhjhls hl _dgx~j#omim nli sl lgxlghl~ê' Hlalghm j |gdhjhl hl fmql~gjæïm hj odhjhl# rlcm z|l omgsdhl~m z|llsxj ~lam~ij hlql sl~qd~ â o~djæïm hl |gdhjhls xl~~dxm~djds z|l ilckm~ fmql~gli# gj|gdhjhl# ojhj |ij hjs odhjhls hl _dgx~j'

M xl~~dxÿ~dm hl _dgx~j omcmoj i|dxjs z|lsxüls# ijdm~ls hlsjadms ~lcjxdqjilgxl â ~lam~ijgjodmgjc# ijs omgsxdx|d ol~xjilgxl |ij ijds jcdodjgxl xj~laj rmcéxdoj'

Rm~ xmhms ms hlsjadms z|l |ij ~lam~ij jhidgdsx~jxdqj li _dgx~j omcmoj# z|l slir~l sl~êlaloxdqjhj# omi m lgqmcqdilgxm m| gïm hms sdgx~lgsls l sl|s ~lr~lslgxjgxls# hl ilckm~ m| rdm~ am~ij# omi ilckm~ls m| rdm~ls smc|æüls adgjds# lsxj ä |ij mræïm rmcéxdoj z|l ms ~lsrmgsêqlds#clfdxdijilgxl lcldxms rlcj rmr|cjæïm# gïm sl rmhli ~la|xj~'

\ij omgsdhl~jæïm jhdodmgjc sl dirül# ajol â ~ljcdhjhl hj hdqdsïm jhidgdsx~jxdqj gm i|gdoérdm hl_dgx~j# l li omgo~lxm js s|js |gdhjhls xl~~dxm~djds'

L{dsxli# ~lomgklodhjs rm~ i|dxms# hlcdidxjæüls sli z|jcz|l~ om~~lsrmghàgodj omi j qdqlgodjlaloxdqj hjs rmr|cjæüls lgx~l js hdal~lgxls a~lf|lsdjs hm omgolckm'

Gïm rmhlims hld{j~ hl xmij~ lsxj mrm~x|gdhjhl rj~j ~lam~ij~ ms cdidxls hjs jox|jds a~lf|lsdjs#cdfjghm)ms jms jox|jds lclilgxms hl ~lal~àgodjs l dhlgxdhjhl' Xlgkj)sl r~lslgxl j glolssdhjhlhl rmghl~j~ js ~lcjæüls lgx~l js hdal~lgxls a~lf|lsdjs# gmiljhjilgxl hl Imgxl)Jn~jïm l

Z|lc|p5 hl Nlcjs omi Imgxl)Jn~jïm# omi Id~j _dgx~j# omi ^dm hl Im|~m m| omi Jf|jcqj5 hlIjssjiê omi Nlcjs m| omi _ïm Ij~oms5 hl _ïm Ij~oms omi m Ojoäi# omi Jf|jcqj m| omi^dm hl Im|~m5 hl _ïm Ij~xdgkm omi _jgxj Ij~dj m| omi _ïm Rlh~m'

n' J ^LAM^IJ JHIDGD_X^JXDQJ HJ_ A^LF\L_DJ_




Rmsxjs xmhjs lsxjs omgsdhl~jæüls# dirüli)sl z|l sl`j aldxm# rlcm ilgms# |i l{l~oéodm hllsz|lijxdpjæïm# hjs omgqdoæüls z|l jz|d jad~im z|jgxm â fmql~gjæïm hm xl~~dxÿ~dm hl _dgx~j'

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Hl am~ij lsz|liêxdoj# omgsdhl~m hlql xl~)sl r~lslgxl0

∞ Js |gdhjhls xl~~dxm~djds ij~ojhjilgxl |~njgjs hl0∞ Z|lc|p l Imgxl)Jn~jïm#∞ Jf|jcqj# Ojoäi l Id~j _dgx~j#∞ Jcf|ld~ïm l Ili Ij~xdgs'

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Jgj Z|ld~mp hm Qjcl 4 hl @jgld~m hl >2:> >;

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Rlcj ~lacl{ïm z|l il s|sodxm| j glolssdhjhl# jfm~j# hlsxj ~lam~ij# ijs xjinäi rlcjs~lacl{üls z|l xlgkm qdghm j ajpl~# rm~z|l omgsdhl~m z|l lsxj ~lam~ij ä jgxls hl ijdsglolssê~dj l gïm dirmsxj# xlgkm# omim sl~dj gjx|~jc# |i omg`|gxm hl r~mrmsxjs omgo~lxjs rj~j mxl~~dxÿ~dm i|gdodrjc# sl`j rj~j j omgolræïm hjs odhjhls hl _dgx~j# sl`j rj~j j ~l|gdïm hla~lf|lsdjs# sl`j jdghj gj hladgdæïm hms sl|s cdidxls# ijds jhlz|jhms jm imhlcm hl fmql~gjæïmz|l omgolnm omim ijds imchjhm j |i xl~~dxÿ~dm omi js lsrlodadodhjhls hm omgolckm hl _dgx~j'

Rm~z|l omgsdhl~m z|l lsxl hlnjxl sl hlql# mn~dfjxm~djilgxl# ajpl~# l# mn~dfjxm~djilgxl# sl~

omgslz|lgxl# hlql sl~ jgxls hl ijds jnl~xm j xmhjs js smc|æüls z|l rmcdxdojilgxl slomgsdhl~li j`|sxjhjs j _dgx~j# jm sl| xl~~dxÿ~dm l âs s|js rmr|cjæüls'

Jssdi# ~lam~æjghm z|l lsxl hlnjxl hlql sl~ sä~dm# r~ma|ghm# sli hlijfmfdjs m| sdi|cjæüls hlqmgxjhl# hld{m# omim omgx~dn|xm â ~lacl{ïm# z|l xmhms glolssj~djilgxl aj~ïm# |i omg`|gxm hlz|lsxüls# li jnl~xm# l xjinäi r~mqmojxdqjs# ol~xj z|l ~lolnl~ld# hl xmhms z|jgxm jssdi~lacloxd~li xjinäi# r~lodmsms omgx~dn|xms rj~j j omgsx~|æïm hj idgkj rmsdæïm z|jgxm â^lam~ij Jhidgdsx~jxdqj li _dgx~j'

D' Lsxj ^LAM^IJ HJ JHIDGD_X^JÆÏM CMOJC ä# jgxls hl dirmsxj# GLOL__Ê^DJ'

DD' M HMO\ILGXM QL^HL r~mh|pdhm rlcm Fmql~gm lsxjnlclol r~dgoérdms l o~dxä~dmsm~dlgxjhm~ls'

M Hmo|ilgxm Ql~hl ä ol~xjilgxl |i hmo|ilgxm m~dlgxjhm~# `ê z|l ms o~dxä~dms |gdql~sjdslsxjnlclodhms sïm dgojrjpls hl sjxdsajpl~ js lsrlodadodhjhls cmojds# l gm ojsm li omgo~lxm#

hl _dgx~j0

∞ Rlcj s|j hdilgsïm∞ Rlcj s|j klxl~mflgldhjhl∞ Rlcjs oj~joxl~ésxdojs hj s|j slhl hl omgolckm

Nli sl lgxlghl z|l glgk|ij ijx~dp m| njxl~dj hl o~dxä~dms# z|l r|hlssl sl~ omgsx~|éhj rj~j xmhm m xl~~dxÿ~dm gjodmgjc# rmhl~dj sl~ jrcdoêqlc jm xl~~dxÿ~dm hm




i|gdoérdm hl _dgx~j# l hjé ~ls|cxjssli |gdhjhls xl~~dxm~djds oml~lgxls l omgom~hjgxls omij s|j ~ljcdhjhl'

DDD' J ^lam~ij hj Jhidgdsx~jæïm Cmojc hlql li r~dild~m c|fj~ hladgd~ m IMHLCM HLFMQL^GJÆÏM i|gdodrjc'

R~dild~m xl~lims z|l hladgd~ m imhlcm hl fmql~gjæïm i|gdodrjc z|l sl jindodmgj# sÿhlrmds rmhl~lims hladgd~ js |gdhjhls z|l rmhli sl~qd~ j lssl imhlcm' Dsxm ä# m z|lhlqli sl~ ms fmql~gms i|gdodrjds# l m z|l hlqli sl~ l j z|l hlqli sl~qd~ msfmql~gms hjs a~lf|lsdjs' _ÿ hlrmds hl a|ghjhj lssj mræïm sl rmhl~ê hladgd~ js a|gæüls

‟ jx~dn|dæüls l omirlxàgodjs hl ojhj fmql~gm cmojc ‟ l sÿ rm~ adgjc hdso|xd~ hdilgsüls lcdidxls'

Hlql~ê rj~xd~)sl hj rl~f|gxj0 Z|l imhlcm hl fmql~gjæïm=# rj~j sl oklfj~ ê z|lsxïm0Z|l hdilgsïm hl fmql~gjæïm=

_ïm r~dgodrjds xlijs hl ~lacl{ïm hlsxj ~lam~ij jhidgdsx~jxdqj0

∞ Z|jc j a|gæïm hl ojhj |gdhjhl xl~~dxm~djc hl fmql~gm cmojc=∞ Z|jc m géqlc mrl~jodmgjc hl fmql~gm dhljc=∞ Z|jc j hdilgsïm ÿrxdij hj |gdhjhl xl~~dxm~djc hl fmql~gm cmojc=

∞ Z|jc j hlcdidxjæïm jhlz|jhj hj |gdhjhl xl~~dxm~djc ajol ê ~ljcdhjhl jox|jc hjs dgxl~)~lcjæüls hjs rmr|cjæüls=

DQ' Lsxj ^lam~ij Jhidgdsx~jxdqj hlql xjinäi ~lacloxd~ smn~l j lsx~|x|~j hms I\GDOÉRDM_ rm~x|f|lsls' \ij ~lam~ij jhidgdsx~jxdqj z|l gïm lz|jodmgl xmhjs js omirmglgxls hj s|jlsx~|x|~j# ä |ij ~lam~ij dgomirclxj# dgladojp# l rmhl ilsim sl~ dgomgslz|lgxl'

J omircl{dhjhl hm xl~~dxÿ~dm hl _dgx~j omgsxdx|d |ij lgm~il qd~x|hl l ~dz|lpj# l rmhl

~lr~lslgxj~ |i omg`|gxm hl mrm~x|gdhjhls l al~~jilgxjs# z|l i|dxms i|gdoérdms hlsl`jqjihlxl~' _dgx~j# gj s|j hdilgsïm# klxl~mflgldhjhl# hl xl~~dxÿ~dm# rmr|cjæïm l lir~lsjs# xlihdilgsïm o~éxdoj l hl jad~ijæïm' _l sl mrxj~ rlcj hdqdsïm# xmhjs lssjs qd~x|hls l qjgxjflgssl hdssdrji# l j smij hjs rj~xls hlcj ~ls|cxjgxls sl~ê ol~xjilgxl dgal~dm~ jm xmhm z|l äkm`l _dgx~j' Omircl{dhjhl ä |i hlsjadm l |ij qd~x|hl# i|dxm hdal~lgxl hl omircdojæïm'



Jgj Z|ld~mp hm Qjcl 4 hl @jgld~m hl >2:> ?2

Q' J A^LF\L_DJ# lgz|jgxm |gdhjhl rmcéxdom)jhidgdsx~jxdqj# ä M hlsjadm hlsxj ~lam~ij'X~jxj)sl hl sjnl~0 j z|l sl~qli js a~lf|lsdjs=

_l sl r~lxlghl~ z|l ms ÿ~fïms hjs a~lf|lsdjs sl`ji il~ms ~lrmsdxÿ~dms hl ~locjijæülshms odhjhïms# lsxj ~lam~ij j gjhj sl~qd~ê' Ijs sl jm dgqäs sl r~lxlghl~ z|l ms ÿ~fïmshjs a~lf|lsdjs sl`j laloxdqms fmql~gms hl r~m{didhjhl# lgxïm ä glolssê~dm ~lam~ij~ *

QD' Lsxj ~lam~ij jhidgdsx~jxdqj gïm rmhl hdssmodj~)sl hl |ij r~ma|ghj ~lacl{ïm# l ~lam~ij#smn~l js JX^DN\DÆÜL_ L OMIRLXÀGODJ_ z|l lsxïm# jox|jcilgxl# lgx~lf|ls âsa~lf|lsdjs# l hm z|l hlsl`jims z|l sl`ji lsxjs |gdhjhls hl fmql~gm cmojc gm a|x|~m# ajol

â smodlhjhl l hlimo~jodj hm säo' [[D'Hlql~ïm js omirlxàgodjs hms ÿ~fïms rmcéxdoms hjs a~lf|lsdjs hlql~ïm sl~ omgsdhl~jqlcilgxl jcj~fjhjs# hlshl z|l xlgkji |gdhjhls xl~~dxm~djds z|l rl~idxji |ijlaloxdqj ~jodmgjcdhjhl hl ~lo|~sms jhlz|jhms â dirclilgxjæïm hl xjds smc|æüls# z|lajodcilgxl dhlgxdadoji# ~lomgkloli l l{lo|xji' J ijds omirlxàgodjs l ijds ildms l{dfl)sl |gdhjhls rmcéxdojs hl ijdm~ hdilgsïm# jhlz|jhj â ~jodmgjcdhjhl hl ~lo|~sms'

Kjql~ê z|l hmxj~ js a~lf|lsdjs hl omirlxàgodjs# r~ÿr~djs l gïm hlclfjhjs s|`ldxjs jqmgxjhls dghdqdh|jds l mojsdmgjds# rj~j fl~d~li |gdhjhls xl~~dxm~djds kmimfägljs l hl

dhlgxdhjhl odqdc# r~mrm~odmgjghm jssdi j ilckm~ ~lsrmsxj jm géqlc ijds r~ÿ{dim hm odhjhïm#gm r~dgoérdm hj s|nsdhdj~dlhjhl# ijs omgsxdx|dghm |gdhjhls hl hdilgsïm z|l rl~idxji jilckm~ ~jodmgjcdhjhl hl ~lo|~sms'

QDD' J ^lam~ij hj Jhidgdsx~jæïm Cmojc hlql lsxjnlclol~)sl rm~ o~dxä~dms z|jcdxjxdqms l gïmhmidgj~)sl m| ~lh|pd~)sl j o~dxä~dms z|jgxdxjxdqms'

J HDILG_ÏM hjs |gdhjhls rmcéxdom)jhidgdsx~jxdqjs hlql~ê sl~ j z|l ~ls|cxj~ hm hdaéodclz|dcén~dm lgx~l j ladoêodj hj smc|æïm l j ~jodmgjcdhjhl hl ~lo|~sms j lir~llghl~ '

_l nli z|l m r~dgoérdm hj s|nsdhdj~dlhjhl ijghj z|l js smc|æüls sl`ji lgomgx~jhjs jmgéqlc ijds r~ÿ{dim hm r~mnclij z|l js ~locjij# xjinäi m r~dgoérdm hj lomgmidj l hjladoêodj ~locjij z|l lssjs smc|æüls sl`ji sjxdsaldxjs omi j ijdm~ lomgmidj hl ~lo|~sms#sl`ji lcls smodjds# lomgÿidoms# adgjgold~ms# jindlgxjds m| rmcéxdoms'

Lsxj ~lam~ij hlql hladgd~ j a|gæïm hlsl`jhj rj~j j |gdhjhl rmcéxdom)jhidgdsx~jxdqj hja~lf|lsdj# rmds sÿ jssdi sl rmhl hladgd~ j s|j hdilgsïm ÿrxdij' Gïm ä m o~dxä~dm



Jgj Z|ld~mp hm Qjcl 4 hl @jgld~m hl >2:> ?:

z|jgxdxjxdqm z|l dgxl~lssj â ~jodmgjcdhjhl hl ~lo|~sms# ijs sdi m o~dxä~dm hlz|jcdhjhl hl fmql~gjæïm z|l sl~qd~ê j xjc hlsdhl~jxm'

L{dsxl |ij hdilgsïm o~éxdoj# iégdij l iê{dij# rj~j j fmql~gjæïm hj odhjhl'Hdilgsïm z|l sl n|soj gm lz|dcén~dm0 hj ~jodmgjcdhjhl lomgÿidoj# ~jodmgjcdhjhladgjgold~j# ~jodmgjcdhjhl hl ~lo|~sms# l hj r~m{didhjhl hjs rlssmjs# r~m{didhjhl hmsr~mnclijs# r~m{didhjhl hjs smc|æüls# r~m{didhjhl hl omgo~lxdpjæïm l l{lo|æïm' Ijsl{dsxl xjinäi |ij hdilgsïm o~éxdoj rj~j j omirlxdxdqdhjhl# rj~j j ojrjodhjhl hl dgdodjxdqj# rj~j j ojrjodhjhl hl jx~joæïm l ojrjodhjhl hl jox|jæïm'

QDDD'

M xl~~dxÿ~dm hl _DGX^J ~lðgl |i omg`|gxm hl lsrlodadodhjhls z|l gïm sl omirjhloli omio~dxä~dms g|iä~doms# l r~dgoérdms il~jilgxl z|jgxdxjxdqms'

Js |gdhjhls hl fmql~gm cmojc gïm rmhli sl~ hdssmodjhjs hm z|l ä km`l j qdhj#jr~mr~djæïm l mo|rjæïm hm xl~~dxÿ~dm rlcjs rmr|cjæüls' _ïm ms imqdilgxms hjsrmr|cjæüls# z|mxdhdjgms l ~lom~~lgxls# z|l hlxl~idgji js ~lcjæüls lsslgodjds lgx~lsdsxlijs qdqlgodjds l sdsxlijs hl fmql~gjæïm# l lsxls hlqli slir~l jomirjgkj~ mssdsxlijs |~njgms'

Ä m fmql~gm hjs gmssjs odhjhls z|l gms omcmoj ms ijdm~ls hlsjadms# l js ijds hdaéolds l

hlodsdqjs hlodsüls' L _dgx~j hlql~ê ~lsrmghl~0 Z|jds js a|gæüls hlsl`êqlds rj~j js|gdhjhls rmcéxdom)jhidgdsx~jxdqjs hl a~lf|lsdj# jxlgxm jms sdsxlijs |~njgms l xl~~dxm~djdshm xl~~dxÿ~dm i|gdodrjc=

Rj~j j hladgdæïm hl |i imhlcm hl fmql~gjæïm hl _dgx~j dgxl~lssj z|lsxdmgj~0 js odhjhlshl _dgx~j rmhli rm~ sd omgsxdx|d~ |gdhjhls hl fmql~gjæïm# m| hlqli sl~ a~jfilgxjhjs# ajol â s|j hdilgsïm=

Ilckm~ sl sl~ql j odhjhl# sl am~ fl~dhj omim |i xmhm= Ijs ijds omirlxàgodjs l ijdsildms l{dfli |gdhjhls rmcéxdojs hl ijdm~ hdilgsïm# jhlz|jhj â ~jodmgjcdhjhl hl~lo|~sms' Rj~j xjc js omirlxàgodjs hjs a~lf|lsdjs hlqli sl~ jircjilgxl jcj~fjhjs' _ÿjssdi aj~ê slgxdhm j s|j l{dsxàgodj5 sÿ jssdi sl~ïm js odhjhls fmql~gêqlds omir~m{didhjhl l ~jodmgjcdhjhl'



Jcf|ijs ~lal~àgodjs ndncdmf~êadojs0

∞ Odhjhls l Hlslgqmcqdilgxm ‟ Ojd{j Fl~jc hl Hlrÿsdxms# Cdsnmj# @|ckm >2::

∞ Z|jcdhjhl hl qdhj l fmql~gm hj odhjhl# njsls rj~j |i gmqm imhlcm hl fmql~gjæïm hj odhjhl hl Cdsnmj ‟ ~lcjxÿ~dms hlAlql~ld~m >224# Gmqlin~m >224# @|ckm >2:2 ‟ J|f|sxm Ijxl|s l @mïm _ld{js +omm~h'$ ) Oîij~j I|gdodrjc hl Cdsnmj

∞ Omiràghdm hl lomgmidj ~lfdmgjc ‟ @msä _dcqj Omsxj l Rlxl~ Gd`ejir +omm~hlgjæïm$ ) R~dgodrdj# Ojsojds# >224

∞ Odhjhls# Omi|gdhjhls l Xl~~dxÿ~dms +j~xdfms l j|xm~ls hdql~sms gms hdal~lgxls gðil~ms r|ncdojhms hj ~lqdsxj$ ‟ Olgx~m hlLsx|hms Xl~~dxm~djds# D_OXL# Cdsnmj

∞ Ij~elxdgf hl od|hjhls ‟ Qdoxm~dj hl Lcdpjfj~jxl ‟ Rd~jidhl# Ijh~dh# >22?

∞ Hm hlslgqmcqdilgxm ~lfdmgjc jm hlslgqmcqdilgxm Cmojc# jgêcdsl hl jcf|gs jsrloxms hl rmcéxdoj lomgÿidoj ~lfdmgjc ‟ J~x|~ Oj~cms O~lsrm Ij~xdgs Ojn|f|ld~j ‟ >222

∞ Xl~~dxÿ~dm l hlslgqmcqdilgxm cmojc ‟ @msä A~jgodsom Al~~jfmcm hj Qldfj ) Olcxj# Mld~js# >22<

∞ Rmcdxdojs \~njgjs# xlghàgodjs# lsx~jxäfdjs l mrm~x|gdhjhls ‟ G|gm Rm~xjs# Êcqj~m Hmidgf|ls# @mïm Ojn~jc ‟ A|ghjæïmOjcm|sxl F|cnlgedjg# Cdsnmj# >22?

∞ Odhjhl l Hlimo~jodj# ?2 jgms hl x~jgsam~ijæïm |~njgj li Rm~x|fjc ‟ Êcqj~m Hmidgf|ls ‟ J~f|ilgx|i# Cdsnmj# @|gkm>221

∞ M xl~~dxÿ~dm rj~j m säo|cm [[D# m~hlgjilgxm# omirlxdxdqdhjhl l Omlsïm ‟ slidgê~dm dgxl~gjodmgjc ‟ HFMX# Cdsnmj# @|ckm:444

∞ Flsxïm Lsx~jxäfdoj hl Odhjhls l ^lfdüls ‟ Jgxmgdm Amgsloj Al~~ld~j ‟ A|ghjæïm Ojcm|sxl F|cnlgedjg# Cdsnmj# >22<∞ Ilx~ÿrmcls# lgx~l j omlsïm l j a~jfilgxjæïm' J ommrl~jæïm l m omgacdxm ‟ C|dp Olsj~ hl Z|ld~mp ^dnld~m +oom~h'$ ‟

A|ghjæïm Rl~sl| Jn~jim# _ïm Rj|cm +N~jsdc$# >228

∞ Ajsoégdm hj Odhjhl# ilim~dj l r~m`loxm hj |~njgdhjhl ‟ Qdoxm~ Ijxdjs Al~~ld~j ‟ Cl~ hlqjfj~# Cdsnmj# >228

∞ ^lx~jxm hl Rm~x|fjc ‟ RM^HJXJ# dghdojhm~ls hl >224

∞ R~mf~jij Gjodmgjc hj Rmcdxdoj hl M~hlgjilgxm hm xl~~dxÿ~dm +Cld g°<;->226 hl 8 hl _lxlin~m$ ‟ Jcilhdgj# Omdin~j# >226

∞ Mnsl~qjxm~d|i# ~lcjxÿ~dm jg|jc ‟ OOH^CQX# Cdsnmj# Ij~æm >2::

∞ _xjxl ma L|~mrljg Odxddls# l{lo|xdql ~lrm~x ) Omidssïm L|~mrldj# Ijdm >226

∞ Oj~xj hl Cldrpdf ‟ jhmrxjhj gj ~l|gdïm dgam~ijc hms Idgdsx~ms ~lsrmgsêqlds rlcm Hlslgqmcqdilgxm \~njgm l Omlsïm

Xl~~dxm~djc ) \L# Ijdm >226∞ Omm~hdgjxdgf l|~mrljg |~njg jgh xl~~dxm~djc glxvm~es xm l{ojgfl l{rl~dlgol# clj~gdgf jgh sedccs jgh flgl~jxl glv

egmvclhfl ‟ Rm~x|fjc¸s ~lrm~x xm xkl dgam~ijc idgdsxl~djc illxdgf mg |~njg hlqlcmrilgx jgh xl~~dxm~djc omklsdmg ) \L# Ijdm>226

∞ ^lcjxÿ~dm smn~l m slf|dilgxm hj jflghj xl~~dxm~djc l hj Oj~xj hl Cldrpdf# rj~j |i r~mf~jij hl joæïm l|~mrl| hlhlslgqmcqdilgxm hm lsrjæm l omlsïm xl~~dxm~djc ‟ Rj~cjilgxm L|~mrl|# @jgld~m >22;

∞ Xkl Odxt ma xkl a|x|~l ‟ \L HF[QDD# Dgxl~sloxm~djc Rcjxam~i# N~|{lcjs# :441

∞ Gmqj Oj~xj hl Jxlgjs# j qdsïm hm Omgslckm L|~mrl| hl \~njgdsxjs smn~l js Odhjhls hm säo' [[D ‟ Omgslckm L|~mrl| hl\~njgdsxjs# Gmqlin~m >22?

∞ _dsxlij \~njgm Gjodmgjc# odhjhls iähdjs l hdgîidojs xl~~dxm~djds ‟ HFMXH\# Cdsnmj# M|x|n~m :446

∞ Jhidgdsx~jæïm \~njgésxdoj# lqmc|æïm clfjc l j s|j r~êxdoj ‟ Ijg|lc hj Omsxj Cmnm ) D_X# Cdsnmj# >22:

∞ Dghdojhm~ls hl z|jcdhjhl hm jindlgxl |~njgm ‟ Ij~dj ^msê~dm Rj~xdhê~dm ‟ HFMXH\# Cdsnmj# Hlplin~m >222

∞ Ms gmqms r~dgoérdms hm \~njgdsim l Gmqms Omir~midssms \~njgms# |i cä{dom ‟ A~jgæmds Jsokl~ ‟ Km~dpmgxl# Cdsnmj#@jgld~m >2:2

∞ \~njgdsim# ~lx~jxms |~njgms ‟ Jgxmgdm Cldxl ^jijckm ‟ Ojcldhmsoÿrdm# Rmqmj hm Qj~pdi# >228

∞ Hmo|ilgxm Ql~hl hj ^lam~ij hj Jhidgdsx~jæïm Cmojc ‟ Fmql~gm hl Rm~x|fjc# _lxlin~m >2::

∞ ^lsmc|æïm hm Omgslckm hl Idgds x~ms g°82->2:: hl >> hl _lxlin~m

∞ Lsx|hm Rdcmxm hjs Omi|gdhjhls Dgxl~i|gdodrjds ) R~m`loxm hl Hlsrjokm hm _lo~lxj~dm hl Lsxjhm hj Jhidgdsx~jæïm Cmojc l^lam~ij Jhidgdsx~jxdqj# M|x|n~m hl >2::

∞ Rcjgm Lsx~jxäfdom hl _dgx~j >222 ‟ Oîij~j I|gdodrjc hl _dgx~j# _dgx~j# >222∞ Rcjgm Lsx~jxäfdom hl _dgx~j >22< ‟ Oîij~j I|gdodrjc hl _dgx~j# _dgx~j# >22<

∞ Rcjgm Hd~loxm~ I|gdodrjc hl _dgx~j# ^lsmc|æïm hm Omgslckm hl Idgdsx~ms g°::1-44 hl 8 hl M|x|n~m# l lsx|hmsomirclilgxj~ls ‟ Oîij~j I|gdodrjc hl _dgx~j# :442 j :444

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