pedro monreal. los retos del desarrollo en cuba: realidades, mitos y conceptos

7/23/2019 Pedro Monreal. LOS RETOS DEL DESARROLLO EN CUBA: REALIDADES, MITOS Y CONCEPTOS

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LOS RETOS DEL DESARROLLO EN CUBA: REALIDADES, MITOS Y CONCEPTOS

PEDRO MONREAL GONZÁLEZ / JULIO CARRANZA V ALDÉS

Durant !"# n"$ nta %an #&'" #(a#"# !"# an)!&#&# ' !a ("n"*+a (u ana ' #'

- r#- (t&$a ' !a t "r+a ' ! ' #arr"!!". La (r&#&# ' t r*&n "tra# ur0 n(&a# 1 %a -r '"*&nant # !"# n2"3u # ' #' ! -r&#*a ' !a -"!+t&(a ("n *&(a. E! ' #arr"!!", (uan'# %a * n(&"na'", (a#& #& *-r # %a !&*&ta'" a! -!an" *)# r t r&(". R (& nt *4R #"!u(& n E("n *&(a ' ! V C"n0r #" ' ! PCC4 r t"rna a#- (t"# &*-"rtant # ' !

#trat 0&a ' ' #arr"!!" a * '&an" 1 !ar0" -!a5".6

E# n ( #ar&" ("nt&nuar una r 2! 7& n *)# -r"2un'a ' !"# -r" ! *a# ' !a ("n"*+a (u an' #' !a - r#- (t&$a ' ! ' #arr"!!", -u # ' (ua!3u& r 2"r*a !a #u*a ' a((&"n # ' -"!+t&(

("n *&(a t r*&na -"r &*-a(tar !"# #( nar&"# ("n *&("# 2utur"#.

S"n ("n"(&'a# !a# tran#2"r*a(&"n # "(urr&'a# n !a ("n"*+a (u ana 'urant ! 8!t&*

' ( n&". En #u ("n9unt" %an -r"-&(&a'" !a r a(t&$a(& n ("n *&(a n ! ("nt 7t" ' -r"2un'a (r&#&# 1 un 2u rt !"3u ", #t" # a!0" 3u n" -u ' # r #u #t&*a'", 3u 'an n -& &nt rr"0ant # 2un'a* nta! # -ara ! 2utur" ' !a ("n"*+a ' ! -a+#, n"tra#: 3u; %an #&0n&2&(a'" #ta# tran#2"r*a(&"n # -ara ! ' #arr"!!"<, (u)! # #"a!t rnat&$a# 3u # -r # ntan ant n"#"tr"# n ! a(tua! ("nt 7t" &nt rna(&"na!<, -u' a#-&rar Cu a a ("n$ rt&r# n una ("n"*+a ' # r$&(&"#<, ( *" a "r'arr &n'u#tr&a!&5a(& n ' ! -a+#<, ' *"# -"#-"n r ! ' at #" r !a# "-(&"n # ' ' #a

("n *&(" " ' *"# -r # r$ar #ta - r#- (t&$a -"r '&2+(&! # 3u # an !a# ("n'&(& -r # nt #<

D&0)*"#!" *)# (!ara* nt : #& ("n( &*"# ! ' #arr"!!" ("*" un (r (&*& nt" aut"#"#t n&

1 #u#t nta ! ' !a ("n"*+a, ("n un a!t" n&$ ! ' &nt 0ra(& n &nt rna, 7-an#&* r(a'" &nt rn", (a-a(&'a' ' ("*- t n(&a &nt rna(&"na!, una a# t (n"! 0&(a -r"-&a 1 ("n# (u n(&a un &n(r * nt" #"#t n&'" ' !a (a!&'a' ' $&'a ' !a -" !a(& n #" r !a a#una '&#tr& u(& n 3u&tat&$a ' !a r&3u 5a 1 !a r nta, ' *"# ("n$ n&r 3u %a1

("n *&(a# 3u n" ("n'u( n a # #( nar&" ' 2utur". La ("n2"r*a(& n ' una ("n"*+(ara(t r&5a'a -"r a9"# r&t*"# ' (r (&*& nt", ("n 7-an#& n ' !"# # r$&(&"# 1 a!0# (t"r # -r&*ar&"#, un a9" n&$ ! ' &nt 0ra(& n &nt rna 1 una ! $a'a $u!n ra &!&na n" # n& -u ' # r una a!t rnat&$a ' ' #arr"!!". L" 3u &nt nta*"# a%"ra # -"n - r#- (t&$a ! -r" ! *a =&n(!u#&$ ant # ' 3u a-ar 5(a una ra(&"na!&5a(& n 7-!

#( nar&" ant # a-unta'"= -"r3u n au# n(&a ' un *ar(" ("n( -tua! a' (ua'" 1 una#trat 0&a 7-!+(&ta* nt -r # nta'a, a!0una# ' !a# tran#2"r*a(&"n # ("n *&(a# r (

" n (ur#" 3u # %an r a!&5a'" " 3u %a #&'" n ( #ar&" r a!&5ar -u'& ran # r &nt r-a#u*&'a# ' una *an ra 3u a nu #tr" 9u&(&" n" # r+a ("*-at& ! ("n ! ' #arr"!!" 2ut' ! -a+#.

E#t tra a9" ("nt&n8a !a !+n a &n&(&a'a n una " ra ant r&"r > 1 #&nt t&5a a!0una# ' !a# &' a#' un nu $" !& r", a(tua!* nt n -r -ara(& n, #" r !"# -r" ! *a# a(tua! # ' ! ' #arr"!

n Cu a.



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En nu #tr" -r&* r !& r" a2&r*a*"# 3u !a ("n"*+a (u ana n ( #&ta una -r"2ur #tru(tura(& n 3u , n un # nt&'" a*-!&", &n(!u1 tr # '&* n#&"n #: a? !a r ' 2&!a# a# # *at r&a! # ' a(u*u!a(& n@ ? #u r &n# r(& n n !a ("n"*+a &nt rna(&una r 2"r*a ' ! #&#t *a ("n *&(". En a3u !!a "(a#& n n"# ("n( ntra*"# n !a t r( ra

#ta# '&* n#&"n #, " # a, !a -r # nta(& n ' !" 3u , n nu #tra "-&n& n, -"'r+a #

a!t rnat&$a #"(&a!&#ta $&a ! ' r 2"r*a ' ! #&#t *a ("n *&(" n !a# a(tua! # ("n'&' Cu a. P"r #a ra5 n, a!!+ #"!a* nt 3u 'ar"n -!ant a'"#, - r" n" !a "ra'"#, una # r&' (a* &"# 3u ("rr #-"n' n a !a# "tra# '"# '&* n#&"n # ' ! -r"( #" ' r #tru(tura(&3u a%"ra n"# -r"-"n *"# &ntr"'u(&r *u1 r $ * nt : !a r ' 2&n&(& n ' !a# *at r&a! # ' a(u*u!a(& n ' !a ("n"*+a (u ana 1 #u r &n# r(& n n !a ("n"&nt rna(&"na!.

Un" ' !"# a#- (t"# 3u #&n 'u'a r (!a*a una *a1"r !a "ra(& n # !a r 2! 7& n a( r(a(u)! ' r+a # r !a #trat 0&a ' &n$ r#& n # (t"r&a! n Cu a. S&n * ar0", # -r" ! *a 3u &n* '&ata* nt -!ant a "tr"#, ta! # ("*": (u)! # #"n !"# *"' !"# '(r (&*& nt" ("n *&(" 3u # -r # ntan ("*" a!t rnat&$a# -ara Cu a<, (u)! # r+

&*-a(t" ' #"# *"' !"# #" r ! ' #arr"!!" ("n *&("<, (u)! ' !"# *"' !"# ' r+aa'"-tar# n ! ("rt" -!a5"<, ' ' 2&n&r ! *"' !" ' (r (&*& nt" ! t&-" ' &n# r&nt rna(&"na! ' !a ("n"*+a (u ana " ' r+a 'ar# una r !a(& n &n$ r#a ntr 2a(t"r #< La# -)0&na# 3u #&0u n &nt ntan -r (&#a* nt ("!"(ar ! r t" 3u r -r #(r (&*& nt" a(tua! ' !a ("n"*+a ' Cu a n ! ("nt 7t" *)# a*-!&" ' !a# n ( #&'a' # '#u ' #arr"!!".

S& Cu a n" %a !"0ra'" #u- rar !a (r&#&# ' a(u*u!a(& n &n&(&a'a n !a # 0un'a *&ta';(a'a ' !"# "(% nta =' !a (ua! ! 4- r+"'" #- (&a!4 # una ta-a *)# (r+t&(a=, !!" n" #' 8n&(a* nt a !"# -r" ! *a# ' #u # (t"r 7t rn". Cu a ' 4*"' rn&5ar #

("n"*+a4, #" 1a !" #a *"#, - r" (u)! # !a "-(& n *)# a' (ua'a< E#t" # *)# '&2+(&! '

r #-"n' r 1 #u ' 2&n&(& n r 3u& r ' un -r"( #" ' *a'ura(& n &nt ! (tua! 1 #"(&% *"# ("* n5a'" a tran#&tar 1 3u 7&0 n2"(ar !"# -r" ! *a# ' #' !a ! 0&(a '' #arr"!!".

La# -"#& ! # r #-u #ta# 3u u#(a*"# t n'r+an un &*-a(t" 3u r a#ar+a a*-!&a* nt("n *&(". S"n t *a# ' una ! $a'a # n#& &!&'a' -"!+t&(a 1 -"r tant" *u1 -"!;*&(a. En# # nt&'", #t tra a9" trata ' # r "tra ("ntr& u(& n a! ' at ' t *a# 3u a t"'a# !

#"n $&ta! # 1 3u n" -"r ("ntr"$ rt&'"# ' n ' 9ar ' # r 7-u #t"# ("n (!ar&'a', ("n%"n #t&'a' 1 ' #' ! ("*-r"*&#" -"!+t&(", n" &*-"rtan #u# ("n# (u n(&a#. La (r+t&#"(&a! # !a # n(&a ' ! tra a9" &nt ! (tua!, ! ' at # un ("*-"n nt 2un'a* nta! '*;t"'". La -r -ara(& n ' #t t 7t" -art& ' ! ("n$ n(&*& nt" ' 3u n Cu a

*"* nt" a(tua! # -ara !a# (& n(&a# ("n *&(a# un t& *-" (r+t&(" 1 ' ' at .Una -r (&#& n a'&(&"na! 3u ' # a*"# %a( r 7-!+(&ta ' #' #ta# -r&* ra# -)0&na#("n#&' ra*"# 3u #& *-r ' a(tuar# a9" !a ("n$&((& n ' 3u n *at r&a ' ' #arr%a1 (u #t&"n # 3u n" n ( #&tan # r ar0u* nta'a# (& nt+2&(a* nt . E! ' #arr"!!" %u*an", #u ' r (%" a t n r una $&'a #a!u'a ! , (u!ta, 9u#ta, 2 !&5 1 -! na ' r a!&5a(!a "ra! # 1 #"(&a! # n" r 3u& r ' 9u#t&2&(a(&"n # ! 0&(a#. P n#a*"# 3u n&n0&nt ! (tua! %"n #t" -u ' -r #(&n'&r ' #ta - r#- (t&$a %u*an&#ta. En #t -unt"



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("n( #&"n # -"#& ! #. D % (%", #ta 8#3u 'a - r*an nt # !a # n(&a *&#*tran#2"r*a(&"n # r $"!u(&"nar&a# n Cu a 'urant !a# 8!t&*a# (uatr" ';(a'a#.

&na!* nt , '"# a'$ rt n(&a#: !a -r&* ra # 3u #t tra a9" %a #&'" #(r&t" =nun(a*)# r - t&r!"= ("n ! -r"- #&t" ' #t&*u!ar n Cu a !a r 2! 7& n 1 ! ' at #" r t

a(tua!&'a' 1 ur0 n(&a. En # # nt&'", #t # un art+(u!" 2un'a* nta!* nt '&r&0&! (t"r (u an". La # 0un'a, *)# 3u una a'$ rt n(&a # una a'*"n&(& n: n !a !u(%a -"r ' #arr"!!" ! t& *-" n" #t) ' nu #tr" !a'". Para tratar ' (a* &ar !a# ("#a# #"!a* nt'&#-"n *"# ' nu #tr" t& *-".

LA RECIENTE REACTIVACI N ECON MICA

R (u- ra(& n ("n *&(a " r an&*a(& n ("1untura!<, #ur0&*& nt" ' un nu $" -atra(u*u!a(& n " -r"!"n0a(& n ' una #&tua(& n ' (r (&*& nt" ("n *&(" &n #ta

#(a#"<, r a(t&$a(& n ' !a# (a-a(&'a' # &n#ta!a'a# " 7-an#& n ' !a (a-a(&'a' 7&#tn 3u; # (t"r #< É#t"# #"n a!0un"# ' !"# '&! *a# ' !a ("n"*+a (u ana ("nt *-"r)n a.

La r (u- ra(& n ' ! (r (&*& nt" ("n *&(" r 0&#tra'" -"r ! -a+# n ! - r+"'" 6 =n un ("nt 7t" tan '&2+(&! %a ("n#t&tu&'" un !"0r" n"ta ! - r" a8n &n#u2&(& nt -ara#trat;0&(a* nt !a (r&#&#. E! (r (&*& nt" ' !a ("n"*+a n a!0" *)# ' (uatr" aF"# #

%a - r*&t&'" r (u- rar !a t r( ra -art ' ! -r"'u(t" - r'&'" n !"# (uatr" aF"# '("ntra((& n a0u'a 6 H=6 ?@ !a ut&!&5a(& n ' !a (a-a(&'a' &n'u#tr&a! &n#

#t&*a a n 6 a n&$ ! # t"'a$+a *u1 &n2 r&"r # a !"# ' 6 , *& ntra# 3u !a &n" %a +a ' # *- Fa'" un -a- ! #&0n&2&(at&$" n !a r a(t&$a(& n, ("n !" (ua! #

$&' nt 3u -"r ! *"* nt" %a t n&'" una a9a -r # n(&a n ! -r"( #" ' (r (&*& n2a(t"r 3u a !a !ar0a !" %a( #"#t n& ! . C"n ta#a# 2utura# ' (r (&*& nt" -r" a ! #ran0" ' ! > a! -r"* '&" anua!, !a r (u- ra(& n ' !"# n&$ ! # ' -r"'u(t" ("n *&("

ant r&"r # a !a (r&#&# ' *"rar+a ntr (&n(" 1 '& 5 aF"# *)#, # ' (&r, #"!a* nt # ar+an n ! - r+"'" >HH>=>HHK. La (r&#&# ! %a r+a ("#ta'" a#+ a! -a+# ntr tr ( 1aF"# ' (r (&*& nt" ("n *&(". M)# a!!) ' !"# 2a(t"r # " 9 t&$"# 3u 7-!&(an n* '&'a !a -r"2un'&'a' 1 !a ("*-! 9&'a' ' !a (r&#&#, # &*-r #(&n'& ! un ' at r&0ura( r(a ' !a# a!t rnat&$a# 3u -u ' n r 'u(&r #u &*-a(t" 1 a( ! rar #u #u- ra(& n ! 0&(a ' una #trat 0&a ' ' #arr"!!" ("n *&(" #"(&a!&#ta 1 $&a ! .

La ' #a( ! ra(& n ' !a r an&*a(& n ("n *&(a, a- na# n #u (uart" aF" ' 7&#t6 K?, r $ ! ' &!&'a' # ' !a r a(t&$a(& n n (ur#". E! 2 n * n", 3u %

&' nt&2&(a'" ("*" un 4r (a! nta*& nt" #u& 0 n r&#4 ' !a ("n"*+a (u ana, -"n ' r!a# !&*&ta(&"n # 3u t& n #ta ("n"*+a = n au# n(&a ' una tran#2"r*a(& n *)# -

-ara -"' r (r ( r a r&t*"# *a1"r #, ' *an ra 2&(& nt 1 #&n !a -r # n(&a ' un ' # a!7t rn" r !at&$a* nt tan 2u rt . L" "(urr&'" -ar ( &n'&(ar 3u , n !a# a(tu("n'&(&"n #, un (r (&*& nt" #"#t n&'" a n&$ ! # #u- r&"r # a! -"r 6HH anua!

7&#t n(&a ' un ';2&(&t ' !a a!an5a ' -a0"# *a1"r ' !" 3u ! -a+# -u ' - r*&t&r#

Una ' !a# $a!ua(&"n # -"#& ! # ' !" "(urr&'" -ar ( &n#(r& &r# n !a - r( -(&!u 0" ' un - r+"'" &n&(&a! ' r (u- ra(& n 6 =6 ? n ! 3u # r 0&#traa#( n' nt # ' (r (&*& nt", # %a( n ( #ar&a una # 0un'a 2a# ' ("n#"!&'a(& n



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* n"r (r (&*& nt", n !a 3u ! &n(r * nt" ("* &na'" ' !a# 7-"rta(&"n # 1 ! au*' !a 2&(& n(&a 2a$"r ( r+an ! -a#" a una t r( ra 2a# ' (r (&*& nt" *a1"r 1 #"#&n(!u#&$ n ("n'&(&"n # ' un ' # a!an( 7t rn" r !at&$a* nt !&*&ta'". Pr (&%a(&a ! !"0r" ' ta! # -r"- #&t"# # "r& ntar"n !a# -r&"r&'a' # ("n *&(a# ' ! -a+# 2&n # ' 6 .

La 8#3u 'a ' una *a1"r 2&(& n(&a 1 ! &n(r * nt" #&0n&2&(at&$" ' !a# 7-"rta(&#&'" * ta# tra'&(&"na! #, - r" n" a!(an5a'a#, ' !a -"!+t&(a ("n *&(a ' ! -a+#. N" #tant , a '&2 r n(&a ' *"* nt"# ant r&"r #, !a -"#& ! ("ntr& u(& n ' #"# 2a(t(r (&*& nt" # #u#tan(&a!* nt *)# &*-"rtant . E# un % (%" a*-!&a* nt r ("n"(&'" 3u!a ("n"*+a (u ana 1a n" -u ' (r ( r, ("*" ant # ' 6 H, #" r !a a# ' un *"' !" 'a(u*u!a(& n 7t n#&$a 1 ' a9a 2&(& n(&a, 3u 0 n ra a, ntr "tr"#, un a0u'" ' #

7t rn" ("*- n#a'" * '&ant '&$ r#"# * (an&#*"# ' ("!a "ra(& n &nt rna(&"na! ("n nt"n( # (a*-" #"(&a!&#ta, 2un'a* nta!* nt ("n !a URSS.

La (u #t& n *)# &*-"rtant n" -ar ( # r nt"n( # !a ("n( -tua!&5a(& n ' !a r (&

r (u- ra(& n ("n *&(a ("*" una #u( #& n ' 2a# # #u#( -t& ! # ' # r 4#&nt"n&#&n" ! 7a* n ' !"# 2a(t"r # 3u -u'& ran %a( r #"#t n& ! ! !"0r" ' ta#a# #at&#2' (r (&*& nt" ("n *&(" n !a# a(tua! # ("n'&(&"n #. Int rr"0ant # ta! # ("*" (u)! '# r !a ta#a ' a(u*u!a(& n, n (u)! # # (t"r # ' r+a &n$ rt&r# 1 ("n 3u; -r"- #&( *" a!(an5ar *a1"r # n&$ ! # ' 2&(& n(&a, a'*&t n r #-u #ta# '&$ r#a# (u1"# 2# !&*&tar+an a! ("rt" -!a5" #&n" 3u &*-!&(ar+an tra1 (t"r&a# '&2 r nt # -ara ! (r (!a #tru(tura ("n *&(a 1 ! ' #arr"!!" ' ! -a+# n ! !ar0" -!a5".

L! 0a'"# a #t -unt" -ar ( r ! $ant ' 2&n&r ! -!an" # n(&a! n ! (ua! ' r+a '&!a r 2! 7& n #" r !a r a(t&$a(& n ("n *&(a &n&(&a'a n 6 . En 2 (t", ! a(u #t&"n # * 'u!ar # -ara !a -"!+t&(a ("n *&(a n ! ("rt" -!a5" ta! # ("*" ! ' # a!an

2&nan(& r" 7t rn" 1 !a 2&(& n(&a *-r #ar&a! r #u!ta - rt&n nt , 8t&! 1 n ( #ar*&#*" !!" n" # #u2&(& nt . D #' !a - r#- (t&$a ' ! ' #arr"!!" ("n *&(" 1 ("n%"r&5"nt t *-"ra! ' * '&an" 1 !ar0" -!a5", ! ;n2a#&# ' r+a # r ("!"(a'" ta* &;n n an)!&#&# ' t *a# ta! # ("*" ! t&-" ' *"' !" ' (r (&*& nt" 3u r a!* nt 7&#t %Cu a, !a 7&#t n(&a ' *"' !"# a!t rnat&$"# 1 !a #trat 0&a 1 -"!+t&(a# n ( #ar&atran#2"r*a(& n ' ! *"' !" 7&#t nt . D % (%", ! an)!&#&# n #t -!an" - r*&t &n' *an ra *u(%" *)# a' (ua'a, !"# t *a# 3u ta* &;n -u'& ran # r '&#(ut&'"# a! n&$ ! '!a -"!+t&(a ("n *&(a ' ("rt" -!a5".

E! an)!&#&# 3u #u0 r&*"# # -"r #u -r"-&a natura! 5a ' t&-" *u!t&2a(t"r&a! 1 #&("n#t&tu1 un r t" &nt ! (tua!. C"n#&' ra*"# 3u a! * n"# %a1 '"# -r" ! *a# 3u ' n

(!ara* nt ("*-r n'&'"# ant # ' &nt ntar (ua!3u& r #tu'&" *a1"r #" r ! t *a: ! -atr' a(u*u!a(& n ' !a ("n"*+a (u ana 1 !a '&* n#& n # (t"r&a! ' !a r ' 2&n&(& n a# # *at r&a! # ' !a a(u*u!a(& n ("n *&(a n Cu a.

ACUMULACI N ECON MICA EN CUBA: EL PATR N ACTUAL 1 LASALTERNATIVAS



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G n ra!* nt , !"# ("n"*&#ta# ("n2&0uran 1 *-! an !"# !!a*a'"# 4*"' !"#4 -ara ana!&5a'&2 r nt # -r"( #"# ("n *&("#, ntr #t"# ! (r (&*& nt". E#t"# *"' !"# -u ' n !!t n r una r -r # nta(& n *at *)t&(a r !at&$a* nt ("*-! 9a - r" #u# $ r'a' r2un'a* nt"# # n(u ntran n !a ("n"*+a -"!+t&(a. T"'" *"' !" -art ' #&*-!&2&(ar -r"( #" 3u trata ' 7-!&(ar 1 #a #&*-!&2&(a(& n r -r # nta un ("n9unt" ' ' 2&n&

# n(&a! # ' r&$a'a# ' !a t "r+a ("n *&(a. E! -unt" 3u ' # a*"# ' #ta(ar # 3u u*&#*a r a!&'a' -u ' # r &nt r-r ta'a, # ' (&r, *"' !a'a, ' '&2 r nt # *an ra#.

C"n$& n &n#&#t&r n #t" -"r3u n ! 2"n'" !a *"' !a(& n ' ! (r (&*& nt" ("n7-r #a #& *-r una - r#- (t&$a t r&(a 3u 7&#t ("n ant r&"r&'a' a! -r"-&" 9 r

*"' !a(& n. En -art&(u!ar #t" # *u1 &*-"rtant (uan'" # trata ' ! (r (&*& nt" ' una("n"*+a #u ' #arr"!!a'a =("*" !a (u ana= -"r3u n #a# ("n'&(&"n # n" t"'" t&-" '

(r (&*& nt" ("n'u( a! ' #arr"!!". S" r #t" $"!$ r *"# !u 0".

Aun3u -ara ! an)!&#&# ' ! (r (&*& nt" ("n *&(" -u ' n ut&!&5ar# , ntr2"r*u!a(&"n # ("n( -tua! # ta! # ("*" !"# *"' !"# ' (r (&*& nt" 1 !"# #3u *a# '

r -r"'u((& n, n #t tra a9" % *"# -r 2 r&'" ut&!&5ar ! ("n( -t" ' *"' !" a(u*u!a(& n -"r3u n"# -ar ( 3u #t # ! 3u * 9"r r 2! 9a !a n ( #&'a' )#& -r"( #" ' (r (&*& nt" ' !a ("n"*+a (u ana n !a# a(tua! # ("n'&(&"n #, # ' (&r,' '&(a(& n ' una -art #&0n&2&(at&$a ' ! -!u#-r"'u(t" a !a a*-!&a(& n ' !a (a-a(& -r"'u(t&$a ' ! -a+#. La a(u*u!a(& n ' # r una $ar&a ! (r+t&(a 1 n" un -r"( #" r #& - r" #t" #"!a* nt # r) -"#& ! #& # *"'&2&(a ra'&(a!* nt ! a(tua! *"' !" a(u*u!a(& n 7&#t nt n ! -a+#. R 3u& r , ("*" $ r *"# *)# a' !ant , ' una #"!u(&'&#("nt&nu&'a' r #- (t" a !a 2&(& n(&a. E7&0 un #a!t", n" un &n(r * nt" 0ra'ua!.

Ca una '&0r #& n a( r(a ' ! t *a ' !a 2&(& n(&a. N" # ("*-at& ! ("n una "-#"(&a!&#ta &n(r * ntar &n'&#(r&*&na'a* nt !a 2&(& n(&a *-r #ar&a! a ("#

r 'u((& n ' ! & n #tar #"(&a!, " # a, ("n &n(r * nt"# ' ! ' # *-! ", r 'u((& n ' -r #ta(&"n # #"(&a! #, t(. P r" ta*-"(" # -"#& ! #"#t n r ! & n #tar #"(&a! * n"# a!(an5ar ! ' #arr"!!" n ! !ar0" -!a5" #&n un ' t r*&na'" n&$ ! ' 2&(&

*-r #ar&a! 1 ("n *&(a. E! r t" n !a #&tua(& n a(tua! ' !a ("n"*+a (u ana # &n(rtar !a 2&(& n(&a ("n *&(a #&n r nun(&ar a !a# 2un'a* nta! # ("n3u&#ta# #"(&a! -"r !a r $"!u(& n. La ' t r*&na(& n ' #ta# -r"-"r(&"n # # "tra ' !a# t n#& - r*an nt # ' !a -"!+t&(a ("n *&(a.

D 2"r*a #&*-!&2&(a'a, ! (r (&*& nt" ("n *&(" -u ' # r ' '"# t&-"#: 7t n#&&nt n#&$". En ! -r&* r", ! &n(r * nt" ' !a ("n"*+a # !"0ra (a#& 7(!u#&$a*(u nta ' ! (r (&*& nt" ' !"# 2a(t"r # -r"'u(t&$"# *& ntra# 3u n ! # 0un'" !a ("n"*

(r ( n" # !" 0ra(&a# a! &n(r * nt" ' !"# r (ur#"#, #&n" ta* &;n ("*" r #u!ta'" ' un*a1"r 2&(& n(&a n #u ut&!&5a(& n.

E! (r (&*& nt" 7t n#&$" n" 3u&$a! n ( #ar&a* nt a un -atr n ' (r (&&n 2&(& nt . E! *-! " ' (ant&'a' # (r (& nt # ' 2u r5a ' tra a9" 1 ' r (ur#"# *at -ara a*-!&ar !a -r"'u((& n -u ' 'ar# n -r # n(&a ' un (r (&*& nt" ' !a -r"'u(t&$&'a' ! tra a9", un au* nt" n !a 2 (t&$&'a' ' ! 0a#t" *at r&a! 1 un &n(r * nt" 'r n'&*& nt" ' !"# 2"n'"# )#&("#, - r" ! (r (&*& nt" ("n *&(" # r+a 7t n#&$"



6

(a#" #& # ' & ra -r&n(&-a!* nt a! *-! " ' un *a1"r $"!u* n ' r (ur#"# 1 n" tant -"r una *a1"r 2&(& n(&a n !a ut&!&5a(& n ' ;#t"#.

S&n * ar0", !a# ("n'&(&"n # 3u 2a$"r ( n una a*-!&a '&#-"n& &!&'a' ' r (u*at r&a! # 1 %u*an"#? -u ' n a0"tar# -au!at&na* nt , *"'&2&(ar# a ru-ta* nt

# n(&!!a* nt n" -r"'u(&r# nun(a. P"r #a ra5 n, a tra$;# ' !a %&#t"r&a ("n *&(r &t ra una t n' n(&a %a(&a ! a0"ta*& nt" 1 ru-tura ' !"# -atr"n # ' (r (&*&7t n#&$" 1 !"# &nt nt"# -"r #u#t&tu&r #t"# -"r *"' !"# ' (r (&*& nt" &nt n#&$", n

-"r #u -r"-&a # n(&a, !a ut&!&5a(& n n" # !" 2&(& nt #&n" (a'a $ 5 *)# 2&(&r (ur#"# r -r # nta ! ! * nt" '&na*&5a'"r ' ! (r (&*& nt".

E! a#unt" t& n una r ! $an(&a -art&(u!ar -ara ! an)!&#&# ' !a# ("n"*+a# #"(&a!&* '&'a n 3u n #ta# ! (r (&*& nt" ("n *&(" 7t n#&$" 2u %&#t r&(a* -r '"*&nant . D % (%", ! &nt nt" ' tran#&tar %a(&a *"' !"# ' (r (&*& nt" &n"(u- un #-a(&" 2un'a* nta! n !a t "r+a 1 n !a -r)(t&(a ("n *&(a ' !"# -a+##"(&a!&#ta#. En # # nt&'", !a ("n"*+a (u ana n" %a #&'" una 7( -(& n.

E! (r (&*& nt" ' t&-" 7t n#&$" 2u !a -r&n(&-a! (ara(t r+#t&(a ' !a $"!u(&("n"*+a (u ana n !"# 3u&n( aF"# 3u -r ( '& r"n a !a -r"2un'a (r&#&# ' &n&(&"

';(a'a ' !"# n"$ nta. N" " #tant , # 2u un (r (&*& nt" 7t n#&$" ("n (ara(t r+#t&*u1 -art&(u!ar #:el crecimiento económico en Cuba durante el período 6 K =6 fue uncrecimiento extensivo, de baja eficiencia, lastrado y con un alto nivel de compensación por vía externa.

E! an)!&#&# ' !a ("n"*+a na(&"na! 'urant ! - r+"'" 6 K =6 r $ !a '"# a#-("n( -tua! # &*-"rtant #: -r&* r", 3u ! -atr n ' (r (&*& nt" 7t n#&$" ra -"rta'"r!"# -r"-&"# 0;r* n # ' #u a0"ta*& nt" 1, # 0un'", 3u ! r *-!a5" ' # -atr n -"r un

(r (&*& nt" ' t&-" &nt n#&$" ' r) # r una ("n'&(& n &n'&#- n#a ! -ara ! '2utur" ' !a ("n"*+a (u ana. Par"'&an'" un" ' !"# *)# ("n"(&'"# -r"$ r &"# (u an"#, -u'& ra 1 ' a2&r*ar# 3u , n nu #tr"# '+a#, 1 #" r t"'" n ! 2utur", 4#&n (r (&*&nt n#" n" %a1 -a+#4. S&n * ar0", a !a a!tura ' 6 ra $&' nt 3u ! (r (&*&

("n"*+a (u ana '&#ta a *u(%" t"'a$+a ' # r ' t&-" &nt n#&$".

N" # nu #tr" " 9 t&$" n #t tra a9" ' *"#trar n 7t n#" 3u ! (r (&*& nt"("n"*+a (u ana ant # ' !a (r&#&# ra ' t&-" 7t n#&$", ' a9a 2&(& n(&a 1 a

' - n'& nt ' r (ur#"# 7t rn"#, n& ta*-"(" # nu #tr" -r"- #&t" a un'ar n !"# ' ta!!a( r(a ' !a# !&*&ta(&"n # 1 ("n# (u n(&a# ' a3u ! -r"( #". A* "# a#- (t"# 2uana!&5a'"# 1 7-u #t"#, ' #' !a # 0un'a *&ta' ' !"# "(% nta, -"r un ("n#&' ra ! n8* r

' ("n"*&#ta# (u an"#. K

L" 3u n"# &nt r #a a%"ra # r t"*ar #"# an)!&#&# ' #' #u - r#- (t&$a ' ! ((&"n #2utur". E! 7a* n a 2"n'" ' ! (r (&*& nt" 7t n#&$" ' !a ("n"*+a (u ana 'urant !a';(a'a# ' !"# # t nta 1 ' !"# "(% nta -u ' # r$&r ("*" un -"' r"#" &n#tru* nt"ana!+t&(" -ara ! '&# F" ' 2utur"# *"' !"# ' a(u*u!a(& n n Cu a. L" #u( '&'" nt"n(

# ! -r&n(&-a! ar0u* nt" n ("ntra ' #u r - t&(& n.



7

N" # trata ' $a!uar n 3u; * '&'a ! -a#a'" -u'" %a r #&'" '&2 r nt . Ta*-"(" # trata' *&n&*&5ar 1 *u(%" * n"# n 0ar !"# &*-"rtant # a$an( # a!(an5a'"# n !"# -!an"

("n *&(" 1 #"(&a! 'urant a3u !!a ta-a. E# # un an)!&#&# 3u ta*-"(" -r t n' *r -r"'u(&r a3u+ 1 #" r ! (ua! # %a #(r&t" n 7t n#". A3u ! ' #arr"!!" # -r"'u9" n(&r(un#tan(&a# &nt rna(&"na! # ("n(r ta#, a9" !a a((& n ' *8!t&-! # 2a(t"r #

#- (+2&("#, (u1a r - t&(& n n !a# a(tua! # ("n'&(&"n # # a!ta* nt &*-r" a !' (&r &*-"#& ! . E! 3u a3u ! ("nt 7t" # a &rr - t& ! ' r+a # r un -"' r"#" ar0u -ara *"t&$ar !a 8#3u 'a ' un *"' !" '&2 r nt ' (r (&*& nt", - r" ! -unt" 3u' # a*"# ' #ta(ar # 3u ! ar0u* nt" %&#t r&(" -"r #+ # !" n" # #u2&(& nt . P - n#ar# 3u a%"ra # r+an $&a ! # "tr"# *"' !"# ' (r (&*& nt" 7t n#&$" ='&#tant r&"r= 1 !!" # r+a n nu #tra "-&n& n un 0ra$ rr"r. D a%+ !a n ( #&'a' ' ("*-n" #"!a* nt !a - r#- (t&$a %&#t r&(a #&n" #" r t"'" !a '&* n#& n ! 0&(a ' ! -at(r (&*& nt" 7t n#&$" -r '"*&nant n Cu a ant # ' !a (r&#&# ' &n&(&"# ' !"# n"$

C"*" % *"# an"ta'" ant #, 7&#t n $a!&"#"# #tu'&"# r a!&5a'"# n Cu a a( r(a(r (&*& nt" 7t n#&$" ' !a ("n"*+a (u ana n !a# ';(a'a# ' !"# # t nta 1 ' !"# "(% n

aun3u #"!a* nt %an #&'" -u !&(a'"# una -art ' #t"#.L" &*-"rtant # 3u t"'"# #t"##tu'&"# r $ !ar"n !a# # $ ra# !&*&ta(&"n # 3u t n+a ! *"' !" ' (r (&*& nt" 7&n(!u#&$ n #u 4;-"(a '"ra'a4 6 K =6 ?, n !a (ua! ! (r (&*& nt" -r"* '&" a!(una ta#a ' ! , anua!. 6H

*"# '&(%" ant # 3u , a' *)# ' # r 7t n#&$", ! (r (&*& nt" ' a3u ! - r+"'" tu$" "t&*-"rtant # (ara(t r+#t&(a#. En -r&* r !u0ar, #u &n(a-a(&'a' -ara # r aut"#"#t n& ! ", '' "tra *an ra, !a -r # n(&a ' 2a(t"r # ' ("*- n#a(& n -"r $+a 7t rna ("*" ("n'&(& n&n'&#- n#a ! -ara ! 2un(&"na*& nt" ' ! *"' !". D % (%", # -r"'u9" un *ut("n'&(&"na*& nt" ntr a* a# (ara(t r+#t&(a#, 3u a !a !ar0a t n'r+a ("n# (u n - r$ r#a#: !a ("n"*+a, a - #ar ' #u &n 2&(& n(&a, -"'+a (r ( r -"r !a $+a 7t n#&$a

a !a tran#2 r n(&a #"#t n&'a ' r (ur#"# ' #' ! 7t r&"r 1 a !a $ 5 #a tran#2 r n0arant&5ar ! -atr n 7t n#&$", a(tua a ("*" un 2u rt ' # #t&*u!" -ara ! tr)n#&t" %a(*"' !" &nt n#&$" 1 2&(& nt .

E! *"' !" ' (r (&*& nt" ra #&*u!t)n a* nt 7t n#&$" 1 n" aut"#"#t n& ! 1 -"r t7&0+a !a a((& n ' 2a(t"r # ("*- n#a'"r # 7t rn"# n una (uant+a 3u !! 0a'a a (&

-unt" # ("n$ rt+a n un " #t)(u!" a! (r (&*& nt".66

R #- (t" a !a n ( #&'a' ' !a 7&#t n(&a ' tran#2 r n(&a# ' #' ! 7t r&"r, ! !$ r'a' ra* nt - rn&(&"#" ' ! -atr n ' (r (&*& nt" 7t n#&$" 7&#t nt n Cu a tant" 3u ;#t #tu$& # a#"(&a'" a! 4%a* r ' &n$ r#&"n #4 3u (ara(t r&5a a t"'" -

' ' #arr"!!". En ! (a#" ' una ("n"*+a ("*" !a (u ana, !a (r a(& n ' !a# a# #*at r&a! # 1 %u*ana# ' ! ' #arr"!!" 7&0 un -r"( #" &n$ r#&"n&#ta 3u -"r #u (uar&t*"# ' *an'a r (ur#"# #u- r&"r # a !"# 3u -u ' n # r 0 n ra'"# &nt rna* nt 1 3'urant a!08n t& *-" ' r)n (r ( r *)# r)-&'a* nt 3u ! t"ta! ' !a ("n"*+a.

En # # nt&'", n" -u ' ("n#&' rar# a -r&"r& ("*" a!0" n 0at&$" !a 7&#t n(&a, 'uran08n t& *-", ' un -r"( #" ' (r (&*& nt" 7t n#&$" 1 ("*- n#a'" -"r !a $+a 7t rna. S&

* ar0", ! -r" ! *a n Cu a 'urant ! - r+"'" ana!&5a'" n" 2u , ("*" 1a # %a



8

a-unta'", ! &n(r * nt" n !a 2"r*a(& n 1 ut&!&5a(& n ' r (ur#"# -r"'u(t&$"# a r&t*"# a( ! ra'"# 3u ! (r (&*& nt" ("n *&(" #&n" a 3u ;#t"# # ut&!&5a an ' *an ra

2&(& nt .

La# tran#2 r n(&a# 7t rna# #"#t n+an a#+, n una (uant+a n" ' #-r (&a ! , un -r"(

(r (&*& nt" 3u a' *)# ' 7t n#&$" 1 n" aut"#"#t n& ! ra ta* &;n -"(" 2&(& n&*-!&(a(&"n # ran nt"n( # -r "(u-ant # 1, ' a(u r'" ("n !a *"' !a(& n 2 (tua'a -"ra!0un"# #- (&a!&#ta#, !"# #( nar&"# -"#& ! # ran ' #a! nta'"r # r #- (t" a !a #"!u -r" ! *a. La *"' !a(& n %&5" $&' nt , 1 !a -r)(t&(a !" ("n2&r* ' #-u;#, 3u , -r # n(&a ' una !&*&ta'a (a-a(&'a' ' a(u*u!a(& n &nt rna, una $ 5 3u ! *"' !"

7t n#&$" ntra a n 2a# ' ' t r&"r" #t ra (a#& &*-"#& ! ' r * '&ar. 6>

La #"!u(& n &n'&(a'a ' #' !a # 0un'a *&ta' ' !"# "(% nta ra !a a'"-(& n ' * '&'a# ' -"!+t&(a ("n *&(a 3u # "r& ntaran %a(&a ! ' #arr"!!" &nt n#&$" ' !a ("("n(!u#& n a*-!&a* nt ("*-art&'a n a3u !!"# aF"#. D&(%" n "tra# -a!a ra#, &n(!u#&("n'&(&"n # n 3u # -u'& ra *ant n r un n&$ ! r !at&$a* nt %"!0a'" ' ' # a

2&nan(& r", n" ra -"#& ! un 4a9u#t 4 #at&#2a(t"r&" ' ! *"' !" 7t n#&$". S r 3#a!t" ' 2&(& n(&a 3u #"!a* nt -"'+a # r ("n( &'" n ! ("nt 7t" ' un *"'&nt n#&$".

En !"# '"(u* nt"# "2&(&a! # 1 n !"# an)!&#&# #" r !a ("n"*+a (u ana ' a3u ! - r -u ' n("ntrar# ("n 2r (u n(&a !a t #&# ' 3u ! (r (&*& nt" 7t n#&$" 1 !a n ( #("*- n#ar ! *"' !" -"r !a $+a ' !a# tran#2 r n(&a# 7t rna# ran 2 n * n"# t *-"ra!a#"(&a'"# a !a (r a(& n ' !a a# t;(n&("=*at r&a! ' ! ' #arr"!!". S a#u*+a 3u , unatran#(urr&'" (& rt" t& *-", !a ("n"*+a #tar+a n ("n'&(&"n #, -r&* r", ' (r ( r -"r !a &nt n#&$a 1, # 0un'", ' 0 n rar un n&$ ! ' 7-"rta(&"n # ta! 3u - r*&t& # aut" 2

n a!t" 0ra'" ! ' #arr"!!" ("n *&(" 1 *&n&*&5ar !a n ( #&'a' ' tran#2 r n(&a# ' #'

7t r&"r.La n" *at r&a!&5a(& n ' #t #( nar&" n !a ';(a'a ' ! "(% nta =2un'a* nta!* nt("n# (u n(&a ' &n 2&(& n(&a# n !a -"!+t&(a &n$ r#&"n&#ta, -r" ! *a# ("n ! 0 #t& n ' !a ("n"*+a, '&2&(u!ta' # ("n !a -u #ta n *ar(%a ' !a# nu $a# (a-a(&'a'(r a'a#, (a+'a# ' -r (&"# &nt rna(&"na! # 1 -r" ! *a# (!&*)t&("# # ("n#&' r nt"n( -r"!"n0 7( #&$a* nt n ! t& *-" ! *"' !" ' (r (&*& nt" 7t n#&$". L"# (a* &"## &ntr"'u9 r"n n !a # 0un'a *&ta' ' #a ';(a'a n" !"0rar"n #u- rar #ta #&tua(& n.

S&n * ar0", !a &n(a-a(&'a' ' tran#2"r*ar !"# $a#t"# r (ur#"# a(u*u!a'"# n un *"nt"a(r ( nta'" ' 7-"rta(&"n # =a! n&$ ! 3u # r 3u r+a= # # !" una -art ' !a 7-!&

' ! a2&an5a*& nt" ' un -atr n ' (r (&*& nt" 7t n#&$" 1 n" aut"#"#t n& ! .E7&#t n -"r !" * n"# '"# -r" ! *a# a'&(&"na! # 3u #"n r ! $ant # -ara 7-!&(ar -"r 3

nt"n( # n" 2u -"#& ! #u- rar n un -!a5" ra5"na ! ! *"' !" ' (r (&*& nt" 7t n#&n" aut"#"#t n& ! . Pr&* r", !"# ant # * n(&"na'"# -r" ! *a# ' 2&(& n(&a 3u %a(

! *"' !" n ( #&tara 0ran' # (ant&'a' # ' r (ur#"# n" # !" -ara !a a(u*u!a(& n #&n" -ar#u -r"-&a "- ra(& n ("rr& nt . C"*" 1a # %a a-unta'" ant #, a! 2&na!&5ar 6 K ! &n' 2 (t&$&'a' ' ! 0a#t" *at r&a! %a +a (a+'" %a#ta #u# n&$ ! # ' &n&(&" ' !"# "(%!



9

En # 0un'" !u0ar, ! -r"( #" &n$ r#&"n&#ta n" # !" n" tran#2"r* n !a * '&'a n ( #ar#tru(tura 7-"rta'"ra ' ! -a+# #&n" 3u ta*-"(" *"'&2&( #u2&(& nt * nt !a natura!

-"(" &nt 0ra'a ' !a ("n"*+a na(&"na! 1@ -"r tant", ;#ta #&0u& #& n'" $u!n ra ! na!t" 0ra'" a !a# &*-"rta(&"n #. La# r !a(&"n # &nt r# (t"r&a! # #&0u& r"n

n"ta ! * nt '; &! #, # ' (&r, !a ("n"*+a (u ana %a ("nt&nua'" (ara(t r&5)n'"# -*ant n r un a9" n&$ ! ' &nt 0ra(& n ntr #u# -r&n(&-a! # # (t"r #, 3u #u*a'"t (n"!"0+a ' a!t" ("n#u*" n r0;t&(" ("n'&(&"na un a!t" 0ra'" ' &*-"rta(&"n # ' !"# & n # &nt r* '&"# n ( #ar&"# -ara ! 2un(&"na*& nt" ' !a# (a-a(&'a' # &n#ta!a'a#.14

La ("n"*+a na(&"na! ("n# r$a a a#+ -"' r"#a# arr ra# #tru(tura! # -ara un (r (&*&aut"#"#t n&'" 3u # a0r 0an a !a r !at&$a #(a# 5 ' r (ur#"# natura! #. La au# n(&a# (t"r -r"'u(t"r ' 3u&-"# #ta ! ( una ! $a'a $u!n ra &!&'a' r #- (t" a !a&*-"rta(&"n # ' #"# & n #, $&ta! # -ara !a a(u*u!a(& n, n tant" !a n" 7&#ta' (ua'a# r !a(&"n # &nt r# (t"r&a! # ' t r*&na $u!n ra &!&'a' # r #- (t" a&*-"rta(&"n # ' & n # &nt r* '&"#, n ( #ar&"# n" # !" -ara !a a(u*u!a(& n #&n"

-r"-&a "- ra(& n ("rr& nt ' !a ("n"*+a. C"*" # %a -"'&'" ("n#tatar n !"# n"$ nta, !("ntra((& n n !a# &*-"rta(&"n # ' & n # &nt r* '&"# a(tuar+a ("*" un -"' r"* (an&#*" 4' #("n (t"r4 ' !a ("n"*+a na(&"na!.

&na!* nt , !a #tru(tura ' !a# &*-"rta(&"n # (u ana# *"#tra a n !a ';(a'a ' !"#"(% nta r&0&' ( # =*u1 a( ntua'a# n !"# n"$ nta= 3u *u!t&-!&(ar"n !a $u!n ra &!&(r (&*& nt" r #- (t" a !"# 2a(t"r # 7t rn"#. S& n 6 !"# & n # ' ("n#u*", so r t"'"a!&* nt"#, r -r # nta an ! 6H, ' !a# &*-"rta(&"n #, n 6 #a -r"-"r(& n %a!(an5a'" ! >H, .6 E! % (%" ' 3u 2u ra una -r"-"r(& n (r (& nt ' un t"ta! &*-"rta(&"n # ' (r (& nt # -u#" ' r !& $ 3u !a ! $a'a ' - n' n(&a n !a &*-"rta(& & n # &*-r #(&n'& ! # ("*" !"# a!&* nt"# %a( &n $&ta ! 3u (ua!3u& r 4

*at r&a ' &*-"rta(&"n # # -r"'u5(a -"r !a $+a ' !"# * '&"# ' -r"'u((& n & n&nt r* '&"# 1 #" r t"'" & n # ' (a-&ta!?, !" (ua! a2 (ta '&r (ta* nt !a -r"-&a (a-a(&' r -r"'u((& n ' !a ("n"*+a.

En ("n'&(&"n # n 3u ! -unt" ' -art&'a ' un -r"( #" ' r (u- ra(& n # un a9" n&' &*-"rta(&"n # ("n una #tru(tura r+0&'a a!t" - #" r !at&$" ' !"# a!&* nt"# 1 ("* u#t& ! #?, !a# - r#- (t&$a# ' #(r (&*& nt" ("n *&(" n" -u ' n # r #&0n&2&*u(%" * n"# una $ 5 3u # a0"t !a r (u- ra(& n ' !a (a-a(&'a' &n#ta!a'a. E#t t&-" r&0&' 5 a(t8a ("*" un 4!a#tr 4 r #- (t" a !a r (u- ra(& n ("n *&(a.

R #u*& n'" !" ant r&"r, -u'& ra ' (&r# 3u !a (r&#&# ' a(u*u!a(& n ' !a ("n"

(u ana &n&(&a'a n !a ';(a'a ' !"# "(% nta 1 3u # -r"!"n0a %a#ta ! -r # nt %a a ar'"# *"* nt"# ' ! *"' !" ' a(u*u!a(& n 7t n#&$". E! -r&* r", 3u %a #&'" a*-!&a* ntr # Fa'", ("rr #-"n' a !a ta-a 3u ("*& n5a a * '&a'"# ' !"# # t nta 1 3u # 7t& n%a#ta 2&na! # ' !"# "(% nta. La a0u'a ta-a ' ("ntra((& n ("n *&(a ' !a -r&* ra *&' !"# n"$ nta 6 H=6 ? 1 !a a(tua! r a(t&$a(& n ("n *&(a %an t n&'" ("*" tra#un # 0un'" *"* nt" ' ! *"' !" ' a(u*u!a(& n 7t n#&$a, ' a9a 2&(& n(&a 1 !a#tra("*" ! ant r&"r, - r" a '&2 r n(&a ' a3u;! ("n un a9" n&$ ! ' ("*- n#a(& n 7t rC"n#&' ra*"# 3u -ara -"' r #ta ! ( r una - r#- (t&$a ("*-ara'a ntr '&2 r nt



10

*"' !"# ' a(u*u!a(& n n Cu a r #u!ta &*-r #(&n'& ! t n r n (u nta !"# #&0u&2a(t"r #: a? 2&(& n(&a, ? ta#a ' a(u*u!a(& n, (? n&$ ! ' ("*- n#a(& n 7t rna 1 ' &*-"rta(&"n #.6

D *an ra r #u*&'a -u'& ra r -r # ntar# n ! #&0u& nt (ua'r" ! ("*-"rta*& nt

#"# 2a(t"r # n (a'a un" ' !"# '"# *"* nt"# ' ! *"' !" ' a(u*u!a(& n 7t n#&$a ant #r 2 r&'"#.

6 K =6 6 H=6

E2&(& n(&a a9a a9a

Ta#a ' a(u*u!a(& n a!ta a9a

N&$ ! ' ("*- n#a(& n a!t" a9"

N&$ ! ' &*-"rta(&"n # a!t" a9"En r a!&'a', !a# '"# $ar&a ! # (r+t&(a# #"n !a 2&(& n(&a 1 ! n&$ ! ' ("*- n#a(& n*"' !" ant r&"r !a a9a 2&(& n(&a ("n'u9" a una (r&#&# ' a(u*u!a(& n, ("n ! *"a(tua! # &*-"#& ! #u- rar !a (r&#&# ' a(u*u!a(& n. A nu #tr" 9u&(&" # &*-r #(&n'& ! tran#&tar %a(&a un nu $" *"' !" ' a(u*u!aPu'& ra - n#ar# 3u n !a a(tua!&'a' 7&#t n (uatr" a!t rnat&$a# )#&(a# n *at*"' !"# ' a(u*u!a(& n. Pu'& ran # r *)#, - r" ("n#&' ra*"# 3u #"!a* nt #ta# (uatr"t& n n a!0una -"#& &!&'a' ' *at r&a!&5a(& n:

6. A(u*u!a(& n 7t n#&$a ("n a9" n&$ ! ' ("*- n#a(& n.>. A(u*u!a(& n 7t n#&$a ("n n&$ ! *"' ra'" ' ("*- n#a(& n.. A(u*u!a(& n &nt n#&$a ("n n&$ ! *"' ra'" ' ("*- n#a(& n.. A(u*u!a(& n &nt n#&$a ("n a9" n&$ ! ' ("*- n#a(& n.

A !"# 2 (t"# ' 2a(&!&tar ! an)!&#&# -u'&;ra*"# a#u*&r 3u -ara t"'"# #t"# #( n7&#t&r+a una ta#a ' a(u*u!a(& n 1 un n&$ ! ' &*-"rta(&"n # *a1"r # 3u !a# 3u

a(tua!* nt . Una *"' #ta r (u- ra(& n ' !a ("n"*+a -u'& ra 0 n rar #t r #u!ta'". S&* ar0", ! &*-a(t" ' una r (u- ra(& n *"' ra'a n" # r+a #&0n&2&(at&$" -ara !a#

$ar&a ! # (r+t&(a# 2&(& n(&a 1 ("*- n#a(& n 7t rna?. A#u*&*"# 3u un *"' !" &#"!a* nt # -"#& ! a tra$;# ' un #a!t" ' 2&(& n(&a 1 ("n#&' ra*"# ra5"na ! - n#

n t;r*&n"# ' ("*- n#a(& n 7t rna #"!a* nt # !! 0ar+a, n ! * 9"r ' !"# (a#"#n&$ ! # *"' ra'"#. P r" *)# a8n, un n&$ ! ' ("*- n#a(& n 7t rna *"' ra'" # !" -"'r+ar (u- rar# ("*" ("n# (u n(&a ' un *a1"r n&$ ! ' 2&(& n(&a ' !a ("n"*+a 3&n(r * nt !a ("*- t&t&$&'a' ' ! -a+#, au* nt ! 7( ' nt , - r*&ta r #ta ! ( r !"# -ar n 0"(&ar !a ' u'a 1, 2&na!* nt , a r&r !"# (r;'&t"# ' * '&an" 1 !ar0" -!a5" 1 #t&*u*a1"r # 2!u9"# ' &n$ r#& n 7tran9 ra.



11

R -r"'u(& n'" -ara #t"# (a#"# ! (ua'r" 3u 1a % *"# ut&!&5a'", !a r -r # nta(&#&nt;t&(a ' #ta# a!t rnat&$a# # r+a !a 3u #&0u .

6 >

E2&(& n(&a a9a a9a a!ta a!taTa#a ' a(u*u!a(& n *a1"r *a1"r *a1"r *a1"rC"*- n#a(& n a9a *"' ra'a *"' ra'a a9aI*-"rta(&"n # *a1"r *a1"r *a1"r *a1"r

En !"# (a#"# ' !a ta#a ' a(u*u!a(& n 1 ' !a# &*-"rta(&"n #. !a -a!a ra 4*a1"r4&n'&(a n&$ ! # r !at&$a* nt a9"# - r" #u- r&"r # a !"# a(tua! #.

A nu #tr" 9u&(&", !a# '"# -r&* ra# a!t rnat&$a# r -r # ntan (a!! 9"n # #&n #a#u- ra(& n ' !a (r&#&# ' a(u*u!a(& n #"!a* nt # r+a -"#& ! ("n ! -a#" a un *"' !a(u*u!a(& n &nt n#&$a, " # a, ' *a1"r 2&(& n(&a ("n *&(a. La a!t rnat&$a ' # a -"r #u-u #t", !a t r( ra, - r" ("n#&' ra*"# 3u !a (uarta a!t rnat&$a # !a *)# -r" a ! . & n n" ' *an ra #- (ta(u!ar, # *"' !" - r*&t&r+a ("* n5ar ! tr)n#&t" %a(&#u- ra(& n ' !a (r&#&# ' a(u*u!a(& n -"r !a 3u atra$& #a !a ("n"*+a (u ana '* '&a'"# ' !"# "(% nta.

En r a!&'a' #a a!t rnat&$a # r+a !a 8n&(a 3u , n nu #tra "-&n& n, - r*&t&r+a -a#ar*"' !" ' a(u*u!a(& n &nt n#&$a 3u r 3u& r ! -a+#, a -art&r ' !a *"'&2&(a(& n $ar&a ! #" r !a (ua! # -u ' a(tuar * '&ant ' (&#&"n # ' -"!+t&(a &nt rna: !a 2&P r" ("*" % *"# # Fa!a'" ant #, n" # tratar+a ' un &n(r * nt" 0ra'ua! ' ! n&$ ! '

2&(& n(&a, #&n" ' un #a!t", 1 - n#a*"# 3u #t" #"!a* nt # -"#& ! n ! ("nt 7tr 2"r*a 2un'a* nta! ' !a ("n"*+a (u ana.

La n ( #&'a' ' #ta ! ( r a!t"# n&$ ! # ' 2&(& n(&a # un (r&t r&" 7t("*-art&'", ! -unt" *)# -"!;*&(" # !a ' t r*&na(& n ' ( *" a!(an5ar!"# 1 n 3u; -!a5"#. A #ta -r" ! *)t&(a ' '&(a*"# nu #tr" ant r&"r !& r", -u !&(a'" n Cu a n 6# 0u&*"# ("n#&' ran'" #ta (u #t& n ("*" un ("*-"n nt # n(&a! -ara !a r #tru(tura(&' ! -a+# n !a ! 0&(a ' un ' #arr"!!" #"(&a!&#ta 1 $&a ! .

La $ ntua!&'a' ' 3u !a# "- ra(&"n # ' 8#3u 'a ' - tr ! " 3u # r a!&5an ("n(!u("n r #u!ta'"# 2a$"ra ! # ("!"(ar+a n una * 9"r #&tua(& n a !a ("n"*+a (u ana, n* '&'a n 3u '&#-"n'r+a ' un r (ur#" $&ta! 1 ! # r+a *)# 2)(&! a! -a+# # r " 9 t(r;'&t", #&n * ar0" #t" n" (a* &a (ua!&tat&$a* nt !"# ar0u* nt"# 3u a3u+ 7-r #aa( r(a ' !a n ( #&'a' ' -a#ar a un *"' !" &nt n#&$" ' (r (&*& nt" ("n a!ta 2&(& n( -r"'u(t&$&'a'. E#ta # una n ( #&'a' 3u %a a0u'&5a'" !a (r&#&#, - r" 3u a-ar ( 1a 2u r5a ' #' ! - r+"'" ant r&"r, (uan'" a8n # '&#-"n+a ' &*-"rtant # r (ur#"# 7t rn"#

C"*" ' *u #tra !a 7- r& n(&a %&#t r&(a ' '&2 r nt # -a+# #, ! -a#" a un *"' !" &n# una n ( #&'a' ' ! ' #arr"!!" aun n -r # n(&a ' a un'an(&a ' r (ur#"# natura! #.



12

LA DIMENSI N SECTORIAL

E! ' #arr"!!" # un t *a 3u %a "(u-a'" a !a ("n"*+a ' #' #u# "r+0 n # ("*" (& n(&a#&n * ar0" 'urant aF"# # &' nt&2&( a! (r (&*& nt" ("n ! ' #arr"!!". En !"# &n&((& n(&a ("n *&(a, 1 'urant *u(%" t& *-", # ("n#&' r 3u (r (&*& nt" 1 ' #ar

("n *&(" ran ("n( -t"# 3u&$a! nt #, (u #t& n 3u # n(ar0 ' r 2utar -r (&#a* -"#t r&"r #ur0&*& nt" ' !a# t "r+a# #" r ! #u ' #arr"!!" 1 ! ' #arr"!!".

E7&#t una a*-!&a !&t ratura a(a';*&(a, 1 ' "tr" t&-", #" r ! t *a ' ! #u ' #arr"!!", *a1"r -art #(r&ta n ! - r+"'" 3u ("*-r n' !a# ';(a'a# ' !"# (&n(u nta 1 !"# # # nta' #t #&0!", aF"# n !"# 3u ! t *a #u#(&t un 0ran &nt r;# ntr #- (&a!&#ta#, art&#ta# 1 !a 0 nt ("*8n. Aut"r # ("*" Pr &#(%, S&n0 r, NurQ# , R"#t" , urt

&r#(%*an, M1r'a!, Baran 1 D" !"0rar"n &n2!u&r =' #' '&2 r nt # - r#- (t&$a#=&' a# 3u *)# ' una 0 n ra(& n %a t n&'" a( r(a ' ! t *a.

D % (%", #" r ! t *a ' ! ' #arr"!!" %a ("nt&nua'" #(r& &;n'"# -r"!+2&(a* nt

nu #tr"# '+a#, # !" 3u n un ("nt 7t" n ! (ua! n" # !" # &0n"ran " r (%a5an a!0una!a# t "r+a# (!)#&(a# #" r ! t *a, #&n" '"n' ta* &;n !a -r"-&a '&#(u#& n ' ! t *a' #arr"!!" # #(a*"t a'a a -art&r ' un r -!ant a*& nt" ' ! -r" ! *a ' ! ' #arr"!!"* '&ant !a &ntr"'u((& n ' 4nu $"#4 -ara'&0*a# n !"# 3u ' # *- Fan un &*-"rtant -a- ! ("n( -t"# ("*" 40!" a!&5a(& n4, 4 ("n"*+a# &nt r("n (ta'a#4(inter linked economies), 4(r (&*& nt" %a(&a a2u ra4 1 4-r (&"# ("rr (t"#4.

Cua!3u& r ("n"*+a 3u n" -u 'a a# 0urar !a# -r"-"r(&"n # n ( #ar&a# ntr !a# '&2ra*a# 3u !a &nt 0ran t n'r) *u(%a# '&2&(u!ta' # -ara (r ( r. E#t" # -art&(u!ar* nr ! $ant -ara !a# ("n"*+a# 3u n" -"# an n #u - r2&! -r"'u(t&$" un # (t"r ' #arr"!!a' * '&"# ' -r"'u((& n, 3u # ! (a#" t+-&(" ' !a# ("n"*+a# #u ' #arr"!!a'a#, *)# a8n

#& -"# n una '"ta(& n r !at&$a* nt #(a#a ' r (ur#"# natura! #. En # # nt&'"("n"*+a# #t)n !&*&ta'a# -"r ! 4!a'" ' !a "2 rta4, # ' (&r, 3u !a -r"'u((& n na(&"na!&n#u2&(& nt -ara 0arant&5ar !a r -"#&(& n 1 a*-!&a(& n ' !"# 2a(t"r # ' !a -r"'u((

! (a#" ' *u(%a# ("n"*+a# #u ' #arr"!!a'a# ! -r" ! *a # *)# 0ra$ a8n, n !a * '&'an 3u ta*-"(" #"n (a-a( # ' 0 n rar !"# & n # ' ("n#u*" n ( #ar&"#.

La #"!u(& n a #ta '&2&(u!ta' -u ' # r -r"-"r(&"na'a -"r ! C"* r(&" 7t r&"r, 1a 3u - r*&t&r+a *"'&2&(ar !a ("*-"#&(& n ' !a "2 rta t"ta! -ara '&$ r#&2&(ar!a 1 0arant&5 -r"-"r(&"n # a' (ua'a# n !a '&#tr& u(& n ' !a r nta na(&"na! 1 ' !"# 2a(t"r # -r"'u(t&a n&$ ! ' # (t"r.

S&n * ar0", #t" -r #u-"n 3u 7&#ta una "2 rta #u2&(& nt ' 7-"rta(&"n # ' 2 (t" !a 7&#t n(&a ' * (an&#*"# ' ("*- n#a(& n ' ! ' # a!an( ("* r(&a! (r;'&t&n$ r#& n 7tran9 ra, '"na(&"n #?. En !a * '&'a n 3u !"# r (ur#"# &*-"rta'"# #*a1"r # 3u !a# n ( #&'a' # ' r -"#&(& n ' * '&"# ' -r"'u((& n 1 ' ("n#u*",*a1"r # # r)n !a# '&#-"n& &!&'a' # ' r (ur#"# -ara ' #t&nar a !a a(u*u!a(& n " a "t2&n #.



13

En #"# -a+# #, ! # (t"r 7-"rta'"r a(t8a ("*" una #- (& ' 4#u#t&tut"4 ' ! # (t" -r"'u(t"r ' * '&"# ' -r"'u((& n, n !a * '&'a n 3u ! " 9 t&$" ' !a# 7-"rta(&"n # -"' r &nt r(a* &a'a# -"r !"# * '&"# ' -r"'u((& n 3u n" #"n (a-a( # ' # r 0 n ra'"#&nt rna* nt . A 2 (t"# -r)(t&("#, n #ta# ("n"*+a# ! 7( ' nt ("n *&(", 1 -"r ta!a 2u nt &nt rna ' a(u*u!a(& n, # 0 n ra'" # n(&a!* nt -"r ! # (t"r 7-"rta'"r.

a%"rr" &nt rn" n" # '&r (ta* nt ("n$ rt& ! n &n$ r#& n@ -r&* r" ' # r tra* '&ant ! ("* r(&" 7t r&"r, !" 3u ("n'u( a! -r" ! *a ' !a natura! 5a ' !"# * r(a'"#n !"# 3u ' -r"'u(&r# #a tran#2"r*a(& n. La# ("n# (u n(&a# n 0at&$a# a#"(&#t 2 n * n" %an #&'" a*-!&a* nt #tu'&a'a# 1 ta* &;n 7&#t una $a#ta !&t ratur

!a# r ("* n'a(&"n # -ara r #"!$ r ! -r" ! *a * '&ant una tran#2"r*a(& n ' !#tru(tura -r"'u(t&$a ' #"# -a+# #. Ca r ("r'ar 3u ("n( -(&"n # ("n *&(a

'&2 r nt # ("*" !a 4t "r+a ' #arr"!!&#ta4 1 !a 4t "r+a ' !a ' - n' n(&a4 a-untan %a(&&n'u#tr&a!&5a(& n -ara ! * r(a'" &nt rn". D #ta *an ra, !a &' nt&2&(a(& n

#trat 0&a ' tran#2"r*a(& n # (t"r&a! # ("n#&' ra'a ("*" un 2a(t"r (!a$ n ! ' #arr"!

Aun3u n" 2u r"n !"# 8n&("# #&#t *a# t r&("# #ur0&'"# -ara #tu'&ar ! -r"( #

' #arr"!!", !a# !!a*a'a# t "r+a# ' ! ' #arr"!!" a!an( a'" 1 ' ! ' #arr"!!" ' # a!an( a'"%an ' # *- Fa'" un &*-"rtant -a- ! n !a %&#t"r&a ' ! '&# F" ' #trat 0&a# ' tr2"r*a(& n # (t"r&a!.

La '"(tr&na ' ! ' #arr"!!" a!an( a'" tu$" un 0ran atra(t&$" &n&(&a!, #" r t"'" -"r3u -!ant un ' # nt n'&*& nt" r #- (t" a! ("* r(&" 7t r&"r. S ("n#&' ra a 3u !a #tr' ' #arr"!!" ' r+a '&r&0&r# a %a( r ("&n(&'&r !a #tru(tura ' !a -r"'u((& n (

#tru(tura ' !a ' *an'a 2&na! 1 #t" 7&0+a un -r"( #" ' tran#2"r*a(& n r !at&$a ' t"'!a# ra*a# ' !a ("n"*+a. E#ta n"(& n &' nt&2&(a a, n 6H 2un'a* nta!, ! ' #arr"!!"

("n"*+a# ( rra'a#.

La #trat 0&a ' ' #arr"!!" ' # a!an( a'" #ur0& -r (&#a* nt ' una r $&#& n (r+t&'"(tr&na ' ! ' #arr"!!" a!an( a'". En $ 5 ' una #trat 0&a ' &n$ r#& n # (t"rr !at&$a* nt a!an( a'a # 2a$"r (+a ! (r (&*& nt" ' # (t"r # (!a$ # ("n ! " 9 t(r ar, a tra$;# ' ! ' # a!an( , t n#&"n # n !a ("n"*+a -ara &n'u(&r a tra$;# ' !!a#r #-u #ta ("n *&(a ' "tr"# # (t"r #, ' *an ra 3u n -!a5"# t *-"ra! # r !at&$a* n("rt"# # r #ta ! (& ran a!an( # ("n *&("# a n&$ ! # (a'a $ 5 *)# a!t"# 1 #" r

#tru(tura! # '&#t&nta#. La n"(& n ' !"# #!a "na*& nt"# -r"'u(t&$"# ntr '&2 r nt("n *&(a# ' # *- Fa un &*-"rtant -a- ! n #ta t "r+a. Va! a(!arar 3u ! ' # a!ann !a (ana!&5a(& n ' !a &n$ r#& n -r&$&! 0&an'" a una# a(t&$&'a' # r #- (t" a

&*-!&(a aut"*)t&(a* nt un ' # a!an( #&*&!ar n !a ("*-"#&(& n ' ! -r"'u(t". Un#trat 0&a ' ' #arr"!!" ' # a!an( a'a 7&t"#a -u ' ("n'u(&r a #&tua(&"n # a!an( a'

n&$ ! ' t"'a !a ("n"*+a, &n(!u#&$ a ("rt" -!a5", 1a 3u ' &'" a !"# #!a "na*& n7&#t nt # n !a ("n"*+a !"# # (t"r # (!a$ # a !"# 3u # a#&0n !a *a1"r -art &n$ r#& n n" #"n n ( #ar&a* nt !"# 3u *)# r)-&'" ' n (r ( r, #&n" a3u !!"# "tr"#

#!a "na*& nt"# -r"'u(t&$"# 2u rt # ("n #"# # (t"r # -u ' n 0 n rar una r a((*u!t&-!&(a'a.

E#ta t "r+a ' # *- F un &*-"rtant -a- ! n !a# -"!+t&(a# ' &n'u#tr&a!&5a(& n *#u#t&tu(& n ' &*-"rta(&"n # a-!&(a'a# -"r *u(%"# -a+# # ' #' 2&n # ' !a ';(a'a ' !



14

(&n(u nta.6K S&n * ar0", !"# -r"-&"# -r" ! *a# " # r$a'"# n !a -r)(t&(a ' #a# -"!+t&(a("n'u9 r"n a #u( #&$a# r $&#&"n # 1 r 2&na*& nt"# n ! a-arat" ("n( -tua! ' !a #' ' #arr"!!" ' # a!an( a'".

La t "r+a ' ! ' #arr"!!" ' # a!an( a'" 2u nr&3u (&'a ("n una r $a!ua(& n a( r(a '

&*-"rtan(&a ' !"# ("#t"# 1 !a 2&(& n(&a -ara ! '&# F" ' #trat 0&a# ' &n'u#tr&aEn !a $ r#& n "r&0&na! ' !a t "r+a, # ! a#&0na a un -a- ! # (un'ar&" a! ("#t"2&(& n(&a. E! ;n2a#&# n" #ta a n "-t&*&5ar r (ur#"#, #&n" n *"$&!&5a'"

' #arr"!!". S&n * ar0", ! 2ra(a#" ' *u(%a# 7- r& n(&a# ' &n'u#tr&a!&5a(& n * '&#u#t&tu(& n ' &*-"rta(&"n # 7&0& una r ("n#&' ra(& n ' ! a#unt". E! ' at *)# a( r(a ' #trat 0&a# ' &n'u#tr&a!&5a(& n a#a'a# n !a -r"*"(& n ' 7-"rta(&&n'u#tr&a! # ta* &;n # %a *an&2 #ta'" n ! nr&3u (&*& nt" ("n( -tua! ant # a-un

E! ' at %a #&'" 7t n#" 1 !"# ar0u* nt"# n 9u 0" *u1 ("*-! 9"#, - r" n #+nt # -u'& ra ' (&r# 3u n !a a(tua!&'a' # *ant& n $&0 nt !a n"(& n ' &n'u(&r ! '* '&ant !a (r a(& n ' ' # a!an( # - r", a '&2 r n(&a ' ant #, # ! ("n( ' *a

&*-"rtan(&a a !"# -r&n(&-&"# ' ("#t" 1 2&(& n(&a n !a # ! ((& n # (t"r&a!.La '"(tr&na ' ! ' #arr"!!" ' # a!an( a'" a#u* 3u !a 2&(& n(&a 1 !"# ("#t"# n" ' n !"# 8n&("# 2a(t"r # a t n r n (u nta -ara ! (r (&*& nt" ("n *&(". E! ' #arr0 n ra!* nt # -r"'u( a ("ntra- !" ' ! #tatu 3u" 3u &*-"n ! * r(a'" *un'&a!.S"!a* nt -"r 7( -(& n !a# $ nta9a# ("*-arat&$a# #t)n ' ! !a'" ' !a# 7-"rta(&"n&n'u#tr&a! # n !"# -a+# # #u ' #arr"!!a'"#. En r a!&'a', ! ' #arr"!!" r 3u& r ! 2"*a(t&$&'a' # 3u n" (u ntan ("n una $ nta9a ("*-arat&$a &n&(&a! - r" 3u , #&n * ar0!a# a(t&$&'a' # (!a$ -ara ! ' #arr"!!" ' ! -a+#. E# 2u #& *-r un -"#tu!a'" ( ntra! 't "r+a ' ! ' #arr"!!" ' # a!an( a'". L" 3u # %a &n("r-"ra'" *)# r (& nt * nt a ;#ta !a n"(& n ' 3u !a ' (&#& n ' -r"*"$ r #a# a(t&$&'a' # n" # ' %a( r 7(!u1 n

("n#&' ra(&"n # ' ("#t"#. La 7&#t n(&a ' ("#t"# r !at&$a* nt a!t"# n" 'n ( #ar&a* nt &*- '&r ! 2"* nt" ' #a# a(t&$&'a' # - r" %a1 (a#"# n 3u !a 7&' ("#t"# 7( -(&"na!* nt a!t"# ' t r*&nan -r" a &!&'a' # tan a9a# ' ;7&t" 3u %a( n a("n# 9a ! #u -r"*"(& n.

u; r ! $an(&a -r)(t&(a -u ' n t n r -ara Cu a !"# a#- (t"# ("n( -tua! # anta-unta'"#<

Ant t"'", -"r !a ("n#&' ra(& n ' 3u !a #"!u(& n ' !"# -r" ! *a# ("n *&("# ' ! -a+&*-!&(a n ( #ar&a* nt !a # ! ((& n ' ' t r*&na'a# $ar&ant #, &n(!u#&$ ' n$ar&ant # ! ((&"na'a ' n #ta ! ( r# "-(&"n #, -r&"r&'a' # 1 # (u n(&a#. S&n

# -r"( #" ' # ! ((& n -u ' ("n'u(&r a n&n0una -art n au# n(&a ' un *ar(("n( -tua! a' (ua'". La# "-(&"n # -r)(t&(a# #& *-r # %a( n =aun (uan'" n" # t n0("n(& n(&a ' !!" t n& n'" n (u nta ' t r*&na'"# -r #u-u #t"#.

La ("n#&#t n(&a ! 0&(a ' !a t "r+a &*-"n r #tr&((&"n # 3u ' n # r r #- ta#"!u(& n ' !"# -r" ! *a# ("n *&("# ' Cu a a'*&t *)# ' una $ar&ant , aun ' ntr" 'una *&#*a *atr&5 &' "! 0&(a, - r" ! -unt" n 3u ' # a*"# &n#&#t&r # 3u # n



15

3u !a# #"!u(&"n # -r"-u #ta# # an ("n#&#t nt # ("n ! ' #arr"!!" ' ! -a+#, -ara # r -r (&#"#: ' #u -" !a(& n.

E! ' #arr"!!", -"r tant", n" ' # r ("n( &'" #"!" n& 2un'a* nta!* nt ("*" una * ta.E#, ant t"'", un ("*-! 9" -r"( #" 3u n ( #&ta # r 0u&a'" -"r un *ar(" ("n( -tua!

' t r*&na'". E! r t" ' n("ntrar a!t rnat&$a# n" # a!(an5a #at&#2a(t"r&a* nt * '&an(! (t&(&#*" ("n( -tua!.

Tratan'" ' #&nt t&5ar !" %a#ta a3u+ 7-u #t", -"' *"# a2&r*ar 3u !a r #tru(tura(&("n *&(a ' ! -a+# n !a ! 0&(a ' una #trat 0&a ' ' #arr"!!" ' * '&an" 1 !ar0" -!a57&0 a "r'ar n t"'a #u ("*-! 9&'a' !"# tr # n&$ ! # ' tran#2"r*a(&"n # ("n *&(a# a

3u % *"# % (%" r 2 r n(&a 1 3u #t" ' #tar -r # nta aun n !a #&tua(&(uan'" !a (r&#&# -!ant a 2u rt # t n#&"n # ("1untura! # 3u # n ( #ar&" a!&$&n ( #ar&" -a#ar ' una ("n"*+a ("n a9"# n&$ ! # ' 2&(& n(&a a a!t"# n&$

2&(& n(&a, n #t # nt&'" ! (a* &" n" -u ' # r 0ra'ua!, # n ( #ar&" un #a!t" 1 # -"#& ! ("n una r 2"r*a *)# -r"2un'a ' ! #&#t *a ' 2un(&"na*& nt" ("n *&(

r #t&tu(& n ' !"# 3u&!& r&"# 2&nan(& r"# &nt rn"#, r 'u((& n ' !a 'ua!&'a' r 2"r*a *-r #ar&a!, r 2"r*a an(ar&a, art&(u!a(& n ' un * r(a'" r 0u!a'" ' * '&"# ' -r"'u((& n 1 ' '&$&#a#, r ' 2&n&(& n ' !a r !a(& n ntr -!an&2&(a(& n 1 ' #arr"!!" ' (a-a(&'a' 0 r n(&a!, r (a!&2&(a(& n ' !a 2u r5a ' tra a9" #"n, ntr "("*-"n nt # 2un'a* nta! # ' ! (a* &"?@ ? ("nt&nuar 1 ("*-! tar !a r &n# r(& n, ' !

n !"# (&r(u&t"# &nt rna(&"na! # ' !a# 2&nan5a#, ! ("* r(&" 1 !a &n$ r#& n, ' * - r*&ta * 9"rar !a ("*- n#a(& n 7t rna ' !a ("n"*+a. E! a$an( n #t a#- (t' - n' n 0ran * '&'a ' ! a$an( ' ! ant r&"r@ (? art&(u!ar un nu $" *"' !" 'a(u*u!a(& n 3u (ana!&( !a &n$ r#& n na(&"na! 1 7tran9 ra %a(&a !"# # (t"r # ("tra'&(&"na! # 1 n" tra'&(&"na! #, 3u - r*&tan una &n# r(& n $&a ! n ! * r(a'" *2"rta! 5(an ! * r(a'" &nt rn" 1 # &nt 0r n a !a ("n"*+a &nt rna -ara 4t&rar

(r (&*& nt". En #t # nt&'", ! ' #arr"!!" ' una a# t (n"! 0&(a -r"-&a # 2un'a* ntLa ar0u* nta(& n n 7t n#" ' #ta (u #t& n n" # -"#& ! %a( r!a a3u+ -"r ra5"

#-a(&". N"# !&*&tar *"#, -"r tant", a nun(&ar a!0un"# -unt"# n !"# 3u r #u!ta $&!a n ( #&'a' ' un ' at ("n $&#ta# a ' 2&n&r -"!+t&(a# ' ' #arr"!!" n ! -a+#. En# nt&'", !" &*-"rtant n" # t n r 1a a *an" un (at)!"0" ' r #-u #ta# #&n" arr& ar a n&$ ! ' ("*-r n#& n &' nt&2&(a(& n ' -r" ! *a# 3u #"!a* nt -u ' a!(an5ar#

9 r(&(&" ' !a -"!;*&(a.

E! '&# F" ' #trat 0&a# ' ' #arr"!!" ("n *&(" r 3u& r ' ' 2&n&(&"n # ("n(a( r(a, ntr "tra#, ' !a# #&0u& nt # (u #t&"n #:

a) Tasas de crecimiento económico. E# -"#& ! ! ' #arr"!!" ("n a9a# ta#a# anua! #' (r (&*& nt" " # n ( #ar&" (r ar !a# ("n'&(&"n # 3u - r*&tan (r ( r a !a#ta#a# 3u 2a$"r ( r+an una #a!&'a *)# r)-&'a ' !a (r&#&# 1 !a tran#2"r*a(& n ' a# -r"'u(t&$a<, ' r+a 'ar# un -atr n ' (r (&*& nt" -r"-"r(&"na! ntr !ra*a# " ' r+a 7&#t&r una #tru(tura '&2 r n(&a'a ' (r (&*& nt"# ra*a! # 1, (a#", ' 3u; ra*a#<, (u)! #, n !a# a(tua! # ("n'&(&"n # ' Cu a, !a ta#a 'a(u*u!a(& n ("*-at& ! ("n una #trat 0&a ' ' #arr"!!" ("n *&("<



16

b) Criterios de inversión. u; r !a(& n ' r+a 7&#t&r ntr ! (r&t r&" '

#!a "na*& nt"# -r"'u(t&$"# 1 !"# ("n( -t"# *)# ("n$ n(&"na! # ' 2&(& n("n *&(a 1 $ nta9a# ("*-arat&$a#< ", -ara ' (&'" n "tra# -a!a ra#, ' r+

ut&!&5ar# ("*" (r&t r&" 2un'a* nta! -ara !a &n$ r#& n ! 2 (t" ' ! (r (&*&

una# ra*a# #" r "tra# a -art&r ' #u# #!a "na*& nt"# -r"'u(t&$"# " a -art&r ' !(ara(t r+#t&(a# ' ' t r*&na'a# a(t&$&'a' # -ara a("rtar !a r (u- ra(& n ' !&n$ r#& n<, 7&#t n ("n2!&(t"# ntr ! -r"( #" ' ' #arr"!!" 1 ! (r&tr nta &!&'a' ' &n$ r#&"n # ' t r*&na'a a -art&r ' un an)!&#&# ("#t"= n

(u)! # #"n !"# -r" ! *a# ' *;t"'" 3u -!ant a !a * '&(& n ' ! 2 (t" ' !"##!a "na*& nt"# 1 ( *" r #"!$ r!"# n ! '&# F" ' !a -"!+t&(a &n$ r#&"n&

Cu a<

c) Perfil sectorial terceri!ación y reindustriali!ación. Pu ' a$an5ar ! ' #arr"!!" #&nun # (t"r &n'u#tr&a! '&n)*&(" 1 '&$ r#"<, # #u2&(& nt !a a# &n'u#tr&a! -a+#<, a#tar+a un -r"( #" ' r '&* n#&"na*& nt" " # n ( #ar&" un -r"( #

r &n'u#tr&a!&5a(& n<, (u)! # # r+an !a# ("n# (u n(&a# ' !a a*-!&a(& n 't r(&ar&" n un ("nt 7t" 0 n ra! ' a9a 2&(& n(&a -r"'u(t&$a 1 '; &! # r !&nt r# (t"r&a! #<, n" # r+a n ( #ar&" a( ! rar !a *a1"r &nt 0ra(& n ' '&n)*&("# ("*" ! tur&#*" n !a ! 0&(a ' una #trat 0&a ' ' #arr"!!" a * '&an" !ar0" -!a5"<, ( *" !"0rar!"<

d) "strate#ia exportadora. E# !a 4 7-"rta &!&'a'4 ' -r"'u((&"n # &n'u#tr&a! #'&n)*&(a# una ("n'&(& n &n'&#- n#a ! -ara ! -r"( #" ' ' #arr"!!" n un -a("*" Cu a<, ("n (u)! # (r&t r&"# ' r+a -r"*"$ r# ! ' #arr"!!" ' !a# $ nta9("*-arat&$a# ' ! -a+#<, (u)! ' r+a # r !a # (u n(&a ' !a #trat 0&a 7-"rta'"r

(u)! # (r&t r&"# ' r+an ut&!&5ar# -ara #"!u(&"nar !a# t n#&"n # ' r&$a

a#&0na(& n ' r (ur#"# ntr !"# '&$ r#"# # (t"r # 7-"rta'" r #<, (("*-at& &!&5ar !a -r"*"(& n ' nu $a# 7-"rta(&"n # 1 !a -r"t ((& n ("* r(&a!<

E! ' #arr"!!" ("n *&(" ' Cu a n" -"'r+a # r una * ta &n* '&ata, - r" ta*-"(" #&na!(an5a ! . Su 8#3u 'a %a "(u-a'" un !u0ar ( ntra! n !a $&'a ' ! -a+# 'urant !"#8!t&*"# (uatr" ' ( n&"# ' #t #&0!" 1 ' r) ("nt&nuar #& n'" n ! 2utur" un" ' -r&n(&-a! # " 9 t&$"# ' !a na(& n (u ana 1 ( ntr" ' 0ra$&ta(& n ' ! 3u %a( r -"!+ -a+#.

N" 3u 'a t"'a$+a (!ar" #& a!0una ' !a# 0 n ra(&"n # a(tua! # ' (u an"# t n'r) -r&$&! 0&" ' $&$&r n una Cu a ' #arr"!!a'a, - r" #+ # # 0ur" 3u !" 3u %"1 # %

2un'a* nta! -ara ! 2utur". a1 $&' n(&a# #u2&(& nt # -ara r ("n"( r 3u ! ("nt&nt rna(&"na! n" # *u1 2a$"ra ! -ara ! ' #arr"!!" ' Cu a, - r" n" -"r !!" 'a( -tar# !a n"(& n $&0 nt n *u(%"# -a+# # 1 r 0&"n # ' ! T r( r Mun'" a( r(a ' 3u

#t *un'" 40!" a!&5a'"4 !a 8n&(a a!t rnat&$a -"#& ! =" !a *)# ("n$ n& nt = # !a a'"' un *"' !" ' (r (&*& nt" "r& nta'" 4%a(&a a2u ra , a-"1a'" n un ' #arr"!!" 7-"rta'"r' !"# # (t"r # -r&*ar&" 1 t r(&ar&".



17

an (a* &a'" tant" !a# ("#a# ("n !a 0!" a!&5a(& n %a#ta ! -unt" n 3u !a r nun(&(a* &"# #tru(tura! # -r"2un'"# n !"# -a+# # #u ' #arr"!!a'"# # una ("n'&(& n -ara ' #arr"!!"<, ("n'u( n a! ' #arr"!!" !a 4r -r&*ar&5a(& n4 1 !a 4t r(&ar&5a(& n4 '

("n"*+a#< P n#a*"# 3u n". Ta*-"(" ("n#&' ra*"# 3u !a# 8n&(a# a!t rnat&$a# # an a'a-ta(& n -a#&$a " !a t nta(& n aut)r3u&(a.

La (ar n(&a ' '&$&#a# =-unt" $&' nt ' #tran0u!a*& nt" ' *u(%a# ("n"*+&n(!u1 n'" !a (u ana= n" # !" r 2! 9a '&2&(u!ta' # ' &n(!u#& n n !a ("n"*+a 0!"3u # ta* &;n !a 7-r #& n ' un -r" ! *a *)# -r"2un'": !a &n(a-a(&'a' #tru(tura! -araa# 0urar &nt rna* nt !a# -r"-"r(&"n # n ( #ar&a# -ara !a r -r"'u((& n ' !a ("n"*+a.

# un -r" ! *a 3u 7&0 tran#2"r*a(&"n # *)# ra'&(a! # 3u !a *"'&2&(a(& n ' ! #7-"rta'"r.

La r &n'u#tr&a!&5a(& n ' ! -a+#, !a &nt 0ra(& n ntr #u# # (t"r # 1 !a 2&(& n(&#"n, a! &0ua! 3u ! &n(r * nt" ' ! -"t n(&a! 7-"rta'"r, !"# -r" ! *a# ' 2"n'" 3ut n'r+an 3u # r r #u !t"#. E! -r" ! *a ra'&(a n 3u !a r !a(& n ntr t"'"# #t"# 2a(

n" # #&*-! n& !&n a!. Ta*-"(" # #-"nt)n a n& ' r #-"n' r n !" 2un'a* nta! a n ( #&'a' # ' ! * r(a'" 7t rn".

E! &n(r * nt" ' !a# 7-"rta(&"n #, 1 -"r #a $+a ' !a# &*-"rta(&"n #, # 2un'a* n - r" ! & n #tar ' !a #"(& 'a' (u ana n" -"'r+a #tar a#a'" n ! a2&an5a*& nt" '

("n"*+a 7-"rta'"ra ("n( ntra'a n -"("# & n # 1 # r$&(&"# 3u n" - r*&t&r+an #u-!a# ' 2"r*a(&"n # #tru(tura! # 3u &*-&' n #u ' #arr"!!".

N" %a1 r #-u #ta# #&*-! # a !a# nu* r"#a# &nt rr"0ant # 3u ' #t"# -r" ! *a# # 'Ta*-"(" %a1 #"!u(&"n # 2)(&! #, - r" !a 2"r*u!a(& n 1 '&#(u#& n ' !a# -r 0un ( #ar&a# -u'& ra ("ntr& u&r n !a 8#3u 'a ' !a# #"!u(&"n # *)# a' (ua'a# -ara

' #arr"!!" ' ! -a+#.La a ana, 2 r r" 6

6. V r 4R #"!u(& n E("n *&(a ' ! V C"n0r #" ' ! PCC4, n$ranma.% ' n"$& * r '6 K.

>. Carran5a Va!';#, Ju!&"@ Gut&;rr 5 Ur'an ta, Lu&# 1 M"nr a! G"n5)! 5, P 'r".Cuba larestructuración de la economía. &na propuesta para el debate. E7&#t n (&n(" '&(&"n # ' !!& r", '"# ("rr #-"n' n a !a '&(& n &n&(&a! E'&t"ra ' C& n(&a# S"(&a! #. La a a1 IEPALA E'&t"r&a!. Ma'r&'. 6 ?. n ta*" !a# r #tant # #"n !a# '&(&"n # a(tua!&5

a*-!&a'a# ' ! t 7t" "r&0&na! E'&t"r&a! Nu $a S"(& 'a'. Cara(a#, 6 @ In#t&tut "A* r&(an Stu'& #, Un&$ r#&t1 "2 L"n'"n, 6 1 Sant&a0" ' C%&! , 6 K?.

. C2r. Carran5a Va!';#, Ju!&". 4La# 2&nan5a# 7t rna# 1 !"# !+*&t # ' (r (&*& nt"6 =6 K?4, n "conomía y 'esarrollo, n. , $"!. 6>6, '&(& * r ' 6 .

. C2r. 4In2"r* #" r !"# r #u!ta'"# ("n *&("# ' 6 1 ! -!an ("n *&(" 1 #"(&a! -6 K, -r # nta'" ant !a A#a* ! a Na(&"na! -"r J"#; Lu&# R"'r+0u 5, *&n&#tr"



18

E("n"*+a 1 P!an&2&(a(& n4, n$ranma, > ' '&(& * r ' 6 , --. = @ 4La -!an&2&(a(& n ' %a( r *u(%" *)# ;n2a#&# n !a 2&(& n(&a , n$ranma, 6 ' a r&! '6 K, -. .

. La 4R #"!u(& n E("n *&(a ' ! V C"n0r #" ' PCC4 7-r #a: 4La 2&(& n(&a

tant", ! " 9 t&$" ( ntra! ' !a -"!+t&(a ("n *&(a -u # ("n#t&tu1 una ' !a# *a1" -"t n(&a!&'a' # ("n 3u (u nta ! -a+#4, n$ranma, K ' n"$& * r ' 6 K.

. En r a!&'a', ! (r (&*& nt" 7t n#&$" ta* &;n # %a +a -r"'u(&'" ' #' ant # 1 ("n#& n'" %"1 ! -atr n ' (r (&*& nt" ' !a ("n"*+a (u ana, - r" n"# -ar ( -art&(u!ar* nt r ! $ant !a $a!ua(& n ' ! - r+"'" &n&(&a'" n 6 K -"r '"# ra52un'a* nta! #, -r&* r" -"r3u ("&n(&' ("n !a &*-!anta(& n ' ! 8n&(" *"' !" ("n *&(' ! - r+"'" r $"!u(&"nar&" 3u 2u -r -ara'" a -r&"r& ' 2"r*a &nt 0ra! 1 # 0un'", -"r3u'urant -art ' # - r+"'" # -r"'u9" un n"ta ! , #& & n n" #- (ta(u!ar, (r (&*& nt!a ("n"*+a na(&"na!, n tant" n una # 0un'a 2a# =ant r&"r a !a (r&#&# ' !"# n"$ nr 0&#tr un #tan(a*& nt" ("n *&(". E! - r+"'" 6 K =6 ("nt& n a#+ *"*

' 2&n&t"r&"# (r (&*& nt" 1 #tan(a*& nt"? 3u n ! ("nt 7t" ' un *"' !" 8n&(r (&*& nt" 2a(&!&tan ! an)!&#&# ' !"# 2a(t"r # ' !a r -r"'u((& n ("n *&(a.

K. Unanu , A! rr", 1 Mart+n 5 Carr ra, Ra* n. 4E! ' # a!an( 2&nan(& r" n ! ' #a' !a ("n"*+a ur ana4, nCuba. "conomía planificada, aF" , n , Junta C ntra! 'P!an&2&(a(& n, La a ana, 9u!&"=# -t& * r ' 6 @ Mart+n 5 Carr ra, Ra*(r (&*& nt" ("n *&(" &n #ta &!&'a' 7t rna4, n "conomía y 'esarrollo, n 6, a(u!ta'' E("n"*+a, Un&$ r#&'a' ' La a ana, La a ana, n r"=2 r r" ' 6 H@ G"n5)!A!2r '". odelos económicos socialistas escenarios para Cuba en los a os noventa,In#t&tut" Na(&"na! ' In$ #t&0a(&"n # E("n *&(a#, E'&t"ra Ju( -!an, La a ana, 6Mart+n 5 a0un'", Car!"#. 4A-r"7&*a(& n a! an)!&#&# 1 -r"1 ((& n ' !a (&r(u!a

*"n tar&a. Un *"' !" -ara Cu a4, nCuba. "conomía planificada, aF" , n >, JuntaC ntra! ' P!an&2&(a(& n, La a ana, a r&!=9un&" ' 6 , 1 rr&"!, An0 !a V&(t"r&a. 4La 2&(& n(&a ' !"# 2a(t"r # ' -r"'u((& n n !a# ra*a# ' !a &n'u#tr&a 6 ?4, nCuba. "conomía planificada, aF" , n >, Junta C ntra! ' P!an&2&(a(& n, La

a ana, a r&!=9un&" ' 6 .

. C2r. R"'r+0u 5, J"#; Lu&#. 4E! ' #arr"!!" ("n *&(" 1 #"(&a! ' Cu a: r #u!ta'"# ' aF"# ' R $"!u(& n4, nCuba *ocialista, n , La a ana, 6 .

. Nu* r"#a# $a!ua(&"n # ' ! - r+"'" 2u r"n !a "ra'a# ("*" '"(u* nt"# ' u#" r #tr&n=0&'", n -art&(u!ar !a# -r -ara'a# -"r &n$ #t&0a'"r # ' ! In#t&tut" Na(&"na!

In$ #t&0a(&"n # E("n *&(a# INIE?.6H. En ! 3u&n3u n&" 6 K =6 H ! (r (&*& nt" -r"* '&" anua! 2u ' ! , , n ta

n ! #&0u& nt 3u&n3u n&" 6 6=6 ? !a ta#a # ! $ a! K,> anua!.

66. La a( -ta(& n ' ! #u-u #t" ' 3u un *"' !" 7t n#&$" -u ' # r 2&nan(&a'"ad aeternum #" r !a a# ' tran#2 r n(&a# 7t rna# r 3u& r ' !a 7&#t n(&a ' (&r(u*u1 7( -(&"na! # " ' una 2u rt '"#&# ' 2 .



19

6>. Unanu 1 Mart+n 5 Carr ra.+p. cit., --. >= .

6 . C2r. Unanu 1 Mart+n 5 Carr ra. E! &n'&(a'"r ' 2 (t&$&'a' ' !"# 0a#t"# *at r&ut&!&5a'" -"r #t"# aut"r # 2u !a ' n#&'a' *at r&a! ' ! Pr"'u(t" S"(&a! G!" a! PSG

(a!(u!a'a ("*" ! ("(& nt ' ! ("n#u*" *at r&a! -r"'u(t&$" 1 ! PSG, a* "# n t;r*&n"#r a! # ' 6 6. 6 . C2r. T"rra#, R"0 !&" L!&5a#t 0u&, LI& $a, 4P"t n(&a!&'a' # ' un a!an( &nt&nt r("*-! 9" n !a# -r"1 ((&"n # a !ar0" -!a5" n Cu a4, n Cu a. "conomía Planificada,aF" , n. , La a ana, 9u!&"=# -t& * r ' 6 .

-. a economía cubana, CEPAL, "n'" ' Cu!tura E("n *&(a, M;7&(", 6 K.

6 . E! an)!&#&# ' !"# *"' !"# ' (r (&*& nt" a'*&t !a ("n#&' ra(& n ' un n8* r" *a1' $ar&a ! #, #&n * ar0" ("n#&' ra*"# 3u !"# (uatr" 2a(t"r # # ! ((&"na'"# - r*&t

!" 2un'a* nta! una *"' !a(& n ' !"# -r"( #"# ' a(u*u!a(& n ' !a ("n"*+a (u ana'urant !a# 8!t&*a# ';(a'a#.

6K. La# -"!+t&(a# ' &n'u#tr&a!&5a(& n * '&ant !a #u#t&tu(& n ' &*-"rta(&"n # ' #arr"!!a'" ("n ant r&"r&'a' a !"# (&n(u nta. L" 3u ' # a*"# ' #ta(ar # 3u !a t "r+a '' #arr"!!" ' # a!an( a'" &n2!u1 n #a# -"!+t&(a# n una ta-a %&#t r&(a ' t r*&na'a

pedro monreal. los retos del desarrollo en cuba: realidades, mitos y conceptos

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