mestrado integrado de engenharia civil … · public transport systems (by gathering of better...

Instituto Superior Técnico / MEC – MPOT – MUOT - LET – Aulas teóricas GMU 1

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MESTRADO INTEGRADO DE ENGENHARIA CIVILMESTRADO EM PLANEAMENTO E OPERAÇÃO DE TRANSPORTESMESTRADO EM URBANISMO E ORDENAMENTO DO TERRITÓRIO

MESTRADO EM ENGENHARIA DO TERRITÓRIO

Disciplina: Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana

Docente: Vasco ReisProf. Responsável: Rosário Macário

Aulas Teóricas

Sistemas Inteligentes de Transportes


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Motivation ITS

� Significant losses of efficiency and safety in the transport – both from the demand and the supply side – owing to:

� Drivers faults (distraction, mistakes, misjudgements, etc.);

� Inaccurate information about the transport system (location of vehicles, customers’ demand, etc);

� Non optimisation of supply with demand (schedules, destinations, etc).

� Lack of flexibility in the alignment between the configuration of the

supply infrastructure for compatibility with the drivers' ability to adapt to changing situations

� “The goal of ITS is to improve mobility, create better accessibility and enhance safety while meeting stringent environmental requirements” (Benouar, 2001)


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� Key objectives:

� Improving safety on the roads, by reducing the risk of having traffic accidents

(reduction of potential crashes);

� Improving mobility on the whole network with the reduction of delays and

travel times;

� Optimize the use of the existing infrastructures, improving their efficiency;

� Increase productivity by saving on the costs;

� Energy saving and environment protection;

� Achieving customer’s satisfaction. (Mitretek Systems, 2001)

Objectives of ITS


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Definition of ITS

� “ITS refers to a variety of tools, such as traffic engineering concepts,

software, hardware and communications technologies, that can be

applied in an integrated fashion to the transportation system to improve

its efficiency and safety” (Gurínová)

� “ ITS improve transportation safety and mobility, and enhance

productivity through the use of advanced communication sensors,

and information processing technologies encompassing a broad

range of wireless communications-based information and electronics”

(U.S. DOT, 2008)


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Definition of ITS

� United States of America – application of advanced sensor, computer,

electronics and communication technologies and management strategies in an

integrated manner to improve the safety and efficiency of the surface

transportation system.

� Japan – systems that link road infrastructure and telecommunications

using computers, electronics and advanced sensing technologies”.

� China – based on electronics, information, communication, computers, GIS and

GPS technologies to solve the traffic problems for all humankind, a new

traffic science and technology systems.


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Definition of ITS

� Utilisation of intelligence to enhance the operation of the

transportation system, minimizing its impacts on the environment

and improving its safety level and overall efficiency.

� ITS can be either embedded in new transportation networks or in

existent networks.


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� There are a variety of architectures of these systems in terms of:

� Acquisition of Information: Sensors in infrastructure and

embedded instruments in connection with positioning satellite

systems

� Processing: on-board units, units embedded in peripheral

locations to each element of the infrastructure

� Transmission of Information: Fixed to mobile, mobile to

mobile, or through central units

Sources of Intelligence on ITS


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Components of ITS

� ITS is a system of systems which includes the driver (behavioral

characteristics, human machine interface, etc), the vehicle (personal,

transit, etc) and the infrastructure (Benouar, 2001)

Source: Fonseca, 2011


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Taxonomy for ITS

Source: US DOT, 2008

Intelligent

Infrastructure

Roadways

Road traffic management

Highway traffic management

Safety and Security

Road weather management

Roadway operations and

maintenance

Public transport

Public transport management;

En-Route Transit Information;

Personalized Public Transit;

Public Traffic Security


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Taxonomy for ITS

Intelligent

Infrastructure

Management and

Operations

Transportation management

centers

Traffic incident management

Emergency management

Electronic payment and pricing

Traveler information

Information management

FreightCommercial vehicles operation

Intermodal freight

Intelligent

VehiclesVehicles

Collision avoidance

Driver assistance

Collision notification

Source: US DOT, 2008


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ITS Functions

� Arterial Management:

� Management of traffic along arterial roadways

� Devices such as vehicle detectors, traffic signals and various means

of communicating information to travelers.

� Devices collect information to improve the way drivers use travel

corridors.

� Dissemination of information about traffic conditions and other

important information through dynamic message signals (DMS) and

radio broadcast.


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� Road Traffic Management:

� Components:

� Collection Data Team - monitorization of the traffic conditions.

� Support Systems - instruments that help the system operators

managing and controlling real time traffic, such as cameras, sensors,

semaphores, and other electronic systems

� Real Time Traffic Control Systems - use of information provided by

the first two elements and control the traffic changing semaphores,

sending messages to the electronic displays and controlling the

accesses.

ITS Functions


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� Highway Traffic Management:

� To improve the operation on freeways.

� Categories:

� surveillance,

� ramp control,

� lane management,

� special event transportation management,

� information dissemination and enforcement.

ITS Functions


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� Safety and Security:

� Key purpose of ITS is to prevent crashes and accidents on the

transportation environment, improving safety and reducing risk for

system users, including pedestrians, cyclists, operators and

occupants of all vehicles.

� Safety: the state of being protected from or unlikely to cause danger,

risk, or injury (related with accidents that may cause injury on people

or other damage).

� Security: the sate of being free from danger or threat (related with

criminal actions towards people or assets) .

ITS Functions


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ITS Functions

� Safety and Security

� “Safety is an ideal state in which the risk of harm (to persons) or damage to property or the environment is reduced to an acceptable level through a continuing process of hazard identification and risk management” (ICAO, Safety Management Manual)

� Safety is risk management

� “Safety begins with the design of an overall system to encompass the overall requirements” (Ramsden)

� It is related with vehicles, infrastructure, organization, regulation, people, etc. Summarizing, it is related with all processes, physical and social

� Safety Management System, is the systemic management of the risks associated with operations, vehicles, infrastructures, maintenance activities, etc., with the purpose of obtaining high safety performance levels (number of accidents or incidents per veih.km, etc.)


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� Safety and Security: Pillars

� Enforcement - Establishment of standards (technical and behavioural), penalties for failure, creation and organization of the institution with enforcement powers

� Education and training, with implications wider than the simple “obtaining skills” in the relevant domains; it is necessary to achieve

proficiency in the three phases of each system (construction, maintenance, operation)

� Proficiency, is related with the performance of an activity with high competitiveness, due to theoretical knowledge, on a easy way based on validated practice. Whenever this attribute is mandatory, real or virtual simulation is required

� Engineering, conception, construction and maintenance (healing and preventive) of the systems

ITS Functions


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� Road geometry warning systems - used to warn drivers of potentially

dangerous conditions that may lead to accident situations on ramps,

curves or downgrades.

� Intersection collision warning systems - monitor traffic approaching

the intersection and transmit this information to other vehicles that are

reaching the same point.

ITS Functions


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� Objects detection –

detection of

suspected objects in

the transport system.

ITS Functions


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� Abuse and fraud –

to detect no legal

utilisation of the

transport system.

ITS Functions


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� Crowd Control –

detect eventual

sources of conflict or

problems.

ITS Functions


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� Access control

and counting

ITS Functions


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� Road Weather Management

� “Due to bad weather condition, from 1995 through 2005 in the US, each

year more than 673,000 people are injured and nearly 7,400 are killed in

weather-related crashes” (U.S. DOT, 2008, p. 55) and that

� “Estimated cost of weather-related crashes ranges from $22 billion to $51

billion annually. These costs include travel delay, emergency services,

property damage, medical and rehabilitation costs, productivity losses,

insurance administration costs, legal and court costs, and the costs to

employers” (U.S. DOT, 2008, p. 55).

ITS Functions


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� Road Weather Management

� Assessment of pavement conditions and weather forecast:

� Environmental sensor stations (ESS)

� Road weather information systems (RWIS),

� Dissemination of information collected about weather and pavement conditions is done using dynamic message signals (DMS) or through the internet.

� In adverse weather conditions:

� Alteration of the state of roadway devices to permit or restrict traffic flow and regulate roadway capacity.

� Reduction of speed limits with variable speed limit (VSL) signals and

� Modification of traffic signal timing based on pavement conditions.

ITS Functions


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� Roadway Operations and Maintenance

� The costs of operating and maintaining transportation systems are substantial.

� Intelligent transportation systems may be applied to better manage and maintain a roadway system and, consequently, enhance safety and mobility with less costs (or at least better applied costs).

� On working zones, ITS can be used to increase safety of workers and travelers, while helping maintaining a smooth traffic flow around the construction area.

� Control of vehicle speeds and

� Devices to notify drivers of lane configuration changes or even

� Devices to notify drivers about travel times and lengths of the work zone.

� The dissemination of this information may be done using portable DMS signals or similar devices.

ITS Functions


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� Public Transport Management;

� Management of transport operations and fleet management.

� Automated vehicle location (AVL) and computer-aided dispatch

(CAD) systems

� Enables optimal routing of vehicles, in function of: expected

demand, congesting, expected quality of service

� Reduction passenger waiting times and improve the systems’

reliability.

ITS Functions


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� Public Transport Management;

� Automated passenger counters - better management and planning of

public transport systems (by gathering of better information about whether

is necessary more or less vehicles, regarding an improvement on systems’

operation)

� Automatic payment systems - to improve payment method making it

simpler and more efficient for users and at the same time offering significant

benefits for public transport agencies.

� Crew management – to optimise the crew scheduling and roistering

ITS Functions


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� Public Transport: En Route Information;

� Information provided to passengers during the journeys, for example information on

expected arrival times of vehicles, transfers, connections, and ride-share

opportunities.

� Advanced Travelers Information Systems (ATIS) to provide information about

travel schedules, route information, costs or real time information about the changes

in the public transport system.

� To provide information to travelers in order to optimize their choices and decisions

regarding the use of public transport, increasing their level of comfort and

perception of level of service.

ITS Functions


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� Public Transport: En Route Information;

� This information can be disseminated through electronic panels on bus stops,

interactive displays inside the modes of transport, or interactive kiosks at key

locations.

ITS Functions


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� Public Transport: Personalised Public Transport

� Dynamic optimization of the matching of offers or infrastructure (with spare

capacity) and customers (people and goods)

� Easing the search of taxi services

� Idem, partial loading of goods in trucks

� Customers in urban areas with multiple routes of PT (for which stop

address)

� Clubs Car-pooling with the possibility of dynamic reallocation of the

members in case of changes in daily schedule

ITS Functions


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� Public Transport: Personalised Public Transport

� Dynamic optimization of the matching of offers or infrastructure (with spare

capacity) and customers (people and goods)

� Bus-Call, warning about the arrival of the desired bus. Time of notice

selected by the customer in order to (almost) synchronize their arrival

and the bus

� Ability to associate seat reservation

� Detection of parking spaces, reservation for a specific vehicle and

forward the same to the place

� Implementation of Flexible Transport Services

ITS Functions


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� Public Transport: Public Travel Security

� Include vigilance cameras (inside the vehicles and on the stations

and bus stops), which gather information on the transport system.

� Detection of forbidden and suspicious activities, allowing a better

reaction to problematic behaviors.

� Security and incident management are also improved through

vehicle-to-dispatch communications, which facilitate a faster

response to aggressions, accidents and other problems

ITS Functions


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� Management and Operations:

� Transport Management Centers – coordination of ITS operations. Main functions:

data acquisition, command and control, computing and communications on a large

range of ITS applications.

� Traffic Incident Management – utilisation of surveillance and detection

technologies, including: inductive loop, microwave or acoustic vehicle detectors, and

camera systems providing video surveillance of roads. Automated collision

notification (ACN) systems and roadside call boxes.

ITS Functions


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� Electronic Payment and Pricing – of transport services, such as: public transport,

parking, tolls, etc.

ITS Functions


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� Electronic Payment and Pricing – improvement the fairness of the transport system

� Pricing of the ride (passengers) is based on the actual origin and

destination (example of taxi rides)

� Pricing of the utilization of infrastructure (transport operator) is based on

the actual utilization of services and infrastructure

� Revenue sharing amongst transport agents is determined in function of

actual demand.

ITS Functions


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� Travelers Information – real-time information about the state of the

transport system, namely: waiting times, travel times, disruptions, routes,

pricing, etc.

� Web based applications

� Smart devices software

� Interactive displays

� Improvement of the customer’s satisfaction level and trust

� Increased visibility of the system (reliability and flexibility)

ITS Functions


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� Information Management – gathering, processing and storage of data .

� Incident management programs may review incident locations to schedule

staging and patrol routes and frequencies for service patrol vehicles;

� Historical traffic information can be used to develop predictive travel times;

� Public transport agencies may review schedule performance data archived

from automatic vehicle location, computer-aided dispatch systems and/or

automatic passenger counting systems to design more effective schedules and

route designs or to manage operations more efficiently.

ITS Functions


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� Collision Avoidance Systems:

� Intersection collision warning systems - Detect and warn drivers of

approaching traffic and potential right-of-way violations at intersections.

� Obstacle detection systems - such as other vehicles, road debris, or

animals - in a vehicle’s path or projected path and alert the driver.

� Lane change warning systems - Alert bus and truck drivers of vehicles

(or other obstructions) in adjacent lanes when the driver prepares to change

lanes.

� Lane departure warning systems - Warn drivers if their vehicle is

unintentionally drifting out of the lane.

ITS Functions


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ITS Functions


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� Collision Avoidance Systems

� Rollover warning systems- Notify drivers when they are traveling too fast for an

approaching curve, given their vehicles operating characteristics.

� Road departure warning systems- Warn drivers when their vehicle is about to

leave the roadway, whether they are approaching a curve too fast, or about to drift

off the road on a straight roadway segment.

� Forward collision warning systems- Warn drivers if they are in a conflict situation

with a lead vehicle.

� Rear-impact warning systems- Warn the lead vehicle driver if he is in conflict with

a following vehicle.

ITS Functions


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� Driver Assistance

� In-vehicle navigation and route guidance systems with GPS technology -

Reduce driver error, increase safety, and save time by improving driver decisions in

unfamiliar areas (platooning)

� Integrated communication systems - enable drivers and dispatchers to

coordinate rerouting decisions on-the-fly can also save time and money, and

improve productivity.

� In-vehicle vision enhancement - Improve visibility for driving conditions involving

reduced sight distance due to night driving, inadequate lighting, fog, drifting snow, or

other inclement weather conditions.

� Object detection systems - Warn the driver of an object (front, side, or back) that

is in the path of or adjacent to the path of the vehicle.

ITS Functions


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� Adaptive cruise control (ACC), intelligent speed control, and lane-keeping

assistance - Assist drivers with safe vehicle operation.

� Roll stability control systems - Take corrective action, such as throttle control or

braking, when sensors detect that a vehicle is in a potential rollover situation.

� Drowsy driver warning systems - Alert the driver that he or she is fatigued which

may lead to lane departure or road departure.

� Precision docking systems - Automate precise positioning of vehicles at

loading/unloading areas.

ITS Functions


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� Coupling/decoupling systems - Help vehicle operators link multiple vehicles, such

as buses or trucks, into platoons.

� On-board monitoring systems - Track and report cargo condition, safety and

security status, and the mechanical condition of vehicles equipped with in-vehicle

diagnostics. This information can be presented to the driver immediately,

transmitted off-board, or stored. In the event of a crash or near-crash, in-vehicle

event data recorders can record vehicle performance data and other input from

video cameras or radar sensors to improve the post-processing of crash data.

ITS Functions


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� Organisation of Mobility and Activities Level

� Significant efficiency gains to customers of the transport system in all

modes

� Stimulation of intermodal solutions and shifting between modes

of transport (becomes easier to choose and change between

modes of transport)

� Higher gains in places where the density of use makes possible

installation of intelligent infrastructure

External Impacts of ITS


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� Organisation of Mobility and Activities Level

� Risk of loss of social cohesion (greater segregation between those

that have and those that do not have access to these technologies)

� Possible emergence of new forms of type "wiki" in the organization of

collective activities

� either directly in the transport system,

� or of other kinds of activities, using vehicles and mobile as generators

and distributors of information and access providers



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� Territorial and City Organization

� Emergence of a new "layer" of intelligent infrastructure, safer, more

efficient and ecological

� But implanted only in areas of intensive use

� Inevitable attraction of activities generating greater value for these

locations

� Likely accelerating the deployment of these systems in response to

the need to reduce GHG emissions



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Business Models (I)

� When there is a clear added value for the client (traveller,

transporter) they may be willing to pay -> user-buyer models, that

may enable the entry the private business in a market regime

� risk of excessive rents by monopoly

� In other cases, the main beneficiary is the infrastructure

manager, as it gets significant gains in efficiency and quality of

service -> inclusion in the service package and corresponding price


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Business Models (II)

� In some cases, the benefits are only available to few agents (due to high cost of services) that are willing or capable to pay for the privileged information -> high political risk of non-acceptance due to the “exclusion” that implies

� In any case, significant costs of initial investment and failure may occur, especially when the product requires sophisticated equipment (dedicated) in the infrastructure or vehicle, and no-one may me interested in assuming that risk-> governmental support (through PPPs or other

schemes)


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Gains for the Transport Systems

� Improvement of safety and economic efficiency (both from the

consumption and production sides)

� Increased reliability and predictability of performance

� Improved quality of life and competitiveness of regions

and companies that work in them

� Possibility of commercial deployment (of the ITS solution in other

regions)

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