1

lb¿ sk°‚dn tImgvkv

¢mkv - XI

tIc-f-k¿°m¿

hnZym- ym-k-h-Ip∏v

kwKoXw

Xbm-dm-°n-bXv

kwÿm\ hnZym-`ymk Kth-jW ]cn-io-e\ kanXn (SCERT), tIcfw

2018

2

XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw

State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT)Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram 695012, Kerala

Website : www.scertkerala.gov.in e-mail : scertkerala@gmail.comPhone : 0471 - 2341883, Fax : 0471 - 2341869

Typesetting and Layout : SCERT© Department of Education, Government of Kerala

tZio-b-Km\w

P\-K-W-a-\- -A-[n-\m-bI Pbtl

`mc-X -`m-Ky-hn-[mXm,

]©m-_-kn‘p KpP-dmØ admTm

ZmhnU DXv°-e- _w-Km,

hn‘y-ln-am-N-e -b-ap\mKwKm,

D—e Pe-[nX-cwKm,

Xh-ip-`-\mta PmtK,

Xh-ip` Bin-j -am-tK,

Kmtl Xh- P-b- KmYm

P\-K-W-aw-K-e-Zm-bI Pbtl

`mc-X- `m-Ky-hn-[mXm

Pb-tl, Pb-tl, Pb-tl,

Pb Pb Pb Pbtl!

]Xn⁄

C¥y Fs‚ cmPy-am-Wv. F√m C¥y-°mcpw Fs‚

ktlm-Z-co-ktlmZc-∑m-cm-Wv.

Rm≥ Fs‚ cmPysØ kvt\ln-°p∂p; kºq¿Whpw

sshhn[y-]q¿W-hp-amb AXns‚ ]mc-º-cy-Øn¬ Rm≥

A`n-am\w sIm≈p∂p.

Rm≥ Fs‚ amXm-]n-Xm-°-sfbpw Kpcp-°-∑m-scbpw

apXn¿∂-hscbpw _lp-am-\n-°pw.

Rm≥ Fs‚ cmPy-Øn-s‚bpw Fs‚ \m´p-Im-cp-sSbpw

t£a-Øn\pw sFiz-cy-Øn-\pw- th≠n ]bXv\n°pw.

3

]nb-s∏´ hnZym¿∞n-I-tf.........

ae-bmf mj am[y-a-am-°n-s°m≠v GXp hnj-bhpw FX Bg-

Øn¬ ]Tn-°m\pw GXp -K-l-\-amb Bi-bhpw ]Im-i\w

sNøm\pw Ign-tb-≠-Xp-≠v. tijvT- m-j-bmbn AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏´

\ΩpsS mj-bn¬ lb¿sk-°‚dn ]T-\-Øn\v Ah-kcw \¬Im-

\p≈ ]cn-i-a-Øns‚ `mK-am-bmWv ]mT-]p-kvX-I-߃ ]cn- m-j-

s∏-SpØn ]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

F≥.-kn.-C.-B¿.-Sn. Xbm-dm-°nb F√m tIm¿ hnj-b-ß-fp-sSbpw

]pkvX-I-߃ Fkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.-Sn. ae-bm-f-Øn-te°v kzX¥ ]cn-

`mj \SØn ]pd-Øn-d-°p-I-bm-Wv. hnI-knX cmPy-߃ amXr-

`mjbmWv hnZym- ym-k-Øn\p≈ am[y-a-ambn D]-tbm-Kn®p hcp-

∂-Xv. tZio-b-X-e-Øn-ep≈ an° a’-c-∏-co-£-Ifpw ]mtZ-inI

`mj-I-fn¬ DØ-c-sa-gp-Xp-∂Xv AwKo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p∂ Cu Ah-k-c-

Øn¬ lb¿sk-°‚dn Xe-Ønepw ae-bm-f-Øn-ep≈ ]pkvX-I-

߃ A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. tIc-f-Ønse Ip´n-Iƒ Ah-cpsS amXr- m-j-

bn¬Øs∂ ⁄m\-\n¿an-Xn-bn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-∂-Xn\v Cu ]pkvX-I-

߃ Ah-k-c-sam-cp-°pw.

]pkvX-I-߃ ]cn- m-j-s∏-Sp-Øp-tºmƒ kmt¶-XnI ]Z-߃ ]c-

am-h[n ae-bm-f-Øn-em-°m≥ ian-®n- p-≠v. F∂m¬ ssZ\w-Zn\ hyh-

lm-c-Øn\v D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ ]Z-߃ ae-bmf en]n-bn¬ AtX ]Sn

\ne-\n¿Øm\pw ian-®n- p-≠v. Ip´n-I-fpsS Bi-b-K-lWw IqSp-

X¬ Ffp-∏-am-°p-∂-tXm-sSm∏w ae-bmf mj-bpsS hf¿®bv°pw

Cu ]cn- mj ]pkvX-I-߃ klm-b-I-am-Ip-sa∂v \ap°v ]Xym-

in-°mw.

tUm. sP. -]-kmZv

UbdŒ¿, Fkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.Sn

4

XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw

ioaXn. anep AK-Ãn≥

Pn.F-®v.-F-kv.-F-kv. t^m¿ tKƒkv tIm´¨ln¬,

Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw

ioa-Xn. _n\nX at\m-l¿

Fkv.-F≥.-Un.-]n.F®v.-F-kv.-F-kv. ]men-t»-cn, Xr»q¿

io. cho-µ≥

sI.sI.-Fw.-F-®v.-F-kv.-F-kv, h≠n-Øm-h-fw, ]me-°m-Sv.

ioa-Xn. hoW. sP

Akn-Âv s]m^-k¿,Un∏m. Hm^v ayqkn-Iv, tIcf k¿h-I-em-ime

hnZKv[¿

tUm. kp\n¬. hn.Sn

Atkm-kn-tb‰v s]m^-k¿,

Fkv.-F-kv.-Sn. Kh. tImtfPv Hm^v ayqkn-Iv, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw

tUm. Pn. kpPmX

Atkm-kn-tb‰v s]m^-k¿ (dn´), Kh. hnsa≥kv tImtf-Pv,

Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw

A°m-Z-anIv tIm¿Un-t\-‰¿

tUm. APo-jv. ]n.Sn

dnk¿®v Hm^o-k¿, Fkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.Sn

inev]-im-e-bn¬ ]s¶-Sp-Ø-h¿

State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT)Vidhyabhavan, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram-695 012

5

]m¿´v ˛ I ˛ kn≤m¥w

bqWn‰v -1: kwKoXØn-s\m-cm-apJw

1.1: Pohn-X-Øn¬ kwKo-X-Øns‚ ÿm\hpw efn-X-I-e-I-fn¬ kwKo-X-

Øns‚ ]m[m-\yhpw ............................................................. 9

1.2: kwKo -X -Øns‚ kmwkvIm -cn -Ihpw _u≤n -Ihpw Bflo-b-

hp-amb aqey-߃ ................................................................. 14

1.3: kwKo-X-Øn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ kmt¶-XnI ]Z-߃ ............. 17

bqWn‰v -2: `mc-Xob kwKo-X-w ............................................................... 23

bqWn‰v -3: taf-I¿Øm-]-≤Xn ................................................................. 31

bqWn‰v -4: Xmfw ............................................................................... 39

bqWn‰v -5: kwKo-X-cq-]-߃ .............................................................. 50

bqWn‰v -6: hmt§-b-Im-c≥am¿ ............................................................. 57

bqWn‰v 7: kwKo-X-en]n AYhm s\mt´-j≥....................................... 69

]m¿´v ˛ II ˛ ]mtbm-KnI kwKoXw

bqWn‰v -1: ]mY-anI ]mT-߃ ˛ 1 ....................................................... 74

bqWn‰v -2: ]mY-anI ]mT-߃ ˛ 2 ...................................................... 85

bqWn‰v 3: kwKo-X-cq-]-߃ ................................................................ 90

A\p-_‘w x-1 (kvIoapw kne-_kpw) .......................................................... 97

A\p-_‘w x-2 (amXrIm tNmZy-t]-∏¿) ......................................................... 101

A\p-_‘w x-3 (kwKo-tXm-]-I-c-W-߃) ..................................................... 103

Dff-S°wDff-S°wDff-S°wDff-S°wDff-S°w

6

XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw

]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-®ncn°p∂

Xncn-®-dn-b¬ Nn”߃

bqWn‰v

Hm¿an-°pI

]h¿Ø\w

]T\t\´w

7

kwKoXØns\mcmapJw

]m¿´v ˛ I

kn≤m¥wkn≤m¥wkn≤m¥wkn≤m¥wkn≤m¥w

8

XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw

9

kwKoXØns\mcmapJw

][m-\ B-i-b-߃

1.1 kwKoXw PohnXØns‚ Ahn`mPyLSIw.

kwKoXw ssZhoI IebmbmWv hntijn∏n-

°s∏Sp∂Xv. kwKoXØn\v a\pjyNcnX-

tØmfw ]g°ap≠v. tZi߃°pw

aX߃°pw hnizmk߃°pw AXoXambn

a\pjy≥ F∂pw kwKoXØnte°v BI¿jn-

°s∏´ncp∂p. kwKoXw a\pjys‚

[njWmi‡nbpw efnXIemkzmZ\hpw

]cnt]mjn∏n°pIbpw _u≤nI XrjvWsb

Xr]vXns∏SpØpIbpw sNøp∂p. Adnt™m

AdnbmsXtbm Hmtcm hy‡nbpsSbpw

PohnXØns‚ `mKambn Xocp∂p kwKoXw.

bqWn‰v ˛ 1

kwKoXØns\mcmapJw

1. PohnXØn¬ kwKoXØns‚ ÿm\hpw efnX IeIfn¬ kwKoXØns‚

]m[m\yhpw

$ kwKoXw ˛ PohnXØns‚Ahn`mPy LSIw

$ A\pZn\ PohnXØn¬kwKoXØns‚ kzm[o\w

$ efnX IeIfn¬ tijvTw

$ 64 IeIƒ

$ tZhIe

$ kwKoX NnIn’

$ kwKoXhpwam\kntIm√mkhpw

$ ]IrXnbnse kwKoXkm∂n≤yw

10

XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw

D≈n¬ kwKoXan√mØ,

a[pckz]v\ßfpsS ambnIeb\w

t]mepw kzm[o\n°mØ

Hcp-hs‚ D≈w

`oXnZamb coXnbn¬

h©\bpw NXnbpw

IpSneXIfpw \nd™Xmbncn°pw ˛

]finXaXa\pkcn®v IeIƒ 64 FÆamWp≈Xv. NXpxjjvTnIeIƒ

F∂dnbs∏Sp∂ Ch c≠mbn XcwXncn°s∏´ncp∂p. kmam\yIeIfpw

kpIpamc IeIfpw AYhm efnXIeIfpw. kwKoXw, \rØw, NnXcN\,

hmkvXphnZy, X®pimkvXw, inev]Ie, ImhyIe F∂nh efnXIeIfn¬

Dƒs∏Sp∂p. efnXIeIfn¬ G‰hpw tijvTw kwKoXamWv.

1.2 tZhIe

t Z h ] o X n ° p t h ≠ n

\SØnh∂ ]qPmI¿-Ωß-

ƒ°p≈ Hcp am[ya-ambmWv

`mcXØn¬ kwKoXw

D]tbmKn®p XpSßn-bXv.

thZImew apX¬ A\p-

jvTm\I-eIfn¬ kwKoXw

Hcp ][m\ ]¶p hln®n-

cp∂p. CXn-lmk-ßfn¬

tZho ˛ tZh∑m¿ kwKoX

D]IcW-ßfpambn _‘-

s∏´ncn°p∂Xmbn ImWmw.

(ioIrjvW≥˛HmS-°pg¬,

kckzXn ˛ hoW, inh≥ ˛

Uacp, \µntIi≥ ˛

arZwKw). kwKoXw Hcp hnt\mtZm]m[n

F∂Xnep]cn tam£]m-]vXn°p≈ am¿§ambmWv

`mc -Xob¿ IcpXp∂Xv. XymKcmP-kzman ,

aocm_mbn, XpfkoZmkv XpS-ßnb alm-flm°ƒ

kwKo-XsØ tam-£am¿§ambn IcpXn-bncp--∂hcmWv.

XymK-cm-P≥

11

kwKoXØns\mcmapJw

kwKoXw BflobXbpambn CgtN¿∂ncn°p∂p.

`mcXØn¬, hnhn[ `mjIfnep≈ KoX߃

tZh]oXnbv°mbn D]tbmKn®p hcp∂p.

kvXpXnKoX߃ Be]n°p∂hcpsS lrZb-

ßfnemWv Cuizc≥ hkn°p∂sX∂v hnizkn-

°s∏Sp∂p.

\mSythZØn¬ `Khm≥ hnjvWp C]Imcw

]d™ncn°p∂p. D∂Xamb sshIpfiØntem

\t`mafieØntem \nXyPzmebmb kqcytKm-

fØntem Ejnhcy∑mcpsS lrZbßfntem A√

Rm≥ hkn°p∂Xv, adn®v Fs∂ `Pn®psIm≠v

Fs‚ `‡¿ A¿∏n°p∂ kvXpXnKoXßfnemWv.

1.3 kwKoX NnIn’ (ayqknIv sXdm∏n)

a\pjya\pIƒ°v km¥z\taIphm≥ kwKoXtØmfw \√ Huj[an√.

tcmKia\Øn\v ]pcmX\ Ko°pImcpw Ad_nIfpw kwKoXap-]tbmKn-

®ncp∂Xmbn ]dbs∏Sp∂p. B[p\nI KthjWßfpw kwKoXap]tbmKn®p≈

NnIn’m km[yXIƒ icnhbv°p∂p. kwKoXap]tbmKn®v tcmK߃ kuJy-

am°p∂ kºZmbamWv kwKoX NnIn’ (ayqknIv sXdm∏n). sNdp]mbØn¬

kwKoXw tI´p hfcp∂ Ip´nIfn¬ icnbmbn _p≤nhnI-kn°pIbpw, Hm¿Ωi-

‡nbpw Nn¥mtijnbpw h¿≤n]n°pIbpw, ]n¬°meØv Nn´tbmSpIqSnb

PohnXw \bn°phm≥ AX-hsc ]m]vXcm°pIbpw sNøp∂Xmbn KthjI¿

Nq≠n°m´p∂p.

]m›mXy cmPyßfn¬ kwKoXw, ""kvarXn\miw'' (A¬jntagvkv) F∂

tcmKNnIn’bv°mbn D]tbmKn°p∂p. kwKoXNnIn’bneqsS tcmKnbpsS

Hm¿Ωi‡nbn¬ Imcyamb ]ptcmKXn e`n°p∂p. am\knI kΩ¿±w,

hnjmZtcmKw XpSßnbh°v Nne ]tXyI cmK߃ D]tbmKn®p≈ NnIn’

^e]ZamWv. B\µss`chn, ilm\, \oem_cn, kpcp´n, taml\w, Im∏n

XpSßnb cmK߃ IqSpXembpw CXn\p]tbmKn°p∂p.

1.4 kwKoXhpw am\kntIm√mkhpw

am\knI kΩ¿±ßfn¬ \n∂pw imcocnI t¢ißfn¬ \n∂pw tamN\w

\¬Ip∂Xn\v kwKoXØn\p≈ Ignhv hfsc°mew ap≥]p Xs∂ a\pjy≥

D]tbmKs∏SpØnbncp∂p. A[zm\`mcw AdnbmsX sXmgnente¿s∏Sp∂Xn\v

hnfshSp∏p ]m´pIƒ, h©n∏m´v, Irjn∏m´pIƒ, ssk\yKoX߃ F∂nh

]tbmP\s∏SpØn h∂ncp∂p. am\kntIm√mkØn\mbn km[mcW°m¿

Bibn°p∂ \rØw, \mSIw, Hm∏d, aqIm`n\bw, \rXy\mSIw, XpSßnb

Iemcq]ßfpsS ASnÿm\LSIw kwKoXamWv. kwKoXan√msX Cu

12

XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw

Iemcq]߃°v ]q¿ÆX e`n°pIbn√.

]›mØe kwKoXan√mØ Ne®nXßfpw

sSenhnj≥ ]cn]mSnIfpw ]ckyßfpw

H∂p k¶ev]n®p t\m°q!

1.5 ]IrXnbnse kwKoX km∂n≤yw

]IrXnbn¬ kwKoXap≠v. PohPmeßfpsS \mUoanSn∏pw lrZbkv]µ\hpw

]£nIfpsS IfIqP\ßfpw EXpt`Zßfpw ]IrXnbpsS kwKoXamWv.

kwKoXw ]IrXnsb kzm[o\n°p∂p. kwKoX km∂n≤yap≈ IrjnbnSßfn¬

kkyßfpsS hf¿® XzcnXKXnbnemIpIbpw I∂pImenIfn¬ ]m¬

D¬∏mZ\w h¿≤n°pIbpw sNøp∂Xmbn ImWs∏Sp∂p. C∂v mcXapƒs∏sS

]e cmPyßfnepw IrjnbnSßfnse D¬∏mZ\ anIhn\mbn kwKoXw

]tbmP\s∏SpØp∂p.

ta¬∏d™ hkvXpXIƒ kwKoXØn\v, ]IrXnbnepw PohPmeßfnepap≈

kzm[o\w hy‡am°p∂hbmWv. ]pcmtWXnlmkßfnepw kwKoX

e£WKŸßfnepw Cu hkvXpXIƒ km[qIcn°p∂ ]cma¿ißfpw

DZmlcWßfpw ImWs∏Sp∂p.

]h¿Ø\w

\oemw_cn cmKmem]\w tIƒ°pI.

]h¿Ø\w

h©n-∏m-´p-Iƒ, Irjn-∏m-´p-Iƒ F∂nh tIƒ°p-I.

13

kwKoXØns\mcmapJw

]T\t\´ßƒ

$ \nXyPohnXØn¬ kwKoXØn\p≈ ÿm\w Xncn®dnbp∂p.

$ efnXIeIsf°pdn®v s]mXphmb [mcW e`n°p∂p.

$ kwKoXØns‚ aqeyw Xncn®dnbp∂p.

$ a‰p Iemcq]ßfn¬ kwKoXØns‚ ]m[m\yw a\nem°p∂p.

$ PohnXØn¬ kwKoXØns‚ ]m[m\yw Xncn®dnbp∂p.

aqey\n¿Wbw

1. kwKoXØns‚ NnIn’m km[yXIƒ ]Xn]mZn°pI.

2. a\pjycnepw arKßfnepw ]IrXnbnepw kwKoXØns‚ kzm[o\w

hy‡am°pI.

3. efnXIeIfn¬ G‰hpw tijvTamWv kwKoXw. hniZam°pI.

d^d≥kv

1. Xnbdn Hm^v ayqknIv ˛ ankv. F¬. sFkIv

2. kuØv C¥y≥ ayqknIv ˛ s]m^k¿. ]n.kmw_aq¿Øn

3. Z£ntW¥y≥ kwKoXw ˛ F.sI. choµ\mYv

14

XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw

imkvXw HgnsI a‰v ssh⁄m\nI taJeIƒ

am\hnI hnjbßfn¬ Dƒs∏Sp∂p. ]pcmW

KŸßfnepw kwKoXe£WKŸßfnepw

]cma¿in°s∏´n´p≈ 64 IeIfn¬ kmam\y

IeIfpw efnXIeIfpw Dƒs∏Sp∂p.

efnXIeIƒ, \Ωn¬ A¥¿eo\ambncn°p∂

kuµcyt_m[sØ DW¿Øp∂p. kwKoXw Hcp

ZriyIebpw, NnXIe, inev]Ie, hmkvXp-

in¬]w F∂nh ZriyIeIfpamWv.

cwKIesb∂p hntijn∏n°mhp∂hbmWv

\rØw, \mSIw, kwKoX \mSIw, \rØ\mSIw,

IYmImet£]w XpSßnbh.

kwkvImcnI ]ptcmKXnbn¬ efnX-

IeIƒ henb ]¶phln°p∂p. efnXIe-

IfpsS A`yk\hpw BkzmZ\hpw t]m’m-

ln∏n°p∂XneqsS kwkvImc kº∂cmb

hy‡nIsfbpw kaqlsØbpw hm¿sØSp°p-

hm≥ km[n°p∂p. A√mØ-]£w hy‡nPo-

hnXhpw kmaqlyPohnXhpw hnckXbpw

AXr]vXn \nd™Xpambn Xocp∂p.

a\pjycpsS k¿Ktijnbn¬ \n∂pw

`mh\bn¬ \n∂pw amXw DcpØncn™

IebmbXn\m¬ kwKoXw efnXIeIfn¬

G‰hpw tijvTamWv. PmXnaXt`Zat\y

kwKoXw F√mhcmepw BkzZn°s∏Sp∂p.

imkvXob kwKoXw ]ptcmKXn ]m]n®n´n-

√mØ kmwkvImcnIambn G‰hpw ]nt∂m°w

\n¬°p∂ ]tZißfn¬ t]mepw kwKoX-

Øn\v D∂Xÿm\amWp≈Xv.

$ kwKoXØns‚ kmwkvImcnIaqeyw

$ _u≤nI aqeyw

$ sshImcnI aqeyw

$ Bflob aqeyw

][m-\ B-i-b-߃

1.2 kwKoXØns‚ kwkvImcnIhpw _u≤nIhpw Bflobhpamb aqey߃

15

kwKoXØns\mcmapJw

1.2.1 kmwkvImcnI aqeyw

kwKoXw sshImcnI `mjbmW.v kwKoXw A`ykn°p∂XneqsSbpw

]cnt]mjn∏n°p∂XneqsSbpw Hcp hy‡n kzbw kwip≤\mIpIbpw

kmwkvImcnI D∂Xnbn¬ FØnt®cpIbpw sNøp∂p.

Hcp bYm¿∞ kwKoX⁄s‚tbm BkzmZIt‚tbm a\ntem PohnXØntem

\ntj[mflI Nn¥Iƒ cq]s∏SpIbn√. G‰hpw B\µZmbIamWv kwKoXw.

[m¿ΩnI aqey߃ kwthZ\w sNøp∂Xn\p≈ Hcp ][m\ am[yaamWv

kwKoXw. a\pjy\n¬ B\µm\q`qXn Dfhm°pIbpw Ah\nse ss\k¿KnI

IgnhpIsf hnIkn∏n°pIbpamWv, kwKoXØns‚ G‰hpw alØmb [¿Ωw.

tIƒ°p∂ amXbn¬Xs∂ BkzZn°phm≥ Ignbp∂ IebmWv kwKoXw.

inip°ƒt]mepw kwKoXØm¬ B\µ`cnXcmIp∂p. hnhn[ cmjvSßfnse

hyXykvX Bem]\ ssienIfpw kwKoX kºZmbßfpw P\a\pIsf

GtIm]n∏n®v kwkvImc kº∂cm°p∂p.

1.2.2 _u≤nI aqeyw

kwKoXØnse ipXn, kzck©mc߃, sshhn[yam¿∂ cmK߃, hyXykvX

Xmfßfpw AhbpsS hIt`Zßfpw, KaI߃,. k¶o¿Wamb ]√hnIƒ,

at\m[¿Ω kwKoXw XpSßnb LSI߃ Htc kabw kwKoX⁄cptSbpw

BkzmZIcpsSbpw _u≤nIXeßsf D±o]n∏n°p∂p.

1.2.3 sshImcnIamb aqeyw

a\pjyhnImcßsf G‰hpw e]Zambn ]ISn∏n°m≥ Ignbp∂ Hcp am[yaamWv

kwKoXw. ""ckm\p`h''amWv kwKoXØns‚ ][m\ A\p`hXew. IrXn, ]Zw

XpSßnb Km\cq]ßfpsS D≈S°w ][m\ambpw sshImcnI Xeßsf

Dƒs°m≈p∂hbmWv. cmK߃ "ck'ßfpambn _‘s∏´ncn°p∂p. Zp:Jw,

hnclw, kt¥mjw XpSßn a\pjyPohnXhpambn _‘s∏´ F√m

at\mhnImcßtfbpw Xohambn BhnjvIcn°p∂Xn\v `mcXob cmK߃°v

Ignbp∂p. DZm: -ATmW (hocw), ip`]¥phcmfn (timIw), hk¥(lmkyw).

\rØ kwKoX \mSIßfnse sshImcnI aqlq¿Ø߃ G‰hpw e]Zambn

BhnjvIcn®ncn°p∂Xv hnhn[ cmKßfpsS ^e]Zamb ]tbmKßfn-

eqsSbmWv. kwKoXØns‚ Cu sshImcnI ]`mhw Xs∂bmWv a\pjy a\p-

Isf hnhn[ Xeßfnte°v Db¿Øp∂Xpw.

Hm¿Ωn°pI

efnXIeIfn¬ tijvTw kwKoXw

Hm¿Ωn°pI

kwKoXØns‚ kmwkvImcnIhpw _u≤nIhpamb aqey߃

16

XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw

apØp-kzman

Zo£n-X¿

1.2.4 Bflob aqeyw

BflobXbneq∂nbp≈ Hcp kmwkvImcnI ]mcºcyamWv `mcXØnt‚Xv.

AXpsIm≠pIqSnbmWv Bflobhpw \nKqUhpamb Imcy߃

kwKoXIrXnIfn¬ IqSpXembpw ]Xn]mZn -

®ncn°p∂Xpw. BZnaImew apX¬ Xs∂ a\pjy≥,

kwKoXØn¬ im¥nbpw kam[m\hpw Is≠Øn-

bncp∂p. a\pjy\v Xs‚ D≈n¬ A¥¿eo\ambncn°p∂

Bflob KpWßsf Xncn®dnbp∂Xn\pw kwKoXw

klmbn°p∂p. ]mNo\ImeØv aX]camb

Imcy߃°v amXamWv kwKnXw D]tbmKn°-

s∏´ncp∂Xv. tam£]m]vXnbv°p≈ G‰hpw e]Zamb

am¿§w kwKoXamsW∂v XymKcmPkzman Xs‚

IrXnIfn¬IqSn ]d™ph®n´p≠v. kwKoXØns‚

\nKqUamb IgnhpIsf°pdn®v apØpkzman Zo£nXcpw

Xs‚ IrXnIfn¬ ]Xn]mZn®n´p≠v. "AarXh¿jnWn' cmKw ]mSn Zo£nX¿

ag s]øn®Xmbn ]dbs∏Sp∂p. cmKNnIn’bn¬, D]tbmKn°p∂Xpw

]tbmP\s∏SpØp∂Xpw kwKoXØns‚ Cu BflobXew Xs∂bmWv.

alm∑mcmb ]e Nn¥Icpw kmaqly˛aX ]cnjvI¿Øm°fpw XßfpsS

DXvIrjvS Nn¥Iƒ ]NNcn∏n°p∂Xn\p≈ am[yaambn kwKoXsØ

D]tbmKn®Xv AXns‚ Bflobamb HuNnXyw sIm≠p IqSnbmWv.

]T\t\´ßƒ

$ kwKoXØns‚ kmwkvImcnIhpw, _u≤nIhpw, sshImcnIhpw,

Bflobhpamb KpWßsf Xncn®dnbp∂p.

$ kwKoXØn\v a\pjyPohnXØnep≈ ÿm\w a\nem°p∂p.

aqey\n¿Wbw

1. kwKoXØns‚ kmwkvImcnI aqeysØ°pdn®v Hcp JfinIbn¬

IpdbmsX Ipdns∏gpXpI.

2. a\pjyhnImc߃ ]ISn∏n°p∂Xn\v kwKoXw A\ptbmPy-amIp∂sX-

ßns\sb∂v hniZam°pI.

3. kwKoXØns‚ _u≤nIXesØ Ipdn®v Hcp Ipdn∏v Xbmdm°pI.

4. kwKoXØns‚ Bflob aqeysØ Ipdn®v hniZoIcn°pI.

Hm¿Ωn°pI

kwKoXØns‚ sshImcnIhpw Bflobhpamb aqey߃

17

kwKoXØns\mcmapJw

1.3 kwKoXØn¬ D]tbmKn°p∂ kmt¶XnI ]Z߃

1.3.1 \mZw

tIƒ°p∂ amXbn¬ Xs∂ a\pjy a\ns\

cRvPn∏n°p∂ kwKoX i_vZamWv \mZw.

kwKoXhpambn _‘s∏´ F√m°mcyßfpw

\mZhpambn _‘s∏´ncn°p∂p. \mZw

ipXnbv°pw ipXn kzc߃°pw kzc߃

cmK߃°pw tlXphmIp∂p.

BlXw, A\mlXw F∂nßs\ \mZw c≠p XcØnep≠v. a\pjycpsStbm

PohPmeßfp-tStbm t_m[]q¿hamb ]bXv\w sIm≠√msX D≠mIp∂

\mZamWv A\mlX \mZsa∂-dnbs∏Sp∂Xv. tbmKnIƒ°p amXw tIƒ°phm≥

km[n°p∂ ]]©kwKoXamWnsX∂v ]dbs∏Sp∂p. a\pjy≥ t_m[]q¿hw

]pds∏Sphn°p∂ i_vZw BlX\mZsa∂v Adnbs∏Sp∂p. kwKoXimkvXw

BlX\m-Zhpambn _‘s∏´ncn°p∂p. BlX\mZØn\v KoXw, hmZyw, \rXyw

F∂nßs\ aq∂p hn`mKßfp≠v. BlX\mZsØ AXns‚ D¤hÿm\w

ASnÿm\am°n icocPw, \JPw, [\p¿Pw, hmbpPw, N¿ΩPw, temlPw

F∂nßs\ A©mbn h¿§oIcn°p∂p.

\mZsa∂Xv ]mW\pw A·nbpw XΩnep≈ k¶e\amWv. "\m' F∂Xv

]mWs\bpw "Z' F∂Xv A·nsbbpw kqNn∏n°p∂p. XymKcmPkzmanIfpsS

"tam£apKeZ' (kmcaXn) F∂ IrXnbpsS NcWØn¬ CtX°pdn®v

]cma¿iap≠v. lrZbØn¬ \n∂v aµ\mZhpw IWvTØn¬ \n∂v a[y\mZhpw

incn¬ \n∂v Xmc\mZhpw ]pds∏Sp∂p.

1.3.2 iqXn

`mcXob kKoXØnse Hcp ][m\ khntijXbmWv ipXn. ""ipXn amXm

eb ]nXm'' F∂ kq‡Øn¬ \n∂pw kwKoXØn¬ ipXn°p≈ ]m[m\yw

a\nem°mw. kq£vaambpw hy‡ambpw tIƒ°m≥ Ignbp∂ G‰hpw sNdnb

\mZhntijamWv ipXn. c≠v hyXykvX [z\nIƒ XΩnep≈ G‰hpw sNdnb

hyXymkamWv ipXn. ipXnbpsS CSthfIƒ GIipXn, ZznipXn, XnipXn,

NXp¿ipXn, ]©ipXn, jUvipXn F∂nßs\ Adnbs∏Sp∂p. ]amWipXn,

$ \mZw

$ ipXn

$ kzcw

$ ÿmbn

$ BtcmlWw

$ AhtcmlWw

$ k]vXXmf߃

$ [mXp

$ amXp

][m-\ B-i-b-߃

18

XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw

\yq\ipXn, ]q¿WipXn, F∂nßs\ GIipXn CSthf aq∂p hn[Ønep≠v.

\q‰m≠pIfmbn 22 ipXnIfmWv `mcXob kwKoXØn¬ D]tbmKØnep≈Xv.

hyXykvX ipXnIƒ hyXykvX cmKßfn¬ ImWs∏Sp∂p.

DZm:˛ KufEj`w, hcmfna[yaw apXembh.

temIkwKoXkºZmbßfn¬ AwKoIcn°s∏´ ]¥≠p kzcÿm\߃°p

]pdta ]tØmfw [z\nIƒ AYhm ipXnIƒ `mcXob kwKoXØn¬

D]tbmKn°s∏Sp∂p. Cu kq£va ipXnIfmWv `mcXob kwKoXsØ

BI¿jIam°p∂Xpw a‰p kwKoX kºZmbßfn¬ \n∂v th¿Xncn®v

\n¿Øp∂Xpw. kwKoXØn¬ ipXn°v as‰mc¿∞w IqSn I¬]n°mdp≠v. Hcmƒ

GXp [z\nsb AYhm kzcsØ B[mcam°n ]mSp∂pthm B [z\nsb

AbmfpsS ipXn As√¶n¬ B[mcjUvPw F∂p ]dbp∂p. KmbI\v

As√¶n¬ hmZI\v X\n°v A\ptbmPyamb ipXn Xncs™SpØp∂Xn\p≈

kzmX¥yap≠v. F∂m¬ It®cnbn¬ BZy¥w Htc ipXn \ne\n¿tØ≠Xp≠v.

1.3.3 kzcw

kzbw cRvPIßfmb ipXnIfmWv kzc߃. jUvPw, Ej`w, Km‘mcw, a[yaw,

]©aw, ss[hXw, \njmZw F∂nßs\ Ggp kzcßfmWp≈Xv. Ch k, cn,

K, a, ], [, \n F∂o kw⁄Ifn¬ Adnbs∏Sp∂p. k]vXkzcßfn¬

jUvPØn\pw (k) ]©aØn\pw (]) hIt`Zßfn√. Ch ANe kzc߃

F∂dnbs∏Sp∂p. Ej`w, Km‘mcw, a[yaw, ss[hXw, \njmZw F∂o

kzc߃°v c≠v hIt`Zßfp≠v. Aßns\ Ggp kzc߃°v 12

kzcÿm\߃ D≠v.

Hcp ÿmbnbnse 12 kzcÿm\߃ (ZzmZikzc߃)

$ jUvPw

$ ip≤Ej`w

$ NXp¿ipXn Ej`w

$ km[mcW Km‘mcw

$ A¥cKm‘mcw

$ ip≤a[yaw

$ ]Xna[yaw

$ ]©aw

$ ip≤ss[hXw

$ NXp¿ipXnss[hXw

$ ssIinIn \njmZw

$ ImIfn \njmZw

19

kwKoXØns\mcmapJw

Fgp]Ønc≠v tafI¿Øm]≤Xnbn¬ sh¶nSaJn tjmUi (16) kzcßfmWv

D]tbmKn®ncn°p∂Xv. ZzmZikzcßtfmSv jUvipXn Ej`w, ip≤Km‘mcw,

jUvipXn ss[hXw, ip≤ \njmZw, F∂nhbmWv IqSpXembn Iq´nt®¿°s∏´

kzc߃. F∂m¬ bYm¿∞Øn¬ jUvipXn Ej`w km[mcW Km‘mchpw,

ip≤Km‘mcw NXp¿ipXn Ej`hpw, jUvipXn ss[hXw ssIinIn \njmZhpw,

ip≤\njmZw NXp¿ipXn ss[hXhpamWv.

Hm¿Ωn°pI

\mZØns‚ c≠p hn`mK߃ , ZzmZi kzc߃

]h¿Ø\w

kzc߃ km[Iw sNøpI

1.3.4 ÿmbn

jUvPw apX¬ \njmZw hsc A\pIaambn Ggpkzc߃ Dƒs°m≈p∂

kzcirwJebv°mWv ÿmbn F∂p ]dbp∂Xv. `mcXob kwKoXØn¬ A©p

ÿmbnIfmWp≈Xv. aµÿmbn, A\paµÿmbn, a[yÿmbn, Xmcÿmbn,

AXnXmcÿmbn. imcocKpWap≈ Hcp hy‡n°v aq∂v ÿmbnbnepw ]mSphm≥

Ignbpw. AXmbXv aµÿmbnbnepw, a[yÿmbnbnepw Xmcÿmbnbnepw.

kwKoX D]IcWßfn¬ amXta A©pÿmbnIfpw ]tbmKn°phm≥

IgnbpIbp≈q Hcp jUvPØn¬ XpSßn ASpØ jUvPw AS°w

Iam\pKXambn hcp∂ F´p kzc߃°v ˛ kcnKa][\nk˛ kzcmjvSIsa∂p

]dbp∂p.

ÿmbnsb kqNn∏n°p∂Xn\v kzcßfpsS apIfnepw Xmsgbpw _nµp°ƒ

D]tbmKn°p∂p. Hcp kzcØn\v Xmsg 2 _nµp Ds≠¶n¬ B kzcw

A\paµÿmbnbnepw, kzcØn\p Xmsg Hcp _nµphmWp≈sX¶n¬ AXv

aµÿmbnbnepw _nµphn√mØ kzcw a[yÿmbnbnepw kzcØn\p apIfn¬

Hcp _nµp Ds≠¶n¬ B kzcw Xmcÿmbnbnepw c≠p _nµp°fmsW¶n¬

B kzcw AXnXmcÿmbnbnemsW∂pw a\nem°mw.

DZm:˛

A\paµÿmbn ˛ k cn K a

aµÿmbn ˛ k cn K a

Xmcÿmbn ˛ k cn K a

AXnXmcÿmbn ˛ k cn K a

.

.. .. .. ..

. . . .

.. .. .. ..

. . . .

20

XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw

1.3.5 BtcmlWw

BtcmlWw F∂ hm°n\v Ib‰w F∂¿∞w. jUvPw apX¬ jUvPw hsc

Hcp Iq´w kzc߃ apIfnte°v ]mSp∂Xns\ BtcmlWsa∂v ]dbp∂p.

DZm:˛ cmKw ˛ taml\w

Btcm: -˛ k cn K ] [ k

1.3.6 AhtcmlWw

AhtcmlWw F∂ hm°n\v Cd°w F∂¿∞w. kzc߃ Xmtg°v ]mSp∂Xv

AhtcmlWw.

DZm:˛ cmKw ˛ taml\w

Btcm: -˛ k [ ] K cn k

Hcp cmKw \n¿Wbn°p∂Xv AXns‚ BtcmlWØnepw AhtcmlWØnepw

D]tbmKn°p∂ kzc߃ t\m°nbmW.v Hcp cmKØns‚ kw£n]vXcq]w

AXns‚ BtcmlWmhtcmlWßfn¬ \n∂pw e`n°p∂p.

1.3.7 cmKw

`mcXob kwKoXØns‚ ASnÿm\amWv cmKw. GsXmcp [z\nhntijamtWm

kzcßfmepw BtcmlWßfmb h¿Æßfmepw Ae¶cn°s∏´v

timXm°fpsS a\ns\ cRvPn∏n°p∂Xv AXvv cmKw (kwKoX cXv\mIcw).

]¥≠v kzcÿm\߃ \n›nX \nba߃°\pkcn®v at\mcRvPIßfmb

BtcmlW ˛ AhtcmlWßtfmsS ]mSp∂XmWv cmKw. I¿ÆmSI

kwKoXØn¬ FÆa‰ cmKßfp≠v. Hmtcm cmKØn\pw X\Xmb kzcq]ap≠v.

c≠p cmK߃°v Hcn°epw Htc kzcq]w D≠mbncn°pIbn√. Hcp cmKØn¬

\n∂pw as‰mcp cmKØn\v Hcp kzcØns‚ hyXymkw amXtabp≈psh¶nepw

c≠p cmKßfpw XnI®pw hyXykvXambncn°pw.

DZm:˛ taml\hpw lwk[z\nbpw.

]mNo\ Xang v kwKoXØn¬ cmKw "]¨' F∂dnbs∏´ncp∂p.

Km\Ime\nbaa\pkcn®v ]¨Isf ]I¬]¨, Cchp]¨, s]mXp]¨

F∂nßs\ Xcw Xncn®ncp∂p.

1.3.8 k]vXXmf Ae¶mc߃

at\mlcßfmb kzckap®bßfmWv ]mNo\ kwKoXØnse Ae¶mc߃.

kqfmZn k]vXXmfßf\pkcn®v Nn´s∏SpØnbncn°p∂ kzckap®bßfmWv

k]vXXmf Ae¶mc߃.

.

.

21

kwKoXØns\mcmapJw

1.3.9 [mXp

kwKoX cN\Ifnse kzcmhnjvImcØn\v [mXp F∂p ]dbp∂p.

DZm:-˛ a][kkcn cnk[]a] (aelcn ˛ KoXw)

1.3.10 amXp

kwKoXcq]ßfnse kmlnXyw amXpsh∂v Adnbs∏Sp∂p.

DZm: -˛ io KW\mYknµpc h¿Æ (aelcn ˛ KoXw)

]T\t\´ßƒ

$ \mZw, ipXn, kzcw, ÿmbn, cmKw, Ae¶mc߃ apXemb kwKoXØns‚

ASnÿm\ LSIßsf°pdn®v Adnhp t\Sp∂p.

k]vXXmfßfpw AhbpsS AwKßfpw

\º¿ Xmfw AwK߃

1 [phw 1011

2 aTyw 101

3 cq]Iw 01

4 Qw] 10U

5 Xn]pS 100

6 AS 1100

7 GI l

kv]XXmfßfn¬ D]tbmKn°p∂ aq∂v AwK߃

eLp ˛ l

ZpXw ˛ 0

A\pZpXw ˛ U

k]vXXmf߃ ]©PmXnt`Za\pkcn®v 35 Xmfßfmbpw

]©KXnt`Za\pkcn®v 35 Xmf߃, 175 Xmfßfmbpw amdp∂p.

Hm¿Ωn°pI

k]vXXmf Ae¶mc߃

]h¿Ø\w

kzc߃ km[Iw sNøpI

. . . . .

22

XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw

aqey\n¿Wbw

1. \mZØns‚ 2 hn`mK߃ Gh?

2. ipXn F∂m¬ F¥v?

3. kzc\maIcWw hniZoIcn°pI.

4. k]vXXmf Ae¶mc߃ hniZam°pI.

5. ÿmbn F∂m¬ F¥v?

d^d≥kv

1. Un£v\dn Hm^v kuØv C¥y≥ ayqknIv ˛ ]^¿. ]n.kmw_aq¿Øn

2. Z£ntW¥y≥ kwKoXw ˛ F.sI. choµ\mYv

3. kwKoX imkvX ]thinI ˛ tUm. sh¶Skp_“Wy

Aø¿

4. kwKoX \nL≠p ˛ tUm. hn.Sn. kp\n¬

Indian Music `mcXobkwKoXw

23

2.1 BapJw

kwkvImcßfpsS al\obXsIm≠pw

`mjm sshhn[yw sIm≠pw

temIkmwkvImcnI `q]SØn¬

`mcXØn\v hfsc D∂Xamsbmcp

ÿm\amWp≈Xv. kwkvIrXw, KWnXw,

tPymXnjw, sshZyimkvXw, kwKoXw

F∂nßs\ Adnhnt‚bpw IebptSbpw

]e taJeIfpw temIØn\v kw`mh\

sNbvXXv \ΩpsS tZiamsW∂v

]dbs∏Sp∂p. "`mcXw' F∂p t]cp

Xs∂ kwKoXmflIamWv. `mhw, cmKw,

Xmfw F∂o ]ZßfpsS ktΩf-

\ambmWv `mcXsØ Nne ]mNo\

KŸßƒ hnt»jn∏n°p∂Xv. `mcXob

kwKoXØns‚ D¤hw thZßfn -

bqWn‰v ˛2

`mcXobkwKoXw

$ D¤hw

$ ][m\ imJIƒ

$ saeUn˛lm¿ΩWn

$ taf˛P\ycmK kºZmbw

$ XmfkºZmbw

$ KaIw

$ at\m[¿Ω kwKoXw

$ BflobX

$ IrXnIfpsS sshhn[yw

$ kwKotXm]IcW߃

$ `mjIƒ

$ \mtSmSn kºZmbw

][m-\ B-i-b-߃

`mcXob kwKoXØns‚ khntijXIƒ

24

XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw

emsW∂v ]dbs∏Sp∂p. \ΩpsS kwKoXØns‚ ImemImeßfmbp≈

]cnWmahpw hnImkhpw kwKoXe£W KŸßfn¬ tcJs∏-

SpØnbn´p≈Xmbn ImWmw. hnhn[ ]tZißfn¬ ImWp∂ at\mlcßfmb

inev]theIfpw ]uUamb kwKoXkvXq]ßfpw `mcXkwKoXØns‚

]mcºcytØbpw hf¿®tbbpw ]Xn]mZn°p∂hbmWv. `mcXob

kwKoXØnse cmK˛Xmf kºZmb߃, kq£vaßfmb ipXnIƒ,

Km\cq]ßfpsS sshhn[yw apXembh shfns∏Sp∂Xv CØcw

inev]theIfneqsSbpw e£WKŸßfneqsSbpamWv. ]pcmX\ ImeØv

Bcm[\bv°v th≠nbmWv kwKoXw D]tbmKn®ncp∂sX¶n¬, ]n∂oSv

euInIamb cN\Ifpw ]Ncn°s∏´p.

2.2 lnµpÿm\n kwKoXhpw I¿WmSI kwKoXhpw

`mc-Xob kwKo-X-Ønse c≠v ][m\ imJIfmWv, lnµpÿm\n kwKoXhpw

I¿WmSI kwKoXhpw. ]Xnaq∂mw \q‰m≠n¬ t]¿jy≥ BIaWsØ

XpS¿∂mWv H∂mbncp∂ `mcXobkwKoXw Cßs\ c≠v imJIfmbn

th¿]ncn™Xv. I¿WmSItZiw As√¶n¬ IdpØ tZiw F∂dnbs∏´ncp∂

Z£nW `mcXØn¬ hf¿® ]m]n® kwKoXkºZmbw I¿WmSI

kwKoXsa∂ t]cnepw `mcXØns‚ a‰v tZißfn¬ hf¿∂p-h∂ kwKo-X-k-

º-Zmbw lnµpÿm\n kwKoXsa∂ t]cnepw Adnbs∏SpIbpw hnImkw

]m]n°pIbpw sNbvXp. D≈S°Ønepw ]tbm-K-Øn-ep-apff sshhn[yw Cu

c≠v kºZmbßtfbpw hyXy-kvXam°p∂p.

temIØns‚ hnhn[ `mKßfn¬ hyXy-kvXßfmb kwKoXkºZmb߃

\ne\n¬°p∂p≠v. Chnbnse√mw ASnÿm\]cambn D]tbmKn°p∂Xv

k]vXkzcßfmsW¶nepw Hmtcm kºZmbØnepw AhbpsS \n¿hlWhpw

]tbmKcoXnbpw hyXykvXamWv. `mcXob kwKoXsØ temIØnse a‰v

kwKoXkºZmbßfn¬ \n∂pw hyXy-kvXam°p∂ Cu LSI߃

GsXms°bmsW∂v \ap°v ]cntim[n°mw.

2.3 saeUn ˛ lm¿ΩWn kºZmb߃

temIkwKoXw, saeUn, lm¿ΩWn F∂nßs\ c≠v kºZmbßfmbn Xcw

Xncn°s∏´n´p≠v. `mcXob kwKoXw saeUnsb ASnÿm\am°nbpw

]mivNmXykwKoXw lm¿ΩWn°v ]mapJyw \¬InbpamWv cq]s∏SpØn-

Hm¿an°pI

`mc-Xob kwKo-X-Ønse kwKo-X-k-º-Zm-b-߃

]h¿Ø\w

I¿WmSIkwKoXhpw lnµpÿm\n kwKoXhpw \ne\n¬°p∂

tZißfpsS Hcp `q]Sw Xbmdm°pI.

Indian Music `mcXobkwKoXw

25

bncn°p∂Xv. kzc߃ Hs∂m∂mbn ]tbmKn°p∂ coXnbmWv

saeUnbnep≈Xv. H∂ne[nIw KmbItcm, hmZItcm, Htc kabw,

kwhmZnXzap≈ kzc߃ ]mSptºmtgm hmbn°ptºmtgm D≠mIp∂

kzcßfpsS kwtbmKamWv lm¿ΩWn. hmbv]m´mbmepw

D]IcWkwKoXambmepw X\n®v AhXcn∏n°p∂ coXnbmWv `mcXob

kwKoXØnep≈Xv.

2.4 cmKw

cmKkºZmbamWv `mcXob kwKoXØns‚ ][m\ khntijXIfnsem∂v.

cmKsshhn[yßfpsS Hcp `fimKmcamWv `mcXob kwKoXw. CXbpw

imkvXobamb Hcp cmKhyhÿ temIsØmcnSØpw \nehnen√. hfsc

kq£vaßfmb ipXnIfpw KaIßfpw sIm≠v hyXykvXamWv Hmtcm cmKhpw.

kºq¿Wßfmb Fgp]Ønc≠v P\IcmKßfmWv I¿WmSI-kwKoX-

Øneq≈Xv. tafI¿ØmcmK߃ F∂dnbs∏Sp∂ Chbn¬ \n∂v

DSseSp°p∂hbmWv P\ycmK߃. LS\b\pkcn®v P\ycmKßsf h¿Pyw,

hIw, jmUhw, HuUhw, D]mwKw, `mjmwKw F∂nßs\ XcwXncn®n´n≠v.

IqSmsX kaba\pkcn®pw EXpt`Za\pkcn®pw ]mtS≠ cmKßtfbpw

h¿§oIcn®n´p≠v. ]IrXnbpambpw a\pjy hnIcßfpambpw _‘s∏´

cmKhyhÿ a‰v kwKoXkºZmbßfnsem∂pw Z¿in°m≥ Ignbn√.

2.5 ipXn

`mcXob kwKoXØns‚ khntijamb as‰mcp LSIamWv ipXn (drone).B[mcjUvvvPw F∂ Bibw Xs∂ ipXntbmSv _‘s∏´ncn°p∂p.

Hcp kwKoX⁄≥ X\n°ptNcp∂ Hcp ipXn \nPs∏SpØn, B

ipXnbnembncn°pw It®cnIfpw a‰pw AhXcn∏n°pI. IqSmsX, It®cnbn¬

AIºSn tkhn°p∂ hmtZym]IcWßfpw Htc B[mckzcØn¬

Xs∂bmbncn°pw ipXn tN¿°p∂Xv. AtXkabw lm¿ΩWnsb

ASnÿm\am°nbp≈ ]m›mXykwKoXØn¬, \nbXamb ipXn I≠p

hcp∂n√. ipXn CSp∂Xn\v G‰hpw khntijambn IW°m°p∂ `mcXob

kwKotXm]IcWamWv Xw_pcp. F∂m¬ CeIvtSmWnIv ipXns∏´nIfpw

CeIvtSmWnIv Xw_pcphpw Ct∏mƒ hym]Iambn ]NmcØnep≠v. ssIImcyw

sNøm\p≈ kuIcyhpw A\ptbmPyXbpw ChbpsS D]tbmKw

Hm¿an°pI

tafcmK߃, P\ycmK h¿§oIcWw

]h¿Ø\w

D]mwKw, `mjmwKw, hIw, h¿Pyw, jmUhw, HuUhw XpSßnb

hn`mKßfn¬s∏Sp∂ P\ycmKßfpsS Hcp ]´nI Xbmdm°pI.

26

XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw

h¿[n°p∂Xn\v ImcWambt∏mƒ ]cºcmKX Xw_pcphns‚ D]tbmKw

Ipdbp∂Xn\pw ImcWambn.

2.6 Xmfw

`mcXob kwKoXØns‚ as‰mcp khntijXbmWv XmfkºZmbw. ""ipXn:

amXm eb : ]nXm'' F∂ kq‡w, kwKoXØn¬ ipXnbptSbpw XmfØnt‚bpw

]m[m\yw shfns∏SpØp∂p. kwKoXØns‚ G‰hpw ][m\s∏´

LSIßfmbmWv ipXntbbpw XmftØbpw temIØnse F√m kwKoX

kºZmbßfpw IW°m°p∂Xv

`mcXob kwKoXØn\v alØmb Hcp XmfkºZmbap≠v. XmfmwK߃,

hyXykvX Ime߃, InbIƒ XpSßnb XmfØns‚ kq£vamwißfn¬

\SØnbn´p≈ \nc¥c KthjWßfpsS ^eambmWv `mcXob Xmf߃°v

\nbXamsbmcp cq]w h∂p tN¿∂Xv. ASnÿm\]cambn Ggv XmfßfmWv

I¿WmSI kwKoXØn¬ D]tbmKn°s∏Sp∂Xv. [phw, aTyw, cq]Iw, Qw],

AS, Xr]pS, GI F∂nhbmWo Xmf߃. kv]XXmf߃ 35 Xmfßfmbpw

175 Xmfßfmbpw hnIkn®p≈ kºZmbßfpw ChnsS \nehnep≠v. ]pdta

]mNo\Imew apX¬ \ne\n¬°p∂ 108 XmfkºZmbhpw ChnsSbp≠v. 128

A£cImessZ¿Lyw D≈ Xmfw Cu Xmf kºZmbØnemWv Dƒs∏Sp∂Xv.

temIØnse G‰hpw ssZ¿Lytadnb Xmfambn CXns\ IW°m°p∂p.

`mcXob kwKoXsØ At]£n®v hfsc Ipd®v Xmf߃ amXta

]mivNmXykwKoXØn¬ D]tbmKn°s∏Sp∂p≈q.

ta¬ kqNn∏n® cmKw, Xmfw, ipXn F∂nhbmWv `mcXob kwKoXØnse

ASnÿm\ LSI߃. Ch aq∂pw ktΩfn°ptºmƒ cRvPIXzw

A\p`hs∏SpIbpw kwKoXw sshImcnIhpw _u≤nIhpambn

BkzZn°p∂Xn\pw km[n°p∂p.

2.7 KaI߃

KaI߃°v mcXob kwKoXØn¬ hfsc ][m\s∏s´mcp ÿm\amWp≈Xv.

KaIw kwKoXØns‚ Pohmflmhmbn hnt»jn∏n°s∏Sp∂p. Hmtcm

kzc߃°pw \¬Ip∂ hnt»j Ne\amWv KaIw. `mcXob kwKoXØn¬

KaIan√msX ]mSp∂Xv hfsc A]q¿hambn ImWs∏Sp∂ H∂mWv. Hcp

Be¶mcnI XpS¿® kwKoXØn\v \¬Ip∂Xpw KaIw Xs∂bmWv.

Hm¿Ωn°pI

k]vXXmf߃, eLpPmXnt`Zw

]h¿Ø\w

I¿WmSI kwKoXØnse Ggv ASnÿm\ Xmfßfpw Ahbn¬ \n∂p-

¤hn°p∂ 35 Xmfßfpw Dƒs°m≈p∂ Hcp Nm¿´v Xømdm°pI.

Indian Music `mcXobkwKoXw

27

`cXap\nbpsS \mSyimkvX]Imcw KaIan√mØ kwKoXw, hc≠

\Znt]msebpw Nµ\pZn°mØ \nit]msebpw ]q°fn√mØ h√cn t]msebpw

B`cWclnXbmb \mcnsbt]msebpamWv. KaI]tbmK߃ sIm≠mWv

Hmtcm cmKØnt‚bpw hy‡nXzw kv]jvSamIp∂Xv. KaI]tbmK߃ aqew

kzc߃°v hyXykvXßfmb cq]hpw `mhhpw e`n°p∂XpsIm≠mWv Htc

BtcmlWmhtcmlW߃ D≈ cmK߃ t]mepw hyXykvXambncn°p∂Xv.

hnhn[ ckßsf D±o]n∏n°p∂hbmWv KaI߃. DZm: ˛ ATmW (hocw),

ip`]¥phcmfn (timIw). i_vZIaoIcWØneqsSbpw KaIßfpsS IrXyamb

]tbmKßfn¬ IqSnbpamWv hyXykvX ck߃ krjvSn°s∏Sp∂Xv.

]mNo\ kwKoXØn¬ KaI߃, "Ae¶mc߃' F∂ t]cnemWv

Adnbs∏´ncp∂Xv. hmbv∏m´nepw D]IcWkwKoXØnepw D]tbmKn°p∂

hnhn[ XcØnep≈ KaI߃ D≠v. "Zihn[ KaI߃' F∂dnbs∏Sp∂ 10

KaI߃ BWv I¿WmSI kwKoXØn¬ km[mcW D]tbmKn®phcp∂Xv.

BtcmlWw, AhtcmlWw, kv^pcnXw, IºnXw, XpSßnbh

Zihn[KaI߃°v DZmlcWßfmWv.

KaIßsf s\mt´j\n¬ kqNn∏n°pI F∂Xv hfsc iaIcamb ImcyamWv.

KaIw, ipXn apXemb cmKØns‚ kq£vaXe߃ lrZnÿam°nb Hcp

kwKoX⁄\p amXta s\t´j≥ A\pkcn®v IrXyambn ]mSm≥

IgnbpIbp≈q. ]q¿Wambpw s\mt´j≥ ]Imcw ]mSm≥ Ignbp∂ H∂√

`mcXob kwKoXw. KpcpapJØp \n∂pw ]Tn®v Hm¿Ωbn¬ \n∂pw kwKoXw

AhXcn∏n°p∂ coXnbmWv \Ωƒ ]n¥pScp∂Xv. CXv mcXob kwKoXØns‚

amXw ]tXyIXbmWv.

2.8 at\m[¿Ω kwKoXw

krjvSn]camb kwKoXamWv at\m[¿Ω kwKoXw. `mcXob kwKoXØns‚

amXw khntijXbmWnXv. at\m[¿Ωa\pkcn®v kwKoX \nbaßfn¬ \n∂pw

hyXnNen°msX ]mSp∂Xn\mWv at\m[¿ΩkwKoXw F∂p ]dbp∂Xv.

It®cnIfpsS aq∂nsemcp `mKhpw at\m[¿Ω kwKoXØn\mbmWv

hn\ntbmKn°p∂Xv. cmKkzcq]Øn\v tIm´w X´msX t\ctØ BkqXWw

sNømsX A∏t∏mƒ ]mSp∂XmWv at\m[¿Ω kwKoXw. cmKsØ°pdn®v

\√ ]cn⁄m\ap≈h¿t° at\m[¿Ωw ]tbmKn°m≥ km[n°pIbp≈q.

IebpsS AhmNyXeßfnte°v BkzmZIsc sIms≠Øn°p∂ Hcp

khntijXbmWnXv. Hcp kwKoX⁄s‚ tijvTX, Ahs‚ at\m[¿Ωw

]tbmKn°m\p≈ Ignhns\ Bibn®ncn°p∂p. at\m[¿Ω kwKoXØn\v 5

hn`mKßfmWp≈Xv. cmKmem]\w, Xm\w, ]√hn, \nch¬, I¬]\kzcw

F∂nhbmWh.

28

XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw

2.9 BflobXbpw IrXnIfpsS sshhn[yhpw

a‰v kwKoX kºZmbßfn¬ \n∂pw `mcXob kwKoXsØ th¿Xncn®p

\n¿Øp∂ Hcp ]tXyIXbmWv BflobX. ssZhkvXpXnIfmWv `qcn]£w

kwKoXcN\Ifpw. kwKoXcq]ßfmb KoXw, h¿Ww, IrXn, Io¿Ø\w, ]Zw,

`P≥ XpSßnbhsb√mw Xs∂ ssZhkvXpXnItfm BflobX Xpfpºp∂tXm

BWv.

sshhn[yamWv `mcXob kwKoXØns‚ as‰mcp ]tXyIX. At\Iw kwKoX

cN\Iƒ ChnsS D≠mbn´p≠v. lnµpÿm\nbnepw I¿WmSIkwKoXØnepw

hfsc hyXykvXßfmb cq]ßfmWv D]tbmKn°s∏Sp∂Xv. h¿Ww, IrXn,

]Zw,Pmhfn, Xn√m\ apXembh I¿WmSIkwKoXØnepw [p]Zv, Jbm¬, Tpwcn,

S∏, Xcm\ XpSßnbh lnµpÿm\n kwKoXØnepw D]tbmKn°s∏Sp∂

Km\cq]ßfmWv.

Hm¿Ωn°pI

KaIßfpsS ]tXyIXIƒ, at\m[¿Ω kwKoXØns‚ hn`mK߃

]h¿Ø\w

hnhn[ KaIßfpw AhbpsS ]tbmKcoXnIfpw ]mSn ]cnioen°pI.

2.10 kwKotXm]IcW߃

kwKo tXm]IcWßfm¬

kºpjvTamWv `mcXw. Nne

hmZy߃ X\n®v AhXcn∏n-

°p∂Xn\pw Nneh AIºSn-

bmbn hmbn°p∂Xn\pw

D]tbmKn°p∂p. hmZyßfpsS

\mZw, D]tbmKw, \n¿amWØn-

\p]tbmKn°p∂ hkvXp°ƒ

apXemb hyXykvX am\Zfi-

߃ A\pkcn®v hmtZym]Ic-

Wßsf h¿KoIcn®n´p≠v. kwKoXIt®cnIfn¬

D]tbmKn°p∂ hoW, arZwKw, X_e, knXm¿,

]p√m¶pg¬ XpSßnb hmZy߃ IqSmsX \mtSmSn kwKoXØnepw A\pjvTm\

kwKoXØnepw D]tbmKn°p∂ \nch[n hmtZym]IcWßfpw \ap°p≠v.

X_e

knØm¿

Xw_pcp

Hm¿Ωn°pI

I¿WmSIkwKoXØnepw lnµpÿm\n kwKoXØnepw D]tbmKn-

°p∂ Km\cq]߃

Indian Music `mcXobkwKoXw

29

2. 11 mjIƒ

`mjIfm¬ \nd™ \mSmWv `mcXw. 1650˛Hmfw `mjIƒ `mcXØns‚ hnhn[

]tZißfn¬ D]tbmKn®p hcp∂Xmbn ]dbs∏Sp∂p. alm∑mcmb

hmt§bImc∑m¿ XßfpsS anI® krjvSnIƒ sIm≠v `mcXØns‚

kmwkvImcnI taJesb kºpjvTam°nbhcmWv. Cu IrXnIsf√mw Xs∂

]mtZinI `mjIfnemWv cNn°s∏´Xv. AXn\m¬ Xs∂ imkvXob kwKoX

IrXnIfn¬ `mjmsshhn[yap≈ Htcsbmcp tZiambn

`mcXsØ IW°m°p∂p.

\nch[n tKmXßfpw aXßfpw h¿Kßfpw Dƒs°m≈p∂

hfsc hnkvXrXamb Hcp cmjvSamWv `mcXw. AXpsIm≠v

Xs∂ `mcXØns‚ hnhn[ `mKßfn¬ tZiykwKoXhpw

cq]s∏´n´p≠v. Hmtcm ]tZiØn\pw A\ptbmPyamb

kz`mh hnt»j߃ Cu tZiykwKoXØn\pap≠mhpw.

tIcfØnse tkm]m\kwKoXhpw _wKmfnse

c_oµkwKoXhpw CXn\pZmlcWßfmWv.

2.12 \mtSmSn ]mcºcyw

`mcXob kwKoXsØ°pdn®v ]dbptºmƒ \mtSmSnkwKoXtØbpw AXns‚

_rlØmb ]mcºytØbpw kwkvImctØbpw Ipdn®vv ]Xn]mZnt°≠Xv

A\nhmcyamWv. imkvXobkwKoXØns‚ Bhn¿`mhw Xs∂

\mtSmSnkwKoXØn¬ \n∂mWv. XymKcmPkzmanbpsS ]e Hm∏dIfptSbpw

Io¿Ø\ßfptSbpw CuW߃ \mtSmSnkwKoXØn¬\n∂pw

FSpØn´pffhbmWv. C∂sØ ]e cmKßfpw \mtSmSnkwKoXØn¬ \n∂pw

DSseSpØhbmWv.

IemImcs‚ hy‡n]camb ]bXv\tØbpw Adnhnt\bpw A\p`htØbpw

Hcp ]cn[nhsc Bibn°p∂ H∂mWv `mcXob kwKoXw. Htc cmKw Xs∂

hyXykvX kwKoX⁄¿ Be]n°p∂Xv hyXykvX XcØnembncn°pw. Cu

Hm¿Ωn°pI

I¿WmSIkwKoXØnepw lnµpÿm\n kwKoXØnepw D]tbmKn-

°p∂ hmZy-߃

]h¿Ø\w

`mcXob kwKoXØn¬ D]tbmKn°p∂ hyXykvX kwKotXm-

]IcWßfpsS Hcp Nm¿´v Xbmdm°pI.

kwKotXm]IcWßsf°pdn®v Hcp ]h¿t]mbn‚ v AhXcWw \SØpI.

c_oµ\mYv SmtKm¿

30

XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw

sshhn[yamWv `mcXkwKoXØns‚ at\mlmcnX. cmK˛Xmf hyhÿIƒ,

at\m[¿Ω kwKoXw, ipXn, KaIw XpSßnb hfsc kq£vahpw k¶o¿Whpamb

khntijXIƒ `mcXob kwKoXsØ temIkwKoXØns‚ s\dpIbn¬

]XnjvTn°p∂p.

]T\t\´ßƒ

$ `mcXkwKoXØns‚ AXpeyX a\nem°p∂p.

$ `mcXkwKoXsØ a‰p kwKoX kºZmbßfn¬ \n∂pw th¿Xncn-

®dnbp∂p.

KaIw, ipXn F∂nhbpsS ]m[m\yw a\nem°p∂p

$ `mcXkwKoXØns‚ cmK˛Xmf sshhn[yw Xncn®dnbp∂p.

$ I¬]nXkwKoXhpw at\m[¿Ω kwKoXhpw th¿Xncn®dnbp∂p.

$ at\m[¿Ω kwKoXØns‚ hnhn[ imJIsf a\nem°p∂p.

aqey\n¿Wbw

1. Z£ntW¥y≥ kwKoXw ]n¥pScp∂ kºZmbtaXv?

2. I¿WmSI kwKoX cN\Ifn¬ D]tbmKn°p∂ `mjIsf°pdn®v Hcp

eLphnhcWw \¬IpI.

3. `mcXob kwKoXØns‚ alØmb ]mcºcysØ Ipdn®v Hcp Ipdn∏v

Xbmdm°pI.

4. I¿WmSI kwKoXhpw lnµpÿm\n kwKoXhpw XΩnep≈

hyXymkßtfh?

5. KaIØns‚ ]tXyIXIƒ ]Xn]mZn°pI.

6. at\m[¿ΩkwKoXØns‚ A©v imJIƒ Gh?

7. kwKoXØns‚ kmwkvImcnI aqey\n¿WbsØ°pdn®v Hcp JfinIbn¬

IpdbmsX Ipdns∏gpXpI.

8. a\pjyhnImc߃ ]ISn∏n°p∂Xn\v kwKoXw A\ptbmPyamIp-

∂sXßns\sb∂v hniZam°pI.

9. kwKoXØns‚ Bflob aqeysØ°pdn®v hniZoIcn°pI.

Melakarta Scheme

31

taf-I¿Øm ]≤Xn

3.1 cmKw

`mcXob kwKo-X-Øns‚ apJy LS-I-

amWv cmKw. kzcßfm¬ AewIrXambn

Cµnbßsf kt¥mjn∏n°p∂ [z\nhn-

tijw F∂mWv cmKsØ ]mNo\ kwKoX

e£WKŸßƒ hnt»jn∏n°p∂Xv.

Hmtcm cmKØn\pw X\Xmb HcpÍ kzcq-

]ap≠v. kwKoXØn¬ ⁄m\hpw ]cnioe-

\hpw e`n® Hcmƒ°v Hmtcm cmKhpw th¿Xn-

cn®dnbm≥ km[n°pw. ]mNo\ kwKoX-

Øn¬ "PmXn' F∂mWv cmKw Adn-b-s∏-´n-cp-

bqWn‰v ˛ 3

taf-I¿Øm ]≤Xn

$ 72 kºq¿Æ cmK-߃

$ ]q¿h-˛-D-Øc taf-ß-fpsS khn-

ti-j-X-Iƒ

$ 12 NI-ßfpw Ah-bpsS

IaoIcWhpw

$ NI-ß-fnse tafIaoIcWw

$ taf-ßfnse kzcIaoIcWw

$ `qX-kw-Jy-

$ IS-]-bm-Zn-kq-X-w

$ P\-I˛P\y-cm-K߃

$ ]≤-Xn-bpsS D]-tbmKw

][m-\ B-i-b-߃

32

XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw

∂-Xv. A©mw \q‰m-≠n¬ Pohn-®n-cp∂ aXw-Ks‚ Imew apX¬°mWv C∂sØ

cmKw F∂p≈ Bibw Bhn¿`-hn-®-Xv. At±-l-Øns‚ "_rl-t±in' F∂ KŸ-

Øn-emWv cmKw F∂ hm°v BZy-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-®-Xv.

3.2 h¿§oIcWw

I¿Æm-SI kwKoXw ]n≥Xp-S-cp∂ cmK-hn- -P\w _lp-ap-J-am-Wv. Ah-bn¬

G‰hpw ][m\w P\-I-˛--P\y hn`-P-\-am-Wv. P\-I-cm-K-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw P\y-cm-K-

߃ D≠m-Ip-∂p. taf-߃ Xs∂-bmWv P\-I-cm-K-߃. I¿Æm-SI kwKo-X-Ønse

ASn-ÿm\ cmK-ß-fmWv tafw F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. I¿Øm-cm-Kw, taf-I¿Øm-cm-

Kw, cmKmw-K-cm-Kw, kºq¿Æ-cmKw F∂o t]cp-I-fnepw taf-cmKw Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

taf-߃°v km[m-c-W-bmbn Nne khn-ti-j-X-I-fp-≠v. AXm-bXv Ah-

bpsS Btcm-l-Whpw Ah-tcm-l-Whpw Ia-k-ºq¿Æ-am-bn-cn-bv°pw. Btcm-l-

W-Ønepw Ah-tcm-l-W-Ønepw D]tbmKn°p∂Xv Htc kzc-ÿm-\-߃ Xs∂

Bbn-cn°pw.

3.3 72 taf I¿Øm-cm-K-ßfpw ]≤-Xnbpw

16-˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ Pohn-®n-cp∂ sh¶n-S-a-Jn-bmWv 72 taf-I¿Øm ]≤-Xn-

bpsS D]-⁄m-Xm-hv. At±lw I¿Æm-S-I-kw-Ko-X-Ønse cmK-ßsf imkvXo-b-

ambn hn`-Pn®v Hcp ]´nI D≠m°n. 72 cmK-ßsf taf-I¿Øm cmK-ß-fmbn IW-

°m-°n-bmWv Cu ]´nI Xøm-dm-°nbXv. a‰p≈ cmK-ß-sf√mw Cu 72 cmK-ß-fn¬

\n∂pw D≠m-b-hbm-Wv. Ah P\y-cm-K-߃ F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. sh¶n-S-aJn, taf-

I¿Øm ]≤Xn cq]-I-ev]\ sNbvsX-¶nepw taf-߃°v t]cp-Iƒ \¬In-bXv

]n∂oSv h∂ e£WImc∑mcmWv. 12 kzc-ß-fn-ep≈ 16 kzc-ÿm-\-ßsf ASn-

ÿm-\-am-°n-bmWv Cu ]≤Xn Bhn-jv°-cn-®-Xv.

72 taf-I¿Øm-]-≤Xn c≠p-hn-[-Øn¬ \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂p. H∂,v kºq¿Æ

taf-]-≤Xn As√-¶n¬ I\-ImwKn˛cXv\mw-Kn \maIcW coXn. c≠v, Ak-ºq¿Æ-

taf ]≤Xn As√-¶n¬ I\-Imw-_cn˛cXv\mw-_cn \maIcW coXn. sh¶n-S-a-Jn-

bpsS ImeØv \ne-\n∂ taf-]-≤Xn bYm¿∞-Øn¬ Ak-ºq¿Æ taf-]-≤-Xn-bm-

bn-cp-∂p. ]e- ta-f-ß-fpsS t]cnepw ]n∂oSv am‰w h∂p. a‰p taf-I¿Øm ]≤-Xn-

Ifp-ambn Xmc-X-ay-s∏-Sp-Øp-tºmƒ sh¶nS-a-Jn-bpsS ]≤-Xn-bmWv G‰hpw Nn´-

tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bXpw imkvXo-b]-c-am-bn-´p-≈-Xpw.

Hm¿Ωn°pI

cmK-ß-fpsS h¿§oIcWw

]h¿Ø\w

hyXyÿ kzc-k¶e\ßfpsS Hcp ]´nI Xøm-dm-°n Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-I

Melakarta Scheme

33

taf-I¿Øm ]≤Xn

3.4 NI-߃

36 cmK߃ hoX-ap-≈ c≠v hn`m-K-ß-fn-embn 72 taf I¿Øm-cm-K-ßsf

hn`-Pn-®n-cn-bv°p-∂p. BZysØ 36 cmK-ß-fn¬ ip≤-a-≤y-ahpw ASpØ 36 cmK-ß-

fn¬ ]Xn-a-≤y-a-hp-am-Wp-≈-Xv. Hmtcm NI-Ønepw 6 taf-߃ hoXw 72 taf-cm-K-

ß-sfbpw 12 NI-ß-fn-embn ASp-°n-bn-cn-bv°p-∂p. BZysØ Bdp NI-ßsf

ip≤-a-≤y-a-N-I-ß-sf∂pw c≠m-asØ Bdp- N-I-ßsf ]Xn-a-≤ya NI-ß-sf∂pw

]d-bp-∂p.

P\-I-cm-K-ß-fpsS As√-¶n¬ taf-I¿Øm-cm-K-ß-fpsS Hcp khn-ti-jX

Ggv kzc-ßfpw Btcm-l-W-Ønepw Ah-tcm-l-W-Ønepw Ds≠-∂p-≈-Xm-Wv. AXm-

bXv Ah kºq¿Æ-cm-K-ß-fm-Wv. Cu Ggp kzc-ß-fn¬ BZysØ \mep kzc-ß-

fmb k cn- K a ]q¿∆mwK kzc-ß-sf∂pw Ah-ti-jn-bv°p∂ ] [ -\n k DØ-cmw-

K -kz-c-߃ F∂pw Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. Hcp NI-Ønse Bdp- ta-f-ß-fnepw ]q¿∆mw-

K-kz-c-߃ AXm-bXv Ej`hpw Km‘m-chpw Htc-hn-[-am-bn-cn-bv°pw. ss[h-Xhpw

\njm-Zhpw taf-߃ tXmdpw hyXym-k-s∏-´n-cn-bv°pw. ]©-a-kzcw F√m- ta-f-ß-

fnepw H∂p-Xs∂-bm-Wv.

Hmtcm NI-ß-fnepw

H∂m-asØ taf-Øn¬ ip≤ ss[h-Xhpw ip≤ \njm-Zhpw

c≠m-asØ taf-Øn¬ ip≤ ss[h-Xhpw ssIinIn \njm-Zhpw

aq∂m-asØ taf-Øn¬ ip≤ ss[h-Xhpw ImIfn \njm-Zhpw

\mem-asØ taf-Øn¬ NXp-ipXn ss[h-Xhpw ssIinIn \njm-Zhpw

A©m-asØ taf-Øn¬ NXp-ipXn ss[h-Xhpw ImIfn \njm-Zhpw

Bdm-asØ taf-Øn¬ jUvipXn ss[h-Xhpw ImIfn \njm-Zhpw BWv D≈-Xv.

ip≤-\n-jmZw NXp-ipXn ss[h-X-Øns‚ ÿm\Øpw jUvipXn ss[hXw

ssIin-In-\n-jm-Z-Øns‚ ÿm\-Øp-am-Wv D]tbmKn°p∂Xv. AXn-\m¬ Htc- k-

abw Cu kzc-߃ ]mSp-hm≥ km[n-bv°p-I-bn-√.

Ej`-˛Km‘m-c--߃ NIw tXmdp-w amdptºmƒ ss[hX˛\njm-Z- kzc߃ tafw

tXmdpw amdp∂p.

H∂m-asØ NI-Øn¬ ip≤ Ej`-hpw ip≤ Km‘mchpw

c≠m-asØ NI-Øn¬ ip≤ Ej`-hpw km[m-cW Km‘mchpw

aq∂m-asØ NI-Øn¬ ip≤ Ej`-hpw A¥c Km‘mchpw

\mem-asØ NI-Øn¬ NXp-ipXn Ej`-hpw km[m-cW Km‘mchpw

A©m-asØ NI-Øn¬ NXp-ipXn Ej`-hpw A¥c Km‘mchpw

Bdm -asØ NI-Øn¬ jUvipXn Ej`-hpw A¥c Km‘mchpw

D]tbmKn°p∂pÁÏ

.

34

XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw

ip≤-Km‘mcw NXp-ipXn - Ej`Øns‚ ÿm\Øpw jUvipXn Ej`w km[m-

cW Km‘mcØns‚ ÿm\-Øp-am-Wv D]tbmKn°p∂Xv. AXn-\m¬ Htc- k-abw

Cu kzc-߃ ]mSp-hm≥ km[n-bv°p-I-bn-√.

BZysØ Bdp NIßfnse Ej`˛Km‘mc kzcßfpsS AtX hIt`Z߃

Xs∂bmWv Ggp apX¬ ]¥≠v hsc-bp-ff NIßfnepw D]tbmKn°p∂Xv.

sh¶n-S-aJn, taf-I¿Øm ]≤Xn cq]-I-ev]\ sNbvsX-¶nepw taf-߃°v t]cp-

Iƒ \evInbncp∂n√. ]Xns\´mw \q‰m≠n¬ Pohn®n°p∂ tKmhnµmNmcybpsS

'kwKlNqUmaWn' F∂ KŸØnemWv ChbqsS t]cpIƒ BZyambn

ImWs∏Sp∂Xv. ñ

Hm¿Ωn°pI

Hmtcm NI-ß-fn-tebpw kzcIaoIcWw

]h¿Ø\w

hyXyÿ NIßfnse kzc-IaoIcWw ]mSn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-I

]´nI 3.1 : Fgp-]-Øn-c≠p taf-I¿Øm ]´nI

Melakarta Scheme

35

taf-I¿Øm ]≤Xn

36

XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw

3.5 `qX-kwJy

]Z߃ A°ßsf kqNn∏n°p∂ HcpÍ coXnbmWv `qX-kw-Jy. `mcX-

Ønse KWnXimkvX⁄cptSbpw tPym’ycptSbpw CSbn¬ Cu coXn ]pcm-

X-\-Imew apX¬°p-Xs∂ ]NmcØnep≠mbncp∂p. `qX-kw-Jy-bn¬ kwkvIr-

X]ZßfmWv D]-tbm-Kn-bv°p-∂Xv. NI-ß-fpsS t]cp-Iƒ `qX-kw-Jysb B[m-

c-s∏-Sp-Øn-bm--Wv \evInbn´p≈-Xv. AXn-\m¬ NIØns‚ t]cn¬ \n∂p Xs∂

NIØns‚ Iahpw a\-n-em-Ip-∂p.

AXm-bXv Cµp F∂m¬ Nµ-s\-∂¿∞w. Nµ≥ H∂p-am-X-am-Wv. AXp-

sIm≠v kzm`mhnIambn Cµp F∂ hm°v H∂v F∂ kwJysb ÊkqNn-∏n-°p∂p.

CXp-t]mse t\Xw F∂m¬ IÆv. F√m Poh-Pm-e-߃°pw c≠p IÆp-I-fm-Wp-

≈-Xv. AXn\m¬ t\X F∂ t]cv c≠masØ NIsØ kqNn∏n°p∂p. CtX

coXn-bn¬ ]¥≠p NI-߃°pw t]cpIƒ \¬In-bn-cn°p-∂p. A·n, thZ,

_mW, EXp, Ejn, hkp, _“, Znin, cpZ , BZnXy F∂o t]cp-Iƒ aq∂v, \mev,

A©v, Bdv, Ggv, F´v, H≥]-Xv, ]Øv, ]Xn-s\m-∂v, ]¥≠v F∂o NI-ßsf

kqNn-∏n-bv°p∂p.

Hm¿Ωn°pI

NI-ß-fpsS t]cp-Iƒ

]h¿Ø\w

`qX-kwJy D]-tbm-Kn®v taf-ßfnse kzc-IaoIcWw I≠p-]n-Sn-°p-I.

I Cµp 1˛-- 6 VII Ejn 37˛42

II t\X 7-- ˛12 VII hkp 43˛48

III A·n 13-˛18 IX _“ 49˛54

IV thZ 19˛24 XI Znin 55˛60

V _mW 25-˛30 XI cpZ 61 -˛66

VI EXp 31 -˛36 XII BZnXy 67˛72

NIØns‚bpsSt]cv

NIØn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂taf߃

Ia \º¿Ia \º¿ NIØns‚bpsSt]cv

NIØn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂ taf߃

]´nI 3.2 12 NI-߃

], io, tKm, `q, am, j F∂o A£-c-߃ Hcp NI-Ønse H∂p apX¬ Bdp

hsc-bp≈ taf-ßsf kqNn-∏n-bv°p-∂p. taf-Øns‚ kqN-Im-£-c-߃ F∂m-Wnh

Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Cu A£-c-߃ NI-Øns‚ t]cn-t\m-Sp-IqSn tN¿°p-tºmƒ

Melakarta Scheme

37

taf-I¿Øm ]≤Xn

taf-ß-fpsS Ia-\-º¿ e`n-bv°p-∂p. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v A·n-˛tKm F∂m¬ aq∂m-

asØ NI-Ønse aq∂m-asØ tafw. AXm-bXv 15-˛masØ taf-amb ambm-am-f-h-

Kufsb kqNn-∏n-bv°p-∂p. _mW-˛a F∂Xv A©m-asØ NI-Ønse A©m-

asØ tafw. AXm-bXv 29-˛masØ taf-amb i¶-cm-`-c-Ww.

3.6 IS-]-bm-Zn-kqXw

kzc-kw-⁄-I-fpsS Hcp kº-Zm-b-am-Wv IS-]-bm-Zn-kqXw AYhm IS-]-

bmZn kwJy. taf-I¿Øm-cm-K-ß-fpsS Ia-\-º¿ I≠p-]n-Sn-bv°p-∂-Xn\v IS-]-bm-

Zn-kqXw D]-tbm-Kn-bv°p-∂p. kwkvIr-Xm-£-c-ß-fpsS 4 kap-®-b-ß-fmWv Ch ˛

ImZn-\-h (I apX¬ R hsc-bp-ff A£-c-߃), SmZn-\-h (S apX¬ \ hsc-bp-ff

A£-c-߃) , ]mZn-]-© (] apX¬ a hsc-bp-ff A£-c-߃), bZyjvS (b

apX¬ l hsc-bp-ff A£-c-߃). Hmtcm A£-chpw 0 apX¬ 9 hsc-bp-ff

GsX-¶nepw Hcp kwJysb Ipdn-°p∂p

]´nI 3.3 IS-]-bm-Zn-kqXw

IS-]-bmXn kwJy 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0

ImZn-\h ˛I apX¬ R I J K L M N O P Q R

hsc-bp-ff A£-c-߃

SmZn-\h ˛ S apX¬ \ S T U V W X Y Z [ \

hsc-bp-ff A£-c-߃

]mZn-]©˛] apX¬ a ] ^ _ ` a

hsc-bp-ff A£-c-߃

bZy„ ˛ b apX¬ l b c e h i j k l

hsc-bp-ff A£-c-߃

IS-]-bmZn kqXw D]-tbm-Kn®v Hcp taf-cm-K-Øns‚ Ia-\-º¿ I≠p-]n-Sn-°p-∂-Xn-

\mbn B cmK-Øns‚ BZy c≠-£-c-ß-fpsS IS-]-bmZn kwJy ImWp-I. Cu

c≠-°-ßsf hn]-coX cq]-Øn-se-Sp-Øm¬ ]kvXpX cmK-Øns‚ Ia-kwJy e`n-

°p-∂-Xm-Wv. DZm-l-cWw -˛ 1) "\mKm-\-µn\n' F∂ cmK-Øns‚ BZysØ c≠-

£-c-߃ "\mKm' F∂n-h-bpsS IS-]-bmZn kwJy ImWp-I. (]´nI t\m°p-I).

\ = 0, K = 3 F∂n-ßs\ "03' F∂ kwJy e`n-°pw. Cu kwJy hn]-coX cq]-

Øn-se-Sp-Øm¬ "30' F∂ kwJy e`n-°pw. CXmWv \mKm-\-µn\n cmK-Øns‚ 72

taf-I¿Øm ]≤-Xn-bnse Ia-\-º¿. DZm-l-cWw ˛ 2) "ambm-am-f-h-Kuf' cmK-

Øns‚ BZysØ c≠-£-c-߃ " ambm' F∂n-h-bpsS IS-]-bmZn kwJy ImWp-

I. a = 5, b = 1 F∂n-ßs\ "51' F∂ kwJy e`n-°qw. Cu kwJy hn]-coX

cq]-Øn-se-Sp-Øm¬ ambm-am-f-h-Kuf cmK-Øns‚ 72 taf-I¿Øm ]≤-Xn-bnse

Ia-\º¿ "15' e`n-°pw. CXp-t]mse a‰v taf-ß-fp-sSbpw Ia-\-º¿ I≠p-]n-Sn-°m-

hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

38

XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw

Hm¿Ωn°pI

IS-]-bmZnkwJybpsS ]tbmKw

]h¿Ø\w

IS-]-bmZnkwJy D]-tbm-Kn®v taf- cmK-ß-fpsS Ia-\-º¿ I≠p-]n-Sn-°p-

I. IS-]-bmZn kqX-Øns‚ ]´nI Xøm-dm°n ]Z¿in-∏n-bv°p-I

IS-]-bmZnkwJysb kwJym-£-c-߃ F∂pw ]d-bm-dp-≠v. taf-I¿ØmcmK-ß-

fpsS Ia\º¿ I≠p]nSn°p∂Xn\v Î amXta IS]bmZnkqXw

D]tbmKn°mdp≈q. P\y-cm-K-ß-fn¬ CXv ]mtbmKnIa√.

]T\t\´ßƒ

$ taf-I¿Øm-]-≤-Xn-bnse 72 kºq¿Æ-cm-K-ß-fpsS -IaoIcWw a\-n-em-°p∂p

$ ]q¿∆-ta-f-ß-tfbpw DØ-c-ta-f-ßtfbpw - th¿Xncn°p∂ Ccpa≤y-a-ß-sfbpw

Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p

$ NI-Ønse kzc-IaoIcWw a\-n-em-°p-∂p.

$ `qX-kw-Jysb Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p.

$ IS-]-bm-Zn-kq-X-a-\p-k-cn®v taf-ß-fpsS Ia-\-º¿ I≠p-]n-Sn-bv°p-∂-Xn\v km[n-

bv°p-∂p.

$ P\-I-cm-Khpw P\y-cm-Khpw th¿Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p

aqey-\n¿Æbw

1. 72 taf-I¿Øm-]-≤-Xn- hnh-cn-°p-I.

2. NIßfnse kzc-IaoIcWw hniZam°pI

3. IS]-bm-Zn-kq-X-a-\p-k-cn®v taf-ß-fpsS Ia-\-º¿ I≠p-]n-Sn-bv°p-I.

4. hyXy-kvX- taf-ß-fn-se kzcßfpsS hIt`Z-߃ `qX-kwJy D]-tbm-Kn®v

I≠p-]n-Sn-bv°p-I.

d -d≥kv

1. kuØv C≥Uy≥ ayqknIv ˛ s]m^. ]n. kmw_-aq¿Øn

2. Z£n-tW-¥y≥ kwKoXw ˛ io. F.-sI. cho-µ-\mYv

3. kvsπ≥U¿ Hm^v kuØv C¥y≥ ayqknIv ˛ tUm. sN√-Zpssc

39

Xmfw

$ Xmf-Øns‚ ]m[m\yw

$ am¿§n-Xm-f-ßfpw tZin-Xm-f-ßfpw

$ Xmf-Øns‚ AwK-ßfpw k]vX-Xm-f-ß-fpsSAwK-ßfpw A£-c-Im-e-ßfpw

$ XmfØn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ kw⁄-Iƒ

$ hyXykvX Xmf-ß-fpsS D]-tbm-K߃

$ PmXn-t`-Z-ßfpw k]vX-Xm-f-ßfn¬ Ah-bpsS ]tbm-Khpw

$ 35 Xmf-ß-ƒ

$ BZn Xmfw

$ Nm∏p-Xm-f-ßfpw AhbpsS hI-t`-Z-ßfpw

$ hyXykvX Xmf-ß-fn¬ Nn´-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≈

kwKoX cq]-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ ASn-ÿm-\-

]-c-amb Adnhv

][m-\ B-i-b-߃

KoXw, hmZyw, \rØw F∂o aq∂p

Ie-I-fp-sSbpw ASn-ÿm-\-L-S-I-amWv

Xmfw. Ime-b-f-hns\ IrXy-ambpw Ia-

ambpw IW-°m-°m-\p-]-tbm-Kn-°p∂

Hcp ]hrØnhntij--am-Wn-Xv. AXnkq-

£va-amb Ime-b-f-hns\ ASn--ÿm-

-\-am-°n--sIm≠mWv Xmf-߃ cq]-h¬-

°-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. "ipXn amXm eb

]nXm" F∂ hmIy-Øn¬ \n∂v Xs∂

kwKo-X-Øn¬ XmfØns‚ ]m[m-\y-

sa-s¥∂v a\-n-em-°mw. ipXnsb

amXm-hmbpw ebsØ ]nXm-hm-bp-amWv

IW-°m-°p-∂-Xv.

bqWn‰v ˛ 4

Xmfw

40

XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw

]mSp-tºmƒ IrXy-amb ipXnbpw, IrXy-amb Xmfhpw hfsc ]m[m-\y-a¿ln-

°p∂p \rØ-ß-fn¬ G‰hpw DXvIr-jvS-amb ]c-a-in-hs‚ Xmfi-h-Øn-

s‚bpw ]m¿∆-Xn-bpsS emky-Øn-s‚bpw BZym-£-c-߃ IqSn tN¿∂mWv Xmfw

F∂ hm°v D¤-hn-®-sX∂p hnizkn°s∏-Sp-∂p.

4.1 am¿§n-Xm-fhpw tZin-Xm-fhpw

XmfsØ c≠mbn Xcw-Xn-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. am¿§n Xmfhpw tZin-Xm-fhpw. am¿§n-

Xmfw G‰hpw ]pcm-X-\-amb Xmf-amWv. CXv As©-Æ-am-b-Xp-sIm≠v ]©-Xm-f-

ß-sf∂pw ]d-bp-∂p. `K-hm≥ inh≥ Xmfi-h-\rØw BSn-bXv am¿§n-Xm-f-Øn-

em-sW∂v ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. a‰p Xmf-ß-sf√mw Xs∂ am¿§n-Xm-f-Øn¬ \n∂mWv

D¤-hn-®-sX∂p ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. tZh-∑m-cpsS apºn¬ `c-X≥ am¿§n-Xm-fsØ Ah-

X-cn-∏n-®n-cp-∂p-hsX. hyXykvX tZi-ß-fn¬ \ne \n∂n-cp∂ Xmf-amWv tZin-

Xm-fw. tZin-Xmfw D¤-hn-®Xv am¿§n-Xm-f-Øn¬ \n∂m-sW∂v e£-W-K-Ÿ-ß-

fnepw a‰pw ]Xn-]m-Zn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.

4.2. jUw-K-߃

`mc-Xob kwKo-X-Øn¬ [mcmfw Xmf-߃ \ne \n∂n-cp-∂p. Hmtcm-∂n\pw IrXy-

amb t]cpw AwK-ßfpw Ah-bpsS ]tbm-Khpw \n¿h-Nn-°-s∏-´n-cp-∂p.. Cu Xmf-

ß-sf-√mw Bdw-K-ßsf ASn-ÿm-\-s∏-Sp-Øn-bmWv Nn´-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

Xmf-Øns‚ Cu Bdw-K-ßsf jUw-K-߃ F∂p ]d-bp-∂p. A\p-Zp-Xw, ZpXw,

eLp, Kpcp, πpXw, ImI-]mZw F∂n-h-bmWv jUw-K-߃. Ah-km\sØ 3

AwK-߃ 108 Xmf-]-≤-Xn-bnepw Acp-Wm-Kn-cn-\m-Y-cpsS Xncp-∏p-Igv kvtXmX-ß-

fnepw ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p.

Xmsg X∂n-cn-°p∂ ]´n-I-bn¬ jUw-K-ßfpsS AS-bm-fw, A£-c-Im-ew, Inb

F∂n-hsb°pdn®p hni-Zo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.

Hm¿Ωn°pI

• Xmf-Øns‚ ]m[m\yw

• am¿Kn-Xm-fhpw tZin-Xm-fhpw

41

Xmfw

]´nI 4.1

jUw-K-߃

Irjy ˛ CSXp `mKØp \n∂p heXp `mK-tØ°p ssI hoipIk¿∏nWn ˛ ssI CS-tØm´p hoipI

]XmI ˛ ssI tatem´p s]m°pI

Hm¿Ωn°pI

jUwK-ßfpsS Nn”w, A£-c-Im-ew, Xmf-Inb F∂nh

]h¿Ø\w

jUwK-ßfpsS hnhn[ Xmf-In-b-Iƒ ]tbm-Kn-®p-t\m-°p-I.

4.3 k]vX-Xm-f-߃

Z£n-tW-¥y≥ kwKo-X-Ønse ASn-ÿm\ Xmf-ßsf k]vX-Xm-f-߃ F∂p

]d-bp-∂p. [phw, aTyw, cq]-Iw, Qw], Xr]p-S, AS, GI F∂n-h-bmWv k]vX-Xm-

f-߃. Chsb kqfmZn Xmf-߃ F∂pw ]d-bm-dp-≠v. t]cv, AwK-߃, A£-

c-Im-e-wF∂nh Xmsg sImSpØn-cn-°p-∂p.

]´nI 4.2

k]vX-Xm-f-ßfpw Ah-bpsS AwK-ßfpw

l

42

XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw

apI-fn¬ ]kvXm-hn® Xmf-ß-fn¬ GI-Xm-f-amWv G‰hpwssZ¿Lyw Ipd™ Xmfw.

\mcm-b-W-Xo¿∞-cpsS kqfmZn Xcw-K-ßfpw Km\-hn-Zym-Zp-c-‘c F∂ -Ko-Xhpw

k]vX-Xm-f-ß-fn-emWv Nn´-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-f-f-Xv.

kwKo-X-Ønse BZy-]m-T-߃ A`y-kn-°p∂ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ k]vX-Xmf Ae-

¶m-c-߃ hyXy-kvX- cm-K-ß-fnepw Ime-ß-fnepw km[Iw sNøm-dp-≠v. Ae-¶m-c-

߃ Nn´-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv hyXy-kvX-ß-fmb kzc-k-ap-®-b-߃ Bbm-Wv.

GI-Xm-f-Øn¬ ]mSm≥ Bcw-`n-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ Ae-¶mc ]T\w Xmc-X-tay\

Ffp-∏-am-Wv.

cmKw ˛am-bm-am-f-h-Kuf Xmfw˛ GI

H∂mw-Imew

|| k cn- K a ||

|| cn K -a ] ||

|| K a- ] [ ||

|| a ]- [ \n ||

|| ] [- \n k ||

|| k \n -[ ] ||

|| \n [ -] a ||

|| [ ] -a K ||

|| ] a -K cn ||

|| a K -cn k ||

c≠mw Imew

|| kcn-Ka cnKa] ||

|| Ka-][ a]-[\n ||

|| ][-\nk k\n-[] ||

|| \n[-]a []-aK ||

|| ]a-Kcn aK-cnk ||

Hm¿Ωn°pI

k]vX-Xm-f-߃ Ah-bpsS AwK-߃, A£-c-Imew F∂nh

]h¿Ø\w

k]vX-Xm-f- Ae-¶m-c-߃ ]mSn ]cn-io-en-°p-I.

43

Xmfw

4.4 eLp- Pm-Xn-Iƒ

eLp-Pm-Xn-I-fn¬ eLp-hns‚ PmXn-°-\p-k-cn®v A£-c-Im-e-Øn¬ hyXymkw

hcpw. Xniw, NXp-c-iw, Jfiw, aniw, k¶o¿Æw F∂n-ßs\ 5 eLp PmXn-

Iƒ D≠v 3,4,5,7,9 F∂n-ß-s\-bmWv CXns‚ A£-c-Im-e-߃

]´nI 4.3 eLp-Pm-Xn-Iƒ

eLp F∂ AwKw F√m k]vX-Xm-f-ß-fnepw hcp∂ s]mXphmb AwK-am-Wv.

Xni-eLp, Xn]pS Xmf-Ønepw [phw, aTyw, cq]-Iw, GI F∂o Xmf-ß-fn¬

NXp-c-i-eLphpw, Jfi-Pm-Xn-eLp, AS-Xm-f-Ønepw ani-Pm-Xn-eLp, Qw]

Xmf-Ønepw hcp∂p

4.5 Xmf-߃

k]vX-Xm-f-ß-fmWv hyXykvX eLp-Pm-Xn-Iƒ°\p-k-cn®v 35 Xmf-ß-fmbn amdp-

∂-Xv. eLp F∂ AwKw 7 k]vX-Xm-f-ß-fnepw hcp∂ s]mXphmb AwK-amWv.

5 eLp-Pm-Xn-I-fp-≠v. Xniw, NXp-c-iw, Jfiw, aniw, k¶o¿Æw Chbv°v

3,4,5,7,9 F∂n-ßs\ A£-c-Im-e-ß-fmWv D≈-Xv. k]vX-Xm-f-ß-fn¬ Hmtcm

Xmfhpw PmXn-t`-Z-a-\p-k-cn®v A©v FÆw hoX-ap-≠m-Ipw.

DZm-l-c-W-ambn k]vX-Xm-f-ß-fn¬ H∂m-asØ Xmf-amb NXp-c-i-PmXn [ph-

XmfØn\v

PmXn-t`Zw aqew

1. Xni-PmXn [ph-Xmfw

Hm¿Ωn°pI

eLp-Pm-Xn-Iƒ, Ah-bpsS Nn”w, A£-c-Im-ew, Xmf-Inb F∂nh

]h¿Ø\w

hnhn[ eLp-Pm-Xn-Iƒ ]tbm-Kn®p ]cn-io-en-°p-I.

44

XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw

2. NXp-ciPmXn [ph-Xmfw

3. Jfi-PmXn [ph-Xmfw

4. ani-PmXn [ph-Xmfw

5. k¶o¿Æ PmXn [ph-Xmfw F∂n-ßs\ 5 hI-t`-Z-߃ D≠m-Ip∂p

CXp-t]mse _m°n 6 Xmf-ßfnepw eLp-hns‚ 5 PmXn-t`-Z-߃ ]tbm-Kn-°p-∂-

Xn-eqsS 35 Xmf-߃ \ap°v e`n-°p-∂p. A\p-ZpXw, ZpXw, Kpcp, πpXw, ImI-]m-

Zw F∂nhbv°v PmXn-t`Zw _m[-I-a-√. Ch-bpsS A£-c-Imew Ft∏mgpw ÿnc-

am-bn-cn-°pw. ]pc-µ-c-Zm-k¿ (kw-KoX ]nXm-a-l≥) Cu hyXykvX Xmf-ß-fn¬

Ae-¶m-c-߃, KoX-߃, kqfm-Zn-Iƒ F∂n-h-sb√mw Nn -s∏-Sp-Øn-bn- p-≠v. Xmsg

sImSpØn-cn-°p∂ ]´nI 35 Xmf-]-≤-Xnsb ImWn-°p-∂p. Hmtcm Xmf-Øn\pw

A©v PmXn t`Z-ß-fp-≠v. AXns‚ ^e-ambn 5x7 = 35 hyXykvX Xmf-߃ D≠m-

Ip-∂p.

35 Xmf-߃ ho≠pw KXn-t`Zw aqew 175 Xmf-ß-fmbn amdp-∂p. 35x5=175. 108 Xmf-

߃ , \h-k-‘n-Xm-f-߃ F∂nh hyXy-kvX-amb Xmf kº-Zm-b-߃°v DZm-

l-c-Wßfm-Wv.

]´nI 4.5

hnhn[ Xmf-ß-fn-ep≈ kwKo-X-IrXn-Iƒ

\º¿ t]cv kwKoX cmKw Xmfw `mj

cq]w

1 A\p-Zn-\ap IrXn ]q¿Æ-N-µnI ani-Qw] sXep¶v

2 NcW aesc IrXn bZp-Ipe Imwt_mPn Xni aTyw Xangv

3 tZh tZh IrXn Kcp-U-[z\n Xni [phw kwkvIrXw

4 [ctem IrXn ilm\ Jfi AS sXep¶v

5 [ow X[ow Xn√m\ \mK-kz-cm-hen Xni Xr]pS Xangv

6 Fan-em-`tam IrXn cpZ-]nb Jfi Xr]pS sXep¶v

7 Fss\-Im° IrXn ioc-⁄n\n ani AS Xangv

8 Cµ XmaZw IrXn Kcp-U-]nb NXp-ci AS Xangv

9 C∂nsZ Acpƒ ]pcn-hmbv IrXn lao¿ IeymWn NXp-ci Qw] Xangv

]´nI 4.4

eLp PmXn-Iƒ

45

Xmfw

10 C≥cp-Zm≥ \m≥ IrXn coXn-Kuf Jfi-[phw Xangv

11 Imem-Ime _me Xn√m\ Im∏n-\m-cm-bWn ani-GIw Xangv

12 kma-P-]-c-K-a\ IrXn lntµmfw NXp-ci Xr]pS kwkvIrXw

13 Icp-W-bva-gbv IrXn Bt`mKn NXp-ci GIw Xangv

14 Icp-Wnw] IrXn taml\w Jfi-Qw] sXep¶v

15 a\-aptXm IrXn Blncn Xni-Qw] sXep¶v

16 awKfw IrXn ^e-a-⁄cn Jfi-cq-]Iw Xangv

17 \h-K-l-_ew IrXn \oemw-_cn k¶o¿Æ-GIw Xangv

18 \ohp-teI IrXn _lp-Zmcn Xni AS sXep¶v

19 \nXy-I-eymWn IrXn IeymWn k¶o¿Æ-aTyw sXep¶v

20 \ymbtam IrXn Jc-l-c-]nb k¶o¿Æ-Xr-]pS Xangv

21 ]c-a-]m-h\ IrXn tKm]n-Im-Xn-eIw k¶o¿Æ AS sXep¶v

22 ]cn-af cwK-]tX IrXn IZ-\-Iq-Zq-lew k¶o¿Æ kwkvIrXw

23 cma-Nµw IrXn lwk-[z\n Xni GIw kwkvIrXw

24 kmKc ib-\pXn IrXn t_KU ani aTyw

25 kmc-k-tem-N-\osb IrXn B\-µ-ss`-chn ani cq]Iw Xangv

26 k]vX-kz-tcm-]m-k\ IrXn tXmUn NXp-ci [phw sXep¶v

27 i¶c IrXn ip≤-km-thcn NXp-ci cq]Iw sXep¶v

28 i¶cn IrXn i¶m-c-`-cWw k¶o¿Æ [phw kwkvIrXw

29 irwKm-c-eoe IrXn [\ymkn Xni-cq-]Iw sXep¶v

30 kpµ-cn-bml IrXn lcn-Imw-t_mPn ani Xr]pS Xangv

31 Xma-c-k-A-£-c-ap\p h¿Æw _nlmKv NXp-c-i-aTyw sXep¶v

32 XpssW-\otb IrXn Inc-Wm-hen Jfi-aTyw Xangv

33 hntam-N\w X∂-cpƒhmbv IrXn ss`chn Jfi GIw Xangv

34 hn\m-bIm IrXn knwtlµ a[yaw ani [phw sXep¶v

35 bmZ-thm-Øa IrXn tZhm-Km-‘mcn k¶o¿Æ cq]Iw kwkvIrXw

4.6 BZn-Xmfw (NXp-ci PmXn- Xr-]pS Xmfw)

Xmf-ß-fn¬ ]g-°-ta-dn-bXpw G‰hpw A[nIw D]-tbm-K-Øn-en-cn-°p-∂-Xp-amb Xmf-

amWv BZn-Xmfw. BZn-Xm-f-Øns‚ ]tbm-K-coXn Ffp-∏-amWv AXp-sIm≠vXs∂

Hcp hnZym¿∞n BZy-ambn ]Tn-°p∂ ]mT-ß-sf√mw Nn´-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv

46

XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw

BZn-Xm-f-Øn-em-Wv. BZn-Xm-f-Øn\v 8 A£-c-Im-e-amWpf-fXv Hcp NXp-c-i-PmXn

eLphpw c≠p ZpX-ß-fp-amWv AwK-߃. tIc-fob kwKo-X-Øn¬ sNºS F∂

t]cmWv BZn-Xm-f-Øn\v D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv.

1 NXp-ci eLp + 2 ZpXw (l4+0+0)= 8 A£-c-Imew

Hcp ASn-bpw 3 hnc-se-Æepw HcSn ho®v, Hc-Sn ho®v F∂n-ß-s\-bmWv Xmf-Inb.

108 Xmf-]-≤-Xn-bn¬ Cu Xmfw I≠p hcp-∂p. lcn-IY Iem-Im-c∑m¿ Nnπm F∂

D]-I-c-W-amWv BZn-Xm-fsØ ImWn-°m-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. kwKo-X-I-t®-

cn-bnepw \rØ-Ønepw km[m-c-W-bmbn I≠p-h-cp∂ Xmf-amWv BZn-Xmfw. kzc-

P-Xn-Iƒ, h¿Æ-߃, IrXn-Iƒ, Io¿Ø-\-߃, Pmh-en-Iƒ, Xn√m-\-Iƒ XpSßn

F√mXcw kwKo-X-cq-]-ßfpw BZn-Xm-f-Øn¬ cNn-°-s∏-´n-´p-≠v.

4.7 Nm∏p-Xmfw

I¿Æm-SI kwKo-X-Ønse hfsc ]g-°-ta-dn-bXpw km[m-cW D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-

Xp-amb Xmf-amWv Nm∏p-Xm-fw. Xpey-X-bn-√mØ c≠p ASn-I-fn-eq-sS-bmWv Cu

Xmfw ]tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. c≠m-asØ ASnsb At]-£n®v H∂m-asØ ASnbv°v

A£-c-Imew Ipd-hmWv. AwK-ßsf hy‡-am-°msX shdpw ASn-Iƒ D]-tbm-

Kn®v ]I-Sn-∏n-°p∂ Xmf-߃°mWv Nm∏p-Xm-f-ß-sf∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv. km[m-cW

\mS≥ ]m´p-I-fnepw a‰pw Ch I≠ph-cp∂p. \rØ-Øn\v hfsc A\p-tbm-Py-amb

Xmf-amWv Nm∏p-Xmfw. at\m-l-c-amb [mcmfw ]Z-߃ Nm∏p Xmf-Øn¬ Nn´-s∏-

Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. Nm∏p-Xm-f-Øn\v 4 hI-t`-Z-߃ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p.

4.7.1 Xni-Nm∏v

Xni-Nm∏v Xmf-Øn\v aq∂v A£-c-Im-e-amW.v BZysØ ASn-bn¬ Hc-£-c-Im-

ehpw c≠m-asØ ASn-bn¬ c≠v A£-c-Im-ehpw BWv D≈-Xv. kwKo-X-Øn¬

hfsc A]q¿∆-ambn I≠p hcp∂ Xmf-am-Wn-Xv.

(1+2 =3 A£-c-Imew)

DZm, ì" "Adp-apJ hSn-th-eh''

4.7.2 Jfi-Nm∏v

Jfi-Nm∏v Xmf-Øn\v 5 A£-c-Im-e-amWv. BZysØ ASn°v 2 A£-c-Im-ehpw

c≠m-asØ ASn°v 3 A£-c-Im-ehpamWv Cu Xmf-Øn-\p-f-fXv (2+3=5). 10 A£-

c-Im-e-Øns‚ ]Ip-Xnbmb-Xp-sI-m≠v Cu Xmf-sØ Ac-Qw] F∂p hnfn-°m-

dp≠v.

DZm;˛ \oZ-b-dm-Zp ˛ kc-kmwKn ˛ cma-kzm-an-in-h≥

C∂p-Sb `mc-sX -˛ -I-eym-W-h-k-¥w ˛ ]pc-µ-c-Zm-k¿

47

Xmfw

4.7.3 ani-Nm∏v

\mep-X-c-Øn-ep≈ Nm∏p Xmf-ß-fn¬ G‰hpw km[m-c-W-bmbn D]-tbm-K-Øn-

ep≈Xv ani-Nm∏v Xmf-am-Wv. 7 A£-c-Im-e-amWv CXn-\p-≈-Xv. BZysØ ASn°v

3 A£-c-Im-ehpw c≠m-asØ ASn°v 4 A£-c-Im-ehpamWv. (3+4=7). iyma-im-

kvXn-I-fpsS "\n\p-hn-\m-K- acn' F∂ ]q¿∆nI-√ymWn cmK-Øn-ep≈ IrXn CXns‚

hn]-coX Ia-Øn-ep≈ Xmf-Øn-emWv Nn´-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Cu XmfsØ

hntem-a-Nm∏v Xmfw F∂v ]d-bp∂p. CXv km[m-cW Nm∏p-Xm-f-Øns‚ t\sc

hn]-co-X-I-a-Øn-em-Wv.

ani-Nm-∏n-ep≈ Nne IrXn-Iƒ

tKm]m-e-I-]m-lnamw ˛ tch-Kp-]vXn- ˛- kzm-Xn-Xn-cp-\mƒ

Ir]bm ]meb ˛ Nmcp-tI-in ˛ kzmXn-Xn-cp-\mƒ

]cn-]m-ln- ˛- I-eym-Wn ˛ kzmXn-Xn-cp-\mƒ

4.7.4 k¶o¿Æ-Nm∏v

CXn\v HºXv A£-c-Im-e-am-Wp-≈-Xv. BZysØ ASnbv°v 4 A£-c-Im-ehpw

c≠m-asØ ASnbv°v 5 A£-c-Im-ehpw (4+5=9). CXv hfsc A]q¿∆-ambn

ImW-s∏-Sp∂ Xmf-am-Wv. A]q¿∆-ambn Nne ]√-hn-Iƒ Cu Xmf-Øn¬ ImW-

s∏-Sp-∂p.

Hm¿Ωn°pI

BZn-Xm-f-Øn-s‚bpw Nm∏p-Xm-f-Øns‚bpw Inb-Iƒ.

]h¿Ø\w

hyXykvX XmfßfpsS Hcp ]´nI Xøm-dm-°n Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-I

]´nI 4.6

hyXykvX Xmf-ß-fn-ep≈ IrXn-Iƒ

48

XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw

kwKoX cq]-ßsf \nb-¥n-°p∂ LSIw Xmf-amWv. ]e kwKoX kº-Zm-b-ß-

fnepw FÆ-a‰ Xmf-ß-fp≠v efn-Xhpw k¶o¿W-hp-amb ]e Xc-Øn-ep≈ Xmf-

ßfpw Ah-bpsS hI-t`-Z-ßfpw \ne-hnep≠v. kwKoXØns‚ amX-a√ \rØ-Øn-

t‚bpw ][m\ LS-I-amWv Xmfw. XmfsØ ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bp≈ [mcmfw e£-

W-K-Ÿ-ß-fp-≠v. Xmf-e-£-Ww, Xmf-hn-[m\w, Xmf-k-ap-Zw, Xmf-Zo-]nI XpS-ßn-

b-h-sb√mw DZm-l-c-W-ß-fm-Wv.

]T\t\´ßƒ

$ k]vX-Xm-f-߃ AwK-ß-tfmSpw A£-c-Im-e-ß-tfmSpw IqSn a\-n-em-

°p∂p.

49

Xmfw

$ ïk]vX-Xm-f-ß-fnse PmXn-t`-Z-ß-fpsS ]tbm-Kw a\-n-em-°p∂p

$ ïBZn-Xm-f-sØ-°p-dn-®v Adnhp t\Sp∂p

$ ïNm∏p-Xm-f-Øns‚ hI-t`-Z-ßfpw D]-tbm-K-ßfpw a\-n-em-°p∂p

aqey-\n¿Æbw

1. k]vX-Xm-f-߃ hyXykvXIme-ß-fn¬ ]mSpI

2. eLp-hns‚ hI-t`-Z-߃ hni-ZoI--cn°-pI

3. eLp-Pm-Xn-Iƒ hni-Z-am-°pI

4. eLp-Pm-XnIfpSsS A£-c-Imew \n¿Æ-bn-°pI

5. Nm∏p-Xm-f-Øns‚ hI-t`-Z-ß-sf-°p-dn-®v Ipdn-s∏gpXpI.

d -d≥kv

1. kuØv C¥y≥ ayqkn-Iv˛ s]m^. kmw_-aq¿Øn

2. Z£n-tW-¥y≥ kwKo-Xw˛ io F.-sI. cho-µ-\mYv

3. kv]vsf‚¿ Hm^v kuØv C¥y≥ ayqknIv -˛ tUm.(^m-Z¿) sN√-Zpssc

4. Xnbdn Hm^v C¥y≥ ayqknIv ˛ anv F¬.-sFkIv

50

XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw

$ kwKoXcq]-ß-fpsS DZv`hw$ kwKoXcq]-ß-fpsS h¿§o-I-c-Ww.$ kmt¶-Xn-Ihpw kwKo-XmXvaI-hp-amb cq]-

߃$ e£y- -e-£W KoX-߃$ PXn-kz-chpw kzc-PXnbpw$ KoXw, PXn-kz-cw, kzc-PXn F∂n-h- c-Nn®

][m-\-s∏´ hmt§-b-Im-c≥am¿

][m-\ B-i-b-߃

`mc-Xob kwKo-X--Ønse Km\-cq-]-߃

hf-sc-°mew ap≥]v Xs∂ cq]w sIm≠-

h-bm-Wv. thZ-Im-e-L-´-Ønse a¥-

ßfpw Ah-bn¬ \n∂p cq]wsIm≠

]_-‘-ß-fp-amWv `mc-Xob kwKo-X-

Ønse BZn-a-kwKoXcq-]-߃. ]n∂oSv

`mjm-]-c-ambpw kwKo-X-]-c-ambpw Hu∂-

Xy-am¿∂ cq]-ßfpsS Bhn¿`mhw,

]_-‘-ßsf hnkvar-Xn-bn-em-gvØp-∂-

Xn\p Imc-W-am-bn. Xm≈-∏mIw hmt§-

b-Im-c≥am¿, ]pcµ-c--Zm-k¿, \mcm-b-W-

Xo¿∞¿ XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS efn-X-amb

Io¿Ø-\-߃ ]N-cn-°p-Ibpw XpS¿∂v

15,16,17 \q‰m-≠p-I-fn¬ a‰t\Iw hmt§-

b-Im-c≥am-cpsS cN-\-Iƒ°v CXv tl-

Xp-hmbn `hn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

bqWn‰v ˛ 5

kwKoX cq]-߃

51

kwKoX cq]-߃

kmln-Xy-]-c-ambpw kwKo-X-]-c-ambpw anI-hm¿∂ IrXn-I-fpsS Hcp Ie-h-dbm-

bmWv `mc-Xob kwKo-XsØ hnt»-jn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. Cu cN-\-I-fn¬ ASßn-bn-cn-

°p∂ ckm-\p- -hw, Xmf-m-fl-I-X, mh-k-ºpjvSn F∂nh Ah-bpsS cN\m sshin-

jvSysØ hnfn-t®m-Xp-∂-h-bm-Wv.

5.1. h¿§o-I-cWw

]mNo-\-Im-eØv Xs∂ ]_-‘-ßsf KoX-˛-hm-Zy-˛-\r-Xy-]-_-‘-߃

F∂n-ßs\ Xcw Xncn-®n-cp-∂p. hmbv]m´v ho≠pw sshZnIw, atX-Xcw F∂n-

ßs\ h¿§o-I-cn-°-s∏-´n-cp-∂p. sshZnI Km\-߃ Bcm-[-\-bv°p-th≠n amX-

am-bn-cp∂p D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. atX-X-c-amb cN-\-Iƒ \rØ-\m-S-I-ß-fnepw a‰pw

D]-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-´p. ]bp-‡-amb kwKo-X-Øn¬ (Applied Music) D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-

h, ip≤-kw-Ko-X-Øn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂h F∂n--ßs\ kwKo-X-cq-]-߃ ho≠pw

hn`Pn-°-s∏-´p. kmln-Xy-Øn\v ]m[m-\y-ap≈ kwKoX cq]-ß-fmWv ]bp‡

kwKo-X-Øns‚ (Applied Music) Iogn¬ hcp-∂-h. Hm∏-d-Iƒ, Ime-t£-]w, \mtSm-

SnkwKoXw F∂o hn`m-K-ß-fn¬ hcp∂ Km\-cq-]-߃ CXn-\p-Zm-l-c-W-ß-fm-Wv.

ip≤-kw-KoX (Pure Music) cq]-߃ DZm-Ø-ß-fmb Km\-cq-]-ß-fm-bmWv hnt»-

jn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. h¿Ww, IrXn, ]Zw, Pmh-en, Xn√m-\, cmK-am-en-I XpS-ßnb

k`m-Km-\-߃ ip≤ kwKo-X-cq-]-߃ Bbn IW-°m-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.

D]-tbm-K-a-\p-k-cn®v kwKoX cN-\-Isf sshZnI Km\w, \rØ-kw-Ko-Xw,

Hm∏d kwKo-Xw, Ime-t£-]-kw-KoXw F∂o hn`m-K-ß-fmbn ho≠pw Xcw-Xn-cn-®n-

´p-≠v.

5.2 kmt¶-XnI˛kwKo-XmXvaI- cq]-߃ (Technical and Melodic Forms)

kwKo-X-hn-Zym¿∞n-Iƒ A`y-kn-°p∂ ]mY-anI ]mT-߃ kmt¶-Xn-I-

cq]-ß-fn¬ s]Sp-∂-h-bm-Wv. kzc-mh-en-Iƒ, P≠-h-cn-i-Iƒ, aµ ˛ Xmcÿmbn

hcn-i-Iƒ, [m´p hcn-i-Iƒ, Ae-¶m-c-߃, KoX-߃, PXn-kz-c-߃, kzc-P-Xn-

Iƒ, h¿W-߃ F∂nh kmt¶-XnIcq]-ß-fn¬s∏Sp∂ kwKoX cN-\-I-fm-Wv.

Cu cq]-߃ \nc-¥cw ]cn-io-en-°p-∂Xv kwKo-X-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\ ]am-W-ß-

fmb ipXn, kzcw, Xmfw, ebw XpS-ßnb taJ-e-I-fn¬ kwKoX hnZym¿∞n-

Iƒ°v ]cn-⁄m\w e`n-°p-∂-Xn\v klm-b-I-c-am-Wv. s]mXp-hmbn Cu cq]-

߃ 'A`ymkKm\w' F∂v Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

IrXn, Io¿Ø-\w. Pmh-en, ]Zw, cmK-am-en-I, Xn√m\ XpS-ßnb Km\cq]-߃

kwKo-XmXvaI--amb cN-\-I-fn¬ s]Sp-∂-h-bm-Wv. It®-cn-I-fn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏-

Sp∂ Ch s]mXp-hmbn k`m-Km\w F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. F∂m¬ h¿Ww A`y-mk-

Km-\-Ønepw k`m-Km-\-Ønepw Dƒs∏-Sp∂ Hcp kwKo-X-cq-]-am-Wv.

52

XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw

A`y-mk-Km-\-ß-fn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp∂ Km\-cq-]-ß-fn¬ [mXp(-kw-Ko-Xw) hn\mWv

][m-\yw. kwKo-XmXvaI (Melodic) cq]-ß-fn¬ [mXp-hn\pw amXp (km-ln-Xyw)

hn\pw Hcp t]mse ]m[m-\yap-≠v.

5.3 KoXw

]mY-anI ]mT-߃°v tijw kwKoX hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ ]Tn-°p-∂, A`y-mk-Km-\-

Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp∂ Hcp kwKoXcq]-amWv KoXw. 'Km\w' F∂mWv Cu hm°ns‚

A¿∞w. k]vXXmf Ae-¶m-c߃°p tijw kwKoX hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ A`y-kn-

°p∂, kmln-Xy-tØmSv IqSnb BZy Km\-cq-]-amWv KoXw. I¿Wm-SI kwKoX

Xnaq¿Øn-Iƒ°v aptº cNn-°-s∏-´-h-bmWv an° KoX-ß-fpw.

KoXw 2 hn[-Øn-ep-≠v. e£yKo-Xhpw e£W KoX-hpw. Ch hfsc efn-Xhpw

Xmf-\n-_≤hpw cmK-`m-hw \nd-™-Xp-am-bn-cn-°pw. hfsc ]bm-k-ß-fmb kwK-

Xn-Itfm ]tbm-K-ßtfm CXn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂n-√.

]√-hn, A\p-]-√-hn, NcWw F∂o AwK-ß-fn-√m-Ø, XpS¿®-bmbn ]mSp∂ coXn-

bmWv KoX-Øn-\p-≈-Xv. ssZh-kvXpXn]c-amWv an° KoX-ß-fpw. a[y-a-Im-e-Øn-

emWv IqSp-X¬ KoX-ßfpw ]mSn hcp-∂-Xv. kzc-߃ BZyw ]mSn-b-Xn-\p-tijw

kmln-Xyw ]tbm-Kn-°p∂ coXn-bmWv Cu Km\-cq-]-Øn-\p-≈-Xv. A¿∞-an-√mØ

B, \w,- C-b, Xnb, hø XpS-ßnb KoXm-e-¶m-c-߃ C-Xn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p.

ss`chn cmK-Øn¬ cNn-°-s∏´ iocm-a-Nµ F∂ KoX-Øns‚ kmln-Xy-Øn¬

]kn-≤-ß-fmb kwkvIrX t«mI-ßfpw Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. IqSp-X¬ KoX-

ßfpw kwkvIr-X-Øn-emWv cNn-°-s∏-´n-´p-≈-Xv. sXep-¶v, Xan-gv, I∂S XpS-ßnb

`mj-I-fnepw KoX-߃ cNn-°-s∏-´n-´p-≠v. kmam\y KoX-߃, km[m-cW KoX-

߃, k©mcn KoX-߃ F∂o t]cp-I-fnepw e£y KoX-߃ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

]pc-µc Zmk¿ , ss]Zme Kpcp-aq¿Øn imkvXn, ssSK¿ hc-ZmNmcn, s]cn-b-

kzman Xpc≥ XpS-ßn-b-h¿ ]kn-≤-cmb KoX I¿Øm-°-fn¬ s]Sp-∂p.

5.3.1 e£W KoXw

e£y-Ko-X-ß-sf-°m-ƒ sshhn-[y-ap-≈Xpw k¶o¿W-hp-amb Km\-cq-]-ß-fmWv

Hm¿Ωn°pI

kwKoXcq]-ß-fpsS hn`m-K-ßfpw Hmtcm hn`m-K-Øns‚ Iogn¬ hcp∂ kwKoX cN-\-

Ifpw

]h¿Ø\w

kmt¶-XnI cq]-ß-tfbpw kwKo-XmXvaI cq]-ß-tfbpw Xmc-Xayw sNøpI

53

kwKoX cq]-߃

e£W KoX-߃. GI-tZiw 300 h¿j-߃°v apºv cNn-°-s∏-´-h-bm-Wn-h. Hcp

cmK-Øns‚ e£-W-߃ hnh-cn-°p∂ Km\-cq-]-am-Wn-Xv. e£y-Ko-X-Øns‚ LS\

Xs∂bmWv e£W KoX-Øn-\pw.

e£W KoX-߃ 2 hn[-ap-≠v.

cmwKmw-K-cmK e£-W-Ko-Xhpw P\y-cm-K-e-£-W-Ko-Xhpw

cmKmw-K-cm-K-e-£W KoX߃ Nn´-s∏-SpØnbncn-°p-∂Xv taf-I¿Øm-cm-K-Øn-em-

bn-cn-°pw. CXn¬ kqX-J-fiw. D]m-wK-J-fiw, `mjm-wK-Jfiw F∂n-ßs\

aq∂v hn`m-K-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cn-°pw. Nne e£W KoX-ß-fn¬ kqX-J-fi-Øns‚

Hmtcm Xmf-h-´-Øn-s‚bpw kmln-Xy-Øns‚ BZy A£-c-߃ AXmXp cmK-ß-

fn¬ AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p∂ kzcÿm-\-ß-fpsS kqN-\-I-fm-bn-cn-°pw. D]m-wK-J-fi-

Øn¬, KoXw Nn´-s∏-Sp-Ønb taf-cm-K-Øns‚ P\y-ß-fmb D]mw-K-cm-K-ß-sf-∏‰n

]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p. aq∂m-asØ `mK-amb `mjmwK Jfi-Øn¬ Cu taf-Øns‚

P\y-amb `mjmw-K-cm-K-ß-fpsS t]cp-Iƒ ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p.

P\y-cm-K-e-£W KoX-ß-fn¬ ta¬∏-d™- m-K-߃ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂n-√. Hscm‰ mKw

amXap≈ Ch BZym-h-km\w Bh¿Ø-\-ß-fn-√msX ]mSp-∂-h-bm-Wv. Ch e£y-

Ko-X-ßfpsS AtX amXr-I-bn¬ Nn´-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn--´p-≈-h-bm-Wv. KoXw GXp P\y-

cm-K-Øn-emtWm Nn´-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv, B cmK-Øns‚ e£-W-߃ kmln-Xy-Øn-

¬ eLp--hmbn hnh-cn-°p-∂p. cmK-Øns‚ t]cv, P\-I-cm-Kw, kzc-ÿm-\-߃,

h¿Py hI kzc-߃, Kl-˛-Aw-i-˛-\ymk kzc-߃, A\y-kz-c-߃ Ds≠¶n¬

Ah, hntij k©m-c-߃ F∂n-h-sb√mw Cu e£-W-ß-fn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p.

cmam-am-Xy¿, sh¶-S-a-Jn, ss]Zme Kpcp-aq¿Øn imkvXn, tKmhnµ Zo£n-X¿ XpS-

ßn-b-h¿ e£WKoX-߃ cNn-®n-´p≈ hmt§-b-Im-c≥am-cm-Wv.

KW-]-Xn, atl-iz-c≥, hnjvWp F∂n-hsc kvXpXn®p sIm≠v ]pcµ-c-Zm-k¿ cNn®

KoX-߃ s]mXp-hmbn ]n√cn KoX߃ F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

DZm. ioK-W-\mY (a-e-lcn cmKw, cq]-I-Xm-fw). ss]Zme Kpcp-aq¿Øn

imkvXn, Bbncw KoX-߃ cNn-®-Xmbn ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. AXp-sIm≠v At±-

lsØ shbn-KoX Kpcp-aq¿Øn imkvXn F∂pw hnt»-jn-∏n-°m-dp-≠v.

Hm¿Ωn°pI

e£y-Ko-Xhpw e£W KoXhpw XΩn-ep≈ hyXymkw

]h¿Ø\w

e£y e-£-W KoX-ß-fpsS a‰v DZm-l-c-W-߃ I≠p-]n-Sn-°pI

54

XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw

PXn-kz-c-hpw kzc-P-Xnbpw

Ae-¶m-cw, KoXw XpS-ßnb ]mcw` cq]-߃°v tijw kwKoX hnZym¿∞n-

Iƒ A`y-kn-°p∂ Km\-cq-]-ß-fmWv PXn-kz-chpw kzc-P-Xn-bpw. KoX-ß-tf-°mƒ

hnI-kn-Xhpw F∂m¬ h¿W-ß-fpsS k¶o¿W-X-Iƒ C√mØXpamb kwKo-X-cq-

]-ß-fm-Wn-h. Chbv°v ]√-hn, A\p-]-√-hn, NcWw F∂o Aw-K-ß-fp-≠v. H∂n-

e-[nIw NcW-߃ D≈-h-bm-Wn-h. Hmtcm Nc-Whpw km[m-cW 1,2,4,8 F∂o

Xmf-h-´-ß-fn-em-bn-cn°pw Nn´s∏Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-I.

5.4 PXnkzcw

\rØ-Øn-\p-]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ kwKoX cq]-ß-fn¬ ][m-\-s∏´

H∂mWv PXn-kz-cw. \rØ-I-t®-cn-I-fn¬ c≠m-aXv Ah-X-cn-∏n-

°p∂ cq]-am-Wn-Xv. Cu Km\-cq-]-Øn\v kmln-Xy-an√. kzc-߃

amX-amWv Be-]n-°-s∏-Sp-I. \rØ-Øn-\p-]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ PXn-I-

fpsS amXr-I-bn¬ kzc-߃ Nn´-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\m-emWv

Ch PXn-kz-c-sa∂v hnfn-°-s∏Sp∂-Xv. kzc-]-√hn F∂ t]cnepw

Cu Km\-cq]w Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. a[y-a-Im-e-Øn-emWv Ch Be]n-

°p-I. ]√-hn, A\p-]-√-hn, H∂n-e-[nIw Nc-W-߃ F∂o AwK-

߃ CXn-\p-≠v. I√ym-Wn, t_KU, ATm-W, kpcp-´n, tXmSn

F∂o 5 cmK-ß-fn¬ Nm∏p-Xm-f-Øn¬ io kzmXn-Xn-cp-\mƒ cNn®

cmK-am-enIm PXn-kzcw hfsc ]kn-≤-amb H∂m-Wv. AXp-t]mse

_ne-l-cn-cm-KØn¬ Nn´-s∏-Sp-Ø-s∏´ kmcn-Km-]m-[m˛ F∂m-cw-

`n-°p∂ PXn-kz-chpw Cu Km\-cq-]-Øn\v Hcp DØa DZm-l-c--W-am-

Wv. cmc-thWp F∂p XpS-ßp∂ kmlnXy `mKw Cu

PXnkzctØmSv ]n∂oSv tN¿°-s∏- n- p-≠v, ]IpXn kzchpw ]IpXn

PXnbpw Dƒs∏-Sp∂ ap‡mbn kzc-ß-tfmSp IqSnb PXnkzc-ßfpw

ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. Nu°-Im-e-Ønep≈ PXn-kzc-ßfpw cNn-°-s∏-´n-´p-s≠-¶nepw

Ah FÆ-Øn¬ hfsc Ipd-hm-Wv.

iokzm-Xn-Xn-cp-\mƒ X©m-hq¿, s]m∂ø ,hSn-th-ep, inhm-\µw -F∂n-h¿ PXn-

kz-c-߃ cNn-®n-´p≈ ]kn-≤-cmb hmt§-b-Im-c≥am-cm-Wv.

hSn-th-ep

s]m∂ø

Hm¿Ωn°pI

PXn-kz-c-Øns‚ ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ

]h¿Ø\w

PXn-kz-c-Øns‚ a‰v DZml-c-W-߃ I≠p-]n-Sn-°p-I.

55

kwKoX cq]-߃

5.5 kzc-PXn

A`ymk-Km-\-Øn¬s]-Sp∂ at\m-l-cam-b Km\-cq-

]-amWv kzc-P-Xn. KoX-߃°p tijhpw h¿W-߃°p

apºp-amWv kwKoX hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ Ch A`y-kn-°p-∂-Xv.

Chbv°v ]√-hn, A\p-]-√-hn, NcWw F∂o AwK-ß-fp-

≠v. hyXyÿ [mXp-hn-emWv Ch-bpsS NcWw Be-]n-°-

s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Nne kzcP-Xn-I-fn¬ ]√-hnbpw Nc-Whpw

amXta ImW-s∏--Sp-∂p-≈q. kwKo-X-]-c-ambn PXn-kz-c-ß-

tf-°m-fpw anI®p \n¬°p∂ Km\-cq-]-ß-fm-Wn-h. kmlnXy

LS-\-bn¬ KoX-tØmSv kmZriyw ]pe¿Øp-∂-h-bmWv kzc-

P-Xn-Iƒ. ssZhkvXpXntbm hocm-cm-[-\-tbm, irwKm-c-

ck][m-\tam Bbn-cn°pw CXns‚ ]ta-bw. Ch A`ymk Km\-Øn¬s∏Sp-∂-

h-bm-sW-¶nepw \rØ-I-t®-cn-I-fnepw Cu Km\-cq]w D]-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. k`m-

Km-\-Øns‚ ]Z-hn-bn-tebv°v kzc-P-Xnsb Db¿Ønb hmt§-b-Im-c-\mWv io iyma-

im-kvXn. sXep¶v `mj-bn¬ tXmSn, ss`c-hn, bZp-Ipe Imwt_mPn F∂o cmK-

ß-fn¬ iyma-mimkvXn cNn® 3 kzc-P-Xn-Iƒ I¿Wm-SI kwKo-X-Ønse AXyp÷-

e-ß-fmb cN-\-I-fmbn \ne-sIm-≈p-∂p.

iymamimkvXn, kzmXn Xncp-\mƒ, X©m-hq¿ s]m∂ø, ]®n-an-cn-bw BZn A∏ø

F∂n-h¿ kzc-PmXn-Iƒ cNn-®n-´p-f-f ]ap-J-cmb hmt§-b-Im-c≥am-cm-Wv.

iymamimkvXn

Hm¿Ωn°pI

kzcP-Xn-IfpsS ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ

]h¿Ø\w

$ hmt§-b-Im-c≥am-cpsS t]cp-Iƒ klnXw kzc-PXn-Iƒ°v DZm-l-cWw \¬IpI

$ KoXw, PXn-kz-cw,. kzc-PXn F∂nh cNn-®n-´p≈ hmt§-b-Im-c≥am-cpsS ]´nI Xøm-

dm-°pI As√-¶n¬ Chsb B[m-c-a-m°n Hcp ]h¿t]m-bn‚v Ah-X-cWw \S-

ØpI.

]T\t\´ßƒ

$ kwKo-X-cq-]-ß-fpsS Bhn¿`m-h-sØ-°p-dn®v Adnhv e`n-°p∂p.

$ ]_-‘-Øns‚ h¿§o-I-cWw (Ko-X-˛-hm-Zy-˛-\rØy ]_-‘-߃) a\-n-em-

°p∂p.

56

XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw

$ D]-tbm-K-a-\p-k-cn®v kwKoX cN-\-Isf h¿§o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v Ign-bp∂p.

$ e£y˛ e£W KoX-ßsf a\-n-em-°p-∂p.

$ kzc-P-Xn, PXn-kz-c-߃ F∂n-h-bpsS ]Xy-I-X-Iƒ a\-n-em-°p∂p

$ KoXw, kzc-P-Xn, PXnkzcw F∂nh cNn® hmt§-b-Im-c≥amsc Xncn-®-dn-bp-

∂p.

aqey-\n¿Wbw

1. ]_-‘-ßsf \n¿h-Nn-°pI

2. ]_-‘-ß-fpsS aq∂v hn`m-K-߃ Gh?

3. ]bp‡ kwKo-Xhpw ip≤-kw-Ko-Xhpw \n¿h-Nn-°p-I. Ahbv°v bp‡-amb

DZm-l-c-W-߃ \¬Ip-I.

4. kmt¶-XnI˛ ipXn-a-[pc cq]-ßsf Xmc-Xayw sNøp-I.

5. e£y-Ko-X-ß-fp-sS ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ hnh-cn-°pI

6. e£-W-Ko-XsØ ]‰n hni-Z-ambn ]Xn-]m-Zn-°pI

7. kzc-P-Xnbpw PXn-kz-chpw XΩn¬ Xmc-Xays∏-Sp-ØpI

d -d≥kv

1. Xnbdn Hm^v C≥Uy≥ aqkn-Iv˛ anv. F¬. sFkIv

2. kuØv C¥y≥ ayqkn-Iv˛ s]m^. ]n. kmw_-aq¿Øn

3. kvsπ≥U¿ Hm^v ayqknIv ˛ tUm. sN√-Zp-ssc.

57

hmt§-b-Im-c-∑m¿

bqWn‰v ˛ 6

hmt§-b-Im-c-∑m¿

][m-\ B-i-b-߃

6.1.1 _me-yhpw hnZ-ym-`-ym-khpw

hmt§-b-Im-c≥--∑m-cpsS hnhn[ cq]-ß-

fnep≈ kwKoXcN-\-I-fmWv I¿Wm-SI

kwKoXsØ C∂sØ \neb-bn¬

cq]s∏SpØ-Xn¬ Hcp ][m\ ImcWw.

Htc kabw hm°pw (kmlnXyw),

tKbhpw (kwKo-X-w) \n¿h-ln-°p∂h-

cm-Wvhmt§-b-Im-c≥--∑m¿. AcpW Kncn-

\m-Y≥, Xmbp-am-\-h¿, kq¿Zmkv, Xpf-

ko-Zmkv, aocm-`mbn, XpS-ßnb k\-ym-

kn-h-c-y-∑m-cmb At\Iw hmt§-b-Im-c-

∑m-cpsS cN-\-Iƒ ]nd-hn-sIm-≠Xv, ‡n-

]-ÿm\w i‡n-]m-]n® 14, 15, 16 \q‰m-

≠p-I-fn-emWv. Z£n-tW-¥-y≥ hmt§-b-

Im-c-∑m-cn¬ ]ap-J-\mb ]pc-µc-Zm-k¿

Pohn-®n-cp-∂Xpw Xs‚ IrXn-IƒsIm≠v

I¿Wm-SI kwKo-X-Øn\v Hcp kº-

Zmbw cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXpw CtX Ime-

L-´-Øn-em-Wv.

hS°≥ I¿Wm-S-I-bnse lw]n F∂

]tZ-iØv 1484 ˛ ¬ BWv ]pcµcZm-

kcpsS P\-\w. hcZ∏\m-bn°pw Ia-emw-

$ _me-yhpw hnZ-ym- -ym-khpw

$ hgn-Øn-cnhv

$ k\-ymkn, hmt§-bIm-c≥, [¿tΩm-]-tZ-i-I≥

$ kwKoX kw`m-h-\-Iƒ

$ kwKoX ]nXm-a-l≥v

$ ASn-ÿm\ kzm-cm-h-en-I-fpsS Nn´-- s∏-Sp-ج

1. ]pcµcZmk¿ (1484˛1564)

lw]n

58

XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw

_-bp-am-bn-cp∂p amXm-]n-Xm-°∑m¿. Xncp-∏-Xn-bnse tZhs\ kvXpXn-®p-sIm≠v

\S-Ønb \nc-¥-c-amb ]m¿∞-\-bp-sSbpw hgn-]m-Sp-I-fp-sSbpw ^e-am-bmWv

At±lw P\n-®-sX∂v ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. AXp-sIm≠v Xs∂ "io\n-hm-k≥'

F∂-t]-cmWv At±-l-Øn\v \¬I-s∏-´-Xv. amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ At±-lsØ

"kn∂∏' F∂v hnfn-®p. kwKoXw, thZ-]p-cm-W-߃, I∂S, kwkvIrXw XpS-

ßnb mj-Iƒ F∂n-h-bn-se√mw hfsc sNdp-∏-Øn¬ Xs∂ At±lw hnZKv[

]cn-io-e\w t\Sn. 16 ˛mw hb-n¬ At±lw hnhm-ln-X-\m-bn. 20 ˛mw hb-

n¬ amXm-]n-Xm-°sf \jvS-s∏´ At±lw, cXv\-h-ym-]m-cn-bm-bn-cp-∂ ]nXm-

hns‚ `mcn® kz-Øn-\p-S-a-bm-bn-Øo¿∂p. ]nXm-hns‚ ]mX ]n¥p-S¿∂ At±-

lhpw \s√mcp hym-]m-cn-bm-bn Adn-b-s∏-´p.

6.1.2 hgn-Øn-cnhv

Xs‚ Ccp-]-Xm-a-sØ hb-n¬ D≠mb Hcp kw`hw ]pc-µ-c-Zm-k-sc, Bflob

Xbpw `‡nbpw \nd™ Hcp PohnXw \bn-°p-∂-Xn\v t]c-I-ambn F∂v ]d-

b-s∏-Sp-∂p. klm-b-a-`-y¿∞n®p h∂ Hcp ZcnZ _m“-W-s\ At±lw ]e

]mh-iyw H∂pw \¬ImsX Xncn-®-b-®p. _m“-W-\m-Is´, ]pc-µ-c-Zm-k-

cpsS ]Xv\n kc-k-z-Xn-`m-bn-tbmSv k¶Sw ]d-bp-Ibpw Ah¿ Xs‚ sshc

aq°pØn At±-l-Øn\v \¬Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp. sshc-aq-°pØn hn¬°p-∂-

Xn\v _m“-W≥ ]pc-µ-c-Zm-k-cpsS ASp-°¬ hcn-Ibpw kwibw tXm∂nb

Zmk¿, Xs‚ ]Xv\nbpsS aq°pØn sIm≠p hcp-∂-Xn\v Hcq ZqXs\ Ab-

bv°p-Ibpw Ah¿ Bfl-l-X-ybv°v apXn-cp-Ibpw sNbvXp. hnjw \nd® ]mX-

Øn¬ \n∂pw Hcp sshc-aq-°pØn e`n-®p-sh∂pw hkvXp-X-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn™

]pc-µ-c-Zm-k¿ ]›m-Øm] `cn-X-\mbn Xs‚ PohnX coXn-Iƒ Dt]-£n®v

]pXn-sbmcp a\p-j-y-\mbn amdp-Ibpw sNbvXpsh∂mWv ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. ]n∂o-

S-t±lw hnP-b-\-K-c-Øn¬ FØp-Ibpw hym-k-cm-b-cpsS iojy-\mbnØo-cp-

Ibpw sNbvXp. AXn-\p-ti-j-amWv At±lw lcn-Zm-k-\mb ]pc-µ-c-Zm-k¿

F∂v hnfn-°--s∏-´-Xv. [¿tΩm-]-tZ-i-I≥, Ihn, kwKo-X-⁄≥ F∂o \ne-I-fn-

se√mw At±lw ]i-kvX-\m-bn.

Xs‚ kwKoX cN-\-I-fn-eqsS kZvNn-¥-Ifpw emfn-X-yhpw \nd™ Pohn-X-

amXr-I-Iƒ At±lw P\-߃°v \¬In. e£-yhpw A¿∞hpw a\-n-em-

°msX aXm-[n-jvTnX NS-ßp-Iƒ \S-Øp-∂-Xns\ At±lw FXn¿Øn-cp-∂p.

Hcp-hs‚ PmXntbm aXtam GXp-am-Is´, Bflo-b-X-bn-eq-∂n-bp≈ ‡n-am¿K-

Øn-eqsS ]c-am-flm-hns\ kzm-b-Ø-am-°m-sa∂v At±lw ]Tn-∏n-®p. ]lvfm-

Z≥, i_cn, hn`o-j-W≥, Zu]Xn, Al-ey apX-em-b-h-cpsS DZm-l-c-W-ß-fn-

eqsS At±lw CXv ka¿∞n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

6.1.3 kwKoX kw`mh\Iƒ

ATmW cmK-Øn-ep≈ "samk-tlm-Z-\s√m' F∂ IrXn-bmWv At±lw BZy-

ambn cNn-®-Xv. Xm≥ hy¿∞-am-°nb h¿j-ß-sf-°p-dn®v ]pc-µ-c-Zm-k¿ Cu

59

hmt§-b-Im-c-∑m¿

IrXn-bpsS Nc-W-Øn¬ hnh-cn-°p-∂p-≠v. efn-X-amb At\Iw Io¿Ø-\-߃

At±lw cNn-®p. "hkp-tZ-h-\m-am-hen' F∂ Xs‚ apJmcn cmK-Ir-Xn-bn¬, 4,75,000

IrXn-Iƒ At±lw cNn-®n-´p-≈-Xmbn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. At±-l-Øns‚

IrXn-Iƒ, "tZh¿ \ma-߃' As√-¶n¬ "Zmk¿ ]Z-ß-ƒ' F∂ t]cn-e-dn-b-s∏-

Sp-∂p. efn-X-amb cmK-ß-fnepw BZn, cq]Iw, Nm∏v XpS-ßnb Xm-f-ß-fn-ep-

amWv Gsd IrXn-Ifpw Nn´-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Zzn-Pm-h¥n, hk¥, ss`chn,

a[p-am-[hn XpS-ßnb A]q¿h-cm-Kß-fn-ep≈ IrXn-Ifpw At±-l-Ønt‚Xmbn´p-

≠v. ]pcm-W-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw ]gw-sNm-√p-I-fn¬ \n∂pw Dff D≤-c-Wn-Iƒ At±lw

Xs‚ IrXn-Ifn¬ [mcm-f-ambn Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. "]pc-µchnTe' F∂-Xm-

bn-cp∂p At±lw Xs‚ IrXn-I-fn¬ apZ-bmbn kzo-I-cn-®n-cp-∂-Xv.

6.1.4 I¿Æm-S-I-kw-KoX ]nXm-al≥/BZn-Kpcp

kwKoXm-`-yk-Øn\v Hcp ]mT-y-]-≤Xn D≠m°n F∂-XmWv At±lw

I¿WmSI kwKo-X-Øn\v \¬Inb G‰hpw anI® kw`m-h-\. kz-cm-h-en-Iƒ,

Ae-¶m-c-߃, KoX-߃, kqfm-Zn-Iƒ, ]_-‘-߃ F∂nh cNn-°pI hgn

kwKo-X-Øn\v \nb-X-amb Hcp ASn-ÿm\w \¬Im≥ At±-l-Øn\v Ign-™p.

Z£n-tW-¥y-bn¬ kwKoXm-`-y-k-Øn\v "ambm-am-f-h-Kuf' ASn-ÿm-\-cm-K-ambn

cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXv At±-l-am-Wv. i¶-cm- -c-W-Øn\v kam-\-amb "_nem-h¬' As√-

¶n¬ 'taP¿ UbmtSmWnIv kvsIbn¬' BWv lnµp-ÿm\n kwKo-X-Ønepw

]m›m-X-y-kw-Ko-X-Ønepw ASn-ÿm-\-cm-K-ambn bYm-Iaw \n›-bn-°--s∏-´n-´p-

≈-Xv. kv]X-Xm-f-ß-fn¬ KoX-ß-fpsS Omb-bn¬ kqfm-Zn-Iƒ cNn-°p-Ibpw

Cu Xmf-߃ ]n∂oSv kqfmZn k]vX-Xm-f-߃ F∂ t]cn-e-dn-b-s∏-Sp-Ibpw

sNbvXp. I¿Wm-SI kwKo-X-Øn\v \¬Inb kw`m-h-\-Isf ap≥\n¿Øn, "I¿Wm-

SI kwKo-X ]nXm-a-l≥' As√-¶n¬ "BZn-Kpcp' F∂ t]cn-e-t±lw Adn-b-s∏-

Sp-∂p. At±lw Bhn-jvI-cn®p \S-∏n-em-°nb ]mT-y-]-≤XnbmWv I¿Wm-SI

kwKo-Xm-`-y-k-Øn\v C∂pw ]n¥p-S-cp-∂-Xv.

kwkvIrX`mj-bn-e-√msX ]mtZ-in-I-`m-j-bn¬ BZ-y-ambn IrXn-Iƒ cNn-®Xv

At±l-am-Wv. amXr-`m-j-bmb I∂-S-bn¬ IrXn-Iƒ cNn-°p-∂XmWv IqSp-X¬

P\-ß-fn-te°v Xs‚ cN-\-Iƒ FØn-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn\v klm-b-I-c-am-hp-I. F∂-

t±lw hni-z-kn-®p.

Xs‚ a°-tfm-sSm∏w Xw_pcp ao´n sXcp-hn-eqsS P-\-Iƒ \S-Øp-∂-Xv At±lw

]Xn-hm-°n-bn-cp-∂p. Xs‚ 80 ˛mw hb-n¬ XpwK-`Zm \Zo-Xo-c-Øp≈ lw]n

afi-]-Øn¬ h®v At±lw Cl-tem-I-hmkw shSn-™p. Cu afi]w Ct∏mƒ

]pc-µ-c-Zmk afi]w F∂ t]cn-emWv Adn-b--s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

Hm¿Ωn°pI

• ]pc-µ-c-Zm-k-cpsS kw`m-h-\-Iƒ• I¿Wm-SI kwKoX ]nXm-al≥ F∂ \ne-bn¬ At±-l-Øns‚ ÿm\w

60

XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw

]T\t\´ßƒ

$ ]pcµcZmkcpsS Pohn-X--sØ-°p-dn®v Adnhv t\Sp∂p.

$ amXr-`m-j-bpsS ]m[m-\yw a\-n-em-°p-∂p.

$ I¿Wm-SI kwKo-X-Øn\v ]my-]-≤Xn cq]-s∏-Sp-Ønb hmt§-b-Im-c-s\

Xncn-®-dn-bp∂p.

$ ]pc-µ-c-Zm-k-cpsS kwKoX kw`m-h-\-I-sf-°p-dn®v Hcp cq]-tcJ e`n-

°p∂p.

aqey-\n¿Æbw

1. ]pc-µ-c-Zm-kcpsS -_meyw, hnZ-ym`-ymkw F∂n-h--sb-°p-dn®v Hcp Ipdn∏v

Xbm-dm-°p-I.

2. ]pc-µ-c-Zm-k¿ Hcp k\-ym-knbpw hmt§-b-Im-c\pw BIm≥ CS-bm-bn-

Øo¿∂ kw`hw hnh-cn-°pI.

3. I¿Æm-SI kwKoX ]nXm-a-l-≥ F∂v ]pc-µ-c-Zm-ksc hnti-jn-∏n-°p-

∂Xv F¥p-sIm-s≠∂v hni-Z-am-°p-I.

d -d≥kv:

1. tK‰v Iwt]m-tkgvkv ˛ s]m^. ]n.-km-w_-aq¿Øn

2. Z Xnbdn Hm^v C¥y≥ ayqkn°v ˛ anv. sFk°v

3. Z£n-tW-¥y≥ kwKoXw (`mKw ˛ 1) ˛ F.-sI.-c-ho-µ-\mYv

]h¿Ø\w

BI-kvan-I-ambn Pohn-X-Øn¬ hgn-Øn-cn-hp-Iƒ kw`-hn® a‰v ]Xn-`-I-fpsS Pohn-X-s-Ø Ipdn®v N¿® sNøp-I.

Acp-W-Kn-cn-\m-Y¿, Xmbp-am-\-h¿, aocm-`mbn F∂n-h-cpsS Pohn-X-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-´ hnh-c-߃ tiJ-cn-°p-I.

61

hmt§-b-Im-c-∑m¿

cmPm-°≥am-cnse kwKo-X-⁄≥, kwKo-

X-⁄--cnse cmPmhv F∂o \ne-I-fn-

emWv kzm-Xn-Xn-cp-\mƒ hnti-jn-∏n-°-

s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. ]K¬ -cmb kwKo-X-⁄sc

Xs‚ Bÿm\-hn-Z-zm≥amcm-°p-Ibpw

At\Iw kwKo-X-Ir-Xn-Iƒ cNn-°p-

Ibpw kwKo-X-⁄-tcbpw hmt§-b-Im-c-

∑m-tcbpw t]m’m-ln-∏n -°p-Ibpw

kwKo-Xm-tLm-j-߃ kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-

Ibpw Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dns\ kwKo-X-

tIµam°n am‰p-Ibpw sNbvX `c-Wm-

[n-Im-cn-bm-bn-cp∂p At±-lw.

2. almcmP kzmXoXncp\mƒ (1813˛1847)

][m-\ B-i-b-߃

$ _meyhpw hnZym- ym-khpw

$ _lpapJ ]Xn`

$ At±lsØ kzm[o\n® hy‡nXz߃

$ kw`mh\Iƒ

$ kaqlIrXnIƒ

$ \hcmXnIrXnIƒ

$ \hhn[ `‡n IrXnIƒ

$ L\cmKIrXnIƒ

$ cmKamenIIƒ

$ D’h ]_‘w

$ a‰p cN\Iƒ

dmWn Kucn e£vao `mbn

62

XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw

6.2.1. _meyhpw hnZym- ym-khpw

1813, G]n¬ 16 ˛ \mWv kzm-Xn-Xn-cp-\mƒ P\n-®-Xv. Kucn e£vao-`mbn Xºp-cm-

´nbpw cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω tImbn Xºp-cm\pam-bn-cp∂p amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ. amXm-hns‚

DZ-c-Øn-em-bn-cn-°p--tºmƒ Xs∂ Incn-Sm-h-Im-in-bmbn \n›-bn-°-s∏-´n-cp-∂-Xn-

\m¬ "K¿`-io-am≥'F∂v At±lw hnfn-°-s∏-´p. Xs‚ c≠m-asØ hb-n¬

amXm-hns\ \jvS-s∏´ kzm-Xn-Xn-cp-\m-fns\ hf¿Øn-bXv Cf-b-Ω-bmb dmWn

]m¿hXn `mbn-bm-Wv.

hfsc sNdp-∏-Øn¬Ø-s∂ Sn. kp∫-dm-hp-hn¬ \n∂pw Cw•ojv A`-y-kn® kzm-

Xn-Xn-cp-\mƒ, kwkvIrXw, lnµn, admØn, t]¿j-y≥ XpSßn ]Xn-s\-t´mfw

`mj-I-fn¬ ]mho-Wyw Ic-ÿ-am°n. Iem-X¬]-c-\mb At±lw, Ic-a\ kp_-

“-Wy `mK-h-X¿, ]Zva-\m` `mK-h-X¿ F∂n-h-cn¬ \n∂pw kwKoXw A`-y-

kn°pIbpw \s√mcp Ihn, Kmb-I≥, hmt§-b-Im-c≥ F∂o \ne-I-fn¬ Adn-b-

-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. 1829 ˛ ¬ Xs‚ 16 ˛masØ hb-n¬ Xncp-h-Xmw-Iq-dns‚

`c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bmbn At±lw Ah-tcm-[n-°-s∏-´p.

6.2.2 _lp-ap-J-]-Xn`

Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dns‚ `c-Wm-[n-Imcn F∂ \ne-bn¬ At\-Iw tdmUp-

Ifpw I\m-ep-Ifpw At±lw \n¿an-®p. Xncn-h-\-¥-]p-c-sØ hm\-\n-co-£W

tIµw ÿm]n®Xpw Atem-∏Xn NnIn’ ChnsS Ah-X-cn-∏n-®Xpw ]Xn-tcm-[-

Ip-Øn-hbv∏v Bcw-`n-®Xpw Cw•ojv hnZ-ym-`-ymkw kvIqfn¬ ]N-cn-∏n-®Xpw kzm-

Xn-Xn-cp-\m-fns‚ `cW-t\-´-ß-fn¬ NneXp amX-am-Wv.

kwKo-X˛ kmln-Xy cwK-ß-fnse ]fin-X¿ At±-l-Øns‚ cmP-k-`-

bn¬ Aw-K-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p. Cc-bn-Ω≥ Xºn, Zo£n-X¿ inj-y-cmb hSn-thep,

Nn∂ø, s]m∂ø, inhm\µw F∂o ktlm-Z-c-∑m¿, lcn-IYm Ime-t£-]-

Øn¬ ]mK¤yw sXfn-bn® tacp-kzman, lnµp-ÿm\n kwKo-X-⁄-cmb Aem-

hp-±o≥, kpsse-am≥ F∂n-h¿ At±-l-Øns‚ Z¿_m-dnse AwK-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p.

kzm-Xn-Xn-cp-\m-fns‚ P\-\-k-a-bØv Cc-bn-Ω≥ Xºn cNn® "Hma-\-Xn-¶ƒ

InSmthm' F∂ Xmcm´v ]m´v hfsc ]kn-≤-amb H∂m-Wv.

]c-ta-izc `mK-h-X¿ Cc-bn-Ω≥ Xºntacp-kzmanjSvIme tKmhn-µ-am-

63

hmt§-b-Im-c-∑m¿

6.2.3 kw`mh\Iƒ

kwKoX ˛ kmln-X-ymZn Ie-I-fn¬ AKm-[-]m-fin-X-y-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ kzm-

Xn-Xn-cp-\mƒ At\Iw kwKoX IrXn-Iƒ cNn-®n-´p-≠v. am¿K-Z¿in tij-ø-¶m-

cpsS IrXn-Iƒ At±-lsØ i‡-ambn kzm-[o-\n-®n-cp-∂p. kz-c-PXn, PXn-k-zcw,

Xm\-h¿Æ-߃, ]Z-h¿Æ-߃, ]Zw, Pmhen, Xn√m\, lnµp-ÿm\n kwKoXcq]-

߃ XpSßn hy-X-y-kvX-ß-fmb At\Iw Km\-߃ At±lw cNn-®n-´p-≠v.

]´nI 6.2.1 kzmXnXncp\mƒ IrXnIƒ

1 IrXn 191

2 ]Zw 66

3 `P≥ 9

4 h¿Æw 26

5 [p]Zv 9

6 Jbm¬ 16

7 S∏ 3

8 kzcPXn 7

9 Xn√m\ 6

10 D’h ]_‘IrXnIƒ 12

11 APmantfm]mJym\ IrXnIƒ 9

12 IptNtem]mJy\ IrXnIƒ 38

BsI 392

Hm¿Ωn°pI

$ kzmXnXncp-\m-fns‚ _meyw, hnZym-`ym-kw, _lp-apJ ss\]pWyw

$ At±-l-Øns‚ cmP-k- -bn¬ Aw-K-ß-fm-bn-cp∂ kwKo-X -km-ln-Xy ]Xn- -Iƒ..

]h¿Ø\w

'Hma-\-Øn-¶ƒ InSmthm' F∂ Xmcm-´p-]m´v B-e-]n-°pI

Hm¿Ωn°pI

kzmXn Xncp-\m-fns‚ kw`m-h-\-Iƒ

64

XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw

kapZmbIrXnIƒ

XymKcmPkzm-an-bpsS "]©-c-Xv\-Ir-Xn-Iƒ' apØp-k-zm-an-Zo-£n-X-cpsS "\hm-

h-cW IrXn-Iƒ' XpS-ßnb kap-Zmb IrXn-I-fpsS amXr-I-bn¬ kzm-Xn-Xn-cp-\mfpw

kaql IrXn-Iƒ cNn-®n-´p-≠v.

DZm:˛ \h-cmXn IrXn-Iƒ, \h-hn-[-`‡n IrXn-Iƒ, L\-cmK IrXn-Iƒ

6.2.3.1 \hcmXnIrXnIƒ

\h-cmXn D¬kh ka-bØv \h-cmXn afi-

]-Øn¬ 9 Znhkw ]mSp-∂-Xn\v cNn-°-s∏-´n-

´p≈ IrXn-I--fm-Wn-h. Hmtcm IrXn-Ifpw Hmtcm

Znh-k-tØbpw apJ-y-Ir-Xn-I-fmbn Ah-X-cn-∏n-

°-s∏-Sp-∂p.

]´n-I. 6.2.2

\w IrXn cmKw Xmfw

1 tZhn PKXvP\\n i¶cm`cWw BZn

2 ]mlnamwio hmKoizcn I√ymWn BZn

3 tZhn ]mht\ kmthcn BZn

4 `mcXn amah tXmSn BZn

5 P\\n amah ss`chn aniNm∏v

6 ktcmcplmk\Pmtb ]¥phcmfn BZn

7 P\\n]mln ip≤kmthcn aniNm∏v

8 ]mln P\\n \m´Ipdn©n aniNm∏v

9 ]mln ]m¿∆X \µn\n Bc`n BZn

Hm¿Ωn°pI

\h-cmXn IrXn-I-fn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cn-°p∂ cmK-߃, Xmf-߃

65

hmt§-b-Im-c-∑m¿

Hm¿Ωn°pI

\h-hn[ `‡n IrXn-I-fnse cmK-߃ Xmf-߃, `‡n F∂nh

]h¿Ø\w

kzm-Xn-Xn-cp-\m-fns‚ \h-cm-XnIrXn-Iƒ, \h-hn[ ‡n-Ir-Xn-Iƒ F∂nh tIƒ°pI.

6.2.3.3 L\cmKIrXnIƒ

\m´, Kuf, Bc-`n-, hcmfn, io F∂o L\-cm-K-ßfn¬ cNn® hnjvWp-

kvXpXnIfmb Ir-Xn-IfmWv L\-cm-K-Ir-Xn-Iƒ. ]mkw, A\p-]mkw, hi-y-X-

bm¿∂ ]Z-]-tb-mK-߃ F∂n-h-bm¬ kº-∂-amWv Cu IrXn-Iƒ.

6.2.3.2 \hhn[ `‡nIrXnIƒ

`KhXv KoXbn¬ ]cm-a¿in-®n-cn-°p∂ 9 Xcw `‡nsb Bkv]-Z-am°n

kzm-Xn-Xn-cp-\mƒ cNn®v kap-ZmbIrXn-bmWv \h-hn-[-`-‡nIr-Xn-Iƒ. "\h-c-Xv\-

am-enI' F∂v t]cnepw Ch Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

]´n-I. 6.2.3 \h-hn-[-`-‡n-Ir-Xn-Iƒ

\w `‡nbpsS IrXn cmKw Xmfw

XcwXncnhv

1 ihWw `hXob IY ss`chn BZn

2 Io¿Ø\w XmhI\ma\n tIZmcKuf BZn

3 kvacWw kZXw kwkvamcmanl \oemw_cn aniNm∏v

4 ]mZtkh\w ]¶Pm£Xh tkh tXmSn cq]Iw

5 A¿®\w Bcm[bman _nelcn JfiNm∏v

6 hµ\w htµtZhtZh t_KU cq]Iw

7 Zmkyw ]ca]pcpj Blncn aniNm∏v

8 kJyw `hXn hnizmtkm apJmcn aniNm∏v

9 Bfl\nthZ\w tZhtZhI¸bman \mY\maInb cq]Iw

66

XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw

]h¿Ø\w

ioa-Xn. Fw.F-kv. kp∫-e£van Be-]n® "`mh-bman cLp-cmaw' F∂ cmK-am-enItIƒ°p-I.kzm-Xn-Xn-cp-\m-fns‚ P\-Io-b- IrXn-Iƒ tIƒ°pI

]´n-I. 6.2.3.4 L\-cm-K-Ir-Xn-Iƒ

\w IrXn cmKw Xmfw

1 ]mlniutc \m´ cq]Iw

2 ImaP\I Kuf BZn

3 io caWhnt`m Bc`n BZn

4 amah]fl\m` hcmfn Nm∏v

5 coWmamZZpX io BZn

6.2.4 cmK-am-en-I-Iƒ

hnhn[ cmK-ß-fpsS tiWn-bmWv cmK-am-en-I. H∂n-e-[nIw cmK-ß-fn¬ Nn´-s∏-

Sp-Øn-bn- p≈ IrXn-I-fmWv cmK-am-en-I-Iƒ. kzm-Xn-Xn-cp-\mƒ cNn-®n- p≈ ][m\-

s∏´ cmK-am-en-I-I-fmWv "]∂-tK-µ-i-b\' (8 cmK-߃), Zim-h-Xmcw ]ta-b-am-

°nb "Ia-e-Pmky' (10 cmK-߃), km\µw (4 cmK-߃) F∂nh. cmam-b-WsØ

ASn-ÿm-\-am°n kmthcn cmK-Øn¬ kzmXn Xncp-\mƒ cNn® "`mh-bman cLp-

cmaw' Ct∏mƒ 7 cmK-ß-fp≈ cmK-am-enIbmWv ]mSn hcp-∂-Xv.

6.2.5 D’h ]_‘w

]fl\m`t£XØnse 10 ZnhksØ D’htØmS-\p-_-‘n®v Be--]n°-

°p∂Xn\v th≠n cNn-°-s∏-´n-´p≈ IrXnIfmWnh.

kzm-Xn-Xn-cp-\m-fns‚ P\-Io-b-ß-fmb Nne IrXn-Iƒ

1 tZh tZh Iebman (ambamfhKuf)

2 Ir]bm]meb (NmcptIin)

3 tKm]meI]mlnamw (tchKp]vXn)

4 ]ca]pcpj(hk¥)

5. amah-kZm (Im-\-U)

6. ama-h-kZm hctZ (\m-´-°p-dn-©n)

67

hmt§-b-Im-c-∑m¿

Hm¿Ωn°pI

kzmXn Xncp-\m-fns‚ cmK-am-en-I-Iƒ , P\-Iob IrXn-Iƒ

6.2.6 kmlnXyIrXnIƒ

kwKo-X-Ir-Xn-Iƒ°v ]pdta -`‡n aRvPcn, ]Zva-\m` iXIw, kym-\-µq-c-]p-c-

h¿W\ ]_-‘w apX-em-b kmln-X-y-Ir-Xn-Ifpw kzm-Xn-Xn-cp-\mƒ cNn-®n-´p-≠v.

km[m-cW cmK-߃°v ]pdta A]q¿h-cm-K-ß-fmb efn-X-]-©aw, tZim£n,

ip≤-ss`-chn, L≠-, tam-l-\-I-e-ymWn apX-emb cmK-ßfpw Ch-bn¬ D]tbm-

Kn-®n- p-≠v.

kzm-Xn-Xn-cp-\mƒ Hcp _lp-\m-a-apZ-Im-c-\m-bn-cp-∂p. "]Zva-\m`" F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p

At±-l-Øns‚ apZ. ]Zva-\m-`s‚ ]c-ym-b-ß-fmb ]¶-P-\m`. kc-kn-P-\m`, Ia-

e-\m`, Pe-P-\m` F∂n-hbpw apZ-I-fmbn D]-tbm-Kn-°--s∏-´n-´p-≠v. 1847 ¬ Xncp-

h-\-¥-]p-c-sØ IpXn-c-am-fn-I-bn¬ h®v At±lw A¥-cn-®p.

Hm¿Ωn°pI

kzm-Xn-Xn-cp-\m-fns‚ kmln-X-y-Ir-Xn-Iƒ

IrXn-I-fn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂ apZ-Iƒ

]h¿Ø\w

kzmXn-Xn-cp-\m-fn-s\-°p-dn®v ]pkvX-I-߃ hmbn®v hnhc tiJ-cWw \S-Øp-I.

]T\t\´w

$ kzmXnXncp\mfns‚ PohnXsØ°pdn®v Adnhv t\Sp∂p

$ kzm-Xn-Xn-cp-\m-fns‚ alXzw a\-kn-em-°p-∂p.

$ At±-l-Øns‚ kwKoX kw`mh\Iƒ Xncn-®dnbp∂p.

$ At±-l-Øns‚ IrXn-I-fn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cn-°p∂ cmK߃, Xmf-߃

F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn®v Adnhv t\Sp-∂p.

$ kzm-Xn-Xn-cp-\m-fns‚ kaql IrXnIsf∏‰n Adnhv t\Sp-∂p.

68

XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw

aqey-\n¿Æbw

1. kzmXn-Xn-cp-\m-fns‚ _meyw, hnZ-ym-`-ymkw F∂nhsb∏‰n Ipdn∏v

Xbm-dm-°p-I.

2. h¿Ww, IrXn F∂o kwKo-X-cq-]-ß-fn¬ kzm-Xn-Xn-cp-\m-fns‚ kw`m-

h-\-Iƒ hni-Z-am-°p-I.

3. kzm-Xn-Xn-cp-\m-fns‚ kaq-l-Ir-Xn-Iƒ, Ah-bn-ep-]-tbm-Kn-°--s∏-´n-´p≈

cmK-߃, Xmf-߃, `‡n F∂n-h-sb-∏‰n D]-\-y-kn-°p-I.

3. kzm-Xn-Xn-cp-\mƒ cmPm-°-∑m-cnse kwKo-X-⁄\pw kwKo-X-⁄≥am-

cnse cmPm-hp-am-bn-cp-∂p. hne-bn-cp-Øp-I.

d -d≥kv:

$ kzmXn Xncp-\mƒ ˛ tUm. F¬.-sh-¶n-S-kp-_-“Wy Aø¿.

$ Z£n-tW-¥y≥ kwKoXw ˛ F.-sI.-c-ho-µ-\mYv

69

kwKo-X-en]n AYhm s\mt´-j≥

$ c≠p-Xcw kwKoXen]n-Iƒ

$ kzc-ssZ¿Lyw kqNn-∏n-°p∂ Nn”-߃

$ ÿmbnsb kqNn-∏n-°p∂ Nn”-߃

$ Xmf Bh¿Ø-\sØ kqNn-∏n -°p∂Nn”-߃.

$ XmfmwK-ßsf kqNn-∏n-°p∂ Nn”-߃

$ kwKoX en]n-bn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ a‰pNn”-߃

][m-\ B-i-b-߃

kwKoXen]n-bpsS klm-b-tØm-sS-

bp≈ ]T\ kº-Zm-b-tØ-°mƒ Kpcp-

ap -JØp \n∂v t\cn -´p≈ kwth-

Z\ssien-bv°mWv Z£n-tW-¥y≥

kwKoX ]T-\-Øn¬ ]m[m\yw \¬In

hcp-∂-Xv. Z£n-tW-¥y≥ cmK-ß-fpsS

Bflm-hmb Ka-I-߃ ]q¿Æ-ambpw

enJnX cq]-Øn-em-°p-hm≥ _p≤n-ap-´m-

b-Xn-\m-emWv AXv. Hcp kwKo-X-

⁄s\ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØm-fw ap≥]v

]Tn® Hcp kwKoX cq]w icn-bmbn

Hm¿sØ-Sp-°p-hm≥ enJn-X-cq]w A\n-

hm-cy-am-Ip-∂p. Aßns\ kwKo-X-en]n

D]m-[n-bmbn kzoI-cn®v cmK-Øns‚ icn-

bmb \mZm-fl-cq]w Hm¿Ωn-s®-SpØv Hcp

kwKo-X-⁄\v GsXmcp kwKo-X-cq-

bqWn‰v ˛ 7

kwKo-X-en]n AYhm s\mt -j≥

70

XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw

]hpw AXns‚ ]q¿Æ-X-bn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-hm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.

c≠v Xcw kwKoX Bte-J\ coXn-I-fmWv \ne-hn-ep-≈-Xv. Ãm^v s\mt´-j\pw

kvIn]v‰v s\mt -j≥ AYhm k¿§w s\mt -j-\pw. Ãm^ v s\m-t -j≥ ]m›mXy

kwKo-X-Ønepw k¿Kw s\mt´-j≥ `mc-Xob kwKo-X-Ønepw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.

lm¿a-Wn-bn¬ A[n-jvTn-X-amb ]m›mXy kwKoXw A©v kam-¥c tcJ-I-fn-

emWv Bte-J\w sNøp-∂-Xv.

kwKo-X-Øns‚ hnhn[ LS-I-ßsf kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v k¿Kw s\mt´-j-\n¬

D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ hnhn[ Nn”-ßfpw AS-bm-f-ßfpw Xmsg sImSp-°p-∂p.

7.1 kzc-ß-fpsS ssZ¿Lyw

k,- cn, -K, a, ], -[, \n F∂o kw⁄-Iƒ k]vX-kz-c-ßsf ]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-°p-∂p.

Hcp kzc-Øns‚ ssZ¿Lyw Hcp A£c Ime-am-Wv.

DZm

k-= 1 A£c Imew

cn= 1 A£c Imew

Hcp kzc-Øns‚ Hcp A£c Ime- ssZ¿Lyw ImWn-°p-∂-Xn\v A¬]-hn-

cmaw (,), A¿[-hn-cmaw (;) F∂nh D]-tbm-Kn°p∂p. Hcp A¬]-hn-cmaw 1

A£cIm-e-sØbpw Hcp A¿[-hn-cmaw 2 A£-c-Im-e-sØbpw kqNn-∏n°p∂p.

DZm:

km ˛ 2 A£-c-Imew

kmm ˛ 3 A£-c-Imew

k; ˛ 3 A£-c-Imew

km; ˛ 4 A£c-Imew

Hcp kzc-Øn-s‚tbm Hcp Iq´w kzc-ß-fp-sStbm apI-fntem Xmsgtbm

hcp∂ tcJ-Iƒ kzc-ß-fpsS ssZ¿Lyw Ipd-bp-∂Xv kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. Hcp tcJ

½ A£-c-Imew, c≠p tcJ ¼ A£-c-Imew F∂n-ßs\ kzc-Øn-s‚

ssZ¿LysØ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.

DZm

kcn-Ka ˛ 4 A£-c-Imew

kcn-Ka ˛ 2 A£-c-Imew

kcn-K-a ˛ 1 A£-c-Imew..

71

kwKo-X-en]n AYhm s\mt´-j≥

7.2 ÿmbn

`mc-Xob kwKo-X-Øn¬ A©v ÿmbn-I-fm-Wp-≈-Xv. kzc-Øns‚ apI-fntem

Xmsgtbm D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ _nµp B kzcw GXp ÿmbn-bn-em-sW∂pw kqNn-

∏n-°p-∂p. kzc-Øn\p Xmsg 1 _nµp Ds≠-¶n¬ B kzcw aµ-ÿm-bn-bnepw 2

_nµp h∂m¬ AXv A\p-a-µ-ÿmbnepam-bn-cn°pw. kzc-Øn\p apI-fn¬ 1 _nµp

hps≠-¶n¬ B kzcw Xmc-ÿm-bnbnepw kzc-Øn\v apI-fn¬ 2 _nµp-h-∂m¬ B

kzcw AXn-Xm-c-ÿm-bn-bnepw Bbn-cn-°pw. _nµphn√mØ kzc߃ a[y-ÿm-

bn-b-nem-bn-cn-°pw.

1. A\p-aµÿmbn ˛ \n[][

2. aµ-ÿmbn ˛ \n[][

3. a[y-ÿmbn ˛ kcn-Ka

4. Xmc-ÿmbn ˛ kcn-Ka

5. AXn-Xm-c-ÿmbn ˛ kcn-Ka

7.3 Xmf-h´w

Hcp Xmf-h-´-Øns‚ Bcw-`hpw Ah-km-\hpw kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v c≠v ew_ tcJ-

Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.

DZm: NXp-c-i-PmXn GI-Xmfw

// kcn-Ka//

Hcp ew_ tcJ XmfmwK-߃ amdp-∂-Xns\ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.

DZm:

//kcn-Ka /][ / \nk//

7.4 a‰p Nne Nn”߃

1. \£-X-Nn”w ( * ) ˛ `mjmwK cmK-Ønse A\y-kz-csØ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.

2. ( ) F∂ Nn”w ˛ kzc-Øn\p apI-fn¬ thhn-sse≥ D]-tbm-Kn-®m¬ B

kzcw Ka-I-tØmsS ]mS-W-sa∂v kqN-\.

3. ( ) F∂ Nn”w Hcp kzc-Øn\p apI-fn¬ sImSp-Øm¬ B kzcw _ew

sImSpØp ]mS-W-sa∂p kqN-\.

DZm: \m´-cm-K-Ønse \nk-cnk F∂ ]tbm-Kw.

4. (/) F∂ Nn”w Btcm-lW Pmcp-hn-t-\bpw (Ascending Glide), (\)F∂ Nn”w

Ah-tcm-lW Pmcp-hn-s\bpw (Descending Glide) kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.

DZm: kcn-K-a, k\n-[]

.. .. .. ..

.. .. .. ..

. . . .

. . . .

/ \

72

XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw

5. (r)F∂ Nn”w Hcp ]tXyI hcn Bh¿Øn-°p-∂-Xns\ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.

Xmf kº-Zm-b-Øn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ Nn”-߃

7.5 ]´nI = jUw-K-߃

AwK-߃ Nn”-߃ A£-c-Imew

1. A\p-ZpXw U 1

2. ZpXw O 2

3. eLp 1 3,4,5,7,9

4. Kpcp 8

5. πpXw 8 12

6. ImI-]mZw + 16

s\mt´-j-\n¬ i≤n-t°≠ Imcy-߃

1. G‰hpw apI-fn¬ kwKoX cN-\-bpsS t]cv tcJ-s∏-Sp-ØWw

2. AXn\p Xmsg cN-bn-Xm-hns‚ t]cv \¬I-Ww.

3. AXn-\p-Xmsg CS-Xp-`m-K-Ømbn cm-K-Øns‚ t]cv \¬I-Ww.

4. heXp `mKØv Xmf-Øns‚ t]cv tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.

5. AXn\p Xmsg \Sp-hn-embn cmK-Øns‚ Btcm-l-Whpw Ah-tcm-l-Whpw

\¬I-Ww.

6. ]√-hn, A\p-]-√-hn, NcWw F∂nh A\p-tbm-Py-amb ÿeØv tcJ-s∏-Sp-

Ø-Ww.

DZm-l-c-Ww:

Xm\-h¿Æw ˛ \n∂p-tIm-cn

cN-bn-Xmhv ˛ cma-\mSv io\n-hmk Aø-I¿

cmKw ˛ taml\w (28 ¬ P\yw)

Xmfw ˛ BZn

Btcm-l-Ww ˛ kcn-K-]-[k

Ah-tcm-lWw ˛ k[-]-K-cnk

]√hn

||Km Km -cnm mmkk-cncn| KK-cncn|

\n..∂ptIm.. cn. . . bp. . ..

73

kwKo-X-en]n AYhm s\mt´-j≥

| |kcn-Kcn kcn k[ | | kcn-K] Kcn-kcn ||

∂. . . \p . . . ...... d. . . . . . . . . .

]T-\-t\- -߃

$ kwKoX en]n-sb-°p-dn®v Adnhp t\Sp-∂p.

$ï kwKoX en]n-bn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ hnhn[ Nn”-ß-sf-°p-dn®v Adnhv

t\Sp-∂p.

$ Bh¿Ø-\sØbpw A£-c-Im-e-sØbpw Ipdn®v a\-n-em-°p∂p

aqey \n¿Æbw

1. `mc-Xob kwKo-X-Øn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ kwKoX en]n-sb-°p-dn®v eLp

hnh-cWw \¬Ip-I.

d -d≥kv

$ kuØv C¥y≥ ayqknIv ˛ s]m^-k¿. ]n. kmw_-aq¿Øn.

Hm¿Ωn°pI

$ kwKo-X-en-]n-bn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ Nn”-߃.

$ kzc-ß-fpsS ssZ¿LysØ kqNn-∏n-°p∂ Nn”-߃.

]h¿Ø\w

hnhn[ ÿmbn-Iƒ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ Nn”-߃ D]-tbm-Kn®p ]cn-io-en-°p-I.

.

74

XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw

]m¿´v ˛ II

]mtbm-KnI kwKoXw

75

]mY-anI ]mT-߃------ -1

76

XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw

1.1 k]vX-kz-c-߃

cmKw : ambm-am-f-h-Kuf (15˛m-aXp

taf-I¿Øm-cm-Kw)

Btcm-lWw :kcn-K-a-]-[-\nk

Ah-tcm-l-Ww : k\n-[-]-a-K-cnk

Xmfw : BZn (N-Xp-c-i-PmXn Xr]p-S)

AwKw : 100 (8 A£-c-Im-ew)

k]vX-kz-c-ßfpw Ah-bpsS \ma-ßfpw

1. k : jUvPw

2. cn : Ej`w

3. K -: Km‘m-cw

4. a : a[y-aw

5. ] : ]©-aw-

6. [ -: ss[h-Xw

7. \n - : \njm-Zw

bqWn‰v ˛ 1

]mY-anI ]mT-߃------ -1 1 1

$ I¿Æm-SI kwKo-X-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\sØ°pdn-®p≈ Adnhv t\S¬

$ k]vX-kz-c-߃ ˛B-apJw

$ kzc-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ Ah-t_m[w

$ ambm-am-f-h-Ku-f-cm-KsØ°pdn-®p≈IrXy-amb Adnhv

$ Xmf-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ BapJw ˛ BZn-Xmfw

$ hyXykvX Ime-ßsf ]cn-N-b-s∏-S¬

$ kc-f-nh-cn-i-Ifpw efn-X-amb ]mT-ßfpw

$ a[y-ÿm-bn-bn-ep≈ kzc-ß-fpsSkm[Iw

$ Xmcÿmbn-bn-ep≈ kzc-ß-fpsSkm[Iw

$ aµ-ÿmbn kzc-߃

$ Pfi-h-cn-i-Iƒ ]mSp∂ coXn

$ hIkzc-ßsf°pdn®p≈ Adnhv

][m-\ B-i-b-߃

..

77

]mY-anI ]mT-߃------ -1

1.2 k]vX-kz-c-ßfpw Ah-bpsS hyXy-kvX-Im-e-ßfpw

H∂mw-Imew

||kcn-Ka |][ | \nk | k\n-[] | aK | cnk ||

c≠mw-Imew

||kcnKa-]-[-\nk | k\n-[] | aK-cnk||

aq∂mw-Imew

||kcn-K-a- ]-[-\nk k\n-[-]- a-K-cnk |

|kcn-K-a-]-[-\nk k\n-[] aK-cnk||

\memwImew

||kcn-K-a-]-[-\nk k\n-[-]-a-K-cnk

kcn-K-a-]-[-\nk k\n-[]aK-cnk|

|kcn-K-a-]-[-\nk k\n-[-]-a-K-cnk|||

|kcn-K-a-]-[-\nk k\n-[]aK-cnk||

1.3 kzcm-h-en-Iƒ (k-c-fn-h-cn-i-Iƒ)

cmKw : ambm-am-f-h-Kuf (15)

Xmfw : BZn

Btcm : k cn K a ] [ \n k

Ah : k \n [ ] a K cn k

4 0 0 4 0 0

1

2

kcn-Ka

kcn-kcn

k\n-k\n

] [

k cn

k \n

\n k

K a

[ ]

k\n-[]

kcn-Ka

k\n-[]

a K

] [

a K

cn k

\n k

cn k

x 1 23 x ü x ü x 1 2 3 xü x ü

x 1 2 3 x ü x ü

x 1 2 3

x ü x ü

x 1

x ü

x ü

2 3

78

XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

k\n-k\n

kcnK k

k\n-[ k

kcn-Ka

k\n-[]

kcn-Ka

k\n-[]

kcn-Ka

k\n[]

kcn-Ka

k\n-[]

kcn-Ka

k\n-[]

kcn-Ka

k\n-[]

kcn-Ka

k\n-[]

k \n

cn K

\n [

k cn

k \n

] m

a m

] [

a K

] [

a K

] a

a ]

] a

a ]

cn K

\n[

[ ]

k cn

k \n

K a

[ ]

k cn

k \n

k cn

k \n

\n m

cn m

K cn

[ \n

[ ]

K a

a ]

]a

k\n-[]

kcn-Ka

k\n-[]

kcn-Ka

k\n-[]

kcn-Ka

k\n-[]

kcn-Ka

k\n-[]

kcn-Ka

k\n-[]

kcn-Ka

k\n-[]

kcn-Ka

k\n-[]

kcn-Ka

k\n-[]

a K

][

a K

][

a K

][

a K

][

a K

][

a K

][

a K

] [

a K

] [

a K

cn k

\n k

cn k

\n k

cn k

\n k

cn k

\n k

cn k

\n k

cn k

\n k

cn k

\n k

cn k

\n k

cn k

1.4 a≤y-ÿmbn hcn-i-Iƒ

4 0 0 4 0 0

1

2

3

4

kcn-Ka

Ka-][

km \n [

K a ] [

kk-\n[

K a ] [

kcn-Kcn

a]-[]

] m

\n [

\n m

\n [

\n \n

\n [

K m

[\n

K a

] a

[ ]

] a

[ ]

] a

K a

[ ]

] m m m

K a ] K

[m ] a

K a ] K

[ [ ] a

K a ] K

] a ] m

a ] [ ]

] m

a K

] m

a K

] m

aK

[ ]

a K

m m

cn k

] m

cn k

] m

cnk

[m

cn k

79

]mY-anI ]mT-߃------ -1

5

kcn-Ka

[\nk m

] m

k \n

] m

[ ]

[ [ ] m

k\n-[]

a a

a K

] m

cn k

Hm¿Ωn°pI

kc-fn-h-cn-i-I-fpw, a≤y-ÿm-bn-h-cn-i-Ifpw

4 0 0 4 0 0

1

2

3

4

5

kcn-Ka

[\n-kcn

kcn-Ka

[\n-kcn

[\n-kcn

kcn-Ka

[\n-kcn

[\n-kcn

[\n-kcn

kcn-Ka

[\n-kcn

[\n-kcn

[\n-kcn

[\n-kcn

kcn-Ka

[\n-kcn

[\n-kcn

[\n-kcn

[\n-kcn

[\n-kcn

][

k\n

][

kk

k\n

][

Kcn

kk

k\n

][n

Ka

Kcn

kk

k\n

][

Ka

K a

K cn

kk

k\n

\nk

[]

\nk

cnk

[]

\nk

kcn

cnk

[]

\nk

Kcn

kcn

cnk

[]

\nk

] a

Kcn

kcn

cnk

[]

km m m

k\n-[]

km m m

kcn-k\n

k\n-[]

km m m

kcn-k\n

kcn-k\n

k\n-[]

km m m

kcn-k\n

kcn-k\n

kcn-k\n

k\n-[]

km m m

Kcn-k\n

kcn-k\n

kcn-k\n

kcn-k\n

k\n-[]

km

a K

km

[ ]

a K

km

[]

[]

aK

km

[ ]

[ ]

[ ]

a K

km

[ ]

[ ]

[ ]

[ ]

a K

m m

cn k

m m

a ]

cn k

m m

a ]

a ]

cn k

m m

a ]

a ]

a ]

cn k

m m

a ]

a ]

a ]

a ]

cn k

1.5 Xmc-kv-Ymbnh-cn-i-Iƒ

.. .

. .

. .

. .. .. .

. .. .. .

. .

. .. .. .

. .. .

.

. . .

. .

. . .

. .

. .

. .

. . .

. .

.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

.. .

. .

. .

. .. .. .. .

. . .

. . .

. . . . . . .

. . . . .

. . . . . .

.

.

. . . . . . . . . . . .

.

.

.

.

80

XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw

6

7

kcn-Ka

kcn-Ka

\n[-][

]a a K

kcn-Ka

kcnKm

\n[- ][

]m aK

][

cnk

\n[

a]

][

cnk

\n m

a ]

\nk

\nk

[]

[\n

\nk

\nk

[]

[\n

km m m

cnk- k\n

a]- []

k\n-[]

km m m

cn m k\n

a ] [m

k\n-[]

km

[\n

] a

aK

km

[\n

] a

a K

m m

k\n

K a

cnk

m m

km

K a

cn k

1.6 aµ-ÿm-bn-hcniIƒ

4 0 0 4 0 0

1

2

3

4

k\n-[]

Kcn-k\n

k\n-[]

Kcn-k\n

Kcn-k\n

k\n-[]

Kcn-k\n

Kcn-k\n

Kcn-k\n

k\n-[]

Kcn-k\n

Kcn-k\n

Kcn-k\n

Kcn-k\n

k\n-[]

a K

k cn

a K

kk

kcn

a K

[ \n

k k

k cn

a K

[ ]

[ \n

k k

k cn

a K

cn k

K a

cnk

\nk

K a

cnk

k\n

\n k

K a

cn k

[ \n

k \n

\n k

K a

cn k

km m m

kcnKa

km m m

k\n-kcn

kcn-Ka

km m m

k\n-kcn

k\n-kcn

kcn-Ka

km m m

k\n-kcn

k\n-kcn

k\nkcn

kcn-Ka

k m m m

km

] [

km

K a

][

km

K a

K a

] [

km

K a

K a

K a

] [

km

m m

\nk

m m

] a

\nk

m m

] a

] a

\n k

m m

] a

] a

] a

\n k

m m

. . . .

. . .

. .

. .

.

.

.

.

.

. . .

.

. .

.

.

..

.

.

..

.

..

.

...

.

...

. .

. .

. .

.

.

. .

. .

.

...

.

.

.

.

.

81

]mY-anI ]mT-߃------ -1

1.7 Pfi-h-cn-i-Iƒ

Hm¿Ωn°pI

Xmc-ÿmbn hcn-i-I-fpw, a¥-ÿm-bn-h-cn-i-Ifpw

]h¿Ø\w

Xmc-ÿm-bn-h-cn-i-Ifpw aµ-ÿm-bn-h-cn-i-Ifpw \mep-Im-e-Øn¬ ]mSpI

Xmc-ÿmbn kzc-ß-fp-tSbpw aµ-ÿm-bn-kz-c-ß-fp-tSbpw k©m-c-߃

a\-kn-em-°pI

4 0 0

1

2

3

kk cncn KK aa

kk \n\n [[ ]]

kk cncn KK aa

KK aa ]] [[

]] [[ \n\n kk

\n\n [[ ]] aa

]] aa KK cncn

kk cncn KK cncn

cncn KK aa KK

KK aa ]] aa

aa ]] [[ ]]

]] [[ \n\n [[

kk \n\n [[ \n\n

\n\n [[ ]] [[

[[ ]] aa ]]

]] aa KK aa

aa KK cncn KK

]] [[

aa KK

cncn KK

aa ]]

kk \n\n

[[ ]]

aa KK

kk-cncn

cncn KK

KK aa

aa ]]

]] [[

kk-\n\n

\n\n-[[

[[ ]]

]] aa

aa KK

\n\n kk

cncn kk

aa ]]

[[ \n\n

[[ ]]

aa KK

cncn kk

KK aa

aa ]]

]] [[

[[ \n\n

\n\n kk

[[ ]]

]] aa

aa KK

KK cncn

cncn kk

82

XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw

83

]mY-anI ]mT-߃------ -1

84

XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw

85

]mY-anI ]mT-߃ - 2

.

][m\ Bi-b-§Ä

]mY-anI ]mT-߃ - 2

$ Ae-¶m-c-߃

$ [ph Xmfw

$ aTy Xmfw

$ cq]I Xmfw

$ Qw] Xmfw

$ AS Xmfw

$ Xr]pS Xmfw

$ GI-Xmfw

kqfmZn k]vXXmf Ae-¦m-c-§Ä

2.1 [ph Xmfw þ 14 A£-c-Imew (N-Xp-ci PmXn) I4 0 I4 I4

I4 O I4 I4

k cn K a K cn k cn K cn k cn K a

cn K a ] a K cn K a K cn K a ]

K a ] [ ] a K a ] a K a ] [

a ]- [ \n [ ] a ]- [ ] a ]- [ \n

] [- \n k \n [ ] [- \n [ ] [- \n k

k \n- [ ] [ \n k \n- [ \n k \n- [ ]

\n [- ] a ] [ \n [- ] [ \n [ -] a

[ ]- a K a ] [ ]- a ] [ ]- a K

] a- K cn K a ] -a- K a ] a- K cn

a K cn k cn K a K- cn K a K cn k

bqWn‰v- - 2

86

XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw

2.2 aTy-Xmfw þ 10 A£-c-Im-e-w (N-Xp-c-i-PmXn) I4 0 I

4

I4 O I4

k cn K cn k cn k cn K a

cn K a K cn K cn K a ]

K a ] a K a K a ] [

a ]- [ ] a ] a ]- [ \n

] [- \n [ ] [ ] [- \n k

k \n- [ \n k \n k \n- [ ]

\n [- ] [ \n [ \n [ -] a

[ ]- a ] [ ] [ ]- a K

] a- K a ] a ] a- K cn

a K cn K a K a K cn k

2.3 cq]I Xmfw þ 6 A£-c-Im-ew (-N-Xp-c-i-PmXn) 0 I4

O I4

k cn k cn K a

cn K cn K a ]

K a K a ] [

a ] a ]- [ \n

] [ ] [- \n k

k \n k \n- [ ]

\n [ \n [ -] a

[ ] [ ]- a K

] a ] a- K cn

a K a K cn k

87

]mY-anI ]mT-߃ - 2

.

. .

2.4 Õw]Xmfw þ 14 A£-c-Im-ew (-ani--PmXn) I7 U O

I3 O U O

k cn K k cn k cn K a m

cn K a cn K cn K a ] m

K a ] K a K a ] [ m

a ]- [ a ] a ] [ - \n m

] [- \n ] [ ] [ \n - k m

k \n- [ k \n k \n [ - ] m

\n [- ] \n [ \n [ ] - a m

[ ]- a [ ] [ ] a K m

] a- K ] a ] a K cn m

a K cn a K a K cn k m

2.5 Xr]p-S-Xmfw þ 7 A£-c-Imew (Xn-i-Pm-Xn) I3 O O

I3 O O

k cn K k cn K a

cn K a cn K a ]

K a ] K a ] [

a ]- [ a ] [ \n

] [- \n ] [ \n k

k \n- [ k \n [ ]

\n [- ] \n [ - ] a

[ ]- a [ ] - a K

] a- K ] a K cn

a K cn a K cn k

.

. .

88

XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw

2.6 AS-Xmfw þ 14 A£-c-Imew (J-Þ-Pm-Xn) I5 I

5 O O

I5 I5 O O

k cn m K m k m cn K m a m a m

cn K m a m cn m K a m ] m ] m

K a m ] m K m a ] m [ m [ m

a ]- m [m a m ]- [m \n m - \n m

] [- m \n m ] m [- \n m k m - k m

k \n- m [m k m \n- [m ]m ]m

\n [-m ] m \n m [- ] m am am

[ ]- m a m [ m]- a m K m K m

] a- m K m ] m a- K m cn m - cn m

a K m cn m a m K cn m k m k m

2.7 GI-Xmfw 4 A£-c-Im-ew (N-Xp-c-i-Pm-Xn) I4

I4

k cn K a

cn K a ]

K a ] [

a ] [ \n

] [- \n k

k \n- [ ]

\n [ - ] a

[ ]- a K

] a- K cn

a K cn k

89

]mY-anI ]mT-߃ - 2

Hm¿Ωn-°pI

k]vXXmf Ae-¶m-c-ßfn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°-p∂ AwK-߃

]h¿Ø\w

k]vXXmf Ae-¶m-c-߃ ]mSpI

]T-\-t\´w

$ k]vXXmf Ae-¶m-c-ßsf°p-dn®v Adnhv t\Sp∂p.

$ Ae-¶m-c-ßfn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°-p∂ jUw-K-ßsf°p-dn®v a\-n-em-°p∂p.

$ hyXykvX eLp-Pm-Xn-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p

$ Bh¿Ø-\hpw A£-c-Im-e-hpw a\-n-em-°p∂p.

d^-d≥kv

1. kuØv C¥y≥ ayqkn-Iv ˛ s]m^. kmw_-aq¿Øn

2. Z£n-tW-¥y≥ kwKo-Xw ˛ io F.-sI. cho-µ-\mYv

90

XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw

1. hnLvt\-iz-c-KoXw

(15 ˛maXv taf-I¿ØmcmK-Øns‚ P\y-cmKw)

cmKw ˛ ae-lcn Xmfw ˛ cq]Iw

Btcm-lWw ˛ kcn-a-]-[k

Ah-tcm-lWw ˛ k[-]-a-K-cnk

ioK-W-\mY knµq-c-h¿Æ

Icp-Wkm-Kc Icn-h-Z\

ewt_m-Zc eIp-an-Ic

Aw_m kpX Aa-c-hn-\pX

ewt_m-Zc eIp-an-Ic

kn≤-N-cW KW-tk-hnX

kn≤n-hn-\m-bI tX \tam \a

ewt_m-Zc eIp-an-Ic

Aw_m kpX Aa-c-hn-\pX

ewt_m-Zc eIp-an-Ic

kI-e- hnZymZn-]q-PnX

k¿thm-Øa tX \tam \a

ewt_m-Zc eIp-an-Ic

Aw_m kpX Aa-c-hn-\pX

ewt_m-Zc eIp-an-Ic

bqWn‰v- - 3kwKoX cq]-§Ä

91

kwKoX cq]-߃

s\mt«-j³

x √√√√√ x 1 2 3 x √√√√√ x 1 2 3

|| a ] | [ k k cn || ||cn k | [ ] a ] ||

io.. K- W- \m Y knµq- c-. . h¿Æ

|| cn a | ] [ a ] || || [ ] | a K cn k ||

I cp- Wkm-K c I cn -h- Z \...

|| k cn | a m K cn || || k cn | K cn k m ||

ew . t_m- Z c e Ip- an- I c . .

||cn a | ] [ a ] || || [ ] | a K cn k ||

Aw.. _m.. kpX A a c- hn-\p X

|| kcn | a m K cn || || k cn | K cn k m ||

ew . t_m- Z c e Ip- an- I c . .

c≠pw aq∂pw `mK߃ BZy ë mKØns‚ AtX C uWØn¬ ]mtS≠XmWv

]h¿Ø\w

hnLvt\-iz-c-KoXw ]cn-ioen-°pI

92

XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw

2. kc-kzXn KoXw

(28 ˛maXv taf-I¿ØmcmK-Øns‚ P\y-cmKw)

cmKw taml\w Xmfw cq]Iw

Btcm-lWw ˛ k cn- K -] -[ k

Ah-tcm-lWw ˛ k [ -] -K -cn k

hc-hoW arZp-]mWn

h\cpltemN\ dmWn

kpcpNnc`w ë cthWn

kpc-\pX IeymWn

\ncp-]a ip ë-KpW temte

\ncXPb ]Ziote

hcZm]nb cwK\mbIn

hm©nX ^eZmbIn

kc-koP k\P\\n

Pb Pb Pb Pb hmWn

93

kwKoX cq]-߃

s\mt«-j³

x √√√√√ x 1 2 3 x √√√√√ x 1 2 3

|| K K | ] m ] m|| ||[ ] | k m k m||

h c- ho .. W ar Zp- ] m Wn ..

||cn k | [ [ ] m|| ||[ ] | K K cn m ||

h \ cp l tem N \ dm.. Wn..

||K ]| [ k [ m|| ||[ ] | K K cn m||

kpcp Nn c `w.. ` c th.. Wn..

||K K | [ ] K m|| ||] K| K cn k m||

kp c- \pX I.. √ym.. Wn. . . .

||K K | K K cn K|| ||] K| ] m ] m ||

\ncp- ] a ip`- KpW tem te

||K K| [ ] [ m|| ||] [ |k m k m||

\n c X P b.. ] Z io. . te..

||[ K| cn cn k k|| ||[ k |[ [ [ ] ||

h c Zm . . ]n b cw K \m. . bIn

||K ]| [ k [ ]|| || [ ] |K K cn k||

hm . .©nX ^ e Zm . . . . . b In

||k cn | K m K m || ||K cn | ] K cn m ||

k c- ko . .Pm. k \ P \ \n. .

||k cn| k K cn k|| ||cn [ | k m k m||

P b P b P b P b hm. .Wn..

]h¿Ø\w kc-kzXnKoXw ]cn-ioen-°pI

94

XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw

3. hnjvWp KoXw

(65 þmaXv taf-IÀ¯mcmKw)

cmKw ˛ taN-I-eymWn Xmfw ˛ Xr]pS

Btcm-lWw ˛ k cn- K- a ] -[ \n k

Ah-tcm-lWw ˛ k \n [- ] -a K- cn k

Iae Pm-Zf hnae kp\-b\

Icn-h-cZ IcpWmw_pt[

IcpW Pet[ Iaem Im¥m

tIin-\-c-Im-kpc hnt`-Z\

hcZthe kpc-]p-tcmØa

IcpW ict[ Iae Im¥m

95

kwKoX cq]-߃

. . . .

. . .

. . .

s\mt«-j³

x 1 2 x √ x √ x 1 2 3 x √ x √

||k k k | \n [| \nk|| || \n [ ] |[ ]| -a ] ||

I a e P m- Z f hn a e kp\- b\

||K a ] |] [ | [\n|| || [ ] a |] K | cnk||

I cn- h- c Z I cp Wmw _p t[ . ..

|| [ [ [ | K K |K m || || a ] m | a K | cn k||

IcpW P e t[ I a. . em . . . . .

|| cn m m | k m | m m|| || K a ] | a ] | [ ]||

Im . . . ¥m tI . in- \- c- I m

||\n [ ] | [ ] | a ]|| || K a ] | ] [ | [ \n||

kp c hn t`- . Z \ h c Z th . . e . .

|| [ ] a | ] K | cn k|| || [ [ [ | K K | K m ||

kp c-]p- tcm . Ø a I cp W i c t[ .

|| a ] m | a K | cn k|| || cn m m | k m | m m ||

I a . . e m . . . . Im . . ¥m . . . .

]h¿Ø\w

hnjvWpKoXw ]cn-ioen-°pI

96

XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw

]T-\-t\´w

$ [mXphpw amXphpw tN¿∂ BZykwKo-X-cq-]--w ]cnNbs∏Sp∂pÏ

$ kmam\y KoX-ßfpsS cq]w a\-n-em-°p∂-p

d^-d≥kv

$ Z£n-tW-¥y≥ kwKo-Xw˛ io F.-sI. cho-µ-\mYv

$ kuØv C¥y≥ ayqkn-Iv˛ s]m^. kmw_-aq¿Øn

97

A\p-_‘w˛1

lb¿ sk°‚dn tImgvkv

kwKoXw (¢mkv XI)

kvIoapw kne-_kpw

]m¿´v 1

kwKoXw ˛ kn≤m¥w

bqWn‰v ˛ 1kwKo-X-Øn-s\m-cm-apJw

1. Pohn-X-Øn¬ kwKo-X-Øns‚ ÿm\hpw efn-X-I-e-I-fn¬ kwKo-X-Øns‚ ]m[m-\yhpw

2. kwKo-X-Øns‚ kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpw _u≤n-Ihpw Bflo-b-hp-amb aqey-߃

3. kwKo-X-Øn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ kmt¶-XnI]-Z-߃ : ˛ \mZw, ipXn, kzc-\m-a-I-c-Ww,

ÿmbn, Btcm-l-Ww, Ah-tcm-l-Ww, Ae-¶m-cw, [mXp, amXp

bqWn‰v ˛ 2 `mc-Xob kwKoXw

1 `mc-Xob kwKoXØns‚ ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ

cmKw, Xmfw, ipXn, Ka-Iw, at\m-[¿Ω kwKoXw

bqWn‰v ˛ 3taf-I¿Øm ]≤Xn

(1) 72 taf-I¿Øm-]-≤Xn

(2) `qX-kwJy

(3) IS-]-bmZn kwJy

A\p-_‘w ˛ 1

98

XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw

bqWn‰v ˛ 4Xmfw

(1) jUw-K-߃

(2) kv]X Xmf-߃

(3) eLp-Pm-Xn-Iƒ

(4) 35 Xmf-߃

(5) BZn Xmfw

(6) Nm∏p-Xmfw

bqWn‰v ˛ 5kwKo-X-cq-]-߃

(1) KoXw kmam-\y-Ko-Xhpw e£-W-Ko-Xhpw

(2) PXn-kzcw

(3) kzc-PXn

bqWn‰v ˛ 6hmt§-b-Im-c≥am¿

Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ hmt§-b-Im-c≥amcpsS Pohn-XtØbpw kwKoX kw`m-h-\-I-sf-°pdn-®p-ap-ff

Adnhv

1. ]pc-µ-c-Zm-k¿

2. kzmXn Xncp-\mƒ

bqWn‰v ˛ 7kwKoX en]n AYhm s\mt´-j≥

(1) kvIn]v‰v s\mt´-j≥

(2) s\mt´-j-\n¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ Nn”-ßfpw AS-bm-f-ßfpw

(3) I¿Wm-SI kwKo-X-Ønse s\mt´-j≥ \nb-a-߃

99

A\p-_‘w˛1

]m¿ v ˛ 2

]mtbm-KnI kwKoXw

bqWn‰v ˛ 1

]mY-anI ]mT-߃ 1

(a) k]vX kzc-߃

(b) hcn-i-Iƒ : kcfn hcn-i-Iƒ, aµ ˛ a[y ˛ Xmc-ÿmbn hcn-i-Iƒ, P≠ hcn-i-Iiv (5

FÆw) [m´p hcn-i-Iƒ F∂nh 3 Ime-ß-fn¬

bqWn‰v ˛ 2

]mY-anI ]mT-߃ 2

Ae-¶m-c-߃

Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ cmK-ß-fnse Ae-¶m-c-߃

(a) ambm-am-f-h-Kuf

(b) i¶-cm-`-cWw

bqWn‰v ˛ 3

kwKoX cq]-߃ 1

Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ cmK-ß-fn-ep-ff KoX-߃

(1) ae-lcn

(2) i¶-cm-`-cWw

(3) ambm-am-f-h-Kuf

100

XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw

kwKoX ˛ kn≤m¥w

\º¿ bqWn-‰ns‚ t]cv ]ncn-b-Up-I-fpsS FÆw

1 kwKo-X-Øn-s\m-cm-apJw 10

2 `mc-Xob kwKoXw 10

3 taf-I¿Øm ]≤Xn 15

4 Xmfw 20

5 kwKoX cq]-߃ 15

6 hmt§-b-Im-c≥am¿ 15

7 kwKo-X-en]n As√-¶n¬ s\mt´-j≥ 15

BsI : 100

]mtbm-Kn-I-kw-KoXw

\º¿ bqWn-‰ns‚ t]cv ]ncn-b-Up-I-fpsS FÆw

1 ]mY-anI ]mT-߃ 1 40

2 ]mY-anI ]mT-߃ 2 40

3 kwKoX cq]-߃ 35

BsI : 100

A\p-_‘w˛2

101

A\p-_‘w ˛ 2

amXrIm tNmZy-t]-∏¿ 1

H.S.E (XI) Part IIIMusic

1. Name the two types of Gita 1

2. Who is called Sangita Pitamaha? 1

3. Write the two varieties of Gandhara1

4. The sign used to denote TaraSthayi svara 1

5. Name the musical form which hasthe divisions Pallavi Anupallavi andcharana but does not have sahitya 1

6. Name the musical term of thesahitya part in a musical form 1

7. Name any two distinctive featuresof Indian music 1

8. Name of 8th chakra in the 72Melakarta scheme 1

9. Write the names of Sapta talas 2

10. Write the names of the 12 Svarasthanas 2

11. Explain Sthayi 4

12. What is Nada? 4

13. Explain Katapayadi Sutra 5

14. Explain the 35 talas in detail 5

15. Describe distinctive features ofIndian Music

or

The scheme of 72 Melakartas 10

1. KoX¯nsâ 2 hIt`Z§Ä 1

2. kwKoX ]nXmal³

F¶phnfn¡p¶XmscbmWv? 1

3. KmÔmckzc¯nsâ hIt`Z§Ä

FgpXpI? 1

4. XmcØmbn kzcs¯ ImWn¡p¶

NnÓw? 1

5. ]Ãhn, A\p]Ãhn,

NcW§tfmSpIqSnb, F¶mÂ

kmlnXyanÃm¯ kwKoX cq]w 1

6. kwKo¯n\v IrXnIfn ]dbp¶

t]cv? 1

7. `mcXob kwKoX¯nsâ

GsX¦nepw 2 ]tXyIXIÄ? 1

8. 72 tafIÀ¯m ]«nIbnÂ

8 þmas¯ NI¯nsâ t]cv? 1

9. k]vXXmf§fpsS t]cv FgpXpI 2

10. 12 kzcØm\§fpsS t]cv

FgpXpI 2

11. Ømbn F¶mse´v?

hniZoIcn¡pI 4

12. \mZsa¶mse´v? 4

13. IS]bmZn kqXs¯

hniZoIcn¡pI 5

14. 35 Xmf§sf¡pdn¨v hniZambn

FgpXpI 5

15. `mcXob kwKoX¯nsâ

]tXyIXIsf¡pdn¨v

hniZoIcn¡pI

AsænÂ

72 tafIÀ¯m]²Xn

hniZoIcn¡pI 10

Score Score

Time : 1 Hrs Maximum -40 Scores.12

102

XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw

1. Another name for Adi tala. 1

2. The nada audible only to Yogis 1

3. Name a tala with 14 Aksharakala1

4. Name the sthayi belowmandra sthayi 1

5. The symbols used in notationsto denote Aksharakala 1

6. The term used in music forsahitya part in a musical form 1

7. In 72 Melakarta scheme whichmadhyama is used in Purvamelas?1

8. Name the varieties of thesvara Rishabha. 1

9. What is sruti? 2

10. What is Arohana & Avarohana? 2

11. Explain laghu jatis. 4

12. Explain Bhutasankhya ? 4

13. What are Shadangas? 5

14. Sketch the emotional values ofmusic? 5

15. Write the signs and symbols used inmusic notation

or

Write in detail the life andcontribution of Purandaradasa 10

1. BZnXmf¯nsâ asämcp t]cv 1

2. tbmKnIÄ¡v amXw tIÄ¡m³

Ignbp¶ \mZw? 1

3. 14 A£cImeapÅ Hcp Xmfw? 1

4. a´ØmbnbpsS XmsgbpÅ

ØmbnbpsS t]cv? 1

5. A£cImew ImWn¡m³

kwKoX¯n D]tbmKn¡p¶

Nn GXmWv? 1

6. kwKoX cN\IfnÂ

kmlnXys¯ kqNn¸n¡p¶

]Zw? 1

7. 72 tafIÀ¯m ]²Xnbn ]qÀÆ

taf§Ä D]tbmKn¡p¶ a[yaw? 1

8. Ej`kzc¯nsâ hIt`Z§Ä

GsXÃmw.? 1

9. iqXn F¶mse´mWv? 2

10 BtcmlWw AhtcmlWw

F¶mse´v? 2

11. eLpPmXnsb hniZoIcn¡pI 4

12 `qXkwJyF¶mse´v? 4

13 jUwK§Ä F¶mse´v? 5

14 kwKoX¯nsâ sshImcnI

kzm[o\w FgpXpI? 5

15 kwKoXen]nbn D]tbmKn¡p¶

Nn Gh?

AsænÂ

]pcµcZmkcpsS PohnXhpw

kw`mh\Ifpw hniZoIcn¡pI? 10

Score Score

amXrIm tNmZy-t]-∏¿ 2

H.S.E (XI) Part IIIMusic

Time : 1 Hrs Maximum -40 Scores.12

A\p-_‘w ˛ 3

103

A\p-_‘w ˛ 3

At°m-Un-b≥ t_kv Kn‰m¿

kwKo-tXm-]-I-c-W-߃

t_mt¶mUw _pƒ_pƒXmc

sN≠ ¢mcn-s\‰vtNßne

tUmeIv Z vUwkv

104

XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw

CS° Ce-Ømfw

K©nd FkvcmPv LSw

tKm´p-hmZyw AIz-Ãn°v Kn‰m¿

lm¿tΩm-Wnbw Pe-X-cwKw Pm¬d

A\p-_‘w ˛ 3

105

a±fw aKpUn am≥U-en≥

angmhv taml-\-hoW apJ¿iwJv

auØv Hm¿K¨ \mK-kzcw

]Jm-hPv ]nbmt\m

106

XI ¢mkv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ˛kw-KoXw

]pf-fp-hhoW cpZ-hoW

kzc-a-fiew Xhn¬ Xnane

ktcmZv sil-\mbn

k¥q¿ kmcwKn kmIvtkm-t^m¨

A\p-_‘w ˛ 3

107

Sw]‰v Xqw_

DSp°v ssht_m-t^m¨

hb-en≥