anexo da apostila inglês instrumental

8/2/2019 ANEXO DA APOSTILA Ingls Instrumental

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COMPUTERS: STARTING POINTA computer is a machine of excuting computations on data. The distinguishingfeature of a computer is its ability to store its own instructions and to performthousands of operations each second.

The abacus, on which information is stored moving beads along rods, was one ofthe carliest calculating devices. Blaise pascal developed an adding machine in1642 than used toothed wheels to handle carries from one digit to the next.Charles Babbage develop the concept of a stored program computer when hedesigned a calculating engine in 1833.

The first eletronic digital computer was the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integratorand Calculator), which was built for the U.S. Army in 1945. In the same year JohnVon Neumann introduced the modern concept of a stored program computer, inwhich the computer memory can store both programs and data. Since thencomputer technology has evolved a great deal.

.

VOCABULARYComputer= computador = mquina de calcular eletrnica

Data = pl of datum = dados, fatosFeature = characteristic = caracterstica, traoTo store = recolher e guardar para uso futuro; armazenarTo perform = to carry out = desempenharBeads = pequenas bolas com orifcios no meio; contasrods = varetas, hastesDevices = dispositivos, aparelhos inventados para objetivos especficosToothed wheels = rodas dentadas; engrenagensTo handle = to manage = manipular, lidar comCarries =portage = transportes, transfernciasDigit= qualquer dos numerais de 0 a 9; dgitoEngine = mquina, motor, mecanismoProgram = srie de instrues para o computador; programaSince then = desde essa pocaHas evolved= has developed= tem desenvolvido, evoluiu


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A great deal=very much = muito, bastante

WHAT IS A COMPUTER?

(1) A computer is a machine with a complicated network of

electronic circuits using very high integrations. It is capableof storing millions of data and performing up tobillions of operations in one second, from the simplestcomparison between two numbers to the most complicatedand(5)powerful string manipulation. This work is performed atincredible speed, following technological improvements.

In only a short time, the computer has changed the way in whichmany kinds of Jobs are done. However, it is not able to think. Itaccepts data and instructions as input, and afterprocessing them, it outputs the(10)results.

A computer is not marely a machine but a system. So in a dataprocessing Center (D.P.C) we have to consider three parts: thehardware or central processor and peripheral equipment, thesoftware or programs and the liveware or the technical people,including the staff.

(15)The hardwere consists of several units: the central processor,the input/output processors (I/O), data comunication processors,(DCOM), all of them with one or several units and many

combinations. Attached to the I/O processors is the peripheralequipment; attached to the DCOM are the teleprocessing lines,adapters, modems and terminals, or 20.another computer aloneor networking with another host system.

The software is the colletion of man-written solutions and specificinstructions needed to solve problems with a computer, as well asall documents needed to guide the operation of a computer,that is, manuals, programs, flowchart, etc.

(25)The liveware basically consists of systems analysts, theprogrammers, operators and amnagers, including supervisors,

networking and data base administrators.

Main processorsMemories

Hardware I/O processorsDCOM processors

Peripherals, (disk, tape,printers, terminals)

Basic, Software

Data processing center Software Applcation softwareSystem analysts

Programmers, Operatiors


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SchedulersLiveware Data Base and DCOM

AdministratorsSpecialized Managers

Technical supportEXERCICES1. Localize no texto estas idias:a) Um computador no capaz de pensar.Pargrafo________________ linha_________________b) Os computadores trabalham numa velocidade incrvel.Pargrafo________________ linha_________________c) Os avanos tecnolgicos influem o desempenho do computadorPargrafo________________ linha_________________d) O computador mudou a maneira de se fazer muitas coisas.Pargrafo________________ linha_________________

2. Responda as seguintes perguntas de acordo com o texto.a) What does the computer accept as input?

_____________________________________________________b) What does the computer do witch the results?

_____________________________________________________c) What are attached to the DCOM processors?

_____________________________________________________d) What is attached to the I/O processors?

_____________________________________________________

3. Complete as afirmaes seguintes:The computer is capable of_______________________________Is is also capable of_____________________________________

4. Releia o texto ento reescreva as afirmaes abaixo, corrigindo-as:a) A computer is machine wicth a very simple network of eletronic circuits.

____________________________________________________________b) a computer is a single machine.

____________________________________________________________c) The hardware or programa are parto f the D.P.C

____________________________________________________________d) The software consists of the systems analysts, programmers, operators andmany others.

___________________________________________________________5. Combine as duas colunas.(a) the computer has changed ( ) at incredible speed

the says(b) The work of a computer is ( ) stores millions of data

executed...(c) Programs and flowcharts ( ) in which many kinds of jobs

are documents... are done(d) The computer performs ( ) needed to guide the operations

billions of operations and... of a computer6. Escreva em ingls o que est escrito em portugus.a) The software is the collection of ________________________________.

Solues escrita pelo homemb) ___________________________ the computer has changed the way_____________.


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Em pouco tempopelo

_____________________many kinds of jobs _________________________________.Qual so feitos

c) The computer ______________________ to think. no capaz

HARDWARE

We call hardware physical components of a computer system. Here they are:Input devices - they take in information from the outside world and convert it inone way or another into the binay code which the computer can cope with. It maybe a card reader or a CRT (cathode ray tube) terminal, for example.Central processor - it is part of a computer where arithmetic and logicaloperations are perfomed. It acts as the brain and processes the information inaccrdance with the program of instructions.Output devices - they recevice the messages from the computer as result of itscalculations. This message can be given on a television secreen, on a printer, or

stored on magnetic tapes or disks.

VOCABULARY

Hardware machinery= todos os elementos fsicos de um computador;maquinrio.Actual = tangible = reais , tangveisCope with = manage sucessfully= enfrentar, aceitarCard reader= leitora de carto (perfurado)Cathode Ray tube = exemplos: tela de televiso e terminais de computador =

tudo de raio catdidico.Brain = crebro; parte importante do sistemaIn accordance with = according to = de acordo com


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SOFTWARE

The software of a computer system is the set of programs that tells the computerwhat to do. There are two main types programs:

Systems software - it includes operating systems, programming Ianguages andutility programs.Applications programs - they include software that does accounting, wordprocessing, data management , communications and graphics.

A softwere package is a special purpose computer program that is available forsale. They come on either disks os tapes. Examples ofsoftware packages includeword processing packages, financial planning packages and numerous gameprograms.

VOCABULARY

Software = computer programs = programas para computador

Set = number of things of the same kind= conjuntoUtility programs = executar operaes em arquivos, transfere-os de um meio dearmazenagem para outro etc; programas utilitrios


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Accounting = contabilidadeWord processing = uso de uma mquina de escrever computadorizada paraautomatizar algumas tarefas da secretria, tais como: datilografar cartas, corrigi-las, inserir pargrafos etc.

Management = todos os gerentes de uma organizao, quadro de gerentesSpecial-purpose = special = aim = objetivo, inteno especial

MEMORY

The memory is the place where the computer keeps information when it is notactually working upon it. We can think of it consisting of several thousand letterboxes.

Information is held there as bits of electric charge. In a particular spot in the

computer there is a charge or there is not, so it is for this reason thatcomputers understand binary code O means no charge, 1 means a charge.

The memory can store numbers and characters and these can be retrieved by theprocessor. Each letter boxhas na address, which is also a number. The processorcan connect itself to any particular memory locations - a particular letter box - byspecifying its address.

Inside the memory the information is held as minute charges of eletricity.Unfortunately, the system only works when the computer is switched on. When otis switched off, the informations is lost and consequently diferent types of memorystorage are needed to hold information which the computer needs to keep for

longer than it takes to run a program.


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VOCABULARY

Working upon it= lidando com ela. Trabalhando com informaesLetter boxe s= escaninhos

Particular spot= certo lugar, ponto determinadoAddres s= endereo, identificao da localizao na memriaUnfortunately= infelizmenteSwitched on/of f= ligado/desligadoIs lost= ou est perdidaFor longer= por mais tempoIt takes = levaTo run = rodar (um programa)

PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

Just as there are many human languages, so there are many computer languages.In the early days, people programmed using the computers binary code, or whatwe call machine language. When this became difficult, mnemonics were used tomake life easier.This is called assembly language programming. Finally, thereare the high-level languages like BASIC, FORTRAN naALGOL. These are muchmore similar to everyday language, and are translated directly or inderectly intothe computers machine code using the computers firmware.

BASIC is the language most often used to introduce programming.


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VOCABULARY

Just as =assim comoIn the early days = no princpio, no incio

Mnemonics = arte de desenvolver a memria mediante processos auxiliarescomo a associao; mnemnicaTo make easier= torna mais fcilHigh-level= alto nvelBasic= Beginners All- purpose Symbolic Instruction CodeFORTRAN = FORmula TRANslationALGOL = ALGOrithmic LanguageFirmware = software armazenado com ROM em vez de disco


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MODEM


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(1)A modem (short for modulator-demodulador) is a device that

encodes data for transmission over a particular medium, such astelephone lines, coaxial cables, fiber optics or microwaves.

To be used with a modem, a microcomputer must run aprogram that(5)makes it act like a comunications terminal.

Modems heve a variety of specifications that must match yourcomputer, your communications software, and the informationservice your want to use. Although the emphasis in this articleis on information services, which normally use largemainframe computers, modems are also

(10)used for communications between personal computers.Some importante features of modems include the following: baudrate, originate and asnswer modes, auto-answer capability, auto-dial feature, and full-and half-duplex modes.

The baud rate is the speed at which a modem transfers data,although(15)bits per second (bps)is technically more correct than baud.

Auto-dialing modems can automatically dial a phone number andredial a busy number until a connection is made. Some can dialother numbers if they get a busy signal.

The auto-answer feature allows a modem to answer naincoming call(20)when you are unavailable. By combining auto-dial with a real-time clok/calendar, your computer can automatically place a calland send a message or a file at a specified time.Most importantly, your communications software must supportyour modems features or you may not be able to use them.Many modem (25)manufacturs now include commnications

programs with their products, simplifying your software choices.

EXERCICES

1. Match the colunes before reading the text:(a) dial ( ) executar(b) choices ( ) codifica(c) busy ( ) ajustam-se(d) feature ( ) velocidade(e) run ( ) discar(f|) place ( ) ocupado(g) call ( ) caracterstica

(h) match ( ) localizar(i) encodes ( ) escolhas(j) speed ( ) chamada


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( ) sinal

2. Find where these ideas are.a) As especificaes do modem devem adequar ao computador.

Pargrafo_______________________ linhas_________________________b) O que o modem de discagem automtica podem fazer.Pargrafo_______________________ linhas_________________________c) Tecnicamente, mais correto referir-se a bitspor segundo do que a baud.Pargrafo_______________________ linhas_________________________d) O que a caracterstica de resposta automtica permite fazer.Pargrafo_______________________ linhas_________________________e) Algumas caractersticas principais dos modems.Pargrafo_______________________ linhas_________________________f) Uma condio importante para que os programas de comunicao possam serutilizados.Pargrafo_______________________ linhas_________________________

3. See which statement gives an overall idea of the article:a) o texto trata do uso de dispositivos de comunicaes.b) O texto trata de modems e a especificao de uso.c) O texto trata de modems, algumas de suas caractersticas e funes.

4. Choose the correct alternative:a)Baud Rate:- a velocidade com que o modem transfere dados.- o mesmo que hits per second.b) Os modems de discagem automtica e geral discam nmeros de telefone, ecomo este esteja ocupado, discam outros nmeros.Ou discam o nmero de telefone, e se ocupado, discam novamente at que secomplete a ligao.c) A caracterstica de resposta automtica:- deve estar combinada com um relgio/calendrio real-timepara responder umachamada.- responde a uma chamada quando voc no est presente.

5. List some features of modems:______________________________________________

(bps)______________________________________________

(discagem automtica)_____________________________________________(resposta automtica)

____________________________________________(modal, bidirecional)

____________________________________________(modal, semibirecional)

6. Answer these questions.Can any microcomputer be used with a modem?

_________________________________________________

b) Can Modems only be used witch mainframe computers?___________________________________________________


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What are tansmission media used by modems?___________________________________________________

THE INTERNET

Not long ago, it would have been hard to get na Internet articlepublished outside the confines of the specialized computerpages. Today editiors are commissioning Internet artcles, whichmeans they are planning publication before they have evenread them. To some extent, of(5)course, jounarlism is afashion industry. Previously, the focus has been onmicrocomputers, virtual reality, computer viruses and vdeo games.New it is the Internet that is fashionable.

A popular questions is: who is on the Internet? Apart from theWhite House, the American Library of Congress and theScience Museum,(10)computer hardware and software suppliers are significantusers, partly because they have the plethora of PCs, modems andcommunications programs required to exploit on-line access.Most of the worlds universities and research institutes are onthe Internet because linking them was, after all, thereason the Internet was invented.

(15)The Internet grew out of the ARPAnet, sponsored by the USDefense Departmets Advanced Research Projects Agency; to startwith, this linked four university campuses in California and the

University of Utah. The real Internet came into being in 1980 whenthe ARPAnet was connected to the computer Science ResearchNetwork.

EXERCISES

1 - These are the main topics in text. Which paragraph does each topicrefer to?

( ) Who uses the Internet( ) The purpose of the Internet

( ) The Internet is now a popular subject.

2 - Choose the correct alternative. According to the writer ,the Internetwas invented to:

(a) defend the Unitend States Of America.

(b) communicate with other countries.

(c) promote worldwide academic and scientific exchange.

(d) promote computer hardware and software sales.

Write in English


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a-Os fornecedores de hardware e software possuem um grande nmero de PCs,modems e programas de comunicao.

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

b-A verdadeira Internet comeou a existir em 1980.___________________________________________

___________________________________________

c-Match the two columns. Look for the explanation.

(a)confines ( ) a printed piece of writing.(b)fashion ( ) investigation undertaken in order to descover new

facts.(c)plethora ( ) limits, borders.(d)research ( ) over-abundance of something.

( ) which is admired and imitated during a period or atplace.

THE MICROPROCESSOR

(1) This device is a small integrated circuit on a chip,designed and manufatured with computer help. It wasintroduced as a natural step in the movement to putting moreand more components - resistors, capacitors, transitors - on toa single chip, by eletronic component (5)manufacturers. Eachchip can perform the function of a simple central processor,i.e. obey a series of instructions, fetch and send data from and


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to a memory, test for interrupts and so on, but usuallyrelatively slowly. It takes for example a hundred milionthsrather one mullionth of a second to add two numbers, andthese numbers have to be of limited size. (10) Nevertheless,

the miniature programs which control the operation can carryout quite complicated operations on bigger numbers bytackling them a piece at a time.

Another use for microprocessors is in managing a memory,i.e. decoding demands for data from anothercentral processor, and(15)interrogating the core storage, checking for errors, etc.

There are ways in which microprocessores may make a bigimpact.One is in the field of process control at the small end of therange: bus engines or petrol pumps or even washing machines

controlled economically by microprocessors. Secondly, themicroprocessor may be (20) used in large numbers as asubstitute for a single, big processor, to do certain kinds ofcomputation where calculations can proceed in parallel, as inweat forecasting. In essence each microprocessor has acces toits own memory for holding the results of intermediatecalculations, and also can send and obtain values from othermicroprocessors. All the (25) microprocessors operate at once,so that ripples of computation travel across na array of them.

EXERCISES1.Determine the sequence in which these general ideas appear in thetext.( ) algumas das funes do microprocessador.( ) um dos usos do microprocessador.( ) a velocidade na qual uma operao executada.( ) o que o microprocessador.( ) duas reas de aplicao do microprocessador.

2.Before reading paragraph one again,match the columns.device ( ) levadesigned ( ) entretantostep ( ) executar

quite ( ) passo, avanotakes ( ) introduzidoneverthless ( ) bemcarry out ( ) projetadofetch ( ) buscar

3.Now choose the Best translation for paragraph one.a) Este dispositivo est num pequeno circuito integrado, ou seja, num chip, e fabricado para auxiliar o computador.b) O microprocessador um pequeno circuito integrado num chip. projetado efabricado com auxilio do computador.c) Foi introduzido como um avano natural dos fabricantes de componentes

eletrnicos no processo de incluir mais componentes num nico chip.d) A sua introduo, por parte dos fabricantes de componentes eletrnicos, foi umavano natural no movimento de acrescentar mais componentes num nico chip.


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4.Choose the correct anwer.a) Each chip can function as a simple central processor:

__ relatively quickly

__but not very quikly__at very high speed

b) The microprocessor adds numbers:___as quickly as the central processor___more quickly than the central processor___ not as quickly as the central processor

c) Operations on bigger numbers:___are not resolved step by step___are resolved step by step___are controlled by small programs

5.What are the electronic components of a chip mentioned in the text?

__________________________________________________________________________

6.Write in English what is written in portuguese.

Each chip can______________ the function of a simple central processor, desempenharthat is,____________a series os instrutions,____________and_________________________ obedecer buscarenviardata from and to the memory and test for__________________________________________

Interrupes7.Read the second and third paragraphs and say what you know aboutsome of the uses of the microporcessors.The words below will help you.

a) (memria) ________________________________________________________________

b) (motores e mquinas)_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

c) (como um substituto)______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

8.Elimine a alternativa incorretaO microprocessador pode ser usado para controlar a memria, ou seja,a) para verificar errosb) para executar operaes lgicasc) para interrogar a memria centrald) para converter dados em bits


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ARTIFICIAL INTELIGENCE

Artificial intelignce is the branch of computer science that deals with usingcomputers to simulate human thinking. It is concerned with building computerprograms that can solve prolbems creatively, rather than simply working throughthe steps of a solutions designed by the programmer.

One of the main problems of artificial intelligence (AI) is how to representknowledge in the computer in a form such that it can be used rather than merely

reproduced. A computer that tells you the call number of a library book is notdisplaying artificial intelligence ; it is merely echoing back what was put into it.Artificial intelligence would come into play if the computer used its knowledgebase to make generalizations about the librarys holdings or constructbibliographies on selected subjects.

VOCABULARY

deals with = trata derather than = em vez deechoing back = devolvendowoud come into play = entraria em aolibrarys holdings = arquivo da biblioteca


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COMPUTER LANGUAGES

(1) After a problem has been analysed and a detailed program

flowchart has been written, the programmer must codify theprogram. Coding simply involves the translation or conversion ofeach operatiom in the flowchart into a computer-understandablelanguage.

(5) We wave seen that a program is a series of instructions but wehave not discussed how the programmer communicates hisinstructions to the computer. Many types or levels of computerlanguages are available to aid the progrmmeer in commucating withthe computer. Three of the more commonly used types of computerlanguages are:(10) a) machine language;

b) symbolic language;c) procedure-oriented language.

Machine language is a series of numbers, letters of the alphabet, orspecial characters that are used to represent bit pattern which canbe recognized by (15)the computer and specific opeerations to takeplace.

A symbolic instruction contains fewer symbols and these symbolsmay be letters and special characters, as well as numbers. it iseasier to write than the machine language equivalent, and easier to

read and understand.

As for the procedure-oriented language, the programmerhas to (20)concentrate on expressing the procedure of solving hisproblem and not on the understanding of how the computer systemwill execute it. However, this has to by e put into a form acceptableto the machine. The conversation is effected by means of a programcalled compiler. There are a number of such languages, such asADA, ALCOL, APL, BASIC, COBOL, FORTRAN, LISP, (25)LOGO,PASCAL, PL1 and PROLOG. These are the most commonly used andinternationally accepted.

EXERCICES

1. Read the text and then answer these questions:a) What is coding?

______________________________________________________________________b) How are instructions communicated to the computer?

______________________________________________________________________c) Which are the most commonly used types of computer languages?

______________________________________________________________________d) Wich language is easier to write: the machine language or the symbol

language or the symbol language?______________________________________________________________________e) What is a compiler?

______________________________________________________________________


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f) Which of the procedure-oriented languages are the most commonly used?______________________________________________________________________

2. Write sentences in the right order.

FirstThenNext

The program is codedA problem is analysedA program flowchart is written

________________________________________

________________________________________

_________________________________________

3. Complete the graph:

4. Say if these statements are true (T) or false (F):a) The programmer has to code the program and then analyse it.( )b) The procedure-oriented language has to be converted into machine language.( )c) The flowchart expresses the course to be followed for the solution to a problem.( )d) Specific operations only take place in the computer when bit pattern arereconized. ( )

5. Match letters and numbers.(a) code (1) the order of doing things(b) procedure (2) a program translator(c) flowchart (3) a system of signs(d) compiler (4 ) a graphical representation

(5) a specific operation

6. Use os itens da coluna para responder s perguntas da coluna esquerda.a) What can perform logical and

arithmetical operations?b) Who are able to have resultsreadily?c) What is able to process data very

A programmer...

A computer...AdministratorsAnalysts...


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quickly?d) Who can Express problems in logicalform?e) Who is able to recommend the best

computer installation?f) Who can propose the best system fora company

The C.P.U

A consultant...

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

7. Study the example and rewrite the sentences below.Ex: The programmer express problems in logical form.

He writes instructions.Before writing the instructions the programmer express probability logical

form.

a) We collet data. We introduce it into the computer.After _________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________b) The analyst discusses the ask with the manager. He investigates the differentreas of application.

Before_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________c) The analyst puts together all the facts about the data. He makes apresentation.After___________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________d) We use tapes. We erase them and store them away.After___________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________e) The programmer writes a program flowchart. He converts it into computerlanguage.Before___________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________ _________

8.Read lines 13 to 18. Compare both languages.

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

INPUTTING / OUTPUTTING INFORMATION


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Magnetic tape - it is one of the principal input/out put recording media used

with computers and is mainly used for storing intermediate results ofcomputations and for compact storing of large amounts of data, in an orderedsequence. It is much cheaper to store information on tape than in thecomputer main memory or on a disk memory device, but it takes longer tolocate a particular data item if it is stored on tape: data must be stored andaccessed sequentialy.

Magnetic disk - it consists of a series of concentric paths or traks eachcapable of storing data in magnetically coded form. It looks like a phonographrecord and a series of disks is moutend on vertical shaft. One ormore accessarms move into the disk to read or write the data stored on it. Disks may behard (made out of aluminum) or floppy (made out of plastic). Disks may be

permanently attached to the drive unit or they may be made up as removabledisk packs. Disks may be made even more efficient by using laser beam toread and write data.

VOCABULARYMedia = pl. of medium (latin word) = meiosLarge amounts = great quantities = grandes quantidadesCheaper = more inexpensive = mais baratoIt takes longer= leva mais tempoAccessed = reached= alcanados, acessadosPaths or tracks = trilhas

Shaft= eixoIt looks like = parece com, semelhante aFloppy = flat magnetic disk= disco magntico flexvelDrive unit= dispositivo impulsorPacks = packages = vrios discos presos por um eixoLaser beam = raio laser

HOW TO PROCESS DATA

(1)The human brain performs data processing whenever we wake adecision. We draw from our memory the known facts about thesituation, and the probable result of various courses of action, andthen we decide. We are usually not aware of the process but it doestake place.


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(5)In a business, for example, many things are known: the namesand addresses of the employees, of the customers, and of thecustomers, and of suppliers; the details of goods sold or stocked,

their description, cost price and sales price; the number of vehiclesowned or leased by the company, their registration numbers, age,capacities, the total expenditure and income of (10)the company.

This is data (plural of the Latin Word datum) which means facts. Itmay be in the for numbers, letters or symbols. Data processing,then, is the manipulating and using of facts.

The words data and information, are oftern used as synonyms, but infact they should not be. Data, in itself, needs to beinformative. Iformation(15)is frequently referred to as distilled data or processed data.DATA processing, then, is the production of information from data.

How does the computer help you manage that data, keep it up todate, and get what you need when you need it? A computerprogrammer, with that data, develops a series of instructions ororders for the computer (20) to perform a particular task. This iswhat we call a program which has to be introduced into thecomputer by means of one of the input units. This unit willtransmit that data as a series of electrical impuses into thememory of the computer where data is manipulated to giveus the required information through one of output units. Toaccomplihs good (25)information, normally several tasks have to beprocessed, then a set of tasks (programs) is called a job.

EXERCISES

1. Say in which paragraphs and lines these ideas are:

a) Information is the result of processing.Paragraph__________________line__________________________

b) Data is manipulated in the memory.Paragraph__________________line__________________________

c) Data is the same as facts.

Paragraph______________________line_______________________d) When we make a decision, our brain processes data.

Paragraph_____________________line_______________________

e) A job is a set of tasks.Paragraph_________________________line_______________________

f) Data may be in the form of numbers, letters or symbols.Paragraph____________________line____________________________

2.Say if these statements are right or wrong:


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a)When we process data,we process facts.( )b)A program is a series of instructions.( )

c)A job is a series of information.( )d)The description of goods in a business is data.( )e)When we make a decision we are always aware that our brain is processing data.( )

3.Explain the meaning of the words data and information:_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4.Complete these statements:

a) Data may be in the form of_____________________________________________________

b) A computer programmer develops_______________________________________________

c) A program has to be introduced_________________________________________________

d) The required information is giventhrough_________________________________________

Supplementary Reading

CREATING DATA DISKS FOR STORAGE


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You can store the charts you create on your hard disk, or floppy diskettes, or both.We recommend that, if you use your hard disk, you bak up your charts frequently,

just in case something is lost on your hard disk. And keep in mind that someindustries require you to save charts on floppy diskettes only.

You should not store your charts on the same diskette as your program. The safestway to store your charts is on special data disks that you use every time you save

a chart. Take three blank diskettes and format them as you did your backupprogram diskette. Then label them and keep them handy for when you go throughthe toturial section.

SOFTWARE

(1)The software of a computer system is the set of programs thattell the computer what to do. The term software is contrasted withhardware, which refers to the actual physical machines that make

up a computer system the hardware by itself is of little valuewithout the instructions that tell (5)it what to do.

Common types of software available for microcomputersinclude programming language interprets and compilers (whichallom you to write your own software in languages such as BASICand PASCAL), word processing programs, financial-decision-making packages such as (10)spreadsheets, data basemanagement programs and games. You may also obtain sotwaredesigned to fulfill a specific task, such as maintaining a firmsgeneral ledger or solving a particular type of scientific problem.

A software license is na agreement between the publisher of acomputer program and the person who buys a copy of it.Some (15)licenses specify that when you buy a copy of a program,


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you do not really own the copy but have merely bought the right touse it in certain ways. Most licenses allow a single copy of theprogram to be used on only one machine at a time. It can be copiedfor backup purposes, and it can be moved from one machine to

another, but it cannot be actually in use in (20) two places at once.Thus you are forbidden to load the same program into more thanone machine through a network. However, it is usually permissiblefor several people to use the same program on a multi-usermachine with a single CPU.

EXERCISES

1. These are the main topics in the text. Whitch paragraph does eachmain topic refer to?( ) Regulations about the use of software( ) What is software

( ) Types of Software

2. Now say in wich paragraphs and lines these ideas occur:a) Voc pode elaborar seus prprios programas utilizando-se de compiladores.Paragraph__________________________ lines ______________________________________b) A cpia de um programa no propriedade do usurio. Ele apenas adquire odireito de us-la.Paragraph__________________________ lines ______________________________________c) As mquinas, sem as insttrues que a faam trabalhar no tm muita utilidade.Paragraph__________________________ lines ______________________________________

3. Rad the second paragraph and list some of the types of software formicro-computers.a) _____________________________________b)_____________________________________c)_____________________________________d)_____________________________________e)_____________________________________f)_____________________________________

4. Read the third paragraph and explain what a software license is. Usethese words to help you.

compra contrato editor____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. Write in english what is written n Portuguese______________________ licenses allow ______________________ copy of the

A maioria uma nicaprogram to be used on __________________ marchine _____________________

apenas uma por vez


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6. Tick the correct regulation about the use of computer programs.Ao usurio permitido:

_______ copiar o programa e revend-lo________ usar uma nica cpia por vez

________ fazer uma cpia de segurana________ usar uma cpia de segurana em dois lugares ao mesmo tempo________ mudar o programa de uma mquina para outra________ usar o programa em vrias mquinas atravs de rede________ usar o mesmo programa em mquina para vrios usurios com uma nicaUCP

7. Read these statements look at the textWrite down the original statements

a) In fact, a program must not be used in two places at the same time.

_________________________________________________________________b) Consequently, the user is not allowed to load the same pogram into variousmachines through a network

c)But several people may use the same programo n a multi-user machine with onlyone CPU.

___________________________________________________________________

8. Answer these questions:a) Que outros tipos de programas podem ser obtidos?

_________________________________________________________________b)Que linguagens voc pode utilizar para desenvolver seus prprios programas?

__________________________________________________________________

anexo da apostila inglês instrumental

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