finn - bus based transit - session a - 14th november … : toni lindau brt station - istanbul...

BUS–BASED TRANSIT

INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE WITH BRT AND BHLS

B FBRENDAN FINN

ETTS LTD.

All unattributed images are by the Author

Mass Transit based on Buses

Scope of this Presentation

Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) Bus Rapid Transit (BRT)

Bus with High Level of Service (BHLS)

M i f BRT d BHLSMetrics for BRT and BHLS

International findings

Spectrum of Bus-Based Transit

High performance, high capacity BRTg p , g p y Major infastructure, rapid service, intensive services

Up to 1 million passengers/day

Bogota Guangzhou Istanbul Bogota, Guangzhou, Istanbul, …

High-performance, moderate capacity BRT Major infastructure, rapid service, strong service

Range 100-250,000 passengers/day

Brisbane, Ottowa, Beijing, Mexico City, …

Bus with High Level of Service (BHLS) Bus with High Level of Service (BHLS) Moderate/little infrastructure, focus on reliability and quality

Range 25,000-65,000 passengers/day

Amsterdam, Gothenburg, Stockholm, Paris, Madrid, Hamburg, …

BRT– Bus Rapid Transit

FEATURES

EXAMPLES AND PRACTICE

Features of BRT

Source : Sam Zimmerman, World Bank

VehiclesVehicles

Running WaysRunning Ways

Stations & TerminalsStations & Terminals

SystemsSystems

Service PlanService Plan

Features of BRT – Running Ways

VehiclesVehicles

SystemsSystems

Running Way options

Dedicated bus road Exclusive road for use of buses

Operate at up to 100 kph (Adelaide, Brisbane)

Median dedicated lanes – centre of the road Usually have physical segregation

Passing lane required for high efficiency Passing lane required for high efficiency

If stations in the centre, probably need dedicated fleet

If lateral stations, can offset to reduce road-take requirements

Lateral dedicated lanes – located at edge of the road May have problem to gain sufficient pavement width

More difficult if many existing roadside uses

Running way - Istanbul

Source: EMBARQ

Running Way – Beijing, China

Running Way – Guanghzhou, China

Source : Paul Barter

Running way – Seoul, Korea

BRT Running way – Rio de Janeiro

BRT Running Way – Lagos

Source : Dayo Mobereola, LAMATA

MSOffice3

MSOffice3 Future tense , 21/09/2010

BRT Running Way - Jakarta

Source : Transjakarta

MSOffice2

MSOffice2 Future tense , 21/09/2010

BRT Running way - Pereira

BRT running way - Pereira

BRT Running Way - Nantes

BRT running way - Paris

Essen : Busway track

Source : Cambridgeshire County Council

BRT running way - Amsterdam

Pittsburgh – East Busway constructionb g y o o

Cambridge : Busway

BRT Tunnel section - Brisbane

Features of BRT – Stations and Terminals

VehiclesVehicles

SystemsSystems

BRT Bus Station - Bogota

Source : Peter Danielsson, Volvo Bus Corporation

BRT Station - Johannesburg

BRT Station, Sao Paulo

Source : Toni Lindau

BRT Station - Istanbul

Source: EMBARQ

BRT Station - Pereira

BRT Station – Rio de Janeiro

Busway Station - Pittsburgh

BRT Station - Brisbane

Passenger lift at BRT station - Brisbane

Precision docking – Amsterdam

Precision docking - Nantes

Wheelchair ramp - Nantes

Wheelchair ramp - Cleveland

Rouen, France – optical guidance system

Castellon, Spain– Optical Guidance system

Cambridge : Park’n’Ride

Features of BRT – Service Plan

VehiclesVehicles

SystemsSystems

Service Plan – Mixed service type

●● Base: AllBase: All--day, allday, all--stops trunk line stops trunk line l kl k l lll ll d id i

●● Overlay: PeakOverlay: Peak--only or allonly or all--day express servicesday express services

onononononononfer

Express CBD

Express

University,University,

University,University,HospitalHospitalDistrictDistrict

BRT and land-use in Curitiba

Source : URBS, Curitiba

BRT Network - Curitiba

Source : URBS Curitiba

Service differentiation - Curitiba

Source : URBS Curitiba

Ahmedabad – 85 km of BRT network

115 CORRIDORS OF BUSWAY 5 CORRIDORS OF BUSWAY -- JAKARTA 201JAKARTA 20155

1 Blok M - KotaGajah Mada/Hayam Wuruk – Majapahit – M. Merdeka Barat –Mh. Thamrin – Jend. Sudirman - Sisingamangaraja

2 P.Gadung – HarmoniPahlawan Kemerdekaan – Suprapto – Senen – Juanda -Harmini CB – Merdeka Barat – Kwitang

3 Kalideres - HarmoniDaan Mogot – Kyai Tapa – Hasyim Asyhari – Harmoni CB – Juanda – Pasar Baru

4 P.Gadung – Dukuh AtasPemuda – Pramuka - Tambak – Sultan Agung – Setia Budi

5 Kp.Melayu - AncolJatinegara – Matraman Raya – Kramat Raya – Senen – Gunung Sahari

6 Ragunan – KuninganWarung Jati – Mampang Prapatan – Rasuna Said – Latuharhari –Sultan Agung – Rasuna Said

7 Kp.Melayu – Kp.RambutanOtista – Cawang – Sutoyo – Raya Bogor

8 Lebak Bulus – HarmoniPondok Indah – S. Iskandar Muda – T.Nyak Arief –Jalan Panjang – Daan Mogot – S.Parman – Tomang – Harmoni CB

Pi ti Pl it

9 Pinangranti - PluitSutoyo – Haryono – Gatot Subroto – S.Parman – Jembatan 2 Latumenten

10 Cililitan - Tanjung PriokSutoyo – DI. Panjaitan – A. Yani

11 Ciledug - Blok MHos Cokroaminoto – Cileduk Raya – Kya Maja

12 Kalimalang - Blok MKalimalang – Let Haryono – Kapten Tendean – W. Minginsidi

13 Depok - ManggaraiDepok ManggaraiMargonda – Lenteng Agung – PS. Minggu – Prof. DR Supomo – Minangkabau

14 Pulo Gebang – Kp.MelayuSentra Prima – Soekanto – Soegiono – Basuki Rachmat – Pedati

15Tanjung Priok - PluitTg. Priok - Kemayoran - Pluit

Nantes – Busway and Chronobus network

Features of BRT

VehiclesVehicles

SystemsSystems

Articulated buses – Bogota and Curitiba

Hamburg: “XXL” bus

Source : Hamburger Hochbahn AG

BRT vehicle - Pereira

BRT Vehicle - Nantes

BRT Vehicle – Amsterdam

Standard Bus – Brisbane

Features of BRT

VehiclesVehicles

SystemsSystems

ITS systems for BRT

Operations Managementp g Automatic Vehicle Location and Management

Traffic Signal Priority

S i d S l i d Service and System planning and support

Collision avoidance/warning

Precision docking Precision docking

Customer-facing and support services Automatic fare collection

Real-time passenger information

Journey planning

S it d t t Security and passenger management systems

Control Centre – Bogota, Columbia

Control Centre – Rio de Janeiro

Zurich – AVM Control Centre

Control Centre - Johannesburg

In-vehicle headway management - Seoul

Real-time passenger information - Brisbane

Fare collection at BRT Stations

Smart Card Fare GatesSmart Card Fare GatesTransMillenio, Bogota

Mag TicketMag. TicketQuito: TroleBus

Image and Marketing - Brisbane

Brisbane: S.E. BuswayBrisbane: S.E. Busway

69 Source : Sam Zimmerman, World Bank

BRT Branding – Rio de Janeiro

BRT Branding – Johannesburg

BHLS Bus with High Level of BHLS– Bus with High Level of Service

C A P A C I T Y A N D C O S TC A P A C I T Y A N D C O S T

F E A T U R E S

E X A M P L E S

What is BHLS?

BHLS? Derives from French term ‘BHNS’, maybe later another name

Generic term for a wide range of quality bus systems

Is it BRT? Not exactly, a different product in the spectrum of bus priority

Focus more on reliability/quality than on speed/capacity Focus more on reliability/quality than on speed/capacity

Holistic approach Improved operating environment – reliability, better speed Improved operating environment reliability, better speed

Higher quality vehicles with better comfort and image

Improved passenger facilities – stops, terminals, ...

Branding, marketing, ‘repositioning the product’

Case Study 1 : Nantes, France

Opted for Busway rather than additional LRT Started 2006, 7km, 15 stations

Designed to tram-style specification Designed to tram style specification

4 min frequency, 20 km/hr

25,000 px.day

Key design features: Key design features: 4 park’n’ride facilities

Articulated buses, CNG

Priority at traffic signals

High quality design in city centre

High-specification vehicle High specification vehicle

Like BRT in style, not in volume

Case Study 2 : Zuidtangent, Netherlands

Priority channel for busesy Dedicated lanes between Haarlem

and Schiphol, then bus priority

24 km 1 8 km in tunnel 35 km/hr 24 km, 1.8 km in tunnel, 35 km/hr

Intervals 6-8 minutes, 24/7

40,000 passengers dailyp g y

Use normal buses, normal contracts

Additional features: Integration with rail at many places

Efficient stop dwell times

Euro 5 emissions standard models Euro 5 emissions, standard models

Unique design elements, identity

Zuidtangent at Schiphol Airport

Source : Stadsregio Amsterdam

Running way - Amsterdam

Source : Stadsregio Amsterdam

Amsterdam: Hard shoulder reserved for bus

Source : COST TU0603 action

In-street operation – Amsterdam

Station - Amsterdam

Precision docking – Amsterdam

Cyclist controlled crossing – Amsterdam

Bicycle facilities - Amsterdam

Bike’n’Ride

i bik ki Extensive bike parking

Amsterdam, Almere

Bik b i Bike on bus is rare

O. HEDDEBAUT

Case Study 2 : Cambridge, UK

Cambridgeshire Guided Busway Operates on dedicated bus road

Converted disused rail line

Links developing towns to city Links developing towns to city

Deregulated environment

Operators bear revenue risk

M d t t k h i t f d Modest track charge, maint. fund

Key features Two track guided buswayg y

Normal street mode in Cambridge

4 routes by 2 operators

Driving speed 80 kph Driving speed 80 kph

Cambridge : Busway

Cambridge : Running way

Cambridge : Park’n’Ride

Cambridge : Vehicle

Cambridge : Guide wheel for Busway

Cambridge : Guide wheel and kerb

Guide Kerb

Guide wheel

Customer comfort - Cambridge

WiFi on bus WiFi on bus

Socket for PC, phone

Leather seats Leather seats

CCTV for securityO. HEDDEBAUT

O. HEDDEBAUTO. HEDDEBAUT

Case Study 3 : Lund, Sweden

Lundalänken Prioritised bus link from Central Station to

University, Business Park

Total 6 km length Total 6 km length

600 m new build, some dedicated road

Priority to normal buses Services of City and Region

Regular bus routes, regular buses

i h b i ill f Give the bus space, it will perform

Provision for the future Lundalänken extended to outer area Lundalänken extended to outer area

City owns the land, will benefit

Lund – access to dedicated bus link

Lund – dedicated bus link

Lund – key interchange stop

Lund - Vehicle

Lund – train information at bus exit

Madrid : Bus/VAO tidal lane

Hamburg: Line 5 in reserved lane

Source : Hamburger Hochbahn AG

Lorient – running way in city centre

Lorient – priority lane in central area

Almere : Chicane at station approach

Oberhausen: Bus and tram on common lane

BHLS - Real-time information – at stops

O. HEDDEBAUT

BHLS - Real-time information – in-vehicle

Next stop

f i Transfer routes, times

Announcements

O. HEDDEBAUT

Hamburg – RTPI at bus stop

Source : COST TU0603 action

Amstelveen, NL – RTPI at bus station

Source : David van der Spek, Stadsregio Amsterdam

Paris TVM – Ticket Vending Machine

Ticketing Vending Machine :to buy ticket (magnetic technology)to reload your pass (contactless tecnhology)

Source : RATP

Lisbon – traffic signal

Paris TVM – Traffic Signal Priority

Priority announcement helping driver to adapt the speed of the bus at cross road

Effective taking into account when it is flashing

Priority announcement helping driver to adapt the speed of the bus at cross road

Announcing a change of phase when it is flashings

Bus running and carcar stopped

Source : RATP

Key Metrics for BRT and BHLS

DEPLOYMENT

CAPACITY AND COSTCAPACITY AND COST

Global deployment of Bus-Based Systems

Region Selected Cities with BRT (* in development)

Australia Adelaide, Brisbane, Sydney

North America Cleveland, Guatemala City, Los Angeles, Mexico City, Pitt b h VPittsburgh, Vancouver

South America Bogota, Cali, Curitiba, Pereira, Porto Alegre, Quito, Recife, Santiago, Sao Paulo

Europe (BHLS) Amsterdam, Cambridge, Eindhoven, Madrid, Nantes, Paris

China Beijing, Changzhou, Dalian, Guangzhou, Hangzhou, Jinan, Kunming, Xiamen,

Asia Ahmedabad, Amman, Bangkok, Cebu*, Delhi, Indore, Istanbul, Jakarta, Manila*, Nagoya, Pune, Seoul, Taipei

Africa Accra*, Cape Town, Dar es Salaam*, Johannesburg, Lagos, Pretoria (Tswane)*

Actual throughput on selected BRT systems

System DAILY Ridership

Beijing South Line 90,000

Brisbane SE Busway 150,000

Lagos, BRT-Lite 200,000

Ottowa Transitway system 200,000

M i I tMexico Insurgentes 225,000

Guangzhou, China 800,000

Istanbul Metrobus 895 000Istanbul, Metrobus 895,000

Bogota, Transmillenio > 1 million

Luas both lines 80 000Luas – both lines 80,000

Dublin Bus – total network 450,000

Capital costs for on selected BRT systems

System $ million/km

Lagos, BRT-Lite 1.7

Curitiba 2.5

Bogota, Transmillenio 3-10

Mexico City Insurgentes 4

Bangkok 4.7

Beijing South Line 5

Cleveland Healthline 10.4

Dublin Luas – both lines c. 35

bli (f )Dublin Metro West (forecast) c. 50

Dublin Metro North (forecast) c. 200

BHLS in Europe

Country Cities with BHLS

England Cambridge, Crawley, Dartford, Leeds

France Lille, Lorient, Lyon, Nantes, Paris, Rennes, Rouen, Toulouse

Germany Essen, Hamburg, Oberhausen

Ireland Dublin

Italy Brescia*, Pisa, Prato

Netherlands Alkmaar, Almere, Amsterdam, Eindhoven, Twente, Utrecht

Spain Barcelona*, Castellón, Madrid

Sweden Gothenburg, Jönköping, Lund, Stockholm

Technical Performance of BHLS

Peak and daily ridership are comparable to many tram systems, rarely operating at full system capacity 1,000 – 2,500+ pphpd

23,700 – 65,000 px/day3,7 5, p / y

Commercial speed and frequency are good 16 – 35 kph (10-22 mph)

hi l /h 12-40 vehicles/hour

equal to or exceed that of European street tramways

Seating ratio at peak is medium to high g p g 34-84%

Investment cost of facility is low and quite affordable $ 6 illi /k $3-16.5 million/km

Conclusion

REVISITING SOME ASSUMPTIONSASSUMPTIONS

USEFUL REFERENCES

Buses can deliver needed capacity

The major BRT systems have very high capacityj y y g p y Bogota’s Transmillenio carries 45,000 passengers per hour, per

direction – more than most metro lines Istanbul’s Metrobus carries almost 900,000 px/day – more than 9 , p / y

Dublin Bus, DART, LUAS and Metro North combined Guangzhou BRT carries >800,000 px/day

Many BRT systems operate at light railway capacity, a y sys e s ope a e a g a ay capac y,exceeding urban LRT/tramway capacity Mexico city, Brisbane, Ottowa, Lagos > 200,000 px/day

Many BHLS systems match street tramway capacity Many BHLS systems match street-tramway capacity Ridership on many rail systems turns out to be far

short of initial planning forecasts, design capacity How often were bus-based systems ruled out incorrectly?

BRT can operate at short intervalsBRT can operate at short intervals

Some planners presume a single route, and then p p g ,assume that a low headway cannot be managed

Most BRT systems operate multiple routes: Overlapping routes might not all stop at every station Overlapping routes, might not all stop at every station Individual route headways may be in range 3-20 minutes Multiple loading bays at the stations to maximise throughput

R t /V hi l it b hi h Route/Vehicle capacity can be high: Guangzhou BRT has 28 routes on the main trunk, possible 41 In Seoul, the BRT carries 250 buses per hour, per direction

However, this is a critical point of the BRT design Throughput of vehicles at stations Throughput of passengers at stations Throughput of passengers at stations Throughput of buses at junctions

BRT is more than tram on tyres

BRT is a different mode, different characteristics, BRT can indeed be designed in the same style as tram …

…but then it does not exploit the characteristics of bus

BRT is a ‘service plan’ availing of the infrastructure Route system rather than end-to-end services

Routes can join/leave the running way reducing the need for Routes can join/leave the running way, reducing the need for passenger transfer (and less need for big interchange stations)

Options for express, limited stop, and premium services

Non-BRT buses/routes may also use it non-stop as a ‘channel’

Business and operator factors are important

Can be developed incrementally

Car-users will use high-quality busg q y

Major ridership gains in BRT in South America, Asia, j p g , ,Australia

Significant % of new riders in North American and South American BRT come from carSouth American BRT come from car

Major ridership gains in European BHLS (range 20-140%)

Some mode shift from car in European BHLS When of high quality, BRT has high customer

perception matching LRT (e g Los Angeles) perception, matching LRT (e.g. Los Angeles) ‘Mode constant’ is increasingly shown to be outdated Growing body of research that transit characteristics

are what matter to the user (speed, reliability, comfort)

Bus systems can enhance land-valuey

M t t il d t h i t Metro, commuter rail and tram have proven impact on land-value, development, and property prices/rents

Research on bus transit has been minimal … … but, absence of evidence is NOT evidence of absence In Europe, bus transit projects are below investment

th h ld i i f ll t d li i lthresholds requiring full post-delivery appraisal BRT is a new mode, evidence is beginning to emerge: In Cleveland, $4.3 billion investment along the busway, $4 3 g y In Pittsburgh, $800 million investment along the busway In Seoul, significant value increase in property value on BRT In Curitiba, the BRT lines have shaped the city, p y

Some BRT/BHLS focus on improving urban-scape

Summary

BRT and BHLS are established and proven transit modes

In almost all cases, bus can provide the required functionality at affordable cost and in short delivery time

M ti h b h t b i t Many presumptions have been shown to be incorrect Bus transit can achieve significant ridership growth

Bus-based transit can attract car users and achieve modal shift

BRT can stimulate property development and raise land values

BRT experience suggests that it is the attributes of transitthat achieve the results rather than the technology usedthat achieve the results rather than the technology used

A fundamental rethink of the role of bus within the “transportation hierarchy” is required

International know-how and resources are available

Information resources for BRT, BHLS

ITDP – www.itdp.orgBRT Pl i G id li ( i ) BRT Planning Guidelines (2007, v.4 in 2012)

Review of US BRT, case studies

EMBARQ – www.embarq.org Case study materials, usage guidance, evaluation

COST Action on BHLS - www.bhls.eu Final report available 11/2011 (at POLIS Annual Conference)

US National BRT Institute – www.nbrti.org

SUTP – www.sutp.org

Volvo Centre of Excellence, Santiago – www.brt.clVolvo Centre of Excellence, Santiago www.brt.cl

US TRB/TCRP - www.trb.org/TCRP/Public/TCRP.aspx

World Bank, APTA, UITP, …

Th db ( f ) th db f i Thredbo 12 (conference) – www.thredbo-conference-series.org

Contact details

Brendan FinnBrendan Finn

etts@indigo.ie@ g

finn - bus based transit - session a - 14th november … : toni lindau brt station - istanbul...

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