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TRANSCRIPT
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INTRADAMCMXCIX
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Y Kraftgenies 11SchOne Seelen (Ie genre furibond et Ie genre lamentable WAere
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B CYMepKax notl MWHCTblMH CBOtlaMH pa3pyweHHoro a66aTcTBa, Kor Aa MecRg6pocaeT B OKHO CBOM.l\OAmM, npRMoM AY'!, H CBR,!!eHHaH THWHHa HapywaeT'-
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f appHeTT 06HHAa CBOIOconepHHgy, ero iKeHY.
/ nOKa3aTeAb 'l)'BCTBHTeAbHoro 6AarOYCTpocHHOro ceptlga, - cnoc06I..!!0CTb npoAHBaTb CAe3bl. CTepH roBOpHT 06 ynocHHH CAe3, joy of grief, H caMnAaKaA Hatl BCTpe'IeHHbIM OCAOM H nTH'IKOH-Y3HHKOM; lOHr OTKpblA «<fJHAO
CO<fJHlOCAe3» , a CeHTH1\leHTaAHCTaMTOPHblH nYTb: nOAHAHCb CAe3bl, HBHAC5ltlap 6eCne'IaAbHblX CAe3. «Y.l\OAb<fJCKHe TaHHCTBa» (1794) Mrs. P3.l\KAH<fJHaBO.l\HeHbl HMH: repoHHR pOMaHa, 3MHAHH, He MOiKeT BH.l\eTb MecRga,CAblwaTb 3BOHa rHTapbl, opraHa, weAeCTa coceH, 'IT06bl He nOnAaKaTb;
T 3KKepeH He nOMHHT HH O.l\HOrO poMaHa, r.l\e 6bl TaK MIIoro nAaKaAH, KaK BThaddeus of Warsaw. MaTb feHpHxa WTHAAHHra 06AatlaAa ,noH .l\parogeH110M cnoc06HOCTblO: BeCHOlO, KOr.l\a Bce pacgBeTaAO, eH 6blAO He no ce6e,
TO'fHO OHa H3 .l\pyror~. MHpa, HO CTOHAO eH YBH.l\eTb n06AeKwHH gseTOK,CYXYIO 6blAHHKY, OHa npHHHMaAaCb nAaKaTb, H 6blAO eM TaK XopoWO, TaK
XopoWO, 'ITO H CKa3aTb HeAb3R, a He BeceAO. - BepTep H AOTTa AI06yIOTCR Y.l\aAHBWeHCR rpo30H; ee rAa3a nOAHbl CAe3; "KAonwToK!" CKa3aAa OHa
nOAOiKHB pyKy Ha PYKY Beprepa; OH BcnOMHHA 'IytleCHyIO O.l\Y fuonWTOKa
H nogeAOBaA PYKY .l\eBYWKH C 6AaiKeHHblMH CAe3a.,\1HHa rAa3ax. 3Ta cgeHaCKonHpoBaHa MHAAepOM B ero "CHmapTe»: Tepe3a HaKAOHHAaCb Hatl
"MeCCHatlOH», H KpOHreAbM CAblWHT, KaK CAe3bl .l\eBYWKH KanalOT HacTpaHHW>I; OH 6epeT ee 3a PYKY, OHa OTBO.l\HT ero PYKY Ha KHHry, H OH'IyaCTByeT, '!TO CTpaHHga OMO'IeHa. T or.l\a OH nOKAJlACR B CBOCM ceptlge
Be'fHO 6blTb BepHblM T epe3e; rpOM H BeTep CTaAH B 3TO BpeMH CHAbHee.
CBRlgeHHaH, TOpiKeCTBeHHaH HO'Ib! rOBopHT KpOHreAbM, CHrBapT H MapHaHHa B TOM iKe poMaHe CAywalOT neHHe KY3He'IHKa H nAa'IJT. B «BHAb
reAbMe MeHCTepe" neBeg nOCT: Kennst du das Land [3Haewb AH Tbl KpaH ... ]- H cAywaTeAH B3BOAHOBaHbl, iKeHlglUlbl 6POCHAHCb .l\pyr tlPYry Ha welO,MYiK'I'IHbl 06HRAHCb, H AYHa 6blAa CBHtleTeAbHHgeH 6AaropOtlHeMWHX, geAo
MYtlpeHHblX CAe3. npH paCCTaBaHbH tlPY3bR nHAH nOO'IepetlHO H3 CTaKaHa, BKOTOPblM KaiKtlblM H3 HHX npOAHA HeCKOAbKO CAe3; n03TH'ICCKHM 3<fJ<fJeKTOM
C'IHTaAOCb Hrpa MeCR'IHOrO AY'!a Ha HaBepHYBweHCR CAe3e; C 3THM 3q)cpeK-
{'TOM 3HaKOM 6blA KH. WaAHKOB.3Ta C<fJepa 'l)'BcTBHTeAbHocTH BOCnHTaAa CBOIOMy3y: 3atlYM'IHBYIO Me
AaHXOAHlO, 06HTaT~AbIlHgy pa3BaAHH, cTapblx he.AHH H TeHeM, He orAaweH-
44
...••'OT'ieTHOe YHblHHe CTaAH AHTeparypl-loJO "MaHepOH, B MeAaHXOAHIQ HrpaAH
("Mpa'iHble YlI.OBOAbCTBIDI MeAaI-lXOAH'ieCKoro Cepll.ga» WaT06pHaHa); Y
'iYBCTBHTeAbHHKOB jjBHAOI CBOH 3THKeT, HaCAiUKAeHHe CBOHM Cepll.geM HOp
MHPOBaAOCb paCCYP.KOM, H HOBblH ¢Aar Hepell.KO npHKpblBaA BO*ll.eAeHIDI
CTapOH, 'iyaCTBHTeAbHOH 3KAOrH. HaCTpoeHHe OXBaTHAO He TOAbKO MOAOAoe
nOKOAeHHe Q)paHgHH H l1TaAHH, HO H CTapHKOB: raAaHTHafl ApKall.Hjj nepe
CTaAa BOpKOBaTb H HaCTpoHAaCb Ha CAe3bl; TaKOH 3KAeKTHK, KaK MOHTH,
mUlleT Entusiasmo malinconico, nHHlI.eMOHTe 'iyaCTBHTeAeH B CBOHX Paesie
campestri; OIlHH HTaAbjjHCKHH *ypHaAHCT H3 He3YHTOB BO,llHT Hac B COnyrCT
BHH lOHra no Campo-Santo B 5epra~1O; nbeca 03arAaBAeHa: KpaCOTbl KA311
6HI!!a (11 bello sepolcrare).
Hell.aBHO HaHlI.eHHble OTPblBKH llHeBHHKa 16-TH AeTl-lerO MaTTHcCOHa,
ceHTHMeHTaAbHafl n033ID1 KOToporo yaAeKaAa lKYKOBCKoro H JOHblX Typre
HeBblxl, lI.aJOT HaM nOHjjTHe 0 HpaBCTBemJOH aTMoc¢epe, B KOTOPOH CKA311bl
BaAOCb MHpoc03epgaHHe n03Ta. 06AO*Ka pacnHcaHa HM CaMHM: BHH3Y H
BBepxy BOAHOO6pa3Hble, CHHHe no 6eAOMY nOAJO nOAocbl, nocpellHHe Ha
KpacHoM q>oHe rHpMHlJ.b1 H3 gBeTOB. 3TO llHeBHHK caMoHa6AloAeHIDI, TaH
HOH HcnOBellH CaMOMY ce6e (geheimes Tagebuch); aBTop, eI!!e U1KOAbHHK,
C'iaCTAHB, 'iT0 H311YMaACjj CHOBa npHH$JTbCjj 3a Hero, H60 lI.eAO 3TO cepbe3Hoe, H OH ropbKO ynpeKaeT ce6jj, 'iTO KaK-TO 3a6blJl npo Hero, yaACKUlHCb
HHTepeCHOH KHHrOH: "rOcnolJ.b lla npOCTHT Moe nperpeUleHHe». HH O,llHH
lleHb He npoXOAHT 6e3 nOMeTbI. "HbIHeUlHHH lleHb npoUleA llM MeHjj Bnepe60e pallOCTH H roPjj, a HHKorlla He 0I!!YI!!aA jj TaKoro 6AarollaTHoro,
THxoro llYUleBHoro cnOKOHCTBHjj: CAallKafl, YHbIAafl MeAaHXOAIDI (wehmiitigerSchwermut), HacTpOHBUlafl MeHSI K npIDITHblM H cepbe3HbiM 'iYBcTBoBaHIDIM,
6blAa MHe HCTO'iHHKOM Pa3MbIUlAeHHH 0 MaeH 6YIlYI!!eH cYlI.b6e, H Bce OHHCXOll.HAHCb K OIlHOMY, 'iT0 6e3 A06pOlleTeAH H cTpaxa 50~ MHe He 6blTb
C'iaCTAHBbIM». OH MOAHT rOcnOlla nOCAaTb eMY CHAbl llASI 60Pb6bl C qyBCT~BeHHocTblO, nblAKHM TeMnepaMeHTOM, HellejjTeAbHOCTbJO, AerKoMbICAHeM;
30pKO Ha6AIOIlaeT 3a C060lO, AHKyeT, Korlla lleHb npoUleJl He3a30pHO, HceryeT, Korlla Oll.Ha*lJ.b1 B lleHb po*ll.eHHjj KOpoM BbInHA HeCKOAbKO CTaKa
HOB BHHa - 3a lleHb ,ll0 npH'iaCTHjj, Bce 3TO nepeMe*aeTCjJ MOAHTBeHHblMH
06p3lJ!eHIDIMH H YKopaMH COBeCTH. MaAb'iHK-nHerucT gHTHpyeT Oll.HY H3
llYXOBHbIX neceH WrypMa, C MHCTH'ieCKHMH CO'iHHeHHjjMH KOTOporo lKy
KOBCKHH n03HaKOMHACjJ B MOCKOBCKOM 5AaropollHoM YHHBepcHTeTCKOM
naHCHOHe, HO OH np0'ieA H "CHrBapTa», *eAaA 6bl 6blTb Ha ero MeCTe,
BCTpeTHTb TaKoe *e He6eCHoe C03l1.aHHe, KaK MapHaHHa; 6ecellyeT C TOBa
pHI!!aMH 06 06AarOpa2KliBalQI!!eM BAlijjHHH 'iHCTOH, geAOMYllpeliHOH AI06BH,
3aTeBae.T C HHMH He'iTO BpoAe IlPy*ecKoro Y'ieHoro 06I!!eCTBa; BblPblBaflCbH3 OObnTHH "He*HeHl1IerO lI.pyra», npoAliBaeT CA311KHe CAe3bl H Ha BeCb
lleHb norpy*aeTCjj B MeAaHXOAHIO. "Tmeafl, nOKOHH3n *H3Hb, lI.aAeK3n OT
BOIKOH CYTOAOKH, B Kpyry He*HbIX llPY3eH, npH 3TOM 'iHCTafl COBeCTb
BOT 'iTO roTOBHT 'ieAOBeKY TaHHbie P3110CTH». A 3aTeM npHpOlla; aBTOp
XO'ieT nOHTH K HeH B HaYKY, OHa 6YlI.CT PYKOBOllHTb ero. «KaK 'iaCTO rMlleA
I nHCbMa A YI, TypreHcaa K H" YI. TyprcHcBY CTP, 86, 147.
3Jloxa 1l)'6cmBume.nblux:JtlUU I
jj CerOll.HH Ha AYHY, H MHOIO OBAall.eA TpeneT, MblCAH P cMepru H Be""HOC'fn
OCBjjlJ!aAH lI.ywy, lI.yUJH yconl1lHX APY3eH, Ka3aAOCb, pejjAH BOKpyr MeHjj; ace
6blAO TaK rpycTHo, TaK Top*ecTBeHHo, 'iTO jj 3a6b1A ace Ha CBeTe H B 3TOT
CBjjI!!el-lHblH 'iac pa311YMbli C pacnpOCTepTblMH 06bjjTIDlMH YCTpeMHACjj 6bl K
cMepru. nYCTb jjBliTCH OHa CKopee, ... Torlla MOjj npoCBeTJleHHafl ,llyrnaB03AeTHT K rOcno)l,Y, 1I He 6y)I,Y 3HaTb HY*Abl H ne'iaAH, a MOH ,Aoporne
CKOpO nOCAe)l,YIOT 3a MHOH». OH AI06yeTCjj 3aXOll.OM cOAHga, OTpa2KeHHeM
6arpoBoro He6a B npY)I,e; XO'ieT B3HTb C c060JO ~eHCTa H BeprnAIDI, 'iT06bl
AY'il1le npo'iyacTBoBaTb TO, 'iTO OnHCaAH 3TH CAaBHble; cal"l 0I!!YI!!aeT ce6jjreccHepoBcKHM 'nacryUlKoM. He AOCTaeT AI06BH, KOTOPafl CKpaCHAa 6bl llASI
Hero BeCHY, 3aCTaBHAa 6bl ero elJ!e 60Aee nOAJ06HTb TBopga B Ka*ll.OM
gBeTKe (npH 3TOM PHCYHOK: nOKa'iHyaUlaflCjj ypHa, H3 KOTOPOH CblnAeTCHnene", H gBeToK). Cep)l,ge \<aK-To YCHAeHHO 6beTclI, H aBTOp ycnOKaHBaeT
ero, BcrynaeT C HHM B p33roBop. OH AJ06HT aHreAa, 50*bll aHreAa; CMOT
pHT H3AaAH Ha AepeBHJO, rll.e *HBeT ero MHAafl, Be'iepHjjH 3Be3Aa llASI Hero_ 3Be3Aa AIQ6BH, OH llaeT ce6e 06eI!!aHHe CMOTpeTb Ha MeCjjg: Mo*eT
6blTb, H Olia Alo6yeTCjj HM C AYMOIO 0 10HOUle. B 6YPHYIO noroll.Y OH Bblpe
3aeT ee HMlI Ha Kope 6YKa. Ho nO'ieMY OH llYMaeT TOAbKO 0 HeH? "ECAH
3TO rpex, TO npoCTH MHe, Eo*c! Ho rll.e *e OHa, CBjjT3n, rAe OHa?» OH
YBHllCJI ee; OHa 6YlI.eT ero HaBeKH. "A KaK nOll.YMalO 0 paCCTaBaHHH, ropbKHe CJle3bl YBAa2KHjjIOT MOH AaHHTbI» I .
reTe, WHAAep, lKaH nOAb PHXTep nepe*HAH B JOHOCTHceHTHMeHTaAb
l~blH nepHOA, 'iTo6bl 'BbIHTH Ka2KAblH na CBOH nYTh. Y WHAAepa HaCTpoeHHe3TO 3BY'iHT AOAbl1le; «r HMHbl K 1-I0'iH» HOBaAHCa, nepe*HTble «Boo6pa*e
HHeM cepAga», OT3blBalOTCli 'iTeHHeM JOHrOBCKHX AYM: pa3HHga Me*AY TeMH
H ApyrHMH B n033HH H HOBOH CTHAHCTHKe; Mbl Ha nO'iBe poMalITH3Ma. MaHIUI CAe3 H ne'iaAH He TOAbKO C031\aAa n03TOB, HO H THnbl 6eCnpeAMeTHbiX
MeAaHxoAHKOB, Pa3HOBHAHOCTb "np06AeMaTH'IeCKHX Haryp»; OHH, KaK H
6ypHble reHHH, BAHAHCb B Te'ieHHlI pOMaHTH3Ma H 6i!!:ipOHH3Ma.
l1 Y Hac 06HapY*HAHCb Te'ieHIDI 'iyaCTBHTeAbHOCTH, H Y Hac OHH CMeHHAH BAHjjHHe npOCBeTHTe.~bHoH, paCCYAO'iHOH AHTepa'i)'pbl XVIII BeKa. B
CHAY HCTopH'ieCKliX YCAOI3HH Mbl He MorAH He nOApa2KaTb, HO nOApa2KaAH,
He nepe*HB Toro 06I!!eCTBeJ-JIlO-nCHXH'ieCKOrO npogecca, KOTOPblH AeAaeT
TaKorO pOAa BAHHHHjj *H3Hecnoc06HbIMH. Mbl He TaK 60AeAH YMOM, 'iT06blHCKaTb cnaCeHHJl B 'iYBCTBC; Ha 3anaAe npOTeCT BO HMJl ero 6blA npHHgHnH
aAbHblH, Y Hac OH 06paruAcH npoTHB yp0J);AHBbIX JlBAelmH Hal1leH npOCBeTHTeAbHOCTH C ee ynp0I!!eHlIbIM MaTepHaAH3MOM, HaHBHOH HrpoH B HeBepHe H
yaAe'ienHeM 3an311HOH CaAOHHOH KYAbryPOH. 5IBHAHCb paCCY*.lleHJijj "03AoynoTpe6AeHHHX pa3YMa HeKOTopblMH HOBblMH nHCaTCMMH» (AonYXHH),«YMCTBeHHOCTb pOAHAa 3J10~>,HHcaA XepaCKOB, a CYMapOKOB Mor CKa3aTb,
I Holm. Eill Tagcbuch .!US Mdttisson's Jugcnd, Neue Heidelberger Jahrbucher, Jahrg X. Heft 1, S. 81 f: AHeB
IIUK C 13 llHBap" no 10 anp. 1777 rO.'la.
.,' ,"',
KOTOPblHAH60 roBOPHTCll 0 «qJAepe», «np03pa'lHOH 3aBece '!YBCTBHTeJ\bHOCTH»,
CKB03b KOTOPYIO CHlllOT rJ\a3a repoR (<<Pblgapb HalIJerO BpeMeHH»).
Y KapaM3HHa RBHAaCb IlIKOAa; caM OH meJ\ no 'lymHM cAell;aM, HO ero
lllKOAa Bcero J\Y'illie Bbl.ll.aCT cAa60CTb peMeCAa. «npHllTHoe H nOJ\e3Hoe
llpenpoBom,aeHHe BpeMeHH» H «YlnnOKpeHa» nOJ\Hbl IOHrOBCKHX H OCCHaHOBCKHX MOTHBOB, H3BAe'leHHH H no,apamaHHH. 3l1;eCb nOll;BH3MCH
CO. r. nOKpOBCKHH (qJHJ\OCOqJ ropbl fuayacKOH), CAY'iaHHbIH Y'iHTeJ\bMaAb'lHKa IKYKOBCKOro; ero MeJ\aHXOAHR HaCTpaHBaeTCll nopoH peaAbHO
aAbTpyaCTH'leCKH Ha TeMY «6e/l,CTBHH 'leJ\OBe'leCKHX H 6AarOTBopeHHll»I ,
3aTO KJUI3b CH6HPCKHH - CbITblH CeHTHMeHTaAHCT, KOTOPOMY MOCKOBCKHe
neihamH HanOMHHalOT onHcaHHll B O/l,HOM poMaHe P3,aKAHqJ2, KOTOPblH AIO6HT «3aHRTbCH» MeAaHxoJ\HeH, CHM Y «MOro orwi H BCnOMHHaH 06 OTCyr
CTBYJOI.J!HXlI;PY3bllX H J\106e3HOH»3. B MeJ\aHXOAHIO OH HrpaeT: Bo06pa3HJ\ce6H OP;HHM H3 '1a/l, OccHaHoBcKoH qJaHTa3HH, norpymaeTcH B YfIblAYJO 33
AYM'lHBOCTb, HO cnOXBaTHAC5I: K 'leMY ue3bl H ne'laAb, KorAa 'leAOSeKa c.
'lHCTOH lI;YlllOH m,ayr nOCAe IO/l,OAH nAa'la gBeTYl!!He lI;OAHHbl 3,aeMa H neCHH
I npH~THoe H nOAe3Hoe npenpoBO>KJleHHe BpeMeHH, 't. XII 1796 r., CTp. 3, CAe,ll.: TeMHblH
Aee HAM "f)'BCTBO 6CACTBHH '-ICAOaeqeCKHX H 6AarOTBOpCHHH.
2 MOH lKCAaH"" npH HacrynalO,!\eH BCCHC, V1nnoKpeHa 1799 r., 't. 2, crp. 260.3 TaM >l(e, ~. 4, erp. 255·6: MCAaHxoAHll.
OT CKop6H H TOCKII K yrCXaM HaCJlaJl<JlCH('~!
BCCCJI('~ HCT CWC, H HCT YJKc My'tCHbJl;
OT'ta~H(,e npowJlo ... IjO, CJlClbl OCYWHB,
TbI PMOCTHO BlrJl~Hyr(, Ha CBCTCIUCHCCMCCWb,
H MaTcpH CBOCH, nc'tanH, BHJl HMCCW(,.
("MeAOHXOAUJl. nOApaJ/coHue AeAUAIO» 1800 ,.).
Ce6~, )"JOMaWHHXII ~YlKHX,
OT ccp)"Jlla ~IICToro CMeCTCJI
(CMC~TbC~, npaBO, HC rpCWHOHM reM, ~TO KaJl<CTC~CMCWIlO!),
TOT B MHpe C MHpOM YJKHBCTCJI.
(nOCAoHue K AAeKcoHAPY AA'Kcee8u,y nlle'Mee8Y. 1794 ,.).
TaKora '1eAOBeKa, «B KOM /l,YX H COBeCTb 6e3 mrl1ia» (<<nOcAaHHe K
2lMHTpHeBY» 1793 r., CA. «nHCbMO COHAaAeTa K MeAO/l,Opy» 1794 r.),
CMepTb He CTpaIlIHT: OHa - «npHCTaHb H nOKOH», r.ll.e CHOBa Coe,aHHllTOI
pa3AY'ieHHble (<<6eper» 1803 r.), r/l,e /l,M YMeBIlIHX AI06HTb «AI060Bb 6Y/l,eT
Be'lHa» (<<MbICAH 0 AI06BH» 1797 r.); «KAa/l,6HI.J!e» (1793 r.) - «06H
TeAb Be'lHOrO MHpa». - Bce 3TO C03,aaeT aTMocqJepy MeAaHXOAHH; OHa
«Mpa'iHaJI», ee He pa3rOHHT /l,ame YAbl6Ka BeCHbl «<BeceHHllll neCHb MeAaHXOAHKa» 1788 r.), HO B HeH eCTb H cBoe06pa3HOe HaCAam,aeHHe: OHa «Hem
';IeHIlIHH nepeAHB
npOCTOTa, a C HelO H '1HCTOTa
r!_, '".-.,.."". ' ~IHaY" «norH6Aa eCTeCTBeHHaJI
46
•.. Man('IM MOJl<CT6('ITb )"JOBOJlCH,
Hc CKOBaH B ~YBCTBaX, JlYXOMBOJlCH...
lLywOIQ TaK Jl<Cnp~M, KaK CTaHOM,
Hc HIUCT6Jlar 3a OKcaHOM
H C MOP~ Kopa6Jlcil HC'Jl<JlCT,
WYM~l1IHX BCTpOB HC P06CCT,
nO)"J COJIHUCM)"JOMHKCBoil '[MCCT,
B CCHJlCHb )"JJI~)"JH~ccro Jl<I1BCT
H MblCJlHB )"Janb HC npOCTHpaCT;
KTO CMOrpHT np~MO BCCMB rJla3a,
KOMY Hcc'taCTHoro CJlC3a
OrpaB('1 B nuulY HC BJlHBaer;
KoMY pa60Ta HCTPYJlHa,
nporyJlKa B nOJlc HC cry'tHa
i1 OTJlblX B lHOHH('IH ~ac JlIQ6c3CH;
KTO 6J1HJl<HUMUHOrJla nOJlC3CH
PYKoii CBOCHHJlU YMOM;
KTO MOJl<CT6bITh npH~TH('IM )"JPyroM,
JhooUMblM, c~aCTJlHBbIM cynpyroM
H JlooPblM MHJlblX '1M OTllOM;
KTO MYJ OT CryKH npU3bIBacr
H HCJl<HbIXrpallHH, cnyrHHIj HX;
CTHXaMH, np030H la6aBJI~CT,
'1TO C pa3BHTHeM
cep,aga».
HacrynHA nepHo,a cep,aga. Cepbe3HblH B nHeTHCTH'IeCKOM HOBHKOBCKOM
KpY*Ke, OH CKa3aAOI B Aen<OH AHTeparype HanAblBOM '1YBcTBHTeAbHocTH.
npOTHBOpe'lIDI CeHTHMeHTaAH3Ma H KAaccHgH3Ma QI.J!YI!laAHcb KaK AHTepa
rypHble, He KaK BHYTpeHHHe; CeHTHMeHTaAbHaJI AHTeparypa H He nO.ll.HllAa
'1YBCTBa, a AHlllb OTKpbiAa HOBbIe HCTO'lHHKH '1yacTBHTeAbHOCTH; OHa npH
Y'iHAa K H3seCTHoMY n03TH'IeCKOMY llla6AOHY H He OTKpblBaAa r Aa3a Ha
PYCCKYJO npHpo,ay H pYCCKylO ,aeHCTBHTeAbHOCTb. fOHr H OCCI-IaH KOCHY
AHCb yme ,LLepmaBHHa; 60AOTOB "UITaeT 3YAbgepa (Moralische Betrachtungen
tiber die Werke der Natur [HpaBCTBeHHble Pa3MbIIlIAeHHR 0 TBOpeHHRX npHpo,abl
- HeM.], 1745 r.) H Y Hero BnepBble OTKpblBalOTCR rAa3a Ha npHpo,ay KaK
Ha HCTO'IHHK «Henopo'lHbIX yaeceAeHHH» H nHeTHCTH'IeCKHX BOCToprOB. ~KapaM3HHa fOHr «HeC'IaCTHbIX ,apyr, HeC'IaCTHbIX YTeIlIHTeAb» (<<n033Hll»,
1787 r.), a neCHH OccHaHa, «HemHeHIlIYJO TOCKY BAHBaH B' TOMHblH .lI.YX,
HaCTpaHBaIOT Hac K ne'laAbHblM npell:CTaBAeHHllM; HO CKop6b CHR MaAa HCAa,lJ.OCTHa,aYllle» (TaM me). B 6H6AHOTeKe KapaM3HHa Mbl HaH,aeM Pycco,
6epHap,aeHa ,ae CeH nbepa, PH'Iap,aCOHa, T OMCOHa, CTepHa, era qJpaH!!y3
CKHX nO.ll.pamaTeAeH H HeMegKHX ceHTHMeHTaAHCTOB. KapaM3HH - OpraHH
3aTOp Hamero AHTeparypHoro CeHTHMeHTaAH3Ma. CxeMa MHpoc03epgaHIDI
HaM H3BeCTHa: npHpO.ll.a, CAaBllI.J!aJI T Bopga, '1YSCTBHTeAbHOe cep,age «<60r'
- OTeg '!YBCTBHTeAbHbIX cep,aeg», «necHb 60mecTBY», 1793 r.; CBllTaJI
n033Hll - «601' '!YBCTBHTeAbHbIX cep,aeg», «,LLapoBaHHll», 1795 r.), npoCAaBAeHHe ,a06po.ll.eTeAH H ,aPym6bl; 06I.J!eCTBeHHbIH H.lI.eaA - '1eAOBeK,
1 Ha'laAo neCHH B Tableau slave: Un jeune pin s'~levait sur les monlS aupres d'une eh..nmihe [MOAOAall
-COCHa nOAlliIAaCb Ha ropax 6AH3 XH>KHHb! - <ppaH~. J; B Olga Toii >Ke nHCaTeAbHHW>' TaK>KC
BCTpe"faK>TCH nepe.ACAKH HapOAHblX neceH: 1) Assise dans un donjon elev6 j'entends la voix du
faueon [CHlIlI B BbtCOKOii 6awHe. 1I CAblWY rOAOC cOKoAa]: 2) 0 !leuve. !leuve cheri [0 peKa.
MHAall peKa]; 3) Bon foyer tehanffe toi [CAaBHblH O'lar corpeBaeT re611]; 4) Dans I. prairie est une joli
tillenl [Ha Ayry CroHT KpaCHBaJI AHna].
naMl'ITb «0 TaHHCTBaX cBHlJ!eHHOAeHCTBHH AP)'HJI,OB»;' «0 rpo3HblX opaxy.I\aX»··- H aRTOpy XOTeAOCb 6bl npoHHKHYTb B cOKpOBeBHOCTb cep)l;ga MOHaxa,
H60 HCTOPHH Ka}KJ1oro H3 HHX eCTb yenb ropeCTeH. B Ma.I\OPOCCHH OH OT
KpblA rAe-TO OTTeHOK WBeHyapHH; «HMell HeKOTOpYlO mHBOCTb Bo06pame
HHH, "YBCTBHTeAbHOCTb cep)l.ya, MomHO AH He 3HaTb WBeHgapHH H, He- 6blBBHeH, He 3HaTb npeKpaCHeHllJeH B MHpe npHpo.l1bl ee? KTO He '1HTa.I\ HOSOH
~AOH3bl, nHCCM PYCCKoro nYTellJeCTBeHHHKa?» nepexo./1ll 3aTeM K paCCTH.l\aBUleMYCl'I nepeA HHM J\aHJI,UJaqJry, OH cnpamHBaeT ce6H: «He Ma.I\eHbKaH
AH 3TO lOpa? He Ma.I\eHbKaH J\H KJ\apaH?» OB nblTaeTCll nOApamaTb PYC
CKOH HapO.l1HOH neCHe (<<llo.l\ro .l\H MHe, MOJ\OAOH, Kp)"lHHHTbCll»; «HblH'Ie
6bl.l\ H Ha nO'ITOBOM Ha )l.BOpe»), HO, nepeSo./1ll T~hIcau slave [C.I\aBl'IHCKYIO
Kap1"HBY] (napHm, 1824 r.) KH. 3HHaH)l.bl A.AeKCaH)l.pOBHbl BO.l\KOHCKOH(<<CJ\aBHHCKaH KapTHHa nllToro BeKa») He 3aMeTHA, '1TO nOMeI,YeHHaH TaM
6pa'iHaH necHl'I - nepeAeAKa PYCCKOH HapoAHOH, H CHOBa nepeBe.l\ ee C
qJpaH!!y3CKoro, Ha· 3TOT pa3 He B HapOAHOM CTHAe (<<MOAOJl,aH COCHa CT01lJ\a
~a ABOpe B03J\e Ula.l\aUJa») 1. OmfcaHHe «ce.l\bCKOrO npa3)1;HHKa» OTKpblBaeTCll npH3HaHbeM: «.zl.,ui )l.Pyra 'leJIOBe'leCmBa H npHpO)l.bl eCTb HeH3bl'lCHHMOe
YAOBO.l\bCTBHe B 'lUCmOM BeCe.l\HH 'lucmocep.ae'lHblX nOCe.l\l'lH». - A BOT H
npa3AHHK Kyna.l\bl: «BBe'lepy no 3aXO}KJ1eHHH CO.l\Hya, Ha 3elleHOM .l\yry H
MalleHbKux OCTpOBKax, cBemllOU pe'lKH, nOMe COCHOBOHPOIJ!H H BO BHYT
peHHOCTH ee 3anblAa.I\H CMO.l\eHble 60'lKH ..• HeTepneJ\HBble nOCe.l\l'lHe nOTeK.l\H
co Bcex CroPOH Ha "MecTO BeCeJlHH; ceAbCKHe jfUgbl YAapH.l\H B CMbl'lKHCBOH; TaM Pa3)1.a.I\HCb HeJICHble CBHPeJlH, 3)1.eCb rpoMKHe neCHH; MOAO)l.ble
KpeCTbllHKH H KpeCTbHHe COCTaBH.I\Hpe3Bble n.l\l'lCKH; nomH.l\ble Ce.l\H 3a CTO
~bl, Ha KOTOPbIX H3 60J\bUlHX COCYAOB 6Aaroyxa.I\ Hel}map u aM6p03UJl HX- ropeAKa H CBe}KHH X.l\e6; HHble 6POCHJ\HCb Ha Ka'leAH, .•• npo'lHe pacceH
.l\HCb no pOI,Ye H .l\yry; Mbl XO)l.HAH H BeCeAH.I\lfCb C C'IaCTAHBbIMH nOCC.l\l'lHa
MH. ll06pblH HX nOMelJ!HK pa.1l.0BaACHHCKpeHHO C'IaCTHIO HX H Pa3)1.C.I\l'IJ\ero
C .HaMH B 'lYBcmBumellbHOM CBoeM cep)l.ge. Bce, '{TO BeprHAHH, fecHep,
<1>J\opHaH, lleAHJ\b BOCne.l\H Ha 6eccMepTHblx CBHpe.l\l'lX CBOHX, OJICUBUAOCbB
naMJlmu. B .aYtUe Moeu ... AI061l1o nOIlJl, 111061110 .ao6pOAemeJIb. 11106.1110 Ume6Jl. jfe.llUAb».
. IOHrOBCKaH Me.l\aHXOAHl'I Ha KAaA6HIJ!e - H Hapo.l1HaH mH3Hb, BH.I1eHHaH
H3 OKOH nOMeI,YH'IberO AOMa, C '1HCTOCep)l.e'lHbIMH, C'IaCT.I\HBbIMH nOCe.l\l'lHa
MH, HemHblMH CBHpe.l\l'lMH, pe3BblMH n.I\l'ICKaMH Ha 3C.I\eHOM J\yry, Y CBeTJ\OH
pe'lKH, C BOAKOH-aM6p03HeH. llcHcTBHTe.l\bHocTb MOr.l\a nO)l.CKa3blBaTb APY
roe, HO He.l\b3H 6blAO OT.I1eAaTl>Cl'IOT lOHra H lle.l\H.I\l'I, He npHnOMHHTb «06
MaHbl H PH'lapACOHa Ii Pycco» (<<EBr. OHerHH»). 3T0 - CeHTHMeHTaAH3M
.II..I\l'I pa3B.I\e'leHHH, )l.OnycKaBUlHH H HeKoTopYlO )l.OJ\1OnOXOTJ\HBOCTH. B rynopy, KOr)l.a IKYKOBCKHM BCTyIlHA B ero aTMocq>epy, pyccKoe 06lJ!ecTBo
493naxa llYifClfl8UmPJJbif{;crr.-u..•,:e:, I
aHre.l\OB? npoTHBOpe'lHe pa3pellJaeTCl'I CHOM, nOTOMY '{TO aBTOp «OIJ!Y-TH.I\ 6peMl'l CBHHgOBOro CKHneTpa MOpqleH;> I.
OCo6eHHO nOKa3aTe.l\eH .I1.MI Hrpbl B CeHTHMeHTa.I\H3M KHl'I3b WaJU{KOB;
«B HeM eCTb He'lTO Ten.l\eHbKoe», nHCa.I\ 0 HeM KapaM3HH, 3<tIJ!HlJ!aH ero OT
HanaJ],OK ,llMHTpHeBa2. BeCHa HaBO)l;HT Ha Hero Me.l\aHXOAHIO Ii. CAe3bl; B
xpYCTa.I\e rJ\a3 HrpaeT COJ\He'lHbIH <\)"1, HO «'1aCTO KpOTKoe CIDUlHe J\)'Hbl
nepeMeHl'IeT ero (XPYCTa.I\b? A)"I?) Ha 6HplO30BOM He6e nepe.ll. rAa3aMH MOH
MH». CTHXOTBopeHHe <,KJ\a)l,6HlJ!e» 06paI,YaeTCH B rHMH «KpoTI<OH, CB1II,YeH
HOH MeJlaHXOJ\HH», B nOCAaHHH K «<1>HAOCOqJy roPbl A.Aa)'HcKoif>, n03T
BcnoMHHaeT, KaK OHH qJH.I\OCOqx;TBOBa.I\HHaA MOrHJ\aMH no.lt cTapblM pa3Be
CHCTbIM )l;y60M, TorAa KaK «MeJ\aHxoJ\H'IeCKHH CBeT .I\)'Hbl yaeJ\H'IHBa.I\ Me
.l\aHXOJ\HIO MeCTa H npe.l1MeToB»; Ha B03BpaTHOM nyrn HX BHHM,UIbe OCTaHO
BH.I\ ne'laAbHblH rOTH'IeCKHH 3aMOK; 3TO - OCTpor. «MOCKBa-peKa» H
«llHenp» BbJ3bmaJOT rpYCTHbJe MblCAH - no nOBoAY, KOToporo Mbl He
BHAHM; 06beKT HC'Ie3aeT, TO.l\bKO 3a llHenpoM «He60.l\bllJHe POI,YHYbl, y6e
mHI,Ya .l\J06BH H 6.1\ameHCTBa» H T. )1;. «0 npHpo.ll.a! 0 "YBCTBilTeJlbHOCTb!»
PYCCKHH neH3a}K, MeCTHble Bne'laT.I\eHHl'I yeHl'lTCl'I, nOCKO.l\bKY OHH nO.l1CKa
3aHbJ 3ana)l,HblMH Bne'laTJ\eHHl'IMH H '1TeHHl'IMH. Y nYTellJeCTBeHHHKaKapaM3HHa 3ana)l,Hb1H «CTHXOTBOpey» BCer.l1a «B MblC.I\l'IX H PYKax» - HJ\H
B KapMaHe .II..I\l'ICnpaBKH: OH J\106yeTcH BH.II.aMH H CeHTHMeHTa.I\bHH'IaeT TaM,rAe .110 Hero npolllJ\H fa.ll.l\ep, fecHep, Pycco, H B HX CTH.I\e. WaJU{KOB
nepeHOCHT 3TOT npHeM Ha PYCCKHH neH3a.m: «BeCHa He 6bl.l\a 6bl .II..I\l'IMeHl'l
TaK npeKpaCHa, eCAH 6bl TO~COH H KJ\eHcT He onHCaJU{ 6bl MHe Bcex Kpa
COT ee"~, npH3HaeTCH KapaM3HH (Co'l. II, 71):
JIaM6cpTa, TOMcoHa 'IHTaJI,
C pHCYHKOMnO.lUJHHHblMCJJH'laJI,
.R MHp ceii JIY'llliHM HaxO,,",]';
TeHL POlUH .lUJll MeHll CBC>KCC,
)!{YP'laHLe PY'leiiKa HC>KHCC;
Ha Bce C BeCCJJHeMrJUlJKY,
tho KneiiCT, JlCJJHJJLlKHBOIU1CaJIH;
CruXH HX B naMliru XPaHll,
rYHJIIO, r)Je OHH ryJUlJJH,
11 CJIe)J HX PaJJYCT MeHll!
Tnaca I
1 TaM ",e, 'I. 3 CTp. 202 CAeA: nOAjla>KaHHe OccHallY.
2 4MHTPHCB M. A. MeAO'lH H3 3anaca Mocii naMlITH. 1869 r .• CTp. 93.3 «0 ClleHeAOHe» 1809 r.; BoeiiKOB nepeAO>KHA 3TY 3aMeTKY B crux». CA. ero OTlHCaHHe
pYCCKHX CaAOB. BecrHHK EBponbl. 1813 r .• N2 7 H 8, CTp. 194.
(/l.epe8HR 1785 • .).
B nO./1MOCKOBHOMHMeHHH .AOnyxHHa IKYKOBCKHH BHAeJI B Ca)l,Y lOHroB
OCTpoB H Ha HeM YPHY, nOCBHI,YeHHYIO naMl'ITH <1JeHeJlOHa, C H306pameHHeM
r-mH rlOHOH H PyCCO. «3TO MeCTO HeBO.l\bHO CK.I\OHl'leT Hac K KaKOMY-TO
)'HbIJ\OMy, npIDITHOMY pa3MbIIll.l\eHHIO»3.KH. WaJU{KOBY nO.l1CKa3bIBaeT He'ITO n0.l106HOe BocnOMHHaHHe:
«MaiiCKoe YTPO» HaBeaaeT 06Pa3bl BepTepa H 3J\0H3bl, «MOHaCTblpb» -
50
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I,' ".; 4'1;;3:J it·,
nepe}KHBai\O peaKgHJO, 'CilMoe "C)\OBO «061!!eCTBO» H3bRTO 6bI)\0 H3 )\JITeparypHOro 06pa1!!eHHR, HO CeHTHMeHTa.llbHH'IaTb He BocnpeJ,!JaAOcb. MaTh
KapaM3HHa 06HapY'KHBaAa Y,lI,HBHTe.llbHYJOCKJlOHHOCTbK Me.llaHXO)\HH, npoCH}KHBa)\a ge)\ble ,lI,HH B r)\y60KoH 3a,lI,YM'llfBOCTH; ee )\J06HMoe 'ITeHHe
'l)'BCTBHTe)\bHble poMaHbI1. ExaTepHHa Aq>aHacbeBHa npoTacoBa, BnOC.lletJ;
CTBHH CTporaR pHropHCTKa, 3a'lHThlBaAaCb B MO)\OtJ;OCTH«HoBoH 3)\OH30H»
H CeHTHMeHTaJlbHOH KHHroH 0 BocnHTaHHH: Adele et Theodore2• OTeg rorOAR)\J06H)\ 3aHHMaThGI pa36HBKOH Ca,lI,OB H ,lI,AR Ka}K,!J;OHaAJleH notJ;blCKHBaA
oc06oe Ha3BaHHe; B COCe,lI,HeM)\ecy y Hero 6bI.IIa «40)\HHa cnOKOHCTBIDI»,
3anpeJ,!JeHo 6bl.110 cryqaTh H ,lI,a}Ke KO,\OTHTb 6eAbe Ha npy,lI,y, - 'lT06bI He
pa30rnaTh COJlOBbeB3• AeToM 1810 rO,lI,a rHe,lI,H'l 3aCTaJI EaTJOUJKoBa 60)\b
HblM, «Xa}KeTOI, OT MOCKOBCKOro B03,lI,yxa, 3apa}KeHHOrO 'l)'BCTBHTe.llbHO
CThJO, CblPOro OT G\e3, npoAHBaeMblX aBTopaMH, H rycToro OT HX B03,lI,blxa
HHH»4. 11 EaTJOUJKoB UJYTHT Ha,lI, «MO,lI,HbIMH nHcaTeARMH, XOTopble npOBO)I,lIT geAble HO'IH Ha rpo6ax H 6etJ;Hoe 'le)\OBe'leCTBO nyraJOT npHBHtJ;eHIDIMH,
tJ;yxaMH, crPaUJHblM CY,lI,OM, a 60)\ee Bcero CBOHM CAorOM», npetJ;aBaRCb
«Mpa'lHbIM paCCY}K,lI,eHIDIM 0 6peHHOCTH Be1!!eH, KOTopble n03BO)\eHO ,lI,eAaTh
BCHKOMY B HblHeUJHeM BeKe MeAaHXO)\HH» «<nporyAKa n.o Moc~Be»1810 r.).
3aCeHTHMeHTaJlbHH'laA H lliYKOBCKHH, e,lI,HHCTBeHHbIH HacTOHJ,!JHH noaT
anOXH HaUJeH 'l)'BCTBHTeAbHOCTH, e,lI,HHCTBeHHbIH, HCnblTaBUJHH ee HaCTpoe
HHe He AHTeparypHo TOJ\bKO, HO CTPa,lI,OH}KH3HH, B ry nopy, KOr,lI,a ceptJ;geTpe6yeT oneKH J\J06BH, H n03}Ke, KOr,lI,a OHO H1!!eT B3aHMHOCTH. 11 STOT
onblT OCTaBHJ\ r)\y60KHe CAe,nbl Ha 'leJ\OBeKe, ,naA OC06bIH nOBopOT ero 'lYE
CTBY, HaBCer,na CBH3aB ero «BocnOMHHaHIDIMH»; MOTHBbI ceHTHMeHTaAbHOHn033HH nOMep}KaAH ero HaCTpoeHHe, HO OHO HaAO}KHJ\O Ha HHX ne'laTh
HCKpeHHOCTH, H3R1!!HOH 3a,nYM'lHBOCTH, KOTOPaH nepe6HBaeT YCJ\OBHOCTh
rOJ\OCOM cep,nga. 3rOT nOaTH'leCKHH cliche, OT3BYK HcnblTaHHoro H BblCTpa
,lI,aHHOro, CBH3aJ1ero: HaCTaAH HHbie BpeMeHa, nporARHYJ\o H n03,lI,Hee C'laCTbC, a ne'laAbHOe cliche nOBTopHeTcH cpe,nH UJaAocreH Ap3aMaca H HOBbIX
)'BJ\e'leHHH, «OT'leTOB 0 J\yue» H 3nHTaq>HH «6eJ\KH». TO'lHO Leitmotiv, OT
KOToporo no aT He MO}KeT OTBH3aThCH.
I KapaM3HH, CO'l. IlL, up. 242, 253·5.
2 3eHMHY, tKH3Hb H n033HlI B. A. tKYKOBCKoro, CTp. 13, npHM. 1.
3 1,JJeroAeB, l1cropH'IeCKHH BeCTHHK 1902 r., CJlCBpaAb, up. 661.
4 T HxaHOB, HHK. l1B. rHeil.H'I, CTp. 40.
'.' I