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Page 1: Tema4 - UAHagamenon.tsc.uah.es/Asignaturas/ittse/asc/apuntes/Tema4.pdf · 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9:; < = >? @ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z [\] ^ _ ` a b c
Page 2: Tema4 - UAHagamenon.tsc.uah.es/Asignaturas/ittse/asc/apuntes/Tema4.pdf · 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9:; < = >? @ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z [\] ^ _ ` a b c

� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ! � � � � � � � � � � � � � � " � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � #� � � � $ � ! � � � � � � � � � � � � � � " � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � %� � � � � � ! � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � " � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � & � � � � � � � � � � � ' � � � � ( � � � � ) � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � &� � � � � ! � � � � � � � � � * � � � � " � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ( � � � � ) � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � # � ! � � � � � � � � � � � � � � " � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ( � � � � ) � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � +� � � � + � ! � � � � � � � � � � * � � � � " � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ( � � � � ) � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ,� � $ � ! � � � � � � � � � � - � � � � � - � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �$ � � � � � � � � � � � � � " � � � . � � � � / � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � $ �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � " � � � * � � � � � � 0 � ' � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � $ $& � 0 � � � � � � ( � � � 1 � � � � � � 0 � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � $

Page 3: Tema4 - UAHagamenon.tsc.uah.es/Asignaturas/ittse/asc/apuntes/Tema4.pdf · 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9:; < = >? @ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z [\] ^ _ ` a b c

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. / 0 1 2 3 4 5 2 4 3 6 1 7 8 9 3 : ; 8 3 < 3 7 8 = 5 > = ? ? / < < /@ A @ A B C D D E F G C H I C J K E L C K F K I C G J M H F N M O F AP Q R S T U V Q W X T Y X Z [ \ ] [ \ U ^ _ X \ ` X Z X \ a b Z X ] ` U W X ` [ ` Z X T c d T Q ] Q \ [ Q _ Y [ R [ Y ` Q ] Q \ [ ^ Q e [ fg T _ Q \ U h d U X T Y X i U h d ` Q \ X W d X \ Y ` Q X _ V U ` V d U Y [ Z X d T Q \ X V V U j T ] Q \ [ ^ Q e [ Z X ] ` U W X ` [ ` Z X T fk d X Z X d Y U _ U l Q ` \ X d T Q W ] _ U i U V Q Z [ ` [ ] X ` Q V U [ T Q _ ] Q ` Q Q U \ _ Q ` _ [ Z X _ Q V Q ` h Q Z X _ V U ` V d U Y [ R[ ] V U [ T Q _ W X T Y X ] ` [ ] [ ` V U [ T Q ` d T Q h Q T Q T V U Q Q _ V U ` V d U Y [ Z X m Q _ [ ` n f

o Y U _ U l Q T Z [ X _ V U ` V d U Y [ Z X _ Q i U h d ` Q p q r c ] [ ` Y ` Q Y Q ` \ X Z X d T Z U m U \ [ ` Z X Y X T \ U j T \ X [ ^ Y U X T X st u u t t t \ ba \ b \ a bv w x xy y z z z z{ | { } { }~ � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � �� � � � � �   � � � �{ } ¡ { { } ¡ {� � � ��¢ � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � £ � � � ¤ � ¥� � � � � � � � � � � � £ � � � � � � £ � � � � � � � � � ¦ � � � � § � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � §� � � � � §�� � � � � �   � � �{ } ¡ { { } ¡ {� � � ��¢ � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � £ � � � � � ¦ � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � £ � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ¨ � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ©

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. / / . . . 00 1 2 1 0 21 0 23 4 5 56 6 7 78 9 8 : 8 :; < = > < = ? @ < = A B < = C D E B < F D G B F H D A > I = ? < A @ J C < ? < F A > J A B > C @ G D J D K ? L < H M N O P Q R S T= @ J U D F > V D = ? @ < = W J < A B < = A > D J < H G < A C @ D M N H < @ X C > < = < YZ Z HH R S Z Z HH[ \ \ [ \] ]P P P8 : ^ 8 8 : ^ 8M M MQ_ > H < A @ = < A C D B = D U G F > W > A D ? @ J @ G < J D A > @ = D F C D F A @ U @ H < U B < H C J D < = F D W > ` B J D a L bG @ ? < U @ H A @ = H < ` B > J B = D ` D = D = A > D c @ X C < = > < = ? @ F D W B = A > I = ? < C J D = H W < J < = A > D YZ Z c HH R S Z Z c HH[ \ \ [ \] ]P P P8 : ^ 8 8 : ^ 8M M MQd F > ` B D F E B < < = F D H < A A > I = D = C < J > @ J e H C < = @ < H < F f = > A @ A > J A B > C @ G @ H > X F < g A B D F E B > < JA @ U X > = D A > I = E B < = @ H ? < B = D W B = A > I = ? < G J > U < J @ J ? < = G D H @ D F C @ H < J h D i j F > ? @ k

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- . / 0 1 2 3 4 1 3 2 5 0 6 7 8 7 9 3 : 6 ; < 2 6 7 : 4 ; : = = . < < .> ? @ ? A B C D E F G H H I J B ?K L M N L L O P P Q R S O L T O L O U V S T R R W T O S R X Q P V N T W Y M Q P N L Z X Q [ V N T L \ L R S ] R L X ] R [ V O L X Y L Q P R LV M Q ] Q ^ N T R L _ N W N W O N ] Q ^ N W ` Q ] M W R L T O R W T O S L V _ O W Q R W Z P V N S T R L O a N P O V S N W O N ] Q ^ N P Q b S O S P N L P N T N \ cO S T O M O W d Q S N T N L R P N L Q R S O L _ V O T O S L O W _ R W L Q d Q L d N L ] N O L M W V P M V W N ` Q S N ] T O ] ` Q ] M W R Z ` Q ] M W Re f R M P a g T O L O U V S T R R W T O S _ N W N O ] Q d Q S N W V S N ` W O P V O S P Q N Q S M O W ` O W O S M O \ hi N W N R X M O S O W V S N L O P P Q b S T O L O U V S T R R W T O S L O _ V O T O S V M Q ] Q ^ N W T Q ` O W O S M O L M j P S Q P N L k [ V O_ V O T O S P ] N L Q ` Q P N W L O O S lm K L M W V P M V W N L P R S V S n S Q P R o h p h hm K L M W V P M V W N L P R S q N W Q R L o o h p p h hm K L M W V P M V W N L P R S r R S q O W L R W O L T O Q d _ O T N S P Q N U O S O W N ] Q ^ N T R L hK ] a O P a R T O V M Q ] Q ^ N W d Y L T O V S o h p h a N P O [ V O O ] T Q L O s R M O S U N V S d N c R W P R L M O M N S M RO P R S b d Q P R P R d R T O _ R M O S P Q N k N T O d Y L k O S U O S O W N ] _ W R q R P N W Y V S _ O R W ` V S P Q R S N d Q O S M R O S N ] M N` W O P V O S P Q N hK S U O S O W N ] O ] N s N T Q W N ] U n S o h p h N ] P Q W P V Q M R L O a N W Y P R S q Q L M N L N d O t R W N W N ] U V S NP N W N P M O W u L M Q P N O L _ O P Q ` Q P N T O ] d Q L d R R N V d O S M N W ] N ` ] O v Q X Q ] Q T N T T O ] d Q L d R hw N ` V S P Q b S T O M W N S L ` O W O S P Q N O S M O S L Q b S T O V S N L O P P Q b S T O L O U V S T R R W T O S M Q O S O ] NO v _ W O L Q b S U O S j W Q P N l x L N L N L NL X L X y L z LL z L{{ {Z \ | } }} } | } }} }~ ~ � �~ � � ~ � �~~ � �~� �� �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �   ¡ � ¡ ¢ ¡ £ �   ¤ � ¥ �¦ § ¨ © ª « ¬ ­ ® ¯ § ¨ ¬ ° ª ­ ± ª ± ¯ § ² ³ ± ± ´ µ ± µ ¬ ¶ © ³ ± ± ´ µ ¯ ® ¨ µ ® ¯ § ´ ± ´ ·

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