sf ingles teo exe aline andrade aula 02

CURSO ON LINE INGLÊS – TEORIA E EXERCÍCIOS - SENADO

AULA 02 PROFESSORA: ALINE ANDRADE

www.pontodosconcursos.com.br 1

AULA 02

Prezados(as) alunos(as),

Nesta segunda aula vamos estudar os adjetivos e advérbios em

inglês e como as Bancas Examinadoras têm abordado a matéria em prova.

Não deixem de tirar as dúvidas no Fórum das aulas, terei o maior

prazer em respondê-las. Destaco que o Fórum é o canal de comunicação entre

o professor e os alunos, a oportunidade para que você tire suas dúvidas.

Bons estudos.




ADJETIVOS

Adjetivo é a palavra que expressa uma qualidade ou característica do

substantivo, certo? Os adjetivos em inglês têm a mesma função dos adjetivos

em português. O que muda é a posição deles na frase. No inglês, os adjetivos

são usados, em sua maioria, antes dos substantivos que eles qualificam. Essa

regra também é válida para quando estiverem presentes dois ou mais

adjetivos.

It was a difficult test. (Foi uma prova difícil.)

O adjetivo difficult (difícil) descreve o substantivo test (prova).

Para interpretar corretamente os textos das provas de inglês da ESAF,

além de saber que os adjetivos se posicionam antes dos substantivos, você

terá que saber identificar e distinguir adjetivos comparativos e superlativos.

Sendo assim, passo a demonstrar como se formam os comparativos e os

superlativos em inglês.

Comparativos e Superlativos

Adjetivos Curtos

Para formar os comparativos e superlativos dos adjetivos de uma sílaba

adiciona-se -er para a forma comparativa e -est para a forma superlativa.Veja

alguns exemplos:

AAAlllaaaiiidddeee

SSSeeevvveeerrriiiaaannnooo,,,

333555777000222666888000444777222




Adjetivos Comparativo -ER Superlativo -EST

Cold colder coldest

Old older oldest

Fast faster fastest

Small smaller smallest

Weak weaker weakest

Alguns dos adjetivos mais comuns em inglês têm formas irregulares de

comparativos e superlativos.

Adjetivo Comparativo Superlativo

Bad worse worst

Good better best

Far further

farther

furthest

farthest

Old older

elder

oldest

eldest

Adjetivos de duas ou mais sílabas

Para formar os comparativos e superlativos dos adjetivos de duas ou

mais sílabas (adjetivos longos) usamos o more e less para as formas

comparativas e most e least as formas superlativos. Veja alguns exemplos:

Adjetivo Comparativo Superlativo

Arrogant more arrogant most arrogant




less arrogant least arrogant

Tense more tense

less tense

most tense

least tense

Cooperative more cooperative

less cooperative

most cooperative

least cooperative

Perfect more perfect

less perfect

most perfect

least perfect

Em resumo, o que você precisa saber está no quadro da próxima página:

COMPARATIVO

Regra geral adj curto + er + than

more + adj longo + than

less + adj longo + than

slower than (mais lento)

richer than (mais rico)

latter than (mais tarde)

more urbanized than

(mais urbanizado que)

less urbanized than

(menos urbanizado que)

Exceções good (bom)

bad (mal)

far (longe)

better than (melhor)

worse than (pior)

farther/further than

(mais longe)




SUPERLATIVOS

Regra geral adj curto + est

most + adj longo

least + adj longo

The slowest

(o mais lento)

The richest

(o mais rico)

most valuable

(o mais valioso)

least valuable

(o menos valioso)

Exceções good (bom)

bad (mal)

best (melhor)

worst (pior)

Expressões comparativas

Além das formas comparativas estudadas, há expressões que também

são usadas para fazer comparações e podem aparecer nas provas. ‘As...as’ e

‘So....as’ são recorrentes em prova:

Expressão

tão…..quanto

as. as

as fast as (tão rápido quanto)

not as fast as (não tão rápido)

as stable as

(tão estável quanto)




so.....as

not as stable as

(não tão estável quanto)

so stable as

(tão estável quanto)

so developed as

(tão desenvolvido quanto)

Adjetivos terminados em –ed e –ing.

Por fim, há dois tipos de adjetivos que devem ser lembrados: os

adjetivos formados pelo particípio passado (-ed) e aqueles formados pelo

gerúndio (-ing).

Além de ser usado para formar o passado dos verbos, o -ed também e

o –ing também foram adjetivos. O –ed corresponde, em português, às

terminações –ado/-edo/-ido (resolved=resolvido; bearded=barbado). O –ing

corresponde, em português, às terminações –ente/-ante

(depressing=deprimente; interesting=interessante).

Advérbios

Em inglês, a maioria dos advérbios é formada adicionando-se o sufixo -

ly ao adjetivo de origem (careful/carefully, happy/happily etc.). Enquanto o

adjetivo dá uma característica ao substantivo, o advérbio se refere ao verbo.




Existem algumas palavras que terminam em -ly mas que, porém, não

são advérbios, e sim adjetivos. As principais delas são: friendly: amigável,

lonely: solitário, ugly:feio, likely: provável, unlikely: improvável.

Os advérbios podem ser derivados de adjetivos ou podem ter a mesma

forma do adjetivo. Neste último caso, temos situação semelhante em

português quando dizemos, por exemplo:

Ele é um rapaz bonito (adjetivo) x Ele canta bonito (advérbio).

Muitos advérbios, principalmente os de modo, freqüência e intensidade,

são derivados de adjetivos mediante o acréscimo do sufixo –ly (-mente em

português).

Adjetivo Advérbio

Slow (lento, devagar) Slowly (lentamente, devagar)

Careful (cuidado) Carefully (cuidadosamente)

Efficient (eficiente) Efficiently (eficientemente)

Quick (rápido) Quickly (rapidamente)

Bad (mau) Badly (mal)

Perfect (perfeito) Perfectly (perfeitamente)

Silent (silencioso) Silently (silenciosamente)

Easy (fácil) Easily (facilmente)

Terrible (terrível) Terribly (terrivelmente)

Tragic (trágico) Tragically (tragicamente)

Como não é possível acrescentar um ly a adjetivos que já terminam em

ly (tais como friendly, silly, lovely etc), deve-se recorrer a uma construção

com way (jeito, modo) ou manner (maneira). Por exemplo:

Friendly (amigável) ………………… in a friendly way (de modo amigável)




Atenção para um advérbio que em nada é semelhante ao adjetivo: good

(bom) . . .....................well (bem).

Advérbios de Frequência

Em destaque, os advérbios de freqüência. Recorrentes em provas de

concurso da ESAF, são aqueles que nos indicam com que frequência algo

aconteceu, acontece, acontecerá etc. Observe o quadro abaixo, que mostra,

em uma escala do mais frequente para o menos frequente, o grau de

frequência dos principais advérbios:

ADVÉRBIOS DE FREQUÊNCIA

+

always: sempre

often: frequentemente

usually: habitualmente

sometimes: às vezes

seldom/rarely: raramente

never: nunca _

Agora, vejamos como os adjetivos e advérbios são cobrados pela FGV,

CESPE e ESAF:




Meet the new neighbours

The empty house, in a middle-class corner of southern California, is

two storeys high and boasts a three-car garage. Roses bloom around a

kidney-shaped swimming pool, which is green with algae. Bill Bobbitt, a

county inspector, dips a ladle into the water and brings up half a dozen

wriggling larvae. Mosquitoes, and the West Nile virus that some of them

carry, are thriving in California’s plunging property market. West Nile

virus arrived in America in 1999 and made it to California three years

later. Since then it is known to have infected 2,300 people in the state,

of whom 76 have died… In theory, owners are supposed to keep their

properties in decent shape whether they live there or not. California has

even passed a bill fining banks and mortgage companies that seize

properties and then allow pools to fester. But Mr. Bobbitt isn’t waiting for

the lawyers. He has treated the pool in Santa

Ana with oil and synthetic growth hormones, which will keep the

mosquitoes adolescent, preventing breeding. Then he tips in a few dozen

mosquito fish (Gambusia affinis), which begin happily munching larvae.

You can buy a lot of the fish for what a lawyer charges per hour, and

some authorities, with commendable creativity, even provide them free

to help control the pests.

(from The Economist, August 2d, 2008, p. 34)




1. (FGV/SENADO/2008) The tone of the title is

(A) tragic.

(B) sympathetic.

(C) ironic.

(D) wailing.

(E) enthusiastic.

Comentários:

A questão cobra conhecimento de vocabulário, referindo-se ao título e ao

assunto do texto, questionando o tom/intonação (tone) do título. Vejamos do

que trata o texto:

“West Nile virus arrived in America in 1999 and made it to California

three years later. Since then it is known to have infected 2,300 people in

the state, of whom 76 have died…”

Veja, o texto está tratando de um virus que chegou à América em 1999.

O título diz: “Meet the new neighbours” = “Conheça os novos vizinhos”

(A) tragic.= trágico

(B) sympathetic. = simpático

(C) ironic. = irônico

(D) wailing. = lastimoso

(E) enthusiastic. = entusiasmado

PALAVRAS-CHAVE

meet: conhecer, encontrar

new: novo




neighbours: vizinhos

tragic: trágico

sympathetic: simpático

ironic: irônico

wailing: lastimoso

enthusiastic: entusiasmado

Logo, a resposta para esta questão é a letra C.

2. (FGV/SENADO/2008) According to the text, the market for buying and

selling houses in California is

(A) dropping.

(B) stable.

(C) rising.

(D) sky-rocketing.

(E) inflated.

Comentários:

De acordo com o texto, o Mercado de compra (buying) e venda

(selling) de casas na Califórnia está.... Procure no texto as palavras-chaves da

questão: market, houses, Califórnia:

“Mosquitoes, and the West Nile virus that some of them carry, are

thriving in California’s plunging property market.”

Questão de puro vocabulário, mas se observar as opções de resposta,

apenas uma tem idéia negativa. Ou seja, mesmo que você não saiba o




significado de plunging (afundando), analisando as alternativas daria para

acertar a questão:

(A) dropping. = caindo

(B) stable. = estável

(C) rising. = crescendo

(D) sky-rocketing. = subindo

(E) inflated.= inflado

PALAVRAS-CHAVE

mosquitoes: mosquitos

virus: vírus

carry: carregar

are: são/estão, verbo be

thriving: prosperando

plunging: afundando

property market: mercado imobiliário

dropping: caindo

stable: estável

rising: subindo

sky-rocketing: altíssimo

inflated:inflado

Logo, a resposta para esta questão é a letra A.




3. (FGV/SENADO/2008) A kidney-shaped swimming-pool is

(A) triangular.

(B) square.

(C) rectangular.

(D) trapezoid.

(E) curved.

Comentários:

O texto fala em “kidney-shaped swimming-pool”. Aqui temos o adjetivo

“kidney-shaped” que é o mesmo que “kidney-form” e significa em forma de

rins, reniforme. Certo, mas o que será isso, não é mesmo? Vejamos as

alternativas de resposta:

(A) triangular. = triangular

(B) square. = quadrado

(C) rectangular. = retangular

(D) trapezoid. = trapezóide

(E) curved. = curvado

PALAVRAS-CHAVE

kidney-shaped: em forma de rins, reniforme

swimming-pool: piscina

triangular: triangular

square: quadrado

rectangular: retangular

trapezoid: trapezóide.

curved: curvado, curvo

Logo, a resposta para esta questão é a letra E.




4. (FGV/SENADO/2008) The expression “boasts a three-car garage” (line 2)

reveals an attitude which is

(A) humble.

(B) haughty.

(C) hopeful.

(D) hospitable.

(E) holy.

Comentários:

A expressão “boasts a three-car garage” significa “ostenta uma garagem

para 3 carros”. A expressão revela uma atitude que é:

(A) humble. = humilde

(B) haughty. = arrogante

(C) hopeful. = esperançoso

(D) hospitable. = hospitaleiro

(E) holy. = sagrado, divino

PALAVRAS-CHAVE

boast: ostentar

three-car garage: garagem para três carros

reveal: reveler

which: que

humble: humilde

haughty: arrogante

hopeful: esperançoso

hospitable: hospítaleiro.

holy: sagrado, santo

Logo, a resposta para esta questão é a letra B.




A former head of German counter-intelligence recently

confided: “The best piece of intelligence is the one that only I

possess.” That spymaster’s emphasis on exclusivity and

withholding information even from his friends is, alas, the

watchword among intelligence chiefs worldwide. And it threatens to

undermine efforts to globalize the hunt for terrorists and their bad

works.

Timely and credible intelligence — often the merest scrap —

can be as decisive in foiling terrorist plotting as any police action,

cruise missile, or bomb. That’s why the American Congress and the

White House are focused on improving information sharing

between the CIA and FBI. But the debate has so far overlooked

another chronic intelligence failure: the inadequacy of the CIA’s

liaison with other intelligence services.

One reason for urgent reform is that even though the United

States far outstrips other countries in its technical intelligence

gathering, many other nations often have better human

intelligence, or humint — real live spies.

Robert Gerald Livingston. Internet:

<http://www.ndol.org/ndol_ci.cfm (with adaptations).

1 foil – to prevent (someone or something) from being successful.




5. (CESPE/ ABIN/2004) The best piece of information is not supposed to

be available to anyone.

Comentários:

Ainda não lemos o texto, certo? Então vamos procurar as palavras-chave

desse item e depois buscá-las no texto para decidir se o item está certo ou

errado.

PALAVRAS-CHAVE

“The best piece of information is not supposed to be available to

anyone.”

best piece: melhor peça

information: informação

is not: não é

supposed: deveria

be: ser, estar

available: disponível, acessível

No texto as palavras-chave do item aparecem na seguinte frase:

“The best piece of intelligence is the one that only I possess.”

PALAVRAS-CHAVE


intelligence: inteligência

is: é

one: um

only: somente

possess: possuo

Agora vamos comparar:




Item: best piece – information – is not – supposed to be available to

anyone

Texto: best piece – intelligence – is – only I possess

Apenas com essas palavras-chave já respondemos a questão.

Enquanto a alternativa afirma que a melhor peça (best piece) de

informação não deve estar disponível para qualquer um (available to

anyone), o texto afirma que a melhor peça de inteligência é aquela que só

uma pessoa possui (only I possess).

VOZ PASSIVA

As vozes de um verbo estabelecem a relação entre o sujeito e a ação

expressa por este verbo. O sujeito pratica ou sofre a ação, isto é, o

sujeito é agente ou paciente. Quando o sujeito é o agente, temos a

voz ativa (active voice) e, quando o sujeito é o paciente, temos a voz

passiva (passive voice). Veja que na alternativa foi usada a voz

passiva:

is not supposed to be available to anyone The best piece of information

OBJETO VERBO NA VOZ PASSIVA (BE + PASSADO)

'supposed to' = tem idéia de deveria

Logo, a resposta para esta questão é CERTO.




6. (CESPE/ ABIN/2004) The word “one” (R.2) is a numeral.

Comentários:

Vejamos a linha 2:


A alternativa afirma que a palavra “one” é um numeral. Esta foi uma

pegadinha daquelas...

Sim, a palavra “one” como todo mundo sabe, significa “um”, portanto,

um numeral.

Mas na alternativa, “one” aparece na função de pronome, se referindo à

best piece of intelligence.


Logo, a resposta para esta questão é ERRADO.

7. (CESPE/ ABIN/2004) Chiefs agree to the principle that intelligence

can only be passed on to some special friends all over the world.

Comentários:

Vamos identificar as palavras-chave da alternativa:

PALAVRAS-CHAVE

“Chiefs agree to the principle that intelligence can only be passed on to

some special friends all over the world.”

chiefs: chefes




agree: concordar

principle: princípio

can: poder

be passed on: ser passada, ser transmitida

some: alguns

special friends: amigos especiais

No texto, as palavras chiefs e friends aparecem na frase:

“That spymaster’s emphasis on exclusivity and withholding information even

from his friends is, alas, the watchword among intelligence chiefs worldwide.”

PALAVRAS-CHAVE

“That spymaster’s emphasis on exclusivity and withholding information

even from his friends is, alas, the watchword among intelligence chiefs

worldwide.”

spymaster: mestre de investigação

emphasis: ênfase, enfatizar

exclusivity: exclusividade

withholding: retenção

even: mesmo

alas: palavra usada para dar ênfase em exclamações

watchword: lema

among: entre

worldwide: mundialmente

Agora, fazendo a comparação:

Item: Chiefs - agree - intelligence - can - be passed on - friends




Texto: emphasis - exclusivity and withholding - information - even from his

friends

Enquanto o item fala que inteligência pode (can) ser passada,

transmitida para amigos, o texto, ao contrário, fala em exclusividade e

retenção (withholding) de informação mesmo (even) para amigos.

VOZ PASSIVA

Intelligence can only be passed on to some special friends.

OBJETO VERBO NA VOZ PASSIVA (CAN BE + PASSADO)





8. (CESPE/ ABIN/2004) The word “threatens” (R.5) can be correctly

replaced by menaces.

Comentários:

A questão afirma que a palavra “threatens” pode (can) ser

corretamente substituída por “menaces”. Questão difícil, que exige o

conhecimento de threatens e menaces. Se o candidato não souber a

definição das duas palavras, é muito provável que erre a questão. Melhor

deixar em branco esse tipo de questão se você não sabe o significado das

palavras, não perca tempo (tempo que poderá ser útil na resolução de outras

questões que exijam raciocínio).

menaces = ameaças = threatens





9. (CESPE/ ABIN/2004) Believable and opportune intelligence can

decisively replace the action of the police, even cruise missiles, and bombs.

Comentários:

As palavras-chave da questão (police, cruise missiles, bombs) são

encontradas na frase:

“Timely and credible intelligence — often the merest scrap — can be as

decisive in foiling terrorist plotting as any police action, cruise missile, or

bomb.”

Antes de ver a tradução do vocabulário-chave, vamos comparar a

questão com o texto:

QUESTÃO TEXTO

believable

opportune

intelligence

can decisively replace

the action of the police

cruise missiles

bombs

Credible

timely

intelligence

can be as decisive as

any police action

cruise missile

bomb

Enquanto a questão fala que inteligência pode decisivamente substituir

(can decisively replace) a ação policial, o texto afirma que inteligência pode

ser tão deciva quanto (as decisive as) qualquer ação policial.

As...as significa igualdade. A estrutura do uso é: As + adjetivo + as.

Importante:

As...as = So...as




PALAVRAS-CHAVE

believable: acreditável, possível

opportune: oportuno

can: poder

decisively: decididamente

replace: repor,substituir

action of the police: ação da polícia

even: mesmo

missiles: mísseis

bombs: bombas

timely: tempestiva

credible: confiável

decisive: decisivo





10. (CESPE/ ABIN/2004) The CIA and FBI are yet to establish a process

of information interchange.

Comentários:

No texto, as palavras CIA, FBI, information aparecem na frase “That’s

why the American Congress and the White House are focused on

improving information sharing between the CIA and FBI.”

Observem que o assunto abordado na questão é a troca de informações

entre a CIA e o FBI (information interchange = information sharing)

A questão traz duas palavras importantes: yet e establish

No texto temos: improving

Mesmo sem saber os significados das outras palavras, já podemos

pensar o seguinte: enquanto a questão fala em estabelecer o texto fala em

melhorar, ora, só é possível melhorar algo que já existe, certo? Logo, o item

está errado.

Importante

Yet: ainda (é usado quando algo ainda não aconteceu)

Still: ainda (é usado quando algo ainda está acontecendo)

Already: já (é usado quando algo já aconteceu)

PALAVRAS-CHAVE

American Congress: Congresso Americano




White House: Casa Branca

are focused: estão focados

improving: melhorar

information sharing: compartilhamento de informações

between: entre

yet: ainda

establish: estabelecer

process: processo

information interchange: intercâmbio de informações





11. (CESPE/ ABIN/2004) The USA surpasses other countries in terms of

technical intelligence collection.

Comentários:

A questão está se referindo aos EUA e à technical intelligence, certo?

O texto trata dos EUA e inteligência técnica na frase:

“One reason for urgent reform is that even though the United States far

outstrips other countries in its technical intelligence gathering(…)”

Vamos comparar:

Item: USA – surpasses – in terms of technical intelligence collection

Texto: U.States – outstrips – in its technical intelligence gathering

A questão está correta, observe que ela é apenas a paráfrase do texto.

Enquanto o item afirma que os EUA superam (surpasses) os outros países em

termos de acúmulo (collection) de inteligência técnica, o texto diz que os EUA

se destacam (outstrips) dos outros países pela sua coleta (gathering) de

inteligência técnica.

PALAVRAS-CHAVE

surpasse: superar

other countries: outros países

terms: termos

technical intelligence: inteligência técnica

collection: coleção

reason: razão

even though: apesar disso

outstrip: destacar

gathering: coleta





Atenção: Não se assuste com o tamanho do texto a seguir. Ele foi cobrado na

prova do concurso TCU 2009, para o cargo 3, Auditor Federal de Controle

Externo. No primeiro momento, não leia o texto. Vá direto para as questões.

Na hora da prova não dá tempo de ler o texto. Você deve partir para a

identificação das palavras-chave e só depois procurar a resposta no texto.

While there is no shortage of studies into the reasons why software

projects fail (Ewusi-Mensah, 1997), the major risks of software

development (Jones, 1994), or even the factors affecting project success

(Cooke-Davies, 2002), the field of software engineering lacks a general

model with which to investigate such failures. To date, studies have

tended to be surveys of the factors 4 thought to play some part in a

failure.

Several researchers have argued that a simple model of accidents

is insufficient for dealing with modern technology. A causal-chain model

of accidents is useful to investigate the failure of a specific component

through wear and tear, or the attribution of the cause can be established

through application of a “but for” test. Given the cause, similar accidents

can be prevented by checking the same component for wear and tear or

other flaws such as structural cracks. However, it is a less useful model

when investigating accidents which causes are ultimately not due to

physical weaknesses but are due to interactions between components or

the failure of the system itself.

Driven by the need to find ways to prevent future accidents, the

alternative models reject the simple causal chain model on several




grounds. The first is that looking back along the causal chain requires a

“stopping rule” to determine when to cease investigating deeper into the

system which, it is argued, can be somewhat arbitrary in the choice of

cause (Leveson, 2004). The second reason is that such investigative

techniques tend to focus attention on the proximate event most closely

associated with the accident and direct attention away from the latent,

contributory causes.

Where, in the past, it may have been sufficient to seek direct

causes of an accident, modern socio-technical systems can produce

accidents that are the result of the interaction of different parts of the

system rather than a failure of any one part of the system. Turner &

Pidgeon (1997) reviewed official investigations into non-natural disasters

to arrive at a view that many disasters were man-made and entirely

foreseeable. In a major contrast to causal models of accidents, the

authors argued that the conditions for the disasters he investigated

largely originated from decisions made by upper management.

The view that there was ample evidence of impending disaster

available if only someone paid it any attention appears to be shared by

investigators other than Turner. However such hindsight bias has been

criticised by several researchers, most notably Dekker (2005). Hindsight

bias ignores the reality that most operational decisions are made under

ambiguous circumstances based on sparse and ambiguous evidence.

Instead, Dekker argues, investigators must try hard to understand the

circumstances of the time and put aside knowledge of the outcome.

To reason more fully about the interaction of different parts of a

socio-technical system, several researchers have proposed a system

theoretic model in which the system is expressed as a hierarchy of

control levels. Each level of the hierarchy is considered to act on the

level below it through the imposition of constraints and directions to

achieve emergent properties and to receive feedback. A more useful

model for considering total risk was a “top-down, systems oriented




approach based on system control theoretic concepts”. This approach

gave a control structure embedded in an adaptive socio-technical

system. Such a model shows how different parties contribute to safety

regardless of their organizational affiliations.

Jon McBride. A model for investigating software accident. In: Journal of

Research and Practice in Information Technology, vol. 40, n.º 1, Feb.

2008 (adapted)

Judge the following items according to the text.

12. (CESPE/TCU-TI/2009) A causal-chain model of accidents is effective

in investigating accidents which causes are solely due to failures of the system.

Comentários:

Primeiro, vamos identificar as palavras-chave da questão (causal-chain

model, accidents, investigating, failures) e encontrar a frase correspondente no

texto: O texto diz que:

“A causal-chain model of accidents is useful to investigate the failure of a

specific component through wear and tear,(…)”

Da análise comparativa entre a questão e o texto, temos que:

Item Texto

causal-chain model of accidents = causal-chain model of accidents

is = is

effective = useful

in investigating = to investigate

which causes are solely due to failures ≠ the failure of

of the system ≠ a specific component




Observe que enquanto a questão fala que o modelo de cadeia-causal

(causal-chain) é efetivo para investigar acidentes cujas causas são falhas de

sistema, o texto fala nesse modelo para investigar falhas em componentes

específicos. Além disso, na frase do texto reproduzida abaixo, ainda temos

que:

“However, it is a less useful model when investigating accidents

which causes are ultimately not due to physical weaknesses but are due

to interactions between components or the failure of the system

itself.”

A questão afirma que o modelo ‘causal-chain’ é efetivo para investigar

acidentes cujas causas estejam relacionadas com falhas no sistema. Na frase

acima, o autor afirma que este é um modelo less useful, ou seja, menos útil,

quando a falha é do sistema (failure of the system itself). O importante

para resolver esta questão era o candidato saber que ‘less’ significa menos.

Aqui a banca cobrou o conhecimento gramatical de adjetivos comparativos.

VOCABULÁRIO-CHAVE

causal-chain model: modelo de cadeia-causal

accidents: acidentes

is: é, verbo be (ser,estar)

effective: efetivo

useful: útil

in investigating: em investigar

solely: somente

due: devido

failures: falhas

system: sistema

specific component: componente específico





Atenção: Não leia o texto. Leia a questão, identifique as palavras-chave e só

depois procure a resposta no texto.

The world of computer security has changed dramatically in

the last few years, and one of the greatest challenges now facing

CIOs and IT directors is the task of maintaining the security of their

IT environments. The effects of a security breach can be

catastrophic, including unplanned

downtime and the resulting loss of service, a potentially significant

financial impact, and the loss of sensitive and confidential

information. This problem has been compounded by the

proliferation of networked PCs and servers as well as the growing

intelligence of malicious software that seeks to exploit and expand

throughout the Internet infrastructure.

Companies are releasing new technologies and tools to

address the needs of system administrators responsible for

managing the security large numbers of geographically dispersed

systems. For example, technologies such as Position Independent

Executables (PIE) and Exec Shield help protect against buffer

overflows, a tactic frequently employed by attackers to infiltrate

and compromise flawed software programs.

Security features in Red Hat Enterprise Linux 4 (adapted).

13. (CESPE/SEBRAE/2008) The occurrence of a security breach can bring

about only three undesirable results.




Comentários:

A questão fala em security breach, can, bring, only three,

undesirable results.

No texto, temos que:

“The effects of a security breach can be catastrophic, including unplanned

downtime and the resulting loss of service, a potentially significant

financial impact, and the loss of sensitive and confidential information.”

A questão afirma que a ocorrência de violação da segurança pode trazer

(bring about) somente (only) 3 (three) resultados indesejáveis

(undesirable).

No texto, fala-se em efeitos da violação da segurança (security

breach), que incluem (including) ....

1. unplanned downtime and the resulting loss of service,

2. a potentially significant financial impact,

3. loss of sensitive and confidential information

Enquanto a questão fala de que os resultados são apenas 3, o texto fala

de efeitos (= resultados), que incluem....os três citados acima. Apesar de o

texto citar 3 efeitos da violação da segurança, quando se usa a palavra

including, entende-se que há outros efeitos que não estes que o texto cita.

VOCABULÁRIO-CHAVE

occurrence: ocorrência

can bring about: pode gerar, trazer

only: somente

three: três

undesirable: indesejáveis

results: resultados

effects: efeitos

can be: pode ser

including: incluindo





14. (CESPE/SEBRAE/2008) Two of the technologies to help protect against

buffer overflows are mentioned.

Comentários:

A questão fala em two technologies, help, protect, against, buffer,

overflows.

No texto, estas palavras aparecem na frase:

“For example, technologies such as Position Independent Executables

(PIE) and Exec Shield help protect against buffer overflows, a tactic

frequently employed by attackers to infiltrate and compromise flawed software

programs.”

ITEM TEXTO

Two of = For example

1. technologies such as Position

Independent Executables (PIE)

and

2. Exec Shield

technologies = technologies

help = help

protect against buffer overflows = protect against buffer overflows




VOCABULÁRIO-CHAVE

two: dois

help: ajuda, ajudar

protect: proteger

against: contra


15. (CESPE/SEBRAE/2008) “frequently” (R.18) is the opposite of

seldom.

Comentários:

Para acertar esta questão bastaria saber os advérbios de freqüência.

Enquanto ‘frequently’ significa frequentemente, ‘seldom’ significa raramente.

Veja o quadro explicativo abaixo:

ADVÉRBIOS DE FREQUÊNCIA

+

always: sempre

often, frequently: frequentemente

usually: habitualmente

sometimes: às vezes

seldom/rarely: raramente

never: nunca _





Insolvencies/Guaranty Funds

Source: www.iii.org

Feb/ 2006 (Adapted)

1. The regulation of insurance company solvency is a function of

the state. The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Financial Services Modernization Act of

1999, which allowed banks, securities firms, insurance companies and other

financial services entities to affiliate and sell one another’s products, continues

this practice. State regulators monitor the financial health of companies

licensed to provide insurance in their state through analysis of the detailed

annual financial statements that insurers are required to file and periodic on-

site examinations. When a company is found to be in poor financial condition,

regulators can take various actions to try to save it. Insolvencies do occur,

however, despite the best efforts of regulators.

16. (ESAF/SUSEP/2006) In relation to the monitoring of the financial health

of companies licensed to provide insurance, the state regulators

a) are currently designing two tools to follow it.

b) might resort to actions designed to assist them.

c) may decide to outsource any further analysis.

d) have been assessing the most effective procedures.

e) are likely to adopt the analysis of their statements.

Comentários:

O enunciado da questão diz: “In relation to the monitoring of the

financial health of companies licensed to provide insurance, the state

regulators …” (Em relação ao monitoramento da saúde financeira de




companhias licenciadas a oferecer seguro, os reguladores estatais...) Vejamos

onde o texto está tratando de “monitoring”.

DICA: Observe que das 10 palavras-chave,

6 são verdadeiros cognatos, ou seja,

palavras que se assemelham ao português.

Felizmente elas são maioria! Mas cuidado,

há os falsos cognatos. Não se preocupe com

eles agora. Eles são minoria.

PALAVRAS-CHAVE

relation: relação

monitoring: monitoramento

financial health: saúde financeira

companies: companhias

licensed: licenciadas

provide: oferecer, fornecer, produzir

state regulators: reguladores estatais

O texto trata do assunto “monitoring” na seguinte frase:

“State regulators monitor the financial health of companies licensed to provide

insurance in their state through analysis of the detailed annual financial

statements that insurers are required to file and periodic on-site

examinations.”

MAIS PALAVRAS-CHAVE




through: através

analysis: análises

detailed: detalhadas

annual: anual

financial statements: demonstrações financeiras

insurers: segurador, seguradora

are required: são demandados, solicitados

to file: seguir

periodic: periódico

on-site examinations: exame, investigação in loco

Da leitura, verificamos que há duas maneiras por meio (through) das

quais os reguladores estatais monitoram a saúde financeira das companhias:

analysis of the detailed annual financial statements that insurers are required

to file and periodic on-site examination.


A opção A está incorreta. O texto não diz que os reguladores estatais

estão atualmente (currently) desenvolvendo (designing) duas ferramentas

(tools) para monitoramento da saúde financeira das seguradoras. O autor

apenas afirma que os reguladores estatais monitoram a saúde financeira das

companhias de seguro através de 2 ferramentas: analysis of the detailed

annual financial statements that insurers e periodic on-site examination.





A opção B está correta. O verbo “to resort to” significa recorrer a,

apelar a. Já “might resort to” dá a idéia de probabilidade. A opção afirma que

é possível que os reguladores do mercado de seguros recorram às ferramentas

citadas no texto. Logo a afirmativa está corretíssima, uma vez que o autor

afirma que os reguladores estatais monitoram a saúde financeira das

companhias através da analysis of the detailed annual financial statements

that insurers are required to file e do periodic on-site examination, duas ações

desenvolvidas para lhes assistir.


A opção C está incorreta. O autor não diz que os reguladores podem

(may) decidir por terceirizar (outsource) análises mais profundas (further =

como vimos, esta é a forma comparativa do adjetivo far).


A opção C está incorreta. No texto não há qualquer menção ao verbo

assess (avaliar, estimar, calcular) ou outro com idéia similar. Logo, está errado

afirmar que os reguladores estatais estão avaliando os procedimentos mais

efetivos (most effective = forma superlativa do adjetivo effective).


Currently = atualmente

CUIDADO! FALSO COGNATO!

x

actually = realmente, efetivamente




A opção E está incorreta. Não se pode afirmar pela leitura do texto que

os reguladores estatais estão tendentes a adotar a análise de suas

demonstrações. Totalmente errada.

IMPORTANTE

Sufixo -LY Forma adjetivos e advérbios

slowly: lentamente

likely: provavelmente, tendente

lively: vivaz

PALAVRAS-CHAVE

currently: atualmente

designing: desenvolvendo

tool: ferramenta

resort to: recorrer a

outsource: terceirizar

further: mais profundo, mais distante

assess: avaliar, estimar, calcular




most effective procedures: procedimentos mais efetivos

likely: provávelmente, tendente

adopt: adotar


17. (ESAF/SUSEP/2006) According to the text, “insolvencies do occur”,

which means they

a) actually happen.

b) are undoubtedly preventable.

c) hardly take place.

d) do not pose a threat.

e) used to be more frequent.

Comentários:

O enunciado da questão já remete o leitor à expressão “insolvencies do

occur”. Só será necessário encontrar esta expressão no texto. Vejamos a

última frase do texto: “(…)Insolvencies do occur, however, despite the best

efforts of regulators.” Agora as palavras-chave e as alternativas de resposta:

PALAVRAS-CHAVE




insolvencies: insolvências

occur: ocorrer, acontecer

however: porém, não obstante

despite: apesar de

actually: efetivamente, de fato

happen: acontecer

undoubtedly: indubitavelmente

preventable: evitável

hardly: dificilmente

take place: ocorrer

pose a threat: representar uma ameaça

used to be: costumava ser

a) actually happen.

A opção A está correta. “Insolvencies do occur” significa que insolvências

efetivamente acontecem. “Actually” significa “de fato, efetivamente”.

IMPORTANTE

actually = realmente, efetivamente

Adjetivos + Sufixo LY = advérbio

Logo, actual = real, efetivo

CUIDADO! FALSO COGNATO!

Atualmente = nowadays, presently

Outros exemplos:

undoubtedly (indubitavelmente)

hardly (dificilmente)

frequently (frequentemente)

usually (usualmente, habitualmente)


A opção B está incorreta. Da leitura da frase “Insolvencies do occur,

however, despite the best efforts of regulators.” percebe-se que apesar dos




esforços dos reguladores, as insolvências efetivamente ocorrem. Logo, não se

pode afirmar que insolvência seja indubitavelmente evitável (preventable).


A opção C está incorreta. O texto não diz que insolvência dificilmente

(hardly) ocorre (take place), apenas afirma que ela ocorre.


A opção D está incorreta. “Insolvencies do occur” não quer dizer que

insolvências não representam (pose) uma ameaça (threat). Perceba que o

enunciado da questão quer apenas o significado da expressão e não a

interpretação de que sejam ou não ameaças.


A opção E está incorreta. A opção afirma que insolvências costumavam

ser (used to be) mais freqüentes. No texto não há essa afirmação.


The long climb




Source: www.economist.com st Oct, 2009 (Adapted)

1. The world economy is fitfully getting back to normal, but it

will be a “new normal”. This phrase has caught on, even if people

disagree about what it means. In the new normal, as defined by Pimco´s

CEO, Mohamed El-Erian, growth will be subdued and unemployment will

remain high. “The banking system will be a shadow of its former self,”

and the securitization markets, which buy and sell marketable bundles of

debt, will presumably be a shadow of a shadow. Finance will be costlier

and investment weak, so the stock of physical capital, on which

prosperity depends, will erode.

2. The crisis invited a forceful government entry into several of

capitalism´s inner sanctums, such as banking, American carmaking and

the commercial-paper market. Mr El-Erian worries that the state may

overstay its welcome. In addition, national exchequers may start to feel

some measure of the fiscal strain now hobbling California. America´s

Treasury, in particular, must demonstrate that it is still a “responsible

shepherd of other countries´ savings.”

18. (ESAF/ AFRFB/2009) In paragraph 1, growth in the new order is

defined as

a) both real and active.

b) absolutely extraordinary.

c) not very active or busy.

d) sustainable and rapid.

e) unpredictable.

Comentários:




A questão nos remete ao Parágrafo 1º e à expressão “growth in the

new order”. Você deverá escolher a opção que mais se assemelha à definição

de “growth in the new order” dada pelo texto.

Vejamos como o texto trata do assunto:

“The world economy is fitfully getting back to normal, but it will be a

“new normal”. This phrase has caught on, even if people disagree about what

it means. In the new normal, as defined by Pimco´s CEO, Mohamed El-Erian,

growth will be subdued and unemployment will remain high.”

PALAVRAS-CHAVE

growth: crescimento

new order: nova ordem

world economy: economia mundial

getting back to normal: voltando ao normal

will be: futuro do verbo be (ser) - será

subdued: passado do verbo subdue (reduzir) – reduzido, reduziu

unemployment: desemprego

will remain: futuro do verbo remain (continuar) - continurá

high: alto

Qual a opção mais retrata o crescimento econômico (growth) na nova ordem

mundial:


A opção A está incorreta. A alternativa caracteriza a nova ordem com os

adjetivos real e active (ativa, rápida, vigorosa). A definição é positiva e está

errada. Veja que o texto fala em alto desemprego (high unemployment) e

crescimento reduzido (subdued).





A opção B está incorreta. Assim como a alternativa “a”, a alternativa “b”

traz uma definição positiva da nova ordem: absolutamente extraordinária

(absolutely extraordinary).


A opção C está correta. O texto define o crescimento na nova ordem

como: “ (...) growth will be subdued and unemployment will remain

high.” Temos aqui que o crescimento será reduzido e desemprego continuará

alto, logo, a alternativa está correta ao afirmar que o crescimento não será

muito vigoroso, ativo (active, busy).


A opção D está incorreta. Aqui a definição de crescimento também é

positiva, sustainable e rapid (sustentável e rápido).

e) unpredictable.

A opção E está incorreta. O texto não diz que o crescimento na nova

ordem mundial é imprevisível (unpredictable).

DICA: Apenas na alternativa “c”, resposta

para a questão, foi apresentada uma

definição negativa para o crescimento na

nova ordem mundial. Mesmo sem saber a

definição de subdued daria para acertar a

questão.





Reason with him

Source: www.newsweek.com

22nd Sep, 2009 (Adapted)

Question (Q) 1: Margolis: When you took office, Brazil was

regarded as an underachiever, and the last among the BRIC

nations. Now Brazil is considered a star among emerging

countries. What´s happened?

Lula: No one respects anyone who doesn´t respect themselves. And

Brazil always behaved like a second-class country. We always told

ourselves we were the country of the future. But we never transformed

these qualities into anything concrete. In a globalized world you cannot

sit still. You have to hit the road and sell your country. So we decided to

make strengthening Mercosul (the South American trading bloc) a

priority, and deepened our relations with Latin America in general. We

prioritized trade with Africa and went into the Middle East aggressively.

Our trade balance today is diversified. This helped us cushion the blow of

the economic crisis.

Q2: Margolis: Has Brazil´s success in navigating the economic

crisis changed investors´views?

Lula: There was no miracle. We had a strong domestic market. We had

consumers who wanted to buy cars. We reduced part of the sales tax and

asked the companies to offer consumers credit on affordable items. It´s

the same case with refrigerators, stoves, washing machines, and with

computers and the housing construction.

Q3: Margolis: What are the lessons for other countries?

Lula: The great lesson is that the state has an important role to play,

and has great responsibility. We don´t want the state to manage

business. But it can be an inducer of growth and can work in harmony

with society.




19. (ESAF/ AFRFB/2009) In his answer to question 1, Brazil´s president

refers to “strengthening Mercosul as a priority.” In other words, a measure he

considered

a) risky.

b) unattainable.

c) pivotal.

d) unnecessary.

e) advisable.

Comentários:

A questão se refere à expressão “strengthening Mercosul as a

priority” e quer saber qual dos adjetivos reflete a opinião do presidente acerca

dessa medida (measure). Considerando que o presidente disse ser a medida

uma prioridade (priority), o fortalecimento do Mercosul é:

a) risky.

b) unattainable.

c) pivotal.

d) unnecessary.

e) advisable.

Observe que não era preciso saber inglês para acertar a questão,

todos as adjetivos apresentados nas alternativas se parecem com o português.

O vocabulário-chave que é cobrado nesta questão se parece bastante com o

português:

PALAVRAS-CHAVE

strengthening: fortalecimento, fortalecer

priority: prioridade

measure: medida




risky: arriscado

unattainable: inatingível

pivotal: fundamental, essencial, pivô

unnecessary: desnecessário

advisable: aconselhável

Das 08 palavras-chave, 06 se parecem com nossas palavras do

português. Isso muitas vezes acontece. Existem sim os falsos cognatos,

aquelas palavras que na escrita se assemelham ao português, mas que têm

significados diferentes. Contudo, é importante lembrar que é forte a presença

de vocábulos de origem latina no inglês, sendo que a porcentagem de

ocorrência dessas palavras como falsos cognatos em relação ao português é

insignificante - menos de 0,1%. Não se preocupe com qualquer probabilidade

de erro ao interpretar palavras do inglês parecidas com palavras do português.





20. (ESAF/ AFRFB/2009) Brazil´s president refers to the country´s

diversified trade balance as having

a) contributed to worsen the global economic crisis.

b) resulted from trade with one sole strategic partner.

c) been prevented by internal regulations.

d) been considered as an unattainable goal.

e) minimized the adverse effects of the world crisis.

Comentários:

Vamos destacar as palavras-chave do enunciado para depois buscar no

texto a resposta:

“Brazil´s president refers to the country´s diversified trade balance as

having…”

(O Presidente se refere à balança comercial diversificada do país como

tendo....)

No texto, as palavras “diversified trade balance” aparecem no trecho:

“Our trade balance today is diversified. This helped us cushion

the blow of the economic crisis.”

Juntando as palavras-chave do enunciado com as do texto, temos que:

Agora vejamos as alternativas de respostas:


A opção A está incorreta. Com a análise das palavras no quadro acima,

concluímos que a balança comercial diversificada ajudou (helped) o país na

diversified trade balance helped economic crisis




crise econômica. Ao contrário do texto, a alternativa diz que a balança

comercial prejudicou, piorou (worsen) a crise econômica global. Observe que

a palavra ‘crisis’ está precedida de dois adjetivos: ‘global’ e ‘economic’.


A opção B está incorreta. Estamos falando aqui de diversified trade

balance e a alternativa fala em trade with one solo strategic partner

(comércio com um único parceiro estratégico). A palavra ‘partner’ está

precedida dos adjetivos ‘one solo’ e ‘strategic’.


A opção C está incorreta. O presidente trata da balança comercial

diversificada como fator que teria ajudado o país na crise e não como tendo

sido evitada ou impedida (prevented) por regulamentações internas.

‘Internal’ é o adjetivo que está qualificando ‘regulations’.


A opção D está incorreta. A alternativa afirma que a balança comercial

diversificada foi considerada (been considered) um objetivo (goal)

inatingível (unattainable) – unattainable é o adjetivo.


A opção E está correta. Assim como está no texto que a balança

comercial diversificada ajudou, a alternativa diz que ela minimizou

(minimized) os efeitos adversos (‘adverses’ é o adjetivo) da crise mundial.

PALAVRAS-CHAVE

diversified: diversificado

trade balance: balança comercial




contributed: contribuido

worsen: piorar

global economic crisis: crise econômica global

resulted: resultou

trade: comércio

one sole: um só, um único

strategic partner: parceiro estratégico

been: sido, estado

prevent: evitar, impedir, prevenir

internal regulations: regulamentações internas

considered: considerado


goal: objetivo

minimized: minimizou

adverse effects: efeitos adversos

cushion: amortecer, proteger contra choques

Logo, a resposta para esta questão é a letra E.




While Rome burns Source: www.economist.co.uk

Sep 25th, 2008 (Adapted)

1. American plans to buy up assets that are clogging the

financial system lack detail but no one doubts that a massive

government intervention is coming. In Europe jittery investors have no

such reassurance. European governments have yet to respond publicly to

calls from Hank Paulson, the treasury secretary, to follow his lead. They

look set to keep faith with the approach that they have used to handle

the crisis so far – staving off liquidity worries by allowing banks to use

facilities at central banks to swap their assets in exchange for ready

cash.

2. That makes many watchers nervous. The crisis in America

has dramatically grown from one of liquidity to one of solvency as well.

Lehman Brothers had access to the Federal Reserve´s discount window,

after all, but still went under. The burning question now is whether banks

have enough capital. On some measures, European banks look pretty

well capitalized. The average tier-one ratio, which measures capital

based on the riskiness of bank assets, stood at 8% in the first half of the

year. That looks solid enough, if you assume that banks have a good

handle on risk.




21. (ESAF/ STN/2008) As regards investors in Europe at the moment, they

are feeling

a) nervous and upset.

b) confident and optimistic.

c) reassured, but cautious.

d) slightly afraid.

e) tense, but optimistic.

Comentários:

Veja que as alternativas só trazem adjetivos. O enunciado diz: quanto

aos (as regards) investidores (investors), como estão se sentindo.

Há duas frases no texto com palavras-chave que aparecem também em

duas das alternativas:

“In Europe jittery investors have no such reassurance.”

Nesta frase aparece a palavra reassurance, que significa resseguro,

confiante. Na alternativa “e” está sendo afirmado que os investidores estão

confiantes, mas cuidadosos. Contudo, o texto está negando que os

investidores tenham tal confiança, segurança (veja que o texto diz: have no).

“That makes many watchers nervous.”

Aqui não aparece a palavra investors, mas a palavra watchers, que

significa observadores em geral (o que inclui, portanto, os investidores)

a) nervous and upset. (nervosos e preocupados)

b) confident and optimistic. (confiantes e otimistas)

c) reassured, but cautious. (confiantes, mas cautelosos)

d) slightly afraid. (levemente temerosos)

e) tense, but optimistic. (tensos, mas otimistas)




VOCABULÁRIO-CHAVE

as regards: quanto à/ao

investors: investidores

feeling: sentindo

nervous: nervoso

upset: preocupado

confident: confidante, certo, seguro

optimistic: otimista

reassured: resseguro, confiante

cautious: cauteloso

slightly: levemente

afraid: temeroso, com medo

tense: tenso, ansioso





A world of connections

Source: www.economist.com (Adapted)

Jan 28th, 2010

To sceptics all this talk of twittering, yammering and

chattering smacks of another internet bubble in the making. They argue

that even a huge social network such as Facebook will struggle to make

money because fickle networkers will not stay in one place for long,

pointing to the example of MySpace, which was once all the rage but has

now become a shadow of its former self. Last year the site, which is

owned by News Corp, installed a new boss and fired 45% of its staff as

part of a plan to revive its fortunes.

Within companies there is plenty of doubt about the benefits

of online social networking in the office. A survey of 1,400 chief

information officers conducted last year by Robert Half Technology, a

recruitment firm, found that only one-tenth of them gave employees full

access to such networks during the day, and that many were blocking

Facebook and Twitter altogether. The executives’ biggest concern was

that social networking would lead to social networking, with employees

using the sites to chat with

friends instead of doing their jobs. Some bosses also fretted that the

sites would be used to leak sensitive corporate information.




22. (ESAF/SUSEP/2010) According to paragraph 2, the benefits of online

social networking in the office are

a) undeniable.

b) numerous.

c) long-lasting.

d) uncertain.

e) predictable.

Comentários:

De acordo com o parágrafo 2, os benefícios (benefits) de uma rede

social (networking) online para um escritório (office) são....

No texto, encontramos a palavra benefits na frase:

“Within companies there is plenty of doubt about the benefits of online

social networking in the office.

As palavras-chave para responder a questão são plenty (muitas) e

doubt (dúvidas).

Analisando as alternativas e seus adjetivos, qual deles traz a idéia de

algo duvidoso:

a) undeniable. (inegáveis)

b) numerous. (numerosos)

c) long-lasting. (duradouros)

d) uncertain. (incertos) = plenty of doubt

e) predictable. (previsíveis)




VOCABULÁRIO-CHAVE

benefits: benefícios

office: escritório

undeniable: inegável

numerous: numeroso

long-lasting: duradouro

uncertain: incerto

predictable: previsível

within: em

companies: empresas

plenty of doubt: muitas dúvidas

Logo, a resposta para esta questão é a letra D.




23. (ESAF/SUSEP/2010) According to paragraph 2, some bosses also

worried that through the sites sensitive corporate information would be

a) altered.

b) distorted.

c) made classified.

d) disclosed.

e) negotiated.

Comentários:

De acordo com o parágrafo 2, alguns patrões/chefes (bosses) também

temíam (worried) que através destes sites (sites de redes sociais)

informações corporativas sensíveis (sensitive corporate information)

seriam.....Observe que informação está aqui caracterizada por ‘sensitive’ e

‘corporate’, dois adjetivos que antecedem a palavra ‘information’.

No texto, a palavra “bosses” aparece na frase:

“Some bosses also fretted that the sites would be used to leak

sensitive corporate information.”

Sem se preocupar com a tradução de “leak”, sabendo que o texto trata

dos riscos destes sites de redes sociais para informações sensíveis é de que

essas informações sejam amplamente divulgadas, certo? Informações sensíveis

podem ser também informações sigilosas, não é mesmo?

Vejamos as alternativas:

a) altered. (alteradas)

b) distorted. (distorcidas)




c) made classified.(classificadas)

d) disclosed. (abertas, divulgadas)

e) negotiated.(negociadas)

As alternativas são todas adjetivos terminados em –ed, ou seja,

formadas pelo passado particípio de verbos. As alternativas “a” e “b” são

sinônimos e a questão não pode ter duas respostas. A “c” e a “e” não fazem

sentido no contexto. Portanto, sobra a letra “d”. Disclosed (divulgadas) tem o

mesmo sentido que leak, que significa vazar informações secretas.

VOCABULÁRIO-CHAVE

some: alguns

bosses: chefes

also: também

worried: preocupado

sensitive corporate information: informações corporativas sensíveis

altered: alteradas

distorted: distorcidas

classified: classificadas

disclosed: divulgadas

negotiated: negociadas

fretted: preocupado

leak: vazar informações secretas

Logo, a resposta para esta questão é a letra D.




Tackling Corruption for Growth and Development

Source: www.ausaid.gov.au

18th Jan 2008 (Adapted)

1. Corruption is a major impediment to broadbased growth and

development, undermining government revenue and expenditure on the

delivery of basic services such as law and justice, health care, education,

and the maintenance of essential infrastructure. The World Bank Institute

has estimated that more than US$1 trillion is paid in bribes each year

and, over the long run, countries that tackle corruption and improve the

rule of law can increase their national incomes by as much as four times.

2. Corruption weakens institutions and makes states more

vulnerable to crisis. It has the potential to undermine security in our

partner countries and in the Asia-Pacific region more broadly. Security

can be threatened when governments fail to deliver services, uphold law

and order, maintain public confidence in institutions, or control the use of

resources.

3. Corruption can lead to ‘money politics’ and undermine the

decisions of democratically elected governments. It can also open the

way for a variety of other crimes such as money laundering and

trafficking in drugs, arms, and people.




24. (ESAF/CGU/2008) According to the text, the effect of corruption on the

decisions made by democratically elected governments is that these decisions

a) become more legitimate and effective.

b) gradually become less effective.

c) are implemented in a shorter period of time.

d) gain both credibility and morale.

e) may lose legitimacy and credibility.

Comentários:

O enunciado não diz o parágrafo a que se refere a questão. Teremos que

procurar no texto onde o assunto foi tratado.

Vejamos as palavras-chave do enunciado:

“According to the text, the effect of corruption on the decisions made by

democratically elected governments is that these decisions…”

A questão trata do efeito (effect) da corrupção nas decisões tomadas

(decisions made) pelos governos democraticamente eleitos (democratically

elected governments), certo?

Quando voltamos ao texto, percebemos que a palavra “democratically”

aparece na primeira frase do parágrafo 3.

“Corruption can lead to ‘money politics’ and undermine the decisions of

democratically elected governments.”

Agora, vejamos as alternativas:


A opção A está incorreta. Vimos que a questão trata da corrupção e sua

influência nas decisões dos governos democraticamente eleitos. A alternativa

afirma que, como efeito da corrupção, as decisões tornam-se mais legítimas e




efetivas. Isso não poderia ser verdadeiro, não é mesmo? Aqui temos a forma

comparativa (more) dos adjetivos ‘legitimate’ e ‘effective’.


A opção B está correta. O texto diz que a corrupção mina, enfraquece

(undermine) as decisões, ou seja, as decisões vão se tornando menos (less)

efetivas com a corrupção. A palavra undermine tem o significado de arruinar

gradativamente (gradually), minar.


A opção C está incorreta. Também não há no texto a informação de que

as decisões, considerando a ocorrência de corrupção, sejam implementadas

num período de tempo mais curto (shorter – forma comparativa do adjetivo

short) do que se não houvesse corrupção.


A opção D está incorreta. Ao contrário do que o texto afirma, esta

alternativa diz que as decisões ganham credibilidade e moralidade.


A opção E está incorreta. O texto não diz claramente que as decisões

dos governos democraticamente eleitos perdem legitimidade e credibilidade. O

texto diz que a corrupção enfraquece as decisões e usa o verbo undermine,

que tem a idéia de processo gradativo.

PALAVRAS-CHAVE

democratically: democraticamente

elected: eleito

goernments: governos

lead: conduzir, levar




undermine: minar, enfraquecer

become: tornar-se

less effective: menos efetivo

gradually: gradualmente

implemented: implementado

shorter: mais curto, menor

morale: moral

gain: ganho, benefício, vantagem

both: ambos

credibility: credibilidade

lose: perder

legitimacy: legitimidade





REVISÃO DO VOCABULÁRIO-CHAVE

A partir deste momento vamos revisar a aula por meio do quadro do

vocabulário-chave.

PALAVRAS-CHAVE

meet: conhecer, encontrar

new: novo

neighbours: vizinhos

tragic: trágico

sympathetic: simpático

ironic: irônico

wailing: lastimoso

enthusiastic: entusiasmado

mosquitoes: mosquitos

virus: vírus

carry: carregar

are: são/estão, verbo be

thriving: prosperando

plunging: afundando

property market: mercado imobiliário

dropping: caindo

stable: estável

rising: subindo

sky-rocketing: altíssimo

inflated:inflado

kidney-shaped: em forma de rins, reniforme




swimming-pool: piscina

triangular: triangular

square: quadrado

rectangular: retangular

trapezoid: trapezóide.

curved: curvado, curvo

boast: ostentar

three-car garage: garagem para três carros

reveal: reveler

which: que

humble: humilde

haughty: arrogante

hopeful: esperançoso

hospitable: hospítaleiro.

holy: sagrado, santo

best piece: melhor peça

information: informação

is not: não é

supposed: deveria

be: ser, estar

available: disponível, acessível

intelligence: inteligência

is: é

one: um

only: somente

possess: possuo

chiefs: chefes

agree: concordar

principle: princípio

can: poder




be passed on: ser passada, ser transmitida

some: alguns

special friends: amigos especiais

spymaster: mestre de investigação

emphasis: ênfase, enfatizar

exclusivity: exclusividade

withholding: retenção

even: mesmo

alas: palavra usada para dar ênfase em exclamações

watchword: lema

among: entre

worldwide: mundialmente

believable: acreditável, possível

opportune: oportuno

can: poder

decisively: decididamente

replace: repor,substituir

action of the police: ação da polícia

even: mesmo

missiles: mísseis

bombs: bombas

timely: tempestiva

credible: confiável

decisive: decisivo

American Congress: Congresso Americano

White House: Casa Branca

are focused: estão focados

improving: melhorar

information sharing: compartilhamento de informações

between: entre




yet: ainda

establish: estabelecer

process: processo

information interchange: intercâmbio de informações

surpasse: superar

other countries: outros países

terms: termos

technical intelligence: inteligência técnica

collection: coleção

reason: razão

even though: apesar disso

outstrip: destacar

gathering: coleta

causal-chain model: modelo de cadeia-causal

accidents: acidentes

is: é, verbo be (ser,estar)

effective: efetivo

useful: útil

in investigating: em investigar

solely: somente

due: devido

failures: falhas

system: sistema

specific component: componente específico

occurrence: ocorrência

can bring about: pode gerar, trazer

only: somente

three: três

undesirable: indesejáveis

results: resultados




effects: efeitos

can be: pode ser

including: incluindo

two: dois

help: ajuda, ajudar

protect: proteger

against: contra

relation: relação

monitoring: monitoramento

financial health: saúde financeira

companies: companhias

licensed: licenciadas

provide: oferecer, fornecer, produzir

state regulators: reguladores estatais

through: através

analysis: análises

detailed: detalhadas

annual: anual

financial statements: demonstrações financeiras

insurers: segurador, seguradora

are required: são demandados, solicitados

to file: seguir

periodic: periódico

on-site examinations: exame, investigação in loco

currently: atualmente




designing: desenvolvendo

tool: ferramenta

resort to: recorrer a

outsource: terceirizar

further: mais profundo, mais distante

assess: avaliar, estimar, calcular

most effective procedures: procedimentos mais efetivos

likely: provávelmente, tendente

adopt: adotar

insolvencies: insolvências

occur: ocorrer, acontecer

however: porém, não obstante

despite: apesar de

actually: efetivamente, de fato

happen: acontecer

undoubtedly: indubitavelmente

preventable: evitável

hardly: dificilmente

take place: ocorrer

pose a threat: representar uma ameaça

used to be: costumava ser

growth: crescimento

new order: nova ordem

world economy: economia mundial

getting back to normal: voltando ao normal

will be: futuro do verbo be (ser) - será

subdued: passado do verbo subdue (reduzir) – reduzido, reduziu




unemployment: desemprego

will remain: futuro do verbo remain (continuar) - continurá

high: alto

strengthening: fortalecimento, fortalecer

priority: prioridade

measure: medida

risky: arriscado


pivotal: fundamental, essencial, pivô

unnecessary: desnecessário

advisable: aconselhável

diversified: diversificado

trade balance: balança comercial

contributed: contribuido

worsen: piorar

global economic crisis: crise econômica global

resulted: resultou

trade: comércio

one sole: um só, um único

strategic partner: parceiro estratégico

been: sido, estado

prevent: evitar, impedir, prevenir

internal regulations: regulamentações internas

considered: considerado


goal: objetivo

minimized: minimizou

adverse effects: efeitos adversos

cushion: amortecer, proteger contra choques

as regards: quanto à/ao

investors: investidores




feeling: sentindo

nervous: nervoso

upset: preocupado

confident: confidante, certo, seguro

optimistic: otimista

reassured: resseguro, confiante

cautious: cauteloso

slightly: levemente

afraid: temeroso, com medo

tense: tenso, ansioso

benefits: benefícios

office: escritório

undeniable: inegável

numerous: numeroso

long-lasting: duradouro

uncertain: incerto

predictable: previsível

within: em

companies: empresas

plenty of doubt: muitas dúvidas

some: alguns

bosses: chefes

also: também

worried: preocupado

sensitive corporate information: informações corporativas sensíveis

altered: alteradas

distorted: distorcidas

classified: classificadas

disclosed: divulgadas

negotiated: negociadas




fretted: preocupado

leak: vazar informações secretas

democratically: democraticamente

elected: eleito

goernments: governos

lead: conduzir, levar

undermine: minar, enfraquecer

become: tornar-se

less effective: menos efetivo

gradually: gradualmente

implemented: implementado

shorter: mais curto, menor

morale: moral

gain: ganho, benefício, vantagem

both: ambos

credibility: credibilidade

lose: perder

legitimacy: legitimidade




QUESTÕES DA AULA

Meet the new neighbours

The empty house, in a middle-class corner of southern

California, is two storeys high and boasts a three-car garage.

Roses bloom around a kidney-shaped swimming pool, which is

green with algae. Bill Bobbitt, a county inspector, dips a ladle into

the water and brings up half a dozen wriggling larvae. Mosquitoes,

and the West Nile virus that some of them carry, are thriving in

California’s plunging property market. West Nile virus arrived in

America in 1999 and made it to California three years later. Since

then it is known to have infected 2,300 people in the state, of

whom 76 have died… In theory, owners are supposed to keep

their properties in decent shape whether they live there or not.

California has even passed a bill fining banks and mortgage

companies that seize properties and then allow pools to fester. But

Mr. Bobbitt isn’t waiting for the lawyers. He has treated the pool in

Santa

Ana with oil and synthetic growth hormones, which will keep

the mosquitoes adolescent, preventing breeding. Then he tips in a

few dozen mosquito fish (Gambusia affinis), which begin happily

munching larvae. You can buy a lot of the fish for what a lawyer

charges per hour, and some authorities, with commendable

creativity, even provide them free to help control the pests.

(from The Economist, August 2d, 2008, p.

34)




1. (FGV/SENADO/2008) The tone of the title is

(A) tragic.

(B) sympathetic.

(C) ironic.

(D) wailing.

(E) enthusiastic.

2. (FGV/SENADO/2008) According to the text, the market for buying

and selling houses in California is

(A) dropping.

(B) stable.

(C) rising.

(D) sky-rocketing.

(E) inflated.

3. (FGV/SENADO/2008) A kidney-shaped swimming-pool is

(A) triangular.

(B) square.

(C) rectangular.

(D) trapezoid.

(E) curved.

4. (FGV/SENADO/2008) The expression “boasts a three-car garage”

(line 2) reveals an attitude which is

(A) humble.

(B) haughty.

(C) hopeful.

(D) hospitable.

(E) holy.




A former head of German counter-intelligence recently

confided: “The best piece of intelligence is the one that only

I possess.” That spymaster’s emphasis on exclusivity and

withholding information even from his friends is, alas, the

watchword among intelligence chiefs worldwide. And it

threatens to undermine efforts to globalize the hunt for

terrorists and their bad works.

Timely and credible intelligence — often the merest

scrap — can be as decisive in foiling terrorist plotting as any

police action, cruise missile, or bomb. That’s why the

American Congress and the White House are focused on

improving information sharing between the CIA and FBI. But

the debate has so far overlooked another chronic intelligence

failure: the inadequacy of the CIA’s liaison with other

intelligence services.

One reason for urgent reform is that even though the

United States far outstrips other countries in its technical

intelligence gathering, many other nations often have better

human intelligence, or humint — real live spies.

Robert Gerald Livingston. Internet:

<http://www.ndol.org/ndol_ci.cfm (with adaptations).

1 foil – to prevent (someone or something) from being

successful.




12. (CESPE/ ABIN/2004) The best piece of information is not

supposed to be available to anyone.

13. (CESPE/ ABIN/2004) The word “one” (R.2) is a numeral.

14. (CESPE/ ABIN/2004) Chiefs agree to the principle that

intelligence can only be passed on to some special friends all over the

world.

15. (CESPE/ ABIN/2004) The word “threatens” (R.5) can be

correctly replaced by menaces.

16. (CESPE/ ABIN/2004) Believable and opportune intelligence can

decisively replace the action of the police, even cruise missiles, and

bombs.

17. (CESPE/ ABIN/2004) The CIA and FBI are yet to establish a

process of information interchange.

18. (CESPE/ ABIN/2004) The USA surpasses other countries in

terms of technical intelligence collection.

While there is no shortage of studies into the reasons why

software projects fail (Ewusi-Mensah, 1997), the major risks of

software development (Jones, 1994), or even the factors affecting

project success (Cooke-Davies, 2002), the field of software

engineering lacks a general model with which to investigate such

failures. To date, studies have tended to be surveys of the factors




4 thought to play some part in a failure.

Several researchers have argued that a simple model of

accidents is insufficient for dealing with modern technology. A

causal-chain model of accidents is useful to investigate the failure

of a specific component through wear and tear, or the attribution

of the cause can be established through application of a “but for”

test. Given the cause, similar accidents can be prevented by

checking the same component for wear and tear or other flaws

such as structural cracks. However, it is a less useful model when

investigating accidents which causes are ultimately not due to

physical weaknesses but are due to interactions between

components or the failure of the system itself.

Driven by the need to find ways to prevent future accidents,

the alternative models reject the simple causal chain model on

several grounds. The first is that looking back along the causal

chain requires a “stopping rule” to determine when to cease

investigating deeper into the system which, it is argued, can be

somewhat arbitrary in the choice of cause (Leveson, 2004). The

second reason is that such investigative techniques tend to focus

attention on the proximate event most closely associated with the

accident and direct attention away from the latent, contributory

causes.

Where, in the past, it may have been sufficient to seek

direct causes of an accident, modern socio-technical systems can

produce accidents that are the result of the interaction of different

parts of the system rather than a failure of any one part of the

system. Turner & Pidgeon (1997) reviewed official investigations

into non-natural disasters to arrive at a view that many disasters

were man-made and entirely foreseeable. In a major contrast to

causal models of accidents, the authors argued that the conditions




for the disasters he investigated largely originated from decisions

made by upper management.

The view that there was ample evidence of impending

disaster available if only someone paid it any attention appears to

be shared by investigators other than Turner. However such

hindsight bias has been criticised by several researchers, most

notably Dekker (2005). Hindsight bias ignores the reality that

most operational decisions are made under ambiguous

circumstances based on sparse and ambiguous evidence. Instead,

Dekker argues, investigators must try hard to understand the

circumstances of the time and put aside knowledge of the

outcome.

To reason more fully about the interaction of different parts

of a socio-technical system, several researchers have proposed a

system theoretic model in which the system is expressed as a

hierarchy of control levels. Each level of the hierarchy is

considered to act on the level below it through the imposition of

constraints and directions to achieve emergent properties and to

receive feedback. A more useful model for considering total risk

was a “top-down, systems oriented approach based on system

control theoretic concepts”. This approach gave a control structure

embedded in an adaptive socio-technical system. Such a model

shows how different parties contribute to safety regardless of their

organizational affiliations.

Jon McBride. A model for investigating software accident. In:

Journal of Research and Practice in Information Technology, vol.

40, n.º 1, Feb. 2008 (adapted)

Judge the following items according to the text.




12. (CESPE/TCU-TI/2009) A causal-chain model of accidents is

effective in investigating accidents which causes are solely due to

failures of the system.

The world of computer security has changed

dramatically in the last few years, and one of the greatest

challenges now facing CIOs and IT directors is the task of

maintaining the security of their IT environments. The

effects of a security breach can be catastrophic, including

unplanned

downtime and the resulting loss of service, a potentially

significant financial impact, and the loss of sensitive and

confidential information. This problem has been compounded

by the proliferation of networked PCs and servers as well as

the growing intelligence of malicious software that seeks to

exploit and expand throughout the Internet infrastructure.

Companies are releasing new technologies and tools to

address the needs of system administrators responsible for

managing the security large numbers of geographically

dispersed systems. For example, technologies such as

Position Independent Executables (PIE) and Exec Shield help

protect against buffer overflows, a tactic frequently

employed by attackers to infiltrate and compromise flawed

software programs.

Security features in Red Hat Enterprise Linux 4 (adapted).

13. (CESPE/SEBRAE/2008) The occurrence of a security breach can

bring about only three undesirable results.




14. (CESPE/SEBRAE/2008) Two of the technologies to help protect

against buffer overflows are mentioned.

15. (CESPE/SEBRAE/2008) “frequently” (R.18) is the opposite of

seldom.

Insolvencies/Guaranty Funds

Source: www.iii.org

Feb/ 2006 (Adapted)

1. The regulation of insurance company solvency is a

function of the state. The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Financial Services

Modernization Act of 1999, which allowed banks, securities firms,

insurance companies and other financial services entities to affiliate and

sell one another’s products, continues this practice. State regulators

monitor the financial health of companies licensed to provide insurance

in their state through analysis of the detailed annual financial

statements that insurers are required to file and periodic on-site

examinations. When a company is found to be in poor financial

condition, regulators can take various actions to try to save it.

Insolvencies do occur, however, despite the best efforts of regulators.

16. (ESAF/SUSEP/2006) In relation to the monitoring of the financial

health of companies licensed to provide insurance, the state regulators









17. (ESAF/SUSEP/2006) According to the text, “insolvencies do

occur”, which means they

a) actually happen.





The long climb Source: www.economist.com

st Oct, 2009 (Adapted)

1. The world economy is fitfully getting back to normal,

but it will be a “new normal”. This phrase has caught on, even if

people disagree about what it means. In the new normal, as

defined by Pimco´s CEO, Mohamed El-Erian, growth will be

subdued and unemployment will remain high. “The banking

system will be a shadow of its former self,” and the securitization

markets, which buy and sell marketable bundles of debt, will

presumably be a shadow of a shadow. Finance will be costlier and

investment weak, so the stock of physical capital, on which

prosperity depends, will erode.

2. The crisis invited a forceful government entry into

several of capitalism´s inner sanctums, such as banking, American

carmaking and the commercial-paper market. Mr El-Erian worries




that the state may overstay its welcome. In addition, national

exchequers may start to feel some measure of the fiscal strain

now hobbling California. America´s Treasury, in particular, must

demonstrate that it is still a “responsible shepherd of other

countries´ savings.”

18. (ESAF/ AFRFB/2009) In paragraph 1, growth in the new order is

defined as





e) unpredictable.

Reason with him

Source: www.newsweek.com

22nd Sep, 2009 (Adapted)

Question (Q) 1: Margolis: When you took office, Brazil was

regarded as an underachiever, and the last among the BRIC

nations. Now Brazil is considered a star among emerging

countries. What´s happened?

Lula: No one respects anyone who doesn´t respect themselves.

And Brazil always behaved like a second-class country. We always

told ourselves we were the country of the future. But we never

transformed these qualities into anything concrete. In a globalized

world you cannot sit still. You have to hit the road and sell your

country. So we decided to make strengthening Mercosul (the




South American trading bloc) a priority, and deepened our

relations with Latin America in general. We prioritized trade with

Africa and went into the Middle East aggressively. Our trade

balance today is diversified. This helped us cushion the blow of the

economic crisis.

Q2: Margolis: Has Brazil´s success in navigating the

economic crisis changed investors´views?

Lula: There was no miracle. We had a strong domestic market.

We had consumers who wanted to buy cars. We reduced part of

the sales tax and asked the companies to offer consumers credit

on affordable items. It´s the same case with refrigerators, stoves,

washing machines, and with computers and the housing

construction.

Q3: Margolis: What are the lessons for other countries?

Lula: The great lesson is that the state has an important role to

play, and has great responsibility. We don´t want the state to

manage business. But it can be an inducer of growth and can work

in harmony with society.

19. (ESAF/ AFRFB/2009) In his answer to question 1, Brazil´s

president refers to “strengthening Mercosul as a priority.” In other

words, a measure he considered

a) risky.

b) unattainable.

c) pivotal.

d) unnecessary.

e) advisable.




20. (ESAF/ AFRFB/2009) Brazil´s president refers to the country´s

diversified trade balance as having






While Rome burns Source: www.economist.co.uk

Sep 25th, 2008 (Adapted)

1. American plans to buy up assets that are clogging the

financial system lack detail but no one doubts that a massive

government intervention is coming. In Europe jittery investors

have no such reassurance. European governments have yet to

respond publicly to calls from Hank Paulson, the treasury

secretary, to follow his lead. They look set to keep faith with the

approach that they have used to handle the crisis so far – staving

off liquidity worries by allowing banks to use facilities at central

banks to swap their assets in exchange for ready cash.

2. That makes many watchers nervous. The crisis in

America has dramatically grown from one of liquidity to one of

solvency as well. Lehman Brothers had access to the Federal

Reserve´s discount window, after all, but still went under. The

burning question now is whether banks have enough capital. On

some measures, European banks look pretty well capitalized. The

average tier-one ratio, which measures capital based on the




riskiness of bank assets, stood at 8% in the first half of the year.

That looks solid enough, if you assume that banks have a good

handle on risk.

21. (ESAF/ STN/2008) As regards investors in Europe at the

moment, they are feeling

a) nervous and upset.

b) confident and optimistic.

c) reassured, but cautious.

d) slightly afraid.

e) tense, but optimistic.

A world of connections

Source: www.economist.com (Adapted)

Jan 28th, 2010

To sceptics all this talk of twittering, yammering and

chattering smacks of another internet bubble in the making. They

argue that even a huge social network such as Facebook will

struggle to make money because fickle networkers will not stay in

one place for long, pointing to the example of MySpace, which was

once all the rage but has now become a shadow of its former self.

Last year the site, which is owned by News Corp, installed a new

boss and fired 45% of its staff as part of a plan to revive its

fortunes.

Within companies there is plenty of doubt about the

benefits of online social networking in the office. A survey of 1,400




chief information officers conducted last year by Robert Half

Technology, a recruitment firm, found that only one-tenth of them

gave employees full access to such networks during the day, and

that many were blocking Facebook and Twitter altogether. The

executives’ biggest concern was that social networking would lead

to social networking, with employees using the sites to chat with

friends instead of doing their jobs. Some bosses also fretted that

the sites would be used to leak sensitive corporate information.

22. (ESAF/SUSEP/2010) According to paragraph 2, the benefits of

online social networking in the office are

a) undeniable.

b) numerous.

c) long-lasting.

d) uncertain.

e) predictable.

23. (ESAF/SUSEP/2010) According to paragraph 2, some bosses also

worried that through the sites sensitive corporate information would be

a) altered.

b) distorted.

c) made classified.

d) disclosed.

e) negotiated.




Tackling Corruption for Growth and Development

Source: www.ausaid.gov.au

18th Jan 2008 (Adapted)

1. Corruption is a major impediment to broadbased

growth and development, undermining government revenue and

expenditure on the delivery of basic services such as law and

justice, health care, education, and the maintenance of essential

infrastructure. The World Bank Institute has estimated that more

than US$1 trillion is paid in bribes each year and, over the long

run, countries that tackle corruption and improve the rule of law

can increase their national incomes by as much as four times.

2. Corruption weakens institutions and makes states

more vulnerable to crisis. It has the potential to undermine

security in our partner countries and in the Asia-Pacific region

more broadly. Security can be threatened when governments fail

to deliver services, uphold law and order, maintain public

confidence in institutions, or control the use of resources.

3. Corruption can lead to ‘money politics’ and undermine

the decisions of democratically elected governments. It can also

open the way for a variety of other crimes such as money

laundering and trafficking in drugs, arms, and people.




24. (ESAF/CGU/2008) According to the text, the effect of corruption

on the decisions made by democratically elected governments is that

these decisions






GABARITO

1-C 2-A 3-E 4-B 5-C 6-E 7-E 8-C 9-E

10-E 11-C 12-E 13-E 14-C 15-C 16-B 17-A 18-C

19-C 20-E 21-A 22-D 23-D 24-B

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