PARCELADOR Second Grade

English, science and Social studies

English

PRONOUNS

Example: Are you student? Is she a student?

Demonstrative Pronounsdemonstrate (verb): to show; to indicate; to point to

A demonstrative pronoun represents a thing or things:Near in distance or time (this, these)Far in distance or time (that, those)

near far

singular

this that

plural these

those

Here are some examples with demonstrative pronouns, followed by an illustration:

This tastes good.Have you seen this?These are bad times.Do you like these?That is beautiful.Look at that!Those were the days!Can you see those?This is heavier than that.These are bigger than those.

SITIONS

SCIENCEMatter is everything around you. Matter is anything made of atoms and molecules. Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space. If you are new to the idea of mass, it is the amount of stuff in an object. We talk about the difference between mass and weight in another section. Matter is sometimes related to light and electromagnetic radiation. 

Even though matter can be found all over the Universe, you only find it in a few forms. As of 1995, scientists have identified five physical states of matter. Each of those states is sometimes called a phase. They may even discover one more state by the time you get old. 

Five States of MatterYou should know about solids, liquids, gases, plasmas, and one state called the Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC). Scientists have always known about solids, liquids, and gases. Plasma was a new idea when it was noticed by William Crookes in 1879. The scientists who worked with the Bose-Einstein condensate received a Nobel Prize for their work in 1995. 

But what makes a state of matter? It's about the physical state of the molecules and atoms. Think about solids. They are often hard and brittle. Liquids are all fluidy at room temperature. Gases are there, but you usually smell them before you can see them. You don't see them because their molecules are really far apart. The BEC is all about molecules that are really close to each other (even closer than atoms in a solid). 

Changing States of Matter

Elements and compounds can move from one physical state to another and not change their basic atomic parts. Oxygen (O2) as a gas still has the same properties as liquid oxygen. The liquid state is colder and denser, but the molecules (the basic parts) are still the same. Water (H2O) is another example. A water molecule is made up of two hydrogen (H) atoms and one oxygen (O) atom. It has the same molecular structure whether it is a gas, liquid, or solid. Although its physical state may change, its chemical state remains the same. 

So you're asking, "What is a chemical change?" Let's start with a glass of pure water. If the formula of water were to change, that would be a chemical change. If you could just add a second oxygen atom, you would have hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The molecules in your glass would not be water anymore. The reality of creating hydrogen peroxide is more difficult. 

A chemical change happens when the atoms in a molecule are moved around or when atoms are added or taken away. Chemical changes happen when bonds between atoms are created or destroyed. Changing physical states of matter is about changing densities, pressures, temperatures, and other physical properties. The basic chemical structure does not change when there is a physical change. 

Keywords to ReviewStates: States of matter are the different forms in which matter exists. The easy states to remember are solid, liquid, gas, and plasma. Although you might not find it around you every day, there is more plasma in the Universe than any state of visible matter. Remember that plasma is found in stars and between planets, stars, and systems of every galaxy. As you learn more, you will discover several other states of matter. Some of these states are still theoretical. 

Atoms: The basic unit of matter. Atoms are not the smallest pieces of matter you will find. They are made of protons, neutrons, and electrons. There are other smaller particles of matter as well. However, your studies will focus on atoms and the different types of atoms that make up each element of the periodic table. There are also variations of atoms called ions and isotopes. As the number of atoms increases, you have more matter. As you have more matter, you have more mass. 

Mass: Mass is the amount of matter in a thing. Usually, when a thing is heavier, it has a greater mass. If you have a piece of iron the size of a marble and a piece of iron the size of a bowling ball, the bowling ball will have more mass. That example looked at similar substances. If you have a balloon the size of a bowling ball, it may be the same size, but will definitely have a smaller mass. There is less matter in the balloon. When you use a scale, you measure weight. Weight is dependent on gravity while mass is not. Mass is measured in kilograms. 

Volume: The amount of space than an object can occupy. A balloon will have a volume similar to a bowling ball, but it will have a much different mass. You will usually encounter the idea of volume when you learn about gases and liquids. Gases and liquids can change their shape easily, but still take up the same volume. The concept of volume is also related to pressure. As pressure goes up or down, the volume of a gas changes as the distance between the molecules changes. Volume is measured in cubic meters or liters. 

Dark Matter: A theoretical form of matter that we cannot see. It does not emit electromagnetic radiation, so we are not able to see or detect it. Astronomers believe it may make up 84.5% of all matter in the Universe. When they studied the visible matter of the Universe, they found that something was exerting a gravitational effect on the visible matter. However, the source could not be found. That hidden source of gravity has been described as dark matter. 

SOCIAL STUDIES

The United States of AmericaWelcome to the United States of America, the "land

of the free and home of the brave".

The USA's PeopleThe people of the United States are very diverse.  The people come from many different cultures and backgrounds and practice many different religions.  The American people are dedicated to the pursuit of happiness and freedoms of speech and religion.

Children go to public school from age 5 to 18.  The average school day is seven hours long with a 45 minute lunch and recess break.  Most high school graduates go on to study at a college or university.

The USA's HomesThere are many different types of houses in the United States.  People live in single family homes, apartments, townhouses (or rowhouses), mobile homes, and even igloos in Alaska.

The USA's CultureThe United States, which is also referred to as America, is made up of many diverse cultures, religions, and races.  In recent years it has become especially important to celebrate these differences in the cultures and to acknowledge that it is these distinct differences that make America unique and special.

Music is everywhere in the United States.   One special kind of music that is typically American is called Jazz.    Jazz music has been strongly influenced by the music of Africa.

Electronic media is an important part of culture in the United States.  Television, movies, music, and video games take up a great amount of American's free time.

Native Americans had lived in America for many centuries before it was discovered. Gradually, settlers from mostly Europe and Mexico populated

the lands and drove off the Native Americans from the lands where they had lived for many thousands of years.  Even though Native Americans were the first people to live on the land of The United States, the Native American population is only 1% of the total population of the country.   Many state and city names come from Native American words.   For example, Mississippi comes from the word misi which means big and sipi which means river.

The USA's Foods Some favorite foods that Americans like to eat include hamburgers, French fries, and a soda such as Coca-Cola or Pepsi.  In some areas of the United States people refer to Coke or Pepsi as a soft drink or soda pop.   Pizza is another favorite among Americans.  Ethnic foods such as Mexican and Chinese are also very popular.  The diverse population of people living in the United States has brought many different foods to this country.

The USA's ActivitiesBaseball is often referred to as the American National pastime.   Many Americans also play or enjoy watching football, soccer, hockey and basketball.   Girls as well as boys are involved in many sports in the United States.

The USA's AnimalsThe northwestern states are home to grizzly bears, elk, and deer.   Southern states are home to crocodiles and snakes.  Northeastern states have many opossum, raccoon, rabbits, skunk and deer in the forests.  There are many different climates and ecosystems in the United States that each hold a unique variety of animals and plants.

  

The USA's Holidays and Celebrations  Thanksgiving is celebrated on November 29th.   It is a time to give thanks for the harvest.  The holiday was started in the 1600's with the Pilgrims who first came to America.  President Lincoln declared Thanksgiving a national holiday in 1863.

On Thanksgiving it is tradition to celebrate with a big meal.  Most Americans serve turkey or ham, cranberry sauce, potatoes, corn, and pumpkin pie as well as many other foods.  Families usually try to have Thanksgiving together.

The USA's LandThe United States is made up of many cities, suburbs, and smaller towns.  Big cities can be found in every state.  The cities, states, and regions of the United States often have unique landmarks, foods, celebrations, and dialects that make them different from other areas of this vast nation.

It is usually cooler in the north and warmer in the south.  Most of the United States goes through four seasonal changes: winter, spring, summer, and fall.

The USA's Cities and LandmarksThe Statue of Liberty was a special gift that was given to the United States by the country of France.  The statue is located on a small island off the coast of New York and New Jersey.  The statue has been a symbol of freedom to Americans since it welcomed many immigrants on their way in to Ellis Island.

The USA's Facts:Area: 3,536,341 sq. milesCapital City: Washington, DC Population: 272 millionMain Language: EnglishCurrency: US DollarIndustries: leading industrial power in the world, highly diversified and technologically advanced; petroleum, steel, motor vehicles, aerospace, telecommunications, chemicals, electronics, food processing, consumer goods, lumber, mining