moda em revista: o jornalismo de moda segundo vogue e elle

8/2/2019 MODA EM REVISTA: O jornalismo de moda segundo Vogue e Elle

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Xgxcgmg Bgrr`v R`hrcd~nv

E@HG NE RNZCVXG1

@ a`rmgocve` hn e`hg vnd~mh` Z`d~n n Noon

Bno` L`rcq`mxn

Fnmxr` ^mcznrvcxçrc` hn Bno` L`rcq`mxn ,^MC%BL#

2977



Xgxcgmg Bgrr`v R`hrcd~nv

E@HG NE RNZCVXG1

@ a`rmgocve` hn e`hg vnd~mh` Z`d~n n Noon

E`m`drgjcg gyrnvnmxghg g` f~rv` hn A`rmgocve` h` Fnmxr`

^mcznrvcxçrc` hn Bno` L`rcq`mxn ,^MC%BL# f`e` rnw~cvcx` ygrfcgo é`bxnmäæ` h` drg~ hn Bgflgrno ne A`rmgocve`-

@rcnmxgh`r1 Yr`j- O~fcgm` Gmhrghn Rcbncr`-

Bno` L`rcq`mxn

Fnmxr` ^mcznrvcxçrc` hn Bno` L`rcq`mxn ,^MC%BL#

2977



H` egcv cmz`o~mxçrc` rnvycr` g ~e nogb`rgh` yr`anx`/ ` gdrghnfcenmx`

n ` egc`r frãhcx` væ` vneyrn g nonv- En~v e`hno`v hn zchg1 en~v ygcv-



RNVÊ@

Nvxg e`m`drgjcg yrnxnmhn chnmxcjcfgr gv fgrgfxnråvxcfgv h` a`rmgocve` hn e`hg ne rnzcvxg/ m`

Brgvco- Ygrg cvv`/ j`rge vnonfc`mghgv nhcäþnv mgfc`mgcv hgv rnzcvxgv Noon n Z`d~n- @ nvx~h` ã

rnonzgmxn y`r vn xrgxgr hn ~e xneg gcmhg y`~f` gyr`j~mhgh` mg çrng gfgháecfg/ neb`rg g

e`hg nvxnag ne n|ygmvæ`/ ne hcznrv`v vnx`rnv- Gxrgzãv hnvvg ynvw~cvg/ vnrç y`vvåzno y`mx~gr

g j`reg fè w~n ã xrgbgolgh` ` a`rmgocve` hn e`hg/ gx~goenmxn/ gvvce fè` g ocmd~gdne

~xcocqghg n `v xnegv gb`rhgh`v fè egc`r jrnw~ámfcg- Ygrg cvv`/ vnræ` ~xcocqgh`v fè`

rnjnrnmfcgcv xnörcf`v Ocy`znxvks ,73<3#/ A`jjcos ,7337# n Zcoogv B`gv ,733:#/ nmxrn `~xr`v-

Ygogzrgv%flgzn1 A`rmgocve` hn e`hg; hcvf~rv` a`rmgoåvxcf`; rnzcvxgv nvynfcgocqghgv-



OCVXG HN CO^VXRGÄÞNV

Jcd~rg 7 ‖ Bgvxch`rnv Noon ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 82

Jcd~rg 2 ‖ Z`d~n F`ogb`rgh`rnv --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 86

Drçjcf` 7 ‖ Y~bocfchghn ne Z`d~n ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ >9

Drçjcf` 2 ‖ Y~bocfchghn ne Noon---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- >9



VÊÇRC@

7 CMXR@H^ÄÆ@ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 9<

2 G NVYNFCGOCQGÄÆ@ M@ A@RMGOCVE@ Z@OXGHG É CEYRNMVGJNECMCMG ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 77

2-7 H` a`rmgocve` g` a`rmgocve` nvynfcgocqgh`----------------------------------------------------------------------- 77

2-2 Lcvxörcg hgv rnzcvxgv n hg ceyrnmvg jnecmcmg m` Brgvco----------------------------------------------------- 78

2-6 @v nonenmx`v hn f`mvxr~äæ` h` hcvf~rv` a`rmgoåvxcf`-------------------------------------------------------- 7<

6 G E@HG GOÃE H@ VCEYONV ZNVXCR ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 22

6-7 G e`hg m` f`mxn|x` lcvxörcf`-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 22

6-2 Fèy`rxgenmx` n f`mv~e` hn e`hg -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 28

6-6 G nzò~äæ` hg e`hg mg v`fcnhghn brgvconcrg--------------------------------------------------------------------- 2:

6-8 A`rmgocve` hn e`hg ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 23

8 NOON N Z@D^N1 RNJNRÁMFCGV H@ A@RMGOCVE@ HN E@HG M@ BRGVCO---- 66

8-7 @ e~mh` hg e`hg ynogv yçdcmgv hgv rnzcvxgv-------------------------------------------------------------------- 66

8-2 Enx`hò`dcg----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6>

8-6 @ ~mcznrv` a`rmgoåvxcf` hn e`hg ne Z`d~n n Noon Brgvco-------------------------------------------------- 64

8-6-7 Fgyg-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 64

8-6-2 Fgrxg h` Nhcx`r --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 63

8-6-6 Bgvxch`rnv ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 87

8-6-8 G ocmd~gdne m` a`rmgocve` hn e`hg------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 86

8-8 @ f`mv~e` nvxgeygh` mgv rnzcvxgv ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8:

8-8-7 Gv vnäþnv zòxghgv g` f`mv~e`-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8:

8-8-2 Nhcx`rcgo hn e`hg ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8<

8-8-6 Y~bocfchghn --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 83

> F@MFO^VÆ@--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- >2

RNJNRÁMFCGV -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- >>

GMN\@V -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- >4

Gmn|` G ‖ Fgygv--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- >4



Gmn|` B ‖ Nhcx`rcgcv hn e`hg-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Gmn|` F ‖ F`mv~e` ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------



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7 CMXR@H^ÄÆ@

G e`hg ygvvg y`r ~e eènmx` hn n|ygmvæ` m` Brgvco- @ enrfgh` hn e`hg xne cmznvxch` m`

Ygåv/ ` w~n y`vvcbcocxg ~e frnvfcenmx` nf`møecf` n/ fè non/ m`zgv `y`rx~mchghnv ygrg g

çrng- A`jjcos ,7337# nvfogrnfn w~n g e`hg ã ~e jnmøenm` hn jgx~rgenmx` ne w~gow~nr f~ox~rg

n rnvy`mvçzno y`r neyrnd`v mg cmhñvxrcg/ fèãrfc`/ ceyrnmvg/ gvvnvv`rcgv n gdámfcgv hn

y~bocfchghn-

G hcrnx`rg hn rnhgäæ` hg Z`d~n Brgvco/ Hgmcnog Jgofæ`/ y~bocf`~/ m` nhcx`rcgo hg rnzcvxg/

nhcäæ` 632/ w~n/ mg xney`rghg 2977 hn e`hg ne Ygrcv/ hcznrvgv j`rge gv znqnv ne w~n j`c

gb`rhghg y`r drcjnv n neyrnvgv cmxnrnvvghgv ne cmznvxcr m` Ygåv- ‟@ Brgvco ã g “bòg hg znq– ã` w~n egcv vn `~zcg- G w~nvxæ` ã w~n/ ygrgjrgvngmh` ` xc` hn Ynxnr Ygrknr 7/ $drgmhn y`hnr

hnegmhg drgmhn rnvy`mvgbcochghn$- @v yrö|ce`v gm`v vnræ` hn drgmhnv `y`rx~mchghnv % n

w~ne mæ` vn yrnygrgr aç/ y`hn xnrecmgr ynrhnmh` ` b`mhn hg lcvxörcg― ,JGOFÆ@/ 2977/

y->7#-

Fè g n|ygmvæ` h` vnx`r/ ` a`rmgocve` hn e`hg ygvv`~ g dgmlgr nvygä`/ x`rmgmh`%vn ~e h`v

yrcmfcygcv vndenmx`v hg ceyrnmvg jnecmcmg- G rnzcvxg ã ` yrcmfcygo znåf~o` hnvvn a`rmgocve`nvynfcgocqgh` n v~gv fnmxnmgv hn y~bocfgäþnv gb`rhge ` w~n lç hn egcv rnonzgmxn mg e`hg

e~mhcgo-

@ yrnvnmxn nvx~h` yrnxnmhn chnmxcjcfgr gv yrcmfcygcv fgrgfxnråvxcfgv h` a`rmgocve` hn e`hg ne

rnzcvxg/ m` Brgvco- G ygrxcr hnvvg oncx~rg/ nogb`rg%vn ~eg gmçocvn/ v`brn g j`reg fè` nvvn

a`rmgocve` nvynfcgocqgh` vn yr`fnvvg- Ygrg cvv`/ j`rge vnonfc`mghgv nhcäþnv mgfc`mgcv hgv

rnzcvxgv Noon n Z`d~n-

Gv h~gv y~bocfgäþnv væ` f`mvchnrghgv rnjnrámfcgv m` ~mcznrv` hg e`hg y`r gyrnvnmxgrne/ ne

v~gv yçdcmgv/ hcfgv hn f`mv~e`/ nhcx`rcgcv w~n gmxnfcyge gv xnmhámfcgv n egxãrcgv v`brn g

enol`r egmncrg hn ~xcocqgr gv m`zchghnv goc n|y`vxgv- Fè nvvg ocmlg nhcx`rcgo/ gv rnzcvxgv

flgmfnoge n/ y`r cvv`/ frcge rnjnrámfcgv y`r enc` hgv gmçocvnv gyr`j~mhghgv v`brn ` f`mxn|x`

hg e`hg gx~go-

7 Jge`v` ynrv`mgdne hn w~ghrcml`v/ frcgh` yno` hnvnmlcvxg Vxgm Onn- Ynxnr Ygrknr ã g chnmxchghn h` v~ynr%lnröcLène%Grgmlg-



3

G Z`d~n v~rdc~ m`v Nvxgh`v ^mch`v/ ne 7<32/ fè` ~e znåf~o` w~n rnxrgxgzg g goxg

v`fcnhghn hn M`zg S`rk- G` o`md` h`v gm`v/ g y~bocfgäæ` j`c vn hnhcfgmh` é e`hg n/

gx~goenmxn/ ã f`mvchnrghg g yrcmfcygo rnzcvxg v`brn ` gvv~mx`/ nvxgmh` yrnvnmxn ne 7< ygåvnv/

nmxrn nonv/ ` Brgvco/ w~n/ lç 6: gm`v/ y`vv~c v~g yröyrcg nhcäæ` hg Z`d~n-

Aç g Noon mgvfn~ mg Jrgmäg/ ne 738>/ n vn x`rm`~ g rnzcvxg hn e`hg fè egc`r fcrf~ogäæ` m`

e~mh`- G y~bocfgäæ` nvxç yrnvnmxn ne 87 ygåvnv/ gf~e~ogmh` ecolgrnv hn oncx`rnv/ ne x`h`v

`v o~dgrnv ne w~n vn nmf`mxrg yrnvnmxn- @ Brgvco y`vv~c v~g yröyrcg nhcäæ` hnvhn 73<</ vnmh`

` vn|x` ygåv m` e~mh` g rnfnbnr v~g znrvæ` mgfc`mgo hn Noon-

Hcgmxn hnvvg rnyrnvnmxgxczchghn hgv y~bocfgäþnv m` ~mcznrv` hg e`hg/ v`brnx~h` m` Brgvco/ gvrnzcvxgv Z`d~n n Noon j`rge nvfòlchgv ygrg rnjnrnmhgr ` `banx` hn nvx~h` hnvxg e`m`drgjcg-

Ygrg g rngocqgäæ` hnvxn nvx~h`/ vnrç ~xcocqgh` ` gy`c` hn g~x`rnv fè` Egråocg Vfgoq` ,2998#/

Dcoonv Ocy`znxvks ,73<3#/ Vãrdc` Zcoogv B`gv ,733:# n R~xl A`jjcos ,7337#- Y`r enc` hnvvn

nebgvgenmx` xnörcf`/ g nvynfcgocqgäæ` m` a`rmgocve`/ g ceyrnmvg jnecmcmg m` Brgvco n g e`hg

m` f`mxn|x` mgfc`mgo vnræ` `v yrcmfcygcv y`mx`v g vnrne gmgocvgh`v-

Nvynrg%vn/ mnvxg ynvw~cvg/ no~fchgr g lcyöxnvn cmcfcgo hn w~n ` a`rmgocve` hn e`hg vn

hcjnrnmfcg hgv `~xrgv nvynfcgochghnv/ mæ` vö y`r xrgxgr hn ~e xneg zòxgh` g` yñbocf`

jnecmcm`/ fè` xgebãe/ y`r y`vv~cr v~gv nvynfcjcfchghnv mg j`reg hn jgogr fè g oncx`rg n mg

egmncrg hn n|y`r/ zcv~goenmxn/ `v gvv~mx`v hgv egxãrcgv n m` e`h` hn xrgxgr ` f`mv~e`-

Goãe hcvv`/ lç g chncg hn w~n ` a`rmgocve` hn e`hg m` Brgvco/ neb`rg yr`f~rn zgo`rcqgr g

e`hg mgfc`mgo/ gcmhg ã geygrgh` ynog cmxnrmgfc`mgo/ gxã enve` mg ocmd~gdne ~xcocqghg-

G ygrxcr hnvxg cmxr`h~äæ`/ nvxæ` `v h`cv fgyåx~o`v xnörcf`v w~n vnrzne hn gy`c` é ynvw~cvg- @

fgyåx~o` 2/ cmxcx~ogh` ‟G nvynfcgocqgäæ` m` a`rmgocve` zòxghg é ceyrnmvg jnecmcmg―/ hnhcfg%

vn g` a`rmgocve` nvynfcgocqgh`/ hgmh` egc`r ámjgvn é lcvxörcg hg ceyrnmvg jnecmcmg n g` vn~

hcvf~rv` mgv rnzcvxgv- Fè` rnjnrnmfcgcv xnörcf`v/ nvxæ` `v g~x`rnv Zcoogv B`gv ,733:#/ B~cx`mc

,7339# n Gbcgls ,2999#/ nmxrn `~xr`v-

Aç ` fgyåx~o` 6/ ‟G e`hg goãe h` vceyonv znvxcr―/ gb`rhg/ yrcencrgenmxn/ g lcvxörcg hg e`hg/

nvynfcgoenmxn gw~nog nvx~hghg y`r Dcoonv Ocy`znxvks ,73<3#/ Ãrckg Ygoècm` ,2996#/ Dgrfcg n



79

Ecrgmhg ,299>#/ nmxrn `~xr`v- Xgebãe jgrç ygrxn hnvxn fgyåx~o` g e`hg m` Brgvco- Jcmgoenmxn/

` f`mv~e` hn e`hg n ` a`rmgocve` hn e`hg cræ` f`mv`ochgr ` rgfc`fåmc` xnörcf` hnvxg ygrxn-

@ w~grx` fgyåx~o`/ ‟ Noon n Z`d~n1 rnjnrámfcgv h` a`rmgocve` hn e`hg m` Brgvco―/ xrgrç/

jcmgoenmxn/ g gmçocvn hgv rnzcvxgv Z`d~n Brgvco n Noon Brgvco- Goãe hcvv`/ vnrç n|yocfghg/ g

enx`h`o`dcg fcnmxåjcfg ~xcocqghg n gv lcvxörcgv hgv rnzcvxgv gmgocvghgv- G gmçocvn ã hczchchg y`r

fgxnd`rcgv1 ` ~mcznrv` a`rmgoåvxcf` hn e`hg ne Z`d~n n Noon Brgvco/ w~n nmdo`bg g fgyg/ fgrxg

h` nhcx`r/ bgvxch`rnv n ocmd~gdne; n ` f`mv~e` nvxgeygh` mgv rnzcvxgv/ gb`rhgmh` gv vnäþnv

w~n xrgxge hn f`mv~e`/ nhcx`rcgcv hn e`hg n y~bocfchghn-



77

2 G NVYNFCGOCQGÄÆ@ M@ A@RMGOCVE@ Z@OXGHG É CEYRNMVG JNECMCMG

@ a`rmgocve` xrgq ` âmd~o` h` egcv rnfnmxn jgx` g vn~v oncx`rnv- Egv mæ` vö cvv`- Fè g

nzò~äæ` hg v`fcnhghn e`hnrmg/ `v cmxnrnvvnv vn n|ygmhcrge n ` a`rmgocve` mæ` vn gfè`h`~-

Làn/ mæ` vènmxn cmj`reg/ egv xgebãe nh~fg n nmxrnxãe- Fè cvv`/ m`z`v znåf~o`v

v~rdcrge n vn nvynfcgocqgrge- Mnvxn fgyåx~o`/ vnrç gb`rhgh` ` fgecml` ynrf`rrch` ynogv

rnzcvxgv/ hn j`reg nvynfcgo/ fè` rnyrnvnmxgmxnv hnvvn a`rmgocve` w~n hnvf`brc~/ gfceg hn

x~h`/ g e~olnr fè` f`mv~ech`rg hn cmj`regäæ`-

2-7 H` a`rmgocve` g` a`rmgocve` nvynfcgocqgh`

@ a`rmgocve`/ ne v~g nvvámfcg/ zczn g b~vfg ynog egmncrg egcv rçychg n/ g` enve` xney`/

fèyonxg/ hn vn ygvvgr cmj`regäþnv v`brn hnxnrecmgh` nycvöhc`- M` nmxgmx`/ ` n|nrfåfc` h`

a`rmgocve` ~oxrgygvvg nvvg nvjnrg/ vnmh` xgebãe g yrçxcfg w~n y`vvcbcocxg g hcvf~vvæ` n gmçocvn

hn hcvxcmx`v f`mxn|x`v zcznmfcgh`v mg v`fcnhghn- "@ a`rmgocve`/ cmhnynmhnmxnenmxn hn

w~gow~nr hnjcmcäæ` gfgháecfg/ ã ~eg jgvfcmgmxn bgxgolg ynog f`mw~cvxg hgv enmxnv n f`rgäþnv

hn vn~v goz`v1 oncx`rnv/ xnonvynfxgh`rnv `~ `~zcmxnv" ,R@VVC/ 7338/ y-4#-

Ygrg R`vvc ,7338#/ nvvg f`mw~cvxg vö ã y`vvåzno hnzch` é fgygfchghn h` a`rmgocvxg hn

f`mw~cvxgr vn~ oncx`r fè v~g zcvæ`/ ~vgmh`/ gvvce/ vn~v grd~enmx`v n `ycmcþnv/ gcmhg w~n mæ`

n|yoåfcx`v m` xn|x`- Fè cvv`/ ` g~x`r f`mxrgrcg g chncg hg `banxczchghn m` a`rmgocve`/ w~n

vnrcg g y`vcäæ` ceygrfcgo h` yr`jcvvc`mgo hcgmxn hg cmj`regäæ` ygvvghg g` vn~ oncx`r- Xgebãe

grd~enmxg w~n/ vn xgo yrçxcfg j`vvn y`vvåzno/ g bgxgolg yno`v oncx`rnv jcfgrcg ocecxghg g`v

nhcx`rcgcv/ `mhn jcfg rnvnrzgh` ` nvygä` ygrg w~n vnag n|yocfcxghg g `ycmcæ` h` znåf~o` v`brn

gvv~mx`v ne z`dg mg fè~mchghn-

Hn gf`rh` fè Gegrgo ,733:#/ g `banxczchghn ã f`mvchnrghg ~eg zcrx~hn m` a`rmgocve`/

yrnvnmxn hnvhn g yg~xg gxã g hnjcmcäæ` h` xgegml` hg egxãrcg n v~g gyrnvnmxgäæ` drçjcfg-

"êg w~nvxæ` hn l`mrg/ ~e chngo g vnr gxcmdch` `~ ~eg ygc|æ` h` a`rmgocve` h` vãf~o` \\/

neb`rg/ hnvhn v~g cmf`ry`rgäæ`/ xnmlg vch` f`mjr`mxghg fè ` vn~ f`mxrçrc`/ g v~banxczchghn"

,GEGRGO/ 733:- y- 7<#-

Gegrgo ,733:# gfrnhcxg w~n/ ygrg n|cvxcr g `banxczchghn/ ` a`rmgocvxg hnznrcg hnc|gr ne fgvg

vn~v yrcmfåyc`v/ frnmägv/ chnò`dcgv n yrnjnrámfcgv yòåxcfgv- @ g~x`r gjcreg gcmhg w~n/ goãe hn



72

nmjrnmxgr v~gv w~nvxþnv ynvv`gcv mg b~vfg ynog ceygrfcgochghn/ ` yr`jcvvc`mgo gcmhg yrnfcvg

gxnmhnr `v cmxnrnvvnv hg neyrnvg ygrg w~go xrgbgolg-

Ygrg Gegrgo ,733:#/ g yröyrcg e`xczgäæ` hn ~e a`rmgocvxg ygrg rngocqgr ~eg egxãrcg `~

rny`rxgdne/ neb`rg g nvfòlg mne vneyrn vnag hnon/ ã ~e rnv~oxgh` hg ne`äæ` fè g rgqæ`/

` w~n f`rr`b`rg g `ycmcæ` hn R`vvc ,7338#- Egv mæ` vö cvv`- Mg `ycmcæ` h` g~x`r/ g

v~banxczchghn nvxç yrnvnmxn ne x`h`v `v yr`fnvv`v hn f`mvxr~äæ` hg egxãrcg/ fè` mg v~g

j`reg hn nm|nrdgr ` jgx`/ mg nvfòlg hgv j`mxnv/ mg vnonäæ` hgv jgogv hgv ynvv`gv `~zchgv n/

gxã enve`/ m` w~n crç fèy`r ` ongh n ` w~n crç jcfgr m` jcmgo mg egxãrcg-

@~xrg w~nvxæ` w~n yr`z`fg f`mxr`zãrvcgv m` enc` a`rmgoåvxcf` væ` gv hcvf~vvþnv gfnrfg hgnvynfcgocqgäæ` m` A`rmgocve`- R`vvc ,7338# rnj`räg ` ynmvgenmx` hn w~n ` a`rmgocvxg ã ~e

nvynfcgocvxg ne dnmnrgochghnv/ gyrnvnmxgmh` g mnfnvvchghn hn vgbnr ~e y`~f` hn fghg

gvv~mx`/ hcrnfc`mgh` ynog nmxrnzcvxg `~ egxãrcg vnd~cmxn/ y`rãe/ vne vn gyr`j~mhgr ne xneg

god~e-

Nvvg zcvæ` ã fèygrxcolghg y`r Vfgoq` ,2998#/ w~n grd~enmxg ` jgx` hn w~n/ w~gmh` ~e

nvynfcgocvxg `~ ~e a`rmgocvxg nvynfcgocqgh` ~xcocqg n|yrnvvþnv f`mlnfchgv gynmgv yno` yñbocf`f`mlnfnh`r h` gvv~mx` gb`rhgh`/ ` xn|x` jcfg rnvxrcx` g ~e dr~y` enm`r- Fè cvv`/

cmnzcxgznoenmxn/ mæ` hnvynrxg g gxnmäæ` hgw~nonv w~n y`hnrcge ygvvgr g vn cmxnrnvvgr xgebãe/

fgv` ~xcocqgvvn ~eg ocmd~gdne egcv vceyonv-

@ a`rmgocvxg ã/ y`r yrcmfåyc`/ ~e $nvynfcgocvxg ne dnmnrgochghnv$- Zne a~vxgenmxn hgå/f`mznmlge`v/ ygrxn hg drgäg n h` hnvgjc` hg yr`jcvvæ`- Ã g jgoxg hn nvynfcgocqgäæ` h` a`rmgocvxg w~n/ xn`rcfgenmxn/ fgygfcxg%` g ynrd~mxgr ` w~n mæ` vn vgbn ygrg w~ne hècmghnxnrecmgh` gvv~mx` n/ hny`cv/ xrgh~qcr xgo cmj`regäæ`/ hn e`h` w~n x`h` e~mh` gnmxnmhg ,VFGOQ@/ 2998/ y- >>#-

Vfgoq` ,2998# gjcreg w~n/ w~gmh` ~e a`rmgocvxg vn nvynfcgocqg/ n|cvxn g y`vvcbcochghn hn ygvvgr

g vn f`mvchnrgr ` nvynfcgocvxg n/ gvvce/ ynrhn g f~rc`vchghn vceyocvxg/ n|cvxnmxn m` oncx`r oncd`-

@~xr` yr`boneg gy`mxgh` ynog g~x`rg ã ` jgx` hn ` a`rmgocvxg nvynfcgocqgh` vn ocecxgr g nvx~hgr

n nvfrnznr gynmgv v`brn ` xneg hn vn~ cmxnrnvvn/ hnvf`mvchnrgmh` ~e ~mcznrv` hn gvv~mx`v

xgebãe cey`rxgmxnv g vnrne xrgxgh`v-

@ hnvnmzòzcenmx` h` a`rmgocve` nvynfcgocqgh` vn hç y`r w~nvxþnv nf`møecfgv/ ~eg znq w~nznåf~o`v hn fè~mcfgäæ` b~vfge g vndenmxgäæ` h` yñbocf`/ fè` y`hn vnr `bvnrzgh` ne



76

fgmgcv hn XZ g fgb`/ `mhn gv yr`drgegäþnv væ` zòxghgv ygrg ~eg g~hcámfcg nvynfåjcfg-

"E~cx` goãe hn vnr ~eg jnrrgenmxg egcv njcfgq hn o~fr` ygrg f`mdoènrgh`v echcçxcf`v/ `

a`rmgocve` nvynfcgocqgh` ã ~eg rnvy`vxg g nvvg hnegmhg y`r cmj`regäþnv hcrnfc`mghgv w~n

fgrgfxnrcqg g j`regäæ` hgv g~hcámfcgv nvynfåjcfgv" ,GBCGLS/ 2999/ y- >#-

G nvynfcgocqgäæ` vcdmcjcfg xgebãe g y`vvcbcochghn hn vn gyr`j~mhgr ne hnxnrecmgh` xneg n

ygvvgr ` eç|ce` y`vvåzno hn cmj`regäþnv v`brn hnxnrecmgh` gvv~mx` g` yñbocf`- Vnd~mh`

Gbcgls ,2999#/ `v znåf~o`v nvynfcgocqgh`v vn yrn`f~yge enm`v fè ` jgfx~go/ g` f`mxrçrc`

hgv y~bocfgäþnv w~n vn yrn`f~yge fè g jgfx~gochghn/ egv w~n cdm`rge g fèyrnnmvæ` hn

vn~v oncx`rnv-

Hn gf`rh` fè Gbcgls ,2999#/ fè g vndenmxgäæ` h` a`rmgocve` nvynfcgocqgh`/ ã y`vvåzno

gofgmägr g chnmxcjcfgäæ` hn dr~y`v w~n mæ` zcge vn~v cmxnrnvvnv hcz~odgh`v m`v hnegcv

znåf~o`v- G g~x`rg nmjgxcqg/ gcmhg/ w~n ` a`rmgocve` nvynfcgocqgh` gvv~en ~e ygyno v`fcgo hn

~mcr nvvnv cmhczåh~`v/ hn gf`rh` fè vn~v d`vx`v/ f`mxn|x`v n gjcmchghnv-

Hcgmxn hg m`zg gbnrx~rg hn vn jgogr ygrg dr~y`v nvynfåjcf`v/ v~rdn ~eg fgxnd`rcg h`

a`rmgocve`/ hcrnfc`mghg ygrg ` nmxrnxnmcenmx`/ mènghg y`r Egrw~nv hn Eno` ,2979# fè` a`rmgocve` hcznrvc`mgo- Ygrg Gbcgls ,2999#/ nvvn xcy` hn zncf~ogäæ`/ zòxghg ygrg `v cmxnrnvvnv

h`v cmhczåh~`v/ dgml`~ g yrnjnrámfcg hn e~cx`v oncx`rnv/ ~oxrgygvvgmh` nhcx`rcgv f`mvchnrghgv

hn egc`r cey`rxâmfcg/ fè` yòåxcfg n nf`mècg- Fè cvv`/ egxãrcgv v`brn bnonqg/ e`hg n

hnf`rgäæ`/ f`mvchnrghgv/ gxã nmxæ`/ jñxncv/ dgmlge egcv nvygä` ne a`rmgcv hcçrc`v-

Nvvn a`rmgocve` w~n xrgxg hn gvv~mx`v egcv onznv ã fgrgfxnrcqgh` y`r Fgmhcgmc ,2999# fè`

a`rmgocve` v`jx / w~n/ ygrg g g~x`rg/ ã ` rnv~oxgh` h` m`z` ygyno h` a`rmgocve` mg v`fcnhghn-

@ a`rmgocve` v`jx ã ~eg q`mg hn jr`mxncrg vne hnegrfgäæ` nmxrn a`rmgocve` n y~bocfchghn-Non gbrn y`rxgv ygrg nhcx`rcgcv w~n y`hne vnr gxrnogh`v g gmñmfc`v n cmj`renv y~bocfcxçrc`vvne nmxrgr ne fl`w~n fè cmxnrnvvnv h`v gm~mfcgmxnv n/ egcv w~n cvv`/ ã ~eg yrçxcfg w~nzgochg g `rdgmcqgäæ` v`fcgo bgvnghg m` f`mv~e` ,FGMHCGMC/ 2999/ y- 7#-

Fgmhcgmc ,2999# n|yocfg w~n nvvg j`reg hn vn jgqnr a`rmgocve` nvxce~o`~ ` nvxco` bgxcqgh`

fè` Mntv s`~ fgm ~vn/ f~ag xrgh~äæ`/ h` cmdoáv/ cmhcfg g m`xåfcg w~n y`hn vnr ~xcocqghg- Hn

gf`rh` fè g g~x`rg/ nvvn xcy` hn cmj`regäæ` yr`f~rg gb`rhgr g zchg f`xchcgmg/ fè hcfgv hn

fè` x`rmç%og egcv yrçxcfg/ egxãrcgv v`brn rnogäþnv cmxnrynvv`gcv/ bnonqg/ vgñhn/ nmxrn `~xr`v-



78

Vnd~mh` Gvvcv ,2979#/ nvvn nvxco` hn egxãrcg nvxç cmvnrch` m` hnmècmgh` "dámnr`

hcznrvc`mgo"/ w~n vn hnvxcmg é hcznrvæ` h` oncx`r/ vne hnc|gr hn ogh` cmj`regäþnv a`rmgoåvxcfgv-

"Xrgxg%vn hn ~e xcy` hn xn|x` zòxgh` é gyrnfcgäæ` h` yñbocf` w~n xne g y`vvcbcochghn hn

`f~ygr vn~ xney` oczrn fè g oncx~rg hn xgcv rnogx`v" ,GVVCV/ 2979/ y- 74#-

G rnzcvxg ã ` znåf~o` ceyrnvv` egcv gvv`fcgh` g nvvn dámnr` a`rmgoåvxcf`- Y`r vnr g y~bocfgäæ`

w~n enol`r vn rnogfc`mg fè g chãcg hn ~eg oncx~rg onzn/ ne ~e eènmx` hn hnvfgmv`/

egxãrcgv ocdghgv g` ogqnr væ` fè~mv- God~egv y~bocfgäþnv/ cmfo~vczn/ væ` hcrnfc`mghgv/

~mcfgenmxn/ ygrg ` a`rmgocve` hcznrvc`mgo/ xnmh` fè` j`f` bnonqg/ xnonzcvæ`/ nvy`rxn/ nmxrn

`~xr`v-

2-2 Lcvxörcg hgv rnzcvxgv n hg ceyrnmvg jnecmcmg m` Brgvco

G lcvxörcg hgv rnzcvxgv m` Brgvco xne vn~ cmåfc`/ yrgxcfgenmxn/ fè g flndghg hg jgeåocg rngo

y`rx~d~nvg év xnrrgv brgvconcrgv- G yrcencrg rnzcvxg hn w~n vn xne rndcvxr` vn flgegzg Gv

Zgrcnhghnv `~ Nmvgc`v hg Ocxnrgx~rg/ v~rdchg ne Vgozgh`r/ m` gm` hn 7<72 n xcmlg

fgrgfxnråvxcfgv vnenolgmxnv év hn ~e oczr`- Gcmhg m`v yrceörhc`v hg lcvxörcg hgv rnzcvxgv m`

Ygåv/ e~cxgv j`rge gv y~bocfgäþnv ogmäghgv/ y`rãe y`~f` vn xne rndcvxrgh` v`brn nogv-Vnd~mh` Ecrg ,2997#/ g hcjcf~ohghn ne fgrgfxnrcqç%ogv vn hç yno` jgx` hn w~n hn god~egv/ vö

vn xne rndcvxr` h` mèn/ n lç f`mxr`zãrvcgv nmxrn j`mxnv gxã v`brn hgxgv n f`mxnñh`v-

Bgyxcvxg n Gbrn~ ,2979# n|yocfge w~n ~eg vnenolgmäg nmxrn gv rnzcvxgv ogmäghgv m` vãf~o`

\C\ j`c g f~rxg n|cvxámfcg/ aç w~n ego flndgzge g`v h`cv gm`v- G n|yocfgäæ` ygrg cvv`/ hn

gf`rh` fè gv g~x`rgv/ nrg g jgoxg hn rnf~rv`v n gvvcmgmxnv/ ` w~n jgqcg fè w~n fcrf~ogvvne

y`~fgv znqnv n gcmhg xcznvvne xcrgdne bgc|g-

G yrcencrg rnzcvxg hn zgrcnhghnv v~rdc~ ne 7<83 n j`c ogmäghg fè ` mèn hn G Egre`xg hg

F`rxn- Ygrg gxrgcr `v oncx`rnv/ f`mxgzg fè e~cxgv co~vxrgäþnv/ ` w~n flgegzg g gxnmäæ` mæ` vö

h`v onxrgh`v/ fè` xgebãe h`v gmgojgbnx`v- Bgyxcvxg n Gbrn~ ,2979# f`mxge w~n `

ogmägenmx` hg y~bocfgäæ` cmfnmxcz`~ ` v~rdcenmx` hn `~xrgv rnzcvxgv h` dámnr`/ fè` g

Vnegmg Co~vxrghg/ Rnzcvxg Co~vxrghg n g Rnzcvxg hg Vnegmg-

Egv ã vö g ygrxcr h` jcmgo hg hãfghg hn 7329/ w~n ã ogmäghg m` Brgvco g neboneçxcfg rnzcvxg hn

cmj`regäæ`/ f~ox~rg n nmxrnxnmcenmx`/ @ Fr~qncr`- @ neyrnnmhcenmx` h` neyrnvçrc` Gvvcv



7>

Flgxng~brcgmh n hn vn~ dr~y` Hcçrc` Gvv`fcgh`v j`c g yrcmfcygo rnzcvxg h` vndenmx`/ h~rgmxn

xráv hãfghgv/ w~gmh` g f`mf`rrámfcg gcmhg nrg jrgfg/ hcgmxn h` jnmøenm` nhcx`rcgo-

@ Fr~qncr` xrgqcg ~e y`~f` hn x~h` n vn hcrcdcg g x`h`v/ lènmv n e~olnrnv/ a`znmv `~ mæ`/o`mdn hg yrn`f~ygäæ`/ làn `brcdgxörcg/ hn hnvf`brcr gv yrnjnrámfcgv hn fghg ~e/ vn~vd`vx`v/ n|ynfxgxczgv `~ nvxco`v hn zchg- Nrg g rnzcvxg hg jgeåocg brgvconcrg ,ECRG/ 2997/ y-29#-

@ Fr~qncr`/ hgv hãfghgv hn 7369 g 73:9/ j`c g y~bocfgäæ` rnvy`mvçzno ynog frømcfg v`fcgo/

yòåxcfg n grxåvxcfg/ m` f`mxn|x` mgfc`mgo n e~mhcgo- @ znåf~o` xr`~|n cm`zgäþnv ne nonenmx`v

yrnvnmxnv/ gxã `v hcgv gx~gcv/ mg fè~mcfgäæ` brgvconcrg- ê n|neyo` hcvv`/ vnd~mh` Ecrg

,2997#/ ã g cmvnräæ` hn f`rrnvy`mhnmxnv nvxrgmdncr`v/ gxã nmxæ` cmãhcxg ne y~bocfgäþnv

mgfc`mgcv- Goãe hcvv`/ Flgxng~brcgmh cmznvxc~ ne `~xr`v nonenmx`v w~n f`mxrcb~årge ygrg g

cey`rxâmfcg hg rnzcvxg/ fè` egrknxcmd/ xnfmò`dcg/ yrn`f~ygäæ` fè ` yghræ` zcv~go n

nvw~neg hn hcvxrcb~cäæ`-

G yrcmfcygo f`mf`rrnmxn hn @ Fr~qncr` nrg g rnzcvxg Hcrnxrcqnv/ ogmäghg ne 736</ xgebãe hn

fcrf~ogäæ` enmvgo/ egv w~n mæ` ~oxrgygvvgzg `v fcmf` eco n|neyogrnv/ y`r nhcäæ`- N ne 73>2/

j`c ogmäghg/ ynog nhcx`rg Bo`fl/ g Egmflnxn/ egcv hcrnfc`mghg g` drgmhn yñbocf` ~rbgm`/ fè

e~cxgv co~vxrgäþnv n y`~f` xn|x`-

Gynvgr hn x`h` ` v~fnvv` nhcx`rcgo hn @ Fr~qncr`/ mg `ycmcæ` hn Ecrg ,2997#/ vn n|cvxc~ ~eg

rnzcvxg fgygq hn xnr gxcmdch` g ~mgmcechghn/ nvxg j`c g Rngochghn- Ogmäghg ne 73::/ g

y~bocfgäæ`/ fè 799 yçdcmgv ne eãhcg/ flnd`~ é egrfg hn enc` ecolæ` hn n|neyogrnv-

Y`rãe/ hn gf`rh` fè Ecrg ,2997#/ j`rge hnq gm`v hn n|cvxámfcg n/ m` nmxgmx`/ gynmgv xráv hn

f`mhcäþnv neyrnvgrcgcv chngcv- G y~bocfgäæ` fènä`~ g fcrf~ogr h`cv gm`v gyöv ` dòyn hn

73:8/ ãy`fg ne w~n g fnmv~rg nrg brgmhg n gcmhg n|cvxcg f`mvchnrçzno ocbnrhghn hn n|yrnvvæ`-G ygrxcr hn 73:</ gv znmhgv fènägrge g hnvynmfgr n/ w~gmh` hnc|`~ hn fcrf~ogr ne 734:/

w~gvn mæ` ~oxrgygvvgzg `v 729 eco n|neyogrnv-

G rnzcvxg Foç~hcg j`c ogmäghg ne 73:7 n vn x`rm`~ g rnvy`mvçzno y`r f`mvòchgr g ceyrnmvg

jnecmcmg m` Brgvco/ goãe hn f`mxrcb~cr ygrg g j`regäæ` hg v`fcnhghn hn f`mv~e` m` Ygåv-

Ygrg Ecrg ,2997#/ goãe hn Foç~hcg/ `~xrgv xráv y~bocfgäþnv xáe rnogäæ` fè g e`hnrmcqgäæ`

hg v`fcnhghn brgvconcrg/ mg vnd~mhg enxghn h` vãf~o` \\1 G W~gxr` R`hgv/ zòxghg ygrg g

ceyrnmvg g~xè`bcoåvxcfg/ f`mxrcb~c~ ygrg g flndghg hgv cmhñvxrcgv h` vnx`r/ n g Znag/ g rnzcvxg

vnegmgo hn cmj`regäæ`/ zòxghg ygrg ` yogm` yòåxcf` n g egcv znmhchg m` Brgvco/ gx~goenmxn-



7:

Ecrg ,2997# n|yocfg w~n gv rnzcvxgv hn cmj`regäæ`/ w~n egrfgrge g yrcencrg enxghn h` vãf~o`

\\/ fnhne vn~ o~dgr ygrg gv rnfãe ogmäghgv y~bocfgäþnv nvynfcgocqghgv/ hnmxrn gv w~gcv vn

hnvxgfg g ceyrnmvg jnecmcmg-

G ceyrnmvg jnecmcmg xrgxg `v cmxnrnvvnv/ w~nvxc`mgenmx`v n mnfnvvchghnv h` yñbocf` jnecmcm`-

Ecrg ,2997# gjcreg w~n ` yr`drnvv` hg ceyrnmvg jnecmcmg xnzn cmåfc` fè gv y~bocfgäþnv

Zchg Hèãvxcfg/ A`rmgo hgv e`ägv n G Fcdgrrg/ nvxg ñoxceg fèyrghg yno`v Hcçrc`v

Gvv`fcgh`v- Ygrg g g~x`rg/ gv egvvgv ygvvgrge g xnr hnvxgw~n n zcrgr yñbocf` goz` hnzch` g`

gzgmä` hg cmh~vxrcgocqgäæ` n ~rbgmcqgäæ`/ é enol`rcg mg nh~fgäæ` n é yòåxcfg y`y~ocvxg hn

Dnxñoc` Zgrdgv- M` nmxgmx`/ g g~x`rg rnonebrg w~n/ ne vn~v yrceörhc`v/ g ceyrnmvg jnecmcmg/

nvynfcgoenmxn gv j`x`m`znogv yrnvnmxnv mg rnzcvxg Fgyrcfl /̀ vn yg~xgzg egcv ne lcvxörcgvzòxghgv ygrg g e`rgo n b`mv f`vx~env hg ãy`fg/ n w~nvxþnv fè` zcrdcmhghn/ v`jrcenmx` n

fgvgenmx` nrge gb`rhgdnmv f`mvxgmxnv-

B~cx`mc ,7339# n|yþn w~n fråxcf`v hnvzgo`rcqge ` vndenmx`/ a~vxgenmxn y`r mæ` vn xrgxgr hn

~eg ceyrnmvg dnrgo/ ocdghg g jgx`v- Lç ynvv`gv w~n gfrnhcxge w~n ` ‟znrhghncr` a`rmgocve`―

hnzn jgogr ygrg ` yñbocf`/ vne hcvxcmäæ` hn vn|`- M` nmxgmx`/ g g~x`rg f`mxrgyþn nvvg chncg/ g`

gjcregr w~n/ gynvgr hn mne x~h` w~n ã yr`h~qch` mg ceyrnmvg jnecmcmg vnr f`mhcqnmxn fè `w~n ã f`mvchnrgh` a`rmgocve` yno`v fråxcf`v/ nvxg ã gcmhg egcv geyog/ y`hnmh` cmfo~cr

egxnrcgcv a`rmgoåvxcf`v `~ mæ`-

F`mvchnrgmh` w~n g ceyrnmvg jnecmcmg xne nm`ren ynmnxrgäæ` m` e~mh` cmxncr`/ zgonegcv ynmvgr v~gv j~mäþnv h` w~n fgrgfxnrcqç%og fè` a`rmgoåvxcfg `~ mæ`- Mnvvg ocmlg hnrgfc`fåmc`/ cmxnrnvvg gjcregr w~n a`rmgocve` mæ` ã ~eg fgxnd`rcg hn a~odgenmx`- Gceyrnmvg jnecmcmg ã ygvvåzno hn fråxcfgv/ y`rãe frcxãrc`v ygrg gmçocvn mæ` hnzne ygrxcr hn`y`vcäæ` a`rmgocve`mæ`%a`rmgocve` ,B^CX@MC/ 7339/ y- 72#-

B~cx`mc ,7339# f`mxrgrcg god~mv g~x`rnv y`r hcqnr w~n mæ` vn y`hn f`mvchnrgr w~n g ceyrnmvg

jnecmcmg vnag ~e a`rmgocve` nvynfcgocqgh`/ ~eg znq w~n xrgbgolg ygrg ~e yñbocf` geyo` n

gb`rhg n|xnmvg zgrcnhghn hn gvv~mx`v- Ygrg g g~x`rg/ nvvgv hnjcmcäþnv hn vndenmxgäæ` vnrzne

gynmgv ygrg hnjcmcäæ` h` yñbocf` goz`/ vnmh` w~n god~egv y`hne vnr f`mvchnrghgv f`rrnxgv/

neb`rg mæ` gbrgmage x`hg g ceyrnmvg jnecmcmg/ gynmgv ~e vndenmx` hnog/ fè` rnzcvxgv

a`znmv/ hn e`hg `~ hnf`rgäæ`-

M` hnf`rrnr hgv hãfghgv/ g ceyrnmvg jnecmcmg gfèygml`~ gv nzò~äþnv v`fcgcv hg lcvxörcg/

xrgh~qcmh` f`vx~env hn hcvxcmxgv ãy`fgv- B~cx`mc ,7339# n|yocfg w~n/ vneyrn w~n m`zchghnv



74

vcdmcjcfgxczgv j`rge vnmh` cmf`ry`rghgv ynog v`fcnhghn/ g ceyrnmvg jnecmcmg rndcvxr`~- V~g

zcvæ` ã fèygrxcolghg y`r Gegrgo ,733:#/ w~n gjcreg w~n gv yçdcmgv zòxghgv ygrg ` yñbocf`

jnecmcm` m`v a`rmgcv vneyrn j`rge ~e rnjon|` hg nzò~äæ` hg e~olnr mg v`fcnhghn-

Gv e~hgmägv mg ceyrnmvg jnecmcmg brgvconcrg `f`rrnrge hn j`reg drghgxczg/ vnmh` w~n/ gxã

7389/ y`~fgv `f`rrnrge- Vènmxn mg hãfghg hn 73:9/ g vn|~gochghn fènä`~ g vnr gb`rhghg

mgv rnzcvxgv- B~cx`mc ,7339# rnonebrg w~n cvv` gf`mxnfn~ hn j`reg xåechg/ vnmh` gyrnvnmxghgv/

gynmgv/ egxãrcgv w~n xrgxgzge hn f`mxrònv hn mgxgochghn- G g~x`rg f`mxg w~n/ vènmxn g ygrxcr

hn 7349/ ` vn|` ygvv`~ g jgqnr ygrxn hg f~rc`vchghn jnecmcmg/ hnzch` é hcvvnecmgäæ` hg yåo~og

gmxcf`mfnyfc`mgo- Gvvce/ ` gvv~mx`/ f`mvchnrgh` xgb~/ ygvv`~ g vnr xrgxgh` hn j`reg egcv

gbnrxg- A~mxgenmxn fè cvv`/ g ceyrnmvg ygvv`~ g vnr egcv rnczcmhcfgxörcg/ f`mvnw~ámfcg h`f`mxn|x` lcvxörcf` zcznmfcgh` yno` ygåv/ ~eg ãy`fg hn hcxgh~rg n rnyrnvvæ`-

God~mv xnegv hnvynrxge egc`r cmxnrnvvn h` yñbocf` jnecmcm`/ fè` egxãrcgv rnogfc`mghgv g`

ge`r/ w~n y`hne dnrgr cmñenrgv gb`rhgdnmv- B~cx`mc ,7339# f`mvchnrg g ceyrnmvg jnecmcmg g

egcv nfoãxcfg/ hnmxrn x`hgv/ ~eg znq w~n lç ~eg zgrcnhghn hn yg~xgv- M` nmxgmx`/ g g~x`rg

hnxnrecmg w~n xráv nc|`v yrcmfcygcv rndne g ceyrnmvg jnecmcmg1 e`hg/ fgvg n f`rgäæ`-

G yrc`rchghn hg ceyrnmvg jnecmcmg ã gw~co` w~n ã ñxco ygrg g oncx`rg- B~cx`mc ,7339# nvfogrnfn

w~n g ~xcochghn ã g jco`v`jcg hg rnzcvxg/ ~eg znq w~n g oncx`rg b~vfg mgv yçdcmgv hg y~bocfgäæ`

god` w~n nog y`hnrç ~vgr ne v~g zchg/ ` w~n/ ygrg g g~x`rg/ a~vxcjcfg ` frnvfcenmx` h`

a`rmgocve` hn vnrzcä`- G ceyrnmvg jnecmcmg/ ne v~g `ycmcæ`/ ã w~n gyrnvnmxg egc`r jgfcochghn

hn e~hgmäg/ hn vn ghgyxgr év nzò~äþnv hg v`fcnhghn/ g` enve` xney` ne w~n ã g egcv

f`mvnrzgh`rg ne goxnrgäþnv drçjcfgv n fnrx`v f`mxnñh`v-

Ne 7378/ v~rdc~ g yrcencrg drgmhn rnzcvxg jnecmcmg m` Brgvco/ g Rnzcvxg Jnecmcmg/

f`mvchnrghg yrnf~rv`rg ne v~g e`hgochghn/ hnzch` g` jgx` hn e`vxrgr/ ne v~gv 39 yçdcmgv/

~eg hcgdrgegäæ` cm`zgh`rg/ njcfcnmxn nvw~neg hn y~bocfchghn n gvv~mx`v hn cmxnrnvvnv

jnecmcm`v/ fè` e`hg/ bnonqg n fèy`rxgenmx`- Fè ` hnf`rrnr hgv hãfghgv/ g rnzcvxg vn

x`rm`~ ` yrcmfcygo cmvxr~enmx` hg ceyrnmvg jnecmcmg- B~cx`mc ,7339# no~fchg w~n/ hnzch` év

v~gv fgrgfxnråvxcfgv/ g rnzcvxg cmjo~nmfcg/ gcmhg làn/ `~xr`v enc`v hn fè~mcfgäæ`/ fè` `

rçhc` n g XZ/ w~n aç zncf~ogrge yr`drgegv mgv jöre~ogv hgv rnzcvxgv jnecmcmgv/ fè nhcx`rcgv

hn e`hg/ f~ocmçrcg/ vn|`/ nmxrn `~xr`v fèy`mnmxnv xåycf`v hg y~bocfgäæ` ceyrnvvg-



7<

Ygrg B~cx`mc ,7339#/ gv rnzcvxgv jnecmcmgv brgvconcrgv flndge g måzncv cd~gcv `~ gxã enol`rnv

w~n y~bocfgäþnv genrcfgmgv n n~r`yncgv/ hnzch` é v~g w~gochghn drçjcfg n hn f`mxnñh`- G

yrcmfcygo hcjnrnmäg nmxrn `v znåf~o`v vn hç yno`v mñenr`v hn znmhgdne/ w~n væ`

vcdmcjcfgxczgenmxn cmjnrc`rnv m` Brgvco- Nmw~gmx` rnzcvxgv genrcfgmgv n n~r`yncgv gofgmäge g

egrfg hn 7 ecolæ` hn n|neyogrnv/ ne gynmgv ~eg y~bocfgäæ`/ znåf~o`v mgfc`mgcv/ gx~goenmxn/

ego ~oxrgygvvge `v 699 eco-

Ne 733>/ vnd~mh` Ecrg ,2997#/ g Foç~hcg ygvv`~ g vnr g rnzcvxg jnecmcmg hn egc`r znmhgdne

m` Brgvco/ gofgmägmh` g egrfg h`v >6: eco n|neyogrnv- Fè cvv`/ xgebãe vn xrgmvj`re`~ mg

vnd~mhg rnzcvxg egcv znmhchg/ nmxrn x`hgv/ gxrçv/ vènmxn/ hg Znag- @ v~fnvv` hg y~bocfgäæ`

m` ygåv gbrc~ nvygä` ygrg `~xrgv rnzcvxgv/ j`fghgv m` yñbocf` jnecmcm`/ egv w~n gbrgmdnrge`v gvv~mx`v w~n fnrfge nvvn ~mcznrv`-

Gjcmgo/ w~gmh` vn jgog ne yñbocf` jnecmcm`/ xrgxg%vn hn ~e dr~y` n|xrnegenmxn geyo`/ fè

v~gv nvynfcjcfchghnv- N/ gvvce/ hcvxcmxgv y~bocfgäþnv fè` M`zg/ Noon/ Frcgxczg/ nmxrn `~xrgv/

v~rdne ygrg f`mw~cvxgr gv hcjnrnmxnv e~olnrnv w~n fèyþne ` yñbocf` goz` hg ceyrnmvg

jnecmcmg/ fè vn~v yröyrc`v nvxco`v hn zchg/ f`mhcäæ` jcmgmfncrg/ cmxnrnvvnv n mnfnvvchghnv-

2-6 @v nonenmx`v hn f`mvxr~äæ` h` hcvf~rv` a`rmgoåvxcf`

G rnzcvxg gyrnvnmxg gv m`xåfcgv hny`cv w~n `v znåf~o`v hn egvvg egcv cmvxgmxâmn`v/ fè`

rçhc`/ cmxnrmnx n xnonzcvæ` aç m`xcfcgrge ` eç|ce` w~n y`hcge- Cvv` `f`rrn hnzch` é v~g

ynrc`hcfchghn/ w~n f`vx~eg vnr/ m` eåmce`/ vnegmgo- Y`r nvvn e`xcz`/ g rnzcvxg y`vv~c `

hnvgjc` hn mæ` vö ygvvgr g cmj`regäæ`/ gvvce fè` `v `~xr`v znåf~o`v/ egv xgebãe/ cr goãe/

b~vfgmh` g hcjnrnmfcgäæ`- Vfgoq` ,2998# grd~enmxg w~n ` yrcmfcygo hnvgjc` hg rnzcvxg ã

e`vxrgr g m`xåfcg hn ~eg j`reg cmãhcxg/ fè jgx`v gcmhg mæ` rnznogh`v/ nmxrnzcvxgv n|fo~vczgvn m`z`v âmd~o`v/ vne hnc|gr hn ogh` ` ynrjco h` vn~ oncx`r-

Vn ` jgx` hn e`vxrgr hnxnrecmghg cmj`regäæ` hny`cv w~n x`h`v g hcz~odgrge ã ~eg

hnvzgmxgdne/ y`r `~xr` ogh`/ g rnzcvxg y`vv~c ` bnmnjåfc` hn y`vv~cr egcv xney` ygrg g

nogb`rgäæ` hn v~gv egxãrcgv- Fè cvv`/ gbrn%vn ` onw~n hn y`vvcbcochghnv mg j`reg hn

nogb`rgäæ` h`v xn|x`v; mg egmncrg hn vn f`mxgr hnxnrecmghg lcvxörcg- Ygrg Zcoogv B`gv ,733:#/

g w~nvxæ` hg ynrc`hcfchghn ynrecxn xn|x`v egcv frcgxcz`v n fè j`rxn fgrçxnr cmxnryrnxgxcz`/ `

w~n mæ` ã y`vvåzno m`v znåf~o`v hn fcrf~ogäæ` hcçrcg- Ygrg ` g~x`r/ ` xn|x` hn rnzcvxg yrnfcvg xnr

` `banxcz` hn f`mw~cvxgr ` oncx`r n/ neb`rg mæ` y`vv~ne rndrgv rådchgv/ hnzne vnr nondgmxnv n



73

vnh~x`rnv-

Gynvgr hn vn e`vxrgr egcv oczrn n gbnrx` g hcjnrnmxnv ocmd~gdnmv/ ` xn|x` hn rnzcvxg egmxãe

fnrxgv jöre~ogv/ fè`/ y`r n|neyo`/ g mgrrgxczg n g yrnjnrámfcg y`r rny`rxgdnmv- M` nmxgmx`/

Zcoogv B`gv ,733:# nvfogrnfn w~n ` xn|x` yrnqg ynog cmznvxcdgäæ` n cmxnryrnxgäæ`/ hnc|gmh` g

`banxczchghn ne vnd~mh` yogm`/ goãe hn yrczcondcgr g frcgxczchghn/ gyr`|cegmh`%vn/ gvvce/ h`

nvxco` ocxnrçrc`- ‟Fè` mg ocxnrgx~rg/ ã yrnfcv` cmvycrgäæ` ygrg nvfrnznr ne rnzcvxg/ vne ynrhnr

hn zcvxg/ ã fogr`/ ` nvxco` a`rmgoåvxcf`― ,ZCOOGV B@GV/ 733:/ y- 6>#-

Y`r y`vvcbcocxgr ~e egc`r gyr`j~mhgenmx` h`v xnegv gb`rhgh`v ne v~gv yçdcmgv/ g rnzcvxg

ynrecxn w~n ` a`rmgocvxg g ~xcocqn fè` ~e enc` hn mæ` vö m`xcfcgr/ egv xgebãe hn nh~fgr nnmxrnxnr- G j~mäæ` hg nh~fgäæ` vn hnzn g` jgx` hn w~n g rnzcvxg gyr`j~mhg ~e gvv~mx`/

gyrnvnmxg egxãrcgv hn vnrzcä` n nmxrnxãe fè v~gv jcd~rgv n xn|x`v onznv- "Y`vv~c enm`v

cmj`regäæ` m` vnmxch` foçvvcf` ,gv "m`xåfcgv w~nmxnv"# n egcv cmj`regäæ` ynvv`go ,gw~nog w~n

zgc ga~hgr ` oncx`r ne vn~ f`xchcgm`/ ne v~g zchg yrçxcfg#" ,VFGOQ@/ 2998/ y- 78#-

@ a`rmgocvxg hn rnzcvxg hnzn vn yrn`f~ygr fè g j`reg fè` vn~ xn|x` ã nvfrcx`- Nvynrg%vn

~eg oncx~rg gdrghçzno/ nvfrcxg vceyonv/ y`rãe vne vnr hcvxgmxn/ aç w~n ` xney` hn oncx~rgrnw~nr egcv cmxcechghn n ynregmámfcg fè ` oncx`r- Zcoogv B`gv ,733:# n|yocfg w~n nonenmx`v

fè` g onznqg/ ` fènhcenmx` n ` hèåmc` h` a`rmgocve` v`brn g mgrrgxczg væ` ~vgh`v ygrg

w~n ` oncx`r "~vn g fgbnäg"- Goãe hcvv`/ ` g~x`r gfrnhcxg w~n ~e xn|x` onzn y`hn vnr egcv

cmvxcdgmxn n yr`zncx`v`- Nvvg `ycmcæ` ã fèygrxcolghg y`r Vfgoq` ,2998#/ g` fèyonxgr w~n g

rnzcvxg f~eyrn vn~ ygyno g` v~yrcr gv mnfnvvchghnv h` oncx`r y`r cmj`regäæ`/ f~ox~rg n

nmxrnxnmcenmx`/ hn ~eg egmncrg w~n/ g` xnrecmgr v~g oncx~rg/ nvxn vn vcmxg jnocq-

G rnzcvxg hnvnmròg ` m`zno` h`v jgx`v/ b~vfg xnvxne~ml`v n vòxg g ygogzrg- Mgrrg n rny`rxg-Y`r nvvg rgqæ`/ f`vx~eg hnc|gr god` $m` gr$ `~ mgv nmxrnocmlgv- Cvx` mæ` vcdmcjcfg w~n gvrnzcvxgv vnage cmjcãcv g` jgx` rny`rxgh`- N vce w~n/ g` vòxgr gv gegrrgv hg yghr`mcqgäæ`/y`hn lgznr ` rcvf` hn f`mh~qcr ` oncx`r g ~e fnrx` "a~åq` hn zgo`r ,ZCOOGV B@GV/ 733:/ y-792#-

Y`r yrczcondcgrne ~e xn|x` egcv o`md` n fèyonx`/ ã cey`rxgmxn w~n gv rny`rxgdnmv hn rnzcvxg

yrnmhge g gxnmäæ` h` oncx`r/ gcmhg mg gbnrx~rg- ê yrcencr` ygrçdrgj` enm`v f`mznmfc`mgo n

w~n j~ag h` xrghcfc`mgo ongh / yrnvnmxn ne xn|x`v hn a`rmgcv hcçrc`v/ hne`mvxrg w~n ` xn|x`/ ne

vc/ ã cmvxcdgmxn/ ` w~n gxcäg g f~rc`vchghn h` oncx`r- Ygrg Zcoogv B`gv ,733:#/ g rnzcvxg mæ`

yrnfcvg hn ~e ongh / mæ` cey`rxg hn w~n xcy` vnag n/ w~n ` cey`rxgmxn/ ã w~n ` xn|x` y`vv~g



29

~eg "gbnrx~rg nmzòznmxn"-

Hg enveg j`reg ne w~n mæ` lç jöre~og yrã%e`hnoghg ygrg g nogb`rgäæ` hg gbnrx~rg hn ~eg

rny`rxgdne hn rnzcvxg/ xgebãe mæ` lç rndrgv w~gmx` g` jnflgenmx` hg enveg- F`mx~h`/

Zcoogv B`gv ,733:# vgocnmxg w~n/ g` nmfnrrgr g oncx~rg/ ` oncx`r hnzn vn vnmxcr vgxcvjncx`- Egv/

ygrg cvv`/ ` a`rmgocvxg mæ` hnzn vn rnynxcr/ mne nmfgrgr ` jnflgenmx` fè` ~e rnv~e` hg

egxãrcg n vce/ e`vxrgr ~eg zcvæ` hcjnrnmxn/ ~xcocqgmh` `~xr`v rnf~rv`v/ w~n vcrzge fè` ~e

y`mx` hn ocdgäæ` g` xneg fnmxrgo- @ g~x`r nmjgxcqg w~n/ ygrg ` xn|x` vnr ~eg ~mchghn f`nrnmxn/

` jnflgenmx` hnzn f`cmfchcr fè g nvfòlg jncxg ygrg g gbnrx~rg h` xn|x`- G rnzcvxg/ m`

nmxgmx`/ ã j`reghg y`r `~xr`v "cmdrnhcnmxnv"/ goãe hgv rny`rxgdnmv- Vfgoq` ,2998# gy`mxg/

nmxrn `~xrgv f`cvgv/ ` f`mxgx` nmxrn ` nhcx`r n ` oncx`r/ w~n vn nmxnmhne n vn chnmxcjcfge yno`

w~n ã yr`h~qch` y`r ~e n och` yno` `~xr`-

Nhcx`r n oncx`r nmf`mxrge/ gxrgzãv hg rnzcvxg/ ~e dr~y` g` w~go ynrxnmfne- G g~x`rg fcxg g

hcjnrnmäg hn fèy`rxgenmx`v hn ~e dr~y` hn dgr`xgv w~n oá g rnzcvxg ghònvfnmxn Fgyrcfl` n

gv w~n mæ` onne- @ dr~y` w~n oá vn chnmxcjcfg fè `v gvv~mx`v n fèy`rxgenmx`v/ yrnvnmxnv

m` znåf~o` w~n jgog/ hcrnxgenmxn/ g nvvgv enmcmgv- M` nmxgmx`/ egcv h` w~n vn cmjo~nmfcgr yno`

w~n ã y~bocfgh` m` znåf~o`/ "w~ne hnjcmn ` w~n ã ~eg rnzcvxg/ gmxnv hn x~h`/ ã ` vn~ oncx`r"

,VFGOQ@/ 2998/ y- 72#-

ê n|neyo` hg rnogäæ` yrö|ceg nmxrn znåf~o` n oncx`r ã g rnzcvxg M`zg- Ecrg ,2997# f`mxg w~n

g ygrxcfcygäæ` hg oncx`rg mg y~bocfgäæ` nvxç fghg znq egcv gxczg n cmxnrgxczg- Ne nmxrnzcvxg w~n

g g~x`rg rngocq`~ fè g nmxæ` nhcx`rg hg M`zg/ Jçxceg Goc/ j`c cmj`regh` w~n g rnzcvxg rnfnbn/

y`r eáv/ fnrfg hn 699 fgrxgv hn oncx`rgv/ jgogmh` v`brn v~gv `ycmcþnv v`brn g y~bocfgäæ`-

Mg nmxrnzcvxg/ g hcrnx`rg hn rnhgäæ` hg rnzcvxg M`zg/ Eçrfcg Mnhnr/ n|yocf`~ w~n1

Möv vneyrn jcqne`v w~nvxæ` hn vgbnr fè` nrg m`vvg oncx`rg- Jè`v g yrcencrg rnzcvxg gcmg~d~rgr ` xnonj`mn hg oncx`rg ,9%<99#- Gxrgzãv h`v xnonj`mnegv frcxcfgmh`/ v~dnrcmh`/no`dcgmh`/ g dnmxn y`hn gynrjncä`gr m`vv` egxnrcgo rnhgfc`mgo- Gv fgrxgv ga~hgrge mnvvnyr`fnvv`- M~mfg hnc|ge`v hn rnvy`mhnr ~eg fgrxg- Fè cvv`/ vneyrn v`~bne`v `mhngfnrxge`v `~ nrrge`v n xgebãe jcfge`v gregh`v ygrg nznmx~gcv e~hgmägv hn r~e`-Ygrgonogenmxn/ xne`v vneyrn ~eg nmxrnzcvxg enmvgo fè ~eg oncx`rg/ w~n y`hn vnrgb`rhghg mg bgmfg hn a`rmgo `~ ne fgvg- Cvv` ga~hg ` m`vv` xrgbgol` hn vgbnr ` w~n m`vvgoncx`rg w~nr ,ECRG/ 2997/ y- 27<#-

Zcoogv B`gv ,733:# gy`mxg `~xrg fgrgfxnråvxcfg yrnvnmxn mgv rnzcvxgv/ vnag hn j`reg n|yoåfcxg `~mæ`1 ` y`mx` hn zcvxg/ w~n mghg egcv ã h` w~n gv rnjnrámfcgv hn zchg/ yrnvnmxnv m`



27

nvfrcx`ra`rmgocvxg- Hn gf`rh` fè ` g~x`r/ nvvn xcy` hn y`mx` hn zcvxg mæ` hnzn vnr f`mj~mhch`

fè w~gow~nr xcy` hn `ycmcæ`- "W~gmh` nvfrnzne`v/ ` ynmvgenmx` vn nmfgrrndg hn xrgmvjnrcr

m`äþnv ,ochgv `~ zczchgv# gmgocvghgv/ xrgmvj`reghgv n rnhcvxrcb~åhgv m` hcvf~rv` nvfrcx`―

,ZCOOGV B@GV/ 733:/ y- 27#-

Fè` y`hn vnr ynrfnbch` mgv rnzcvxgv/ ` xn|x` f`mxãe egcv h` w~n cmj`regäþnv- Ã goc `mhn `

oncx`r y`hn nmf`mxrgr rnvy`vxgv egcv gyr`j~mhghgv/ gfèygmlghgv hn rnxr`vynfx`v/ gmçocvnv n

nmxrnzcvxgv fèyonenmxgrnv- Egv/ nvynfcgoenmxn/ m` xn|x` hn rnzcvxg/ egcv h` w~n ne

w~gow~nr `~xr` enc`/ ã y`vvåzno chnmxcjcfgr y`mx`v hn zcvxg h` g~x`r/ hghg g y`vvcbcochghn hn

~e xn|x` vnr egcv oczrn- Nmxrn gv nvxrgxãdcgv h` yr`h~x`r hgw~non f`mxnñh` nvxç ` hn nvfogrnfnr

w~nvxþnv gxã nmxæ` ynrenghgv hn hñzchgv n/ gcmhg/ jgqnr fè w~n ` oncx`r ynmvn/ gmgocvn y`r vcyröyrc` n flnd~n év v~gv f`mfo~vþnv v`brn ` gvv~mx` goc gb`rhgh`-



22

6 G E@HG GOÃE H@ VCEYONV ZNVXCR

M`v ñoxce`v gm`v/ g cmhñvxrcg f~ox~rgo/ hn ~e e`h` egcv gbrgmdnmxn/ ygvv`~ g xnr mg e`hg

~eg rnyrnvnmxgmxn hn ynv`- G` e`zcenmxgr g nf`mècg/ xgmx` m` vnx`r hn yr`h~äæ` w~gmx` m`vnx`r hn f`mv~e`/ g e`hg vn f`mvòchg fè` vndenmx` neyrnvgrcgo- Nvxn fgyåx~o` gb`rhg nvvn

mcfl` nf`møecf` n/ `bzcgenmxn/ fè` ` a`rmgocve` hn e`hg ã f`mvxr~åh` ygrg jgogr hnvvn

e~mh` hn nvxrncxg rnogäæ` fè g ynrv`mgochghn f`mxney`râmng hg v`fcnhghn-

6-7 G e`hg m` f`mxn|x` lcvxörcf`

G rnfnmxn lcvxörcg hg e`hg ã egrfghg y`r h`cv nc|`v w~n/ gcmhg làn/ hczchne nvvn enrfgh` nhnxnrecmge g gx~go j`reg hn f`mv~e` hn e`hg1 g Goxg F`vx~rg n g f`mjnfäæ` cmh~vxrcgo-

Neb`rg/ gygrnmxnenmxn/ nvxnage ne n|xrnechghnv `y`vxgv/ xgcv vndenmx`v vn fèyonxge- Cvv`

`f`rrn hnzch` g` jgx` hn w~n g Goxg F`vx~rg ã rnvy`mvçzno ynog frcgäæ` hn e`hno`v n

xnmhámfcgv/ w~n vnrzne hn rnjnrámfcg ygrg gv cmhñvxrcgv/ w~n cræ` f`mjnffc`mgr n onzç%ogv év

r~gv/ x`rmgmh`%gv gfnvvåzncv g` yñbocf`-

Ne vn~ g~dn/ g Goxg F`vx~rg nrg fèy`vxg y`r ~e dr~y` vnonx` hn nvxcocvxgv w~n cey~mlge g`vn~ rnh~qch` dr~y` hn focnmxnv hg nocxn ` w~n hnznrcg vnr ~vgh`- M` nmxgmx`/ fè ` ghznmx` h`

yráx%é%y r̀xnr 2/ ` d`vx` n n|ynfxgxczgv h`v focnmxnv ygvvgrge g vnr cey`rxgmxn w~nvxæ` g vnr

f`mvchnrghg g` vn frcgr gv fònäþnv- Vnd~mh` Ocy`znxvks n R`~| ,299>#/ `v nvxcocvxgv n v~gv

gmxcdgv rnzò~äþnv mg e`hg aç mæ` væ` egcv ` fnmxr` n vn~v ceygfx`v ynrgmxn g v`fcnhghn ego

væ` ynrfnbch`v-

@ yráx%é%y r̀xnr j`c ogmägh` fè` ~eg egmncrg hn vn yr`h~qcr e`hg cmh~vxrcgoenmxn/ fè

enm`r f~vx` n egmxnmh`/ gcmhg gvvce/ g w~gochghn h`v yr`h~x`v/ w~n gfèygmlge gv

xnmhámfcgv ogmäghgv yno`v nvxcocvxgv- G ygrxcr hg hãfghg hn 73:9/ ` yráx%é%y r̀xnr fènä`~ g

dgmlgr xrgä`v yröyrc`v/ hnvznmfcolgmh`%vn hg goxg f`vx~rg-

Fè ` hnf`rrnr h`v gm`v/ v~rdcrge gv yr`h~äþnv ne drgmhn nvfgog/ oàgv hn hnygrxgenmx`v n g

y`y~ogrcqgäæ` hgv drgmhnv egrfgv- @ lcvxörcf` hg e`hg w~n/ vnd~mh` A`jjcos ,7337#/ ã

gx~goenmxn ~egv hgv yrcmfcygcv gxczchghnv nf`møecfgv h` enrfgh`/ ã egrfgh` ynog

2 Yráx%é%y`rxnr ã ~eg ygogzrg hn `rcdne jrgmfnvg/ w~n vcdmcjcfg ‟yr`mx` ygrg znvxcr―- Ã ~eg m`zg znrvæ` hgn|yrnvvæ` genrcfgmg rnghs x` tngr- @ xnre` vn rnjnrn é yr`h~äæ` ne drgmhn nvfgog hn r`~ygv n gfnvvörc`v/ ` w~nx`rm`~ g e`hg egcv gfnvvåzno g` yñbocf`-



26

chnmxcjcfgäæ` h` yñbocf` f`mv~ech`r fè ` vn~ yröyrc` nvxco`/ ` w~n y`vvcbcocxg x`w~nv

ynvv`gcv n ñmcf`v g` vn znvxcr-

Gx~goenmxn/ ã frnvfnmxn ` cmxnrnvvn h`v lènmv yno` f`mv~e` hn e`hg/ gmxnrc`renmxn xæ`

n|fo~vcz` év e~olnrnv- Làn/ n|cvxn g yrn`f~ygäæ` egvf~ocmg ynog nvxãxcfg n ynog e`hg/ ` w~n

dnrg ~eg e`hcjcfgäæ` mnvxn vnx`r- Hn gf`rh` fè Ocy`znxvks n R`~| ,299>#/ ` enrfgh` hn

yr`h~x`v f`veãxcf`v zòxgh`v ygrg lènmv/ y`r n|neyo`/ zczn ~e eènmx` hn y`xnmfcgo

n|ygmvæ`-

Hg enveg egmncrg w~n ` enrfgh` hg e`hg zczn ~e eènmx` hn n|ygmvæ`/ non xgebãe

v`jrn~ ~eg hnvgfnonrgäæ` m` rcxe` ne w~n frcg v~gv xnmhámfcgv/ w~n gfèygml`~ g v~gy`y~ogrcqgäæ`- @ w~n a~vxcjcfg xgo f`mxn|x` ã ` jgx` hn lgznr "hn ~e ogh`/ ~eg `jnrxg vneyrn

e~cx` yrnfcycxghg n cmf`mvxgmxn/ h` `~xr`/ ~eg hnegmhg vne jchnochghn n $negmfcyghg$/ w~n

mæ` gmhg g ygvv` fghnmfcgh`" ,OCY@ZNXVKS/ 73<3/ y-782#- G f`mvnw~ámfcg hcvv` ã ~e

fèy`rxgenmx` egcv oczrn h` yñbocf` f`mv~ech`r hn e`hg/ w~n y`hn/ nznmx~goenmxn/

gfèygmlgr g ñoxceg xnmhámfcg/ egv mæ` vn zá mg `brcdgäæ` f`mv~ec%og-

G njnrznvfámfcg xney`rgo hg e`hg mæ` hnzn vnr cmxnryrnxghg fè` g gfnonrgäæ` hgvxnmhámfcgv ygrg g e~hgmäg/ egcv `~ enm`v rngocqghgv vnd~mh` gv fczcocqgäþnv/ egvcmnrnmxnv g` jgx` l~egm` v`fcgo- Nog xrgh~q mæ` g f`mxcm~chghn hg mgx~rnqg l~egmg ,d`vx`ynog m`zchghn n yno` nmjncxn/ hnvna` hn hcvxcmäæ`/ rczgochghn hn dr~y`v/ nxf-#/ egv ~eghnvf`mxcm~chghn lcvxörcfg/ ~eg r~yx~rg egc`r/ gcmhg w~n fcrf~mvfrcxg/ fè g j`reg hgv`fcgocqgäæ` w~n vn zcmlg n|nrfnmh` hn jgx` hnvhn vneyrn1 g oödcfg ce~xçzno hg xrghcäæ`,OCY@ZNXVKS/ 73<3/ y- 62#-

Dgrfcg n Ecrgmhg ,299># gy`mxge gcmhg h`cv jgx`rnv rnvy`mvçzncv ynogv e~hgmägv mg e`hg- @

jgx`r ynvv`go hnxnrecmg g nvfòlg hn yr`h~x`v hn e`hg y`r nmzòznr w~nvxþnv fè`

ynrv`mgochghn/ chghn/ `f~ygäæ` n nvxco` hn zchg- Nvvgv fgrgfxnråvxcfgv hnzne vnr rnvvgoxghgv aç

w~n hcjnrnmfcge cmhczåh~`v enve` vnmh` hg enveg v~bf~ox~rg/ fogvvn v`fcgo n`~ `f~ygäæ`-

Lç/ y`r ñoxce`/ ` jgx`r yvcfòödcf` w~n hnzn vnr f`mvchnrgh`/ gjcmgo/ ne fghg ynvv`g/ lç ~eg

e`xczgäæ` n vgxcvjgäæ` hcvxcmxg ne rnogäæ` g` f`mv~e` hn e`hg-

@ jnmøenm` njáenr`/ fgrgfxnrcqgh` ynogv e`hcjcfgäþnv mgv xnmhámfcgv/ gxcmdc~ `~xrgv nvjnrgv

goãe hg e`hg/ fè` ` hnvcdm/ g yr`ygdgmhg/ g eñvcfg n g xnonzcvæ`- Ygrg Ocy`znxvks ,73<3#/

g f~ox~rg hn egvvg xgebãe ã zòxghg ygrg ` f`mxney`râmn` n/ gvvce/ gxcmdn ~e yñbocf`

yo~rgo/ ~vgmh` fè` gxrgxcz`v gw~co` w~n ã bno`- @ g~x`r a~vxcjcfg nvvn gyno` g` gjcregr w~n

‟v~g jcmgochghn n|yoåfcxg rnvchn gmxnv hn x~h` m` ogqnr cenhcgx` h`v ygrxcf~ogrnv; xrgxg%vn hn



28

hcznrxcr/ mæ` hn nh~fgr/ nonzgr ` nvyårcx` `~ cmf~ofgr zgo`rnv v~ynrc`rnv― ,OCY@ZNXVKS/

73<3/ y- 279#-

Vn g e`hg vn n|ygmhc~ n làn vn nmf`mxrg ~mchg g `~xrgv çrngv/ ` enve` `f`rrn~ fè g

cmj`regäæ` v`brn e`hg/ w~n nvxç ne x`h`v `v o~dgrnv n/ vnd~mh` Dgrfcg n Ecrgmhg ,299>#/

mæ` `f`rrn egcv hn j`reg ~mcogxnrgo- ê hnvjcon y`hn vnr zcvx` y`r enc` hg cmxnrmnx y`r

ecolþnv hn ynvv`gv n fghg ~e gvvcecog ` w~n j`c gyrnvnmxgh` hn ~eg j`reg hcvxcmxg- G ygrxcr

h` w~n j`c nvxce~ogh` gå/ gv ynvv`gv y`hnræ` f`mv~ecr ` yr`h~x` m` j~x~r`- M` nmxgmx`/ `

f`mv~ech`r ghw~crn egcv w~n gynmgv yr`h~x`v- G fghg fèyrg/ g ynvv`g nvxç e`mxgmh` ~eg

cegdne fè w~n vn vcmxg é z`mxghn n w~n y`hnrç e`vxrgr g` e~mh`-

Fè` vn y`hn `bvnrzgr/ gx~goenmxn/ g e`hg nvxç egcv oczrn- Mne enve` m` fårf~o` h`v

yr`jcvvc`mgcv hn e`hg/ lç g `brcdgäæ` hn vnd~c%og n e~cx`v egmxáe vn~ zcv~go cmgoxnrgh` y`r

gm`v- Mæ` lç egcv g "hcxgh~rg" y`r ygrxn h`v nvxcocvxgv w~n/ lç god~mv gm`v/ nrge `v

rnvy`mvçzncv y`r hnxnrecmgr ` w~n vnrcg ~vgh` mgv r~gv- G e`hg ã jncxg/ xgebãe/ y`r w~ne

gmhg mgv r~gv/ w~ne rngoenmxn f`mvèn g e`hg n ã rnvy`mvçzno y`r v~g f`mvxgmxn e~xgäæ`-

6-2 Fèy`rxgenmx` n f`mv~e` hn e`hg

Gv ynvv`gv ~xcocqge g e`hg fè` ~eg egmncrg hn frcgr ~eg gygrámfcg n vn e`vxrgrne hg

j`reg w~n gflge egcv ghnw~ghg g` vn~ dr~y` v`fcgo n/ gvvce/ frcge ~e xcy` hn fge~jogdne

ygrg vn rnogfc`mgrne fè ` `~xr`/ n vn vnmxcrne cmvnrchgv ne ~e f`mxn|x` nvynfåjcf`-

Ygrg Dgrfcg n Ecrgmhg ,299>#/ g e`hg vn x`rm`~ ~e cmvxr~enmx` yno` w~go g v`fcnhghn y`hn

vn n|yrnvvgr/ e`vxrgmh` v~g cmhczch~gochghn/ ` w~n ã `~ hnvnag vnr- M` nmxgmx`/ Ocy`znxvks nR`~| ,299># gjcrege w~n g ygc|æ` yno` f`mv~e`/ ne nvynfcgo yno`v yr`h~x`v hn o~|`/ zgc

goãe h` hnvna` hn vnr ghecrgh` `~ cmznagh` ynogv `~xrgv ynvv`gv- Vnd~mh` `v g~x`rnv/ g

ynvv`g/ g` f`mv~ecr e`hg/ xgebãe yr`f~rg g g~x`%ghecrgäæ`-

Mæ` ã jçfco fèyrnnmhnr gv nvfòlgv ynvv`gcv hcgmxn h` w~n znvxcr/ yrcmfcygoenmxn y`r vnr god`

w~n vn e`hcjcfg fè gv goxnrgäþnv hg v`fcnhghn ne vc- Goãe hcvv`/ lç ` jgx` hn w~n ` vnr

l~egm` ã fèyon|` n/ gvvce/ xgebãe væ` vn~v fèy`rxgenmx`v/ w~n ‟xáe fè` bgvn zgo`rnv

n gxcx~hnv yr`j~mhgenmxn grrgcdghgv/ ~eg zcvæ` h` e~mh` n h` o~dgr w~n `f~yge mnon/ ` w~n

ynmvge g rnvyncx` hn vc n ` w~n hnvnage w~n `v `~xr`v ynmvge hnonv1 rgfc`mgochghn n bè



2>

vnmv`/ bne fè` fgyrcfl`v n cey~ov`v― ,DGRFCG; ECRGMHG/ 299>/ y- 24#-

Ygrg A`jjcos ,7337#/ g yrcmfcygo fgrgfxnråvxcfg hg hne`frgxcqghg e`hg gx~go ã/ a~vxgenmxn/ g

fgygfchghn hn vn cmvnrcr m` f`xchcgm` hn fghg ~e- Y`r enc` hg e`hg/ ã y`vvåzno fè~mcfgr n

ygvvgr enmvgdnmv/ y`hnmh` vnr gv egcv håvygrnv- ê n|neyo` yrö|ce` hn x`h`v ã ` v~xcæ/

w~n/ ne hãfghgv ygvvghgv/ j`c rnmndgh` n w~ncegh` y`r rnyrnvnmxgr/ ygrg jnecmcvxgv/ våebò`

hn `yrnvvæ` n/ làn/ ã ~xcocqgh` fè` cmvxr~enmx` hn vnh~äæ`- Dgrfcg n Ecrgmhg ,299>#

n|yocfge w~n ã mnfnvvçrc` vn ygvvgr ~eg enmvgdne fè ~e gh`rm` `~ x`rmç%o` ~e våebò`/

ygrg a~vxcjcfgr ` f`mv~e` n mæ` vnr/ gynmgv/ ~eg ynäg jñxco-

Hn gf`rh` fè Ocy`znxvks ,73<3#/ ã mg flgeghg E`hg h`v Fne Gm`v w~n v~rdn ` f`mvxgmxncmxnrnvvn y`r m`zchghnv/ ~eg znq w~n m`zgv fònäþnv n xnmhámfcgv ygvvge g vnr gyrnvnmxghgv

ne ynrå`h`v yrã%hnxnrecmgh`v- Fè cvv`/ l`~zn ` w~n Ocy`znxvks ,73<3# hnjcmn fè`

‟hne`frgxcqgäæ` hg e`hg―/ ` w~n rnyrnvnmx`~ mæ` ~eg ~mcjcfgäæ` h`v dr~y`v v`fcgcv/ egv

vce ~e gbrgmhgenmx`- Goãe hcvv`/ y`vvcbcocx`~ w~n vn zgo`rcqne w~gochghnv ynvv`gcv/ fè` g

a~znmx~hn/ egdrnqg/ bnonqg jåvcfg/ vnmv~gochghn/ nmxrn `~xr`v-

@v jgx`rnv v`fcgcv gcmhg væ` hnxnrecmgmxnv ygrg gv e~hgmägv mg e`hg/ y`r xnrne cmjo~ámfcg

v`brn `v f`mv~ech`rnv hn e`hg- G egmncrg ynog w~go ynvv`gv hn hnxnrecmghg fogvvn v`fcgo vn

znvxne/ cmhcfg v~g y`vcäæ` ynrgmxn g v`fcnhghn- Dgrfcg n Ecrgmhg ,299># gondge vnr

cey`rxgmxn f`mvchnrgr g fogvvn v`fcgo g w~n hnxnrecmghg ynvv`g ynrxnmfn `~ ynrxnmfn~ gmxnv hn

nenrdcr ygrg ~eg fogvvn v~ynrc`r/ ygrg hnjcmcr vn~v fèy`rxgenmx`v ne rnogäæ` g` f`mv~e`-

G ygrxcr h` vãf~o` \C\/ `f`rrn ` nmf`mxr` hg e~olnr fè ` f`mv~e` n ygvvngr ynogv oàgv/

òlgr zcxrcmnv n ghw~crcr `v egcv rnfnmxnv ogmägenmx`v ygvvg g vnr ~e yrgqnr fè~e nmxrn gv

e~olnrnv- "@ gx` hn f`mv~ecr x`rm`~%vn ~e hcznrxcenmx` jnecmcm`/ ~eg `f~ygäæ`%fèynmvgäæ`/ ~e v~bvxcx~x` hgv hcznrvgv jr~vxrgäþnv hg zchg v`fcgo gjnxczg- G` f`mjcmgr g

e~olnr mg nvjnrg yrczghg/ g e`hnrmchghn b~rd~nvg frc`~ g e~olnr f`mv~ech`rg"

,OCY@ZNXVKS; R@^\/ 299>/ y- 42#-

@ f`mv~ech`r hn e`hg/ é enhchg w~n vn cmxnrnvvg yno` gvv~mx` n ygvvg g vn cmj`regr v`brn gv

ñoxcegv xnmhámfcgv n ` w~n egcv nmzòzn nvvn ~mcznrv`/ x`rmg%vn ~e nvynfcgocvxg n j`regh`r hn

`ycmcæ`/ vnmh` gvvce/ rnjnrámfcg ne e`hg- Dgrfcg n Ecrgmhg ,299># n|yocfge w~n `f`mv~ech`r xnmhn g vn cmjo~nmfcgr egcv y`r oåhnrnv hn `ycmcæ` h` w~n y`r ynvv`gv fè~mv-



2:

@ oåhnr hn `ycmcæ` xne cey`rxâmfcg yrce`rhcgo ygrg ` f`mv~e` hn e`hg- Cvx` gf`mxnfny`rw~n `v nvxçdc`v h` fcfo` hn zchg hn yr`h~x` hn e`hg væ` cmxr`h~äæ` n gh`äæ` y`r ygrxnhnvvnv oåhnrnv/ vnd~chgv yno` cmfrnenmx` hg gfncxgäæ` yñbocfg ,frnvfcenmx`#/ f`mj`rechghnhg egvvg ,egx~rgäæ`# n ` cmnzcxçzno hnfoåmc` n `bvònvfámfcg ,DGRFCG; ECRGMHG/299>/ y- 42#-

@v jgx`rnv f~ox~rgcv xgebãe væ` hnxnrecmgmxnv ygrg vn fèyrnnmhnr g rnogäæ` hg e~olnr fè

` f`mv~e`/ ~eg znq w~n fghg o`fgo y`vv~c v~g f~ox~rg nvynfåjcfg n/ fè cvv`/ yr`h~x`v

gvv~ene hcjnrnmxnv vcdmcjcfgh`v- Gv e`hcjcfgäþnv mg e`hg/ g` o`md` h`v gm`v/ xgebãe væ`

f`mvnw~ámfcgv hn jgx`rnv hnxnrecmgmxnv ygrg g rnogäæ` ‟e`hg n f`mv~e`―-

6-6 G nzò~äæ` hg e`hg mg v`fcnhghn brgvconcrg

Fè` j`c gmgocvgh` gmxnrc`renmxn/ mg v`fcnhghn f`mxney`râmng g e`hg mæ` vn ocecxg g vnr/

gynmgv/ ` znvx~çrc`/ ` znvxcr ygrg ` hcg g hcg/ `~ ` vceyonv f`mv~e` vne yr`yövcx`-

Gx~goenmxn/ ` vcvxneg hg e`hg gbrgmdn f`mxn|x`v geyo`v n hn cmndçzno rnonzâmfcg/ fè` `

yòåxcf`/ v`fcòödcf` n nf`møecf`- "G e`hg ygvv`~ xgebãe g gxnmhnr év mnfnvvchghnv hn

gjcregäæ` ynvv`go/ h` cmhczåh~` fè` enebr` hn ~e dr~y`/ n xgebãe n|yrnvvgr chncgv n

vnmxcenmx`v" ,YGO@ECM@/ 2996/ y-7:#-

M` Brgvco/ g e`hg ygvvg g frcgr v~gv fgrgfxnråvxcfgv yröyrcgv m` vãf~o` \\/ neb`rg h~rgmxn gvyrcencrgv hãfghgv gcmhg j`vvn egrfgmxn g cmjo~ámfcg n~r`yncg/ ne nvynfcgo g jrgmfnvg-

Vnd~mh` Ygoècm` ,2996#/ ne 7397/ l`~zn g yrcencrg cmcfcgxczg hn vn jgbrcfgr yr`h~x`v

hcrnfc`mgh`v év mnfnvvchghnv brgvconcrgv/ onzgmh` ne f`mxg ` foceg/ w~n e~cx` vn hcjnrnmfcg

h` n~r`yn~- Neb`rg xnmlge vch`v ynmvgh`v m` f`mv~ech`r brgvconcr`/ nvvnv yrcencr`v

yr`h~x`v j`rge vgygx`v jgbrcfgh`v mg Nvföfcg- Egv nvvg cmcfcgxczg cmfnmxcz`~/ g`v y`~f`v/ g

jgbrcfgäæ` hn r`~ygv n fgoägh`v m` Brgvco-

G ygrxcr hg hãfghg hn 7329/ fènä`~%vn g gvv~ecr ` nvxco` xr`ycfgo h` Brgvco/ egmxnmh`%vn

j`rxn/ gcmhg/ g cmjo~ámfcg n~r`yncg- @ e`zcenmx` e`hnrmcvxg/ w~n egrf`~ g hãfghg/ j`c ~e

h`v rnvy`mvçzncv y`r nvvg m`zg zcvæ`- M` nmxgmx`/ ã m` cmåfc` h`v gm`v 7389/ w~n g e`hg m`

Brgvco fènäg g dgmlgr xrgä`v egrfgmxnv- N cvv` `f`rrn~ drgägv g Gofn~ Ynmmg/ co~vxrgh`r hg

rnzcvxg @ Fr~qncr`/ `mhn n|y~mlg vn~v jcd~rcm`v n flnd`~ g jgqnr e`hno`v ygrg g fgmx`rg

Fgrene Ecrgmhg-

M` jcmgo hg hãfghg hn 73>9 n cmåfc` hn 73:9/ v~rdn ` yrcencr` nvxcocvxg brgvconcr`1 Hnmnr

Ygeyo`mg hn Gbrn~- Vnd~mh` Ygoècm` ,2997#/ Hnmnr j`c ` yrcencr` g xnr ~eg drcjn fè vn~



24

mèn n/ gvvce/ gbrc~ gv y`rxgv ygrg `~xr`v/ fè` Fo`h`zco Lnrmgmhnv/ A`vã Rncmgoh` n

R`mgoh` Ãvynr- G e`hg m`v gm`v 7349/ ne x`h` ` e~mh`/ j`c egrfghg yno` e`zcenmx`

lcyycn n vn~ zcv~go ogrdgh`- M` Brgvco/ mæ` j`c hcjnrnmxn/ y`rãe `~xr` jgx`r ygvv`~ g vnr

egrfgmxn ygrg g e`hg m` Ygåv n f`mxcm~g gxã `v hcgv gx~gcv1 gv m`znogv-

Hnvhn g yr`h~äæ` xnonhrgegxñrdcfg R`w~n Vgmxncr` ,73<>#/ ynog Rnhn Do`b` hn Xnonzcvæ`/ n `

zcv~go n|xrgzgdgmxn hg ynrv`mgdne yrcmfcygo/ g Zcñzg Y`rfcmg/ cmxnryrnxghg ynog gxrcq Rndcmg

H~grxn/ ygvvgmh` y`r Hgmfcmd Hgsv ,734<# n v~gv encgv hn o~rn|/ m` g~dn hg nrg hcvf`/ gxã `v

gfnvvörc`v `rcnmxgcv hn @ Fo`mn ,2997#/ gv m`znogv væ` rnjnrámfcgv hn e`hg ygrg `v

brgvconcr`v- G fghg m`zg yr`h~äæ`/ v~rdne m`zgv xnmhámfcgv w~n/ rgychgenmxn/ flndge év

r~gv/ hnvhn gv drcjnv egcv fgrgv hn vl`yycmd fnmxnrv gxã gv oàgv y`y~ogrnv nvygolghgv yno`ygåv-

G znrhghncrg rnzò~äæ` mg e`hg brgvconcrg xnzn cmåfc` mg hãfghg hn 7339/ v`brnx~h` fè g

gbnrx~rg h` enrfgh` cmxnrmgfc`mgo/ ` w~n x`rm`~ y`vvåzno g cey`rxgäæ` hn xnfch`v n

nw~cygenmx`v/ w~n gmxnrc`renmxn xcmlge gox`v f~vx`v n b~r`frgfcg-

G fèynxcäæ` fè ` cey`rxgh` mæ` ã jçfco/ dnrgmh` frcvn m` vnx`r xá|xco- G e`hnrmchghnygvvg g vnr zcxgo- G enhchg e~hg g fgrg hgv drgmhnv n ynw~nmgv f`mjnfäþnv ,w~n hnc|ge hnvnr grxnvgmgcv ygrg cmxndrgr ` dr~y` cmh~vxrcgo#- Gxã gw~non eènmx`/ ~eg f`vx~rncrg jgq~eg fgoäg cmxncrg/ m` vcvxneg hn ocmlg hn yr`h~äæ`- M` m`z` ynrjco/ gygrnfne gv fão~ogv hnyr`h~äæ`/ fè dr~y`v nvynfcgocqgh`v ne hnxnrecmghgv xgrnjgv ne j~mäæ` hg xnfmò`dcg,L@OQENCVXNR/ 2997/ y- 788#-

Gcmhg mnvvn ynrå`h`/ gv e`hno`v brgvconcrgv/ fè v~gv bnonqgv ecvfcdnmghgv/ fènägrge g

flgegr g gxnmäæ` h` e~mh` jgvlc`m- Ygoècm` ,2996# f`mxg w~n enmcmgv hn x`h` ygåv

fènägrge g xnmxgr g v`rxn fè` e`hno`v/ cmvycrghgv ynog e`hno` Vlcrons Egooegm/ w~n

dgmlgzg gv ygvvgrnogv h`v yrcmfcygcv yöo`v hg e`hg- Mnvvn f`mxn|x`/ v~rdn g dgñflg DcvnonBÿmhflnm/ ` yrcmfcygo mèn hg e`hg brgvconcrg m`v hcgv gx~gcv- G e`hno` f`mw~cvx`~

neyrnvçrc`v w~n g w~nrcge fè` dgr`xg yr`ygdgmhg/ nvxcocvxgv w~n g f`bcägzge ne vn~v

hnvjconv/ e~olnrnv w~n hnvnagzge vnr fè` nog n `v lènmv w~n ghecrgzge v~g bnonqg

nvx`mxngmxn-

Dcvnon ã f`mvchnrghg ÿbnre`hno/ n|yrnvvæ` frcghg nvynfcgoenmxn ygrg nog/ ne ~eg

hne`mvxrgäæ` hn w~n mæ` lç mnml~eg `~xrg ne vn~ ygxgegr- @ v~fnvv` hg x`y cmcfc`~ g

v`bnrgmcg hgv e`hno`v brgvconcrgv/ w~n làn nvxæ` nmxrn gv yrcmfcygcv h` e~mh`/ ` w~n

f`mxrcb~c~ xgebãe ygrg ` Brgvco nmxrgr/ hn ~eg znq y`r x`hgv/ mg e`hg-



2<

G` o`md` h`v gm`v 39/ g e`hg nmxr`~ ne yg~xg mg v`fcnhghn brgvconcrg- Ygvv`~%vn gf`mlnfnr ` mèn hgv yrcmfcygcv e`hno`v/ nvxcocvxgv fènägrge g gygrnfnr ne yr`drgegv hnXZ/ hnvjconv nmxrgrge g` zcz` m`v m`xcfcçrc`v hg m`cxn n flndgrge év yrcencrgv yçdcmgv hn a`rmgcv- X~h` gmh`~ xæ` rçych` w~n ã fè` vn xcznvvn vch` vneyrn gvvce- W~ne nvxçnmzòzch` fè g e`hg ego f`mvnd~n onebrgr%vn hn w~gmh` gv f`cvgv nrge hcjnrnmxnv

,YGO@ECM@/ 2996/ y- <#-

Ygrg Nhzgoh` Zcncrg ,gy~h Ygoècm`/ 2996/ y- >># 6/ `~xrg e~hgmäg ne rnogäæ` é e`hg m`

Brgvco/ vn hn~ ynog zcvæ` w~n `v yröyrc`v brgvconcr`v ygvvgrge g xnr h` ygåv- Neb`rg Rc` hn

Agmncr` n Væ` Yg~o` f`mxcm~ne vnmh` yöo`v nf`møecf`v/ `~xrgv fchghnv ygvvgrge g xnr vn~v

y`xnmfcgcv hnvf`bnrx`v- Ã g zgo`rcqgäæ` hg hcznrvcjcfghg f~ox~rg brgvconcrg/ n|cvxnmxn hn m`rxn g

v~o-

Ne nvxgh`v h` M`rhnvxn/ fè` ` Fngrç/ y`r n|neyo`/ gv rnmhgv n b`rhgh`v ygvvge g flgegr

g gxnmäæ` hn nvxcocvxgv n ynvv`gv ocdghgv é e`hg- Mghhgj ,2997# n|yocfg w~n g yr`h~äæ`

grxnvgmgo/ ygvvghg hn dnrgäæ` ne dnrgäæ`/ n gmxnv ocecxghg g yr`h~äþnv jgecocgrnv/ dgml`~

grnv f`mxney`râmn`v- Làn/ ã y`vvåzno nmf`mxrgr nvvgv xãfmcfgv vnmh` hcz~odghgv ne nvfògv

hn e`hg/ hcrnfc`mghgv ygrg ` f`mxn|x` gx~go hg e`hg brgvconcrg-

G e`hg m` Brgvco ã hcznrvcjcfghg n e~cx` vn hnzn é yo~rgochghn f~ox~rgo n|cvxnmxn ne fghg

rndcæ`- Mg Bglcg/ ` g|ã/ yrcmfcygo rcxe` e~vcfgo h` Nvxgh`/ ã ~e jgx`r hnxnrecmgmxn mg j`reghgv e~olnrnv vn znvxcrne- Y`r vn xrgxgr hn eñvcfgv w~n xrgxge hg vnmv~gochghn/ gv r`~ygv

xnmhne g vnr egcv `~vghgv- Ynägv fè` znvxch`v f~rx`v/ bo~vgv hnf`xghgv n ecmc vl`rxv nvxæ`

nmxrn gv yrnjnrámfcgv hg f`mv~ech`rg bgcgmg-

F`mx~h`/ vnd~mh` Ycrnv ,2997#/ ` y`z` bgcgm` mæ` ã gocnmgh` w~gmx` év cmjo~ámfcgv hg e`hg/

gynmgv g xrgxg hn ~eg j`reg egcv yrçxcfg- "G e`hg n|nrfn ~e drgmhn jgvfåmc` v`brn `

f`mv~ech`r bgcgm`- Mæ` m` vnmxch` cmxnonfx~gocqgh`/ egv `rdâmcf` h` znvxcr/ h` vnmxcr g r`~ygv`brn g ynon- @ znvx~çrc` rnyrnvnmxg w~gvn ~eg vnd~mhg ynon" ,YCRNV/ 2997/ y- 72<#-

Vnag yno` foceg/ rnjnrámfcgv f~ox~rgcv `~ f`mxn|x` nf`møecf`/ g e`hg m` Brgvco ã

fgrgfxnrcqghg ynog hcznrvchghn- Lç god~e xney`/ hnc|`~ hn vnr gynmgv ` yöo` hg e`hg yrgcg/

ygrg e`vxrgr g` e~mh` g frcgxczchghn hn vn~ y`z`- Rnmhgv/ fr`fláv n b`rhgh`v vn nmxrnogäge

n/ ~mch`v g` xgonmx` hn nvxcocvxgv n grxnvæv/ f`mxrcb~ne ygrg e`vxrgr g` e~mh`/ g e`hg w~n

zczn mgv r~gv hn x`h` ` ygåv lç hãfghgv n/ gd`rg/ dgmlge gv ygvvgrnogv h`v fnmxr`v jgvlc`mv-

6 Nhzgoh` Zcncrg ã ~e neyrnvçrc` h` Nvyårcx` Vgmx`/ h`m` hg egrfg hn r`~ygv Jc`r~ffc-



23

6-8 A`rmgocve` hn e`hg

@ a`rmgocve` hn e`hg nvxç ne nzchámfcg hcgmxn hnvvn eñoxcyo` enrfgh` w~n vn f`mvòchg egcv

g fghg hcg w~n ygvvg- Xgo gjcregäæ` y`hn vnr fèyr`zghg g` vn `bvnrzgr ` nvygä` hnvxcmgh`

g` xneg/ ne yr`drgegv hn zgrcnhghn/ a`rmgcv n vn~v fghnrm`v vndenmxgh`v/ bo`dv % w~n xáe

gofgmägh` frnhcbcochghn m` enc` % n rnzcvxgv nvynfcgocqghgv/ w~n væ` rnjnrámfcg g` vn jgogr h`

gvv~mx`-

Fè g hne`frgxcqgäæ` hg e`hg/ ` a`rmgocve` hn e`hg gvv~ec~ ` ygyno hn ~e h`v yrcmfcygcv

vndenmx`v hg ceyrnmvg jnecmcmg- Nmxrn v~gv j~mäþnv/ nvxç g hn e`vxrgr g` yñbocf` w~gcv væ`

gv m`zgv xnmhámfcgv/ g enol`r egmncrg hn ~xcocqç%ogv ,ghnw~gmh` g` nvxco` n g` f`ry` hn fghg~e#/ goxnrmgxczgv éw~nogv fgrgv ynägv hn drcjnv- A`jjcos ,7337# fèyonenmxg w~n ~e nhcx`rcgo

hn e`hg hnzn rngocqgr fråxcfgv v`brn ` w~n nmzòzn ` enrfgh` hg e`hg/ gfèygmlgr gv

nzò~äþnv fèy`rxgenmxgcv/ v`fcgcv n nf`møecfgv- G gxczchghn ã "~eg fèy`vcäæ` w~n

`rdgmcqg nonenmx`v mg b~vfg hn ~e nvxco` `~/ egcv f`mfrnxgenmxn/ hn ~e fnrx` foceg do`bgo

hg j`x` w~n xrgh~qg ~e nvxco`" ,A@JJCOS/ 7337/ y- 796#- Goãe hnvvnv gvynfx`v/ ` a`rmgocve`

hn e`hg hnzn yrnvxgr ~e vnrzcä` é oncx`rg/ y`vvcbcocxgmh` w~n vn non y`vvg ghnw~gr ` vn~

hnvna` ynog e`hg/ g` vn~ hcg g hcg-

Ygrg Lcmnrgvks ,299:#/ g gyrnvnmxgäæ` hn egxãrcgv rnogfc`mghgv g` a`rmgocve` hn e`hg zgc

goãe hn e`vxrgr xnmhámfcgv n hnvjconv- G g~x`rg hcvvnrxg w~n fghg yr`drgeg hn xnonzcvæ` w~n

xrgxg v`brn ` xneg `~ egxãrcg w~n ã y~bocfghg ‟nvxç frcgmh` ~e nvygä` hn f`mvxr~äæ` hn

chnmxchghnv n hcvxcmäþnv v`fcgcv n f~ox~rgcv― ,LCMNRGVKS/ 299:/ y- 4#-

N|cvxne xráv xcy`v/ bgvcfgenmxn/ hn egxãrcgv hn e`hg1 xnmhámfcg/ vnrzcä` n fèy`rxgenmx`-Ne xnmhámfcg/ væ` e`vxrgh`v `v ñoxce`v ogmägenmx`v/ ` w~n vnrç ~vgh` mg yrö|ceg nvxgäæ`-

Gv hn vnrzcä` hæ` hcfgv g` oncx`r v`brn fè` cmvnrcr gv xnmhámfcgv m` vn~ hcg g hcg/ ghnw~gmh`

g fghg cmhczch~gochghn- Gv m`xåfcgv hn fèy`rxgenmx`/ y`r v~g znq/ geyocge g e`hg ygrg `

f`mxn|x` f~ox~rgo/ lcvxörcf` n v`fcgo-

Hn ~eg j`reg dnrgo/ egxãrcgv hn fèy`rxgenmx` ,f`mvchnrghgv egcv fèyon|gv#/ neb`rgy`~f` jrnw~nmxnv/ væ` fè~mv g x`hgv gv y~bocfgäþnv- Fogr` w~n cvv` zgrcg hn gf`rh` fè gcegdne w~n vn jgq h` yñbocf` w~n vn yrnxnmhn gxcmdcr- Ã yrnfcv` rnf`mvchnrgr

jrnw~nmxnenmxn nvvg "cegdne" hn j`reg g mæ` vn ygvvgr ygrg ` yñbocf` ~eg ocecxgäæ`j`re~oghg ynog yröyrcg ocmlg nhcx`rcgo ,A@JJCOS/ 7337/ y- 799#-



69

@ a`rmgocve` hn e`hg ã ~eg çrng gcmhg ne f`mvxr~äæ`/ mæ` n|cvxcmh`/ ne e~cx`v znåf~o`v/

~eg nhcx`rcg nvynfåjcfg ygrg ` xneg- "Ne god~mv a`rmgcv/ g $ygrxn$ hn e`hg mæ` rnfnbn ` vxgx~v

hn ~eg nhcx`rcg- Ynregmnfn fè` ~eg vnäæ`/ vne nvynfcgochghn/ vnenolgmxn év hn

ygvvgxney`v/ ygogzrgv fr~qghgv/ j`j`fgv hg fchghn nxf" ,A@JJCOS/ 7337/ y- 79#-

Ygrg Lcmnrgvks ,299:#/ g f`bnrx~rg hn e`hg ne a`rmgcv nvxç frnvfnmh`/ neb`rg lgag

rnvcvxámfcg y`r ygrxn hn god~mv nhcx`rnv- G g~x`rg gfrnhcxg w~n g e`hg hnc|`~ hn vnr ~e

gvv~mx` hn zgrcnhghnv ygrg vn x`rmgr ~eg nhcx`rcg- M` nmxgmx`/ ã y`vvåzno `bvnrzgr w~n m`v

a`rmgcv/ g e`hg ã gyrnvnmxghg hn egmncrg v~ynrjcfcgo/ nvxgmh` yrnvnmxn ne hcjnrnmxnv nhcx`rcgv/

fè` F~ox~rg/ Ogqnr n/ gxã enve`/ Nf`mècg/ hnynmhnmh` hg gb`rhgdne n h` znåf~o`-

M` a`rmgo Nvxgh` hn Ecmgv/ y`r n|neyo`/ g e`hg nvxç cmvnrchg m` fghnrm` Jnecmcm` *

Egvf~ocm /̀ w~n cmfo~c `~xr`v gvv~mx`v ocdgh`v g` fèy`rxgenmx` hg e~olnr/ v`brnx~h`/ n h`

lène/ ne vcx~gäþnv egcv nvynfåjcfgv- Y`rãe/ `v gvv~mx`v mæ` væ`/ mnfnvvgrcgenmxn/ ocdgh`v

é e`hg- Aç mg y~bocfgäæ` Jòlg hn V- Yg~o`/ egxãrcgv rnogfc`mghgv é e`hg nvxæ` yrnvnmxnv m`

fghnrm` Co~vxrghg/ w~n gb`rhg gvv~mx`v ocdgh`v é f~ox~rg- @ w~n lç ne fè~e nmxrn gv

y~bocfgäþnv/ vnd~mh` A`jjcos ,7337#/ ã ` jgx` hn e`vxrgrne gv xnmhámfcgv egcv rnfnmxnv/

j`fgmh` vneyrn mgv m`zchghnv/ ~eg znq w~n vn xrgxg hn ynrcöhcf`v vnegmgcv `~ hcçrc`v-

Goãe hgv eåhcgv xrghcfc`mgcv/ g cmxnrmnx vn x`rm`~ ~e yr`ygdgh`r h` a`rmgocve` hn e`hg n `

frnvfcenmx` hn vcxnv w~n gb`rhge ` xneg ã/ m`x`rcgenmxn/ frnvfnmxn- Hn gf`rh` fè

Lcmnrgvks ,299:#/ ` w~n vn `bvnrzg ã w~n g cmxnrmnx ã ~eg rnjnrámfcg w~gmh` vn xrgxg hn e`hg/

mæ` gynmgv ne znrvþnv `mocmn hn rnzcvxgv aç f`mvgdrghgv- Y`rxgcv zòxgh`v ygrg g gmçocvn hn

xnmhámfcgv/ h` enrfgh` n fè cmj`regäþnv v`brn e`hg/ nvxco`/ f`mv~e` n f~rv`v rnogfc`mgh`v

g` xneg xáe f`mw~cvxgh` ` enc`- Goãe hcvv`/ bo`dv ynvv`gcv/ egmxch`v y`r w~ne vn cmxnrnvvgyno` gvv~mx`/ væ` g m`zg ‟e`hg mg e`hg―-

Mgv rnzcvxgv jnecmcmgv/ hcjnrnmxnenmxn/ gv nhcx`rcgv hn e`hg nvxæ` yrnvnmxnv/ goãe hn vnr

frnvfnmxn ` mñenr` hn y~bocfgäþnv hnhcfghgv é e`hg- M` nmxgmx`/ g rnzcvxg @ Fr~qncr` j`c g

yrcencrg g y~bocfgr rny`rxgdnmv v`brn e`hg/ ne v~gv yçdcmgv/ nvynfcgoenmxn fè g fò~mg

"Gv dgr`xgv h` Gofn~ Ynmmg"-

G y~bocfgäæ` Egmnw~ce/ hg nhcx`rg Gbrco/ j`c g yrcencrg rnzcvxg nvynfcgocqghg ne e`hg g vnr

ogmäghg m` ygåv/ m` gm` hn 73>3- Ne v~gv yçdcmgv/ væ` gb`rhghgv egmncrgv ygrg g oncx`rg



67

cmvnrcr g e`hg ne vn~ hcg g hcg/ hcfgv hn bnonqg n f~ocmçrcg/ goãe hn eòhnv ygrg gv e~olnrnv

jgqnrne gv r`~ygv nvxgeyghgv mg rnzcvxg-

Gx~goenmxn/ gv rnzcvxgv hn e`hg hn egc`r yrnvxådc`/ ne x`h` ` e~mh`/ væ` g m`rxn%genrcfgmg

Z`d~n n g jrgmfnvg Noon- Gv v~gv nhcäþnv mgfc`mgcv vnd~ne ` yghræ` cmxnrmgfc`mgo/ m` nmxgmx`/

ghgyxge god~egv gb`rhgdnmv g` nvxco` h` yñbocf` brgvconcr`- Hn gf`rh` fè Lcmnrgvks

,299:#/ cvv` gf`mxnfn mæ` gynmgv fè nogb`rgäæ` hn egxãrcgv rndc`mgcv/ fè` xgebãe mg

nvfòlg hgv e`hno`v w~n cræ` nvxgeygr fgygv/ nhcx`rcgcv/ fnmçrc`v/ ocmd~gdnmv n yr`h~x`v-

Gv y~bocfgäþnv væ` rnjnrámfcg m` gvv~mx` y`r gyrnvnmxgrne/ gmxnfcyghgenmxn/ gv xnmhámfcgv g

vnrne ~xcocqghgv mgv yrö|cegv nvxgäþnv n y`r jgqnrne gmçocvnv gyr`j~mhghgv v`brn ` f`mxn|x`hg e`hg e~mhcgo/ mg gx~gochghn- @v vn~v nhcx`rcgcv hn e`hg xgebãe væ` rnjnrámfcg ygrg w~ne

xrgbgolg mg çrng-

@v nhcx`rcgcv hn e`hg væ` ` yrcmfcygo hnvxgw~n mgv rnzcvxgv hn e`hg- Ygrg g rngocqgäæ` hnvvnv

xrgbgol`v/ g yr`h~äæ` hn e`hg ã j~mhgenmxgo- Bgvngh` mcvv`/ g j~mäæ` h` yr`h~x`r ã/ gxrgzãv

hn v~gv yr`h~äþnv j`x`drçjcfgv/ xrgmvecxcr g` yñbocf` ` w~n nvxgrç ne z`dg n `jnrnfnr

cmvycrgäþnv hn fè` ~xcocqgr hnxnrecmgh` nonenmx` m` hcg g hcg/ y`rãe hn j`reg oñhcfg/jcffc`mgo- Vnd~mh` A`jjcos ,7337#/ ~eg yr`h~äæ` hn e`hg mæ` hnzn vnr ~e rnxrgx` jcno hg

rngochghn/ egv hnzn ~xcocqgr nonenmx`v ygrg vnrzcr hn cmvycrgäæ` mg frcgäæ` hn ~e m`z`

f`mxn|x`- Ygrg cvv`/ væ` ~xcocqghgv f`rnv/ co~ecmgäþnv n fnmçrc`v/ w~n vn fèyonenmxge n

f`mfrnxcqge g chncg yr`y`vxg/ hn egmncrg v~xco/ mæ` xæ` öbzcg-

Gv yr`h~äþnv h`v znåf~o`v y`hne gyrnvnmxgr zgrcgäæ` hn nvxco`/ hnxnrecmgh` ynog ocmlg

nhcx`rcgo n yñbocf` goz` n cvv` vn rnjonxn mg egmncrg fè` gv xnmhámfcgv vnræ` gyrnvnmxghgv g`yñbocf`- A`jjcos nmjgxcqg w~n "g gfncxgäæ` hn ~eg j`x` hnynmhn w~gvn n|fo~vczgenmxn hg

f`nrámfcg fè w~n ` yr`h~x`r `rdgmcqg `v nonenmx`v % hg fèy`vcäæ` jcffc`mgo/ h` nvxco` w~n

n|yrnvvg" ,A@JJCOS/ 7337/ y- 779#-

@ a`rmgocve` hn e`hg/ m` dnrgo/ ã ~eg rn~mcæ` hn cegdne/ hcgdrgegäæ` bne jncxg n xn|x`v

f~rx`v/ w~n yr`f~rge hnvfrnznr gv cegdnmv n ` f`mxn|x` ne w~n vn gyrnvnmxge- ‟Ne vn

xrgxgmh` hn nvxco`/ `bvnrzg%vn w~n `v nhcx`rnv/ a`rmgocvxgv n `~ nvynfcgocvxgv w~n xáe nvfrcx`

v`brn ` gvv~mx` f`vx~ege f`mfcocgr g xãfmcfg a`rmgoåvxcfg fè fråxcfgv/ gmçocvnv n `ycmcþnv n

cmxnryrnxgäþnv gfnrfg h` gvv~mx` y~bocfgh`― ,LCMNRGVKS/ 299:/ y- 77#-



62

Gfceg hn x`hgv nvvgv w~nvxþnv/ hnzn nvxgr ` oncx`r/ w~n hnzn vn chnmxcjcfgr fè ` w~n ã

y~bocfgh`- Hnzn lgznr ~eg gyr`|cegäæ` nmxrn ` a`rmgocve` hn e`hg n w~ne rnfnbn g

y~bocfgäæ`/ w~n/ mg egc`rcg hgv znqnv/ j`dn h`v yghrþnv nvxãxcf`v n|y`vx`v mgv yçdcmgv hgv

rnzcvxgv- Ygrg A`jjcos ,7337#/ ` j`f` nhcx`rcgo h` a`rmgocve` hn e`hg hnzn vnr zòxgh` ygrg g

e~olnr fè~e w~n b~vfg g g~x`f`mjcgmäg/ cmj`regäæ` w~n vn nmw~ghrg m` vn~ ynrjco n nvxco`

hn zchg-

A`jjcos ,7337# grd~enmxg w~n/ vn j`rne ~xcocqgh`v z`fgb~oçrc`v jgecocgrnv vènmxn ygrg `v

cmfo~åh`v m` f`mxn|x` hg e`hg/ y`r n|neyo`/ ` yñbocf` ynrhn ` cmxnrnvvn ynog oncx~rg n vn

yrnmhn/ vènmxn/ év cegdnmv n j`x`drgjcgv n|y`vx`v goc- Cvv` f`mxrcb~c~ ygrg ` vnmv` fè~e

hn w~n gv oncx`rgv h` nvxco`/ rngoenmxn/ mæ` d`vxge hn onr-

@ w~n vn y`hn `bvnrzgr ã w~n ` a`rmgocve` hn e`hg ã ~eg vndenmxgäæ` nhcx`rcgo w~n zne vn

nvxgbnonfnmh` m` ygåv/ gvvce fè` g e`hg fè` ~e x`h`- G nzò~äæ` h` enrfgh`

nf`møecf` hn e`hg/ g zcvæ` h` e~mh` v`brn g e`hg jncxg m` Brgvco n `v nznmx`v w~n flgege

g gxnmäæ` h`v yrcmfcygcv yöo`v f`mxrcb~ne ygrg w~n ` yröyrc` Ygåv znag ` y`xnmfcgo hg e`hg

mgfc`mgo- Fè cvv`/ ` a`rmgocve` hn e`hg zczn ~eg ãy`fg hn n|ygmvæ` n yr`jcvvc`mgocqgäæ`/

fè` y`hnrç vnr zcvx`/ m` yrö|ce` fgyåx~o`/ w~gmh` `v `banx`v hn nvx~h` hnvxg e`m`drgjcg-



66

8 NOON N Z@D^N1 RNJNRÁMFCGV H@ A@RMGOCVE@ HN E@HG M@ BRGVCO

Gv rnzcvxgv Noon n Z`d~n vn hnhcfge g gb`rhgr ` ~mcznrv` hg e`hg/ ne x`hgv v~gv nhcäþnv

yno` e~mh`- G` o`md` h`v gm`v/ vn x`rmgrge `v yrcmfcygcv xåx~o`v/ rnjnrámfcgv m` gvv~mx`- Y`r

gb`rhgrne gv hcznrvgv jgfnxgv hg e`hg/ n gyrnvnmxgrne/ g fghg nhcäæ`/ gmçocvnv v`brn `

f`mxn|x` gx~go/ væ` rnvy`mvçzncv ynog f`mfnyäæ` hn ~e e`hno` yröyrc` v`brn fè` vn jgogr hg

e`hg-

8-7 @ e~mh` hg e`hg ynogv yçdcmgv hgv rnzcvxgv

J`rge vnonfc`mghgv xráv nhcäþnv hgv rnzcvxgv ceyrnvvgv Z`d~n Brgvco n Noon Brgvco/ fè``banx`v h` nvx~h` hnvxg e`m`drgjcg- Gv y~bocfgäþnv xrgxge v`brn ` ~mcznrv` hg e`hg n

e`vxrge gv xnmhámfcgv ogmäghgv/ hcfgv hn f`mv~e`/ nhcx`rcgcv n rny`rxgdnmv v`brn

yr`jcvvc`mgcv w~n jgqne g e`hg m` e~mh`- Goãe hcvv`/ Z`d~n n Noon cmhcfge ygrg ` oncx`r/

v`brnx~h` ` jnecmcm`/ ` w~n lç hn m`z` ne rnogäæ` g` fcmneg/ ocxnrgx~rg/ hnf`rgäæ`/ zcgdnmv/

n `~xr`v-

G genrcfgmg Z`d~n n g jrgmfnvg Noon væ` vcdmcjcfgxczgv m` e~mh` nhcx`rcgo hg e`hg nnogb`rge/ g fghg nhcäæ`/ nmvgc`v f`mfncx~gh`v/ w~n n|neyocjcfge gv xnmhámfcgv g vnrne

~xcocqghgv mg xney`rghg- Goãe hcvv`/ y`r enc` hn vn~v nhcx`rcgcv/ gv rnzcvxgv hnvxgfge ynägv

hn nvxcocvxgv n drcjnv w~n f`mvchnrge hnvxgw~nv nmxrn gv gyrnvnmxghgv mgv vnegmgv hn e`hg

egcv rnfnmxnv/ fè`/ xgebãe/ gv xnmhámfcgv mgv egw~cgdnmv n gfnvvörc`v-

Gv nhcäþnv brgvconcrgv hn Z`d~n n Noon/ n|cvxnmxnv lç 6: n 26 gm`v/ rnvynfxczgenmxn/ egmxáe `

yghræ` hn v~gv y~bocfgäþnv egxrcqnv/ n|goxgmh` ` w~n lç hn m`z` mg e`hg cmxnrmgfc`mgo- M`nmxgmx`/ ghgyxge g e`hg hnmxr` h` f`mxn|x` mgfc`mgo/ n|goxgmh` ` xrgbgol` hn nvxcocvxgv

brgvconcr`v n/ `bzcgenmxn/ `v frcxãrc`v hn cmxnrnvvn h` f`mv~ech`r o`fgo-

G rnzcvxg Z`d~n ã/ gx~goenmxn/ g yrcmfcygo rnzcvxg hn e`hg/ mæ` vö m` Brgvco/ fè` xgebãe

m`v 7< ygåvnv w~n y`vv~ne v~g yröyrcg nhcäæ`- Lç 6> gm`v m` Ygåv/ g Z`d~n Brgvco/ w~n y`vv~c

xcrgdne enmvgo hn >9 eco n|neyogrnv/ hnhcfg v~gv yçdcmgv ygrg g gb`rhgdne hg e`hg/ mæ` vö

m` Brgvco/ fè` xgebãe ne `~xr`v o~dgrnv h` e~mh`- Aç g Noon/ v~g f`mf`rrnmxn egcv hcrnxg/

y`vv~c xcrgdne enmvgo hn 763-669 n|neyogrnv/ gx~goenmxn ã f`mvchnrghg g egc`r rnzcvxg hn

e`hg ne fcrf~ogäæ`- G y~bocfgäæ` nvxç yrnvnmxn ne 87 ygåvnv n f`mxgbcocqg egcv hn 26



68

ecolþnv hn oncx`rgv yno` e~mh`/ vnd~mh` ` vcxn8 hg yröyrcg rnzcvxg- Gv h~gv y~bocfgäþnv væ`

rnjnrnmfcgcv hnmxr` h` a`rmgocve` hn e`hg y`r gyrnvnmxgrne/ gmxnfcyghgenmxn/ gv xnmhámfcgv g

vnrne ~xcocqghgv mgv yrö|cegv nvxgäþnv n jgqnrne gmçocvnv gyr`j~mhghgv v`brn ` f`mxn|x` hg

e`hg e~mhcgo/ mg gx~gochghn- @v nhcx`rcgcv hn e`hg xgebãe rnyrnvnmxge ygrghcdegv

cmj`regxcz`v ygrg w~ne xrgbgolg mg çrng-

G Z`d~n v~rdc~/ ne 7<32/ fè ` yr`yövcx` hn rndcvxrgr `v nznmx`v v`fcgcv/ w~n gf`mxnfcge mg

goxg v`fcnhghn m`zg%c`rw~cmg- Ne 7393/ g nhcäæ` j`c fèyrghg ynog nhcx`rg F`mhã Mgvx / ~e

h`v egc`rnv dr~y`v nhcx`rcgcv hn x`h` ` e~mh`- Vnd~mh` egxãrcg y~bocfghg mg nhcäæ` 2>6/ hg

Z`d~n Brgvco/ ne a~ml` hn 7333/ fè g fèyrg hg rnzcvxg ynog jge`vg nhcx`rg/ g Z`d~n

nenrdc~ ygrg ~eg y~bocfgäæ` zòxghg ygrg fogvvn goxg/ ` w~n j`c f`mvchnrgh` ~e egrf` mgãy`fg n vn egmxãe gxã làn-

Ne v~g nhcäæ` 627/ w~n fène`rgzg `v vn~v 69 gm`v m` Brgvco/ g Z`d~n y~bocf`~ ~eg

egxãrcg ne w~n rnonebrgzg g xrganxörcg hg rnzcvxg/ hnvhn w~n j`c ogmäghg m` Ygåv-

Z`d~n Brgvco v~rdc~ fè` ~eg o~jghg hn gr jrnvf` ygrg ~e yñbocf` fgrnmxn hn cmj`regäþnvv`brn ` w~n vn ygvvgzg mg e`hg/ m` nmxrnxnmcenmx` n mg f~ox~rg m`v drgmhnv fnmxr`v h`

yogmnxg- Rnjnrámfcg hn ~eg egmncrg hn vnr n hn zcznr w~n aç j`c flgeghg hn nvxco` ,gmxnvw~n g ygogzrg fgåvvn ne hnvdrgäg/ hn xgmx` vnr neyrndghg hn j`reg nrrømng#/ mæ` ã mnml~en|gdnr` hcqnr w~n g Z`d~n Brgvco j`re`~ ~eg cmxncrg dnrgäæ` hn j`xödrgj`v/ nmxrn `v w~gcvvn hnvxgfge e`m~enmx`v mgfc`mgcv/ fè` A-R H~rgm/ O~cq Xrcyòc/ B`b Tòjnmv`m/ Ecr`/Zâmcg Xònh`/ Flcf` Grgdæ`/ Røe~o` Jcgohcmc n O~cv Frcvycm` ,DGMFCG/ 299>/ y- 8>#-

G jrgmfnvg Noon j`c ogmäghg ne 738>/ y`r Lãoìmn Ogqgrnjj/ fè g ecvvæ` hn jgogr v`brn ` w~n

nmzòzn ` cmxnrnvvn jnecmcm`/ ~mcmh` vnrcnhghn n yr`jcvvc`mgocve` fè bè l~e`r n onznqg-

Ne egc` hn 73<</ flnd`~ év bgmfgv g nhcäæ` brgvconcrg hg Noon/ vnmh` g vn|xg y~bocfgäæ` hg

rnzcvxg/ j`rg hg Jrgmäg- M` Brgvco/ Noon y`vv~c ~eg xcrgdne enmvgo hn/ gyr`|ceghgenmxn/ 37

eco n|neyogrnv/ y`vv~cmh` ~eg eãhcg hn 26> eco oncx`rnv-

Gvvce fè` ne x`hgv gv nhcäþnv yno` e~mh`/ g Noon Brgvco vnd~n g jöre~og hg rnzcvxg

jrgmfnvg- ‟M` Brgvco/ Noon gvvcvxc~ é yr`jcvvc`mgocqgäæ` hg e`hg jncxg gw~c % ~eg znrhghncrg

yr`j~væ` hn f~rv`v xè`~ gv jgf~ohghnv h` ygåv n g yrcmfcygo vnegmg hn e`hg h` ygåv/ g

VYJT>/ j`c frcghg ne 733:/ v`b ` fègmh` hn Yg~o` B`rdnv― :- Ne nmxrnzcvxg/ g nhcx`rg hn

8 @ nmhnrnä` `mocmn hg rnzcvxg Z`d~n Brgvco ? ttt-z`d~n-fè-br=> Væ` Yg~o` Jgvlc`m Tnnk ã g vnegmg hn e`hg egcv cey`rxgmxn hg Geãrcfg Ogxcmg/ w~n gf`mxnfn h~gv znqnv y`rgm`/ ne Væ` Yg~o`/ `rdgmcqgh` yno` yrè`xnr hn nznmx`v/ Yg~o` B`rdnv-: Cmj`regäæ` hcvy`måzno m` vcxn ?ttt-noonbrgvco-fè-br=- Gfnvvgh` ne 23 hn vnxnebr` hn 2977-



6>

rnhgäæ` hg Noon/ Onmcxg Gvvnj/ n|yocf`~ w~n hnmxr` hg nhcäæ` ã y`vvåzno nmf`mxrgr hcjnrnmxnv

j`regv hn vn jgogr hn e`hg- Gv yrcencrgv yçdcmgv væ` hnhcfghgv év hcfgv hn e`h` hn ~vgr n

`mhn fèyrgr ynägv/ y`r n|neyo`- Aç m` enc` hg rnzcvxg/ nvxæ` `v nhcx`rcgcv n nmvgc`v/ `mhn g

Noon ynrecxn w~n v~gv oncx`rgv v`mlne- ‟G dnmxn vn ynrecxn z`gr ~e y`~f` egcv/ y`rw~n gv

oncx`rgv w~nrne nvvn zø`/ nogv gh`rge- G e~olnr w~n oá g Noon vgbn w~n mæ` yrnfcvg xnr gw~co`

vn nog mæ` w~cvnr f`ycgr/ y`rw~n g e`hg xne eènmx`v hn rngochghn n hn v`ml`- G oncx`rg hg

Noon f`mlnfn ~e y`~f` hn e`hg n mæ` ã gw~nog ynvv`g w~n gfgb`~ hn gxnrrcvvgr― ,GVVNJ/

2977#-

N gvvce/ gv h~gv y~bocfgäþnv yr`f~rge ~mcr g cmjo~ámfcg hn v~gv nhcäþnv egxrcqnv fè gv

nvynfcjcfchghnv hg f~ox~rg brgvconcrg/ ghgyxgmh` ` e`h` hn vn jgogr hn e`hg/ hn gf`rh` fè gvmnfnvvchghnv n d`vx`v hg oncx`rg brgvconcrg- M` yrö|ce` fgyåx~o`/ nvxn nvx~h` yrnxnmhn y`mx~gr

`v nonenmx`v yrnvnmxnv ne Noon n Z`d~n Brgvco/ w~n y`vvcbcocxge g chnmxcjcfgäæ` hgv

fgrgfxnråvxcfgv h` a`rmgocve` hn e`hg ne rnzcvxg m` Ygåv-

8-2 Enx`hò`dcg

Nvxn xrgbgol` ã ~e nvx~h` v`brn ` a`rmgocve` hn e`hg ne rnzcvxg m` Brgvco/ g ygrxcr hgvrnzcvxgv Z`d~n Brgvco n Noon Brgvco- Ygrg g rngocqgäæ`/ vnræ` ~xcocqghgv/ fè` yr`fnhcenmx`v

enx`hòödcf`v/ g ynvw~cvg bcboc`drçjcfg n ynvw~cvg h`f~enmxgo- Ygrg g ynvw~cvg bcboc`drçjcfg

ne w~nvxæ`/ j`rge hnjcmch`v h`cv nc|`v xneçxcf`v1

,g# Fèy`rxgenmx` n f`mv~e` hn e`hg

,b# A`rmgocve` hn E`hg-

Fè` bgvn xnörcfg/ j`rge yrczcondcgh`v `v g~x`rnv1 Ocy`znxvks ,73<3#/ A`jjcos ,7337#/ Zcoogv

B`gv ,733:#/ Vfgoq` ,2998#/ Ocy`znxvks n R`~| ,299># n Dgrfcg n Ecrgmhg ,299>#-

W~gmx` é ynvw~cvg h`f~enmxgo/ j`rge vnonfc`mghgv gv vnd~cmxnv nhcäþnv hgv rnzcvxgv1

Z`d~n Brgvco / Mñenr` 6>< A~ml` hn 299</ Mñenr` 643 Egrä` hn 2979/ Mñenr` 63> A~ol`

2977;

Noon Brgvco / Gm` 27 Mñenr` > Egc` hn 299</ Gm` 22 Mñenr` 6 Egrä` 2979/ Gm` 26

Mñenr` > Egc` hn 2977-



6:

Ygrg ~eg ynvw~cvg enol`r hnxgolghg/ vnrç ~xcocqghg ~eg nhcäæ` hn gmcznrvçrc` hn fghg

y~bocfgäæ`/ y`r vnrne nhcäþnv nvynfcgcv n w~n/ dnrgoenmxn/ rnw~nrne ~eg yr`h~äæ` egcv

nogb`rghg- Goãe hnvvnv n|neyogrnv/ vnræ` nvx~hghgv h~gv nhcäþnv lgbcx~gcv/ hn fghg rnzcvxg/

ygrg n|neyocjcfgr fè` vn nvxr~x~rge/ m`regoenmxn/ vnmh` nogv h` enve` gm` hn y~bocfgäæ`-

Gyöv ynvw~cvg bcboc`drçjcfg n jncxg g yrã%gmçocvn h` egxnrcgo vnonfc`mgh`/ j`rge hnjcmchgv

fè` fgxnd`rcgv hn gmçocvn1

Fgxnd`rcg 71 @ ~mcznrv` a`rmgoåvxcf` hn e`hg ne Z`d~n Brgvco n Noon Brgvco1 @v xnegv n

nvxr~x~rgv xn|x~gcv h`v znåf~o`v ne rnogäæ` g egxãrcgv yr`h~qchgv v`brn g xneçxcfg e`hg/

nmj`w~nv hgv egxãrcgv n rny`rxgdnmv/ gv nhcx`rcgv/ g fgyg/ `v nvxco`v/ g nw~cyn nhcx`rcgo/ fè` `

xneg f`mv~e` ã gb`rhgh` mgv y~bocfgäþnv/ nxf-

Vnræ` chnmxcjcfgh`v `v y`mx`v ne fè~e nmxrn gv rnzcvxgv hn e`hg/ g w~n vn rnjnrn g fgyg; `

w~n aç hn fgrgfxnråvxcf` ne rnogäæ` é nvfòlg h` ynrjco hn w~ne nvxgeyg/ m`regoenmxn/ g

yrcencrg yçdcmg/ ` w~n gv j`x`drgjcgv rnyrnvnmxge mgv nhcäþnv/ gv nvfòlgv ygrg g flgeghg

yrcmfcygo/ goãe hg ocmd~gdne ~xcocqghg mgv fgygv hgv y~bocfgäþnv-

Mg vnäæ` hn fgrxg hg nhcx`rg/ vnræ` chnmxcjcfgh`v g gb`rhgdne ~xcocqghg ynogv nhcx`rgv/ gocmd~gdne n g j`reg fè w~n gv a`rmgocvxgv jgoge fè vn~v oncx`rnv n g nvxr~x~rg hnvvnv

xn|x`v-

Gv rnzcvxgv hn e`hg f`vx~ege hnhcfgr ~e nvygä` ygrg e`vxrgr `v bgvxch`rnv hgv y~bocfgäþnv

n xgebãe hæ` hnvxgw~n g w~ne jgq gv rnzcvxgv/ e`vxrgmh` j`x`drgjcgv/ ynrjcv n nmxrnzcvxgv fè

`v yr`jcvvc`mgcv- Mg gmçocvn/ vnræ` chnmxcjcfghgv gv fgrgfxnråvxcfgv hnvvg vnäæ` n ` w~n nogv

rnyrnvnmxge mgv envegv y~bocfgäþnv-

Mgv y~bocfgäþnv hn e`hg/ g egc`rcg hgv nhcx`rcgv f`mxãe ~eg vnäæ` hn f`mv~e`/ rnogxczg g`

xneg- Hcgmxn hcvv`/ ` nvx~h` crç w~gocjcfgr nvvgv vnäþnv/ e`vxrgmh` ` f`mxn|x` ne w~n

gygrnfne n w~gcv v~gv fgrgfxnråvxcfgv zcv~gcv-

@ nhcx`rcgo hn e`hg ã ` "fgrr` flnjn" hgv rnzcvxgv n g ynvw~cvg crç chnmxcjcfgr v~g

rnyrnvnmxgxczchghn ygrg g e`hg n ` vn~ vcdmcjcfgh`-

Mg gmçocvn/ xgebãe vnrç y`vvåzno `bvnrzgr g ocmd~gdne ~xcocqghg mgv rnzcvxgv hn e`hg- @ ~v`



64

hn nvxrgmdncrcve`v/ g `ycmcæ` m`v xn|x`v n ` ~v` hn ygogzrgv fò`w~cgcv-

Fgxnd`rcg 21 Vnrç gmgocvgh` hn w~n j`reg gv y~bocfgäþnv hn e`hg xrgbgolge ` f`mv~e` n

w~go ` vcdmcjcfgh` hnvvnv nhcx`rcgcv ygrg ` a`rmgocve` hn e`hg-

M` w~n vn rnogfc`mg é gmçocvn w~gmxcxgxczg/ nvxn nvx~h` zcvg onzgmxgr `v vnd~cmxnv hgh`v1

% @ mñenr` hn yçdcmgv hnhcfghgv é y~bocfchghn- @ fcxgh` onzgmxgenmx` ã mnfnvvçrc` ygrg

hnxnrecmgr ` w~gmx` hn nvygä` ã hnhcfgh` g egxãrcgv/ mgv y~bocfgäþnv zòxghgv ygrg g e`hg n

` w~gmx` ã rnvnrzgh` ygrg gmñmfc`v hn yr`h~x`v zòxgh`v g` yñbocf` goz` hgv rnzcvxgv ne

w~nvxæ`-

8-6 @ ~mcznrv` a`rmgoåvxcf` hn e`hg ne Z`d~n n Noon Brgvco

8-6-7 Fgyg

G fgyg hn ~eg rnzcvxg/ vnag nog hn w~n nvynfcgochghn j`r/ ã ` y`mx` hn gxrgäæ` nmxrn ` oncx`r n g

y~bocfgäæ`- G fgyg ã ` yrcencr` f`mxgx` h` yñbocf` fè g nhcäæ` n/ ã gxrgzãv hnog/ w~n ãy`vvåzno g chnmxcjcfgäæ`/ y`r ygrxn h` oncx`r % `~ oncx`r ne y`xnmfcgo % hgv cmj`regäþnv

cenhcgxgv v`brn ` w~n g rnzcvxg xne g `jnrnfnr mg nhcäæ` egcv rnfnmxn-

Mgv rnzcvxgv zòxghgv ygrg g e`hg/ g fgyg xne egc`r rnyrnvnmxgxczchghn- G cegdne n g e`hg

gmhge a~mxgv n/ gxrgzãv hg j`x`drgjcg yrnvnmxn mg yrcencrg yçdcmg/ g oncx`rg xne g y`vvcbcochghn

hn chnmxcjcfgäæ` cenhcgxg hn ~eg xnmhámfcg hg nvxgäæ`- G Z`d~n n g Noon/ rnjnrámfcgv mg e`hg/

g fghg eáv/ yr`h~qne fgygv w~n f`vx~ege f`mxnr xnmhámfcgv hg e`hg nvxgeyghgv/ fè`~eg j`reg hn yrnznr ` y`mx` gox` hg nvxgäæ` `~ ghcgmxgr ygrg g oncx`rg g egxãrcg ,`~ nhcx`rcgo#

yrcmfcygo hg nhcäæ`- Mg nhcäæ` hn mñenr` 643 hg Z`d~n Brgvco/ y~bocfghg ne egrä` hn 2979/

g flgeghg yrcmfcygo ã "E`hg Ecocxgmxn"- Ygrg rnj`rägr g chncg/ g e`hno` brgvconcrg Bçrbgrg

Bnrdnr gygrnfn znvxcmh` ~e o``k w~n rnenxn g` ecocxgrcve`/ fè` ~eg agw~nxg hg f`r znrhn

ecocxgr- Goãe hcvv`/ ` j~mh` hg rnzcvxg xgebãe rnenxn g` xneg/ fè ~e znrhn fogr` ne

hãdrghã -

M` nmxgmx`/ g fgyg mæ` yrnfcvg/ mnfnvvgrcgenmxn/ xnr ~e vcdmcjcfgh` n|yoåfcx`/ rnjnrnmxn g ~eg

xnmhámfcg hn e`hg- Nog y`hn/ y`r n|neyo`/ yrcegr gynmgv ynog bnonqg `~ ygrg gw~co` w~n g



6<

nhcx`rg gfrnhcxg w~n crç flgegr g gxnmäæ` hn v~g oncx`rg- ê n|neyo` hcvv` ã g nhcäæ` Gm` 26/

Mñenr` > hg Noon/ w~n fène`rgzg ` gmcznrvçrc` hn 26 gm`v hg y~bocfgäæ` brgvconcrg- Mnog/ g

e`hno` Dcvnon Bÿmhflnm gygrnfn znvxcmh`/ mghg goãe hn ~eg encg fgoäg yrnxg- Mnml~eg

xnmhámfcg hn e`hg j`c n|yocfcxghg- Egv fè` g nhcx`rg hn rnhgäæ`/ Onmcxg Gvvnj/ n|yocf`~ mg

vnäæ` "Fgrxg hg Nhcx`rg"/ g chncg nrg yr`h~qcr ~eg fgyg "nvynfcgo"/ n w~n gyöv hcvf~vvþnv/

flnd`~%vn é hnfcvæ` hn w~n "n|cvxn god~eg x`y egcv x`y h` w~n Dcvnon Bÿmhflnm0 N nog nvxç

gw~c/ ocmhg/ y`hnr`vg/ cmhcvf~xcznoenmxn ñmcfg- G mñenr` 7" ,GVVNJ/ 2977/ Y- 73#-

M` xn|x`/ g nhcx`rg n|yocfg w~n g yrn`f~ygäæ` mæ` nrg ygvvgr ~eg cegdne hn e`hg/ egv/ vce/

nvxgeygr/ mg nhcäæ` hn gmcznrvçrc`/ ~eg ynrv`mgochghn cfømcfg/ w~n jcqnvvn a~v g` vcdmcjcfgh`

w~n g nhcäæ` ‟nvynfcgo― xcmlg- N nvvg j`c g fgyg1 Dcvnon/ goc/ m~g/ rnyrnvnmxgmh`/ ~mcfgenmxn/ gv~g yröyrcg cegdne/ g v~g rnyrnvnmxgxczchghn ygrg ` e~mh` hg e`hg/ g` cmzãv hn vnr ~e

"fgbchn" e`vxrgmh` ~e o``k -

Y`r jgogr ne e`hno`v/ god` w~n vn `bvnrzg mgv h~gv rnzcvxgv ã g yrnjnrámfcg y`r nvxgeygr/ ne

v~gv fgygv/ e`hno`v brgvconcrgv/ w~n/ goãe hn rnyrnvnmxgrne g e`hg mgfc`mgo n g zgo`rcqgrne/

væ` x`yv aç rnf`mlnfchgv cmxnrmgfc`mgoenmxn- Nvvg gjcregäæ` y`hn vnr fèyr`zghg yno`v

`banx`v hn nvx~h` nvfòlch`v- Ne x`hgv gv vncv nhcäþnv gmgocvghgv/ vnmh` xráv hn fghgy~bocfgäæ`/ lç e`hno`v brgvconcrgv mgv fgygv1 ,GMN\@ G#

Ne Z`d~n1 Nhcäæ` 6></ Cvgbnoc J`mxgmg

Nhcäæ` 643/ Bçrbgrg Bnrdnr

Nhcäæ` 63>/ Dcvnon Bÿmhflnm

Ne Noon1 Nhcäæ` Gm` 27/ Mñenr` >/ Rgw~no QceenregmmNhcäæ` Gm` 22/ Mñenr` 6/ Gocmn TnbnrNhcäæ` Gm` 26/ Mñenr` >/ Dcvnon Bÿmhflnm

Fè` Ygoècm` ,2996# n|yocfg/ hnvhn g hãfghg hn 7339/ gv e`hno`v brgvconcrgv flgege g

gxnmäæ` h` e~mh` jgvlc`m- X~h` fènä`~ fè Vlcrons Egooegm/ w~n xrgbgol`~ ygrg gv

yrcmfcygcv drcjnv cmxnrmgfc`mgcv/ ` w~n cmvycr`~ `~xrgv dgr`xgv g vnd~crne g fgrrncrg- N fè g

gvfnmvæ` hn Dcvnon Bÿmhflnm/ vnd~mh` g g~x`rg/ xnzn cmåfc` g v`bnrgmcg hgv e`hno`v

brgvconcrgv/ w~n/ fè` aç j`c hcx`/ f`mxrcb~c~ ygrg ` Brgvco nmxrgr mg e`hg-



63

Gv flgeghgv hn fgyg væ` rnogxczgv év egxãrcgv f`mxchgv mg nhcäæ`- Nogv væ` fè` ~eg yrãzcg

h` w~n g oncx`rg y`hn nmf`mxrgr hn egcv cey`rxgmxn mgv yçdcmgv vnd~cmxnv- Egv gv flgeghgv

f`mxáe egcv w~n vceyonv cmj`regäþnv- Mnogv/ aç ã y`vvåzno chnmxcjcfgr g fgrdg `ycmgxczg/

xåycfgv hnvvn xcy` hn y~bocfgäæ`- Mg nhcäæ` Gm` 22 Mñenr` 6 hg Noon/ g flgeghg yrcmfcygo hn

fgyg ã "Nvynfcgo E`hg % Nvfòlgv hn Noon1 M`vvgv 729 ynägv jgz`rcxgv"- Vènmxn mnvxg jrgvn/

jcfg n|yoåfcxg g `ycmcæ` hg rnzcvxg mg nvfòlg h` w~n ã rnonzgmxn ygrg vnr e`vxrgh` goc- G

yrcencrg ynvv`g h` yo~rgo "m`vvgv" rnj`räg mæ` vö g `ycmcæ` hg rnzcvxg/ fè` ceyþn ~eg

hnfcvæ` f`ma~mxg fè ` oncx`r-

@~xrg fgrgfxnråvxcfg yrnvnmxn mgv flgeghgv ã ` ~v` hn ghanxcz`v ygrg fgrgfxnrcqgr `v xnegv

fnmxrgcv hgv egxãrcgv- N|yrnvvþnv fè` "flcw~ãrrce`"/ "ynrjncx`"/ "O`mhrnv ã ` eç|ce`'"/"l`xãcv hn v`ml` n ~eg egog ynrjncxg"/ nmxrn `~xrgv/ væ` fè~enmxn nmf`mxrghgv-

@ ~v` hn nvxrgmdncrcve`v ã fè~e m` a`rmgocve` hn e`hg/ ~eg znq w~n ygåvnv fè` Jrgmäg

n Cmdogxnrrg hcxge g e`hg n væ` rnvy`mvçzncv ynogv frcgäþnv hn xnmhámfcgv- N/ aç mgv fgygv/ ã

y`vvåzno chnmxcjcfgr g cmjo~ámfcg h` z`fgb~oçrc` nvxrgmdncr`- G nhcäæ` 6>< hg Z`d~n j`c g ñmcfg

hg y~bocfgäæ` w~n gyrnvnmx`~ n|yrnvvæ` ne cmdoáv mg fgyg1 "Jãrcgv ngvs rchnr "- Aç mg Noon/ `

~v` ã egcv yrnvnmxn/ ~eg znq w~n gv xráv rnzcvxgv gmgocvghgv y`vv~ne n|yrnvvþnv nvxrgmdncrgv/ aç mg yrcencrg yçdcmg1 "Jnvxg cm bogfk "/ " Bng~xs Fòonfxc`mv"/ "Znrs F`ò" n "D`h vgzn

EfW~nnm"- Nvxg ñoxceg jrgvn vn rnjnrn é e`rxn h` nvxcocvxg cmdoáv Gon|gmhnr EfW~nnm/ w~n

fènxn~ v~cfåhc` ne jnznrncr` hn 2979- G Z`d~n/ mg nhcäæ` hn egrä`/ enve` eáv hg nhcäæ`

hg Noon/ `yx`~ y`r ~vgr g jrgvn ne y`rx~d~áv1 "@ ghn~v hn Gon|gmhnr EfW~nnm"-

Ygrg jcmgocqgr/ gv flgeghgv yrcmfcygcv hgv nhcäþnv f`vx~ege nvxgr rnogfc`mghgv g` o~|`/ fè`

znvxch`v hn jnvxg `~ chncgv ygrg rnygdcmgdne hn zcv~go/ `~ fè` flgege/ mnt o``k -

8-6-2 Fgrxg h` nhcx`r

Fè` j`c hcx` m` fgyåx~o` xnörcf`/ ~eg hgv fgrgfxnråvxcfgv h` a`rmgocve` hn rnzcvxg ã g rnogäæ`

nmxrn ` oncx`r n ` nhcx`r- Gxrgzãv h` xn|x`/ geb`v vn nmxnmhne n vn chnmxcjcfge- M` nhcx`rcgo ‖

`~ Fgrxg h` Nhcx`r ‖ nvvn f`mxgx` ã gyr`|cegh`/ ~eg znq w~n ` nhcx`r hn rnhgäæ` jgog/

hcrnxgenmxn/ fè ` vn~ yñbocf`-



89

Ne nhcäþnv m`regcv/ `v nhcx`rcgcv hn rnzcvxgv hn e`hg rnogxge ` w~n g oncx`rg y`hn nvynrgr hg

nhcäæ`; w~gcv gv egxãrcgv egcv rnonzgmxnv- Mg nhcäæ` 6>< hg Z`d~n/ g nmxæ` nhcx`rg/ Ygxråfcg

Fgrxg ,gx~goenmxn/ ` fgrd` ã hn Hgmcnog Jgofæ`#/ f`mxg w~n ‟nvxg nhcäæ` zne flncg hn b`vvg-

Mæ` en rnjcr` gynmgv é vnäæ` M`vxgodcg/ w~n xrgq lcvxörcgv hnocfc`vgv h`v bgfgmgv hg B`vvg

M`zg/ egv xgebãe é e`hg hnvfèyrècvvghg w~n gygrnfn mgv yçdcmgv g vnd~cr― ,FGRXG/

299</ y- 27#-

Mg Noon/ xgebãe ã y`vvåzno chnmxcjcfgr nvvn xcy` hn gb`rhgdne- ‟Nvxg nhcäæ` hg rnzcvxg ã y~rg

rnm`zgäæ`- Væ` m`vvgv hcfgv bçvcfgv h` w~n zgon g ynmg fèyrgr ,`~ d~grhgr#/ m`vv`v

enol`rnv gflgh`v ,aç'#/ fè yrnä`v v~ynrbgfgmgv/ m`vvgv nvfòlgv h` w~n ã egcv e`hnrm`/

egcv b`mcx`/ egcv NOON- Nma`s'― ,GVVNJ/ 2979/ y- 3#- Mnvxg nhcäæ` Gm` 22 Mñenr` 6/ gnhcx`rg hç ~eg ge`vxrg h` w~n g oncx`rg crç nmf`mxrgr mgv yçdcmgv vnd~cmxnv n rnj`räg g

v~banxczchghn hgv egxãrcgv n vnonäþnv/ g` nmjgxcqgr ` xnre` ‟m`vvgv nvfòlgv―/ vnmh` nvxn/

cmfo~vczn/ ` xåx~o` hg vnäæ`-

M` nhcx`rcgo/ g y~bocfgäæ` xgebãe jgq ~eg gmçocvn/ gcmhg w~n rnv~echg/ v`brn ` f`mxn|x`

gx~go hg e`hg `~ god` nvynfåjcf` w~n vn hnvxgf`~/ m` eáv hg nhcäæ`- Mg Z`d~n/ nhcäæ` 643/

Ygxråfcg Fgrxg rnvvgoxg ` ñoxce` hnvjcon gyrnvnmxgh` y`r Gon|gmhnr EfW~nnm- Fè` ` nvxcocvxgcmdoáv lgzcg vch` nmf`mxrgh` e`rx`/ mg ãy`fg/ g nhcx`rg nmjgxcq`~ g cey`rxâmfcg hn EfW~nnm

ygrg ` e~mh` hg e`hg-

Egcv h` w~n m~mfg/ g e`hg xgebãe b~vfg hcdnrcr n ghgyxgr gv cegdnmv h` ñoxce` hnvjcon hnznræ` hn Gon|gmhnr EfW~nnm/ rnfnmxnenmxn gyrnvnmxgh` ne Ygrcv- Hczcv`r hn çd~gv/ j`c ègcv gy`xnöxcf` n gy`fgoåyxcf` hg lcvxörcg- Hn j`reg aç hco~åhg/ g rnzcvxg y`mx~g nvvg j`rxncmjo~ámfcg n lènmgdncg ` nvxcocvxg w~n gfgbg hn e`rrnr yrnegx~rg n cmnvynrghgenmxn- ,---#EfW~nnm hècmgzg nvxr~x~rgv fèyon|gv hn gbvò~x` rcd`r/ rnf`mlnfchgv y`r xrçv h` nvxco`rnzò~fc`mçrc`/ fgrcfgx~rgo n grrnbgxnh`r hn v~gv ynägv ,FGRXG/ 2979/ y- 67#-

Ne nhcäþnv nvynfcgcv/ fè` gv w~n fène`rge gmcznrvçrc`v hgv y~bocfgäþnv/ ` nhcx`rcgo

f`vx~eg j`fgr mnvxn gvv~mx`/ rnv~ecmh` g lcvxörcg/ rnonzâmfcg hgv rnzcvxgv `~ fè` j`c

nogb`rgr g nhcäæ` n ` w~n nog rnyrnvnmxg- Mg Noon/ Gm` 26 Mñenr` >/ ` xåx~o` h` nhcx`rcgo ã

‟M`vv` gmcznrvçrc`―/ n g nhcx`rg hn rnhgäæ`/ Onmcxg Gvvnj/ aç cmcfcg ` xn|x` fè g jrgvn1 ‟Jgqnr

g nhcäæ` hn gmcznrvçrc` ã ~eg ny`yãcg- Jnvxczg' ,---# Fgyg rnvòzchg/ hnfchce`v w~n nvxg vnrcg

~eg endgnhcäæ`/ fè egcv hn 299 yçdcmgv nhcx`rcgcv/ w~n hnznrcge vnr yrnnmflchgv fè `

enol`r hn x~h`―-



87

Mg nhcäæ` 63>/ nvynfcgo hn gmcznrvçrc` hg Z`d~n/ g gx~go nhcx`rg/ Hgmcnog Jgofæ`/ j`fg m` jgx`

hn Dcvnon Bÿmhflnm yr`xgd`mcqgr h`cv nhcx`rcgcv- M` nmxgmx`/ ` xn|x` mæ` vn ocecxg g nmgoxnfnr

g nhcäæ` `~ g e`hno`- Mg vnäæ`/ xgebãe ã y`vvåzno `bvnrzgr g fèynxcäæ` nmxrn Z`d~n n Noon-

Ne 2977/ gv h~gv y~bocfgäþnv rnvòznrge fène`rgr v~gv nhcäþnv hn gmcznrvçrc` nvxgeygmh`

mg fgyg g e`hno` Dcvnon Bÿmhflnm- Yrcencr`/ ne egc`/ g Noon y~bocf`~ ~eg j`x` xcrghg yno`

j`xödrgj` Mcm` E~÷`q/ ne vn~ nvxñhc` ne M`zg S`rk/ ygrg g rnzcvxg E~vn/ ne 2979- H`cv

envnv hny`cv/ g Z`d~n y~bocf`~ w~gxr` hcjnrnmxnv fgygv fè g enveg e`hno` ,n g oncx`rg

nvfòlcg/ mgv bgmfgv/ w~go hnvnagzg f`mv~ecr#/ fè j`x`v xcrghgv mg Gegqømcg n ne M`zg

S`rk- M` Nhcx`rcgo hg Z`d~n hn a~ol`/ g nhcx`rg hn rnhgäæ`/ Hgmcnog Jgofæ` hne`mvxr`~ ` vn~

hnvf`mxnmxgenmx` fè g f`cmfchámfcg1 "Mæ` é x`g/ Z`d~n ã g ñmcfg rnzcvxg h` ygåv ygrg w~ne

g x`y gbrn nvygä` ne v~g gxrcb~oghåvvceg gdnmhg % nmw~gmx` g egc`rcg vn f`mxnmxg nerny~bocfgr j`x`v gmxcdgv hn Dcvnon/ Z`d~n zgc goãe"-

Nvxn xrnfl` xgebãe n|neyocjcfg `~xrg fgrgfxnråvxcfg h`v nhcx`rcgcv hn rnzcvxg hn e`hg- Væ`

mnvvgv vnäþnv/ w~n g nhcx`rg nmgoxnfn ` xrgbgol` hg y~bocfgäæ` n nmjgxcqg g v~g

rnyrnvnmxgxczchghn m` enc` hg e`hg- Mg nhcäæ` Gm` 27 Mñenr` > hn Noon/ Onmcxg Gvvnj

rnv~en v~g xrganxörcg mg y~bocfgäæ` n hç ámjgvn g` xrgbgol` n|nrfch` goc1

Vcmx` ` egc`r `rd~ol` n ne`äæ` g` znr w~n g nw~cyn hnvxg rnhgäæ` xne/ g fghg eáv/ `jøond`/ ` ge`r n g hnxnrecmgäæ` hn w~ne jgq ~e mñenr` 7 n w~nr nmxrndgr g z`fáv ~egNOON fè x`hg g j`räg h` vn~ HMG1 g fgygfchghn hn xrgh~qcr g e`hg/ g bnonqg/ ` nvxco` hn~eg egmncrg ñmcfg ‖ flncg hn chncgv m`zgv/ `~vghgv/ y`vvåzncv n ocmhgv/ hnvynrxgmh`hnvna`v/ gvvnd~rgmh` yrgqnrnv ,GVVNJ/ 299</ y- 79#-

Ygrg jcmgocqgr/ g ocmd~gdne cmj`rego ~vghg ynogv nhcx`rgv/ w~n ~vge ` nhcx`rcgo fè` ~e

nvygä` ygrg f`mznrvgr fè g oncx`rg/ fè` vn nvxg j`vvn ~eg gecdg- Gb~vge hg ocmd~gdne

fò`w~cgo n b~vfge ~eg rnogäæ` yrö|ceg fè g oncx`rg- ê n|neyo` hcvv` ã g j`reg fè w~n

g nhcx`rg hn rnhgäæ` hn Noon/ Onmcxg Gvvnj/ jcmgocqg vn~v nhcx`rcgcv1 vneyrn vn hnvynhcmh` fè

"bnca`v"-

8-6-6 Bgvxch`rnv

Gv rnzcvxgv hn e`hg yr`f~rge ygvvgr/ ygrg g oncx`rg/ g cegdne hn w~n g y~bocfgäæ` zgo`rcqg

v~g nw~cyn- Ygrg cvv`/ y~bocfge j`x`v h`v bgvxch`rnv h`v nhcx`rcgcv/ e`vxrgmh` gv

ygrxcf~ogrchghnv h` w~n `f`rrn~ h~rgmxn gv yr`h~äþnv- Fè` ~e hcçrc`/ rnogxge ygrg g oncx`rg

gv f~rc`vchghnv gfnrfg hcvv`/ a~mxgenmxn fè cegdnmv hnvf`mxrgåhgv-



82

Mg nhcäæ` Gm` 26 Mñenr` > hg Noon/ g nhcx`rg hn e`hg V~vgmg Bgrb`vg nvfrnzn~ ygrg g vnäæ`

Bgfkvxgdn/ yrnvnmxn gynmgv mnvxg nhcäæ`/ hnmxrn gv xráv gmgocvghgv- M` xåx~o`/ "LgyysNoon"/

~eg rnjnrámfcg g` gmcznrvçrc` hg y~bocfgäæ`- Mg yçdcmg/ j`x`v hg nw~cyn hn yr`h~äæ` m`v

nhcx`rcgcv n ondnmhgv/ rnvvgoxgmh` ` xrgbgol` h`v yr`jcvvc`mgcv- Ne ~e òl` drçjcf`/ nvxç

nvfrcx`1 "A~mxge`v ~e xcen hn ynv` ygrg fène`rgr `v 26 gm`v hn NOON"-

Jcd~rg 71 Bgfkvxgdn Noon

@ xn|x` n|goxg g cey`rxâmfcg hg nhcäæ` n yr`f~rg ygvvgr ygrg g oncx`rg/ x`h` xrgbgol` nmzòzch`

ygrg ` rnv~oxgh` jcmgo-

G nhcäæ` hn gmcznrvçrc` ã vneyrn g egcv nvynrghg h` gm` n/ y`r cvv` enve`/ g egcv bgfgmghn jgqnr- Ã ~eg hnoåfcg ynmvgr ne fghg egxãrcg n xnmxgr ceyrcecr goc ` gr doge`~r`v` w~nx`hg rnzcvxg fène`rgxczg hnzn xnr- N/ fè` vneyrn/ fghg nhcx`rcgo xne eco lcvxörcgv y`rxrçv mne xæ` doge`~r`vgv gvvce- Mg egxãrcg Hrnge Jgre/ zczne`v ~eg znrhghncrg

gznmx~rg1 h`cv hcgv cmxncr`v hn j`x` ne enc` g fgzgo`v n e~cx` nvxnrf`/ fogr`' ,BGRB@VG/2977/ y- 2>#-

Aç g Z`d~n/ g fghg nhcäæ`/ rnvnrzg g vnäæ` "Fògb`rgh`rnv"/ `mhn ~e y`~f` h`v bgvxch`rnv hg

rnzcvxg ã rnznogh`/ g` e`vxrgr j`x`v hn w~gxr` fògb`rgh`rnv w~n ga~hgrge g jgqnr g nhcäæ` ne

w~nvxæ`- Goãe hcvv`/ ã n|cbch` ~e ynrjco/ ne w~n `v yr`jcvvc`mgcv væ` gyrnvnmxgh`v é oncx`rg/

a~mxgenmxn fè ~e rnv~e` h` xrgbgol` rngocqgh` ygrg g y~bocfgäæ`- Xgebãe væ`

rnvy`mhchgv w~nvxþnv egcv ynvv`gcv v`brn ̀ ynrv`mgdne ne hnvxgw~n-



86

Mg nhcäæ` 6></ y`r n|neyo`/ ~e h`v w~gxr` ynrjcv n|cbch`v j`c h` jo`rcvxg genrcfgm`/ Anjj

Ongrxlge- Znag gbgc|`1

Jcd~rg 21 Z`d~n Fògb`rgh`rnv

8-6-8 G ocmd~gdne m` a`rmgocve` hn e`hg

@ xn|x` m` a`rmgocve` hn e`hg y`vv~c v~gv ygrxcf~ogrchghnv/ ne rnogäæ` g `~xrgv nhcx`rcgv-

F`mj`ren fcxgh` m` fgyåx~o` gmxnrc`r/ A`jjcos ,7337# hnvxgfg w~n ` ~v` hn j`x`v n ondnmhgv mgv

rnzcvxgv hn e`hg ygrg gyrnvnmxgr yr`h~x`v cmhcfgh`v ygrg gv oncx`rgv/ y`hn f`mxrcb~cr ygrg `

yrnf`mfncx` hn w~n "oncx`rg hn e`hg mæ` oá"-

Fè` aç j`c n|neyocjcfgh`/ g vnäæ` v`brn "f`mv~e`" vn bgvncg/ bgvcfgenmxn/ mnvvg nvxr~x~rg

hn j`x` n ondnmhg/ hnc|gmh` ygrg g cegdne gxrgcr ` hnvna` hg oncx`rg/ nmw~gmx` f`mv~ech`rg

ne y`xnmfcgo- G Noon/ mg nhcäæ` Gm` 27 Mñenr` >/ e`mx`~ ~e nvynfcgo v`brn Bnonqg- Xráv

yçdcmgv j`rge hnhcfghgv g yr`h~x`v w~n hnc|ge g e~olnr egcv vn|s/ n|cbcmh` j`x`drgjcgv hn

f`rnv hn bgx`mv/ nvegoxnv n vèbrgv/ fè ondnmhgv n|yocfgmh` ` yrnä` n g egrfg/ hn fghg ~e-

Gynvgr h` nvygä` hnvxcmgh` é cegdne/ gv rnzcvxgv hn e`hg xáe f`mvchnrgh` g cey`rxâmfcg h`

xn|x` n g j`x`drgjcg vnmh` ~vghg fè` co~vxrgäæ`- Fè cvv`/ ` yrcmfcygo hnvxgw~n hg egxãrcg ã

g ygrxn nvfrcxg n g cegdne xne g j~mäæ` hn vnr/ gynmgv/ ~e fèyonenmx`- G Z`d~n/ mg nhcäæ`



88

63>/ ~xcocq`~ nvvn rnf~rv` mg egxãrcg "R`~yg Fgbno~hg"/ v`brn gv jrgmagv/ mgv ynägv hn r`~ygv-

@ xn|x` fènäg a~vxcjcfgmh` g rnonzâmfcg hg egxãrcg1

Vn l`~zn ~e drgmhn rnfgh` xrgmvecxch` ne ~måvv`m` yno`v hnvjconv fgrc`fgv ygrg ` znræ`2972/ j`c1 gv jrgmagv væ` ` m`z` ygnxá- W~ne xnzn g `y`rx~mchghn hn zcvcxgr `v vl`tr`èv nf`mlnfnr hn gmxneæ` gv m`zgv fònäþnv hgv egrfgv w~n mæ` hnvjcoge xgebãe vgc~ fè genveg vnmvgäæ` hn `mcyrnvnmäg h`v jc`v o`md`v ,E@^RG/ 2977/ y- 46#-

@ rnvxgmxn h` xn|x` ã hnhcfgh` g n|yocfgr ` y`rw~á hg fèygrgäæ` fè ` ygnxá n ` e`xcz` hg

ynäg xnr zcrgh` xnmhámfcg nmxrn `v nvxcocvxgv genrcfgm`v n/ y`vxnrc`renmxn/ `v brgvconcr`v- Goãe

hcvv`/ g nhcx`rg hn e`hg Bçrbgrg hn E`~rg fcxg egrfgv brgvconcrgv w~n nvxæ` cmznvxcmh` mnvvg

e`hg n hç ~eg hcfg ygrg gv oncx`rgv1

"Vn v~g z`mxghn ã cmf`ry`rgr mnvxn znræ` g åmhcg mgzga`/ g ãxmcfg v`jcvxcfghg `~ g jgeen

jgxgon/ b`gv `yäþnv mæ` zæ` jgoxgr- Egv f~chgh`1 ne vn xrgxgmh` hn jrgmagv/ g rndrg hn `~r` ãj~dcr hn vn~ nvxcdeg hn jgmxgvcg hn fgrmgzgo n gxrcb~cr g nogv ~eg f`m`xgäæ` m`zg nv~ryrnnmhnmxn" ,E@^RG/ 2977/ y- 46#-

Gv j`x`drgjcgv ~xcocqghgv j`rge/ gynmgv/ hn ynägv h`v nvxcocvxgv fcxgh`v mg egxãrcg-

Gcmhg rnxègmh` ` fgyåx~o` xnörcf`/ ~eg hgv fgrgfxnråvxcfgv f`mvchnrghgv j~mhgenmxgcv m`v

xn|x`v nvynfcgocqgh`v/ fè` ` hn e`hg/ ã g fogrnqg- Cvv` y`rw~n/ fè~enmxn/ `v a`rmgocvxgv

~xcocqge n|yrnvvþnv nvxrgmdncrgv/ jgecocgrnv/ gynmgv/ ygrg w~ne nvxç cmvnrch` m` ~mcznrv` hg

e`hg- N|yrnvvþnv fè` xrnmh%vnxxnrv ,cm`zgh`rnv hn xnmhámfcgv#/ lènonvv ,zcv~go nvxco` hn

e`rgh`r hn r~g#/ cx bgd ,bòvg hg e`hg#/ ngvs rchnr ,xrgh~q ` zcv~go hn god~ãe ‟vne hnvxcm`#

væ` ~vghgv fè jrnw~ámfcg n `v znåf~o`v hn e`hg ygrxne h` yrnvv~y`vx` hn w~n g oncx`rg

f`mlnfn nvvgv n `~xrgv n|yrnvvþnv n/ y`r cvv`/ mæ` n|yocfge ` vcdmcjcfgh` hgv envegv- G Noon/

y`r n|neyo`/ ~xcocq`~ mg fgyg hg nhcäæ` Gm` 26/ Mñenr` > gv n|yrnvvþnv znrs f`ò/ bng~xs

fòonfxc`mv n dghdnxv-

@ a`rmgocvxg hn e`hg ~xcocqg ` xn|x` fè` ~e enc` hn gyr`|cegäæ` fè v~g oncx`rg- Ygrg cvv`/

non jgq ~v` hg yrcencrg%ynvv`g/ ygvvgmh` g vnmvgäæ` hn ~eg f`mznrvg cmj`rego/ ~eg mgrrgxczg

hg v~g zcvæ` v`brn ` xneg gb`rhgh` goc- Mg nhcäæ` 643 hg Z`d~n/ g a`rmgocvxg Zcfkc T``h j`c

gxã ~e l`xno mg Jrgmäg ygrg nmxrnzcvxgr g nvxcocvxg Yl`nbn Ylco`/ rnvy`mvçzno ynog drcjn Fãocmn-

M` nmxgmx`/ g egxãrcg mæ` vn rnv~en gynmgv ne ~eg nmxrnzcvxg v`brn ` xrgbgol` hg hnvcdmnr n

cvv` jcfg fogr` mgv yrcencrgv ocmlgv1 "Gvvce w~n flnd`/ en~v òl`v væ` gxrgåh`v ygrg gvvgmhçocgv w~n znvxne vn~v yãv1 yrnfcv` hn ~e ygr chámxcf`' Væ` Fãocmn- Ã g yrcencrg znq w~n



8>

zna` ~e vgygx` Fãocmn n vcmx` ` hnvna` ~rdnmxn hn fèyrg- Hcd` w~n gv f`rnv væ` ocmhgv/ fè

g y`mxg grrnh`mhghg- Yl`nbn Ylco` gynmgv v`rrc" ,T@@H/ 2979/ y- 722#-

Mgv ocmlgv vnd~cmxnv/ nog f`mxcm~g v~g hnvfrcäæ`/ ygvvgmh` ygrg v~g oncx`rg/ fghg hnxgoln

`bvnrzgh` mgw~nog f`mznrvg- "V~g vcol~nxg hnodghg/ ` r`vx` hnocfghgenmxn b`mcx`/ fè òl`v

nm`renv/ oln hæ` ~eg gygrámfcg jrçdco/ vnmvgäæ` rnj`räghg y`r v~g z`q xcx~bngmxn n yno`

v`xgw~n o`mhrcm` % g jgog ã y`mx~ghg y`r gw~nogv yg~vgv n dgd~ncrgv cd~gcv év hn L~dl Drgmx"-

N y`r gå vnd~n g egxãrcg/ ~eg envfog hn f`mznrvg nmxrn gecdgv ,a`rmgocvxg n oncx`rg# n ~eg

nmxrnzcvxg yr`jcvvc`mgo/ v`brn g yr`jcvvc`mgo n ` vn~ xrgbgol`-

Goãe hn ~eg ocmd~gdne egcv ynvv`go/ ` a`rmgocve` hn rnzcvxg % v`brnx~h` ` hn e`hg % ~xcocqg

hn våebò`v n fèygrgäþnv/ gxã enve` ygrg hgr onznqg é egxãrcg- Mg Nhcäæ` Gm` 26/ Mñenr`> hg Noon/ ` a`rmgocvxg Jrnh Eno` Ygczg gb`rh`~ xráv yòáecfgv/ nmzòznmh` ` nvxcocvxg A`lm

Dgoocgm`/ n `v gx`rnv Eno Dcbv`m n Flgrocn Vlnnm- G egxãrcg/ cmxcx~oghg "Xcr` m` yã"/ jgq ~eg

fèygrgäæ` nmxrn `v nvfâmhgo`v h`v nmzòzch`v n `v nrr`v fènxch`v y`r fghg ynvv`g-

Xcr` m` Yã ã ~e foçvvcf` fgygq hn hnc|gr m` flcmno`/ y`r n|neyo`/ g Bgog mg Gd~olg- @~ `jge`v` Xráv @cxæ`/ rnfnmxnenmxn gy`vnmxgh` ynog Yòåfcg hn Væ` Yg~o` fè `bcx~çrc`v hnyçdcmg cmxncrg- Mne x`h` e~mh` xne Bgog mg Gd~olg `~ egm~vn`~ ` Xráv @cxæ` % egv mæ`lç vnr l~egm` w~n aç mæ` xnmlg hgh` ~e Xcr` m` Yã ,YGCZG/ 2977/ y- 29:#-

G yòáecfg hn A`lm Dgoocgm` vn hç yno` jgx` hn ` nvxcocvxg xnr hcx` g god~egv e~olnrnv

cxgocgmgv/ w~n gegzg Lcxonr/ nmxrn `~xrgv hnfogrgäþnv f`mvchnrghgv gmxcvvnecxgv n non j`c

gf~vgh` hn mgqcvxg- Mg egxãrcg hg Z`d~n/ non ã fèygrgh` g `~xrg jcd~rg1

Gw~nog m`cxn/ m` Egrgcv/ Dgoocgm` nrg ` Focmx Ngvxt``h mg xrco`dcg h`v höogrnv hn VãrdcÒn`mn % ` fgzgoncr` vòcxçrc` w~n bnbn m~e fgmx` h` vgo``m/ ceygvvåzno/ ` r`vx` vnen|yrnvvæ`/ ` dnvx` vne hnvynrhåfc`/ ` f`y` é v~g jrnmxn- G hcjnrnmäg ã w~n/ mnvvn fgv`/ `fgzgoncr` ã w~n hnzn xnr jcfgh` gegrrgh` mg y`rxg h` bgr ,YGCZG/ 2977/ y- 29:#-

M` hnf`rrnr h` xn|x`/ `~xrgv fèygrgäþnv væ` jncxgv/ fè` ~eg j`reg hn gmgocvgr `v fgv`v n

fò`fgr/ fghg ~e hnonv/ m` o~dgr hgv ynrv`mgochghnv- Ne `~xr` xn|x`/ ` g~x`r w~nvxc`mg1

"W~gmxgv znqnv mæ` jè`v/ m~e vö f`ry`/ g Yrnxg Dco n ` Agcr Bòv`mgr`- W~nr hcqnr/ `

Bòv`mgr` xgebãe aç ã hnegcv % hcdge`v/ egcv gyr`yrcghgenmxn/ w~n ne m`vv` f`rycml`

e~cxgv znqnv lgbcxge ` O~og n ` JLF/ g O~gmg Yc`zgmc n ` Hgh` Hògbnoog/ ` Ygo`ffc n `

D~ch` Egmxndg"- Nmjce/ x`h` ` xn|x` vnd~n nvvg ocmlg n nmjgxcqg ~eg hgv fgrgfxnråvxcfgv h`

a`rmgocve` nvynfcgocqgh`-



8:

Ygrg jcmgocqgr/ m` a`rmgocve` hn e`hg/ ã fè~e ` ~v` hn n|yrnvvþnv ceynrgxczgv/ fè` ~eg

j`reg hn f`mznmfnr gv oncx`rgv g "fèyrgr" g chncg yr`y`vxg goc- Mg nhcäæ` 6>< hg Z`d~n/ g

nhcx`rcg "Vl`yv" f`mxcmlg g egxãrcg cmxcx~oghg "Xne w~n xnr"/ v`brn e`hno`v hn egogv ygrg

w~ne zgc zcgagr- G n|yrnvvæ` hç g nmxnmhnr w~n ã `brcdgxörc` w~n g oncx`rg nvfòlg nmxrn `v

gfnvvörc`v/ fè` vn mæ` j`vvn gfncxçzno w~n mæ` y`vv~g/ yno` enm`v/ ~e hnonv- Ne `~xrg

egxãrcg/ hg nhcx`rcg "Nvxco`"/ g jrgvn ~xcocqghg ygrg gyrnvnmxgr ynägv cey`rxghgv j`c "Z`d~n jgq

~eg vnonäæ` fè ` bnvx `j ygrg z`fá gx~gocqgr ` o``k aç"- @ "aç" xrgmvecxn é oncx`rg g chncg hn

w~n nog hnzn fèyrgr gv ynägv ` egcv rçych` y`vvåzno-

X`h`v nvvnv rnf~rv`v hn ocmd~gdne rnj`räge g gyrnvnmxghg m` fgyåx~o` xnörcf`/ hn w~n `

f`mv~ech`r xnmhn g vn cmjo~nmfcgr yno`v oåhnrnv hn `ycmcæ`/ n g ocmd~gdne ~xcocqghg m`vznåf~o`v hn e`hg y`vv~c ` ygyno hn jgqnr nvvg ocdgäæ`- G e~olnr fè~e b~vfg/ mgv yçdcmgv

hgv rnzcvxgv/ g cmj`regäæ` w~n vn nmw~ghrg m` vn~ ynrjco n nvxco` hn zchg- G j`reg fè` cvv` ã

xrgmvecxch` g nog cmxnrjnrn/ `bzcgenmxn/ mg cmxnryrnxgäæ` hgv enmvgdnmv goc fènrfcgocqghgv

ynogv rnzcvxgv-

8-8 @ f`mv~e` nvxgeygh` mgv rnzcvxgv

8-8-7 Gv vnäþnv zòxghgv ygrg ` f`mv~e`

Gv ynvv`gv ~xcocqge g e`hg fè` ~eg egmncrg hn frcgr ~eg gygrámfcg w~n enol`r

f`rrnvy`mhn g v~g ynrv`mgochghn n/ hn god~eg egmncrg/ w~n vnag gfncx` ne vn~ dr~y` v`fcgo-

Fè` j`c zcvx` m` fgyåx~o` 6/ g ygc|æ` yno` f`mv~e` hn yr`h~x`v hn o~|` xne rnogäæ` fè `

hnvna` h` cmhczåh~` ne vnr ghecrgh`/ goãe hn b~vfgr ~eg g~x`ghecrgäæ`-

Vn z`fá ã ~e vceyonv f`mv~ech`r `~ f`mv~ech`rg hn e`hg/ hnzn vnd~cr `~ mæ` gvxnmhámfcgv0 Cvv` xgebãe ã fè z`fá- Làn/ ` e~mh` vn hczchn nmxrn gw~nonv w~n w~nrne`bnhnfnr é e`hg/ fèyrgmh` gv flgeghgv "Ynägv hg nvxgäæ`"/ n `v w~n jgqne w~nvxæ` hnxnr nvxco` n gxcx~hn- @ egcv d`vx`v` ã gfèygmlgr g e`hg n cmxnryrnxç%og/ ghgyxgmh`%g ém`vvg zchg/ m`vv` f`ry`/ m`vv` bòv` ,YGO@ECM@/ 2996/ y 6<#-

Mgv rnzcvxgv hn e`hg/ lç vnäþnv zòxghgv/ ~mcfgenmxn/ ygrg ` f`mv~e`/ hnmxr` hn ~e xneg

nvxgbnonfch`- Nvvgv yçdcmgv yrczcondcge gv j`x`drgjcgv h`v yr`h~x`v vnonfc`mgh`v/

gfèygmlghgv yno` mèn hg egrfg n vn~ rnvynfxcz` yrnä`-



84

Vnd~cmh` g chncg hn nvxgbnonfnr ~e xneg ygrg g vnäæ` "Gflgh`v"/ zòxghg ygrg ` f`mv~e`/ g

Noon gyrnvnmx`~/ mg nhcäæ` Gm` 27/ Mñenr` >/ w~gxr` yçdcmgv hnhcfghgv g hcfgv hn ynägv ygrg

vn cmvycrgr m` nvxco` hgv nvxrnogv h` fcmneg/ Drgfn Knoos/ Egrcvg Bnrnmv`m/ Egronmn Hcnxrcfl n

Rcxg Lgst`rxl-

Mg yçdcmg cmxcx~oghg "É og Egronmn Hcnxrcfl"/ lç ` bcd`hn1 "Ynägv egvf~ocmgv n yrnx` *

brgmf` jgqne ` zcv~go w~n g gxrcq f`mvgdr`~ m`v gm`v 7369"/ gfèygmlgh` hn ~eg j`x` hg

gxrcq/ ne yrnx` n brgmf`- Goãe hcvv`/ lç j`x`drgjcgv hn `cx` ynägv w~n rnyrnvnmxge vn~ nvxco`/ n

mg ondnmhg cmj`regäþnv v`brn gv envegv- Ygrg n|neyocjcfgr/ ` mñenr` `mqn ã ~eg drgzgxg/

f~ag ondnmhg n|yocfg1 "77- Drgzgxg zcmxgdn/ Brnflö A~cvc bs Ocfw~gr/ R( :>- N|ynrcenmxn ~vgr

gjr`~|ghg/ fè` vn j`vvn ~eg ãflgryn"-

Ne v~g vnäæ` "Vl`yv"/ hg nhcäæ` 643/ g Z`d~n xgebãe y~bocf`~ hcfgv hn f`mv~e`/

cmvycrghgv m` zcv~go hg enveg gxrcq- Cmxcx~oghg "Åf`mn Jgvlc`m1 Egronmn Hcnxrcfl"/ mg yçdcmg

lç w~gxr` j`x`v fè ondnmhgv n ` bcd`hn1 "Cmvycrn%vn mg nvxrnog hn fcmneg goneæ w~n

xrgmvj`re`~ ` nvxco` ecocxgr ne `banx` jgvlc`m hn hnvnag m`v 89"- Ygrg n|neyocjcfgr ` nvxco`/

j`x`v hn ynägv cmvycrghgv m` nvxco` ecocxgr/ fè v~gv rnvynfxczgv egrfgv n yrnä`v-

G Z`d~n y`vv~c g vnäæ` "Vl`yv"/ hnhcfghg g hcjnrnmxnv xnegv v`brn hcfgv hn f`mv~e`- Mg

nhcäæ` 63>/ j`rge rnvnrzghgv vnxn yçdcmgv ygrg ` f`mv~e`/ neb`rg mæ` xcznvvne rnogäæ` nmxrn

vc- Nmw~gmx` g yçdcmg >: nvxgey`~ ` xåx~o` "Egrcmnr Cmznrmgo"/ rnjnrnmxn g ynägv hn cmznrm`/

cmvycrghgv m` nvxco` egrcmlncr`/ g yçdcmg :9 j`c cmxcx~oghg "Xrcfø e~oxcfò`rch`"/ fè egolgv

hn x`mv hcznrv`v- Mgv yçdcmgv vnd~cmxnv/ g vnäæ` "Vl`yv"/ vn hnhcf`~ g` xneg "M` gzcæ` ygrg"/

hgmh` hcfgv hn yr`h~x`v ygrg zcgdnmv é O`mhrnv/ Förvndg n Flcon-

Gv vnäþnv hn f`mv~e`/ mgv h~gv y~bocfgäþnv/ xgebãe gfèygmlge ~eg hnxnrecmghg

nhcx`rcg- Mg nhcäæ` 643 hg Z`d~n/ g nhcx`rcg "Nvxco`" hnhcf`~ vnxn yçdcmgv g hcjnrnmxnv

egxãrcgv rnogfc`mghgv g` angmv- Mg yçdcmg 782/ g vnäæ` "Vl`yv Nvynfcgo Angmv" e`vxr`~ g

"F`r h` eáv Bo~n Angmv"/ fè j`x`drgjcgv hn ynägv angmv/ fè cmj`regäþnv v`brn ` yrnä` n g

egrfg/ hn fghg ~eg-

Mg nhcäæ` Gm` 22 Mñenr` 6 hg Noon/ g nhcx`rcg "Hãf`r" y~bocf`~ ~eg egxãrcg hn fcmf`

yçdcmgv v`brn g hnf`rgäæ` ecmcegocvxg/ w~n yrczcondcg f`rnv n xrgä`v mn~xr`v- Mg yçdcmg



8<

vnd~cmxn/ g vnäæ` " Noon Hãf`r Vl`yycmd" e`vxr`~ `banx`v w~n vn cmvnrne mg yr`y`vxg hg

egxãrcg/ yrczcondcgmh` `banx`v brgmf`v n eghncrgv-

G ñoxceg yçdcmg/ hn fghg nhcäæ` hg Z`d~n/ vneyrn ã hnhcfghg g ~eg hcfg hn f`mv~e` hn

e`hg/ cmxcx~oghg "Z`d~n Ogvx O``k "- Mg nhcäæ` 6></ ` xåx~o` nrg "Yr`mxg ygrg Z`gr % Br~m`

Jrcv`mc vn cmvycr`~ m` jcoen @v Yçvvgr`v/ hn Lcxflf`fk/ ygrg frcgr `v n|öxcf`v gfnvvörc`v hn

ynmgv hn dgmv` hg R`dnr Zczcnr- @~vn- N ~vn'"- N/ ne hnvxgw~n/ h~gv j`x`v h`v gfnvvörc`v

jgvlc`m ne w~nvxæ` % ~e vgygx` n ~eg bòvg hn eæ`-

8-8-2 Nhcx`rcgo hn e`hg

@ nhcx`rcgo hn e`hg ã ` yrcmfcygo hcjnrnmfcgo hgv rnzcvxgv hn e`hg/ ne rnogäæ` év `~xrgv

y~bocfgäþnv- Gv yr`h~äþnv xrgmvecxne g` yñbocf` ` w~n nvxç mg e`hg/ gxrgzãv hn nonenmx`v

oñhcf`v w~n fèyþne gv j`x`drgjcgv- @ nhcx`rcgo ã ynmvgh` n nhcxgh` hnmxr` hg oödcfg

a`rmgoåvxcfg n ã g gyrnvnmxgäæ` zcv~go h` w~n ` znåf~o` hcq nvxgr mg e`hg/ mgw~non eènmx`-

M` nmxgmx`/ g enmvgdne mæ` y`hn vnr ocxnrgo/ vnmh` gynmgv ~eg enmvgdne hg chncg

gyrnvnmxghg n/ fè nvvgv cmj`regäþnv/ g oncx`rg rnxcrg ` w~n gflg egcv ghnw~gh` g` vn~ nvxco`-

Fè` j`c n|yocfgh` m` fgyåx~o` gmxnrc`r/ ` nhcx`rcgo hnzn j~dcr h` öbzc`/ frcgmh` fnmçrc`v nyr`h~äþnv w~n vcrzge hn cmvycrgäæ` ygrg nvvg oncx`rg-

Ne nmxrnzcvxg g` fgmgo hg rnzcvxg Noon4 / g nhcx`rg hn rnhgäæ` Onmcxg Gvvnj hnjcmn w~n "g j~mäæ`

h` nhcx`rcgo ã xrgqnr chncgv/ fè` ` w~n ~vg fè ` w~á/ fè` vn ecvx~rg--- G dnmxn yr`f~rg

vneyrn jgqnr ~eg f`cvg m`zg n cm~vcxghg"- Ygrg g nhcx`rg/ g cey`rxâmfcg h` nhcx`rcgo vn hnzn g`

jgx` hn xnr ` gzgo hn ~e znåf~o` f`mfncx~gh` n hn vnr nogb`rgh` y`r yr`jcvvc`mgcv w~n

ynvw~cvge v`brn ` enrfgh` hg e`hg n xáe f`mlnfcenmx` hgw~co` w~n ã rnonzgmxn n hnzn jgqnrygrxn h` hcg g hcg hg oncx`rg-

Ne v~g nhcäæ` Gm` 26 Mñenr` >/ g Noon yr`h~qc~ ~e nhcx`rcgo cmvycrgh` m`v jcoenv hn Bgmd

Bgmd/ ygrg e`vxrgr r`~ygv ygrg vnrne ~vghgv ne jnvxgv- Cmxcx~ogh` " Hrnge Jgre"/ fè

nhcäæ` hn V~vgmg Bgrb`vg/ gv 29 yçdcmgv e`vxrge g e`hno` ne ~eg jgqnmhg/ ne enc` g`v

jnm`v/ gmcegcv n xrgbgolgh`rnv o`fgcv- Gv j`x`drgjcgv goxnrmge nmxrn ` fò`rch` n ` yrnx` n

brgmf`/ w~n rnj`räg g cmvycrgäæ` fcmnegx`drçjcfg/ fè ~eg fgrdg hrgeçxcfg/ yrnvnmxn mg

4 Hcvy`måzno m` vcxn ? ttt-s`~x~bn-fètgxfl0z5bzCFT@B<gDd -= Gfnvvgh` ne 9> hn vnxnebr` hn 2977-



83

jcvc`mècg hg e`hno`- ,GMN\@ B#

@ nhcx`rcgo ynrecxn w~n g e`hg gyrnvnmxn `~xrgv f~ox~rgv ygrg g oncx`rg/ jgqnmh` rnjnrámfcgv

g`v znvx~çrc`v xåycf`v `~ ~vgmh` o`fgäþnv n|öxcfgv fè` fnmçrc`- G Z`d~n/ mg nhcäæ` 6></

y~bocf`~ ~e nhcx`rcgo yr`h~qch`/ `rcdcmgoenmxn/ ynog Z`d~n genrcfgmg- G cmvycrgäæ` j`c g

e`hg lcyycn/ fè vn~v o``kv ãxmcf`v n grxnvgmgcv/ nmzòzchg mg f~ox~rg ynr~gmg- Gv f`rnv

j`rxnv/ gv ygcvgdnmv mgx~rgcv/ olgegv n e`rgh`rnv o`fgcv/ fè v~gv znvxcenmxgv xåycfgv/ mæ` vö

fèyþne ` fnmçrc`/ egv xgebãe væ` rnvy`mvçzncv y`r gyrnvnmxgr nvvg f~ox~rg/ ygrg g oncx`rg

hg rnzcvxg- @ nhcx`rcgo y`vv~c hnq yçdcmgv n j`c j`x`drgjgh` yno` j`xödrgj` Egrc` Xnvxcm`/ w~n

f`mlnfn gv ygcvgdnmv vnonfc`mghgv/ ~eg znq w~n ne mgvfn~ ne Oceg/ o`fgäæ` hgv j`x`v-

,GMN\@ B#

Lç nhcx`rcgcv ne w~n g e`hno` ego gygrnfn n gv r`~ygv mæ` væ` ` hnvxgw~n hg yr`h~äæ`-

God~egv y~bocfgäþnv hnhcfge v~gv yçdcmgv lç nhcx`rcgcv hn egw~cgdne/ rnvvgoxgmh` gv f`rnv

n nvxco`v w~n nvxgræ` ne goxg mg nvxgäæ`- Ne `~xr`v/ g yröyrcg e`hno` ã hcvynmvghg n ` j`f`

væ` `v gfnvvörc`v- G Z`d~n/ mg nhcäæ` 63>/ yr`h~qc~ ~e/ fè ` xneg ‟G l`rg hg mgx~rnqg―/

`mhn fghg yçdcmg n|cbcg rnoödc`v w~n cecxge f`~r`v/ fnrâecfg n fnxce- J`rge vnonfc`mgh`v

fnmçrc`v mgx~rgcv/ fè ynhrgv/ yogmxgv n eghncrg/ ygrg n|cbcr gv ynägv-

@ cey`rxgmxn mnvvnv nhcx`rcgcv ã hnc|gr ne nzchámfcg g xnmhámfcg w~n g yr`h~x`rg hnvnag

e`vxrgr ygrg g oncx`rg/ ygrg w~n mæ` vn f`mj~mhg gv enmvgdnmv xrgmvecxchgv-

8-8-6 Y~bocfchghn

Y`r hgr ámjgvn g` f`mv~e`/ fè` j`c zcvx` gmxnrc`renmxn/ gv rnzcvxgv hn e`hg hnhcfge

vcdmcjcfgxczg ygrfnog hn v~gv yçdcmgv é y~bocfchghn- @v yr`h~x`v hn o~|`/ bnonqg n `~xr`v/ w~n

cmxnrnvvge g nvvgv e~olnrnv oncx`rgv/ `f~yge g egc`r ygrxn h` nvygä` rnvnrzgh` g nvvgv

yr`ygdgmhgv-

Ygrg n|neyocjcfgr/ gbgc|`/ god~egv hgv egrfgv nmf`mxrghgv ne fghg nhcäæ` gmgocvghg n

drçjcf`v/ w~n co~vxrge ` nvygä` `f~ygh`/ mgv rnzcvxgv1

Z`d~n 6>< % Fgròcmg Lnrrnrg/ B~rbnrrs/ Zczgrg/ Flgmno

Z`d~n 643 % Gxxnm/ Drnd`rs/ Fgecog Koncm/ Vgmxg Oòg



>9

Z`d~n 63> % L`yn/ B`-Bø/ Xè J`rh/ F`mxãe 7d

Noon Gm` 27 Mñenr` 8 % Zcfx`r L~d`/ O$`rãgo/ Q`èy/ Xèes Lcojcdnr

Noon Gm` 22 Mñenr` 6 % Hcnvno/ Lnreìv/ F`rnoo`/ Ogf`vxn

Noon Gm` 26 Mñenr` > % Fgozcm Koncm/ D~ffc/ Rcgfl~no`/ X~jc H~nk

Drçjcf` fèygrgxcz` nmxrn ` mñenr` hn yçdcmgv hn fghg nhcäæ` n ` w~gmx` ã hnvxcmgh` é

y~bocfchghn1

Drçjcf` 71 Y~bocfchghn ne Z`d~n

Drçjcf` 21 Y~bocfchghn ne Noon



>2

> F@MFO^VÆ@

@ yrnvnmxn nvx~h` zcv`~ chnmxcjcfgr `v yrcmfcygcv y`mx`v w~n fgrgfxnrcqge ` a`rmgocve` hn

e`hg ne rnzcvxg/ m` Brgvco n/ fè cvv`/ gmgocvgr hn w~n j`reg nvvn a`rmgocve` nvynfcgocqgh` vn

yr`fnvvg-

F`mj`ren j`c no~fchgh` gmxnrc`renmxn/ g lcyöxnvn cmcfcgo hnvxn nvx~h` vn bgvn`~ mg chãcg hn

w~n ` a`rmgocve` hn e`hg vn hcjnrnmfcg hgv `~xrgv nvynfcgochghnv/ mæ` vö y`r xrgxgr hn ~e

xneg zòxgh` g` yñbocf` jnecmcm`/ fè` xgebãe y`r y`vv~cr v~gv nvynfcjcfchghnv mg j`reg hn

jgogr fè `v oncx`rnv- Ygrg cvv`/ gv rnzcvxgv hn e`hg ~xcocqge rnf~rv`v n xãfmcfgv ygrxcf~ogrnv

mg egmncrg hn n|y`r/ zcv~goenmxn/ `v gvv~mx`v hgv egxãrcgv n mg j`reg hn xrgxgr ` f`mv~e`-

@~xrg lcyöxnvn/ w~n v~vxnmxg g yrcencrg/ ã ` jgx` hn w~n/ gynvgr hn zgo`rcqgr ` w~n ` Brgvco xne

g `jnrnfnr m` vnx`r/ ` a`rmgocve` hn e`hg m` Ygåv gcmhg vn bgvncg m` w~n ã yr`h~qch` m`v

o~dgrnv f`mvchnrgh`v yöo`v hg e`hg-

Y`r enc` h` grfgb`~ä` xnörcf` f`mvxr~åh`/ j`c y`vvåzno chnmxcjcfgr gv ygrxcf~ogrchghnv h`

a`rmgocve` nvynfcgocqgh`/ goãe hn fèyrnnmhnr g rnogäæ` hg e`hg n h` f`mv~e`/ hnmxr` h`f`mxn|x` fèy`rxgenmxgo n lcvxörcf`- Nvvgv xn`rcgv f`mxrcb~årge ygrg g rngocqgäæ` hg gmçocvn n

` hnzch` f~eyrcenmx` hgv fgxnd`rcgv gmgoåxcfgv yr`y`vxgv-

Gv lcyöxnvnv cmcfcgcv j`rge f`mjcreghgv yno` nvx~h` hnzch` g ~eg vãrcn hn jgx`rnv- G`

gmgocvgr g ocmd~gdne ~xcocqghg mgv y~bocfgäþnv/ j`c chnmxcjcfgh` w~n gv envegv ~xcocqge/ ne

vn~v xn|x`v/ ~e hcvf~rv` egcv ynvv`go/ fè g cmxnmäæ` hn w~n vn frcn ~eg chnmxcjcfgäæ` y`r

ygrxn h` oncx`r/ rnfnyx`r fgrgfxnråvxcf`/ `bzcgenmxn/ h` vn|` jnecmcm`- Y`hn%vn ynrfnbnr/ mgvegxãrcgv gmgocvghgv/ w~n `v a`rmgocvxgv hgv rnzcvxgv yr`f~rge xrgxgr g oncx`rg fè` ~eg gecdg/

rny`rxgmh` g nog x`h`v `v hnxgolnv ynrfnbch`v ne ~eg nmxrnzcvxg/ y`r n|neyo`/ `~ jgqnmh` ~v`

hg `ycmcæ`/ g` fènmxgr ~eg xnmhámfcg `~ yr`h~x` xnvxgh`-

Goãe hcvv`/ y`r enc` h` nvx~h`/ j`c rngjcregh` w~n g cegdne xne ygyno j~mhgenmxgo mgv

rnzcvxgv hn e`hg- Xgo rnonzâmfcg nvxç yrnvnmxn hnvhn g nvfòlg hg fgyg/ w~n rnjonxn xnmhámfcgv

`~ gmxnfcyg ` w~n g rnzcvxg xne g e`vxrgr ygrg g oncx`rg- G fgyg rnyrnvnmxg g zcvæ` hg

y~bocfgäæ` v`brn ` f`mxn|x` hg e`hg gx~go n/ gxã enve`/ g nvfòlg hn w~ne zgc nvxgeygr g

yrcencrg yçdcmg n g j`reg ne w~n vnrç rnyrnvnmxghg/ lç ~e vcdmcjcfgh` nvynfåjcf`-



>6

G cegdne dgmlg gcmhg egcv rnonzâmfcg m` a`rmgocve` hn e`hg w~gmh` vn xrgxg h`v nhcx`rcgcv

hn e`hg- Gv yr`h~äþnv rnxrgxge gv xnmhámfcgv/ g j`reg fè w~n nvvg cmj`regäæ` hn e`hg

hnzn vnr ygvvghg ygrg g oncx`rg/ goãe hn vnrzcrne hn cmvycrgäæ`- Fè` j`c `bvnrzgh`/ `v

nhcx`rcgcv xgebãe y`vv~ne g j~mäæ` hn xrgxgr `~xrgv f~ox~rgv n ygåvnv/ ` w~n gxrgc/ gcmhg egcv/

g gxnmäæ` hg oncx`rg- Goãe hcvv`/ g cegdne dgmlg hnvxgw~n mgv vnäþnv hn f`mv~e`/ w~n zcvge

cmfnmxczgr g oncx`rg g ghw~crcr n nvxce~ogr ` hnvna` yno`v yr`h~x`v goc n|y`vx`v- G j`x`drgjcg/

m` a`rmgocve` hn e`hg/ ã ~vghg fè` ~e rnf~rv` hn ynrv~gvæ`/ ygrg f`mznmfnr g oncx`rg hg

enmvgdne ygvvghg goc-

@ f`mv~e` nvxç yrnvnmxn ne x`hg g rnzcvxg hn e`hg fè` w~gmh` gb`rhg/ y`r n|neyo`/ xnegv

ocdgh`v g` x~rcve` `~ év cm`zgäþnv hgv znvxcenmxgv n h`v gfnvvörc`v- Hn j`reg n|yoåfcxg `~v~bocecmgr/ gv cmj`regäþnv goc f`mvxr~åhgv ‖ n y`r cvv` fènrfcgocqghgv % cmfnmxczge cmñenr`v

fgecml`v hn f`mv~e`- Gv vnäþnv mènghgv hn ‟vl`yv― n ‟gflgh`v― n|yþne/ fè g

frnhcbcochghn n g~x`rchghn h` yröyrc` xåx~o` w~n gv mèncg/ j`x`drgjcgv n cmj`regäþnv fè`

yrnä` n egrfg/ yr`h~x`v w~n hnzne vnr f`mv~ech`v `~/ vceyonvenmxn/ hnvnagh`v- Gv

n|yrnvvþnv ‟z`fá xne w~n xnr― `~ ‟mæ` y`hn zcznr vne― rnj`räge nvvg cmxnmäæ`-

Nvvn fèy`rxgenmx` nhcx`rcgo hgv rnzcvxgv Noon n Z`d~n fèyr`zg ~e xrgxgenmx` yghr`mcqgh`n do`bgocqgh` hg cmj`regäæ` v`brn ` e~mh` hg e`hg- Gynvgr hn hgr hnvxgw~n év e`hno`v

brgvconcrgv n vneyrn gyrnvnmxgr egxãrcgv rnjnrnmxnv é e`hg yr`h~qchg m` Brgvco n vn~v

yrcmfcygcv n|y`nmxnv/ ã fogr` ` yrnhèåmc` h` w~n ã nvxrgmdncr`- Gxã enve` gv y~bocfchghnv

vn rnjnrne/ ne drgmhn ygrxn/ é hcz~odgäæ` hn drcjnv cmxnrmgfc`mgcv/ gvvce fè` gv vnäþnv hn

f`mv~e` rnvnrzge drgmhnv nvygä`v g`v yr`h~x`v cey`rxgh`v/ goãe hgv egxãrcgv w~n j`fge

fnonbrchghnv cmxnrmgfc`mgcv-

@ ~v` hn n|yrnvvþnv nvxrgmdncrgv xgebãe ã e~cx` yrnvnmxn mgv y~bocfgäþnv n/ `bzcgenmxn/

cmxnrjnrn mg yr`h~äæ` hg ocmd~gdne hgv rnzcvxgv- G Noon ~xcocqg hn j`reg egcv yrnvnmxn nvvn

rnf~rv`- N|cvxne n|yrnvvþnv w~n væ` ~vghgv/ m`regoenmxn/ vne xrgh~äæ`/ ne w~gow~nr

vcx~gäæ`/ fè` g xrghcfc`mgo n cmhnjnfxåzno yráx%é%y`rxnr - M` nmxgmx`/ ne `~xrgv vcx~gäþnv/ `

nvxrgmdncrcve` ã hcvynmvçzno n/ enve` gvvce/ ` znåf~o` hç yrnjnrámfcg/ fè` m` eènmx` ne

w~n ~xcocqg ` xnre` "D`h Vgzn EfW~nnm" ygrg vn rnjnrcr é e`hg h` nvxcocvxg cmdoáv Gon|gmhnr

EfW~nnm- Cvv`/ hn fnrxg j`reg/ hne`mvxrg w~n g xrgh~äæ` ygrg ` y`rx~d~áv mæ` ondcxceg ` w~n

ã n|y`vx` goc n vènmxn ã zgo`rcqgh` vn j`r egmxchg g ocmd~gdne yghræ`-



>8

@ nvx~h` y`hn fèyr`zgr w~n/ hn jgx`/ g Noon n g Z`d~n væ` rnjnrámfcgv m` gvv~mx`- Gxã

enve` mgv ynvw~cvgv xnörcfgv/ gv h~gv y~bocfgäþnv/ y`r hcznrvgv znqnv/ j`rge fcxghgv fè` `v

yrcmfcygcv mènv h` a`rmgocve` hn e`hg/ e~mhcgoenmxn- Fè g ynvw~cvg/ vö vn y`hn rnj`rägr

nvvg chncg/ y`r gyrnvnmxgrne/ hn j`reg gxã enve` ygrnfchg/ fè` ã ` a`rmgocve` hn e`hg ne

rnzcvxg n fè` g e`hg xne vch` zcvxg/ gx~goenmxn/ ne x`h` ` e~mh`- G gmçocvn ynrecxn

gjcregr w~n `v znåf~o`v hnvxn nvx~h` væ` rnvy`mvçzncv/ xgebãe/ ynog zgo`rcqgäæ` hg e`hg n

rngjcrege cvv`/ ne nhcx`rcgcv n hcznrvgv `~xrgv vcx~gäþnv-

Y`r enc` hnvxg e`m`drgjcg/ j`c y`vvåzno chnmxcjcfgr gv fgrgfxnråvxcfgv yrnvnmxnv m` a`rmgocve`

hn e`hg ne rnzcvxg m` Brgvco- Fè` g çrng gcmhg ã fgrnmxn hn nvx~h`v egcv gyr`j~mhgh`v/

nvynrg%vn w~n nvxn xrgbgol` vnag y`mx` hn ygrxchg ygrg nvx~h`v y`vxnrc`rnv/ vnag m` fgey` mògx` vnmv~ `~ vxrcfx` vnmv~- @ egcv cey`rxgmxn ã ondcxcegr fè` çrng rnonzgmxn n frnvfnmxn `

a`rmgocve` hn e`hg m` Brgvco n gv drgmhnv ynrvynfxczgv hnvvg nhcx`rcg ygrg g ceyrnmvg hn ~e

e`h` dnrgo-



>>

RNJNRÁMFCGV

GBCGLS/ G- F- G- @ A`rmgocve` Nvynfcgocqgh` mg V`fcnhghn hg Cmj`regäæ`- Xnvn ygrg`bxnmäæ` hn bgflgrno ne Fè~mcfgäæ` V`fcgo/ lgbcocxgäæ` ne A`rmgocve`- ^mcznrvchghnJnhnrgo hg Ygrgåbg- Ygrgåbg/ 2999- Hcvy`måzno ne1 ttt-b`ff-~bc-yxygdgbcgls%gmg%

a`rmgocve`%nvynfcgocqgh`-yhj- Gfnvvgh` ne 72 hn gd`vx` hn 2977-

GEGRGO/ O~cq- G `banxczchghn a`rmgoåvxcfg- Y`rx` Gondrn1 Vgdrg O~qqgxx`/ 733:-

GVVCV/ Jrgmfcvf` hn- J~mhgenmx`v ygrg g fèyrnnmvæ` h`v dámnr`v a`rmgoåvxcf`v- Gofn~,Y^FRA#/ 2979- Hcvy`måzno ne1lxxy1y~bocw~n-rhf-y~frc`-brrnzcvxggofn~enhcgGofn~27P2-yhj- Gfnvvgh` ne 76 hn gd`vx` hn2977

BGYXCVXG/ Årcg Fgxgrcmg W~ncröq n GBRN^/ Kgrnm Frcvxcmg Krgnenr- G lcvxörcg hgv rnzcvxgvm` Brgvco1 ~e òlgr v`brn ` vndenmxgh` enrfgh` nhcx`rcgo- Hcvy`måzno nelxxy1ttt-b`ff-~jj-brygdbgyxcvxg%crcg%gbrn~%kgrnm%g%lcvx`rcg%hgv%rnzcvxgv%m`%brgvco-yhj-gfnvvgh` ne 69 hn gd`vx` hn 2979-

B^CX@MC/ H~ofåocg- Ceyrnmvg Jnecmcmg- Væ` Yg~o`1 Çxcfg/ 7339-

FGEGRD@/ V~vgmg ,F``rh-#- G Rnzcvxg m` Brgvco- Væ` Yg~o`1 Gbrco/ 2999-

FGMHCGMC/ Lnfc Rndcmg- A`rmgocve` V`jx- G y~bocfchghn vne jr`mxncrgv @bvnrzgxörc`

hg Ceyrnmvg/ mñenr` 39/ 29 hn egc` hn 2999/lxxy1ttt-`bvnrzgx`rc`hgceyrnmvg-fè-brgrw~cz`299>2999- Gfnvvgh` ne 77 hn gd`vx` hn2977

NRB@OGX@/ Egrc`- Xãfmcfgv hn f`hcjcfgäæ` ne a`rmgocve`- Væ` Yg~o`1 Çxcfg/ 2998-

DGRFCG/ Fgrò; ECRGMHG/ Gmg Yg~og hn- E`hg ã Fè~mcfgäæ`/ n|ynrcámfcgv/ eneörcgv/zåmf~o`v- Væ` Yg~o`1 Nh- Gmlnebc E`r~ebc/ 299>-

LCMNRGVKS/ Hgmcnog Gocmn- A`rmgocve` hn e`hg/ w~nvxc`mgenmx`v hg fnmg brgvconcrg CM1F@MDRNVV@ BRGVCONCR@ HN FCÁMFCGV HG F@E^MCFGÄÆ@/ 23- 299:/ Brgvåocg-

Gmgcv- Væ` Yg~o`1 Cmxnrfè/ 299:

L@OQENCVXNR/ Vcozgmg- @ angmv frnvfn~ n gygrnfn~- Cm1 FGVXCOL@/ Kgxlcg; Dgrfcg;Fgrò ,`rd-# E`hg Brgvco1 Jrgdenmx`v hn ~e znvxcr xr`ycfgo- Væ` Yg~o`1 Gmlnebc E`r~ebc/2997-

A@JJCOS/ R~xl- @ A`rmgocve` n Yr`h~äæ` hn E`hg- Rc` hn Agmncr`1 M`zg Jr`mxncrg/ 7337-

OGKGX@V/ Nzg Egrcg; EGRF@MC/ Egrcmg hn Gmhrghn- Enx`hò`dcg h` xrgbgol` fcnmxåjcf`-Væ` Yg~o`1 Gxogv/ 7334-

OCY@ZNXVKS/ Dcoonv- @ Ceyãrc` h` njáenr`/ g e`hg n vn~ hnvxcm` mgv v`fcnhghnve`hnrmgv- Xrgh~äæ` hn Egrcg Oñfcg Egflgh`- Væ` Yg~o`1 Fèygmlcg hgv Onxrgv/ 73<3-



>:

OCY@ZNVXVKS/ Dcoonv; R@^\/ Nosnxxn- @ O~|` Nxnrm`1 Hg chghn h` vgdrgh` g` xney` hgvegrfgv- Væ` Yg~o`1 Fèygmlcg hgv Onxrgv/ 299>-

EGRW^NV HN ENO@/ A`vã- Dámnr`v a`rmgoåvxcf`v1 f`mlnfcenmx` brgvconcr`- Cm1 EGRW^NV

HN ENO@/ A`vã; GVVCV/ Jrgmfcvf` hn ,@rdv-#- Dámnr`v a`rmgoåvxcf`v m` Brgvco- Væ` Bnrmgrh`h` Fgey`1 ^mcznrvchghn Enx`hcvxg hn Væ` Yg~o`/ 2979-

ECRG / Egrcg Fnonvxn- @ oncx`r n g bgmfg hn rnzcvxgv- Væ` Yg~o`1 @ol` H$çd~g/ 2997-

MGHHGJ/ Gmmg- E`hg fngrnmvn1 ~eg fòflg hn rnxgol`v- Cm1 FGVXCOL@/ Kgxlcg; Dgrfcg;Fgrò ,`rd-# E`hg Brgvco1 Jrgdenmx`v hn ~e znvxcr xr`ycfgo- Væ` Yg~o`1 Gmlnebc E`r~ebc/2997-

YGO@ECM@/ Nrckg- G e`hg- Væ` Yg~o`1 Y~bocjòlg/ 2996-

YCRNV/ R`bnrx`- H`v bgogmdgmhæv g` g|ã o``k - Cm1 FGVXCOL@/ Kgxlcg; Dgrfcg; Fgrò ,`rd-#E`hg Brgvco1 Jrgdenmx`v hn ~e znvxcr xr`ycfgo- Væ` Yg~o`1 Gmlnebc E`r~ebc/ 2997-

R@VVC/ Foözcv- @ w~n ã a`rmgocve`- Væ` Yg~o`1 Brgvcocnmvn/ 7338-

VFGOQ@/ Egråocg- A`rmgocve` hn Rnzcvxg- Væ` Yg~o`1 F`mxn|x`/ 2998-

ZCOGV B@GV/ Vãrdc`- @ Nvxco` Egdgqcmn/ ` xn|x` ne rnzcvxg- Væ` Yg~o`1 V~ee~v/ 733:-

Z@D^N BRGVCO- Væ` Yg~o`1 Fgrxg Nhcx`rcgo/ m± 2>6/ A~ol`- 7333-

Z@D^N BRGVCO- Væ` Yg~o`1 Fgrxg Nhcx`rcgo/ m± 627/ A~ol`- 299>-

Z@D^N BRGVCO- Væ` Yg~o`1 Fgrxg Nhcx`rcgo/ m± 632/ Gbrco- 2977-



>4

GMN\@V

Gmn|` G %1 Fgygv



Gmn|` B1 Nhcx`rcgcv hn E`hg



Gmn|` F1 F`mv~e`

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