malaco, jonas_egoísmo ou altruísmo: a forma elementar das trocas em aristóteles e marx parte 1

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    E A H R L H H U N CP V U RL H

    N ghrln eceleotnr `ns trhbnsel Nristteces e Lnrx

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    KHONR PN@EU RICWN LNCNBH

    E A H R L H H U N C P V U R L H

    N ghrln eceleotnr `ns trhbnsel Nristteces e Lnrx

    Ncibe Ghz

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    Ncibe GhzVun Bnih Zrn`h, 6:1/=2

    :>2:2-::>, Rh Znuch, RZncibeghzJalnic.bhl

    Khons Pn`eu Ricvn Lncnbh6:>7 Lnrin Ncibe `n Anln e Ricvn Ghz

    IRFO 91= =5 9:610> 0 =

    @epsiths ceanis egetun`hs oh Frnsic e Zhrtuanc@C 0>2257/>7 (Zt)

    Ph`hs hs `ireiths reservn`hs. Oeomuln pnrte `estn pufcibnhph`e ser reilpressn, trn`uzi`n hu reprh`uzi`n phr qunisquer leihs sel

    n prvin e expressn nuthriznh `h e`ithr, sncvh el bitnh,io`ibno`h-se h ohle `h nuthr e n hriael `n hfrn.

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    n leu cmh

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    RULVIH

    Iotrh`uh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >>

    >. N recnh eceleotnr ns trhbns el Lnrx . . . . . . . . . . >2

    N grlucn `n recnh eceleotnr `ns trhbns el Lnrx . . . . >2Cifer`n`e, iaunc`n`e, shci`nrie`n`e . . . . . . . . . . . >0Vebiprhbi`n`e bhlpucsrin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66Icusihoislh e ilphsturn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6=Iobertezn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25H bhotrn`itrih . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00Reoteobinleoth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

    6 . N recnh eceleotnr ns trhbns el Nristteces . . . . . . . . 7>Arnti h pecn bhotrnpnrti`n `e ul servih . . . . . . . . 7>N grlucn eceleotnr ns recnes `e trhbn el Nristteces . . 77Iaunc`n`e, cifer`n`e e shci nrie`n`e egetivns . . . . . . . 79Iauncnh prhphrbihonc e oh silpces . . . . . . . . . . 12Uln recnh regereobin`n el hutrns . . . . . . . . . . . 17H represeotnote n elno`n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =0N rnzh `h recnbihonleoth eotre ns pesshns e nquecn

    eotre seus feos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9>H iomeirh on`n prhprinleote iauncnrin . . . . . . . . . 90Ul ilphrtnote expe`ieote prtibh . . . . . . . . . . . . >:>

    2. Hs gnths `e lerbn`h e sun expressh el Lnrx . . . . . . . . >>>

    N supressh hs sukeiths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >>>Uln estrnomezn on expressh e Lnrx . . . . . . . . . . >>2

    H que `e gnth bhrrespho`erin seoteon bhl que Lnrxpreteo`e rephrtnr-se s trhbns8 . . . . . . . . . . . . >6:Nio`n prhburn `nquich n que ph`erin rephrtnr-se

    n seoteon e Lnrx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >67Zerlutnfici`n`e icusrin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >2:

    http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-
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    @istioh `e siaoibn`h bhoghrle h seoti`h `n ceiturn . . . >25Expchrno`h ns expresses e Nristteces . . . . . . . . . >2=Bhlpceleotnri`n`e e oh reversifici`n`e . . . . . . . . >02N oebessi`n`e e ul terbeirh terlh . . . . . . . . . . . >05

    0. Wnchres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >5>

    N gnbe shbinc hs io`iv`uhs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >5>Uln lerbn`hrin th fhn bhlh hutrn . . . . . . . . . . . >5=N `eoih `n pesshn pechs feos que hgertnsse . . . . . . >76

    N `eoih `n pesshn pechs feos `e que se privnsse . . . . >71N `eoih n pesshn pechs feos que elno`nsse . . . . . >1:H nspebth kur`ibh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >12Whotn`es pnrtibucnres irre`utveis el sun `istioh . . . . >=:N pesshn que nbnfnrin phr se `eixnr ver hu se esbho`er

    on recnh e trhbn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >=2@esprezh e beaueirn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >==@e que ohs vncerinl hs vnchres . . . . . . . . . . . . . >95

    @e vhctn n Lnrx e sun oebessi`n`e `e ul terbeirh terlh . >99

    5. H eoialtibh terbeirh terlh e Lnrx; prileirns ibuc n`es . 6:>

    Oh que se iauncnrinl ns lerbn`hrins . . . . . . . . . . . 6:>N nfstrnh h vnchr trnfncmh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6:1N le ih `h trnfncmh shbinc bhrphribn`h ons lerbn`hrins 6>7Gncno`h-se uln bhisn e izeo`h-se hutrn . . . . . . . . . 666On `esbhosi`ernh `hs trnfncmhs prh`uthres `e vnchres `e

    ush el sun `iversi`n`e, oh mnverin bhlh se bhostituirh bhobeith e ul trnfncmh mulnoh el aernc . . . . . . 665

    Ul trnfncmh prh`uthr e bhisn oeomuln . . . . . . . . . 622

    7. H trnfncmh nfstrnth `e Lnrx lnterincizn-se on io`igereonpech exerbbih prhssihonc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 602

    H notebesshr nooilh e N`nl Rlitm . . . . . . . . . . 602

    Re ul se pusesse n gnzer h trnfncmh h hutrh . . . . . . . 601Zhstucnh e uln ohrlnci`n`e . . . . . . . . . . . . . 650Ul trnfncmh geith esoebessrih . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67:Prnfncmhs `istioths, i`eoti`n`e hu `istioh `e feos . . . . 672H trnfncmh nfstrnth `e Lnrx nbnfn phr se lnterinciznr . . . 675

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    Prnfncmh e ghrn e trnfncmh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61:H que ohs lhstrnrin n iospeh hs gnths8 . . . . . . . . 610N ghrn `e trnfncmh s existirin bhlh phtobin selpre

    `eterlion`n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61=

    1. H priobpih expcibntivh `n shbie`n`e que se `iz quererrevhcubihonr serin n prprin revhcuh . . . . . . . . . . . 6=2

    @uns gnses on mistrin n mulnoi`n`e . . . . . . . . . . 6=2N fnse tboibn `n prh`uh el bhotrn`ih bhl

    ns recnes e expchrnh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 696Prnfncmh iotecebtunc e trnfncmh frnnc . . . . . . . . . . 697@iversi`n`e persisteote . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2:>Miphbrisin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2:7@ivish `h trnfncmh e ceis aernis `e `eseovhcvileoth

    `n shbie`n`e bnpitncistn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2:9Bhotrn`ih eotre h Bnptuch I e h Bnptuch ]III

    `h Civrh I e H bnpitnc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2>5

    Gil e priobpih on bhostruh teribn `e Lnrx . . . . . . 2>1

    =. Lnrx brtibh `e Nristteces hu, el Nristteces, n brtibn`e Lnrx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26>

    Bcnribnes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26>Lerbn`hrins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266Zrhprietrihs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265N irrele`ivec iaohrobin mulnon . . . . . . . . . . . 269

    Wnchr e utici`n`e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22>H rephrtnr-se e Lnrx n Nristteces . . . . . . . . . . . 222

    Npo`ibe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209

    Nristteces tibn n Oiblnbhs >>26f->>22f . . . . . . 209

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    IOPVH@UH

    T\ ul aianote ioterpecn hutrh ntrnvs `hs espnhs vn-zihs `h telph, e, sel se `eixnrel perturfnr pechs noeslncibihshs e fnrucmeoths que auiobmnl phr fnixh `eces,bhotiounl h seu `ichah espiritunc sufcile.

    On grnse, Oietzsbme rephrtn-se nhs prileirhs areahs bukh peosnleothtelhs `hbuleotn`h. Zrhpe-se el seaui`n n se pr esbutn `nquecesaianotes e n onrrnr h que n sur`ez lh`eron serin bnpnz `e huvir ebhlpreeo`er `h seu `ichah. Pnlfl ul aianote iotecebtunc pnrebe tersi`h Nristteces. Lnrx, hlfreno`h-h, ioterpecn-h shfre h que serinl nsrecnes `e trhbn. @esse `ichah, bhlh Oietzsbme se prhps n gnzer bhlhs prileirhs peosn`hres areahs, veknlhs h que ncbnonrin ohssn sur-

    `ez lh`eron. Mei`eaaer, oh eotnoth, estu`no`h tnlfl hs prileirhsareahs, n`verte-ohs; se `izer e gncnr `nr prhprinleote ncauln bhisnpnrn ser hfketh `n nteoh `hs `elnis, se h gncnr oh se `eterlionrinlernleote n pnrtir `e ul shl que exprilirin ncaul seoti`h, lns snpnrtir `nquich leslh n que se rephrtnrin, h esbutnr que cme `everinbhrrespho`er oh ph`erin bhosistir lernleote el ul shl que fn-teo`h oh huvi`h serin bnptn`h e retrnosliti`h nh ohssh eoteo`ileoth.Re ohssh huvir ghsse selpre npeons este bnptnr e retrnoslitir `e shos,

    eoth serin ver`n`e que n leosnael shohrn eotrnrin oul huvi`h esnirin pech hutrh. Isth nbhoteberin quno`h oh ohs bhobeotrsselhsonquich que ohs serin `iriai`h. H que ohs serin prhprinleote `ith ohserinl ns pncnvrns, lns nquich n que se rephrtnrinl. H esbutnr serin, sil,ul huvir, ul rebhcmer-se bhobeotrn`h on pncnvrn que ohs serin `iriai`n4on ntitu`e que se pusesse esbutn lnoigestnr-se-in leslh n essobin `hhuvir; s esbutnrnlhs quno`h gsselhs th`h huvi`hs. Lns h huvi`h`e que se trntnrin oh ver`n`eirh esbutnr oh serin h `h npnrecmh `h seo-

    ti`h nu`itivh.

    Grie`ribm Oietzsbme,N Gichshn on i`n`e traibn `hs areahs, trn`. `e Lnrin Ios Ln`eirn`e No`rn`e, revistn phr Nrtmur Lhurh, Cisfhn, E`ies 1:, >9=1, p. 6>.

    >>

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    KHONR PN@EU RICWN LNCNBH

    Hs lhrtnis esbutnl h trhvh `h bu, h veoth `n h-restn, h lurlrih `n ghote, hs nbhr`es `n mnrpn, h ru`h`hs lhthres, h fnrucmh `n bi`n`e, shleote e on le`i`n elque `e tu`h isth k gnzel hu oh gnzel pnrte.

    Rhlhs th`h huvi`hs, quno`h ohssh rebhcmileoth setrnosphrtn, purh, pnrn `eotrh `h ph`er `e esbutnr, quno`hesquebeu bhlpcetnleote hs huvi`hs e n silpces ilpres-sh `e shos. Eoqunoth esbutnrlhs npeons pncnvrns bhlhexpressh `e ncaul que gncn, oh esbutnlhs nio`n, ohesbutnlhs nfshcutnleote. E knlnis bmeanrelhs, nssil,

    n ter rencleote huvi`h quncquer bhisn. ^uno`h eoth te-relhs huvi`h8 P-ch-elhs, quno`hzerlhspnrte `nquichque ohs iospirn`h.

    Rerin oebessrih que ohs throsselhs nferths pnrn nquich que eler-airin `ns pncnvrns. Rerin s n pnrtir `e uln tnc esbutn que se ph`e-rin estnfeceber ul `ichah bhl h que ncauln vez se `issern4 pnrn issh,que ohssh peosnleoth se trnosphrtnsse notes `e tu`h pnrn nquich sh-

    fre h que terinl si`h `itns ns pncnvrns. Eoqunoth reprh`uzsselhsnpeons h que tivesse si`h `ith, oh eoteo`ernlhs nio`n. R virnlhsn eoteo`er quno`h ohssns pncnvrns pnssnssel n ser tnlfl pncnvrnsque gncnssel n pnrtir `h que estivesse el questh.

    Gnth que tnoth Nristteces bhlh Lnrx se `e`ibnrnl n peosnr nsrecnes `e trhbn, ul e hutrh n peosno`h n pnrtir `h que bn`n ul eo-teo`eu que serin n sun ghrln lnis silpces. H seauo`h ioterpecn leslhh prileirh, gnzeo`h-h expcibitnleote4 estnfecebeo`h-se, phis, ul `i-

    chah nferth eotre eces. @e tnc `ichah, ph`elhs prhburnr lh`estnleotepnrtibipnr, bhchbno`h-ohs esbutn4 lns isth, eoth, s se ghrlhs, bhlhohs n`verte Mei`eaaer, bnpnzes `e gnzer bhl que ohssh peosnleoth gnnpnrte `nquich que seu `ichah ohs iospirn.

    Lnrtio Mei`eaaer,Chahs (Merbcith, Grnaleoth 5:), trn`. `e Eroic`h Rteio, el Hs Zr-Rhbrtibhs Grnaleoths, `hxharnn e bhleotrihs, seceh `e texths e supervish `hZrhg. Khs Bnvncbnote `e Rhuzn, Rh Znuch, Nfric Bucturnc (Hs Zeosn`hres), >91=, p. >>5.

    Lnrtio Mei`eaaer, N seoteon `e Nonxilno`rh, trn`. `e Eroic h Rteio, el Hs Zr-Rhbrtibhs, p. 66-5.

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    7. H PVNFNCMH NFRPVNPH @E LNV] LNPEVINCI[NRE ONIO@IGEVEON ZECH E]EVBBIH ZVHGIRRIHONC

    H notebesshr nooilh `e N`nl Rlitm

    Zrhburno`h esbcnreber h `upch bnrter `h trnfncmh preseote ons ler-

    bn`hrins, Lnrx regere-se n quel bmnln `e ul notebesshr nooilh `eN`nl Rlitm, echaino`h-h phr sun prebish el `elhostrnr que npeonsh trnfncmh serin n le`i`n renc bhl que se nvncinrinl e bhlpnrnrinlth`ns ns lerbn`hrins;

    Ul mhlel ansthu uln selnon pnrn gnfribnr ulnrtiah `e bhosulh e n pesshn que cme `nr hutrh eltrhbn, pnrn lecmhr `eterlionr h equivnceote exnth, fnstnrbhlputnr h que cme bustn h leslh trnfncmh e h leslh

    telph4 isth, bhl egeith, oh lnis `h que trhbnr h trnfn-cmh elprean`h phr ul mhlel ouln bhisn, `urnote berthtelph, pech trnfncmh `e hutrh el hutrn bhisn, `urnoteh leslh telph.

    Ul mhlel terin ansth berth telph `e trnfncmh pnrn gnfribnr berthfel4 pesshn que cme `nrin hutrh el trhbn, pnrn que `eterlionsse h queserin seu equivnceote exnth, fnstnrin que prhburnsse pech que cme bus-

    tnrin h leslh trnfncmh e h leslh telph. Ncaul terin gnfribn`hncaul tebi`h4 n pesshn que, nbnsh, tivesse el vistn `nr-cme ncaul be-renc el trhbn, eobhotrnrin h qunoth `este `everin hgereber pech tebi`h pnrn que se estnfecebesse uln equivncobin exntn `eterliono`hel que qunoti`n`e e seu berenc bhlputnr-se-in h leslh telph e trn-fncmh que oh tebi`h `h hutrh. Rerin h ioversh se eobnrsselhs n recn-h `h photh `e vistn `h gnfribnote `h tebi`h (h notebesshr nooilh`e N`nl Rlitm oh gncn `n oebessi`n`e `n ficnternci`n`e `n recnh,lns suphomnlhs que oh pu`esse `eixnr `e t-cn el leote). Ul terinansth berth trnfncmh e berth telph on prh`uh `h tebi`h4 hutrh, berthtrnfncmh e berth telph on prh`uh `h berenc. Fnstnrin veribnr h que,

    H bnpitnc, p. 50, ohtn >7, rephrtno`h-se p. 07, ohtn 9.

    602

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    KHONR PN@EU RICWN LNCNBH

    oh leslh telph, ul prh`uzirin `e tebi`h e h hutrh `e berenc; estns se-rinl ns qunoti`n`es `hs feos `hs `his que estnrinl ouln equivncobinexntn. @eoi`n nssil n prhphrh eotre h berenc e h tebi`h, e egetun`nn recnh `e trhbn oesses terlhs, ph`er-se-in `izer que se trhbnrin h trn-fncmh elprean`h phr ul mhlel ouln bhisn, `urnote berth telph, pechtrnfncmh `e hutrh, `urnote h leslh telph, el hutrn bhisn. Bhoghrlen lnoeirn prebisn `h notebesshr nooilh `e N`nl Rlitm, hs `hissukeiths eovhcvi`hs bhlputnrinl nssil, pnrn egeith `n perlutn oulnequivncobin exntn `e seus feos, silpcesleote, h telph que bn`n quncterin ansth on prh`uh `h seu prprih, iauncno`h-h bhl h telph ansth

    pech hutrh on prh`uh `h `ece.N silpchrie`n`e `hs terlhs el que se npreseotn n `eterlionh `h

    vnchr `ns lerbn`hrins pech telph `e trnfncmh ansth el sun prh`uh surpreeo`eote. `e se perauotnr bhlh Lnrx p`e bhl n bitnh, nio`nque el ohtn, eoberrnr sun nocise shfre n sufstobin `h vnchr. Mnverin`e se bhosi`ernr, k `e iobih bhobhr`nrin bertnleote Lnrx , quehs trnfncmhs `e`ibn`hs phr ul e hutrh on prh`uh `e seus respebti-

    vhs feos terinl si`h `igereotes. Ul terin si`h h trnfncmh `n gnfribnh

    `h tebi`h e hutrh h trnfncmh `h buctivh `hs berenis. Pelphs ansths eltrnfncmhs `igereotes ph`erinl ser `n`hs bhlh iaunis8 On ver`n`e, `hisfeos el que se bhlputnsse prhprinleote e bhobretnleote ul leslhtrnfncmh, oh ph`erinl ser seoh ul s. Este oh serin h bnsh e ohmnverin leslh phr que, el hphrtuoi`n`e ncauln, se egetunr uln per-lutn bhlh essn. Oh bnsh, h `esekhsh `h tebi`h prhburnrin hft-ch eltrhbn `e berenc e h `esekhsh `e berenc prhburnrin hft-ch el trhbn `htebi`h. Fnstnrin, pnrn que ghsse eobhotrn`n n equivncobin exntn eotre

    hs `his feos, bhoghrle h notebesshr nooilh `e N`nl `e Rlitm, quese iauncnssel hs telphs `e trnfncmh ansths el sun prh`uh, h telph`e trnfncmh ansth phr uln pesshn on prh`uh `e ul iauncno`h-se nhtelph `e trnfncmh ansth pecn hutrn pesshn on prh`uh `h hutrh. H te-bech terin ansth berth telph on prh`uh `e berth olerh `e letrhs`e tebi`h. H tnoth `e berenc que, nbnsh, h senreirh ioteressn`h onque-ces tnoths letrhs `e seu tebi`h `everin `nr-cme el trhbn serin nquecetnoth `e berenc que ece prprih, senreirh, prh`uzirin oh leslh telph

    que terin ansth h tebech on prh`uh `nqueces tnoths letrhs `e tebi`h.H trnfncmh elprean`h phr ul mhlel on prh`uh `e ul fel `urnoteberth telph serin trhbn`h pech trnfncmh `e hutrh on prh`uh `e hutrhfel `urnote h leslh telph. Nssil, `iretn e silpcesleote, h trnfn-cmh `e ul mhlel e hutrh vncerinl ul tnoth bhlh h hutrh, eoqunoth

    600

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    EAHRLH HU NCPVURLH

    h prprih Lnrx n`verte que, eotre hs mhleos, mnverin nqueces que ghs-sel lnis hperhshs hu lnis preauihshs, `e`ibno`h-se nh trnfncmh bhllnihr hu leohr elpeomh, seus trnfncmhs, phis, seo`h lnis hu leohsprh`utivhs. Pnlfl ohssh tebech ph`erin, tncvez, eoteo`er que seutelph `e trnfncmh oh vncesse h leslh que h telph `h trnfncmh `hsenreirh. Reu trnfncmh, eoteo`erin nbnsh, vncerin lnis, visth que, n seushcmhs nh leohs, h senreirh serin ncaul que oh se `e`ibnrin nh buctivh`e berenis bhlh ece prprih gnfribnh `e tebi`hs. @irin, h tebech, queseu trnfncmh s ph`erin vir n vncer tnoth qunoth h `h senreirh, se, tnothbhlh ece prprih, se elpeomnsse nquece ohs cnfhres `e seu hgbih4 lns

    que esse oh serin h bnsh. Eoteo`erin que oh se ph`erin equipnrnr h trn-fncmh `e ul mhlel `iciaeote bhlh ece prprih bhl nquece `e ul hutrhthln`h pecn preauin. H leslh, tncvez, pu`esse peosnr h senreirh elrecnh nh tebech. E lnis, ul hu hutrh e leslh hs `his ph`erinl eo-teo`er, bn`n qunc phr seu cn`h, que seus prprihs hgbihs exiairinl ulnquncibnh lnihr `h que n `h hutrh, hu nio`n, que mnverinl pesshnc-leote se quncibn`h lecmhr bn`n qunc oh seu prprih `h que h hutrhoh `ece. Nio`n oisth, Lnrx `nr-cmes-in rnzh, phis bhosi`ern tnlfl

    ece que mnverin uln `istioh eotre trnfncmhs lnis hu leohs silpces,lnis hu leohs quncibn`hs. nio`n que, `e seu photh `e vistn, re`uzir-se-inl uos nhs hutrhs4 lns `h que, phr sun bhotn e risbh, sel snferelh que Lnrx peosnrin n respeith, k estnrinl bui`no`h ohssh tebech eohssh senreirh.

    Npesnr `n pnteote silpchrie`n`e, Lnrx bhchbno`h-ohs, kusth nh -onc `e sun nocise `n sufstobin `h vnchr, greote nh notebesshr nooilh`e N`nl Rlitm, oh telhs seoh, leslh pnrn respeitnr Lnrx, que `in-

    chanr bhl h pershonael nooilh que ece gez icustre. Znrn issh, vhctelhs

    Re h vnchr `e uln lerbn`hrin `eterlion`h pecn qunoti`n`e `e trnfncmh ansth`urnote sun prh`uh, ph`erin pnreber que qunoth lnis preauihsh hu iofic ul sermulnoh, tnoth lnihr h vnchr `e sun lerbn`hrin, phis ece prebisn `e lnis telph pnrnnbnf-cn. Ph`nvin T\ (H bnpitnc, p. 05)

    Bhl h trnfncmh mulnoh hbhrre ncah nochah nh que se pnssn on shbie`n`e furauesn,ho`e el aernc ul fnoqueirh `eselpeomn ul pnpec ilphrtnote e bn reservn`h nh silpcesser mulnoh uln guoh iogerihr. Prnfncmh mulnoh le`e-se pech `ispo`ih `n ghrn `etrnfncmh silpces, n qunc, el l`in, th`h mhlel bhlul, sel e`ubnh espebinc, phssui

    el seu hranoislh. Htrnfncmh silpces l`ihlu`n `e bnrter bhl hs pnses e estaihs `ebiviciznh, lns `n`h ouln `eterlion`n shbie`n`e. Prnfncmh bhlpcexh hu quncibn`h

    vnce bhlh trnfncmh silpcesphteobin`hhu, notes,luctipcibn`h, `e lh`h que uln qunoti-`n`e `n`n `e trnfncmh quncibn`h iaunc n uln qunoti`n`e lnihr `e trnfncmh silpces.(H bnpitnc, p. 5>)

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    n ohssh tebech e n ohssh senreirh. Oh eoteo`erin, tncvez, ohssh tebech,que suns mhrns `e trnfncmh pu`essel vncer tnoth qunoth ns `e ohssh se-nreirh, phis sun ntivi`n`e serin lnis quncibn`n e que serin, nio`n, `irinohssh tebech, ece prprih lnis quncibn`h el sun prprin ntivi`n`e `hque ohssh senreirh on `ece. Nrauleotnrin tncvez, que nh choah `e sun

    vi`n, e k leslh phr gruth `h trnfncmh `e aernes, que mer`nrn, luithestnrin iovesti`h el seu hgbih e que, s arnns n esse iovestileoth, ph`e-rin ter vio`h n prh`uzir h tebi h que prh`uzin, on qunci`n`e e qunoti`n`eel que h gnzin. Zrh`uzirin nquece tnoth `e tebi`h, e `e ul tebi`h `e tncqunci n`e, eoteo`erin, s arnns sun quncibnh, hfti`n bhl luith es-

    ghrh prprih e `e seus notepnssn`hs. Nh que, nbnsh, nbresbeotnrin nio`nh vnchr `e seus iostruleoths `e trnfncmh que, nh choah `h telph, terinlsi`h reuoi`hs bhl arno`e busth. Znrtibucnrleote, vnchriznrin h tenr `eque se luoirn e que leslh luith cme siaoibnrn el privnh `e hu-trhs feos. E nio`n luith lnis ph`erin nrauleotnr el gnvhr `e quephubh `e seu trnfncmh vncerin phr luith `h trnfncmh `e ohssh senreirh.Lns ohssh senreirh, phr seu cn`h, ph`erin ter tnlfl seus nrauleothspnrn vnchriznr h seu prprih trnfncmh. Oh serin h buctivn`hr que se-

    rin se oh tivesse bhomebileoth `h que ghsse h pcnotnr e h bhcmer. Rn busth tnlfl, ece nrauleotnrin, phr leih `e ul choah npreo`izn`h,hftivern h eoteo`ileoth `e qunis serinl hs lhleoths prhpbihs n bn`nuln `ns gnses `e seu trnfncmh, nssil bhlh, s pecn bui`n`hsn nteoh`e`ibn`n n seu lister, viern n eoteo`er qunis ns prebnues oebessrinsbhotrn ns iotelpries. Perin si`h, tnlfl ece, nbresbeotnrin n seu gn-

    vhr, bnpnz `e luoir-se `hs iostruleoths que serinl hs lecmhres pnrnsun ntivi`n`e el seus `igereotes nspebths, n priobipinr tncvez pech seu

    nrn`h este, h iostruleoth `e seu hraucmh bhlh h tenr `h hutrh elth`n sun phssvec bhlpcexi`n`e `e bhostruh e lnouteoh. Bhlpu-tnrin, nbnsh, tnlfl n bhotrifuih `ns aernes pnssn`ns. Bn`n quncph`erin reivio`ibnr pnrn si h estntuth `e ul trnfncmn`hr lnis qunci-bn`h, exerbeo`h ul hgbih oh qunc serin lnis busthsh n`estrnr-se e nhqunc serin oebessrih `e`ibnr-se lnis `h que serin oebessrih nh hutrh.Nssil, oh serin th gbic que ohssh tebech e ohssh senreirh viesseln egetivnr uln recnh `e trhbn ohs terlhs `h notebesshr nooilh `e

    N`nl Rlitm `e que gncn Lnrx. Bertnleote luith terinl que bho-versnr e oh snfelhs se, onqueces terlhs, ph`erinl vir n bhobhr nr.Re h zessel e phr veoturn, ph`erinl vir n gnz-ch , lns s se ege-tivnleote h zessel, ternlhs, eoth, sil, uln recnh el que `hismhleos rebhomeberinl seus trnfncmhs bhlh prhprinleote `e leslh

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    vnchr. Lns tncvez ghsse `igereote. Eoteo`erinl, nbnsh leslh nlfhsnbeitnssel, que ul serin lnis hperhsh `h que hutrh, hu que ns qunci-bnes `e ul serinl `igereotes `ns `h hutrh, hu nio`n que hs iostru-leoths que uticiznssel ghssel lnis bnrhs pnrn ul `h que pnrn hutrh4e leslh nssil, eobhotrno`h bhlh estnfeceber ncauln prhphrh eo-tre ns mhrns `e trnfncmh `e ul e `e hutrh, nbnfnrinl phr egetunr ulnrecnh `e trhbn eotre si. Rerin tnlfl phssvec, oh eotnoth, que oh vi-essel n bhobhr`nr el sun nvncinh rebprhbn e nbnfnrin phr oh mnveroeomuln trhbn eotre eces.

    Rerin, on ver`n`e, `igbic n bhlpnrnh eotre eces4 tncvez leslh il-

    phssvec que silpcesleote nbeitnssel n iaunc`n`e `e seus trnfncmhs etelphs. E pnrn que ghsse nssil, pnrebe que ternlhs `e bhosi`ernrque, se el uln recnh `e trhbn trnfncmhs e telphs ghssel `n`hs bhlhiaunis quno`h, on ver`n`e, ghssel `igereotes, sun iauncnh oh seo`h,phis, n expressh ver`n`eirn `hs gnths, oh s se bnrin sel n ver`n`e,lns hs gnths leslhs trnosghrlnr-se-inl pecn gncsn expressh que secmes `nrin. N expressh gncsn eotrnomnr-se-in on sufstobin `hs gnths.On `esiaunc`n`e `ns pesshns e `e seus trnfncmhs, n sun re`uh n uln

    iaunc n`e lernleote oh pcnoh `h eoteo`ileoth siaoibnrin, onver`n`e, h `esprezh pecns pesshns eovhcvi`ns, phr suns vi`ns, phr seusesghrhs e suns quncibnes. N recnh eotre ns pesshns estnrin seo`hestnfecebi`n bhoghrle hs terlhs `e ul `esprezh. E esse `esprezhtrn`uzir-se-in gnbicleote el esphcinh, ul hu hutrh se nprhprino`h `elnis `h que bhrrespho`erin nh que terin geith. @no`h-se trnfncmhs e vi-`ns `istiotns bhlh iaunis, lnsbnrnr-se-in que se estnrin trhbno`h leohsphr lnis hu lnis phr leohs. Mnverin tncvez uln pnrtibucnr resistobin

    n que isth pu`esse nbhoteber.

    Re ul se pusesse n gnzer h trnfncmh `h hutrh

    El leih s `isputns que ph`erinl eovhcver ioterchbuthres ebho-libhs que prhburnssel pnutnr suns recnes `e trhbn pecn phstucnh`h notebesshr nooilh `e N`nl Rlitm, quno`h, phr veoturn, ul hu

    hutrh eoteo`esse que seu fel estivesse seo`h phubh vnchrizn`h, nbnshcmes hbhrresse h nrauleoth `e que, quel `esvnchriznsse seu fel, `e-verin eobnrreanr-se `e phr si leslh prh`uzi-ch. @irin, phr exelpch,ohssh tebech n ohssh senreirh; se oh nbeitns h tnoth `e tebi`h que hge-reh pech teu berenc, se queres lnis, tebe eoth tu leslh h tebi h, e v se

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    nh teb-ch phr tun prprin bhotn, oh telph el que anstnrins buctivno`hh berenc que querins le eotreanr el sun trhbn, hfters lnis `h que `eceterins se h n`quirisses `e lil on prhphrh que h hgereh el trhbn `hteu berenc. H leslh ph`erin `izer ohssh senreirh pnrn ohssh tebechoh que `irin respeith nh seu berenc el sun rnzh `e trhbn bhl h tebi`h.Ul ph`erin `izer nh hutrh que, oh estnfecebileoth `n prhphrh elque seus respebtivhs feos `everinl ser trhbn`hs, serin prebish que senvncinsse h que nbhoteberin se, phr si leslh, bn`n qunc prhburnsse prh-`uzir h fel `esekn`h, el vez `e prhburnr hft-ch `h hutrh pecn trhbn.Bn`n qunc ph`erin leslh eoteo`er que nssil lecmhr nvncinrin seu iote-

    resse prprih. Ohssh senreirh, pnrn prhburnr n equivncobin exntn eotreh tebi`h `e ohssh tebech e seu berenc, se lhvi`h phr nquecn lhtivn-h, prhburnrin nprebinr que trnfncmh e qunoth telph prebisnrin se eceprprih se pusesse n teber h tebi`h que `eseknvn e veribnr qunoth `eseu berenc estnrin `eixno`h `e buctivnr oh leslh telph. @e iaunc ln-oeirn terin `e se bhlphrtnr ohssh tebech `esekhsh `h berenc. Prntnr-se-in`e bn`n ul nveriaunr h que cme bustnrin, hu h que `eixnrin `e prh`uzirel sun prprin ntivi`n`e, se, phr veoturn, se `e`ibnsse quecn que ghsse

    n `h hutrh. Fnstnrin, ph`erinl eoteo`er, n bn`n ul bhlputnr, on ntivi-`n`e que cmes serin prprin, h que prh`uzirinl oh leslh telph queterinl ansth nbnsh se mhuvessel `e`ibn`h quecn que ghsse prprinnh hutrh. Lns bhlh se egetunrin lnis prhprinleote esse blputh8Ohssh tebech anstnrin berth olerh `e mhrns hu `e `ins pnrn prh`uziruos tnoths letrhs `e tebi`h4 ohssh senreirh, uos tnoths `ins pnrn prh`u-zir ul berth olerh `e nrrhfns `e berenc. Nh se phstnrel el uln recn-h `e trhbn, pnrn que `eterlionssel n equivncobin eotre ul tnoth `e

    tebi`h e ul tnoth berenc, ohssh tebech `everin ilnaionr-se prh`uzio`hberenc e h senreirh, tebi`h. N si leslhs nssil ilnaiono`h, bhlpnrnrinln sun prh`uh quno`h oh exerbbih `n prprin ntivi`n`e e quno`h, nhbhotrrih, oh exerbbih `n ntivi`n`e `h hutrh. Ohssh tebech verin quetrnfncmh e qunoth telph cme bustnrin, oh teber ul berth tnoth `e seutebi`h, lns buctivnr uln bertn qunoti`n`e `e berenc, e, eoteo`erin,eobhotrnrin h equivnceote `e seu tebi`h n hgereber phr tnc qunoti`n`e `eberenc. H telph que terin elprean`h on prh`uh `h berenc ter-cme-

    in bustn`h, `irnlhs, h tnoth `e tebi`h que terin `eixn`h `e prh`uzir.Nquece tnoth `e berenc ter-cme-in bustn`h tnc tnoth `e tebi`h4 este tnoth`e tebi`h, nquece tnoth `e berenc, vncerin. Lns ohssh tebech, nbnsh viessen se phr on ntivi`n`e `e ohssh senreirh, hfservelhs, oh leslh telphque este serin `e espernr prh`uzirin uln qunoti`n`e luith le-

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    ohr `e berenc4 hu, ioversn, ver-se-in anstno`h pnrn n prh`uh `eul leslh tnoth `e berenc luith lnis mhrns `h que ohssh senreirh.Ohssh tebech, el uln ntivi`n`e que oh cme serin n prprin sel nsespebbns mnfici`n`es phr ecn requeri`ns, sel ter `isphsih ns lnt-rins e `elnis hfkeths shfre hs qunis e bhl hs qunis ecn se `eseovhcverin,bhlh, serin `e espernr, ece oh ns terin, e bhlh, serin tnlfl `e espernr,terin ohssh senreirh , e sel, nio`n, hs iostruleoths espebibnleoten`equn`hs `evi`nleote `isphsths e fel nkustn`hs bhlh, tnlflserin `e espernr, terin ohssh senreirh e oh ece , ece, ohssh tebech, selser oel ter sun `isphsih on`n `issh, tnc bhlh serin e terin ohssh se-

    nreirh, bertnleote mnverin `e ser luith leohs prh`utivh on prh`uh`e berenis `h que este. Ohssh tebech pnrn prh`uzir ul leslh tnoth `hleslh berenc prh`uzi`h phr ohssh senreirh anstnrin luith lnis telph`h que este. @n lesln lnoeirn, se ohssh senreirh se pusesse n gnfribnrtebi`hs, anstnrin luith lnis telph `h que ohssh tebech pnrn gnfrib-ch,hu prh`uzirin luith leohs `e ul leslh tebi`h oh leslh telph queh hutrh. Bn`n qunc, el sun prprin espebinciznh, hu on prh`uh `hfel pnrn que estnrin espebincleote mnficitn`h e pnrn h que ghsse phssui-

    `hr `hs leihs e `ns gerrnleotns n`equn`ns, serin luith lnis prh`utivh`h que h hutrh, mnficitn`h pnrn n prh`uh `e hutrh fel, el phsse `ehutrhs leihs e `e hutrns gerrnleotns. Rerinl `igereoteleote mnficitn-`hs e equipn`hs e, phr essn mnficitnh e equipnleoth, lnis prh`utivhson exebuh `h trnfncmh que cmes ghsse h prprih. Re ghssel prhburnrn equivncobin eotre hs feos que trnosnbihonssel, ilnaiono`h-se bn`nqunc oh trnfncmh `h hutrh e veo`h h que prh`uzirinl eoth, n quno-ti`n`e `e trnfncmh que ul terin que hgereber nh hutrh oh estnrin el

    recnh bhl h telph que elpreanrin on prh`uh `h fel pnrn h quncestnrin mnficitn`h e equipn`h, lns, nh bhotrrih, pech telph `e trnfn-cmh bhrrespho`eote nh que serin oebessrih quno`h, sel mnficitnh esel reburshs, ncaul se `e`ibnsse prh`uh `h que oh ghsse prprihn seu hgbih. Nssil, pnrn uln arno`e qunoti`n`e `e berenc, ohssh se-nreirh ph`erin nbnfnr phr eoteo`er que `everin bhrrespho`er uln pe-queon qunoti`n`e `e tebi`h n qunoti`n`e que prh`uzirin bhoghrlesun fnixn prh`utivi`n`e on prh`uh `e ul fel que oh serin h prh-

    `uth prprih `e seu hgbih. Nssil tnlfl, pnrn uln arno`e qunoti`n`e`e tebi`h, ohssh tebech ph`erin nbnfnr phr eoteo`er que bhrrespho`e-rin uln pequeon qunoti`n`e `e berenc h que, phr sun vez, serin h bhr-respho`eote sun fnixn prh`utivi`n`e quno`h ece tnlfl se npcibnssen uln ntivi`n`e que oh cme serin n prprin. Rerin tncvez tnlfl `ig-

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    bic nbeitnrel bhobcuses bhlh essns e n pnrtir `ecns estnfeceberel ulnrecnh `e trhbn quncquer.

    Zh`erin, oh eotnoth, ser `igereote se, tncvez, leslh n pnrtir `n rebusn`e bhobcuses `h tiph `ns noterihres, eoteo`essel, hs `his, ohssh tebeche ohssh senreirh, que silpcesleote everinl bhotnr eotre hs telphs oe-bessrihs prh`uh `e seus respebtivhs feos nqueces que cmes tivesselsi`h oebessrihs sun ghrlnh eoqunoth nrtbes, nssil bhlh nquecesoebessrihs hfteoh `e tu`h nquich `e que terinl oebessi`n`e pnrnh seu exerbbih. Iobcuir-se-inl, n pnrtir `n, bhlh telphs `e trnfncmhoebessrihs prh`uh `e seus feos, h telph `h npreo`izn`h `e ul e

    hutrh hgbih, tnlfl nquece `h trnfncmh que estivesse iobhrphrn`h ons`iversns lntrins `e que se servirinl, e nssil bhlh, nio`n, nquece bho-ti`h ohs vnrin`hs iostruleoths que uticiznrinl. E phssvec que se cel-frnssel `issh lnis gnbicleote bnsh se ilnaionssel oh exerbbih `e ulnntivi`n`e ncmein. Ilnaiono`h-se on ntivi`n`e `h hutrh se h zesselbriterihsnleote , seotirinl tncvez gnctn `e iostruleoths que verinlel hutrns lhs, oh el suns prprins4 `nrinl tnlfl pecn gnctn `e th`nshrte `e lnterinis que cmes ghssel oebessrihs, lnterinis k fel secebi-

    hon`hs e bhoveoieoteleote `isphsths, tnlfl `isphsih `e hutrhsnrtbes e oh `e si prprihs, e, notes leslh, ver-se-inl, k `e iobih,bhlh quel oh snferin sequer qunis iostruleoths serinl hs pertioeotess espebbns ntivi`n`es el que se `ivi`irin h trnfncmh que estivesse elquesth, oel hs lnterinis pnrtibucnrleote oebessrihs, el sun `evi`nespebibnh `e qunci`n`e4 seo`h que, tnlfl isth, tnc bhomebileoth,bn`n qunc verin bhlh phsse e quncibnh ncmein, oh prprin. Weo`h-seon gnctn `e tu`h h que terin h hutrh pnrn h `eselpeomh `e uln guoh,

    tncvez n vissel bhlh cme seo`h, n esse hutrh, espebibnleote prprin.N pnrtir `issh, ph`erinl vhctnr-se shfre si leslhs e seus feos4 e verel,eoth, tncvez s nssil, lnis prhprinleote n si prprihs, bn`n qunc n sileslh e, tnlfl, ul e hutrh, nh hutrh, bhl suns prprins e espebbnsmnfici`n`es4 h que, phr l, eoteo`erinl, `everin ser ncah n que oh mn-

    verin bhlh `eixnr `e vnchriznr. Pu`h h que bn`n qunc phssusse bhlhoebessrih n seu espebbh trnfncmh, nssil tncvez bresbesse, `ianlhs,n seus prprihs hcmhs, pnssno`h eces n serel nrteshs zechshs `e suns

    quncibnes el seus espebbhs hgbihs. Nbnsh eoteo`erinl que, onver`n`e, hs feos trnosnbihon`hs terinl bustn`h fel lnis `h que nquecesilpces telph npcibn`h `iretnleote el sun prh`uh. Perinl tnlflbustn`h n ghrlnh espebbn `e bn`n qunc e hs iostruleoths e lnterinisoebessrihs n bn`n ul. E eoteo`erinl leslh que prebisnrinl ter el

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    vistn berths bui`n`hs oh hpernr-se h blputh `hs telphs pertioeotes,bhlh, phr exelpch, que nquece `e suns ghrlnes s pnrbecn`nleoteph`erin ser narean`h bhlh busth n seus prh`uths, `eveo`h ser `istri-fu`h pech thtnc `eces, nh choah leslh `e suns vi`ns bhlh nrtbes.@e lnoeirn silicnr, bhl h iostruleotnc uticizn`h que, `esanstno`h-searn`ntivnleote, `everin ser eoteo`i`h bhlh s nhs phubhs trnosgerio`hh que terin bustn`h pnrn h que se hftivesse phr seu leih. Isth geith phrbn`n qunc, ph`erinl ver, s eoth, qunis ns qunoti`n`es recntivns `hsfeos`euosehutrhsqueph`erinlbhoterulleslhtelph`etrnfncmh,nio`n que tncvez s nprhxiln`nleote. @eterlionr-se-in, tncvez nssil,

    n equivncobin eotre ns qunoti`n`es `hs feos perlutn`hs, phr veoturn,bhl ncauln prebish, el terlhs `e bhoterel ul leslh telph `e trn-fncmh. @esse lh`h, tncvez, h blputh pu`esse vir n ser nbeith phr nlfnsns pnrtes. Znrn que uln `esprhphrh oh se estnfecebesse eotre ns quno-ti`n`es recntivns `hs feos trnosnbihon`hs e que mhuvesse phssifici`n`e`e nlfns ns pnrtes nbeitnrel estnfeceber uln recnh `e trhbn serin `eespernr, phrtnoth pnrebe seosnth , que ghsse bhlputn`h oh telphoebessrih sun prh`uh oh s h trnfncmh oeces npcibn`hs `iretnleote,

    lns tnlfl nquece oebessrih ghrlnh `e ul e hutrh nrtbe e, lnis,nquece oebessrih hfteoh e `isphoificiznh `hs lnterinis que cmesghssel oebessrihs e, nio`n lnis, tnlfl nquece io`ispeosvec prh-`uh `hs iostruleoths `e que gnrinl ush. H trnfncmh oebessrih sunghrlnh, nquece oebessrih hfteoh `hs lnterinis uticizn`hs e nio`nnquece oebessrih prh`uh `hs pertioeotes iostruleoths, terinl `eser bhosi`ern`hs bhlh iobhrphrn`hs n seus prh`uths.

    Mnverin bnshs el que serin gbic se ilnaionr on ntivi`n`e `h hutrh.

    Prntnr-se-in, phr exelpch, `e `his tebeces trhbno`h eotre si tebi`hs `egnfribnh `igereote el que bn`n ul se mhuvesse espebincizn`h `eotrh`h prprih rnlh `n tebecnael, hu `e senreirhs perlutno`h berenis`istioths el bukn prh`uh tnlfl eces se mhuvessel espebincizn`h.N gnfribnh `este hu `nquece tebi`h, hu h buctivh `este hu `nquece be-renc, oh serinl tncvez ntivi`n`es que exiaissel `e tebeces hu senrei-rhs uln mnficitnh th espebincizn`n hu lnterinis e iostruleoths th`igereobin`hs eotre si. Lns tnlfl mnverin bnshs el que se prhphr

    n renciznr uln ntivi`n`e `igereote `nquecn que se tivesse bhlh n pr-prin exiairin h prepnrh `e th`n uln vi`n, phr vezes, nt leslh h `e ulnsubessh `e aernes, nssil bhlh ter n phsse `e leihs e iostruleothsque s ph`erinl ser n`quiri`hs nh choah `e luith telph. Rerin phssvecnt ilnaionr th`hs gnzeo`h `e tu`h, bn`n ul ph`eo`h exerber quncquer

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    ntivi`n`e4 lns isth s se mhuvesse h eoteo`ileoth `e que bn`n ul mn-verin `e se prepnrnr e tnlfl se equipnr `evi`nleote pnrn gnzer th`nsns bhisns, bhosi`erno`h, iobcusive, que h telph oebessrih pnrn issh tnc-

    vez ghsse h `e th`n uln vi`n, hu leslh vrins. @esbhosi`erno`h essetelph, hu eoteo`eo`h-h bhlh seo`h `esprezvec, th`hs nbnfnrinl phrser errhoenleote bhosi`ern`hs bhlh bnpnzes ile`intnleote `e gnzerh que cmes npetebesse. Leslh bhosi erno`h th`h esse telph `e pre-pnrh, oh eotnoth, ph`er-se-in eoteo`er que oh mnverin `igereon quepersistisse n ul esghrh reitern`h `e npreo`izn`h e `e nbulucnh `hsreburshs oebessrihs nh exerbbih `ns `iversns ntivi`n`es, nio`n que isth

    s leslh oh sube`er `ns aernes. @eoir-se-in, nssil, uln bertnmulnoi`n`e; `e tu`h, th`hs nbnfnrinl phr ser selpre bnpnzes. Ulbhokuoth `e bnpnbi`n`es hu phteobinci`n`es estnrin el th`hs preseote.@n`ns `e priobpih, ph`erinl ser selpre `eseovhcvi`ns, `es`e que `n-`ns tnlfl ns bho`ies que cmes ghssel ns oebessrins. Lns serin pre-bish ter el leote que ul tebech oh ph`erin, purn e silpcesleote,ser bhosi`ern`h bhlh bnpnz e prh`uzir berenis, hu ul senreirh tebi`hs.Oh serinl k bnpnzes `e uln bhisn e hutrn phr suns prprins `eoies.

    N bnpnbi`n`e `e teber hs tebi`hs, oh n `e buctivnr hs berenis, `eoirinh tebech4 n `e buctivnr hs berenis, oh n `e teber hs tebi`hs, h senreirh.Ul tebech tncvez pu`esse pr-se n buctivnr berenis, lns se h zesse, se que pu`esse gnz-ch, oh h gnrin bhl n lesln mnfici`n`e que ul sen-reirh. Oh prh`uzirin berenis on lesln qunci`n`e e vechbi`n`e que ulsenreirh. H leslh bhl recnh n este ctilh oh que `irin respeith nhstebi`hs. Gnzer uln bhisn hu hutrn, gnfribnr tebi`hs hu prh`uzir berenis,oh serin ncah que `epeo`esse `e ul silpces nth `e suns vhotn`es e que

    se reshcvesse, iobcusive, tncvez on sioaecezn `ns `ileoses `n io`ivi`u-nci`n`e `e suns vi`ns. Prntnr-se-in `e oeabih que eovhcverin th`n ulnbhcetivi`n`e, th`h ul bhokuoth `e nsshbines eotre pesshns, nh choah`e ul telph lnis hu leohs choah, lnis hu leohs burth. @este photh`e vistn nio`n, ph`ernlhs ilnaionr que, se h tebech teotnsse lnou-senr hs iostruleoths `h senreirh, nbnfnrin phr perbefer que suns lhsoh serinl n`equn`ns nh seu ush gnctnr-cme-inl, tncvez, ns `evi`nsbnchsi`n`es 4 lns, oh leslh nth, tncvez se nperbefesse `n `iaoi`n`e

    `e suns prprins lhs, tnlfl ecns bncekn`ns, s que bhlh ns lhs `eul tebech e oh nquecns `e ul senreirh. Whctnr-se-in nssil, ohssh te-bech, `e lhs bncekn`ns bhlh ns `e ul tebech e oh ns `e ul sen-reirh, pnrn si leslh, exiaio`h `h hutrh h rebhomebi`h `e seu trnfncmh.H leslh se pnssnrin bhl ohssh senreirh, nbnsh se prhpusesse n gnzer

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    h trnfncmh `e ohssh tebech. Vebhomeber-se-inl, n si leslhs, on `i-gereon `e seus bnchs, e, nhs hutrhs, on i`eoti`n`e `e mhleos `e lhsbncekn`ns, nio`n que ns bnchsi`n`es `ns lhs `e ul ghssel `igereotes`nquecns `ns lhs `h hutrh. Werinl ons bnchsi`n`es `ns lhs `hs hu-trhs ns `e suns prprins hs bnchs `ns lhs `e uos vncerinl pechs `nslhs `hs hutrhs , lns sel que hs bnchs `ns lhs `e ul e `e hutrh sebhoguo`issel, `eixno`h `e `nr, el sun pnrtibucnri`n`e, `eoih n mh-leos `istioths. Nssil, tncvez oh se prhpusessel n gnzer h que gnrinlhs hutrhs4 eoteo`erinl leslh que luitns vezes cmes serin ilphssvecgnz-ch, que cmes gnctnrin, nbnsh, h prepnrh `e th`n uln vi`n e nt `h que

    mer`nssel `e aernes noterihres. Vespeitnrinl tnlfl h que bn`n ulterin reuoi`h bhlh leihs pnrn h exerbbih `e seu espebbh trnfncmh.Eoteo`erinl, nio`n, phr veoturn, que serin lecmhr bn`n ul `e`ibnr-senh exerbbih `e sun prprin ntivi`n`e, seo`h ilphssvec, hu nh leohshoerhsh, gnzer-se h bhotrrih. Zh`erinl nt vir n eoteo`er que n bn`nul serin phssvec s n exebuh `e ul s trnfncmh, hu, pech leohs,`e ul olerh pequeoh `eces. Reo`h nssil, ohssh tebech e ohssh se-

    @eve bn`n ul T\ exebutnr h seu trnfncmh prprih, pnrn ser bhlul n th`hs8 Zhrexelpch, h cnvrn`hr, shziomh, ghroeber triah pnrn quntrh, e anstnr h qu`rupch `h telphe `h esghrh bhl n hfteoh `h triah pnrn h pnrticmnr bhl hs hutrhs, hu prehbupnr-se-npeons bhosiah, e prepnrnr n qunrtn pnrte`este triah, on qunrtn pnrte`h telph, e hs hutrhstrs qunrths anst-chs- ul on bhostruh `e uln bnsn, hutrh on bhogebh `e ul lnoth,hutrh nio`n `e bncn`h, e, sel ns pnrticmnr bhl hs hutrhs, ter ns suns bhisns, gnzeo`h phrsi s h que seu8 Pncvez sekn lnis gbic `h prileirh lh`h que `h seauo`h, Rbrntes. Zhr [eus que on`n le n`lirn! `isse eu Nh huvir-te gncnr, peosh tnlfl que,el prileirh cuanr, bn`n ul `e os oh onsbeu iaunc n hutrh, lns bhl onturezns `igereo-tes, bn`n ul pnrn n exebuh `e sun tnregn. Hu oh te pnrebe8 Znrebe-le. Bhlh

    nssil8 Uln pesshn gnr lecmhr el trnfncmnr shziomh el luiths hgbihs, hu quno`h ghrs ul n exebutnr ul8 ^uno`h ghr ul s n exebutnr ul. Lns kucah eu que tnl-fl evi`eote que, se ncaul `eixnr guair n hphrtuoi`n`e `e gnzer uln bhisn, per`e-n. evi`eote. que, breih eu, n hfrn oh espern pech cnzer `h hfreirh, lns ghrn queh hfreirh nbhlpnome h seu trnfncmh, sel ser lnoeirn `e ul pnssntelph. ghrhsh. Zhr bhoseauiote, h resuctn`h lnis ribh, lnis fech e lnis gbic, quno`h bn`n pesshnzer uln s bhisn, `e nbhr`h bhl n sun onturezn e on hbnsih prprin, `eixno`h el pnzns hutrns. (Rbrntes e N`ilnoth el Zcnth, N Vepfcibn279e-21:b, trn`. `e Lnrin Me-ceon `n Vhbmn Zereirn, Cisfhn, Guo`nh Bnchuste Aucfeodino, >9=:) N Vepfcibn`eZcnth eoteo`i`n phr Lnrx bhlh ul texth `ebisivh. Vephrtn-se, el ohtn `h Bnptuch

    ]II`hCivrh I`eH bnpitnc, nh que, shfre n hfrn, `isse Knles Mnrris (`e quel, c tnlflohs ioghrln); Ph`n n nrauleotnh pnrn prhvnr que n shbie`n`e onturnc Tguo`no`h-se shfre n `ivish `ns hbupnes, esbcnrebe Lnrx\ ghi tirn`n `h civrh seauo`h `n Vep-fcibn `e Zcnth (H bnpitnc, p. 0>=, ohtn 11). @e`ibn-se `iretnleote n Zcnth el seaui n(H bnpitnc, p. 0>9-6:, ohtns =: e =>). Znrn uln isbussh shfre n `ivish `h trnfncmhelN Vepfcibn; Khons Pn`eu Ricvn Lncnbh, N bhostruh `n bi`n`e on Vepfcibn `e Zcn-

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    nreirh oh ph`erinl silpcesleote eoteo`er vhctno`h-se e gnth pnrnn ver n`e `e suns pesshns e `e seus trnfncmhs que nquich que bn`n qunc`everin hgereber nh hutrh, pnrn que mhuvesse uln equivncobin exntneotre hs feos que trnosnbihonssel, ghsse h tnoth `e seus respebtivhsfeos `e trhbn que prh`uzissel el ul leslh telph. Znrn que viesseln eobhotrnr n equivncobin exntn eotre hs seus respebtivhs feos, terinlque bhlputnr h seu busth th`h, nh choah `e nohs, `e th`n uln vi`n huleslh vrins.

    Luith silpces serin n recnh `e trhbn se, bhlh quer h notebesshrnooilh `e N`nl Rlitm celfrn`h phr Lnrx, fnstnsse n nprebinh `h

    telph `e trnfncmh que `iretnleote se npcibnsse on prh`uh `hs feosoecn eovhcvi`hs pnrn que, sel lnis, eces pu`essel ser iauncn`hs. Oh seph`erin, el nfshcuth, peosnr que fnstnrin, silpcesleote, bn`n ul bhl-putnr h que cme bustnrin h leslh trnfncmh e h leslh telph, se phr isthse eoteo`esse s h telph `e trnfncmh npcibn`h `iretnleote on prh`uh`e ul berth fel. Pu`h se pnssnrin bhlh se h trnfncmh `e th`hs ghsseiaunc hu, seo`h bn`n ul bnpnz `e gnzer uln bhisn, estivesse tnlfl ile-`intnleote mnficitn`h n gnzer hutrn, seo`h phssvec uln lu`non purne silpces `e ntivi`n`e. Bhlh vilhs, Lnrx n seu lh`h prhburn reshcveressns `ibuc`n`es. N hbhrrobin `n bitnh echaihsn ph`e estrnomnr, lnssun rnzh tncvez phssn ser eobhotrn`n oh gnth `e que, oh prprih Lnrx,m h eoteo`ileoth `e que nbnfnrin phr, `e gnth, mnver, sil, uln shrte`e io`igereobinh `h trnfncmh el sun prprin bhobretu`e. Weknlhs.

    Zhstucnh `e uln ohrlnci`n`e

    H vnchr `e uln lerbn`hrin serin `eterlion`h pecn qunoti`n`e `etrnfncmh ansth el sun prh`uh4 lns, seo`h nssil, ph`erin pnreber quequnoth lnis preauihsn hu iofic ghsse uln pesshn, tnoth lnis vncerinh prh`uth `e seu trnfncmh.

    Re h vnchr `e uln lerbn`hrin `eterlion`h pecnqunoti`n`e `e trnfncmh ansth `urnote sun prh`uh, ph`e-rin pnreber que qunoth lnis preauihsh hu iofic ul sermulnoh, tnoth lnihr h vnchr `e sun lerbn`hrin, phis ece

    prebishu `e lnis telph pnrn nbnf-cn.th, Pese npreseotn`n Gnbuc`n`e `e Nrquiteturn e Urfnoislh `n Uoiversi`n`e `e RhZnuch pnrn n hfteoh `h ttuch `e @huthr, Rh Znuch, >995.

    H bnpitnc, p. 05.

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    Lnrx prhburn eoth esbcnreber, leslh que el bhotrn`ih bhlseu echaih cioaunael prebisn `h notebesshr nooilh `e N`nl Rlitm,que h trnfncmh bhostituiote `n sufstobin `h vnchr oh serin nquece `eoeomul io`iv`uh `eterlion`h quncquer, lns ul trnfncmh mulnohmhlhaoeh, sel `igereobinh h `ispo`ih `e uln i`otibn ghrn `etrnfncmh mulnon. E bhotioun;

    Ph`n n ghrn `e trnfncmh `n shbie`n`e que se re-vecn ohs vnchres `h luo`h `ns lerbn`hrins vnce, nqui,phr ghrn `e trnfncmh oibn, elfhrn se bhostitun `e iole-

    rns ghrns `e trnfncmh io`ivi`unis. Bn`n uln `essns ghrnsio`ivi`unis `e trnfncmh se equipnrn s `elnis, on le`i`nel que phssun h bnrter `e uln ghrn l`in `e trnfncmhshbinc, e ntue bhlh essn ghrn l`in, prebisno`h, phrtnoth,npeons `h telph `e trnfncmh el l`in oebessrih hu sh-bincleote oebessrih pnrn n prh`uh `e uln lerbn`hrin.Pelph `e trnfncmh shbincleote oebessrih h telph `e trn-fncmh requeri`h pnrn prh`uzir ul vnchr `e ush quncquer,

    ons bho`ies `e prh`uh shbincleote ohrlnis, existeo-tes, e bhl h arnu shbinc l`ih `e `estrezn e ioteosi`n`e`h trnfncmh.

    Ph`n n ghrn `e trnfncmh `n shbie`n`e vncerin bhlh uln ghrn `etrnfncmh oibn. Ns iolerns ghrns `e trnfncmh io ivi`unis vncerinlphr uln s, iobhrphrno`h ons lerbn`hrins phres `e ul leslh eoibh trnfncmh. R h `ispo`ih `e uln ghrn `e trnfncmh oibn e mh-lhaoen bhotnrin bhlh telph `e trnfncmh shbincleote oebessrih pnrn

    n prh`uh `e uln lerbn`hrin, nquece telph que el l`in oebessitnrinn shbie`n`e pnrn n prh`uh `e uln bertn bhisn. H telph `e trnfncmhshbincleote oebessrih serin h telph `e trnfncmh requeri`h pnrn se prh-`uzir uln lerbn`hrin quncquer, ons bho`ies `e prh`uh shbincleoteohrlnis e bhl h arnu shbinc l`ih `e `estrezn e ioteosi`n`e `h trnfn-cmh, phstucn Lnrx, e bhotioun; bn`n lerbn`hrin bhotnrin bhlh exelpcnrl`ih `e sun espbie e h telph `e trnfncmh iobhrphrn`h el bn`n ulnserin uln pnrbecn `h telph `e trnfncmh aernc, bn`n pnrbecn seo`h i`o-

    tibn n th`ns ns hutrns. Ph`nvin, h trnfncmh que bhostitui n sufstobin `hs vnchres h trnfncmh mulnoh mh-lhaoeh, `ispo`ih `e i`otibn ghrn `e trnfncmh. (H bnpitnc, p. 05)

    H bnpitnc, p. 05-7.

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    Bhl n iotrh`uh `h tenr n vnphr on Ioacnterrn, Lnrx prhburn exel-pcibnr, h telph `e trnfncmh elprean`h pnrn trnosghrlnr `eterlion`nqunoti`n`e `e h el tebi`h terin `iliou`h nprhxiln`nleote `e le-tn`e. H tebech ioacs que bhotiounsse n uticiznr h tenr lnounc anstn-rin, on lesln trnosghrlnh, h leslh telph que `espeo in notes, lnsh prh`uth `e sun mhrn io`ivi`unc `e trnfncmh terin pnssn`h n represeotnrs lein mhrn `e trnfncmh shbinc, bno`h h vnchr noterihr `e seu prh`uthre`uzi`h letn`e.

    On Ioacnterrn, nps n iotrh`uh `h tenr n vnphr,h telph elprean`h pnrn trnosghrlnr `eterlion`n quno-ti`n`e `e h el tebi`h `iliouiu nprhxiln`nleote `eletn`e. H tebech ioacs que eoth uticiznsse h tenr ln-ounc, bhotiounrin anstno`h, oessn trnosghrlnh, h leslhtelph que `espeo`in notes, lns h prh`uth `e sun mhrnio`ivi`unc `e trnfncmh s represeotnrin lein mhrn `e trn-fncmh shbinc, bno`h h vnchr noterihr `e seu prh`uthre`uzi`h letn`e.

    H exelpch tncvez bnuse ncauln estrnomezn `e ile`inth, lns pnrebeque Lnrx `ecn oh se nperbefe. Est c ece `izeo`h que, pnrn egeith `niauncnh `ns lerbn`hrins ons trhbns, oh se bhlputnrinl, bnsh n bnsh,hs telphs `hs trnfncmhs io`ivi`unis oecns iobhrphrn`hs. Mnverin ultelph `e trnfncmh que serin h shbincleote oebessrih; s este bhotnrin.Nbnsh se trntnsse `e ul tebi`h bukns bho`ies ohrlnis `e prh`uhghssel `eterlion`ns, phr exelpch, pech ush `h tenr n vnphr, h telph

    `e trnfncmh iobhrphrn`h el bn`n uln `e suns pnrbecns serin s esse, h`eterlion`h pech ush `h tenr n vnphr, isth nio`n s prhburn esbcnreberLnrx se seu elpreah se `esse phr trnfncmn`hres bhl ns bho`iesohrlnis `e `estrezn e trnfncmnssel el ul arnu `e ioteosi`n`e tnlflohrlnc. Uln bertn phrh `e tebi`h oh terin seu vnchr `eoi`h pechespebbh trnfncmh que bhobretnleote cme terin `n`h hriael, n leohsque este trnfncmh, el sun prprin pnrtibucnri`n`e, ghsse k ul trnfncmhbhoghrle s bho`ies shbincleote ohrlnis e exebutn`h bhl h queserin seu arnu l`ih `e ioteosi`n`e, phr ul trnfncmn`hr tnlfl bhl

    H bnpitnc, p. 07.

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    EAHRLH HU NCPVURLH

    h arnu l`ih `e `estrezn. Re ul tebi`h ghsse prh`uth `n ntivi`n`e `eul tebech que oh zesse ush `h tenr n vnphr, quno`h phr seu elpreah`eoir-se-in h telph ohrlncleote oebessrih prh`uh `hs tebi`hs,oesse tebi`h oh serin bhlputn`h bhlh vnchr h telph `h espebbh trn-fncmh `e que serin h prh`uth. Pnlfl se ul tebi`h, nio`n que prh`uth`e ul trnfncmh bhl n uticiznh `h tenr n vnphr, oh tivesse si`h prh-`uzi`h phr ul trnfncmn`hr bhl h arnu `e `estrezn l`in hu phr ultrnfncmh que oh tivesse si`h `n`h seauo`h h seu arnu shbinc l`ih `eioteosi`n`e, `n lesln ghrln, oesse tebi`h, oh se bhotnrin h telph `h

    espebbh trnfncmh oece bhobretnleote iobhrphrn`h, lns s nquece queoece se iobhrphrnrin bhl ul trnfncmh que se uticiznsse `h tenr n vnphrbhl h arnu shbinc l`ih `e `estrezn `h trnfncmn`hr e ioteosi`n`e l-`in `e seu trnfncmh. Rerin bhlputn`h bhlh vnchr `e ul tebi`h, io`epeo-`eote `h pnrtibucnr trnfncmh que cme tivesse bhobretnleote `n`h hriael,s h telph equivnceote nh `e sun prh`uh bhl h elpreah `h tenr n vn-phr, bhl h arnu l`ih `e `estrezn `h trnfncmn`hr e `e ioteosi`n`e `eseu trnfncmh. Mnverin ul trnfncmh que serin h ohrlnc hu h l`ih e bho-

    `ies que serinl tnlfl ns ohrlnis hu ns l`ins; s h telph ansthphr este trnfncmhl`ihhuohrlnc, ons bho`ies tnlflohrlnishul`ins, bhotnrin bhlh vnchr.

    Zh`ernlhs ter feos iaunis, hu que nh leohs ghssel bhosi`ern`hseoqunoth tnis, resuctnotes `e `istioths trnfncmhs. Bhl hs tebi`hs, elpnrtibucnr, ph`ernlhs ter `his tebi`hs bhlh iaunis, hu bhlh seo`hequivnceotes bhlh vnchres `e ush, leslh que resuctnotes `e trnfncmhs`istioths; tnoths letrhs `e ul tebi`h `e ncah`h `e ul berth gnfribnote

    e hs leslhs tnoths letrhs `h leslh tebi`h `e ncah`h `e ul hutrhgnfribnote4 ul e hutrh seo`h `n`hs bhlh iaunis, phr exelpch, `h photh`e vistn `e berth ush que cmes ghsse `n`h (gnr`nleoth `e mhleos `e io-gnotnrin hu n geiturn `e snbns pnrn h nrlnzeonleoth e trnosphrte `e be-renis); ul leslh tebi`h, `irnlhs, serin prh`uth `e `istioths trnfncmhs.^unc `esses trnfncmhs bhotnrin pnrn n `eterlionh `e seu vnchr8 Lnrxrespho`e; s nquece que serin h telph `e trnfncmh l`ih hu h shbinc-leote oebessrih. H telph `e trnfncmh n ser bhlputn`h oh vnchr se-

    rin s hl`ih.Lns, hfservelhs vhctno`h-ohs nahrn estrnomezn que h exelpch`n iotrh`uh `h tenr n vnphr on Ioacnterrn phssn ohs ter bnusn`h ,h telph shbinc `ith l`ih oh serin `eterlion`h el terlhs `e uln l-`in lnteltibn quncquer. H telph `e trnfncmh `ithl`ihserin h telph

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    `e trnfncmh requeri`h pnrn se prh`uzir ul vnchr `e ush ons bho`ies`e prh`uh que serinl ns shbincleoteohrlnis, `iz Lnrx, e exelpci-bn bhl n iotrh`uh `h tenr n vnphr on Ioacnterrn, bhl n bhosequeote,`iz ece, re`uh `h telph `e trnfncmh elprean`h pnrn n prh`uh `etebi`hs el berbn `e letn`e. Ul tebech que eoth mhuvesse bhotioun`hn uticiznr h tenr lnounc, anstno`h on trnosghrlnh h leslh telph `etrnfncmh que elpreanvn notes, oh nareanrin lnis vnchr hu trnfncmh nhseu prh`uth phr seu telph ser lnihr `h que h elprean`h bhl h ush`h tenr n vnphr. Oh serin h telph lnihr, `ebhrreote `h ush `h tenrlnounc, lns h telph leohr, resuctn`h `h elpreah `h tenr n vnphr, que

    `eterlionrin h vnchr `h tebi`h. Zhr hutrh cn`h, nbre`ith que ph`ernlhs`izer bhl n bhobhr`obin `e Lnrx, se ncaul, phr ghrn `h que quer queghsse, re`uzisse esse telph lnis nio`n `h que k terin si`h re`uzi`h pechush `h tenr n vnphr bhotiouno`h h telph `e trnfncmh shbincleote oe-bessrih n ser `eoi`h pech seu elpreah , h tebi`h, eoth, resuctn`h `eleohs mhrns `e trnfncmh, terin seu vnchr `eterlion`h oh, tnlfl, phreste hutrh telph, oh bnsh leohr, lns, nio`n nqui, pech telph `eoi`hpech elpreah `h tenr n vnphr, oh bnsh, h telph lnihr. Nssil per`erin

    h tebech bhl h tenr lnounc e anomnrin quel `espeo`esse ul olerhleohr `e mhrns `h que nquece que se anstnrin bhl h elpreah `h tenrn vnphr. H tenr n vnphr `eoirin ns bho`iesohrlnis`e trnosghrln-h `e h el tebi`h. Ns bho`ies shbincleoteohrlnis`e prh`uh `etebi`h estnrinl `eoi`ns pech seu elpreah. R h telph `e ul trnfn-cmh bhl seu elpreah bhotnrin bhlh vnchr. Ece `eterlionrin h que serinh telph `e trnfncmhohrlncleoteoebessrih pnrn n prh`uh `e tebi`h.Nssil, tncvez s se pu`esse `izer que h telph `e prh`uh bhl h ush

    `h tenr n vnphr ghsse ul telphl`ihel terlhs `e ser ulleih terlheotre hs telphs lnihres e hs leohres que serinl `esbhosi`ern`hs.On ver`n`e, pnrn Lnrx, h telph `e trnfncmh que bhotnrin bhlh vn-

    chr serin s h que estivesse `eoi`h seauo`h uln `n`n ohrlnci`n`e.Hs telphs `igereotes `este oh bhotnrinl. Oh eoteo`ileoth `e Lnrx,hs hutrhs telphs oh bhotnrinl sequer pnrn n bhlphsih `e ncaulnl`in. H telph `e trnfncmh elprean`h el bn`n bnsh pnrtibucnr, n ohser que k ghsse nquece `eoi`h bhlh h que ghsse hohrlnc, oh bhotnrin

    pnrn on`n. Znrn h estnfecebileoth `h telph `e trnfncmh shbincleote oe-bessrih prh`uh `ns lerbn`hrins oh se trntnrin, on ver`n`e, `e l-`in ncauln, lns, `igereote, `h que ghsse `eoi`h bhlh uln bho ih `eohrlnci`n`e. Ph`n n ghrn `e trnfncmh `n shbie`n`e vncerin bhlh ulnghrn `e trnfncmh oibn, n `eoi`n bhlh ohrlnc. Bn`n uln `ns ghrns

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    io`ivi`unis oh blputh `h vnchr equipnrnr-se-in leslh s `elnis, visthque th`ns s vncerinl bhlh n ghrn `e trnfncmh `eoi`n bhlh seo`hn ohrlnc. Equipnrnr-se-inl th`ns ns ghrns `e trnfncmh io ivi unis, phis,s bhlh seo`h nohrlncecns vncerinl. On prh`uh `e ul leslh fel ul trnfncmn`hr anstnrin ul berth telph4 hutrh, hutrh4 hutrh nio`n,nio`n hutrh; hs telphs `e uos e hutrhs serinl lnihres hu leohres.Mnverin, oh eotnoth, eotre hs telphs th`hs ul que ghsse h ohrlnc, seste bhotno`h pnrn h que ghsse h vnchr `h fel prh`uzi`h. H espeb-bh telph `espeo`i`h on prh`uh `e uln lerbn`hrin el pnrtibucnr,el ul `e seus exelpcnres espebbhs, n oh ser que ghsse h prprih

    telph `n`h bhlh seo`h h ohrlnc, oh bhotnrin, oel leslh pnrtibi-pnrin on `eoih `e uln l`in. Nssil, n shbie`n`e teo`h ansth ulberth telph `e trnfncmh on prh`uh `e ul berth olerh `e exelpcn-res `e uln bertn lerbn`hrin, pnrn que se `eterlionsse h vnchr io`ivi`unc`e bn`n ul `eces, h thtnc `h telph `e trnfncmh que tivesse si`h oebes-srih pnrn n prh`uh `n shln `hs exelpcnres oh serin, phr exelpch,`ivi i`h pech seu olerh on`n `issh. Oh existirin uln shln `hs`igereotes telphs ansths on prh`uh hs igereotes exelpcnres hu phr-

    es `h vhcule `e uln bertn lerbn`hrin e, `ephis, uln `ivish `essnshln pech olerh `e exelpcnres prh`uzi`hs, eobhotrno`h-se nssil ultelphl`ih. Mnverin ul berth telph `e trnfncmh que serin k h telphohrlnc. Lnrx bmnln n este telph tnlfl `e ul telphl`ih, lns`e l`in prhprinleote ece oh terin on`n. Oh bnsh `h tebi`h `h exelpch`e Lnrx, tnc telphl`ihhuohrlncestnrin `n`h pech ush `h tenr n vn-phr. Oh se trntnrin `e ulnl`in4 trntnr-se-in `e ul telph que serinhohrlnc, nquece `eterlion`h s phr sun uticiznh. Ul telph ilphr-

    se-in shfre hs hutrhs que serinl silpcesleote `esbhosi`ern`hs.

    Ph`n n ghrn `e trnfncmh `n shbie`n`e que se revecn ohs vnchres `h luo`h `nslerbn`hrins vnce, nqui, phr ghrn `e trnfncmh oibn, elfhrn se bhostitun `e iolernsghrns `e trnfncmh io`ivi`unis. Bn`n uln `essns ghrns io`ivi`unis `e trnfncmh se equi-pnrn s `elnis, on le`i`n el que phssun h bnrter `e uln ghrn l`in `e trnfncmh sh-binc, e ntue bhlh essn ghrn l`in, prebisno`h, phrtnoth, npeons `h telph `e trnfncmhel l`in oebessrih hu shbincleote oebessrih pnrn n prh`uh `e uln lerbn`hrin.(H bnpitnc, p. 05-7)

    Lnrx s usnr prhprinleote `e uln ohh `elnaoitu`e l`inpnrn `isbutir hranoi-znh bhhperntivn `h trnfncmh oh ioterihr `ns uoi`n`es prh`utivns ohBnptuch ]I`hWh-cule I`e H bnpitnc, eoth `eoio`h h que tnc bhisn virin n ser; T\ uln lnaoitu`e l in npeons n l`in `e luitns lnaoitu`es `istiotns `n lesln espbie. El bn`n rnlh `entivi`n`e, h trnfncmn`hr io`ivi`unc, Ze`rh hu Znuch, `igere lnis hu leohs `h trnfncmn`hrl`ih. Essns `igereons io`ivi`unis, bmnln`ns el lnteltibn `e errhs, bhlpeosnl-se e

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    Ul trnfncmh geith `esoebessrih

    Oh bnsh `n iotrh`uh `h tenr n vnphr on Ioacnterrn, eoteo`e Lnrx,n prh`uh bhl leohres mhrns `e trnfncmh ilphr-se-in. H telph `etrnfncmh shbincleote oebessrih prh`uh `e tebi`h terin si`h re`u-zi`h el berbn `n letn`e. Nssil, h prh`uthr nrtesnonc, nio`n que bhoti-ounsse n anstnr h leslh telph que noterihrleote, terin suns mhrns `etrnfncmh bhl seu vnchr re`uzi`h on lesln prhphrh. Bhosi`ern Lnrxque ece trnfncmnrin uns mhrns e seu tebi`h s iobhrphrnrin berbn `e uln,n oebessrin bhl n uticiznh `h tenr n vnphr. H vnchr `e seu tebi`h te-rin pnssn`h n ser `eterlion`h, oh phr seu trnfncmh lnounc, lns pechlebnoizn`h. Oh mnverin qunisquer mhrns suns que nio`n pnrtibipnsseloh estnfecebileoth `h que serinl ns mhrns shbincleote oebessrins pnrnn prh`uh `h tebi`h. E lnis; oh ph`ernlhs eoteo`er, silpcesleote,que, eoth, h tebech, que bhotiounsse n teber seu tebi`h bhl h tenr ln-ounc, pnssnrin n rebefer berbn `n letn`e `h que rebefin notes phr seutrnfncmh. Pncvez ghsse nssil, lns ph`erin nbhoteber tnlfl que, `n`h

    bhlh uctrnpnssn`h teboibnleote, `eixnsse silpcesleote `e ph`er bhch-bnr seu tebi`h oh lerbn`h, pnssno`h, phis, n rebefer pnrn seu susteothon`n, visth que trnfncmh lnis ncaul gnrin pnrn que bhl ece rebefesse nc-auln bhisn. Znrn trnfncmnr, mnverin `e ter bhlh vir n bhchbnr seu prh`uthoh lerbn`h4 pnrn issh, nbeitnr que seu vnchr c estivesse `n`h bhlh bhr-respho`eo`h s letn`e `ns mhrns que egetivnleote terin trnfncmn`h.Pncvez isth cme fnstnsse pnrn shfreviver. Nio`n que bhl leohres rebur-shs `h que notes, bhotiounrin n viver sun vi`n. Lns ph`erin nbhoteber

    tnlfl que h tnoth que terin pnssn`h n ph`er rebefer pech seu trnfn-

    `esnpnrebel quno`h se thln berth olerh `e trnfncmn`hres. E`luo`h Furde, h bcefreshstn e sibhgnotn, nbmn, bhl fnse ons suns experiobins prtibns `e naribucthr, que th`nsns `igereons io`ivi`unis `hs trnfncmn`hres k `esnpnrebel oul pechth th pequeohqunoth h `e 5 frnbeirhs4 hs 5 prileirhs frnbeirhs n`ucths ioaceses que ghrnl eobhotrn`hsexebutnrh oh leslh telph n lesln qunoti`n`e `e trnfncmh que quncquer hutrh aruph`e 5. Bhlh quer que sekn, bcnrh que h `in bhcetivh `e trnfncmh `e arno`e olerh `etrnfncmn`hres siluctnoenleote elprean`hs, `ivi`i`h pech olerh `esses trnfncmn`hres, phr si leslh uln khron`n `e trnfncmh shbinc l`in. Ruphomnlhs que h `in `e trnfncmh

    `e bn`n ul sekn `e >6 mhrns. H `in `e trnfncmh `e >6 trnfncmn`hres siluctnoenleote el-prean`hs bhostitun ul `in `e trnfncmh bhcetivh `e >00 mhrns e elfhrn h trnfncmh `e bn`nul `irn lnis hu leohs `h trnfncmh shbinc l`ih, phssn bn`n ul prebisnr `e lnis hu le-ohs telph pnrn exebutnr n lesln tnregn, phssui h `in `e trnfncmh io`ivi`unc, bhlh >/>6`h `in `e trnfncmh bhcetivh `e >00 mhrns, n qunci`n`e shbinc l`in. (H bnpitnc, p. 21>-6)

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    cmh oh cme fnstnsse lnis pnrn viver. Ve`uzir seus feoegbihs berbn `nletn`e `h que ernl notes siaoibnrin, hfvinleote, que oh ph`erin virn bhotnr bhl lnis `h que esse tnoth pnrn viver. Lns esse tnoth oh ph-`erin ser eoteo`i`h lernleote bhlh uln pnrte `h que notes anstnvnpnrn viver. Pncvez siaoibnsse s uln pnrte leohr `h que notes anstnvn4lns tncvez oh siaoibnsse lnis on`n. H que pnssnrin n rebefer serinbhlh on`n, oh cme nsseaurno`h lnis uln vi`n quncquer. H tebi`h quenbnsh nio`n teotnsse gnfribnr k oh ph`erin cme `nr bho`ih `e viver.Re teotnsse trhb-ch bhoghrle seu prprih busth, seauo`h ns mhrns `etrnfncmh n que se tivesse `e`ibn`h, oh serin ntrneote `inote `h hutrhtebi`h, resuctn`h `n prh`uh lebnoizn`n. Re h trhbnsse bhoghrle nsmhrns `e trnfncmh shbincleote oebessrins, ece nbnfnrin phr cme vir nprhphrbihonr uln leohr qunoti`n`e `e feos, hu feos `e leohr vnchrpnrn seu ush. Vestnrin snfer se ph`erin viver oessns ohvns bho`ies.Ilphr-se-in ul telph shbincleote oebessrih prh`uh `hs tebi`hsque serin nquece `n`h pech elpreah `h tenr n vnphr. E oh mnverin l`inncauln que se estnfecebesse bhl n pnrtibipnh `h telph `ebhrreote `hush `h tenr lnounc. Ul telph exbcuirin h hutrh, ilpe irin que h hu-trh existisse. N `isputn eotre hs telphs nbnfnrin phr ser, on ver`n`e,nquecn phr quel, phr seu elpreah, nbnfnrin phr `nr susteoth sun vi`n.@uns pesshns prh`uzirinl ul leslh fel, bn`n uln n seu lh`h4 oh ci-lite, uln se `nrin fel, hutrn lnc. ^uel se `esse lnc, phr l, terin `eprhburnr hutrn npcibnh pnrn sun ghrn `e trnfncmh pesshnc. Prntnr-se-in `e uln oebessi`n`e; tnc trnosgerobin `e ntivi`n`e mnverin `e se `nr

    H iostruleoth `e trnfncmh, nh thlnr n ghrln `e lquion, chah se thron bhobhrreote`h prprih trnfncmn`hr. N nuthexpnosh `h bnpitnc ntrnvs `n lquion est on rnzh `iretn`h olerh `e trnfncmn`hres bukns bho`ies `e existobin ecn `estri. (H bnpitnc, p. 096) N pnrte `n bcnsse trnfncmn`hrn que n lnquionrin trnosghrln el phpucnh suprun,oh lnis ile`intnleote oebessrin nuthexpnosh `h bnpitnc, seaue uln `ns photns `eul `iceln ionrre`vec; hu subulfe on cutn `esiaunc `hs vecmhs hgbihs e `ns notians lnou-gnturns bhotrn n prh`uh lebnoizn`n, hu iouo`n th`hs hs rnlhs io`ustrinis lnis nbess-

    veis, nfnrrhtno`h h lerbn`h `e trnfncmh e gnzeo`h h preh `n ghrn `e trnfncmh bnir nfnixh`h seu vnchr. Znrn hs trnfncmn`hres cnon`hs lisrin ul arno`e bhoshch, `izel, serelnpeons telphrrihs seus shgrileoths4 hutrh bhoshch `ebhrrerin `e n lquion nprhprinr-se,npeons phubh n phubh, `e ul rnlh ioteirh `e prh`uh, bhl h que se re`uz n exteosh

    e n ioteosi`n`e `hs seus egeiths `estrui`hres. Hs `his bhoshchs se noucnl. ^uno`h n l-quion se nph`ern, phubh n phubh, `e ul rnlhs `e prh`uh, prh`uz ecn lisrin broibnon bnln`n `e trnfncmn`hres bhl que bhobhrre. ^uno`h n trnosih rpi`n, seus egei-ths sh eohrles e nau`hs. N mistrin oh hgerebe oeomul espetbuch lnis mhrreo`h quen extioh prharessivn `hs tebeces lnounis ioaceses T\ (H bnpitnc, p 092)

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    oebessnrinleote. Hu serin egetivn`n, hu oh mnverin lnis bhlh viver.Perin leslh `e egetivnr-se, nrln Lnrx. Lns, se nbnsh oh pu`esseegetivnr-se8

    Prntnr-se-in `e ul snbrigbih que se ilphrin bhlh oebessi`n`e nhnrtbe supern`h teboibnleote. Lns se shgrileoth pnrn uos, ph`erintncvez, phr hutrh cn`h, ser eoteo`i`h bhlh prharessh e feoegbih pnrnth`hs, oh que oh se iobcuirin, k `e iobih, hs prileirhs, ver`n`e4lns trntnr-se-in `e ul nbrsbilh `n riquezn aernc, `ir-se-in, mnveo`h,phis, `e phr isth, el ohle `h que serin h ioteresse aernc, egetivnr-se.Oh mnverin, oh eotnoth, phr que, oebessnrinleote, kuoth nh nbrsbilh`h que se `irin ser n riquezn aernc, hbhrrer n aeoernciznh `e seu nbessh.Oh se trntnrin, bhl h nuleoth `n riquezn aernc, `e ul nuleoth `nriquezn `e th`hs. Feoebinr-se-inl, tncvez, hs que bhotiounssel elbho`ih `e pnrtibipnh oh lerbn`h, lns exbcuir-se-inl nqueces queper`essel essn bho`ih. ^unoths serinl hs ctilhs, el que prhphr-h el recnh nhs hutrhs8 E lnis, bhl n ilphsih `h ush `hs leihs`e trnfncmh lnis prh`utivhs, hbhrrerin, `e gnth, ul nbrsbilh `h vh-cule thtnc `e riquezn8 Rerin `e se espernr que hbhrresse8 Mnverin, sil,bho`ih `e prh`uzir el lnihr qunoti`n`e4 mnverin quel pnssnrin n terbho`ih `e gnz-ch. Estes, hs que pnssnrinl n ser lnis prh`utivhs,ilphr-se-inl shfre hs hutrhs, hs leohs prh`utivhs. Weoberinl, sil, hslnis prh`utivhs. Eotretnoth, veobeo`h hs lnis prh`utivhs, pnssnrinl`e gnth n prh`uzir lnis, hu bhotiounrinl n prh`uzir h leslh tnoth quenotes, trnfncmno`h leohs, hu leslh, oh virinl nt n prh`uzir leohs8Hs lnis prh`utivhs que pnssnrinl n prh`uzir hs feos oebessrihs n th-

    `hs. Zh`erinl prh`uzir lnis `h que se prh`uzin notes ons leslns mhrns`e trnfncmh. Lns, nbnsh se lnotivesse n `elno`n, n hgertn oh prebi-snrin ser nuleotn`n el on`n. Ons ohvns bho ies, n `elno`n, oelsequer, tncvez se susteotnsse. Zecn exbcush hu `iliouih `h ph`er `erenciznr trhbns `e ncauos, `nqueces uctrnpnssn`hs teboibnleote, mnverin,nh bhotrrih, seu `ebrsbilh. Nqueces que eveotuncleote tivessel si`hexbcu`hs `n bho`ih `e prh`uthres phr oh ph`erel lnis bhchbnr seusprh`uths oh lerbn`h, on`n ph`eo`h hgereber, on`n ph`erinl tnlfl

    n`quirir4 mnveo`h que se suftrnir seu olerh `h thtnc `hs `elno`notes. phssvec que essn vnrinh on ghrln `h trnfncmh oh se rencize sel ntriths, lns tel`e egetivnr-se. (H bnpitnc, p. 5>)

    Rerin n isth que Lnrx estnrin gnzeo`h regerobin, bhl h seu tel `e egetivnr-se8

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    Hutrhs, nio`n que se lnoteo`h el sun bho`ih `e prh`uthres, terinl`e re`uzir suns `elno`ns on lesln prhphrh el que se re`uzirinlseus anomhs pecn bhchbnh `e seus prh`uths oh lerbn`h. Zhr uln rn-zh e hutrn, ph`erin mnver uln re`uh `n `elno`n. Re nssil, phrque prh`uzir lnis8 Oh mnverin, notes, rnzh pnrn que se prh`uzisseleohs8 Re re`uzi`h h vhcule thtnc `n `elno`n, phr que se mnverin`e trntnr `e nuleotnr h vhcule `n prh`uh8 Prnfncmnr-se-in leohsphr uln `elno`n leohr, e, lnis, leohs nio`n, phr uln prh`utivi-`n`e lnihr; `esbnosnr-se-in, tncvez, lnis4 lns nh busth `e se `esbho-si`ernr hs exbcu`hs.

    Prnfncmhs `istioths, i`eoti`n`e hu `istioh `e feos

    Eoteo`e Lnrx que mnverin ul telph `e trnfncmh que serin h shbi-ncleote oebessrih pnrn n prh`uh `e ul berth fel hu `e ul berthtiph `e feos, hs `elnis trnfncmhs e telphs nbnfno`h phr ser `esbhosi-`ern`hs hu exbcu`hs. Lns pnrn gncnr oisth ternlhs `e suphr que ulleslh fel hu ul leslh tiph `e feos ph`erin, nh leohs n priobpih,ser prh`uzi`h phr trnfncmhs `igereotes. Zh`erin ul leslh fel hu ulleslh tiph `e feos ser prh`uth `e `istioths trnfncmhs, hu n bn`n felhu tiph `e feos el sun espebibi`n`e bhrrespho`erin ul trnfncmh elsun pnrtibucnri`n`e8

    @uns lerbn`hrins ph`erinl ser bhosi`ern`ns bhlh iaunis, seo`h,oh eotnoth, resuctnotes `e trnfncmhs `istioths. Isth pnrebe ser ul gnth.s vezes nssil que egetivnleote ns vernlhs ser nprebin`ns; h hurhel fnrrns vnceo`h s phr seu pesh, hs `inlnotes bhotnficizn`hs s pecholerh `e seus quicntes, h an`h bhotn`h lernleote phr suns nrrhfns,etb. tu`h isth luitns vezes pnrebe ser bhosi`ern`h bhlh ul leslnbhisn, nio`n que bhoteo`h trnfncmhs `istioths el qunoti`n`es hu `u-rnes `istiotns. Lns oel selpre uln lesln bhisn ph`e ser prh`uth`e `istioths trnfncmhs. Bhl hs tebi`hs, phr exelpch, luitns vezes `ig-bic se vir n ter ul leslh tebi`h que sekn resuctnote `e trnfncmhs `ivershs.

    Prnfncmhs `istioths prh`uzel tebi`hs `istioths on lnihr pnrte `ns vezes.H tebi`h geith phr ul tenr leboibh oh h leslh tebi`h geith pechtenr lnounc. Bn`n qunc tel suns qunci`n`es exbcusivns. H leslh nbho-tebe bhl h prprih hurh, quno`h trnosghrln`h, phr exelpch, el khinspech egeith `n nrte hu, notes nio`n, el seu estn`h fruth, quno`h ph`e ser

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    eobhotrn`h el estn`h `e lnihr hu leohr purezn. Hs tebi`hs e th`nuln eohrle vnrie`n`e `e feos oh tl sun prh`uh nrtesnonc `es-bnrtn`n pecn preseon `n prh`uh leboibn, leslh nquecn nuthln-tizn`n. N persistobin `n prh`uh nrtesnonc hbhrre oh bnsh `hs tebi`hs4tnlfl oh bnsh `hs trnkes que bhl eces se gnzel, e nio`n oh bnsh `hsncileoths, `ns mnfitnes e leslh oh `e bhisns tnis bhlh vebuchs e feos`e shstibn`n tebohchain. N prh`uh nrtesnonc persiste nh cn`h `n le-bnoizn`n e nuthlntizn`n, s vezes restritn n nrtiahs `e bhosulh `e cuxh,

    lns s vezes tnlfl, bhlh oh bnsh `ns mnfitnes, `izeo`h respeithn feos que on`n tl `e exbepbihonis. El luiths bnshs, se n prh`uhnrtesnonc oh n prprin rearn, represeotn nh leohs uln fhn pnrbecn `hque se gnz. Mnverin que se estu`nr bnsh n bnsh. Lns gnth que n prh`uhnrtesnonc, leslh teboibnleote shstibn`n, persiste. leslh bhrreote4el berths bnshs, o`ibe `e qunci`n`e. Lh`hs tboibhs `istioths `e prh-`uh ilpcibnl el prh`uths `ivershs. Zersistel ns `igereotes lh`nci-`n`es tboibns `e prh`uh quno`h se quer hfter `igereotes prh`uths,

    nio`n que `e uln lesln espbie; tebi`hs pnrn isth e oh nquich, pnrnh bhosulh `e uos e oh `e hutrhs.

    Ilphr bhlh ohrln ul berth telph `e trnfncmh e ul berth lh`htboibh `e prh`uh serin, nssil, ilphr tnlfl bhlh ohrln h bho-sulh `e uln bertn qunci`n`e `e feos. ^uno`h Lnrx `iz que h telphshbincleote oebessrih hu ohrlnc pnrn n prh`uh `e tebi`h terin pns-sn`h n ser s nquece `n`h pech elpreah `h tenr n vnphr, `iz, on ver`n`e,que h tebi`h phr ece prh`uzi`h pnssnrin tnlfl n ser h shbincleote oe-

    bessrih hu ohrlnc4 tnlfl ece, h prprih tebi`h prh`uzi`h pech tenrn vnphr, est oh nrauleoth `e Lnrx seo`h `n`h bhlh s nquece queserin h ohrlnc. H tenr n vnphr oh teberin h leslh tebi`h que h tenrlnounc; serinl tebi`hs `igereotes nqueces que teberinl h tenr lnounc eh tenr n vnphr. Znrebe oh ph`er ser `igereote. Re oh elpreah `h tenrn vnphr `eoir-se-in uln ohrln, eoth, `eoir-se-in tnlfl bhlhohrln h tebi`h phr ece prh`uzi h. Nssil, bhosi`erno`h-se n recnheotre h tebi`h e h lh`h `e teb-ch, pnrn eoteo`erlhs h que terin cevn`h

    h telph `e trnfncmh shbincleote oebessrih prh`uh `e tebi`h n ser`eoi`h pech elpreah `h tenr n vnphr, ternlhs `e bhosi`ernr tnlflhs leihs e prhbesshs que terinl cevn`h n que h tebi`h prh`uzi`h pechtenr lnounc viesse n ser sufstitu`h bhlh ohrln pech tebi`h prh`uzi`hpech elpreah `h tenr n vnphr.

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    Prnosghrln`h h trnfncmh, trnosghrlnr-se-in seu prh`uth4 trnosghr-ln`h h prh`uth, seu trnfncmh. ^uel se hbupnsse `e prh`uzir h tebi`hpechs leihs leboibhs lhvi`hs n vnphr ter-se-in nrln`h shfre quelse hbupnsse `e prh`uzi-ch lnouncleote, ilpho`h-se que n vestileotn,notes bhogebbihon`n bhl ul tebi`h geith lnouncleote, pnssnsse n sergeitn, bhlh ohrln, bhl ul tebi`h prh`uzi`h lebnoibnleote. Zh`er-se-in, sil, peosnr el `his tebi`hs que se equivncessel bhlh vnchres `eush e que ghssel resuctn`hs `e trnfncmhs `istioths4 lns essn equivnco-bin terin `e ser bhosi`ern`n tnc qunc; uln equivncobin `e seus vnchres`e ush e oh `eces leslhs el sun prprin lnterinci`n`e hu hfketivi-

    `n`e. @his tebi`hs, el sun prprin lnterinci`n`e, oh bhokuoth `e sunsqunci`n`es hfketivns, ul seo`h prh`uzi`h pech tenr n vnphr e hutrh pechlnounc, oh ph`erinl ser prhprinleote ul leslh tebi`h4 nio`n quepu`essel vir n ser bhosi`ern`hs bhlh vnchres `e ush equivnceotes, vn-ceo`h iauncleote pnrn ul leslh ush. Rntisgnzeo`h ul e hutrh n oebes-si`n`e `e ul berth ush `h photh `e vistn `e quel tivesse el leoteexbcusivnleote esse ush ph`erinl ser bhosi`ern`hs bhlh iaunis.Oh eotnoth, hs gnths ph`erinl ser hutrhs. Bhosi`ernr-se-in, leslh pnrn

    egeith `e seu ush, n `igereon eotre `his tebi`hs el sun prprin lnteri-nci`n`e, oh bhokuoth `e suns qunci`n`es hfketivns, bhlh resuctn`h `eul ter si`h prh`uzi`h pech tenr n vnphr e hutrh pech tenr lnounc, ohph`eo`h ul ser sufstitu h pech hutrh. E, se nssil, tncvez h tebechlnounc k oh eobhotrnsse lnis quel se ioteressnsse phr seu tebi`h sleslh pecn qunci`n`e bhl que se npreseotnsse. Oh se prhburnrin lnispech tebi`h prh`uzi`h pech tenr lnounc pech gnth leslh `e ser h te-bi`h que espebibnleote serin. H tebi`h prh`uzi`h pech tenr n vnphr ter-se-in ilphsth bhlh ohrln nquich que serin estnfecebi`h bhlh fnse

    pnrn n nvncinh `e th`h tebi`h , e exiair-se-in sun espebbn qunci`n`e nio`n que oh, oebessnrinleote, uln qunci`n`e lecmhr el th`htebi`h. Perin pnssn`h n ser h tebi`h phr exbecobin, nquece que ns pesshns,nssil eoteo`erinl, prebisnrinl usnr.

    H trnfncmh nfstrnth `e Lnrx nbnfn phr se lnterinciznr

    H hgbih `e ncgninte e h `e tebech serinl trnfncmhs quncitntivnleote`ivershs nssil hs eoteo`e egetivnleote Lnrx , e serin leslh

    T\ h hgbih `e ncgninte e h `e tebech sh trnfncmhs quncitntivnleote `ivershs.(H bnpitnc, p. 5>)

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    bhlh trnfncmhs bhobreths `igereotes que prh`uzirinl vnchres `e ush`istioths4 lns, hfservn ece el seaui`n, mnverin estaihs shbinis el quen lesln pesshn, ncterontivnleote, bhsturnrin e teberin, el que hs `his`igereotes trnfncmhs serinl npeons lh`nci`n`es `h trnfncmh `e ulleslh io`iv`uh e oh hgbihs espebinis, xhs, `e io`iv`uhs `ivershs,`h leslh lh`h que h bnsnbh geith mhke, phr ul ncgninte, e ns bncns,que zesse nlnom, oh pnssnrinl `e vnrines `e ul leslh trnfn-cmh io`ivi`unc. Reauo`h Lnrx, veribnr-se-in leslh, e n uln silpcesiospeh, que el ohssn prprin shbie`n`e uln lesln phrh `e trnfn-

    cmh mulnoh serin ghroebi`n, hrn shf n ghrln `h hgbih `e ncgninte, hrn shfn ghrln `h hgbih `e tebech, bhoghrle ns utunes `n prhburn `e trnfn-cmh. Rerin ilphssvec, pho`ern, que essn vnrinh on ghrln `h trnfncmhse renciznsse sel ntriths, lns terin leslh h ilperntivh seu `eegetivnr-se. Rel `vi`n, espebibn, n prprin ghrn mulnon `e trnfncmhterin `e ntioair berth arnu `e `eseovhcvileoth, pnrn nssil ser elprean`nel lctipcns ghrlns.

    Mnverin, phis, pnrn Lnrx, uln espbie `e re`uh `hs `igereo-

    tes trnfncmhs n ul leslh e oibh trnfncmh sel `istioh `e espbie,oh s ohs terlhs `e ul prhbessh `e nfstrnh hpern`h on iauncnh`ns lerbn`hrins ons trhbns4 lns, tnlfl, lnis nio`n, ohs lh-`hs `e sun existobin bhobretn el `igereotes estaihs shbinis, leslhel ohssn prprin shbie`n`e. Prntnr-se-in `e ul trnfncmh io`igereobi-n`h bhlh gnth bhobreth, ncah pnssvec `e uln silpces iospeh elp-ribn. N sun nocise `n recnh `e trhbn, bhoghrle n silpces expresshlerbn`hrin n < lerbn`hrin f, terin cevn`h n ver que nssil nbre`itn

    M estaihs shbinis el que n lesln pesshn, ncterontivnleote, bhsturn e tebe, el queesses `his tiphs `igereotes `e trnfncmh sh npeons lh`nci n`es `h trnfncmh `h leslh io i-

    v`uh e oh hgbihs espebinis, xhs, `e io`iv`uhs `ivershs, `h leslh lh`h que h bnsnbhgeith, mhke, phr ohssh ncgninte, e ns bncns, que gnr nlnom, oh pnssnl `e vnrines `hleslh trnfncmh io`ivi`unc. Weribn-se, n uln silpces iospeh, que, el ohssn shbie`n`ebnpitncistn, se ghroebe uln phrh `n`n `e trnfncmh mulnoh, hrn shf n ghrln `h hgbih `encgninte, hrn shf n ghrln `h hgbih `e tebech, bhoghrle ns utunes `n prhburn `e trn-fncmh. phssvec que essn vnrinh on ghrln `h trnfncmh oh se rencize sel ntriths, lnstel e egetivnr-se. T\ H trnfncmh h ncgninte e h h tebech, elfhrn ntivi`n`es prh`utivns

    quncitntivnleote `igereotes, sh nlfhs `ispo`ih mulnoh prh`utivh `e brefrh, lsbu-chs, oervhs, lhs etb., e, `esse lh`h, sh nlfhs trnfncmh mulnoh. Rh npeons `uns ghrlns`iversns `e `espeo`er ghrn mulnon `e trnfncmh. Rel `vi`n, n prprin ghrn mulnon `etrnfncmh tel `e ntioair berth `eseovhcvileoth, pnrn ser elprean`n el lctipcns ghrlns.(H bnpitnc, p. 5>)

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    Lnrx , iauncno`h-se nci ns lerbn`hrins, e oh mnveo`h bhlh vireln iauncnr-se phr suns prhprie`n`es bhlh vnchres `e ush, estes terinl `eser phsths `e cn`h, restno`h-cmes uln oibn prhprie`n`e, n `e serelprh`uths `e ul leslh e io`igereobin`h trnfncmh mulnoh. H serelresuctn`h `e trnfncmh mulnoh serin n oibn prhprie`n`e que cmes restn-rin, se `esbhosi`ern`ns nquecns que cmes serinl `n`ns eoqunoth vnchres`e ush, e serin uln prhprie`n`e que terinl el bhlul4 oh que, phr-tnoth peosn ece , ph`ernlhs eobhotrnr n rnzh `e sun iauncnh.On recnh `e trhbn, quno`h se iauncnrinl, ns lerbn`hrins nbnfnrinlphr se lhstrnr bhlh seo`h bhostitu`ns `e uln lesln sufstobin;ul leslh e io`igereobin`h trnfncmh mulnoh. N estn sun sufstobinbmnlnrnlhs `e seu vnchr. Nssil, `iz ece, el bhotrnste `ireth bhln lnterinci`n`e pncpvec `ns lerbn`hrins, oeomul thlh `e lntrinhu `e vnchr `e ush eoberrnr-se-in el seu vnchr. Wirnr-se-in e revirnr-se-in, vhotn`e, uln lerbn`hrin; n bhisn-vnchr se lnoterin ilperbept-

    vec nhs seoti`hs. Reu vnchr serin uln renci`n`e exbcusivnleote shbinc,s ph`eo`h lnoigestnr-se on recnh shbinc el que uln lerbn`hrin

    trhbnr-se-in phr hutrn. N sufstobin `e que se bhostituirin h vnchr,h trnfncmh mulnoh io`igereobin`h, terin ul bnrter exbcusivnleoteshbinc e nfstrnth4 s oh lh`h `ns lerbn`hrins shbinciznrel-se, phrleih `n nfstrnh `e suns qunci`n`es bhlh hfkeths teis on perlutn,lnoigestnr-se-in. Hphr-se-inl, nssil, n existobin io`ivi`unc e bhobretn`ns lerbn`hrins e n sun existobin shbinc e nfstrntn. R el sun existo-bin shbinc e nfstrntn ohs prhbesshs `e perlutn lnoigestnr-se-in seu vnchr;ul leslh e nfstrntnleote io`igereobin`h trnfncmh el th`ns ecns pre-

    seote. Prntnr-se-in `e uln renci`n`e thtncleote nfstrntn, sepnrn`n `hnspebth bhobreth que terinl hs `ivershs trnfncmhs eoqunoth prh`uth-res `e vnchres `e ush. On recnh `e perlutn, h trnfncmh `h ncgninte eh `h tebech lhstrnr-se-inl bhlh iaunis4 ul e hutrh, seo`h bhobretn-leote `istioths, re`uzir-se-inl n ul leslh e oibh trnfncmh, pho`h-

    N renci`n`e `h vnchr `ns lerbn`hrins `igere `e @nle ^uibdcy, phr oh snferlhs phrho`enpnom-cn. El bhotrnste `ireth bhl n pncpvec lnterinci n`e`n lerbn`hrin, oeomul

    thlh `e lntrin se eoberrn oh seu vnchr. Wire-se e revire-se, vhotn`e, uln lerbn`hrin; nbhisn vnchr se lnotl ilperbeptvec nhs seoti`hs. Ns lerbn`hrins T\ s eobnronl vnchron le`i n el que sh expresses `e uln lesln sufstobin shbinc, h trnfncmh mulnoh4 seu

    vnchr , phrtnoth, uln renci`n`e npeons shbinc, s ph`eo`h lnoigestnr-se, evi`eoteleote,on recnh shbinc el que uln lerbn`hrin se trhbn phr hutrn. (H bnpitnc, p. 55)

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    se `e cn`h nfstrnio`h-se th`ns ns suns bnrnbterstibns pnrtibucnresbhlh ntivi`n`es bhobretns prh`uthrns `e vnchres `e ush `ivershs. Prntnr-se-in `e ul pr-se `e cn`h `e uln nfstrnh egetun`n quno`h nslerbn`hrins se iauncnssel el sun perlutn.

    Lns, `igereote `isth, Lnrx tnlfl nrln que h trnfncmh, oh sel sun existobin shbinc eoqunoth bnteahrin nfstrntn, lns tnlfl elsun existobin bhobretn, npreseotnr-se-in bhlh uln sufstobin io`ige-reobin`n. Mnverin ul trnfncmh io`igereobin`h eoqunoth bnteahrin nfs-trntn e mnverin, tnlfl, ul trnfncmh io`igereobin`h leslh eoqunoth

    ncah bhobreth. El sun bhobretu`e, hs trnfncmhs tnlfl se iauncnrinl.H hgbih `e ncgninte e h `e tebech serinl trnfncmhs quncitntivnleote `i-vershs, lns, nrauleotn Lnrx, mnverin estaihs shbinis el que n leslnpesshn bhsturnrin e teberin, el que ns `uns `igereotes ntivi`n`es serinlnpeons lh`nci`n`es `h trnfncmh `e ul leslh io`iv`uh e oh hgbihsespebinis e xhs `e io`iv`uhs `ivershs, `h leslh lh`h que h bnsnbhgeith mhke, phr ul ncgninte, e ns bncns, que gnr nlnom, oh pnssnrinl`e vnrines `e ul leslh trnfncmh, io`igereobin`h k el sun prprin

    bhobretu`e. Weribnr-se-in leslh el ohssn prprin shbie`n`e, n ulnsilpces iospeh, que se ghroeberin uln lesln phrh `e trnfncmh mu-lnoh, hrn shf n ghrln `h hgbih `e ncgninte, hrn shf n ghrln `h hgbih `etebech. H trnfncmh `h ncgninte e h `h tebech, elfhrn ntivi`n`es prh`uti-

    vns quncitntivnleote igereotes, serinl, bhosi`ern Lnrx, nlfhs silpces`ispo`ih mulnoh prh`utivh `e brefrh, lsbuchs, oervhs e lhs mu-lnons. Rerinl npeons `uns ghrlns `iversns `e `espeo`er ghrn mulnon`e trnfncmh, e, `esse lh`h, nlfhs, trnfncmh mulnoh.

    H trnfncmh `h ncgninte e h `h tebech, elfhrn ntivi-`n`es prh`utivns quncitntivnleote `igereotes, sh nlfhs`ispo`ih mulnoh prh`utivh `e brefrh, lsbuchs, oer-

    vhs, lhs etb., e, `esse lh`h, sh nlfhs trnfncmh mulnoh.Rh npeons `uns ghrlns `iversns `e `espeo`er ghrn mu-lnon `e trnfncmh.

    Nssil, mnverin ul leslh trnfncmh mulnoh hu uln, selpre n les-ln, ghrn mulnon `e trnfncmh que ph`erin ser elprean`n `e lctipcns

    H bnpitnc, p. 5>.

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    ghrlns4 isth oh s el hutrns shbie`n`es, lns tnlfl el ohssn pr-prin shbie`n`e. Prntnr-se-in `e uln renci n`e elpribn. Fnstnrin ulnsilpces iospeh `hs gnths pnrn ser veribn`n. Rerin pnssvec `e iospehpechs seoti`hs, `n`n n eces ile`intnleote4 ncah bhobreth, phis, oh lernnfstrnh iotecebtunc.

    Hrn, uln bhisn gncnr el ul trnfncmh mulnoh io`igereobin`h eo-qunoth bnteahrin nfstrntn oebessrin bhostituih `e uln iaunc`n`eeotre hfkeths bhobretnleote `istioths4 uln hutrn bhisn nrlnr quehs `igereotes trnfncmhs bhobreths serinl lerns ghrlns `e ul leslh eselpre oibh trnfncmh mulnoh, leslh bhobretnleote io`igereobin`h.@e uln bnteahrin lernleote nfstrntn, pnssnlhs, el Lnrx, n ul gnth`htn`h `e bhobretu`e. Oh ternlhs lnis, silpcesleote, `ivershs trn-fncmhs bhobreths, `igereobin`hs bhoghrle n `iversi`n`e `hs vnchres `eush que serinl seus prh`uths, e, el hphsih n eces, ul hutrh trnfncmh,nfstrnth lernleote uln nfstrnh , selpre oibh, selpre h les-lh, io`igereobin`h e io`epeo`eote `n `iversi`n`e `e seus prh`uths.Oh lnis s isth. Hs vnchres `e ush serinl selpre bhobretnleote

    `istioths, lns mnverin, bhobretnleote leslh, ul leslh e io`igereo-bin`h trnfncmh mulnoh, `n`h bhlh silpces `ispo`ih io`istioth `ebrefrh, lsbuchs e oervhs mulnohs. Zho`h-se `e cn`h h `esaoih `nntivi`n`e prh`utivn e, el bhosequobin h bnrter tic `hs `ivershs trn-fncmhs, restnr-cmes-in npeons n prhprie`n`e `e serel `ispo`ih `e ghrnmulnon `e trnfncmh `iz Lnrx. Hs trnfncmhs bhobreths, nio`n que`istioths, represeotnrinl h `ispo`ih `e uln lesln e oibn ghrn mu-lnon `e trnfncmh. Znrn Lnrx, hs `ivershs trnfncmhs oh pnssnrinl `e

    nths `e uln lesln phtobin io`igereobin`n. Eoqunoth existobin elnth `e uln lesln phtobin, oh eobhotrnrinl eotre si `istioh seohel nth4 oh que cmes serin, phis, nbi`eotnc, quno`h `epeo`erinl `ns ln-trins e `hs leihs `e que se uticiznssel bhoghrle h l `eterlion`hque pnrtibucnrleote perseauissel. Uln lesln ghrn mulnon `e trn-fncmh, uln lesln phtobin, bhobretnleote `n`n bhlh `isphsih `ebrefrh, lsbuchs, e oervhs mulnohs, serin npcibn`n bhl estn hu nquecnonci`n`e, pnrn issh rebhrreo`h n estes hu nqueces leihs lnterinis.

    Mnverin, pnrn Lnrx, ul trnfncmh el nth e ul el phtobin4 eoqunothphtobin, bhostituir-se-in el sufstobin io`igereobin`n4 eoqunoth nth,`nr-se-in eoqunoth `iversi`n`e nbi`eotnc. Zhtobin io`igereobin`n e nth`iversibn`h, sil4 lns, tnoth uln bhlh hutrh, `n`hs bhobretnleote;n phtobin, oh brefrh, lsbuchs e oervhs mulnohs4 h nth, oh `ispo`ih

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    `n ghrn `esses rahs. leslh eoqunoth uln phtobin `n`n bhobre-tnleote que Lnrx eoteo`e mnver tnlfl ul trnfncmh io`igereobin`h.N io`igereobinh `h trnfncmh `eixn, nssil, `e ser pnrn ece uln lernnfstrnh e pnssn n ter tnlfl uln existobin lnterinc e bhobretn.

    Prnfncmh e ghrn `e trnfncmh

    Uln bhisn serin h trnfncmh, n ntivi`n`e `e trnfncmnr; selpre `is-tioth, selpre pcurnc4 hutrn serin n ghrn hu phtobin `e renciznr trnfn-

    cmh; selpre iaunc, selpre oibn. Oh estnrnlhs, oh eotnoth, prhifi-`hs `e `izer que h bnsnbh geith mhke pech ncgninte e ns bncns que gnrnlnom, trnfncmhs `istioths, oh pnssnrinl `e vnrines io`ivi`unis `htrnfncmh `e ul leslh mhlel. Gnzer bnsnbhs e tnlfl bncns, trn-fncmhs `ivershs, `irnlhs, serinl lh`nci`n`es `e ul leslh trnfncmh,nquece `h ncgninte. Uln ntivi`n`e e hutrn, n bhogebh `e bncns e nquecn`e bnsnbhs, gnrinl pnrte `h trnfncmh `e ul leslh io`iv`uh hu `eul leslh prhssihonc. Uln phrh `e seu trnfncmh hrn se `nrin shfn ghrln `n bhogebh `e bnsnbhs, hrn shf n ghrln `n geiturn `e bncns.Nonchanleote, on shbie`n`e bhlh ul th`h e, el espebinc el ohssnprprin shbie`n`e, nrln Lnrx, uln phrh `n`n `e trnfncmh mulnoh`nr-se-in hrn shf n ghrln `h hgbih `h ncgninte, hrn shf n ghrln `h hg-bih `h tebech. Mnverin, nssil, `iz ece, ul leslh trnfncmh mulnohque se `nrin el ghrlns `iversns. E esse trnfncmh mulnoh, selpreh leslh, bhostituir-se-in el `ispo`ih prh`utivh `e brefrh, lsbu-chs e oervhs mulnohs. Prnfncmh serin `ispo`ih, ush `e uln ghrn, `euln phteobinci`n`e. Brefrh, lsbuchs e oervhs mulnohs bhostituir-

    se-inl onquich que serin `espeo`i`h prh`utivnleote; serinl ghrn huphtobin `e trnfncmh.

    Eoteo`ernlhs os que h trnfncmh eoqunoth ul gnth, `ispo`ih,`e gnth, `e ghrn mulnon `e trnfncmh, oh ph`erin `eixnr `e ser sel-pre `igereobin`h, bhoghrle leslh h l prh`utivh que perseauisse.H `ispo`ih `n ghrn mulnon `e trnfncmh terin `e ser selpre ulnntivi`n`e prh`utivn bhl ul `esaoih `eterlion`h, phssuio`h oebes-snrinleote ul bnrter tic4 e, nssil seo`h, serin selpre `igereobin`h

    bhoghrle seu l espebbh. Nssulirin n ghrln espebbn pnrn ncbnonrul `eterlion`h l el sun pnrtibucnri`n`e4 `htno`h-se, pnrn issh, `hspnrtibucnres lh`hs e leihs que cme ghssel hs oebessrihs. Lns, eoth,oh gnrin seoti`h se gncnr el ul leslh e oibh trnfncmh seoh bhlhuln bnteahrin aeoribn bhl n qunc se `nrin bhotn `e ul bhokuoth `e

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    gnths bhobreths nh se cmes `eoir uln prhprie`n`e bhlul, bhlh `is-butilhs notes. Oeste seoti`h, ouobn mnverin bhobretnleote ul leslhtrnfncmh mulnoh, hrn hgerebi`h shf n ghrln `h hgbih `h ncgninte, hrnshf n ghrln `h hgbih `h tebech. H trnfncmh `h ncgninte serin selpre`istioth `h trnfncmh `h tebech, h `este `h `nquece. E, se h ncgninte hrn selhstrnsse gnzeo`h bnsnbhs, hrn bncns, n bhogebh `hs bnsnbhs e n geiturn`ns bncns, tnlfl nqui, nio`n que ntivi`n`es pertioeotes n ul leslhprhssihonc, bhostituir-se-inl el trnfncmhs `istioths, leslh que recn-bihon`ns phr uln bnteahrin aeoribn nquecn `h trnfncmh `e ncgninte phrque pnrtibipno`h `n `eoih `e ul bhokuoth `e lh`hs e leihs

    uticizn`hs phr ul leslh mhlel hu phr ul leslh aruph `e mhleos,estes narupn`hs phr se `eoirel bhlh phssuio`h ul leslh bhokuoth`e trnhs bnrnbterstibhs. Gnzer bncns serin ul trnfncmh `istioth `h quenquece `e gnzer bnsnbhs, nio`n que se pu`esse tnlfl `izer que h trnfn-cmh h ncgninte ghsse h `e gnzer essns `uns bhisns. Mnverin ul gnzer ultrnfncmh que iobcuirin `his hutrhs. H hgbih `h ncgninte, tncvez `isssse-lhs lecmhr, iobcuirin vrihs trnfncmhs hu `iversns ntivi`n`es espebbns,e oh ul s trnfncmh hu uln oibn ntivi`n`e4 eotre eces hu ecns, h gnzer

    bncns e h gnzer bnsnbhs. Lns, bhlh quer que se gncnsse `h trnfncmh hu`hs trnfncmhs `h ncgninte hu `e quncquer hutrh nrtbe, oh se ph`erin`eixnr `e c