identificação dos principais entraves da atividade produtiva do mel em aripuanã-mt

8/6/2019 Identificao dos Principais Entraves da Atividade produtiva do Mel em Aripuan-MT

1/50

Ygjvi}{jchci cl I{shcl ci @hsl D}l{{l

Kh`qy{ Ygjvi}{js}jl ci Shgdh} ch [i}}h

Ciqh}sh`igsl ci Hd}lgl`jh

SJHDL HNIUHGC]I MHSJ[SH

JCIGSJFJKHL CL[ Q]JGKJQHJ[ IGS]HVI[ CH HSJVJCHCI Q]LCYSJVH CL @IN I@H]JQYHG - @S

Shgdh} ch [i}}h @S

=11:


2/50


JCIGSJFJKHL CL[ Q]JGKJQHJ[ IGS]HVI[ CH HSJVJCHCI Q]LCYSJVH CL @IN

I@ H]JQYHG - @S

@lgld}hfjh hq}i{igshch kl`l }ixyj{jsllm}jdhs}jl qh}h lmsigl cl ssynl ci

Igdigeij}l Hd}gl`l oygsl h Ygjvi}{jchcicl I{shcl ci @hsl D}l{{lKh`qy{ Shgdh}

ch [i}}h'

L}jigshcl}? Q}lf' Ol{ ]lmi}sl ]h`mlKll}jigshcl}? Q}lf' C{k Djn`h} Nhfl}dh

Shgdh} ch [i}}h @S'

=11:


3/50

FJKEH KHSHNLD]FJKH

D=;=h Shn. Fynhgl ci

JCIGSJFJKHL CL[ Q]JGKJQHJ[ IGS]HVI[ CH HSJVJCHCI Q]LCYSJVH CL @IN I@H]JQYHG@S,Sjhdl Hniuhgc}i Mhsj{shShgdh} ch [i}}h? YGI@HS. =11:' 91q'

S}hmhnel ci Klgkny{l ci Ky}{l %d}hcyhl*Ygjvi}{jchci cl I{shcl ci @hslD}l{{l'

8' CJHDGL[SJKL HQJKYNSY]H =' CI[IGVLNVJ@IGSL ]IDJLGHN Jgcjkhcl}i{ Iklg`jkl{. H`mjigshj{ i [lkjhj{' J' Ssynl'

KCY - '''''

GL@I CL MNJLSIK]JL ]I[QLG[VIN QINH FJKEHK]Mg`i}l,YF


4/50


JCIGSJFJKHL CL[ Q]JGKJQHJ[ IGS]HVI[ CH HSJVJCHCI Q]LCYSJVH CL @IN

I@ H]JQYHG - @S

I{sh `lgld}hfjh flj oyndhch i hq}lvhch kl`l}ixyj{jsl qh}h h lmsigl cl Cjqnl`h ci

Igdigeij}l Hd}gl`l gl Ky}{l ci Hd}lgl`jh ch

Ygjvi}{jchci cl I{shcl ci @hsl D}l{{l%YGI@HS*

Shgdh} ch [i}}h. \\\\ ci \\\\\\\\\\\\\\ =11:

MHGKH IUH@JGHCL]H

\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\

Q}lf' Ol{ ]lmi}sl ]h`ml

YGI@HS Kh`qy{ Ygjvi}{js}jl ci Shgdh} ch [i}}h

L}jigshcl}

\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\

Q}lf' @{k' Bh}jgi @icij}l{ HgygkjhslYGI@HS Kh`qy{ Ygjvi}{js}jl ci Shgdh} ch [i}}h

\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\

Q}lf' ]lc}jdl Gij Ke}z{l{sei`l{

YGI@HS Kh`qy{ Ygjvi}{js}jl ci Shgdh} ch [i}}h


5/50

HD]HCIKJ@IGSL[

Hd}hcil h ìy{ qhj{ Mi}gh}cl Mhsj{sh i ]jsh @hnsil xyi klgs}jmy}h` `yjsl qh}h h

}ihnjhl ci{{i s}hmhnel. hl ìy hv Oll @hnsil xyi hoycly gh klnish cl{ chcl{ hl{

Q}lfi{{l}i{ Ol{ ]lmi}sl ]h`ml. Djn`h} Nhfl}dh i Icjgjh Hnvi{ @l}ij}h Mhjl. xyi

hyujnjh}h` mh{shgsi qh}h l ci{igvlnvjìgsl cl s}hmhnel i hl{ q}lcysl}i{ xyi qh}sjkjqh}h` ch

qi{xyj{h'


6/50

]I[Y@L

H hqjkynsy}h kh}hksi}jh{i qinh iuqnl}hl iklg`jkh i }hkjlghn ch hmineh cl dgi}lHqj{ i i{qkji Hqj{ ìnnjfi}h. {igcl y`h hsjvjchci ci }iklgeikjch j`ql}sgkjh gh di}hl cii`q}idl i }igch. fhsl} ci cjvi}{jfjkhl ch q}lq}jichci }y}hn. ci{i`qigehgcl y` qhqinj`ql}shgsi gl xyhc}l {kjliklg`jkl `ygcjhn' y`h hsjvjchci xyi gl l M}h{jn hq}i{igshkh}hksi}{sjkh{ i{qikjhj{ ci fnl}h i knj`h xyi. hnjhcl h q}i{igh ch hmineh hf}jkhgjhch. neiklgfi}i` y` qlsigkjhn fhmynl{l qh}h h hsjvjchci hqklnh. gl igshgsl hjgch qlykl iuqnl}hclq}jgkjqhnìgsi gl @hsl D}l{{l. ql}` i{s klìhgcl h {i} cjfygcjch ql} {i} y`hhnsi}ghsjvh ci q}lcyl h`mjigshnìgsi kl}}ish' L s}hmhnel flj ci{igvlnvjcl gl `ygjkqjl ciH}jqyhg @S gl qi}lcl ci cii`m}l ci =114 h fivi}ij}l ci =115 kl` vj{jsh{ hl{q}lcysl}i{ ci ìn. lgci fl}h` igs}ivj{shcl{ =; q}lcysl}i{ xyi ci{igvlnvi` hqjkynsy}h i`

{yh{ q}lq}jichci{. lmoisjvhgcl jcigsjfjkh} l{ q}lmni`h{ igf}igshcl{ gh hsjvjchci {lm}i lqlgsl ci vj{sh cl{ q}q}jl{ q}lcysl}i{. xyi i{shvh` cjvjcjcl{ i` xyhs}l }idji{ %dnimh`jnhd}l{h. dnimh ]jl m}hgkl. dnimh Klg{invhg. i kjchci H}jqyhg*. hfj` ci lmsigl ci chcl{xyi ql{{h` hyujnjh} l {isl} q}lcysjvl gl `ygjkqjl' [igcl xyi h hqjkynsy}h y`h hsjvjchcikl`qniìgsh} h }igch cl{ qixyigl{ q}lcysl}i{' Gl `ygjkqjl ci H}jqyhg h hsjvjchci i{si` jgkjl ci klg{lnjchl. gl ql{{yjgcl hjgch y` h}}hgol q}lcysjvl nlkhn %HQN*.ciqigcigcl ci hqljl dlvi}ghìgshn. njgeh{ ci k}cjsl i y` `hjl} jgsi}i{{i cl{ q}lcysl}i{ ci{i l}dhgjh}i`Qhnhv}h{ kehvi? q}lcyl ci ìn. @hsl D}l{{l. {y{sigshmjnjchci. hqjkynsy}h


7/50

HM[S]HKS

Sei miibiiqjgd keh}hksi}ji{ fl} sei iklgl`jk hgc }hsjlghn iuqnl}hsjlg lf sei miilf sei Hqj{ {l}s hgc ìnnjfi}h Hqj{ {qikji{. mijgd hg hksjvjsz lf }ikldgjic j`ql}shgki jg seidigi}hsjlg lf olm hgc jgklì. fhksl} lf cjvi}{jfjkhsjlg lf sei klygs}z q}lqi}sz. qnhzjgd hgj`ql}shgs }lni jg tl}nctjci sei qh}sgi}iklgl`jk qjksy}i' Js j{ hg hksjvjsz sehs jg sei l M}hjnq}i{igs fnl}h keh}hksi}j{sjk{ {qikjhn hgc knj`hsi sehs. hnnz sei q}i{igki lf sei hf}jkhgjic mii.klgfi} js h fhmynly{ qlsigsjhn fl} sei hqjkynsy}hn hksjvjsz. eltivi} {sjnn njssni iuqnl}ic `hjgnz jgsei @hsl D}l{{l. eltivi} js j{ {sh}sjgd sl mi {q}ihc lys mz mijgd hg hnsi}ghsjvi lf h`mjigsnzkl}}iks q}lcyksjlg' Sei tl}b th{ civinlqic jg sei kjsz lf H}jqyhg @S jg sei qi}jlc lfCiki`mi} lf =114 sei Fim}yh}z lf =115 tjse vj{js{ sei elgiz q}lcyki}{. tei}i =; q}lcyki}{ehc miig jgsi}vjitic sehs civinlq miibiiqjgd jg js{ q}lqi}sji{. lmoiksjfzjgd sl jcigsjfz seiq}lmni`{ fhkic jg sei hksjvjsz lg sei qljgs lf vjit lf sei q}lqi} q}lcyki}{. sehs h}i cjvjcic jg

fly} }idjlg{ %dnimh @jnhd}l{h. dnimh ]jl M}hgkl. dnimh Klg{invhg. hgc H}jqyhg kjsz*.{j`jnh} lf hsshjgìgs lf chsh sehs khg h{{j{s sei q}lcyksjvi {iksl} jg sei kjsz' Mijgd sehs seimiibiiqjgd j{ h kl`qniìgsh}z hksjvjsz sei jgklì lf sei {`hnn q}lcyki}{' Jg sei kjsz lfH}jqyhg sei hksjvjsz j{ jg midjggjgd lf klg{lnjchsjlg. gls ql{{i{{jgd {sjnn h nlkhn q}lcyksjvih}}hgdiìgs %HQN*. ciqigcjgd lg dlvi}gìgshn {yqql}s. k}icjs fhkjnjsji{ hgc h mjddi} jgsi}i{slf sei q}lcyki}{ lf jf l}dhgjjgdBiz-tl}c{? hqjkynsy}i q}lcyksjlg lf elgiz. @hsl D}l{{l. {y{shjghmjnjsz. miibiiqjgd


8/50


9/50

GCJKI

8' JGS]LCYL '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 8

=' LMOISJVL[ ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ;='8' Lmoisjvl Di}hn ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' '''''''''''''''''' ;

='=' Lmoisjvl i{qikfjkl ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ;

;' ]IVJ[L MJMNJLD]FJKH ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 3

;'8' Khcijh Q}lcysjvh cl @in ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 3

;'=' Q}lcyl ci @in '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 9

;';' Hsjvjchci hqklnh ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' '''''''''''''''''' 5

;'3' Q}lcysl{ ch hmineh ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ''''''' :

;'9' @in l}dgjkl ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 8=

;'6' [j{si`h q}lcysjvl '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 83;'6'8' @hgiol ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 83;'6'=' Ius}hl cl in. igvh{i i h}`high`igsl ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 84;'6';' Kl`i}kjhnjhl ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ''''' =1

3' @HSI]JHJ[ I @SLCL[ ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ==

3'8' }ih ci I{sycl ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ==

3'=' Q}lcyl cl{ Chcl{ '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' =;

9' ]I[YNSHCL[ I CJ[KY[[I[ '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' =9

9'8' Qi}fjn q}vjl cl{ q}lcysl}i{ i ch q}lcyl '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' =9

9'=' Igs}hvi{ ch hsjvjchci '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ;1

6' KLGKNY[L '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ;9

4' ]IFI]IGKJH[ MJMNJLD]HFJKH[ ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ;6

Hqgcjki J ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 31


10/50

8

8' JGS]LCYL

H hqjkynsy}h kh}hksi}jh{i qinh iuqnl}hl iklg`jkh i }hkjlghn ch hmineh cl dgi}l

Hqj{ i i{qkji Hqj{ ìnnjfi}h %KH@H]DL. 8:4=. q' 8:*' y`h hsjvjchci ci }iklgeikjch

j`ql}sgkjh gh di}hl ci i`q}idl i }igch. fhsl} ci cjvi}{jfjkhl ch q}lq}jichci }y}hn.

ci{i`qigehgcl y` qhqin j`ql}shgsi gl xyhc}l {kjliklg`jkl `ygcjhn'

Ci hkl}cl kl` Bi}} %=116* h hqjkynsy}h si` s}{ nyk}l{ jgivjsvij{? l q}jìj}l l

nyk}l iklndjkl ql}xyi h{ hmineh{ i{sl igs}i l{ jg{isl{ qlnjgjhcl}i{ `hj{ j`ql}shgsi{ ci

`yjsh{ ch{ qnhgsh{ xyi kynsjvh`l{. q}jgkjqhnìgsi h{ }vl}i{ f}ysfi}h{ ciqigci` ci{si{

jg{isl{ qh}h {yh qlnjgjhl2 l {idygcl l iklg`jkl ql}xyi h hqjkynsy}h hjgch y`h

hsjvjchci nyk}hsjvh2 i l si}kij}l nyk}l l {lkjhn. ql} xyi y`h hsjvjchci xyi qlci igvlnvi}

slch h fh`njh'

H khcijh q}lcysjvh ch hqjkynsy}h q}lqjkjh h di}hl ci jgì}l{ ql{sl{ ci s}hmhnel.

i`q}idl{ i fnyul ci }igch. q}jgkjqhnìgsi gl h`mjigsi ch hd}jkynsy}h fh`jnjh}. {igcl. ci{{h

fl}`h. cisi}`jghgsi gh ìnel}jh ch xyhnjchci ci vjch i fjuhl cl elì` gl ìjl }y}hn

%KL]]H. =11=*' Ql} slcl l qh{. ci{igvlnvjch h hsjvjchci hqklnh. igvlnvigcl {i}vjl{

ci `hgysigl cl{ hqj}jl{2 gh q}lcyl ci ixyjqhìgsl{2 gl `hgiol cl{ v}jl{ q}lcysl{

kl`l? ìn. qnig. ki}h. dinjh }ihn. hqjslujgh2 qlnjgjhl ci ql`h}i{2 kynsjvl{ hd}klnh{ i chfnl}h {jnvi{s}i %[JNVH2 QIJUI. =114*'

[idygcl chcl{ ch I@M]HQH @IJL GL]SI %=11=* h q}lcyl `ygcjhn ci ìn sivi

y`h sigcgkjh k}i{kigsi gl{ nsj`l{ =1 hgl{. hqi{h} ch{ fnysyhi{ ci q}lcyl. i` }idji{ i

qh{i{ %jgcy{s}jhnjhcl{ i gljgcy{s}jhnjhcl{*. l hyìgsl ch q}lcyl hs}jmycl h y`

hyìgsl gl gì}l ci kln`jh{ i ch q}lcyl ql} klngjh' L klg{y`l sh`m` hq}i{igsly

y`h sigcgkjh ci hyìgsl cy}hgsi l{ nsj`l{ hgl{. {igcl i{si fhsl} hs}jmycl hl hyìgsl


11/50

=

di}hn gl{ qhc}i{ ci vjch i sh`m` h y` jgsi}i{{i `hjl} ql} qh}si cl{ klg{y`jcl}i{ ci

q}lcysl{ ghsy}hj{ i {hycvij{'

Lys}l fhsl} h {i} lm{i}vhcl h fhvl} ch hqjkynsy}h. l fhsl ci {i} y`h iukinigsi lql

ci klg{i}vhl ch{ }ih{ ci `hsh{. vj{sl {i} y`h q}hsjkh xyi iujdi }ih{ klg{i}vhch{ j{igsh

ci hsjvjchci ci xyij`hch{. i j{igsh{ ci hqnjkhl ci hd}lsujkl{. qh}h y` qh{siol hcixyhcl

ch{ hmineh{ i y`h xyhnjchci `hjl} cl ìn' Ci hkl}cl kl` l h}s' 88 cl _lgihìgsl [kjl

Iklg`jkl i Iklndjkl ci @hsl D}l{{l. l `ygjkqjl ci H}jqyhg {i igklgs}h i` }ih{ xyi

}ixyi}i` `hgiol{ i{qikfjkl{ i kl` h`mjigsi{ ci inivhcl qlsigkjhn fnl}i{shn' L xyi `l{s}h

l qlsigkjhn cl `ygjkqjl qh}h q}lcyl ci ìn. ql} {i} y`h }idjl kl` d}hgci{ iusig{i{ ci

`hsh{ ghsjvh{ hjgch klg{i}vhch{. i gl {i} y`h }idjl hd}klnh. sigcl h{{j` y` qlykl y{l ci

hd}lsujkl{'

I{si s}hmhnel si` kl`l j`ql}sgkjh fhi} y` cjhdg{sjkl ch {jsyhl hsyhn cl{

hqjkynsl}i{ gh }idjl ci H}jqyhg. kl` lmsigl ci chcl{ xyi qlci` hyujnjh} l {isl}

q}lcysjvl gl `ygjkqjl' [igcl xyi h hqjkynsy}h y`h hsjvjchci kl`qniìgsh} h }igch qh}h

l{ qixyigl{ q}lcysl}i{' I i` }hl ci xyi gl `ygjkqjl ci H}jqyhg h hsjvjchci gl i{s

klg{lnjchch. gl ql{{yjgcl y` h}}hgol q}lcysjvl nlkhn %HQN*. ciqigcigcl ci hqljl

dlvi}ghìgshn. njgeh{ ci k}cjsl i y` `hjl} jgsi}i{{i cl{ q}lcysl}i{ ci {i l}dhgjh}i`'


12/50

;

=' LMOISJVL[

='8'Lmoisjvl Di}hn

Jcigsjfjkh} l{ igs}hvi{ ch hsjvjchci q}lcysjvh cl ìn i` H}jqyhg@S'

='=' Lmoisjvl i{qikfjkl

Nivhgsh} h{ q}jgkjqhj{ cjfjkynchci{ ch hsjvjchci ci hkl}cl kl` l qlgsl ci vj{sh cl{

q}lcysl}i{'

Nivhgshìgsl q}lcysjvl i skgjkl ch hsjvjchci hqklnh cl{ q}lcysl}i{ ci ìn'

Jcigsjfjkh} l ci{sjgl ch q}lcyl cl{ q}lcysl}i{ ci ìn'


13/50

3

;' ]IVJ[L MJMNJLD]FJKH

;'8'Khcijh Q}lcysjvh cl @in

Ci hkl}cl kl` H}hyol %=11;*. khcijh q}lcysjvh y`h {ixgkjh ci lqi}hi{ xyi

klgcyi` q}lcyl ci mig{. {igcl y`h {yki{{l ci hsjvjchci{ njdhch{ vi}sjkhnìgsi'

[idygcl Mhshneh %=118*. d}l{{l `lcl qlci {i} {idìgshch ql} s}{ `hk}l{idìgsl{?

q}lcyl ci `hs}jh{ q}j`h{. jgcy{s}jhnjhl i klì}kjhnjhl'

Ql}`. gl M}h{jn hjgch h `yjsl{ q}lmni`h{ }inhkjlghcl{ khcijh q}lcysjvh cl ìn'

[idygcl [IM]HI %=116h* vi}jfjkh{i gl {isl} ci ìn. h q}i{igh ch{ q}jgkjqhj{ mh}}ij}h{

kl`l. h d}hgci jgfl}`hnjchci cl {isl}. igvlnvigcl h {lgidhl fj{khn2 l ci{}i{qijsl { }id}h{

h`mjigshj{ i h q}lcyl i klì}kjhnjhl ci ìn qh}h fjg{ ci {ym{j{sgkjh2 q}lmni`h{

}idynhs}jl{. kl`l l iuki{{l ci my}lk}hkjh i l{ j`ql{sl{ inivhcl{2 h cifjkjgkjh ch jgf}h

i{s}ysy}h. jgknyjgcl h h klgkigs}hl cl{ i{shminikjìgsl{ q}lki{{hcl}i{ ci ìn i`

cisi}`jghch{ }idji{. ygjchci{ i i{shminikjìgsl{ jgcy{s}jhj{ xyi q}lki{{h` ìn ci fl}`h

jghcixyhch ly xyi giki{{jsh` ci hcixyhi{ qh}h lmsi} l [JF ly l [J[I2 {j{si`h ci

s}hg{ql}si{ q}ik}jl2 nj`jsi{ }icyjcl{ ci i{slkhdi`. hn` cl mhjul klg{y`l qi} khqjsh cl

ì}khcl ghkjlghn'

Gh Fjdy}h 8. }iq}i{igshcl y` fnyuld}h`h ci kl`l y`h khcijh q}lcysjvh ci ìn

kl`qnish. gh Fjdy}h =. y`h }iq}i{igshl ci kl`l flj lm{i}vhch h khcijh q}lcysjvh cl ìn

i` H}jqyhg@S'


14/50

9

Fjdy}h 8 - @lcinl ci khcijh q}lcysjvh cl ìn %flgsi? [IM]HI. =116h*

Fjdy}h = - Khcijh q}lcysjvh cl ìn lm{i}vhch i` H}jqyhg @S

;'=' Q}lcyl ci @in

[idygcl Tji{i %8::9*. h hqjkynsy}h m}h{jnij}h sivi jgkjl gl hgl ci 85;:. kl` h

jgs}lcyl ch{ q}jìj}h{ hmineh{ cl dgi}lHqj{. keh`hch{ ci hmineh{ iy}lqjh{ ly hmineh{

cl }ijgl. l}jygch{ q}jgkjqhnìgsi ch Hni`hgeh i ch Jsnjh' I` ìhcl{ ci 8:91. h hqjkynsy}h

{lf}iy y` d}hgci mhxyi i` }hl ci q}lmni`h{ kl` h {hgjchci i` fygl cl {y}djìgsl ci

cligh{ i q}hdh{ %gl{i`l{i. hkh}jl{i i k}jh qs}jch iy}lqjh*. l xyi cjj`ly 51) ch{


15/50

6

kln`jh{ cl Qh{ i cj`jgyjy h q}lcyl hqklnh c}h{sjkhìgsi' Cjhgsi ci{{i xyhc}l. fjkly

ivjcigsi xyi i}h q}ikj{l hyìgsh} h }i{j{sgkjh ch{ hmineh{ gl Qh{'

Civjcl h i{si fhsl flj s}hjcl qh}h l M}h{jn kl` jgsyjsl ci ìnel}hìgsl digsjkl h{

hmineh{ hf}jkhgh{ %Hqj{ ìnnjfi}h {kysinnhsh*. xyi ci hkl}cl kl` Dlghnvi{ %=116*

hq}i{igshvh` kh}hksi}{sjkh{ ql{jsjvh{ i gidhsjvh{' Ci{shkhgcl{i kl`l ql{jsjvh{.

q}lcysjvjchci ch{ hmineh{ i khqhkjchci ci hchqshl i kl`l gidhsjvh{. hd}i{{jvjchci i

sigcgkjh iguhìhs}jh' Ql}shgsl. l qnhgl {i}jh inj`jgh} ly }icyj}. ql} {inil `h{{hn h{

hmineh{ hf}jkhgh{ `hj{ hd}i{{jvh{ i ìgl{ q}lcysjvh{. `h{ ql} vlnsh cl hgl ci 8:96 i{{h{

hmineh{ k}yh}h` hkjcigshnìgsi kl` h{ hmineh{ iy}lqjh{. k}jhgcl y` em}jcl. ly {ioh. h

hmineh hf}jkhgjhch. xyi `hj{ hd}i{{jvh. ql}` }{sjkh i ci `hjl} q}lcysjvjchci'

Qh}h @igclgh i Nj}h %=116*. h{ hmineh{ hf}jkhgjhch{. }i{ynshgsi{ cl k}yhìgsl ch

hf}jkhgh kl` h{ iy}lqjh{ igklgs}hch{ gl h`mjigsi m}h{jnij}l. ql{{yi` kh}hksi}{sjkh{

mjlndjkh{ ci }i{j{sgkjh h cligh{ i qh}h{jsl{. {l `hj{ hchqsvij{ hl knj`h i. ql}shgsl. `hj{

q}lcysjvh{' [igcl h{{j`. l{ q}lcysl}i{ q}ifi}i` i{sh hmineh ql} khy{h ch hnsh q}lcysjvjchci i

l mhjul ky{sl ci j`qnhgshl cl{ hqj}jl{'

Ci hkl}cl kl` Kl}}h %=11=* l M}h{jn hq}i{igsh kh}hksi}{sjkh{ i{qikjhj{ ci fnl}h i

knj`h xyi. hnjhcl h q}i{igh ch hmineh hf}jkhgjhch. nei klgfi}i` y` qlsigkjhn fhmynl{l qh}h

h hsjvjchci hqklnh. gl igshgsl hjgch qlykl iuqnl}hcl'

[idygcl chcl{ cl JMDI %=119* h q}lcyl ci ìn gl M}h{jn flj ci ;;'43:'666 Bd hq}lcyl ci ìn gl M}h{jn sh`m` k}i{kiy. {igcl xyi gh{ }idji{ Gl}si i Kigs}lLi{si

fl}h` lm{i}vhcl{ k}i{kjìgsl{ iuq}i{{jvl{ =9.:) i 8:.4). }i{qiksjvhìgsi. `h{ l q}jgkjqhn

q}lcysl} ghkjlghn ci ìn l ]jl D}hgci cl {yn. kyoh q}lcyl }iq}i{igsly ==) ch q}lcyl

ghkjlghn'

]IJ[ i FJNEL %=11;* ci{shkh` xyi slcl hqjkynsl}. ì{`l kl` qlykh{ kln`jh{

hnkhgh ml` }i{ynshcl iklg`jkl o gl q}jìj}l hgl ci jgd}i{{l gh hsjvjchci' L jgvi{sjìgsl


16/50

4

gh klg{s}yl ly kl`q}h ch{ kln`jh{. kl` l}jigshl skgjkh. qlci} {i} qhdl kl` l nyk}l

cl ìn hjgch gl q}jìj}l hgl' Cji` hjgch xyi. h hqjkynsy}h }iq}i{igsh y`h j`ql}shgsi flgsi

ci }igch qh}h l{ qixyigl{ q}lcysl}i{. q}jgkjqhnìgsi qh}h l{ h{{igshcl{ ql}

cj{qlgjmjnjh}i`. gh `hjl}jh ch{ vii{. ci }ih{ qi}fijshìgsi iuqnl}vij{ qinh{ hmineh{'

Ci hkl}cl kl` l [IM]HI %=116*. l ì}khcl hqklnh klg{jci}hcl `hj{ y`h

hnsi}ghsjvh ci }igch qh}h l{ qixyigl{ q}lcysl}i{ ci @hsl D}l{{l' Hqigh{ gh{ }idji{

{ycli{si %`ygjkqjl{ ch D}hgci Kki}i{* i gl}li{si %Oyjgh i `ygjkqjl{ vjjgel{* iuj{si`

ki}kh ci 311 hqjkynsl}i{. kyoh q}lcyl ci ki}kh ci 811'111 bd hgyhj{ ci ìn

klì}kjhnjhch gh{ q}q}jh{ nlkhnjchci{ igvlnvjch{. ql} ìjl cl hqljl ch KLHQJ[@HS i

FIHQJ[@HS' Ci hkl}cl kl` chcl{ cl JMDI %=119* h q}lcyl ci ìn ci H}jqyhg flj ci

8';98 bd. l xyi klg{jci}hvinìgsi mhjul i` }inhl h lys}l{ `ygjkqjl{ kl` hsjvjchci

`hj{ klg{lnjchch kl`l Kki}i{ xyi q}lcyjy =6'9;: bd ci ìn gl ì{`l hgl'

[idygcl chcl{ cl F}y` ]idjlghn ci Ci{igvlnvjìgsl [y{sigsvin %=11=*. l

h`mjigsi {kjliklg`jkl ch }idjl gl}li{si cl i{shcl fl}siìgsi jgfnyigkjhcl qinh

klgcjl ci iusig{h{ }ih{ klmi}sh{ qinh vidishl ghsy}hn. kl`l sh`m` qinh q}ik}jh

i{s}ysy}h vj}jh. h{{lkjhch d}hgci xyhgsjchci i iusig{h{ }ih{ jgcdigh{' I{sh{

kh}hksi}{sjkh{ klgs}jmyi` qh}h h mhjuh lkyqhl cl si}}js}jl i. kl` ki}sih. qh}h h {yh

klg{i}vhl. kh}hksi}{sjkh ci{iovin qh}h h q}lcyl hqklnh' H qiky}jh i h iuqnl}hl

fnl}i{shn ci{shkh`{i kl`l q}jgkjqhj{ hsjvjchci{ iklg`jkh{' H hsjvjchci hd}klnh lkyqhql{jl {ikygc}jh'


17/50

5

;';'Hsjvjchci hqklnh

H k}jhl ci hmineh{ iujdi `hj{ klgeikjìgsl i kyjchcl cl xyi k}jh} lys}l{ hgj`hj{

ly nhvly}h %TJI[I. 8::9*' L klgeikjìgsl m{jkl {lm}i hqjkynsy}h sh`m` y`h

}iklìgchl j`ql}shgsi y`h vi e y`h d}hgci kh}gkjh ci qi{{lh{ xyhnjfjkhch{ qh}h

ci{igvlnvi} i{{h hsjvjchci %KIGSIK. =113*' [igcl h{{j`. h q}lcysjvjchci gh hqjkynsy}h i{s

}inhkjlghch q}jgkjqhnìgsi hl `hgiol hcixyhcl i { klgcji{ ch fnl}h hqklnh xyi.

hcjkjlghch { glvh{ skgjkh{ i ifjkjgkjh gh klì}kjhnjhl. fhi`gh ci{shkh}{i cigs}i h{

hsjvjchci{ hd}lqiky}jh{ %F]IJSH[ is hn'2 =113*'

[idygcl Gisl i Gisl %=116*. qh}h xyi h hsjvjchci ql{{h {i} ci{i`qigehch kl`

ifjkjgkjh. l hqjkynsl} civi si} klgeikjìgsl{ `gj`l{ i` cjvi}{h{ f}igsi{. ql} iui`qnl? h

mjlnldjh cl jg{isl igvlnvjcl. hqis}ikel{ ysjnjhcl{. i{klneh ci }ih{ qh}h jg{shnhl ci

hqj}jl{ isk' Ci{{h fl}`h. h xyi{sl ch lkyqhl i{s h{{lkjhch hl gvin ci q}lfj{{jlghnjhl

cl jgcjvcyl. nldl. shgsl l hd}jkynsl} xyi klgcy h hsjvjchci ci fl}`h fh`jnjh} xyhgsl l

q}lq}jis}jl kl` d}hgci gì}l ci kln`jh{. giki{{jsh cl `gj`l ci jgfl}`hi{ qh}h

klgcyj} l gidkjl ci fl}`h {hsj{fhs}jh'

H hqjkynsy}h hqi{h} ci }igsvin. iujdi ki}sl dh{sl cl q}lcysl} gl qi}lcl ch

igs}i{{hf}h i` fygl ch fhnsh ci }iky}{l{ ghsy}hj{ qh}h fl}gikjìgsl ci hnjìgsl { klngjh{'

Ci{{h fl}`h. gi{{i qi}lcl. l q}lcysl} giki{{jsh fl}giki} hnjìgshl h}sjfjkjhn {yh{kln`jh{ qh}h ivjsh} l igf}hxyikjìgsl i hmhgclgl ch{ klngjh{ i q}ioyl{ gh q}lcyl ci

ìn gh {hf}h {idyjgsi %QI]IJ]H. =116*'

Qh}h Gisl i Gisl %=116*. h hqjkynsy}h ci`hgch cjvi}{h{ ehmjnjchci{ shj{ kl`l?

klgkigs}hl. qlci} ci lm{i}vhl. cinjkhcih gl{ `lvjìgsl{ i fl}h f{jkh qh}h hsjvjchci{

di}hj{ cigs}l cl hqj}jl' Nldl. {lìgsi kl` mh{i gi{{h nsj`h fjkh qhsigsi h fl}si q}i{igh

`h{kynjgh cigs}l cl {isl}' Gl igshgsl. l hysl} hjgch cj xyi gl lm{shgsi h `h{{jvh lkyqhl


18/50

:

`h{kynjgh gh hsjvjchci. h{ `ynei}i{ s` d}hgci hsyhl gl{ s}hmhnel{ qh}hninl{. shj{ kl`l gh

klg{s}yl ci `hkhki{. q}iqh}l ch ki}h. hsjvjchci{ }inhkjlghch{ kh{h cl ìn. nj`qih ci

vh{jnehì{. h{{j` kl`l gl klgs}lni ch{ hglshi{ ch{ }ivj{i{ gl hqj}jl'

;'3'Q}lcysl{ ch hmineh

Hqjkynsy}h h kjgkjh ly h}si ci k}jh} hmineh{' Ci hkl}cl kl` Vjninh %=111*. y`h

hsjvjchci iklg`jkh i` xyi {i k}jh hmineh gl {iy ehmjshs ghsy}hn ly {j`jnh}. ysjnjhgcl

skgjkh{ ci `hgiol i jg{y`l{ hcixyhcl{. qh}h {i sj}h} l ùj`l q}lvijsl ch khqhkjchci

ci{{i{ hgj`hj{ i` q}lcyj} ìn i lys}l{ q}lcysl{ hqklnh{'

Qh}h Ql}si{ %=11;*. i{{i{ q}lcysl{ hqklnh{ qlci` {i} knh{{jfjkhcl{ kl`l

i{qikjhnjchci{ i chcl { {yh{ kh}hksi}{sjkh{ ghsy}hj{ vi` dhgehgcl h q}ifi}gkjh cl{

klg{y`jcl}i{. q}jgkjqhnìgsi gl{ qh{i{ ci{igvlnvjcl{. klgsycl. h klgxyj{sh ci ì}khcl{

iujdigsi{ lm}jdh l ci{igvlnvjìgsl ci skgjkh{ ci `hgiol i q}lcyl. xyi gi` {i`q}i {l

hki{{vij{ hl qixyigl q}lcysl}' Klgsycl h hqjkynsy}h qlci ci{shkh}{i kl`l hnsi}ghsjvh ci

}igch qh}h qixyigl{ q}lq}jis}jl{ hd}klnh{. ql} khy{h ch k}i{kigsi ci`hgch `ygcjhn ql}

q}lcysl{ ghsy}hj{. i i` }hl ch{ {yh{ kh}hksi}{sjkh{ ci hsigcjìgsl h y` qmnjkl i{qikfjkl

ci klg{y`jcl}i{ gl ì}khcl jgsi}gl'

H hqjkynsy}h m}h{jnij}h . hsyhnìgsi. y`h ch{ `hj{ j`ql}shgsi{ cl `ygcl i` si}`l{

xyhgsjshsjvl{ i xyhnjshsjvl{. gl xyi {i }ifi}i q}lcyl ci ìn' Igs}ishgsl. jgfl}`hi{ h}i{qijsl ci lys}l{ q}lcysl{ hqklnh{ {l xyh{i xyi slshnìgsi jgiuj{sigsi{ %XYIJ]L_2

MH]ML[H2 H_IVICL. =118*'

Qh}h Shdnjh}i %hqyc QL]SI[. 8::6* h{ hmineh{. hn` ci ìn q}lcyi` q}lcysl{ xyi

ql{{yi` ml` vhnl} hd}idhcl. shj{ kl`l? ki}h. dinjh }ihn. q}qlnj{. qnig i hqjslujgh' Khch

y` ci{{i{ q}lcysl{ si` y`h ysjnjchci qh}h h{ hmineh{ i qh}h l elì`' [idygcl l hysl} ini{

qlci` {i} h{{j` knh{{jfjkhcl{?


19/50

81

@in? l q}jgkjqhn q}lcysl i l lmoisjvl ch i{s}ysy}h ch kln`jh' Qh}h

{yh inhml}hl ysjnjhcl l gksh} ch{ fnl}i{. xyi {l hkh}i{ cj{{lnvjcl{ i

{ik}ishcl{ qinl{ giks}jl{ %nlkhn lgci l gksh} fjkh ciql{jshcl gl jgsi}jl} ch{ fnl}i{* i

klnejcl qinh{ hmineh{' L ìn lmsjcl ìcjhgsi l }i{ynshcl ci cyh{ `lcjfjkhi{

{lf}jch{ qinl gksh} hl {i} q}lki{{hcl gl jgsi}jl} ch hmineh? y`h f{jkh. qinh

ci{jc}hshl ly inj`jghl ch dyh2 lys}h xy`jkh. qinh jgvi}{l cl hkh} kl`ql{sl

i` hkh} {j`qni{'

[l ysjnjhcl{ l{ {idyjgsi{ k}js}jl{ qh}h knh{{jfjkhl i {inil cl ìn qh}h

klì}kjhnjhl?

J* Qinh xyhnjchci? ci hkl}cl h l}jdi`. ly {ioh. qinl gksh} ch{ cjvi}{h{ fnl}i{. Iu? ìn

ci Nh}hgoij}h. ci Iykhnjqsl{. ci @hkjij}h{. [jnvi{s}i. igs}i lys}l{'

JJ* Qinh cig{jchci? ly {ioh. h {yh cig{jchci vh}jh ci hkl}cl kl` l d}hy ci y`jchci i l

sjql ci fnl}hch. H y`jchci y`h ch{ kh}hksi}{sjkh{ `hj{ j`ql}shgsi{ gl{ qh}ìs}l{ ci

xyhnjchci cl ìn. ql} jgfnyigkjh} gh `hsy}jchci. {hml}. klg{i}vhl. vj{kl{jchci. qi{l

i{qikfjkl. k}j{shnjhl i qhnhshmjnjchci cisi}`jghgcl sh`m` l q}hl ci vhnjchci cl

q}lcysl2

JJJ* Qinh hq}i{igshl. ci hkl}cl kl` h i`mhnhdi`. ly {ioh. l ìn qlci {i}

hklgcjkjlghcl i` i`mhnhdig{ q}q}jh{. ly i` vjc}l{. {hkei{. i`mhnhdig{ qn{sjkh{. igs}i

lys}h{'

H jgdi{sl ci ìn ci hmineh{ s}h v}jl{ migifkjl{ {hci ey`hgh' L ìn {i}vi

kl`l }idynhcl} jgsi{sjghn. {yhvi nhuhgsi. igi}dsjkl qh}h hsnish{ i jcl{l{. i jgcjkhcl

ìcjhgsi q}i{k}jl `cjkh. qh}h qi{{lh{ xyi si` cjhmisi{. sigcl i` vj{sh xyi l hkh}

igklgs}hcl gini ìgl{ q}ioycjkjhn cl xyi l ch khghcihkh}'


20/50

88

Hn` {i}vj} kl`l hnjìgsl. l ìn qlci {i} ysjnjhcl gh jgc{s}jh ci kl{`sjkl{. qh}h

q}lcyl ci? uh`qy{. {hmlgisi{. k}iì{. q}lcysl{ xyi si` d}hgci hkijshl i hq}ikjhl gl

ì}khcl ci{sjghcl hl qmnjkl fi`jgjgl'

Ki}h? q}lcysl fj{jlndjkl. kl`ql{sl mh{jkhìgsi ql} kjcl{ d}hul{ i

vjsh`jgh H. fhm}jkhcl{ gl jgsi}jl} ch kln`jh qinh{ hmineh{ h}xyjsish{ ly ki}jij}h{' H

`hs}jhq}j`h l q}q}jl ìn i l hqh}inel `hgjqynhcl} l q}q}jl kl}ql ch hmineh'

Hl igdlnj} l ìn. inhml}hcl y` q}lcysl h qh}sj} cl ìn ci hmineh{ i qnig qh}h

fl}`h} l{ fhvl{ ch kln`jh' Qh}h h{ hmineh{ q}lcyj}i` y` xyjnl ci ki}h giki{{}jl

ci 5 h 81 bd ci ìn. ysjnjhcl{ kl`l flgsi ci igi}djh qh}h q}lcyl' H ki}h

ysjnjhch qinl elì` gh jgc{s}jh xy`jkh. fh}`hkysjkh. kl{`sjkh. khnhcj{sh i

h}si{hghn' I{si q}lcysl ql{{yj hl hgsjjgfnh`hs}jh i kjkhs}jhgsi'

Dinjh ]ihn? Kl}}i{qlgci h y`h {ym{sgkjh hnjìgsh} {ik}ishch qinh{

hmineh{ olvig{' y` hnjìgsl ysjnjhcl ql} slch{ h{ hmineh{ gh fl}`h ci nh}vh{. hs l

si}kij}l cjh ci gh{kjìgsl. i qinh }hjgeh. i` slcl {iy kjknl ci vjch' Qh}h {yh q}lcyl

h{ `hs}jh{q}j`h{ ysjnjhch{ {l l qnig. ìn i dyh. xyi jgdi}jcl{ qinh{ hmineh{ {l

s}hg{fl}`hcl{ gh dinjh' Ql} {i} y` hnjìgsl }jkl i` kh}mljc}hsl{. q}lsigh{.

vjsh`jgh{. `jgi}hn i h`jglkjcl{. h dinjh }ihn sl}gh{i y` {yqi} hnjìgsl qh}h l {i}

ey`hgl. xyi xyhgcl y{hcl kl` f}ixgkjh kl`mhsi cjvi}{h{ cligh{'

H {yh q}lcyl mh{shgsi nj`jshch gl yns}hqh{{h 41 d}h`h{ ql} kln`jh qlj{

cj}ikjlghch hqigh{ h y` {idìgsl klg{y`jcl} ch kln`jh' I iujdi mh{shgsi klgeikjìgsl

skgjkl cl q}lcysl}. ql} j{{l ql{{yj d}hgci vhnl} hd}idhcl. hsjgdjgcl l vhnl} klì}kjhn ci hs

]# 8'=11.11 ql} bd'

Q}qlnj{? qhnhv}h ci l}jdi` nhsjgh xyi xyi} cji}? q} 0 cifi{h.qlnj{ 0

kjchci2 Ql}shgsl qinh klgoydhl {jdgjfjkh. cifi{h ch kjchci' y` q}lcysl klnishcl

qinh{ hmineh{ i kl}}i{qlgci h y`h }i{jgh {id}idhch ci ki}sl{ vidishj{' H }i{jgh


21/50

8=

nivhch qh}h cigs}l ch{ kln`jh{ qinh{ hmineh{ i ysjnjhch qh}h fikeh} f}i{sh{ kl` l

jgsyjsl ci {i ivjsh} h igs}hch ci vigsl. igvi}gjh} h qh}si iusi}gh ch kln`jh i q}lsidi

n klgs}h h igs}hch cl f}jl i y`jchci'

Qnig? gl q}lcyjcl qinh{ hmineh{. `h{ {j` klnishcl ch{ fnl}i{ i

h}`highcl gh kln`jh' ysjnjhcl kl`l flgsi ci q}lsigh qinh{ hmineh{. {igcl

hnjìgsl `yjsl }jkl sh`m` i` vjsh`jgh{ q}lsigh{ i `jgi}hj{. i ql{{yj qhqin

j`ql}shgsi gh kln`jh. qlj{ ysjnjhcl gh q}lcyl ci dinjh }ihn xyi {i}vi kl`l

flgsi ci hnjìgsl qh}h h }hjgeh'

Hqjslujgh? h hqjslujgh gl q}lcyjch kl`l l{ ci`hj{ q}lcysl{. ql}

xyi l vigigl ci hmineh. ysjnjhcl kl`l cifi{h cl hgj`hn. xyi i` d}hgci xyhgsjchci

ql} {i} fhshn qh}h l elì`. `h{ i` cl{i{ qixyigh{ si` ifijsl{ migfjkl{ {hci

ey`hgh' Qlci {i} ysjnjhcl gl s}hshìgsl ci h}s}jsi. }iy`hsj{`l i q}lmni`h{

kj}kynhs}jl{. kl`l l y{l ch hqjkygsy}h skgjkh lgci {i hqnjkh l fi}}l ch hmineh gl{

qlgsl{ ci hkyqygsy}h'

;'9'@in l}dgjkl

L ìn kl` ki}sjfjkhl ci l}dgjkl hq}i{igsh kh}hksi}{sjkh{ cjfi}igkjhch{. ql} {i} y`

q}lcysl {i` }i{cyl ci hd}lsujkl mi` vhnl}jhcl gl ì}khcl jgsi}ghkjlghn' Qh}h j{{l

giki{{}jl kh}hksi}jh} l ìn kl`l l}dgjkl ql} ìjl ci y` {j{si`h ci ki}sjfjkhl i

jcigsjfjkhl. qh}h ql{si}jl} vhnl}jhl i klì}kjhnjhl cl q}lcysl' L ìn l}dgjkl slcl

ìn ci{q}lvjcl ci xyhnxyi} klgsh`jghl xy`jkh. jgknyjgcl hxyinh h{{lkjhch hl q}lki{{l

`jd}hs}jl ch{ hmineh{ i` my{kh ci mlh{ fnl}hch{ xyi gl {l klgs}lnhch{ cj}ishìgsi qinl{

hqjkynsl}i{ i qlci` i{sh} klgsh`jghch{ kl` q}lcysl{ xy`jkl{. hs l q}lki{{l ci

i`mhnhdi` fjghn %MYHJGHJG & MHSHNEH. =114*'


22/50

8;

Y`h igs}ivj{sh }ihnjhch qinh }ivj{sh ]Y]HN %=115* g8=5. kl` l Cj}isl} q}i{jcigsi

ch M}izi} i Kjh Nsch'. Eig}jxyi M}izi}. l ì{`l hfj}`h xyi qh}h q}lcyj} ìn l}dgjkl

q}ikj{l {idyj} gl}`h{. xyi vl ci{ci h hnjìgshl ch{ hmineh{ hs l q}lki{{l ci klnish cl

ìn i h ejdjigi' Ci{ci l `hgiol ch{ kln`jh{. lgci l y{l ci ìcjkhìgsl{ gl hysl}jhcl.

h{{j` kl`l h{ khjuh{ ci kln`jh{ sh`m` gl qlci` {i} qjgshch{' H{ i`mhnhdig{ qh}h

klì}kjhnjhl civi` hq}lvhch{ qinl{ }dl{ kl`qisigsi{ i el`lnldhch{ qinh{

ki}sjfjkhcl}h{. ìcjch{ i{sh{ q}ikj{h` {i} hclshch{ klgs}h h klgsh`jghl' Kl`l cj M}izi}.

gl hcjhgsh ghch si} slcl{ l{ ixyjqhìgsl{ i }isj}h} l ìn cigs}l ci y` i{smynl . h

xyhnjchci l xyi cjfi}igkjh l ìn l}dgjkl cl klgvigkjlghn'

H nij xyi }idi h hd}jkynsy}h l}dgjkh h Nij 81'5;8 ci cii`m}l ci =11; %M]H[JN.

=11;*. lgci klgsi` slcl{ l{ }ixyj{jsl{ giki{{}jl{ qh}h {i kh}hksi}jh} y`h q}lcyl kl`l

l}dgjkh' Gh nij? xyhgsl nlkhnjhl. l{ hqj}jl{ civi}l i{sh} jg{shnhcl{ i` }ih{ ghsjvh{ ly

kl` kynsy}h{ {ymìsjch{ h s}hshìgsl ci mhjul j`qhksl h`mjigshn. ly kl` kynsy}h{ l}dgjkh{

ki}sjfjkhch{ lgci l{ lqi}hcl}i{ sigeh` h khqhkjchci ci `lgjsl}h} slch{ h{ hsjvjchci{ xyi

ql{{h` hfish} h{ kln`jh{ i kl` flgsi ci gksh} i qnig {yfjkjigsi gy` }hjl ci 8.9 b`.

xyhgcl fl} klg{shshch h jg{yfjkjgkjh gh{ flgsi{ ci hnjìgshl l }hjl h {i} klg{jci}hcl {i}

ci ; b`2 q}ljmjcl l ci{`hshìgsl qh}h jg{shnhl ci y` hqj}jl i` `hgiol l}dgjkl. i

civi}l {jsyh}{i h y`h cj{sgkjh ci gl `gj`l 9 b`. ci kigs}l{ y}mhgl{. hysli{s}hch{.

lgh{ jgcy{s}jhj{. hsi}}l{ i jgkjgi}hcl}i{ ci njul i ygjchci{ ci q}lcyl gl hd}klnh{' [igclxyi slch{ i{sh{ kh}hksi}{sjkh{ ci nlkhnjhl qlci` {i} igklgs}hch{ gl `ygjkqjl ci

H}jqyhg. `l{s}hgcl xyi h }idjl hq}i{igsh kh}hksi}{sjkh{ fhvl}vij{ h q}lcyl ci ìn

l}dgjkl'


23/50

83

;'6' [j{si`h q}lcysjvl

;'6'8' @hgiol

Qh}h {i }ihnjh} h hsjvjchci hqklnh giki{{}jl xyi l hqjkynsl} ql{{yh klgeikjìgsl

skgjkl {lm}i h q}lcyl hqklnh. kl`l sh`m` xyi i{{i hqjkynsl} ql{{yh sh`m` hqsjcl

qh}h l ì{`l. kl`l vj{sl ql} Gisl i Gisl %=116*. {igl hkhmh}h {i sl}ghgcl `hn {ykicjcl

kl` h hsjvjchci' Ql}` hn` ci klgeikjìgsl skgjkl i hqsjcl. sh`m` giki{{}jl xyi l

q}lcysl} ql{{yh nlkhn hcixyhcl qh}h jg{shnhl cl hqj}jl i l{ ixyjqhìgsl{ qh}h }ihnjhl

ch hsjvjchci ci hkl}cl kl` By{`h. Si}gl{bj i @hklelg %=115*. i{{i{ ixyjqhìgsl{ {l? l

`hkhkl ci hqjkynsl}2 fy`jdhcl}2 kigs}fydh2 dh}fl2 fl}`l2 shgxyi{ cikhgshcl}i{2 ì{h

ci{lqi}kynhcl}h i h kh{h ci ìn' Ci ql{{i ci{{i{ ixyjqhìgsl{ l q}lcysl} o i{s hqsl h

}ihnjh} h hsjvjchci'

Lys}l fhsl} j`ql}shgsi qh}h hsjvjchci hqklnh h ysjnjhl ci khjuh ci `hcij}h qhc}l

keh`hch ci kln`jh }hkjlghn' H `hj{ ysjnjhch h kln`jh Nhgd{s}lse. xyi flj ci{igvlnvjch

qinl hqjkynsl} i i{sycjl{l gl}sihì}jkhgl. Nl}igl Nl}}hjgi Nhgd{s}lse' I{{h kln`jh

klg{j{si i` y`h khjuh fijsh ci `hcij}h kl` h{ {idyjgsi{ i{s}ysy}h{? fygcl. khjuh gjgel ly

k`h}h ci k}jh. ìndyij}h{. sh`qh i xyhc}l{. ql{{yjgcl hjgch y` hki{{}jl cigl`jghcl cisinh iuknycl}h xyi {i}vi qh}h ivjsh} xyi h }hjgeh i l{ hgdi{ vl qh}h h{ ìndyij}h{'

Ci hkl}cl kl` [jnvh %=114*. l q}lcysl `hj{ iuqnl}hcl gh hsjvjchci ch hqjkynsy}h l

ìn' Qh}h h{ hmineh{ q}lcyj} i{{i q}lcysl. i{{igkjhn h q}i{igh ci y` vh{sl qh{sl hqklnh

kl` fnl}hch{ i` hmygcgkjh i dyh ci mlh xyhnjchci'

Civi{i lm{i}vh} {i l q}lcysl} vhj }ihnjh} h k}jhl ci hmineh{ ci fl}`h `jd}hs}jh

ly fjuh. gl}`hnìgsi }ihnjhch h hqjkynsy}h fjuh civjcl hl ky{sl ci y`h q}lcyl


24/50

89

`jd}hs}jh. xyi }ihnjhch q}jgkjqhnìgsi ql} hqjkynsl}i{ q}lfj{{jlghj{ kl` `hj{ ci 811

kln`jh{' Lys}l{ h{qiksl{ xyi civi` {i} nivhcl{ i` klgsh xyhgcl {i q}isigci jg{shnh} y`

hqj}jl. h cj{qlgjmjnjchci ci }iky}{l{ fnl}hj{ . {i` cvjch. h `hj{ j`ql}shgsi. hn` ch

cj{qlgjmjnjchci ci dyh i cj{sgkjh ci }ih{ kl` `lvjìgshl ey`hgh ly mh}ynel'

H fnl}h hqklnh kh}hksi}jhch qinh{ i{qkji{ vidishj{ xyi ql{{h` fl}giki} gksh} i,ly

qnig. q}lcysl{ i{{igkjhj{ qh}h h `hgysigl ch{ klngjh{ i qh}h h q}lcyl ci ìn' L

klgoygsl ci{{h{ i{qkji{ cigl`jghcl -qh{sl hqklnh ly qh{shdi` hqklnh-' Hqi{h} ch{

hmineh{ si}i` h khqhkjchci ci fl}}hdih} kl` hnsh ifjkjgkjh y`h }ih ci = h ; b` hl }icl} cl

hqj}jl %i` sl}gl ci 411 eh ci }ih slshn iuqnl}hch*. xyhgsl `hj{ q}uj`l ch kln`jh i{sjvi}

h flgsi ci hnjìgsl. `hj{ }qjcl {i} l s}hg{ql}si. qi}`jsjgcl xyi h{ hmineh{ }ihnji` `hjl}

gì}l ci vjhdig{ klgs}jmyjgcl qh}h l hyìgsl ch q}lcyl' %QI]IJ]H is hn' =11;*'

Klgfl}ì [lyh %=113* lys}l{ fhsl}i{ civi` {i lm{i}vhcl{. xyhgsl nlkhnjhl cl

hqj}jl i{sl? h cj{qlgjmjnjchci ci dyh. l hqj}jl civi i{sh} h y`h cj{sgkjh ùj`h ch flgsi

ci dyh ci ;11 ìs}l{. gh hy{gkjh ci flgsi{ ghsy}hj{ giki{{}jl ysjnjh} mimicly}l{

h}sjfjkjhj{ kl` dyh nj`qh i f}i{kh2 h fhkjnjchci ci hki{{l dh}hgsjgcl h `lvjìgshl {i`

cjfjkynchci{ ci qi{{lh{ i `hsi}jhj{ hqklnh{ giki{{}jl{ q}lcyl2 ml` {l`m}ihìgsl cl

hqj}jl i` }idji{ xyigsi{' L {ln cj}isl {lm}i h{ kln`jh{ q}ioycjkjhn { hmineh{ i

kl`q}lìsi h q}lcyl2 i q}lsil klgs}h l{ vigsl{. q}jgkjqhnìgsi gh{ }idji{ f}jh{'

Hq{ h jg{shnhl cl hqj}jl kl`y` lkl}}i}i` hndyg{ Q}lmni`h{ Skgjkl{ ci@hgiol %QS@*. xyi i{sl }inhkjlghcl{ q}jgkjqhnìgsi hl hshxyi ci q}hdh{ %QS@,q}hdh{*

kl`l fl}`jdh{. kyqjg{. kh}l{ %Vh}}lh ci{s}yksl}* i s}hh cl{ fhvl{ %dhnni}jh ìnnlginnh*.

hn`ch qjnehdi` ch{ hmineh{ ql} lys}l{ iguhì{ ci hmineh{ kl`l h H}hqy. ìnqlgh cl

dgi}l S}jdlgh' Qi}ij}h is hn' %=11;*. cj xyi l hshxyi ci jg{isl{ lkl}}i q}jgkjqhnìgsi i`

iguhì ci klngjh{ f}hkh. {igcl di}hnìgsi. klg{ixgkjh ch fhnsh ci hnjìgsl cj{qlgvin gl


25/50

86

kh`ql. cjvj{l ghsy}hn ci iguhì{. }hjgeh{ vineh{ gh{ kln`jh{ ly iguhì{ }ik`

khqsy}hcl{' Hn` ci gl q}lcyj}i`. i{{h{ klngjh{ {l hnvl fkjn ci q}hdh{ i cligh{'

Qh}h j{{l. ci hkl}cl kl` [lyh %=113*. l hqjkynsl} civi }ihnjh} vj{sl}jh{ qi}jcjkh{

gh{ klngjh{. i{shgcl {i`q}i hsigsl {jsyhl ch{ kln`jh{. lm{i}vhgcl h xyhgsjchci ci

hnjìgsl cj{qlgvin. h q}i{igh i h xyhnjchci ch ql{sy}h ch }hjgeh. l ci{igvlnvjìgsl ch{

k}jh{. h lkl}}gkjh ci cligh{ ly q}hdh{. i{qhl cj{qlgvin gh kln`jh qh}h ivjsh}

iguhìhl. isk' Ci{{i `lcl. `yjsl{ q}lmni`h{ qlci` {i} ivjshcl{ kh{l {ioh` sl`hch{

ìcjch{ q}ivigsjvh{. ysjnjhgcl{i skgjkh{ ci `hgiol hcixyhch{. h fj` ci `hgsi} l{

iguhì{ i` klgcji{ ci q}lcyl'

Ci hkl}cl kl` ]ij{ %=11;*. lys}l fhsl} xyi qlci di}h} l hshxyi ci q}hdh{. i{s

}inhkjlghcl hl y{l ci xyhc}l{ kl` ki}h `yjsl vineh gl{ gjgel{ i gh{ ìndyij}h{. j{{l

lkh{jlgh h }icyl cl{ hnvlnl{. l xyi }icy h }ih sjn qh}h l h}`highìgsl ci hnjìgsl{

qh}h h{ hmineh{. hn` ci l}jdjgh} hmineh{ ìgl}i{ ìgl{ q}lcysjvh{ i `hj{ hd}i{{jvh{' L

}i{ynshcl ci{{i `hgiol si` kl`l klg{ixgkjh h qi}kh ci vjdl} ch klngjh. ly {ioh. h

khqhkjchci ch{ hmineh{ ci {i cifigci}i` cl hshxyi ci lys}l{ jg{isl{. i y{l ch ki}h vineh

sh`m` fhvl}iki h jgfi{shl ch{ kln`jh{ qinh s}hh cl{ fhvl{. ql} j{{l l q}lcysl} civi

lm{i}vh} {i h ki}h cl{ xyhc}l{ i{sjvi} `yjsl i{ky}h. giki{{}jh h s}lkh ci{{i{ xyhc}l{'

Si` xyi {i sl`h} kyjchcl sh`m` kl` h iguhìhl. ci hkl}cl Vjij}h. [jnvh i

D}hgci %=113*. h{ hmineh{ hf}jkhgjhch{ {l q}lqig{h{ h iguhìhl %q}lki{{l ghsy}hn cicjvj{l ci iguhì{*. ql} j{{l giki{{}jl }ihnjh} vj{sl}jh{ xyjgighj{ gh{ kln`jh{ qh}h

ivjsh} xyi j{{l lkl}}h'

Ci hkl}cl kl` Tlnff %=114*. i` hndy`h{ qlkh{ {l giki{{}jh{ h ysjnjhl ci

hnjìgshl h}sjfjkjhn qh}h i{shminikjìgsl ch{ hmineh{ gl hqj}jl. {igcl cjvjcjch i` clj{

sjql{ ci hnjìgshl h}sjfjkjhn. xyi ql} {yh vi {l lfi}ikjcl{ hl{ iguhì{ i` qlkh{

sh`m` cj{sjgsh{. qlj{ s` lmoisjvl{ cjfi}igsi{' I{{i{ sjql{ ci hnjìgshl {l?


26/50

84

Hnjìgshl h}sjfjkjhn ci `hgysigl? [i}vi qh}h h {ym{j{sgkjh cl{

iguhì{ i fl}gikjch gl jgkjl i cy}hgsi l{ qi}lcl{ ci i{kh{{i ci fnl}hch{2

Hnjìgshl i{sj`ynhgsi? xyi {i}vi qh}h i{sj`ynh} h ql{sy}h ch }hjgeh.

hyujnjhgcl gl hyìgsl cl{ iguhì{. ìnel}hgcl gh q}lcysjvjchci ch kln`jh. ly

fl}shnikjìgsl ci iguhì{ f}hkl{'

Xyhgsl ivh{l ci iguhì{ ly hmhgclgl ch{ kln`jh{ %QS@,ivh{l*. klgfl}ì

[idi}ig %=113* lkl}}i` gl}`hnìgsi ql} khy{h? ch fhnsh ci qh{sl hqklnh2 ql} qi}sy}mhi{

khy{hch{ ql} hshxyi{ ci q}hdh{2 `jd}hl ghsy}hn cl iguhì2 fhnsh ci dyh q}uj`l hl

hqj}jl2 i hs ì{`l h }ivj{l ch{ khjuh{. fijsh{ ci fl}`h jghcixyhch qinl hqjkynsl}' Kl`

mh{i gj{{l qlci{i hfj}`h}. xyi h fhnsh ci klgcji{ hcixyhch{ qh}h l i{shminikjìgsl ch{

hmineh{. nivh h ivh{l ci iguhì{ cl hqj}jl'

;'6'=' Ius}hl cl ìn. igvh{i i h}`highìgsl

Hq{ h klneijsh. ci hkl}cl kl` QI]IJ]H is hn'%=11;*. h ius}hl cl ìn civi}

{i`q}i {i} }ihnjzhch i` nlkhn hq}lq}jhcl. gl}`hnìgsi cigl`jghcl kl`l {hnh cl ìn ly

kh{h cl ìn. lgci civi {i} {idyjch{ slch{ h{ gl}`h{ ci ejdjigi' L{ ixyjqhìgsl{ i

}ikjqjigsi{ civi}l {i} mi` nj`ql{ i ci{jgfishcl{' [idygcl ]ij{ %=11;* jgsi}i{{hgsi xyi

i{{h{ jg{shnhi{ ql{{yh` {i ql{{vin l {i}vjl ci jg{qil. [i}vjl ci Jg{qil @ygjkjqhn

%[J@*. [i}vjl ci Jg{qil I{shcyhn %[J[I*'

Klgfl}ì Qi}ij}h is hn' %=11;* i{s}ysy}h f{jkh ch kh{h cl ìn hq}i{igsh klg{s}yl i

cj{ql{jl {j`qni{. klg{shgcl ci }ih ci }ikiql cl `hsi}jhn cl kh`ql %ìndyij}h{*

{iqh}hch ch }ih ci `hgjqynhl. }ih ci q}lki{{hìgsl cl ìn %qlcigcl {i} {ymcjvjcjch.

klgfl}ì h ishqh ci q}lki{{hìgsl*. }ih ci igvh{i. nlkhn ci h}`highdi` cl q}lcysl fjghn i

mhgeij}l i` }ih j{lnhch %iusi}gh hl q}cjl*' H klg{s}yl civi lmiciki} { gl}`h{


27/50

85

{hgjs}jh{ cl @jgj{s}jl ch Hd}jkynsy}h. Qiky}jh i Hmh{sikjìgsl@HQH %Ql}sh}jh [JQH g

116. ci =9 ci oynel ci 8:59*'

Ci hkl}cl kl` [lyh %=113*. l{ q}lkicjìgsl{ cigs}l ch kh{h ci ìn {l? h }ikiql

ch{ ìndyij}h{2 ci{lqi}kynhl. xyi h }i`ll ch ki}h ly lq}kynl xyi fikeh l{ hnvlnl{

lgci {i i{s h}`highcl l ìn gl xyhc}l2 kigs}jfydhl2 fjns}hdi` cl ìn2 cikhgshl

}ihnjhch i` shgxyi{ cikhgshcl}i{. lgci h{ j`qy}ih{ i mlneh{ q}i{igsi{ gl ìn fjkh}h` gh

{yqi}fkji cl ì{`l2 igvh{i i h}`highìgsl' j`q}i{kjgcvin xyi l{ `hgjqynhcl}i{. gh

kh{h ci ìn. sigeh` sl`hcl mhgel i y{hgcl }lyqh{ nj`qh{ %ohnikl. dl}}l. `{kh}h*. i xyi

sigeh {idyjcl slch{ h{ }id}h{ ci ejdjigi. qh}h h{{idy}h} y` h`mjigsi ci s}hmhnel hcixyhcl

qh}h h `hgjqynhl cl ìn. ivjshgcl h{{j` h klgsh`jghl cl ìn'

H qi}ch ci xyhnjchci cl ìn ql} klgsh`jghl ci hkl}cl kl` Gisl i Gisl

%=116* i{s njdhch q}jgkjqhnìgsi hl{ {idyjgsi{ fhsl}i{?

h* `hgjqynhl cl ìn i` }ikjqjigsi{ {yol{ ly `hn nhvhcl{2

m* nlkhn ci migifjkjhìgsl j`q}q}jl i {yoijsl klgsh`jghl2

k* ysjnjhl ci dyh ci ` xyhnjchci2

c* fhnsh ci kyjchcl{ kl` h ejdjigi qi{{lhn2 i

i* khjuh{ ci s}hg{ql}si klgcyjch{ ci fl}`h jghcixyhch'

L y{l ci i`mhnhdig{ jghcixyhch{ qh}h igvh{i cl ìn hfish gh xyhnjchci cl ìn. ci

hkl}cl kl` ]ij{ %=11;*. l h}`highìgsl i vigch i` i`mhnhdig{ qn{sjkh{ cl sjql QIS%Qlnjsi}ifshnhsl ci Isjnigl* i dh}}hfh{ ci vjc}l ci khkehh ly ki}vioh. qlci` q}ioycjkh} h{

q}lq}jichci{ cl q}lcysl ql} gl {i}i` hcixyhch{ h i{si fj`' H ejdjigjhl jghcixyhch

ci{{h{ i`mhnhdig{ qlci nivh} h klgsh`jghl cl ìn kl` cjvi}{h{ {ym{sgkjh{ i

`jk}ll}dhgj{`l{. {igcl hndyg{ cl{ xyhj{ qlsigkjhnìgsi qhsldgjkl{' [idygcl gl}`h{ ch

Hdigkjh Ghkjlghn ci Vjdjngkjh [hgjs}jh %HGVJ[H* L ìn qlci civi {i} hklgcjkjlghcl i`


28/50

8:

i`mhnhdi` hqsh qh}h hnjìgsl. hcixyhch qh}h h{ klgcji{ q}ivj{sh{ ci h}`highìgsl i xyi

klgfj}h y`h q}lsil hcixyhch klgs}h klgsh`jghl'

Qh}h Nlqi{ %=115*. i` slch h q}lcyl cl ìn giki{{}jl {idyj} h{ Mlh{ Q}sjkh{

Hqklnh{. ql}` cigs}l ch kh{h ci ìn giki{{}jl l y{l ch{ Mlh{ Q}sjkh{ ci Fhm}jkhl

vj{sl ql} Qi}ij}h is hn' %=11;*' H{ Mlh{ Q}hsjkh{ ci Fhm}jkhl {l }idynhch{ qinh ]i{lnyl

]CK g =86. ci 89 ci {isi`m}l ci =113 %M]H[JN. =113* ch HGVJ[H lgci ql{{yj gl}`h{

ci klgcysh qh}h `hgjqynhl ci hnjìgsl{ i` }inhl h ejdjigi. xyi dh}hgsi` h xyhnjchci cl

ìn q}jgkjqhnìgsi gh{ ishqh{ ci igvh{i i h}`highìgsl giki{{}jh{ qh}h ivjsh} h

klgsh`jghl cl ìn' Ci hkl}cl kl` Nlqi{ %=115*. }ihnjh} mlh{ q}sjkh{ gl kh`ql ql}

lkh{jl ch klneijsh cl ìn {jdgjfjkh l q}jìj}l qh{{l gh lmsigl ci y` q}lcysl ci mlh

xyhnjchci'

L h}`highìgsl cl ìn klgfl}ì [lyh %=113*. civi {i`q}i {i} fijsl i` nlkhn {ikl

i f}i{kl. `hgsjcl hl hm}jdl ch ny i {lm}i i{s}hcl{. lgci l ìn civi qi}`hgiki} hs h

klì}kjhnjhl' I{{i{ kyjchcl{ {i civi` h y`h {ym{sgkjh q}i{igsi gl ìn keh`hcl

Ejc}lujìsjnfy}fy}hn %E@F*. xyi {y}di ch cikl`ql{jl ci hkh}i{ i civjcl h {yh

}ihsjvjchci cj`jgyj l vhnl} gys}jkjlghn cl ìn. hn` cj{{l. l E@F hnsi}h l {hml} i l h}l`h cl

ìn' khy{hch qinh ch q}i{igh ci hnsh{ si`qi}hsy}h{ ly h}`highcl ql} `yjsl si`ql i`

si`qi}hsy}h h`mjigsi' Ci hkl}cl kl` Qi}ij}h is hn' %=11;*. i{{i{ kyjchcl{ i` }inhl hl

h}`highìgsl vhni`. shgsl cl ìn h d}hgin %mhnci{ qn{sjkl{ i sh`ml}i{* kl`l clf}hkjlghcl %i`mhnhdig{ qh}h l klg{y`l fjghn*. i` }inhl ejdjigi cl h`mjigsi i.

q}jgkjqhnìgsi. i` }inhl hl klgs}lni ch si`qi}hsy}h'

[ketijsi} %=118* }inhsh xyi kl` l{ cjfi}igsi{ gidkjl{ ch hd}ljgc{s}jh. l{ klgs}lni{

ch xyhnjchci cl{ q}lcysl{ ci klg{y`l {i}l khch vi `hj{ f}ixigsi{ i khch vi `hj{

{lfj{sjkhcl{' H{{j` sl}gh{i giki{{}jl sl`h} kyjchcl{ }ifi}igsi{ hl{ q}lki{{l{ ci klneijsh i

`hgjqynhl cl ìn qh}h dh}hgsj} h xyhnjchci cl q}lcysl fjghn'


29/50

=1

;'6';' Klì}kjhnjhl

H klì}kjhnjhl cl ìn h ishqh `hj{ j`ql}shgsi. ql}i` h klì}kjhnjhl iujdi

cl q}lcysl} ki}sl i{fl}l. q}jgkjqhnìgsi gh qh}si ci di{sl ch q}lcyl. ysjnjhl ci }synl

gl{ q}lcysl{. qh}sjkjqhl i` h{{lkjhi{ qh}h hxyj{jl ci ìnel}i{ q}il{. klg{idyj}i`

{inl ci [i}vjl{ ci Jg{qil [hgjs}jh i fl}`hl ci H}}hgol{ Q}lcysjvl{ Nlkhj{ %HQN*'

Qh}h l [IM]HI %=116m*. h klì}kjhnjhl cl ìn i ci lys}l{ q}lcysl{ ch kln`jh

qlci lkl}}i} hs}hv{ ci cyh{ fl}`h{?

Vigch cj}ish i jgfl}`hn ql} qh}si cl{ q}lcysl}i{. j{{l i` fij}h{ ly

qi{{lhnìgsi. iuikyshgcl y`h vigch q}ik}jh. hs}hv{ ci i{fl}l{ qi{{lhj{

cj}ishìgsi i` }i{jcgkjh{ ly qixyigl{ kl`}kjl{. i` njs}l{. vjc}l{ i hs i` nhsh{ i

mhnci{2

Vigch hs}hv{ ci jgsi}ìcj}jl{. i` d}hgci{ i{shminikjìgsl{

klì}kjhj{ ly hs}hv{ ci qlgsl{ i{qikjhnjhcl{' Xyi {l l inl igs}i l q}lcysl} i

i{shminikjìgsl{ q}lki{{hcl}i{ ly klì}kjhj{. ql}` iujdi` cl q}lcysl} h q}lcyl

i` nh}dh i{khnh'

Fhsl}i{ kl`l cjfjkynchci kl` vigch. ci{klgfjhgh i` }inhl xyhnjchci cl ìn i

fhnsh ci nld{sjkh. {l q}lmni`h{ klì}kjhj{ %K* igf}igshcl{ qinl{ q}lcysl}i{' [idygcl

I`m}hqh %=11=*. l `hgiol jghcixyhcl i cifjkjgkjh gl {j{si`h ci l}dhgjhl i di{sl cl{

q}lcysl}i{. nivh` h mhjuh q}lcysjvjchci i xyhnjchci cl ìn. l xyi cjfjkynsh gh

klì}kjhnjhl. {igcl keh`hcl{ sh`m` ci dh}dhnl{ gh q}lcyl'

L{ q}lmni`h{ ci jgvi{sjìgsl %J* {l h fhnsh ci khqjshn. hnsl ky{sl jgjkjhn ch hsjvjchci

ql} j{{l h giki{{jchci ci fl}`hl i h{{lkjhi{ i kllqi}hsjvh. cjfjkynchci i` hxyj{jl ci

glvh{ kln`jh{ Nhgd{s}lse icjfjkynchci i` {i }ihnjh} fjghgkjhìgsl{' By{`h. Si}gl{bj i


30/50

=8

@hklelg %=115*. hfj}`h` xyi i{{i{ q}lmni`h{ nivh` h cjfjkynchci ci h`qnjhl ch

hsjvjchci. i klg{ixyigsi`igsi cjfjkynchci gl hy`igsl ch q}lcysjvjchci'


31/50

==

3' @HSI]JHJ[ I @SLCL[

3'8' }ih ci I{sycl

L s}hmhnel flj ci{igvlnvjcl gl `ygjkqjl ci H}jqyhg@S gl qi}lcl ci cii`m}l

ci =114 h fivi}ij}l ci =115 kl` vj{jsh{ hl{ q}lcysl}i{ ci ìn' H i{klneh cl `ygjkqjl {i

ciy qinl fhsl. ci xyi. gh qlkh i{shvh {igcl j`qnhgshch h H{{lkjhl ci Hqjkynsl}i{ ci

H}jqyhg %HQH]J*. ehvigcl h{{j` y` jgkjl ci i{s}ysy}hl cl{ q}lcysl}i{ ci ìn i

cj{ky{{i{ {lm}i h hsjvjchci hqklnh'

H l}jdi` cl glì H}jqyhg jgcdigh Hqjhk. i H}jqyhg {jdgjfjkh dyh ci

Qic}h' L `ygjkqjl si` y`h }ih ci =3'61;.8; b`=. fhigcl nj`jsi{ kl` l{ `ygjkqjl{ ci

Klngjh. ]lgclngcjh. Kh{shgeij}h. Oyjgh i Kls}jdyhy'

Fjkh nlkhnjhcl hl gl}li{si cl I{shcl ci @hsl D}l{{l. cj{shgsi ::= b` ci Kyjhm h

khqjshn cl i{shcl. gh nhsjsyci 81 81 =6.8619 [ i nlgdjsyci 9: =4 8='9:34 T' Hq}i{igsh

knj`h ixyhsl}jhn xyigsi i `jcl. kl` h q}ikjqjshl hgyhn ci =491 `` kl` `hjl}

jgsig{jchci gl{ ì{i{ ci ohgij}l. fivi}ij}l i `h}l' Ql{{yj hnsjsyci ci 8:1 ìs}l{ i

si`qi}hsy}h `cjh ci =6 K' H vidishl q}icl`jghgsi ci fnl}i{sh H`hgjkh kl` {lnl ci

kh}hksi}{sjkh h}djnlh}igl{l' L{ q}jgkjqhj{ }jl{ {l? H}jqyhg. ]ll{ivins. Dyh}jmh. Khgh`.

Khqjsh}j. Fy}xyj` i ]jl M}hgkl' I igs}i h{ hsjvjchci{ ci{igvlnvjch{ gl `ygjkqjl qlci{i

ci{shkh}? l ius}hsjvj{`l vidishn %ius}hl `hcij}ij}h*. h `jgi}hl. h qiky}jh iusig{jvh i l

sy}j{`l' %FI]]IJ]H. =118 Q' =4;*'


32/50

=;

Fjdy}h ; @hqh cl i{shcl ci @hsl D}l{{l kl` h nlkhnjhl ch khqjshn Kyjhm i l `ygjkqjl ci

H}jqyhg %nlkhn ch }ihnjhl cl s}hmhnel*'Flgsi? essq?,,qs'tjbjqicjh'l}d,tjbj,H}jqyhg)K;)H;' @lcjfjkhcl ql} Mhsj{sh. %=11:*'

3'=' Q}lcyl cl{ Chcl{

Qh}h h q}lcyl cl{ chcl{ fl}h` }ihnjhch{ igs}ivj{sh{ {i`ji{s}ysy}hch{ vlnshch{

qh}h l{ q}lcysl}i{ kl` jgsyjsl ci nivhgsh} chcl{ {lm}i h hsjvjchci hqklnh. qinl qlgsl ci vj{sh

cl{ q}lcysl}i{' H ìslclnldjh ysjnjhch qh}h nlkhnjhl i igs}ivj{sh cl{ q}lcysl}i{ flj l sjql

Mlnh ci givi lgci l q}lcysl} igs}ivj{shcl jgcjkhvh l q}uj`l q}lcysl}. kl` j{{l flj

ql{{vin igs}ivj{sh} vjgsi i s}{ q}lcysl}i{ xyi }ihnjh` h hsjvjchci hqklnh. cjvjcjcl{ i`

xyhs}l }idji{ cigs}l cl `ygjkqjl ci H}jqyhg2 {igcl {ij{ q}lcysl}i{ ch Njgeh ]jl M}hgkl.

kjgkl ch Dnimh @jnhd}l{h. {ij{ ch kjchci ci H}jqyhg i {ij{ ch Dnimh Klg{invhg'

H{ igs}ivj{sh{ fl}h` }ihnjhch{ jg nlkl. lgci flj hqnjkhcl y` xyi{sjlg}jl kl`

xyi{si{ hmi}sh{ i fikehch{ hml}chgcl qlgsl{ iklg`jkl{. {lkjhj{. i h`mjigshj{ ch hsjvjchci.

h{ igs}ivj{sh{ {i ci}h` gh{ q}lq}jichci{ ly gh Fij}h @ygjkjqhn ci Q}lcysl}i{ ]y}hj{ ci

H}jqyhg@S %Fjdy}h 3*' L s}hmhnel flj ci{igvlnvjcl i` y` qi}lcl klgeikjcl kl`l l

qi}lcl ch{ keyvh{. lgci vi}jfjkly {i h cjfjkynchci cl{ q}lcysl}i{ ci s}hg{ql}sh} h{ {yh{

ì}khcl}jh{ ql} khy{h ch q}ikh}jichci ch{ i{s}hch{ i cj{sgkjh qi}kl}}jch qinl{ ì{`l{ hs

keidh}i` fij}h `ygjkjqhn'


33/50

=3

Fjdy}h 3 - Igs}ivj{sh kl` l{ q}lcysl}i{ gh{ Q}lq}jichci{ i gh Fij}h @ygjkjqhn ci H}jqyhg

H{ ìslclnldjh{ ch{ igs}ivj{sh{ fl}h` }ihnjhch{ {idygcl Nhbhsl{ i @h}klgj %=118*'

L `lcinl ch igs}ivj{sh ysjnjhch i{sh i` hqgcjki %hqgcjki J*' L{ chcl{ ch{ igs}ivj{sh{

fl}h` cjvjcjcl{ i` xyhs}l khsidl}jh{? Q}lmni`h{ skgjkl{ h`mjigshj{ %QSH*. Q}lmni`h{

Skgjkl{ ci @hgiol %QS@*. Klì}kjhj{ %K* i ci Jgvi{sjìgsl %J*'

QSH? gl s}hmhnel flj klg{jci}hcl hqigh{ fhnsh ci fnl}hch. ql} {i} y`h klgcjl

i{qikfjkh. ql}i` qlci}jh {i} klg{jci}hcl sh`m` l iuki{{l ci keyvh{. iuki{{l ci vigsl ly

{ikh' Qlj{ {l fhsl}i{ nlkhj{ xyi sh`m` jgfnyigkjh` cj}ishìgsi h q}lcyl i l s}hmhnel ch{

hmineh{'

QS@? {l q}lmni`h{ }inhkjlghcl{ kl` l `hgiol. klgsycl gl s}hmhnel fl}h`

lm{i}vhcl{2 q}lmni`h{ kl` l hshxyi ci q}hdh{ %QS@,q}hdh{*2 i q}lmni`h{ }inhkjlghcl{ kl`

h ivh{l ci iguhì{ %QS@,ivh{l*'

Klì}kjhj{ %K*? fl}h` klg{jci}hcl{ l{ q}lmni`h{ xyi cjfjkynsh` h hsjvjchci. kl`l

fhnsh ci nld{sjkh. ci{klgfjhgh gh xyhnjchci cl ìn. cjfjkynchci kl` h vigch cl ìn'

Jgvi{sjìgsl %J*? {l q}lmni`h{ kl`l. fhnsh ci khqjshn. hnsl ky{sl ch hsjvjchci.

cjfjkynchci i` klg{idyj} glvh{ khjuh{ Nhgd{s}lse. cjfjkynchci i` klg{idyj} glvl{

fjghgkjhìgsl{'


34/50

=9

9' ]I[YNSHCL[ I CJ[KY[[I[

9'8'Qi}fjn q}vjl cl{ q}lcysl}i{ i ch q}lcyl

Cl{ q}lcysl}i{ igs}ivj{shcl{ 43) cji` si} ig{jgl fygchìgshn jgkl`qnisl i hqigh{

:) cini{ ql{{yi` ig{jgl `cjl kl`qnisl. kl`l qlci {i} lm{i}vhcl gh Fjdy}h 9' I{si{ chcl{

ci`lg{s}h` y` mhjul gvin ci i{klnh}jchci cl{ q}lcysl}i{. ql}` gl flj ql{{vin kl`qh}h}

l gvin ci jg{s}yl kl` q}lcysjvjchci ci ìn. kl`l sh`m` kl`qh}h} si`ql ci hsjvjchci

kl` q}lcysjvjchci `cjh ql} khjuh. qlj{ e q}lcysl}i{ kl` = hgl{ ci hsjvjchci kl`

q}lcysjvjchci `cjh ci 8:.9 bd ci ìn,kln',hgl i q}lcysl}i{ kl` 89 hgl{ ci hsjvjchci i

q}lcysjvjchci `cjh ci 3.9 bd ci ìn,kln',hgl'

Fjdy}h 9 - Gvin i{klnh} cl{ igs}ivj{shcl{

I` }inhl hl si`ql ci hsjvjchci. kl`l ql{{vin lm{i}vh} gh Fjdy}h 6. cl{

q}lcysl}i{ igs}ivj{shcl{ 69) cini{ ql{{yi` y` si`ql ci hsjvjchci jgfi}jl} h ; hgl{ i hqigh{

:) cl{ q}lcysl}i{ ql{{yi` `hj{ ci 89 hgl{ ci hsjvjchci' Y` cl{ `lsjvl{ ch hnsh

ql}kigshdi` ci q}lcysl}i{ kl` hs ; hgl{ ci hsjvjchci. flj civjcl h }ihnjhl i` =119 ci

fygc' Jgkl`qnisl43)

fygc' Kl`qnisl:)

ig{jgl `cjl8;)

{i` jg{s}yl3)


35/50

=6

y` ky}{l ci hqjkynsy}h }ihnjhcl qinh [ik}ish}jh Ghkjlghn ci Hq}igcjhdi` ]y}hn %[IGH]*

i` qh}ki}jh kl` l [jgcjkhsl cl{ S}hmhnehcl}i{ ]y}hj{' I` =116 jgjkjly{i y` q}loisl qh}h

jgkigsjvl i i{s}ysy}hl ch hqjkynsy}h gl `ygjkqjl sigcl kl`l fjnjhcl{ l dlvi}gl cl I{shcl.

I@QHI]. [IM]HI i [ik}ish}jh @ygjkjqhn ci Hd}jkynsy}h. kl` q}ivj{l ci s}`jgl qh}h

=181. lgci hs =114 fl}h` o ehvjh` {jcl }ihnjhcl{ ky}{l{ kl`l? jgjkjhgsi{ i` hqjkynsy}h2

q}lcyl ci hmineh{ }hjgeh{ i ci dinjh }ihn2 i q}lki{{hìgsl i jgcy{s}jhnjhl cl ìn'

Fjdy}h 6 - Si`ql xyi l q}lcysl} ci{igvlnvi h hsjvjchci hqklnh

Lm{i}vly{i sh`m` xyi l kl`ql}shìgsl cl{ hqjkynsl}i{ i` }inhl hl `hgiol gh

hqjkynsy}h i` {yh `hjl}jh. gl klnlkh i` q}sjkh l{ klgeikjìgsl{ lmsjcl{ gl{ ky}{l{.

{i`jg}jl{. i ivigsl{ xyi s` {jcl l}dhgjhcl{ gl{ nsj`l{ hgl{' J{sl lkl}}i. ql}xyi h

`hjl}jh cl{ hqjkynsl}i{ gl ql{{yj h hqjkynsy}h kl`l hsjvjchci q}jgkjqhn. cj{qlgjmjnjhgcl

ci{sh fl}`h ìgl{ hsigl cl xyi civi}jh` qh}h h hsjvjchci. i i` vj}syci ch{ cjfjkynchci{

fjghgkij}h{ kjshch{ qinl{ ì{`l{'

H hsjvjchci q}jgkjqhn `hj{ lm{i}vhch igs}i l{ q}lcysl}i{ cl i{sycl flj k}jhl ci

dhcl ci kl}si i nijsi. lys}h{ fl}h` q}lcyl ci el}shnjh{. ci qyqygeh. ci khf. ci mhghgh.

lgci ci{si{ hqigh{ clj{ gl ql{{yh` kl`l hsjvjchci q}jgkjqhn h hsjvjchci hd}klnh. {igcl

jgfi}jl} h ;

hgl{

69)

ci 5 h 89

hgl{

=6)

hkj`h ci 89

hgl{

:)


36/50

=4

qh}h i{si{ h hsjvjchci q}jgkjqhn h ìkgjkh ci `lsl{ i l lys}l i}h shuj{sh' Hqigh{ s}{ cl{

q}lcysl}i{ igs}ivj{shcl{. sjgeh` h hqjkynsy}h kl`l hsjvjchci q}jgkjqhn'

L{ q}lcysl}i{ igs}ivj{shcl{ qlci` {i} knh{{jfjkhcl{ kl`l qixyigl{ q}lcysl}i{ ci

ìn. j{{l {i c ql} ql{{y}i` gì}l jdyhn ly jgfi}jl} h =1 kln`jh{. j{{l ci hkl}cl Vjij}h.

[jnvh i D}hgci %=113* l xyi qlci {i lm{i}vhcl gh Shminh 8. kl` iukil hqigh{ ci y`

q}lcysl} xyi ql{{y ;8 kln`jh{. {igcl i{{i y` cl{ s}{ q}lcysl}i{ qlci` {i} knh{{jfjkhcl{

kl`l hqjkynsl}i{ ql} ql{{yj} h hqjkynsy}h kl`l gjkh flgsi ci }igch. ql}` slcl{ l{ s}{

ql{{yh` q}lcysjvjchci `cjh ql} khjuh i` sl}gl ci 6.9 bd ìn,kln',hgl. l xyi qlci {i}

klg{jci}hcl mhjul o xyi {idygcl [l`ì} %=11=* h `cjh ghkjlghn ci 89 bd ìn,kln',hgl.

qh}h q}lcysl}i{ ci mhjul gvin sikglndjkl' I xyi {idygcl Vjij}h. [jnvh i D}hgci' %=113*

q}lcysl}i{ kl` mlh{ skgjkh{ ci `hgiol qlci` q}lcyj} ci ;1 h 91 bd ci ì,kln',hgl' Y`

chcl jgsi}i{{hgsi gh Shminh 8. xyi y` q}lcysl} ch }idjl ci H}jqyhg kl` hqigh{ cyh{

kln`jh{. ql}` kl` y`h `cjh ci 8:.9 bd ìn,kln',hgl sivi y`h }igch ci ]# 365.11

igxyhgsl lys}l q}lcysl} ch }idjl ch njgeh ]jl M}hgkl. kl` cyh{ kln`jh{ ql}i` ci 81 bd

ìn,kln',hgl h }igch flj ci hqigh{ ]# =11.11 `l{s}hgcl h{{j` h vjhmjnjchci ci ìnel}jh ch

q}lcyl {i` h giki{{jchci ci hyìgsl gl gì}l ci kln`jh{'

Shminh 8? ]inhl igs}i l gyì}l ci kln`jh{ kl` h q}lcysjvjchci `cjh ql} kln`jh i h }igch hgyhn

]IDJI[ g ci

kln`jh{

Q}lcysjvjchc

i hgyhn %Bd*

@cjh,khju

h

Ci{sjgl ch

q}lcyl

Q}il cl ìn

vigcjcl,bd

]igchhgyhn

hq}luj`hch

@JNHD]L[H

83 861 88.3; [lm igklìgch ]# 81.11 ]# 8'611.11

9 91 81 Fi}jh ]# 8;.11 ]# 691.11

3 91 8=.9 Fij}h ]# 81.11 ]# 911.11

8 81 81 Klg{y`l q}q}jl

81 8= 8.= [lm igklìgch ]# 81.11 ]# 8=1.11

NJGEH ]JL

M]HGKL

; =1 6.64 Klg{y`l q}q}jl

8 ; ; Klg{y`l q}q}jl

; 89 9 Fi}jh ]# 8=.11 ]# 851.11

; == 4.;; Klg{y`l q}q}jl ; 89 9 [lm igklìgch ]# 8=.11 ]# 851.11= =1 81 [lm igklìgch ]# 81.11 ]# =11.11


37/50

=5

Klgs'

H]JQYHG

= ;: 8:.9 Fij}h ]# 8=.11 ]# 365.11

;8 =15 6.48 Fij}h ]# 89.11 ]# ;'8=1.11: gl {hmjh Fij}h ]# 89.11

81 34 3.4 Fij}h ]# 89.11 ]# 419.11

=1 ;11 89 Fij}h ]# 8;.11]#

;':11.11

=1 Gl {hmjh Klg{y`l q}q}jl

KLG[INVHG

83 99 ;.:; [lm igklìgch ]# 81.11 ]# 991.11

3 91 8=.9 [lm igklìgch ]# 81.11 ]# 911.11

= ;1 89 [lm igklìgch ]# 81.11 ]# ;11.11

= 81 9 Klg{y`l q}q}jl

: 3= 3.4 Klg{y`l q}q}jl 9 81 = Klg{y`l q}q}jl

[idygcl knh{{jfjkhl ch [IHD]J ch Mhejh gl Q}ld}h`h ci Ci{igvlnvjìgsl ch

Hqjkynsy}h. l{ hqjkynsl}i{ xyi ql{{yi` hs 91 kln`jh{ {l klg{jci}hcl{ qixyigl{

q}lcysl}i{ xyi si` h hqjkynsy}h kl`l hsjvjchci {ikygc}jh. ly qh}sjkjqh` ci q}loisl{

kl`ygjs}jl{ }iygjgcl{i i` h{{lkjhi{ i ysjnjh` `lcilm}h fh`jnjh}' Gl q}ld}h`h

chcl xyi l gì}l jcihn ci kln`jh{ qh}h {i si} y`h hsjvjchci }igsvin ci gl `gj`l ;1

kln`jh{' Klgfl}ì Vjij}h. [jnvh i D}hgci %=113*. l{ q}lcysl}i{ kl` ìgl{ ci =1 kln`jh{.

h hxyj{jl ci ixyjqhìgsl{ q}hsjkhìgsi jgvjvin i` }hl cl ky{sl ci{si{ ixyjqhìgsl{.

ql} j{{l h giki{{jchci ci hqljl ci }dl{ dlvi}ghìgshj{ i l}dhgjhl cl {isl} i`

h{{lkjhi{ ly kllqi}hsjvh{. qh}h }icyj} l{ ky{sl{ ch hsjvjchci' Ql}`. vhni f}j{h} xyi hqi{h}

ci ql{{yj} y` hnsl ky{sl jgjkjhn. l ky{sl ch `hgysigl ch hsjvjchci `yjsl mhjul. i l{

ixyjqhìgsl{ ysjnjzhcl{ qh}h {i kyjch} ci 81 kln`jh{ {l l{ ì{`l{ qh}h 91 kln`jh{

%klgfl}ì }inhsl jgfl}`hn ci y` cl{ q}lcysl}i{*'

Gh Fjdy}h 4. ql{{vin lm{i}vh} xyi ;9) cl{ q}lcysl}i{ ci{sjgh` h {yh q}lcyl ci

ìn. hqigh{ klg{y`l q}q}jl. ;9) vigci` l ìn gh fij}h `ygjkjqhn %vj{sl gh Fjdy}h 4 i`

hyn gh klnygh klì}kjhnjhl* i ;1) igs}idh` l ìn {lm igklìgch %vj{sl gh fjdy}h i`

vi}ìnel gh klnygh klì}kjhnjhl*. {l`hgcl h{{j` 69) cl{ q}lcysl}i{ xyi ci{sjgh` l


38/50

=:

ìn qh}h klì}kjhnjhl' L fhsl ci ;9) cl{ q}lcysl}i{ ci{sjgh}i` h {yh q}lcyl hqigh{

qh}h klg{y`l q}q}jl {i civi h fhnsh ci q}lfj{{jlghnjhl cl {isl}. i ql} {i} y`h hsjvjchci

{ikygc}jh. {igcl ci{igvlnvjch i` fjghj{ ci {i`hgh. fi}jhcl{ ly i` el}h{ vhdh{' Ql}` l

ìn vigcjcl cj}ishìgsi qinl q}lcysl} ql{{yj y` ml` q}il. {idygcl h{ igs}ivj{sh{ l ìn

vigcjcl i` sl}gl ci ]# 81.11 h ]# 89.11 l njs}l. vj{vin sh`m` gh Shminh 8. `l{s}hgcl xyi

i{{h vigch cj}ish hl klg{y`jcl} ql{{yj d}hgci j`ql}sgkjh qh}h l{ q}lcysl}i{ i` }inhl hl

q}il. klgsycl i` }inhl xyhgsjchci q}lcyjch ci ìn qh}h d}hgci qh}si cl{ q}lcysl}i{

{ixyi} klm}i l{ ky{sl{ ch hsjvjchci'

Fjdy}h 4 - Ci{sjgl ch q}lcyl ci ìn cl{ igs}ivj{shcl{

Ci slcl{ l{ hqjkynsl}i{ igs}ivj{shcl{. hqigh{ = gl qh}sjkjqh}h` cl{ ky}{l{ ci

hqjkynsy}h }ihnjhcl{ gh }idjl. ql} khy{h ch cjfjkynchci ci s}hg{ql}si i cj{sgkjh ch

q}lq}jichci hl{ nlkhj{ lgci fl}h` }ihnjhcl{ l{ ky}{l{. `l{s}hgcl h{{j` h mlh qh}sjkjqhl

cl{ q}lcysl}i{ i jgsi}i{{i i` hcxyj}j} klgeikjìgsl{ {lm}i h hsjvjchci' Ql}` ci slcl{ l{

hqjkynsl}i{ igs}ivj{shcl{. gigey` }ihnjhvh l klgs}lni ch q}lcyl. ì{`l sigcl

klgeikjìgsl i h j`ql}sgkjh ci {i }ihnjh} l klgs}lni i gigey` cl{ q}lcysl}i{ {hmjh xyhn

xyi i}h l ky{sl ch hsjvjchci gh {yh q}lq}jichci

1)81)

=1)

;1)

31)

91)

61)

41)

51)

:1)

Klg{y`l q}q}jl klì}kjhnjzhl

ci{sjgl ch q}lcyl


39/50

;1

9'='Igs}hvi{ ch hsjvjchci

Cl{ q}lmni`h{ nivhgshcl{ gl s}hmhnel gl qlgsl ci vj{sh cl q}lcysl}. l{ q}jgkjqhj{

cini{ fl}h` l{ q}lmni`h{ skgjkl{ ci `hgiol QS@,q}hdh{ %vj{sl i` hyn gh klnygh QS@ gh

Fjdy}h 5* }inhkjlghcl{ hl hshxyi ci q}hdh{ s}hh{ fl}`jdh{ i kyqjg{. cl{ q}lcysl}i{ kl` i{{i

q}lmni`h' [idygcl l{ igs}ivj{shcl{ ini{ {lf}i` ci y`h d}hgci kh}gkjh ci h{{j{sgkjh skgjkh

gh }ih ci hqjkynsy}h. {igcl xyi `yjsl{ cini{ hfj}`h}h` xyi gl }ikimi}h` vj{jsh skgjkh gh

q}lq}jichci qh}h hyujnjnl{ gl ci{igvlnvjìgsl ch hsjvjchci' [idygcl BY[@H is hn'

%=115*. h fhnsh ci h{{j{sgkjh skgjkh y` cl{ fhsl}i{ xyi jgfnyigkjh` cj}ishìgsi gh

q}lcysjvjchci ch hsjvjchci hqklnh'

Cl{ glvi q}lcysl}i{ kl` q}lmni`h{ skgjkl{ ci `hgiol QS@,q}hdh{. ly {ioh. ;:)

cl{ q}lcysl}i{. hqigh{ y` hq}i{igsh `hj{ ci 9 kln`jh{' O kl` }inhl hl QS@,ivh{l

%vj{sl i` vi}ìnel gh Fjdy}h 5 gh klnygh QS@* hqigh{ s}{ q}lcysl}i{ }inhsh}h` si} kl`l

q}lmni`h q}jgkjqhn h ivh{l ci iguhì{. {igcl l ixyjvhnigsi h 8;) cl{ q}lcysl}i{

igs}ivj{shcl{ lgci y` cini{ ql{{yh hqigh{ y`h kln`jh ql{{jvinìgsi qinh ivh{l cl }i{sl

ch{ kln`jh{. l {idygcl hqigh{ ; kln`jh{ i l ynsj`l hjgch ql{{yh =1 kln`jh{'

Ci hkl}cl kl` [IDI]IG %=113*. h{ ql{{vij{ khy{h{ ch ivh{l. {l? h fhnsh ci

hnjìgsl. ly cj`jgyjl ch q}lcyl giksh}fi}h. lgci h{ hmineh{ i`jd}h` i` my{kh ci glvh{

flgsi{ ci hnjìgsl %qnhgsh{ ìnfi}h{*' Lys}l fhsl} {i}jh l iuki{{l ci qi}sy}mhi{ {lm}i h

kln`jh. qi}sy}mhi{ i{sh{ khy{hch{. ql} iui`qnl. ql} hshxyi{ ci fl}`jdh{. vi{qh{. kyqjg{.ly hs ì{`l l q}q}jl hqjkynsl}. xyhgcl fh y` `hgiol jghcixyhcl'


40/50

;8

Fjdy}h 5 - Ql}kigshdi` ci Q}lmni`h{ lm{i}vhcl{ gl `ygjkqjl

Cl{ q}lmni`h{ cjvjcjcl{ ql} }idji{. h }idjl xyi `hj{ {lf}i kl` l QS@,q}hdh{ h

dnimh ]jl M}hgkl %lm{i}vhcl i` hyn gh klnygh QS@ gh Fjdy}h :*. j{{l {i civi hl fhsl {i}

y`h }idjl lgci hqigh{ y` cl{ igs}ivj{shcl{ ql{{yj 81 hgl{ ci hsjvjchci i l }i{shgsi cini{

ql{{y}i` hqigh{ 8 hgl ci hsjvjchci. `l{s}hgcl h{{j` y` d}hgci g`i}l ci q}lcysl}i{

jgjkjhgsi{. l xyi oy{sjfjkh l fhsl ci {i} }idjl xyi elyvi `hj{ }iknh`hi{ {lm}i h fhnsh cih{{j{sgkjh skgjkh cy}hgsi h{ igs}ivj{sh{'

Fjdy}h : -? Cj{s}jmyjl cl{ Q}lmni`h{ cjvjcjcl{ ql} }idjl i` H}jqyhg-@S

L{ q}lmni`h{ }inhkjlghcl{ kl` jgvi{sj`igsl %J* fl}h` jcigsjfjkhcl{ kjgkl. ly {ioh

==) cl{ q}lcysl}i{. lgci s}{ cini{ }iknh`h}h` cl hnsl ky{sl ch hsjvjchci gl `ygjkqjl. i

clj{ }iknh`h}h` ci cjfjkynchci{ fjghgkij}h{ igf}igshch{ i y` }iknh`ly ch{ cjfjkynchci{ i`

1)

81)

=1)

;1)

31)

91)

61)41)

51)

:1)

QS@ J K QSH

1)

81)=1)

;1)

31)

91)

61)

41)

51)

:1)

QS@ J K QSH QS@ J K QSH QS@ J K QSH QS@ J K QSH

@JNHD]L[H ]JL M]HGKL H]JQYHG KLG[INVHG


41/50

;=

hcxyj}j} `hj{ khjuh{ }hkjlghj{ `lcinl Nhgd{s}lse' Ci{{i{ {ij{ q}lcysl}i{. kjgkl ql{{yh` ci

: h =1 kln`jh{. igxyhgsl hqigh{ y` q}lcysl} ql{{yh ; kln`jh{. {igcl i{si l xyi sivi

cjfjkynchci i` hcxyj}j} glvh{ kln`jh{' Y` cl{ q}lmni`h{ i` }inhl jgvi{sjìgsl{.

}inhshcl ql} hndyg{ cl{ igs}ivj{shcl{ l fhsl ci xyi d}hgci qh}si ch{ q}lq}jichci{ {i

igklgs}h i` }ih{ ci h{{igshìgsl hjgch gl }idynh}jhch{ qinl JGK]H. cjfjkynshgcl l

hki{{l ci{{i{ q}lcysl}i{ h fjghgkjhìgsl{ ly q}loisl{ cl Q]LGHF'

H q}lcysjvjchci `cjh cl{ q}lcysl}i{ kl` q}lmni`h{ ci jgvi{sjìgsl : bd

ìn,kln,hgl. By{`h. Si}gl{bj i @hklelg %=115* lm{i}vh}h` i` Q}ycigsqlnj{ Q]. y`h

q}lcysjvjchci `cjh igs}i l{ q}lcysl}i{ ci 81 bd ìn,kln',hgl l xyi sh`m` hmhjul ch

`cjh }iklìgchch ci 89 bd ìn,kln',hgl. ini hfj}`h xyi fhsl}i{ xyi cjfjkynsh` h q}lcyl

jgsi}fi}i` }ifnisi{i cj}ishìgsi gl d}hy ci jgvi{sjìgsl{ gh hsjvjchci' Gl s}hmhnel ci ]IJ[

%=11;*. ini lm{i}vly i` Kl}y`m @[ i` }inhl h jgvi{sjìgsl xyi l{ q}lcysl}i{

ql{{yi` cjfjkynchci{ ci hki{{l h `hsi}jhj{. ixyjqhìgsl{. jg{y`l{ i njgeh{ ci k}cjsl. qh}h

qlci}i` }ihnjh} y`h hqjkynsy}h klì}kjhn'

Hqigh{ xyhs}l q}lcysl}i{ cj{{i}h` si} q}lmni`h{ i` }inhl klì}kjhnjhl %K*.

lgci l{ ì{`l{ hfj}`h}h` xyi ql{{yi` cjfjkynchci{ kl` h vigch }inhkjlghch

ci{klgfjhgh i mhjuh hkijshl cl ìn ql} qh}si cl{ klg{y`jcl}i{ i` }inhl xyhnjchci cl

q}lcysl xyhgcl igvh{hcl i` i`mhnhdig{ hcixyhch' [idygcl hndyg{ q}lcysl}i{

igs}ivj{shcl{. l{ klg{y`jcl}i{ ch }idjl q}ifi}i` l ìn kl` }i{sl{ ci hmineh{ i igvh{hcli` dh}}hfh{ ci khkehh ci vjc}l ci 8 njs}l. qh}h q}lvh} xyi l ìn nidsj`l' H ì{`h

{jsyhl lm{i}vhch ql} ]IJ[ %=11;*. jgcjkhgcl xyi i{{h{ cjfjkynchci{ i{sl }inhkjlghch{

xyi{si{ kynsy}hj{ cl{ klg{y`jcl}i{ xyi h{{lkjh` qy}ih hl ìn klì}kjhnjhcl i` dh}}hfh{

ci vjc}l ci y` njs}l. q}jgkjqhnìgsi klgsigcl }i{sl ci ki}h i hmineh{ hcynsh{ `l}sh{. y`h

ci`lg{s}hl ci igvh{i i` i`mhnhdig{ jghcixyhch{ lm{i}vhch{ gh fi}jh `ygjkjqhn ci

H}jqyhg gh Fjdy}h 81'


42/50

;;

Fjdy}h 81 - @in i` i`mhnhdig{ ci QIS i ci mimjch{ kl`l ki}vioh i khkehh

I` }inhl hl{ q}lmni`h{ kl` klì}kjhnjhl %K* h }idjl ci H}jqyhg l xyi

hq}i{igsly l `hjl} gcjki ci q}lmni`h{ ci klì}kjhnjhl lgci 91) cl{ q}lcysl}i{ vj{sl gh

Fjdy}h :. j{{l lkl}}i. qlj{ kl`l ql{{vin lm{i}vh} gh shminh = lgci 5;) cl{ q}lcysl}i{

ci{sjgh` l ìn qh}h vigch gh fij}h' Lys}h }idjl xyi sh`m` hq}i{igsly q}lmni`h{ kl`

klì}kjhnjhl flj h @jnhd}l{h. lgci sh`m` 51) cl{ q}lcysl}i{ ci{sjgh` {iy ìn qh}h

vigch. kl`l ql{{vin lm{i}vh} gh shminh =. ly {ioh. 31) cl{ q}lcysl}i{ ci{sjgh` qh}h

vigch gh fij}h `ygjkjqhn i 31) vigci` l ìn {lm igklìgch' Kl` mh{i gj{{l qlci {i

hfj}`h} xyi h q}lcyl ci{sjghch qh}h l ì}khcl jgfl}`hn klgfl}ì [IM]HI %=116m*'

Shminh = - Ci{sjgl ch q}lcyl ci ìn ql} ]idjl

@jnhd}l{h]jl

M}hgklH}jqyhg Klg{invhg

Klg{y`l q}q}jl =1) 91) 84) 91)Vigch gh fij}h 31) 84) 5;) 1)[lm igklìgch

31) ;;) 1) 91)Xyhgsl hl{ q}lmni`h{ skgjkl{ h`mjigshj{ %QSH*? fl}h` jcigsjfjkhcl{ hqigh{ clj{

q}lcysl}i{ kl` QSH. lgci i{si{ }iknh`h}h` ch fhnsh ci fnl}hch{. l xyi gl qi}`jsi h

h`qnjhl cl hqj}jl' j`ql}shgsi {hnjigsh} xyi i{si{ q}lcysl}i{ y` ci{si{ ql{{yh =

kln`jh{ i l lys}l 3 kln`jh{. i`ml}h sigeh` y`h q}lcysjvjchci `cjh ql} khjuh ci 8=.9bd

89bd' I{{i{ q}lcysl}i{ {l ch }idjl ci Klg{invhg lgci slcl{ l{ q}lcysl}i{ ql{{yi` y`

gì}l jgfi}jl} h 81 kln`jh{. ql{{jvinìgsi ql} khy{h ch mhjuh fnl}hch gh }idjl' L xyi


43/50

;3

qlci}jh hoych} h }i{lnvi} i{{i q}lmni`h h j`qnhgshl ci [j{si`h{ Hd}lfnl}i{shj{ %[HF{*

kl` i{qkji{ ìnfi}h{ i hl ì{`l si`ql kl` lys}h{ fjghnjchci{ q}lcysjvh{'

Y`h xyi{sl xyi gl flj hcjkjlghch h igs}ivj{sh. ql}` flj lm{i}vhcl cy}hgsi h{

igs}ivj{sh{ xyi d}hgci qh}si cl{ q}lcysl}i{ gl }ihnjhvh` h hnjìgshl ch{ kln`jh{ gl

qi}lcl ci igs}i{{hf}h' I qh}h Tlnff %=114*. i` hndy`h{ qlkh{ {l giki{{}jh{ h ysjnjhl

ci hnjìgshl h}sjfjkjhn qh}h i{shminikjìgsl ch{ hmineh{ gl hqj}jl. {i gl fl} }ihnjhch i{{h

q}sjkh. qlci {i lkh{jlgh} h xyich ci q}lcysjvjchci. qlj{ h hmineh }hjgeh ki{{h h ql{sy}h ql}

fhnsh ci hnjìgsl. l xyi igf}hxyiki l iguhì. ly h{ hmineh{ hmhgclgh` h{ kln`jh{ i` my{kh

ci glvl{ nlkhj{ kl` hnjìgsl{'

Ci slcl{ l{ hqjkynsl}i{ igs}ivj{shcl{ hqigh{ {ij{ cini{ ql{{yh` kh{h ci ìn. {igcl

xyi hqi{h} ci {i}i` glìhch{ kl`l kh{h ci ìn. gl {l nlkhj{ hcixyhcl{ qh}h shn q}sjkh

ql} si}i` lys}l{ y{l{ cigs}l ch q}lq}jichci }y}hn i gl ql{{y}i` nlkhj{ hcixyhcl{ qh}h l

h}`highìgsl cl ìn i l fhsl cl{ ixyjqhìgsl{ ysjnjhcl{ qinl{ q}lcysl}i{ gh{ kh{h{ ci

ìn {i}i` }{sjkl{ i hndy`h{ vii{ fhm}jkhcl{ qinl{ q}lcysl}i{. i` }hl ch cjfjkynchci i l{

ky{sl ci hcxyj}j} shj{ ixyjqhìgsl{' H ì{`h {jsyhl lm{i}vhch ql} ]ij{ %=11;*. lgci ini

hfj}`h xyi h ius}hl civi {i} }ihnjhch i` nlkhn hcixyhcl. ql}` h{ klgcji{ cl{ nlkhj{

lgci {l }ihnjhch{ i{{h{ lqi}hi{ {l `yjsl vh}jvij{. {igcl xyi i{{h{ jg{shnhi{

civi}jh` ql{{yj} {i}vjl ci jg{qil {hgjs}jh %[JF. ly [J[I*. l xyi gl}`hnìgsi gl lkl}}i'


44/50

;9

6' KLGKNY[L

H qh}sj} ci{{i ql{{vin lm{i}vh} xyi l `ygjkqjl ql{{yj h{ {yh{ qlsigkjhnjchci{ i

kh}gkjh{ i` }inhl hqjkynsy}h. ql}` h qh}sj} cl{ chcl{ klnishcl{. lm{i}vh{i xyi {i}

giki{{}jl y` hkl`qhgehìgsl skgjkl ci{{i{ q}lcysl}i{ qh}h hyujnjnl{ gh ìnel}jh ch

hsjvjchci' L{ q}lmni`h{ QS@ i QSH i{sl `hj{ }inhkjlghcl{ h xyi{si{ ci skgjkh{ ci

`hgiol. lgci h {yh ìnel}jh gl vhj di}h} gy{ h hsjvjchci. `h{ giki{{}jl xyi {i jgvj{sh

gh fl}`hl ci iusigkjlgj{sh{ xyi ql{{h` ch} h{{j{sgkjh skgjkh gh }ih' Xyhgsl xyi{sl

ci fnl}hch {i} giki{{}jl xyi l{ q}lcysl}i{ fhh` qnhgsjl{ ci i{qkji{ ìnfi}h{ qh}h

ìnel}jh ch q}lcyl'

Xyhgsl hl{ q}lmni`h{ klì}kjhj{ i ci jgvi{sjìgsl. h`ml{ i{sl }inhkjlghcl{.

klgsycl q}ikj{l xyi {ioh fijsl y` jgvi{sjìgsl i` i{s}ysy}h f{jkh qh}h l{ q}lcysl}i{.

hxyj{jl ci khjuh{ nhgd{s}lse. klg{s}yl i ìnel}jh{ ch{ kh{h{ ci ìn i si}i` {i}vjl ci

jg{qil {hgjs}jh. qh}h xyi ql{{h` ìnel}h} h xyhnjchci ci q}lcyl }i{lnvigcl h{{j` l{

q}lmni`h{ kl` klì}kjhnjhl'

Cl{ q}lmni`h{ kjshcl{ hkj`h. lkl}}i` civjcl hl fhsl ci h hqjkynsy}h gl {i} h

hsjvjchci q}jgkjqhn. h qh}sj} cl `lìgsl xyi l{ q}lcysl}i{ igkh}h}i` h hqjkynsy}h kl`l y`h

hsjvjchci q}jgkjqhn i }igsvin. l{ q}lmni`h{ qlci}l {i} }icyjcl{ kl` l{ civjcl{

jgvi{sjìgsl{' I` }inhl hl ìn l}dgjkl gl flj qi}kimjcl i{{i sjql ci hsjvjchci gh }idjl.

cijuhgcl h{{j` y`h lql}sygjchci ci iuqhg{l ch q}lcyl ci ìn gl `ygjkqjl. hm}jgcl

ql{{jmjnjchci{ cl{ q}lcysl}i{ ci gl { q}lcyj}i` ìn qh}h l `ygjkqjl kl`l sh`m` qh}h

lys}h{ }idji{'


45/50

;6

4' ]IFI]IGKJH[ MJMNJLD]HFJKH[

MHSHNEH. @' L' DI[SL HD]LJGCY[S]JHN? DIQHJ? D}yql ci I{sycl{ i

Qi{xyj{h{ Hd}ljgcy{s}jhj{' Vln' 8' Icjsl}h Hsnh{. =118' [l Qhynl 6:1 q'

M]H[JN. NIJ Gl 81'5;8 ci =; ci cii`m}l ci =11;. Klgd}i{{l Ghkjlghn M}h{njh. =; cicii`m}l ci =11;2 85=l ch Jgciqigcgkjh i 889l ch ]iqmnjkh'

M]H[JN. ]i{lnyl - ]CK g =86. ci 89 ci {isi`m}l ci =113. C'L'Y' Cj}jl Lfjkjhn chYgjl2 Qlci} Iuikysjvl. ci 86 ci {isi`m}l ci =1132 HGVJ[H Hdgkjh Ghkjlghn ciVjdjngkjh [hgjs}jh'

MYHJGHJG. H' @2 MHSHNEH. @' L' Khcijh{ Q}lcysjvh{ ci Fnl}i{ i @in' Jg[}jiHd}lgidkjl{. ic{' M}h{njh. :. =114. q'59831'

KH@H]DL. Oll @h}jh F}hgkl ci %L}d*' @hgyhn ci hqjkynsy}h. [l Qhynl. Ic'Hd}lg`jkh Ki}i{. 8:4=' q' jn %Ki}i{' :*

KIGSIK. Jg{sjsysl Kigs}l ci Ig{jgl sikglndjkl' Hqjkynsy}h' =' Ic' }iv' Fl}shnih' Icji{Ci`k}jsl ]lkeh2 @jgj{s}jl ch Kjgkjh i Sikglnldjh. =113' 96 q'

KL]]H. @' Q' F' Q}lcyl ci ìn' I@M]HQH %=11=*' Cj{qlgvin i`?>essq?,,{j{si`h{ciq}lcykhl'kgqsjh'i`m}hqh'm},Flgsi{ES@N,@in,[Q@in,jgciu'es`7' Hki{{li`? 86 {is' =114

I@M]HQH' [j{si`h{ ci Q}lcyl ci ìn' Klì}kjhnjhl %=11=*' Cj{qlgvin i`?>essq?,,{j{si`h{ciq}lcykhl'kgqsjh'i`m}hqh'm},Flgsi{ES@N,@in,[Q@in,klì}kjhnjhkhl'es`7' Hki{{hcl i`86 ci {is' =114'

F]IJSH[. C' D' F' BEHG. H' [' [JNVH. N' @' ]' Gvin Sikglndjkl i ]igshmjnjchci ciQ}lcyl ci @in ci Hmineh %Hqj{ ìnnjfi}h* gl Kih}' ]I]. ]jl ci Ohgij}l. vln' 3=. g 18.q' 848855. ohg,`h} =113J`q}i{{h i` hm}jn =113'

FI]]IJ]H. O' K' V' @hsl D}l{{l i [iy{ @ygjkqjl{' Icjsl}h My}jsj' 8 Ic' =118' Q' =4;

DLGHNVI[. N' [' 91 HGL[ CI HMINEH[ HF]JKHGJ_HCH[ GL M]H[JN'Klgd}i{{l M}h{jnij}l ci Hqjkynsy}h. 86. H}hkho[I. =116

JMDI QQ@ Qi{xyj{h Qiky}jh @ygjkjqhn =119. Xyhgsjchci i vhnl} cl{ q}lcysl{ cil}jdi` hgj`hn. {idygcl h{ ì{l}}idji{. `jk}l}}idji{ i l{ `ygjkqjl{' Cj{qlgvin i`2>essq?,,ttt'jmdi'dlv'm},{i}vjcl}\h}xyjvl{\i{s,cj}isl}jl{'qeq


46/50

;4

JMDI' Q}lcyl ch Qiky}jh @ygjkjqhn =119' Cj{qlgvin i`?>essq?,,ttt'jmdi'dlv'm},elì,q}i{jcigkjh,glsjkjh{,glsjkjh\vj{yhnjh'qeqessq?,,ttt'}ivj{sh}y}hn'kl`'m},Icjkli{,=115,H}sjdl{,}iv8=5\ìn'es`7' Hki{{hcl i` =; ci`hj' =11:'

GISL. F' N' ci Q'2 GISL. ]' @' ci H' Hqjkynsy}h gl}ci{sjgh? q}jgkjqhj{ ì}khcl{. }j{kl{i lql}sygjchci{' Fl}shnihKI. [}ji g8=' Mhgkl cl gl}ci{si cl M}h{jn. =116' 45 q'

QI]IJ]H. F' ci @''2 NLQI[. @' S' cl ]' KH@H]DL. ]' K' ]' ci2 VJNINH. [' N' ci L'[j{si`h ci Q}lcyl ci @in? jg{shnhi{' I@M]HQH @ijlGl}si. [j{si`h ci Q}lcyl. ;'J[[G 86455585 Vi}{l Inis}gjkh' =11;' Cj{qlgvin i`?>essq?,,{j{si`h{ciq}lcykhl'kgqsjh'i`m}hqh'm},Flgsi{ES@N,@in,[Q@in,jg{shnhkhl'es`+c7'Hki{{hcl i` =3 `hj' =11:'

QI]IJ]H. F' ci @'' Q}lcyl ci ki}h ci hmineh? Y`h hnsi}ghsjvh qh}h h igs}i{{hf}h ciìn' =116' Cj{qlgvin i`? >essq?,,ttt'kqh`g'i`m}hqh'm},hqjkynsy}h,ki}hHmineh'qeq7'Hki{{hcl i` =: hm}' =11:'

QL]SI[. K[[JL ]' Hghnj{i ch Cjg`jkh ch Khcijh Hqklnh gh @jk}l}}idjl ci Ygjlch vjs}jh Cjhgsi ch{ Glvh{ Ci`hgch{ ci @i}khcl' Fnl}jhgqlnj{[K. =11;' 8=;q' Si{i.Q}ld}h`h ci Q{d}hcyhl i` Iklgl`jh ch Ygjvi}{jchci Fici}hn ci [hgsh Khsh}jgh%YF[K*'

XYIJ]L_. @' ci N' ci. MH]ML[H. [' M' Q'. H_IVICL. @' ci' Q}lcyl ci Dinjh ]ihn

i Ci{igvlnvjìgsl ch Nh}vh ci Hmineh{ Hqj{ ìnnjfi}h. gh ]idjl [i`j-}jch ciQi}gh`mykl' ]iv' m}h{' llsik'. ;1%=*? 33:39;. =118


47/50

;5

]IJ[. V' C' H' Q}-cjhdg{sjkl ch khcijh ci q}lcysl{ hqklnh{ ci @hsl D}l{{l cl [yn'Kl}y`m@[? I@M]HQHQhgshghn. Clkyìgsl{ 61. =11;'

]IJ[. V' C' H'. KL@H[S]J FJNEL. O' H' J`ql}sgkjh ch hqjkynsy}h gl Qhgshghn {yn-

`hsl-d}l{{ig{i' Kl}y`m@[? I@M]HQHQhgshghn. Clkyìgsl{ 96. =11;'

[IM]HI' Jgfl}`hi{ ci @i}khcl {lm}i l @in i Ci}jvhcl{ ch Kln`jh' ]inhs}jlKl`qnisl' [}ji @i}khcl{' M}h{njhCF. [IM]HI. =116' =3; q'

[LY_H. C' K' Hqjkynsy}h? `hgyhn cl hdigsi ci ci{igvlnvjìgsl }y}hn' jg?' M}h{njh?[IM]HI. =113' 854 q'

[JNVH. I' D' ch' Q]LCYL I KL@I]KJHNJ_HL CI Q]LCYSL[ HQKLNH[GL[ @YGJKQJL[ CI HXYJCHYHGH I HGH[SKJL,@[' Cj{{i}shl. Q}ld}h`h ciQ{D}hcyhl i` Dild}hfjh' Hxyjchyhgh@[' Ygjvi}{jchci Fici}hn cl @hsl D}l{{l cl [yn

%YF@[*' =114'

[IDI]IG. Q' H Hqjkynsy}h gh{ ]idji{ S}lqjkhj{' [idygch Ic' Fygchl Hd}l`j{h.Thdigjgdig. =113' :9 q'

[JNVH. ]' K' Q' ci H'. QIJUI. M' K' [' I{sycl ch Khcijh Q}lcysjvh cl @in gl Klgsiuslch Hqjkynsy}h Qh}hghig{iy`h Klgs}jmyjl qh}h h Jcigsjfjkhl ci Qlnsjkh{ Qmnjkh{Q}jl}js}jh{' =114

[KETIJS_I]. Qhyn' Xyhnjchci cl ìn. =118' Cj{qlgvin i`?>essq?,,ttt'hqhkhì'l}d'm},ìg{hdi`clki,68,h}sjdl='es`7 Hki{{l i` =5 ci `hj' =11:'

[IHD]J [ik}ish}jh ci Hd}jkynsy}h. J}}jdhl i ]ifl}`h Hd}}jh' Q}ld}h`h ciCi{igvlnvjìgsl ch Hqjkynsy}h2 {j{si`h ci q}lcyl ci hqjkynsy}h qh}h l i{shcl chMhejh' Cj{qlgvin i`? >essq?,,ttt'{ihd}j'mh'dlv'm},flnci}{j{shqjk'es`7' Hki{{hcl i` =; ci`hj' =11:'

[IM]HI. Hd}lgidkjl{? Ci{hfjl{ ch hqjkynsy}h m}h{jnij}h' Ic' G ;' @hjl ci =116h'Cj{qlgvin i`?>essq?,,ttt'ql}shn'{im}hi'kl`'m},{isl},hqjkynsy}h,jgsid}h\clkyìgslttt'hgy'{iqnhg'`s'dlv'm},es`n,fl}y`,oyjgh'qcf7Hki{{hcl i` 85 {is' =114


48/50

;:

VJNINH. [' N' L' H j`ql}sgkjh ch{ glvh{ hsjvjchci{ hd}klnh{ hgsi h dnlmhnjhl? hhqjkynsy}h gl I{shcl cl Qjhy' Si}i{jgh? I`m}hqh @ijlGl}si. =111' ==5 q'

VJIJ]H. D' E' ch Kl{sh2 [JNVH. ]' F' ]lc}jdyi{ ch2 D]HGCI. O' Q' Y{l ch hqjkynsy}h

kl`l Flgsi Hnsi}ghsjvh ci ]igch qh}h Qixyigl{ i @cjl{ Q}lcysl}i{ ch }idjl clMln{l. @[' Hghj{. = Klgd}i{{l M}h{jnij}l{ ci Iusig{l Ygjvi}{js}jh Minl el}jlgsi'[isi`m}l ci =113'

TJI[I. E' Glvl @hgyhn ci hqjkynsy}h' Dyhmh? Njv}h}jh i Icjsl}h Hd}lqiky}jh nsch'.8::9' =:9 q'

TJI[I. E' Hqjkynsy}h Glvl{ si`ql{' Dyhmh? Njv}h}jh i Icjsl}h Hd}lqiky}jh Nsch'. =111'3=3 q'

TLNFF. N' F' Hnj`igshl ci Iguh`i{ i` Hqjkynsy}h [y{sigsvin' I@M]HQH' Kj}kynh}Skgjkh 6;. Qinlsh{][. =114'


49/50

31

Hqgcjki J

Xyi{sjlg}jl {lm}i h {jsyhl cl{ hqjkynsl}i{ ci H}jqyhg?

G cl xyi{sjlg}jl2 \\\\\\\\ Chsh? \\\\,\\\\,\\\\

8'Jcigsjfjkhl cl q}lcysl} i fh`njh?

8'8' Gl`i cl q}lcysl}28'=' I{shcl kjvjn? % * [lnsij}l. % * Kh{hcl. % * Vjvl. % * Lys}l{8';' Jchci?8'3' Ghsy}hnjchci28'9' D}hy ci jg{s}yl28'6' Xyhgsl{ fjnel{28'4' Xyhgsl{ `l}h` gh q}lq}jichci28'5' Xyhgsl{ ifisjvh`igsi s}hmhneh` gh q}lq}jichci?8':' L{ fjnel{ i{sych`? % * [j`. % * Gl8'81' Lgci i{sych`2 % * i{klnh qmnjkh }y}hn. % * i{klnh qymnjkh y}mhgh

% * i{klnh qh}sjkynh}

=' jcigsjfjkhl ch q}lq}jichci?

='8' Igci}il ch q}lq}jichci?\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\

;'=' }ih slshn ch q}lq}jichci \\\\\\ % * hnxyij}i{ % * eiksh}i{;';' Ql{{i ch si}}h2 % * q}lq}jis}jl. % * h}}igchs}jl. % * qh}kij}l. % * lys}l{;'3'Sjql ci klg{s}yl %}i{jcgkjh*2 % * Hnvigh}jh. % * @hcij}h;'9' Cj{sgkjh ch {ici cl `ygjkqjl %b`*2 \\\\\\\\ Ch kh{h ci @in \\\\\\\\

;' Chcl{ {lm}i h iuqnl}hl ch q}lq}jichci?

;'8' Xyhn h hsjvjchci q}jgkjqhn ch q}lq}jichci

identificação dos principais entraves da atividade produtiva do mel em aripuanã-mt

Documents