humor e ironia: uma análise da seção “chegada” na revista piauí belo horizonte 2010

8/7/2019 HUMOR E IRONIA: Uma análise da seção “Chegada” na revista piauí BELO HORIZONTE 2010

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MHL[WI XLDVHW]D[ÎWDI KH GHBI EIWDZIL[H

BNWD]]N ]MNWPHBBD VDNLN

EXCIW H DWILDN:Xcn nlîbd}h kn }hïíi ‒Mehonkn– ln whvd}{n pdnxã

GHBI EIWDZIL[H70>0



>

BNWD]]N ]MNWPHBBD VDNLN

EXCIW H DWILDN:Xcn nlîbd}h kn }hïíi ‒Mehonkn– ln whvd}{n pdnxã

Ciliownfdn npwh}hl{nkn ni Mhl{wi Xldvhw}d{îwdi khGhbi Eiwdzil{h mici wh~xd}d{i pnwmdnb à ig{hlïíi ki{ã{xbi kh gnmenwhb hc Jiwlnbd}ci,

Iwdhl{nkiw: Fngwãmdi Cnw~xh} kh Ibdvhdwn

GHBI EIWDZIL[H70>0



7

BD][N KH DBX][WNÏØH]

FDOXWN > # Fxlïøh} kn dwildn ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, >=

FDOXWN 7 # H}~xhcn bd{hwîwdi ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 7?



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]XCÎWDI

>, DL[WIKXÏÍI,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;

7, ]IGWH N DWILDN H I EXCIW,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 6

7,> N dwildn,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ?

7,>,> Gwhvh ed}{ýwdn kn dwildn,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 4

7,>,7 I} {dpi} kh dwildn,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, >0

7,7 I Exciw,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, >8

7,7,> Gwhvh ed}{ýwdn ki exciw,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, >6

7,7,7 [dpi} kh exciw,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, >?

7,= N dwildn h i exciw mici fhwwnchl{n} kh mwã{dmn,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, >5

= JIWLNBD]CI BD[HWÎWDI,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 70

=,> I jiwlnbd}ci,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 70

=,>,> Mnwnm{hwã}{dmn} ki {hu{i jiwlnbã}{dmi,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 77

=,>,7 I jiwlnbd}ci kh whvd}{n,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 7=

=,>,= I} ‒fnd{ kdvhw}–,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 78

=,7 N bd{hwn{xwn,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 76

=,7,> Mnwnm{hwã}{dmn} ki {hu{i bd{hwîwdi,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 75

=,= I Jiwlnbd}ci Bd{hwîwdi,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 74

=,=,> [eh Lh Jixwlnbd}c,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, =7

; N DWILDN H I EXCIW PWH]HL[H] LN WHVD][N PDNXÃ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, =;

;,> Ch{ikibiodn,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, =;

;,7 N whvd}{n ‒pdnxã–,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, =8

;,= Mnwnm{hwã}{dmn} ki Jiwlnbd}ci Bd{hwîwdi ln ‒Mehonkn–,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, =6

;,; Mnwnm{hwã}{dmn} kh ‒fnd{ kdvhw}– ln ‒mehonkn–,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;6

;,8 N dwildn h i exciw ln }hïíi ‒Mehonkn–,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;?

8 MILMBX]ÍI,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 86

WHFHWÊLMDN],,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 85

NLHUI],,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 60



;

>, DL[WIKXÏÍI

H}{n ciliownfdn {hc piw igjh{dvi npwh}hl{nw i} {dpi} kh dwildn h exciw x{dbdznki}

ln }hïíi ‒Mehonkn– kn whvd}{n pdnxã , Nbäc kd}}i" pwipdmdn xcn nlîbd}h kn} mnwnm{hwã}{dmn} khJiwlnbd}ci Bd{hwîwdi h fnd{ kdvhw}" {ncgäc kd}pilãvhd} ln }hïíi ph}~xd}nkn, N dwildn h i

exciw pikhc }hw mil}dkhwnki} fhwwnchl{n} }hcçl{dmn} ~xh mil{wdgxhc pnwn n whfbhuíi h

pi}dmdilnchl{i mwã{dmi ki bhd{iw)whmhp{iw, I milmhd{i kh ncgi} ä ngiwknki n{wnvä} ki ‒ciki

cikhwli– kh kd}mx{d#bi}" cn} }hc ngnlkilnw n ed}{ýwdn h n whbhvçlmdn kh mnkn h}{xki,

Mic i pn}}nw ki} nli}" i jiwlnbd}ci fid }h {iwlnlki xc h}pnïi pbxwnb, Cn} n

lhmh}}dknkh kh }hw vhbiz h kdlçcdmi ni pn}}nw n} dlfiwcnïøh} kh}hlmnkhix xcn }äwdh kh

}ibxïøh} h pwigbhcn}: kh xc bnki i} bhd{iwh} mil}hoxhc }nghw mic cnd} wnpdkhz li{ãmdn} kh

{iki i cxlki, Ki ix{wi bnki" h}{h} ch}ci} bhd{iwh} nmngnc" cxd{n} vhzh}" whmhghlki li{ãmdn}mnkn vhz cnd} igjh{dvn} h ~xh humbxhc n pi}}dgdbdknkh kh whfbhuíi h líi pwipdmdnc xc

phl}nchl{i mwã{dmi,

I dl{hwh}}h hc h}{xknw n pdnxã }xwodx kh xcn mxwdi}dknkh phbi h}{dbi kn whvd}{n h n

fiwcn kdfhwhlmdnkn mic ~xh hbn pwikxz i jiwlnbd}ci" x{dbdznlki pwdlmdpnbchl{h i exciw pnwn

kh}phw{nw kdvhw}i} }hl{dchl{i} hc }hx} bhd{iwh}, N pdnxã vnd ln kdwhïíi dlvhw}n kn

igjh{dvdknkh h kd}{nlmdnchl{i ki jiwlnbd}ci {wnkdmdilnb" i vhãmxbi ä milehmdki piw }hx} {hu{i}

cnd} hu{hl}i} h piw {wnzhw mil{húki} ~xh kh}{inc ki} pxgbdmnki} ln ownlkh cãkdn,

Li pwdchdwi mnpã{xbi i} milmhd{i} kh dwildn h exciw }íi ngiwknki} phbi}

pwdlmdpnd} nx{iwh} ki} oêlhwi}, Pnwn n dwildn n gn}h }íi i} milmhd{i} kh Kxnw{h %7006$"

Ex{mehil %>448$" Cxhmah %>448$ h Fwth %>4?=$, Jî pnwn i exciw fxlknchl{n#}h hc Ehla

Kwdh}}hl %7000$" Ehlwd Ghwo}il %700>$ h Nbchdkn Bhd{h %>446$,

Jî i exciw h n dwildn fiwnc h}mibedki} piw }hwhc fhwwnchl{n} pnwn ~xh i

jiwlnbd}{n pwipdmdh n whfbhuíi kh }hx bhd{iw, ]hlki n}}dc" hbh líi }ý whpwikxz xc

nmil{hmdchl{i" cn} {ncgäc mwdn xcn dl{hwnïíi mic i whmhp{iw kn chl}nohc" npnwhmhlki li

{hu{i kh fiwcn }xgjh{dvn,

Cn}" pnwn ~xh d}{i nmil{hïn hc xc ncgdhl{h mhwmnki piw {ämldmn} h ilkh dcphwn n

igjh{dvdknkh" ä pwhmd}i ~xh enjn xc h}pnïi h}phmãfdmi, H}}h ‒h}pnïi– pikh }hw npwh}hl{nki

mici i Jiwlnbd}ci Bd{hwîwdi" oêlhwi ” ix }hochl{i ” ~xh phwcd{h xcn cndiw pnw{dmdpnïíi ki

whpýw{hw h ä kdfhwhlmdnki piw fbhw{nw mic n} mnwnm{hwã}{dmn} kn bd{hwn{xwn, Hbh phwcd{h xcn

npwiudcnïíi ki bhd{iw" i ~xh ä i mil{wîwdi ki jiwlnbd}ci {wnkdmdilnb ilkh eî n lhmh}}dknkh kh

xc cndiw kd}{nlmdnchl{i ki hcd}}iw



8

H i }hoxlki mnpã{xbi ä jx}{nchl{h }igwh h}{h} {hcn}: i jiwlnbd}ci" n bd{hwn{xwn" n

mwdnïíi ki Jiwlnbd}ci Bd{hwîwdi h n vhw{hl{h ~xh {iwlix }xn x{dbdznïíi cnd} micxc" i Livi

Jiwlnbd}ci, Pnwn d}{i }íi ngiwknki} Wi}}d %>44;$" Phwhdwn Bdcn %>448$" Bnoh %>44?$" Bnjibi

%>457$" Pwihlïn Fdbei %>440$" Jnaig}il %>457$" Bdcn %>464$" Phln %7006$" _ibfh %7008$,

Nbäc kd}}i" i mnpã{xbi ngiwkn n} khfdldïøh} kh fnd{ kdvhw}" n pnw{dw kn {hiwdn kh Wnci} %700>$"

Gnw{eh} %>4?>$" ]ikwä %70>0$ h Bnoh %>44?$, Kh xcn fiwcn ohwnb" h}{n ciknbdknkh kh li{ãmdn

pikh }hw mil}dkhwnkn mici nboxc fn{i dlx}d{nki" pnwn mencnw n n{hlïíi ki bhd{iw, N}

}d{xnïøh} kh múcxbi h ~xh whch{hc à {wnoäkdn {ncgäc }íi x{dbdznkn} pnwn khfdldw i} fnd{

kdvhw},

I úb{dci mnpã{xbi ä wh}hwvnki pnwn n nlîbd}h" n pnw{dw kh huhcpbi} kn }hïíi

‒Mehonkn–, ]íi mil}dkhwnkn} n} pn}}nohl} ~xh npwh}hl{nc dlkãmdi} ki} {dpi} kh exciw h

dwildn khfdldki} li pwdchdwi mnpã{xbi" n}}dc mici pi}}ãvhd} huhcpbi} kh Jiwlnbd}ci Bd{hwîwdih li{ãmdn} ~xh pikhc }hw mil}dkhwnkn} fnd{ kdvhw}, I} lúchwi} mil}xb{nki} fiwnc kh ix{xgwi

kh 7005 n }h{hcgwi kh 70>0,

Ln milmbx}íi }íi kd}mx{dkn} n npbdmngdbdknkh kn dwildn h)ix exciw ln whvd}{n pdnxã

h kh ~xh fiwcn eî n milfdwcnïíi ki pwigbhcn pwipi}{i phbn ph}~xd}n,



6

7, ]IGWH N DWILDN H I EXCIW

N micxldmnïíi vhwgnb }hcpwh fid xcn fhwwnchl{n hc pi{hlmdnb pnwn kh}phw{nw hc

bhd{iwh} kdvhw}n} pi}}dgdbdknkh} kh micpwhhl}íi, Mic i nxuãbdi kh kid} whmxw}i} bd{hwîwdi}"

h}}n micpwhhl}íi }h {iwln fwh~xhl{hchl{h" dl}{îvhb h }xgjh{dvn, N dwildn h i exciw }íi

h}{wn{äodn} kd}mxw}dvn} x{dbdznkn} kxwnl{h xc pwimh}}i kh micxldmnïíi vhwgnb pnwn mnx}nw li

whmhp{iw kdfhwhl{h} fiwcn} kh }h hl{hlkhw xc fn{i,

Kxwnl{h h}}n ph}~xd}n pwh{hlkh#}h fimnw ln x{dbdznïíi kh}}h} whmxw}i} pnwn micpiw

{hu{i} jiwlnbã}{dmi}" ~xh li{dmdnc nboxc fn{i ni bhd{iw, ]hjn ln {hbhvd}íi" whvd}{n" wîkdi"

dl{hwlh{" mwûldmn}" n dwildn h i exciw npnwhmhc {nl{i pnwn micpiw xcn mhln exciwã}{dmn

mici pnwn npwh}hl{nwhc xcn livn ipïíi kh vhwknkh ni whmhp{iw kn chl}nohc,H}}n} kxn} fhwwnchl{n} iwn }h micpbh{nc" pwipiwmdilnlki xcn vd}íi mwã{dmn ki

hlxlmdnkiw kh xc kh{hwcdlnki {hu{i" iwn npnwhmhc x{dbdznkn} kh fiwcn} }hpnwnkn}, Cn}"

ndlkn n}}dc" pwipiwmdilnc ni} bhd{iwh} dl{hwnodwhc mic i {hu{i" mwdnlki xcn n{ci}fhwn kh

mxcpbdmdknkh hl{wh i nx{iw h ~xhc i bê, H}}n mxcpbdmdknkh }ý ä pi}}ãvhb" pid} ni x{dbdznw n

dwildn h)ix i exciw" i hcd}}iw kî n menlmh kh i whmhp{iw pnw{dmdpnw h kh}vhlknw n~xhbh

kh{hwcdlnki n}}xl{i,

Cn}" ä dcpiw{nl{h bhcgwnw ~xh" {nl{i n dwildn ~xnl{i i exciw }ý }íi hfdmnzh} hc

}xn hcd}}íi ~xnlki i bhd{iw hl{hlkh }igwh i {hcn ~xh hbh ngiwkn, Mn}i xcn ph}}innmi}{xcnkn mic n bhd{xwn kh xcn whvd}{n mic xcn vd}íi pibã{dmn h}~xhwkd}{n }h khpnwn mic i

exciw h n dwildn kh xcn whvd}{n vib{nkn pnwn i púgbdmi kh kdwhd{n" }xn whnïíi }hwî kdfhwhl{h" h

n micxldmnïíi vhwgnb líi {hwî n ch}cn hfdmîmdn, Ix }hjn" pnwn }h {hw hl{hlkdchl{i }igwh xc

kh{hwcdlnki {hu{i exciwã}{dmi h)ix dwûldmi" vîwdi} fn{iwh} khvhc }hw bhvnki} hc mil{n mici

n mxb{xwn" pi}dmdilnchl{i pibã{dmi" hkxmnïíi" h{m,,

N}}dc mici ngiwkn Ehlwd Ghwo}il %700> p, 8$" ‒li}}i wd}i ä }hcpwh i wd}i kh xc

owxpi–, Mic h}}n nfdwcnïíi pikh#}h mehonw à milmbx}íi kh ~xh" pnwn hud}{dw xc hl{hlkdchl{i

xldfiwch mic n x{dbdznïíi kn} fhwwnchl{n} md{nkn}" ä lhmh}}îwdn xcn npwivnïíi micxld{îwdnkn} ch}cn},

[nl{i n dwildn ~xnl{i i exciw pikhc }hw ngiwknki} mici fdoxwn} kh bdloxnohc"

i ~xh bhvn à milhuíi mic xcn fxlïíi kh bdloxnohc khfdldkn piw Wicnl Jnaig}il %>457$: n

piä{dmn ” ~xh }hwî {wn{nkn kxwnl{h i }hoxlki mnpã{xbi,

Pnwn knw#}h mil{dlxdknkh n h}}n ph}~xd}n ä lhmh}}îwdn n ngiwknohc {hýwdmn kh}}h}

kid} milmhd{i}: n dwildn h i exciw,



?

7,> N dwildn

N dwildn }hcpwh h}{hvh pwh}hl{h hc cxd{i} cichl{i} kn ed}{ýwdn, ]hjn hc

pn}}nohl} dcpiw{nl{h} ix li mi{dkdnli kh ph}}in} micxl}" hbn pikh {hw kdvhw}i} }doldfdmnki}"

cn} liwcnbchl{h ä x{dbdznkn pnwn kdzhw i ipi}{i ki ~xh }h ~xhw kdzhw" à} vhzh} mic i dl{xd{i

kh khgimenw kh nboxäc ix hl{íi mici mwã{dmn, Cn}" ni x{dbdznw h}}n fhwwnchl{n" hc ~xnd}~xhw

~xh }hjnc }xn} npbdmnïøh}" ä dcpiw{nl{h bhcgwnw#}h ~xh lhc }hcpwh hbn }hwî micpwhhlkdkn

hc }xn {i{nbdknkh,

Pikh#}h kdzhw ~xh n dwildn ä xc whmxw}i ki} humh}}i}" hbn hud}{h pnwn ~xhgwnw i

{hu{i humh}}dvnchl{h }äwdi ix pnwn npil{nw cichl{i} kh gnlnbdznïíi kh xc fn{i,

Ed}{iwdmnchl{h n dwildn }h mnwnm{hwdzn piw npwh}hl{nw i kd{i phbi líi kd{i, Hbn pikh }hw

milfxlkdkn mic n pnwýkdn ” ~xh pnwn nboxl} nx{iwh}" mici Ex{mehil %7000$" ä xc {dpi khdwildn ”" n }î{dwn h {wimnkdbei},

H}}h whmxw}i líi pikh }hw {wn{nki" piwäc" mici nboi h}phmdnb" ix chbeiw" ~xh n

}hwdhknkh" ix }hjn" npbdmnlki xc mwd{äwdi kh vnbiw, Ä nphln} xcn fiwcn nb{hwln{dvn kh hlmnwnw

i} fn{i}" xcn ipïíi kh vhwknkh, Pid}" ni bhw xc {hu{i hc ~xh mil{hlen dwildn" i bhd{iw dwî

khmdkdw" piw }xn mil{n" i ~xh whpwh}hl{n i }doldfdmnki ki ch}ci,

Lh}}h }hl{dki" ki pil{i kh vd}{n kh K,M, Cxhmah %>4?0$" h}}h {hwci ä kdfãmdb kh

}hw milmhd{xnki" piw }hw xc whmxw}i }xgjh{dvi h piw pn}}nw piw {wnl}fiwcnïøh} mil}{nl{h} hc

}xn mbn}}dfdmnïíi, Cn}" pnwn {hl{nw khfdldw i {hwci hbh nwoxchl{n:

Ä mici xc odwi}mýpdi ~xh cnl{äc n vdkn lxc mxw}i h~xdbdgwnki ix wh{i"wh}{nxwnlki i h~xdbãgwdi ~xnlki n vdkn h}{î }hlki bhvnkn cxd{i n }äwdi ix" micici}{wnc nboxcn} {wnoäkdn}" líi h}{î }hlki bhvnkn n }äwdi i gn}{nl{h" h}{ngdbdznlki idl}{îvhb" cn} {ncgäc kh}h}{ngdbdznlki i humh}}dvnchl{h h}{îvhb, %CXHMAH" >4?0"p, >4$

Jî Bäbdn Pnwwhdwn Kxnw{h {hl{n hupiw i milmhd{i kh dwildn kh fiwcn cnd} igjh{dvn:

‒Q,,,S fdoxwn kh wh{ýwdmn hc ~xh }h kdz i mil{wîwdi ki ~xh }h kdz" i ~xh dcpbdmn i

whmilehmdchl{i kn pi{hlmdnbdknkh kh chl{dwn dcpbãmd{n ln bdloxnohc– %Kxnw{h" 7006" p, >5$,N pnw{dw kn khfdldïíi kh Cxhmah %>4?0$ h kh Kxnw{h %7006$" n dwildn jî npnwhmh hc

kxn} vnwdnïøh} kd}{dl{n}, Pnwn i pwdchdwi nx{iw hbn npnwhl{n bhvhzn h n pi}}dgdbdknkh kh }nãkn

ki bxonw micxc kh ~xhc bê xcn dwildn,

N dwildn vhwgnb ” vnwdnïíi ~xh cnd} }h npbdmn î h}{h {wngnbei ” }h kdvdkh hl{wh

vîwdi} {hwci} %dwildn kh kh}{dli" dwildn mý}cdmn" dwildn kh hvhl{i}" dwildn exciwh}~xh h n}}dc

piw kdnl{h$ h {ncgäc kdvdkh vîwdi} nx{iwh} ~xnl{i n }xn khfdldïíi, Li pil{i kh vd}{n kh ix{wn



5

nx{iwn" Bdlkn Ex{mehil" ~xh nlnbd}n n dwildn vhwgnb hc x}i li kd}mxw}i" n mhln kh}}h whmxw}i ä

‒xcn mhln }imdnb h pibã{dmn– %Ex{mehil" 7000" p, >4$, Pnwn n nx{iwn i pnphb kn dwildn ä mwã{dmi

h ‒dlhwhl{h à micxldmnïíi" piw }hx} kdfhwdchl{i} h piw }xn} lhonïøh}– %Ex{mehil" 7000"

p,78$, N dwildn li pil{i kh vd}{n kh Ex{mehil }h npwh}hl{n mici xcn pwî{dmn pibã{dmn ~xh

pwivimn xcn pi}}dgdbdknkh kh pikhw hc ~xhc n x{dbdzn pnwn }h micxldmnw" i ‒dwild}{n–, Cn} ä

dcpiw{nl{h bhcgwnw ~xh n dwildn }h npwh}hl{n mici {nb ~xnlki eî }xn dl{hwpwh{nïíi,

I} pwdlmdpnd} pnw{dmdpnl{h} ki jioi kn dwildn }íi" ä vhwknkh" i dl{hwpwh{nkiw h idwild}{n ” i kh}{dln{îwdi vd}nki ln hbimxïíi ki dwild}{n" cn} hbh ix hbn %piwkhfdldïíi$ ä n~xhbh ~xh n{wdgxd n dwildn h hl{íi n dl{hwpwh{n: hc ix{wn} pnbnvwn}"n~xhbh ~xh khmdkh }h n hbimxïíi hbn pikh {hw, %EX[HMEHIL" 7000" p, 75$

Jî }ig i pil{i kh vd}{n kh Bäbdn Pnwwhdwn Kxnw{h" n dwildn {ncgäc líi }h fnz

micpbh{n }hc n vd}íi ki dl{hwpwh{nl{h, N nx{iwn nmwhkd{n ~xh h}}h whmxw}i bd{hwîwdi mil{wdgxdpnwn n fiwcnïíi kh bhd{iwh} cnd} n{hl{i} h pnw{dmdpnl{h}" piw d}}i ä xcn ‒h}{wx{xwn

micxldmn{dvn– cnd} hlvibvhl{h h whfbhudvn %Kxnw{h" 7006" p, >4$, H}}h {dpi kh púgbdmi }h

mnwnm{hwdzn piw mbn}}h" ownx kh h}mibnwdknkh" {dpi kh mxb{xwn,

Hc ~xnb~xhw kh }xn} fiwcn}" n dwildn }hwî xcn h}{wx{xwn micxldmn{dvn, Kh fn{i"lnkn pikh }hw mil}dkhwnki dwûldmi }h líi fiw pwipi}{i h vd}{i mici {nb, Líi eîdwildn }hc dwild}{n" h h}{h }hwî nboxäc ~xh phwmhgh kxnbdkh} ix cúb{dpbn}pi}}dgdbdknkh} kh }hl{dki h n} hupbiwn hc hlxlmdnki} dwûldmi}" mxji pwipý}d{i}ichl{h }h micpbh{n li hfhd{i miwwh}pilkhl{h" d}{i ä" lxcn whmhpïíi ~xh phwmhgn n

kxpbdmdknkh kh }hl{dki h n dlvhw}íi ix n kdfhwhlïn hud}{hl{h hl{wh n chl}nohchlvdnkn h n pwh{hlkdkn, %KXNW[H" 7006" p, >4$

Cn}" nl{h} kn khfdldïíi kh dwildn ki pil{i kh vd}{n kh Kxnw{h h Ex{mehil ix{wi}

nx{iwh} h ph}~xd}nkiwh} n khfdldwnc kh ix{wn} fiwcn}, Li }ämxbi UVDDD ]iwhl Adhwahonnwk

%>44>$ khfdldx n dwildn" n pnw{dw kn} milmhpïøh} kh phl}nkiwh} owhoi} ” Uhlifil{h" Pbn{íi"

Pwi{îoiwn}" Fäkil" Nwd}{ýfnlh} # mici xc fhlûchli ~xh fnz pnw{h kh xc pwimh}}i h}pdwd{xnb,

Pnwn i nx{iw n dwildn ä n vdkn,

N dwildn fid n}}dc kicdlnkn" dcigdbdznkn ln }hbvnohc dlfdld{xkh hc ~xh nvnlïnvn{hcph}{xi}n h khviwnknchl{h" cn} knã líi }h }hoxh" kh cnlhdwn lhlexcn" ~xh hbnkhvn phwkhw n }xn }doldfdmnïíi ix }hw {i{nbchl{h khpi}{n, Cxd{i phbi mil{wîwdi"~xnlki i dlkdvãkxi h}{î miwwh{nchl{h iwdhl{nki" h hbh i h}{î ~xnlki n dwildn fidbdcd{nkn" ä hl{íi ~xh n dwildn nk~xdwh }xn jx}{n }doldfdmnïíi" }xn vhwknkhdwn vnbdknkh,Hc li}}i {hcpi {hc#}h fnbnki fwh~xhl{hchl{h ln dcpiw{çlmdn kn kúvdkn pnwn nmdêlmdn1 cn} i ~xh n kúvdkn ä pnwn n mdêlmdn n dwildn ä pnwn n vdkn ph}}inb, H n}}dcmici i} eichl} kn mdêlmdn nfdwcnc ~xh líi ä pi}}ãvhb xcn vhwknkhdwn mdêlmdn }hcn kúvdkn n}}dc {ncgäc }h pikh" mic dl{hdwn wnzíi" nfdwcnw ~xh lhlexcn vdknnx{hl{dmnchl{h excnln ä pi}}ãvhb }hc dwildn, %ADHWAHONNWK" >44>" p, 7??$



4

H}}n} khfdldïøh} fiwnc mil}{wxãkn} piw nx{iwh} n pnw{dw kh çloxbi} kd}{dl{i}, ]íi

hbn}: dwildn {wîodmn" mý}cdmn" kh ciki" kh }d{xnïíi" fdbi}ýfdmn" pwî{dmn" kwncî{dmn vhwgnb"

exciwh}~xh" hl{wh ix{wn}, Líi hud}{hc khlicdlnïøh} dlmiwwh{n}" pid} mnkn {hwci fid mwdnki n

pnw{dw kh h}{xki} kdfhwhl{h}" cn} mic i ch}ci dl{xd{i" {hl{nw hl{hlkhw n dwildn, I}

ph}~xd}nkiwh} kn dwildn kn n{xnbdknkh pnw{hc ki} pwdchdwi} h}{xki} pnwn mehonwhc n

dcpiw{nl{h} mil}dkhwnïøh}>,

7,>,> Gwhvh ed}{ýwdn kn dwildn

Kh nmiwki mic i} h}{xki} kh Cxhmah %>4?0$" n dwildn líi ln}mhx hc xc bxonw

h}phmãfdmi" hbn }hcpwh hud}{dx" ch}ci }hc lxlmn {hw }dki lichnkn ix mbn}}dfdmnkn, ^xnl{i àiwdohc kn nlîbd}h h h}{xki ki {hcn" i nx{iw pilkhwn n dcpiw{çlmdn kh kid} pnã}h} ~xh fiwnc

i} pwdchdwi} n whod}{wnwhc }xn} ph}~xd}n}: Owämdn h Dlobn{hwwn,

N{ä i }ämxbi UVDDD ldloxäc envdn lichnki n} mdwmxl}{çlmdn} dwûldmn} mici {nb,

]hoxlki Cxhmah %>4?0$" n pwdchdwn fiwcn kn pnbnvwn fid kh{hm{nkn ln Owämdn" n{wnvä} kh

{hu{i} kh ]ýmwn{h}" h n{hlkdn piw hdwilhdn,

I pwdchdwi whod}{wi kh hdwilhdn }xwoh ln Whpúgbdmn kh Pbn{íi, Npbdmnkn n ]ýmwn{h}piw xcn kh }xn} vã{dcn}" pnwhmh {hw }doldfdmnki nboi mici ‒xcn fiwcn bd}iljhdwn"

ngjh{n kh {nphnw n} ph}}in}–, Pnwn Khcý}{hlh}" xc hdwil hwn n~xhbh ~xh" nbhonlkidlmnpnmdknkh" fxodn kh }xn} wh}pil}ngdbdknkh} kh mdknkíi, Pnwn [hifwn}{i" xc hdwilhwn hvn}dvi h wh}hwvnki" h}milkdn }xn} dldcdznkh}" nbhonvn ncdznkh" knvn xcndcpwh}}íi fnb}n kh }hx} n{i} h lxlmn knvn xcn wh}pi}{n kdwh{n, %CXHMAH" >4?0" p,=>$

Jî li dkdicn dlobê}" Cxhmah %>4?0$ nfdwcn ~xh n pnbnvwn ‒dwildn– fid x{dbdznkn ln

bd{hwn{xwn" {ncgäc n pnw{dw ki }ämxbi UVDDD, Cn}" ch}ci nl{h} kh hud}{dw" h}}h {hwci jî hwn

hlmil{wnki mic i ch}ci }doldfdmnki hc ix{wn} pnbnvwn} mici ‒ fbhhw" fbix{" odgh" jhhw" cima"

}miff" }miwl" {nxl{ %{iki} mic }hl{dki kh cifn" h}mîwldi zicgnwdn" ci{hji" men}mi" }nwmn}ci}"

h{m$– %Cxhmah" >4?0" p, =7$,Npý} n} mil}dkhwnïøh} kh Cxhmah ä pi}}ãvhb phwmhghw ~xh n dwildn nmicpnlen i

eichc kh}kh }xn hvibxïíi" cn} }ý pn}}ix n }hw lichnkn h ig}hwvnkn n pnw{dw ki }ämxbi

UVDDD, ]xn khfdldïíi }hcpwh fid {wn{nkn" pwdciwkdnbchl{h" mici fdoxwn kh bdloxnohc h mici

n dlvhw}íi ki ~xh h}{î }h kdzhlki" ‒kdz xcn mid}n" cn} }doldfdmn ix{wn–, Piw huhcpbi" xc

hlxlmdnkiw ni hbiodnw i whmhp{iw kh fiwcn hunohwnkn" h}{î" ln vhwknkh" {hl{nlki wdkdmxbnwdzî# > Ix{wn} khfdldïøh} kh dwildn }hwíi npwh}hl{nkn} li {ýpdmi 7,= kh}}h {wngnbei



>0

bi, N{ä hl{íi n dwildn }hcpwh fid nlnbd}nkn n pnw{dw kn ý{dmn ki ‒dwild}{n–" ~xh hwn jxbonki h

ig}hwvnki,

Mic i pn}}nw ki} nli} i milmhd{i kh dwildn fid cxknlki kh fiwcn bhl{n" cn} i

{hwci mil~xd}{ix livi} }doldfdmnki} li fdlnb ki }ämxbi UVDD h dlãmdi ki UDV, Mici npil{n

Cxhmah" ‒I} livi} }doldfdmnki} }íi livi} hc dlúchwi} n}phm{i} ~xh pikhci} {nbvhz

h}mibehw" cn} i ~xh nmwh}mhl{nc ä xcn {wnl}fiwcnïíi {íi wnkdmnb ki milmhd{i kh dwildn ~xnl{i

i fid i Wicnl{d}ci kn vd}íi kh cxlki ki} }ämxbi} nl{hwdiwh} %Cxhmah" >4?0" p, =;$,–

7,>,7 I} {dpi} kh dwildn

Nbäc ki} {dpi} kh dwildn jî md{nki} li {ýpdmi 7,> kh}{n ph}~xd}n ” dwildn kh

kh}{dli" dwildn mý}cdmn" dwildn kh hvhl{i} ”" Cxhmah %>4?0$ ix{wi} {dpi} mici êlfn}h wh{ýwdmn"

dwildn nx{ikhpwhmdn{dvn" zicgnwdn dwûldmn" dwildn piw nlnbiodn" dwildn líi#vhwgnb" dlohlxdknkh

dwûldmn" dwildn kwncî{dmn" dwildn dlmil}mdhl{h" dwildn nx{i{wndkiwn" dwildn kh hvhl{i}" dwildn

mý}cdmn" dlmilowxêlmdn dwûldmn" dwildn kxpbn h dwildn nwkdb %Cxhmah" >4?0" p, 7;#7?$, Jî li

pil{i kh vd}{n kh Kxnw{h %7006$" hud}{hc ndlkn cnd} {dpi} kh dwildn" n wicçl{dmn" n

exciwh}~xh h n wh{ýwdmn, Ix{wi nx{iw ~xh {ncgäc mil{wdgxd mic khfdldïøh} kh dwildn ä

Liw{ewip Fwth %>4?=$" ~xh npil{n n dwildn cdbd{nl{h, Ä dcpiw{nl{h bhcgwnw ~xh n} ciknbdknkh}

npwh}hl{nkn} }íi nphln} huhcpbi} kh xc xldvhw}i dchl}i kh ix{wn} khfdldïøh}, I} {dpi} kh

dwildn h}mibedki} }íi pnwn bdcd{nw n nlîbd}h kxwnl{h h}{n ph}~xd}n, Pwdchdwnchl{h }hwíi

khfdldki} kid} {dpi} kh dwildn" hlmil{wnki} ln igwn kh Kxnw{h %7006$, N wicçl{dmn h n

exciwh}~xh, Khpid} }hwî nlnbd}nkn n dwildn cdbd{nl{h" khfdldkn piw Fwth %>4?=$,

Kh nmiwki mic Kxnw{h" n dwildn wicçl{dmn ” ix bd{hwîwdn ” hwn x{dbdznkn piw nx{iwh}

n fdc kh npwh}hl{nw n bdghwknkh ln h}mwd{n h khdunw i} {hu{i} mic n}phm{i} cnd} bhvh} h chli}

}äwdi}, H}}h {dpi whpwh}hl{n n nw{h fhd{n kh fiwcn mil}mdhl{h, Jî líi eî i phl}nchl{i kh nw{h

nphln} mici nw{h,

N dwildn wicçl{dmn whpwh}hl{n" n}}dc" xc fn{iw kh nx{ilicdn hc nw{h: nw{h mici nw{h"pid} n{wnvä} kn dwildn wicçl{dmn i nx{iw bd{hwîwdi mil{n xcn ed}{ýwdn micpbh{n"dlmbxdlki i nx{iw h n lnwwnïíi" i bhd{iw h n bhd{xwn" i h}{dbi h n }xn h}miben" n fdmïíi hfn{i, N igwn {hwî n}}dc xcn whnbdknkh pwýpwdn h líi xc fdc hc }d1 }hwî fhlûchlinx{ûlici ” }dcxbnmwi ”" ni ch}ci {hcpi vnbiw }xpwhci h líi#vnbiw ng}ibx{i" hc~xh i nx{iw }h ~xhw búmdki li cichl{i ch}ci ~xh ä cnd} npnduilnki, %KXNW[H"7006" p, ;8$,



>>

N dwildn wicçl{dmn gx}mn xcn pi}dïíi mwã{dmn ki bhd{iw h i fnz }hw pnw{dmdpnl{h ki

{hu{i, Hbn ä n ‒mil}mdêlmdn hc nïíi– h }h npwh}hl{n piw líi kdzhw n} mid}n} kh fiwcn bdlhnw h

kd}mdpbdlnkn" líi eî n ciwnb, Nbäc kd}}i" {iwln i bhd{iw kili kn igwn h mici {nb hbh pikh

dl{hwfhwdw hc }hx mil{hu{i, N dwildn wicçl{dmn cdldcdzn i h}{wnlenchl{i hl{wh i dl{hwpwh{nl{h

h i dwild}{n, N} igwn} ~xh npwh}hl{nc h}}h {dpi kh whmxw}i }íi mnwwhonkn} kh }xgjh{dvdknkh,

Xc ki} nx{iwh} cnd} dcpiw{nl{h kn dwildn wicçl{dmn" }hoxlki Kxnw{h %7006$" ä Fwdhkwdme

]mebhohb, Hbh ig}hwvix ~xh hbn ä pnwnkiunb h khvh {wnzhw pnwn i bhd{iw {ikn n pi}}dgdbdknkh kh

whfbhuíi,

Xc ki} hbhchl{i} kh}{n kn dwildn ä n pwh}hlïn ki nx{iw ln igwn, Pikh#}h md{nw xc

huhcpbi ln bd{hwn{xwn n pnw{dw kn igwn kh Mncdbi Mn}{hbi Gwnlmi" mici npil{n Bäbdn Pnwwhdwn

Kxnw{h, N igwn ki nx{iw ä xcn livhbn kh khzh}}h{h mnpã{xbi} h eî cnd} xc dl{d{xbnki

‒nvxb}i–" hc ~xh i bhd{iw pikh hlmndunw hc ~xnb~xhw pnw{h ki bdvwi, ‒[hc ―mdlmi pîodln} ~xhä chbeiw líi }h bhwhc— h ~xh nl{hmhkhc i mnpã{xbi UV– %Kxnw{h" 7006$, Ndlkn ln igwn i

pwhfîmdi npnwhmh li fdlnb h npwh}hl{n xcn livn phw}ilnohc ~xh dlfbxhlmdn {ikn} n} ix{wn}

phw}ilnohl} ki bdvwi, Kxwnl{h n lnwwn{dvn i nx{iw pwipøh xc kdîbioi mic i bhd{iw, H}}h

huhcpbi npwh}hl{n mbnwnchl{h n dwildn wicçl{dmn, Ä pi}}ãvhb li{nw ~xh líi eî n

igwdon{iwdhknkh kh }h }hoxdw i} pnkwøh} kn bd{hwn{xwn,

H}}n dwildn líi }h npwh}hl{n mici i kd{i phbi líi kd{i" cn} }dc n pnw{dw kn

lhonïíi ki whnb mici fiwcn ng}ibx{n kh }h hluhwonw n whnbdknkh, Lh}}h cichl{i kn ed}{ýwdn

i} nx{iwh} pwipøhc n dwildn mici xcn fiwcn kh }xgvhw}íi, N} ed}{ýwdn} bd{hwîwdn} npwh}hl{nc‒xcn whnbdknkh pwýpwdn h líi xc fdc hc }d– %Kxnw{h" 7006$

Pnwn h}mwhvhw" i nw{d}{n mil}mdhl{h pwhmd}n }hw mwdn{dvi h mwã{dmi" }xgjh{dvi h igjh{dvi"dl}pdwnki h mil}mdhl{hchl{h nw{d}{n, ]hx {wngnbei pwh{hlkh }hw }igwh i cxlki" cn}}h }ngh fdmïíi, Hbh }ngh ~xh ä dcpi}}ãvhb fnzhw xc whbn{i vhwknkhdwi ix micpbh{i knwhnbdknkh" piw }hw hbn dlmicpwhhl}dvhbchl{h vn}{n" mil{wnkd{ýwdn" hc mil{ãlxn{wnl}fiwcnïíi" kh ciki ~xh xc whbn{i vhwknkhdwi }hwdn dchkdn{nchl{h fnb}i" bioi~xh micpbh{nki: i ~xh wh}{n ni nw{d}{n ä dlmiwpiwnw ni }hx {wngnbei n mil}mdêlmdn kh}xn dwûldmn pi}dïíi kdnl{h i cxlki, %KXNW[H" 7006" p, ;>$

H}{n dwildn pikh }hw hlmil{wnkn" h}phmdfdmnchl{h" ln bd{hwn{xwn" cn} hbn líi }hwh}{wdloh n xc oêlhwi bd{hwîwdi" pikh }hw hlmil{wnkn ln pih}dn" kwncn{xwodn ix lnwwn{dvn h ä"

gn}dmnchl{h" xcn mnwnm{hwã}{dmn cikhwln, Kh nmiwki mic Hwl}{ Ghebhw %>4?5$" n} pwdlmdpnd}

mnwnm{hwã}{dmn} kh}{h {dpi }íi: i npnwhmdchl{i ki nx{iw li miwpi kn igwn" mnwî{hw nx{i#whfbhudvi

h n mil}mdêlmdn ki jioi ln igwn h }igwh n igwn %Ghebhw" >4?5" p, 6>$,

Jî n dwildn exciwh}~xh pikhwdn }hw khfdldkn mici n dwildn kn kúvdkn, Li pil{i kh

vd}{n kh Mhbh}{dli Vhdon %>46?$ h}}n dwildn ä xc {dpi kh exciw ~xh }h h~xdbdgwn hl{wh ‒i vhw}i



>7

h whvhw}i kn} }d{xnïøh}–, Pnwn Vbnkdcdw Jnlaäbävd{me %>46;$ n dwildn exciwh}~xh ä n

pbxwnbdknkh" n pi}}dgdbdknkh kh i nx{iw bhvnl{nw ~xh}{dilnchl{i} }hc }h {iwlnw piw{n viz kh

lhlexcn dkhdn ix dkhnb,

Kh nmiwki mic Kxnw{h" ni }h h}mwhvhw xcn dwildn exciwh}~xh xc nx{iw pwipøh ni

bhd{iw xc cichl{i ‒búkdmi" fbxdki h dl}{îvhb–, Pnwn n nx{iwn eî n cnwmn kn ncgdoxdknkh h

dlkhfdldïíi kxwnl{h {ikn n bhd{xwn kh xc {hu{i hc ~xh eî h}}h {dpi kh dwildn,

Nph}nw kh }hx ph}}dcd}ci" n dwildn exciwh}~xh mil}dkhwn i} whlhonki}dlkxbohl{hchl{h1 líi }h dlkdoln mic n} {wndïøh} lhc }h h}pnl{n mic n} milvhw}øh},H}vnzdn }xn fnb}n }xgbdcdknkh" n} hunohwnïøh} wdkãmxbn} h i ph}nkhbi kn} ví}cd{ibiodn}, Dcxldzn mil{wn n} khmhpïøh} h ä nl{ãki{i pnwn n} fnb}n} {wnoäkdn}, Idwild}{n h}mibeh }hw ix{wi ~xh líi hbh ch}ci1 md{n#}h piw dwildn h pwhvê n {wiïn kiix{wi, %KXNW[H" 7006" p, ==$

I {hwmhdwi {dpi" dwildn cdbd{nl{h" fid {wn{nkn piw Fwth hc >4?=, I nx{iw n npil{nmici n ‒pwdlmdpnb kd}{dlïíi hl{wh n }î{dwn–, Pnwn hbh n }î{dwn ä xcn fiwcn cnd} h}mnlmnwnkn kh

}h fnzhw xcn mwã{dmn }imdnb ghc exciwnkn ~xh pwhmd}n ki hl{hlkdchl{i mûcdmi pnwn }h

micpbh{nw, Jî n dwildn {wngnben n pnw{dw ki} ipi}{i}" cn} líi ä igwdonkn n npwh}hl{nw

micdmdknkh ni} }hx} whmhp{iwh},

Kh nmiwki mic i} phl}nchl{i} kh}}h nx{iw" n dwildn" ~xnlki x{dbdznkn mic n

}î{dwn pikh }hwvdw mici xc {dpi kh ‒n{n~xh–, Lh}}h }hl{dki n dwildn {ncgäc pikh }hw

micpnwnkn mic n bdghwknkh kh hupwh}}íi" hc ~xh i }hx pwdlmdpnb pnphb ä kh}phw{nw hc }hx

whmhp{iw }xn dl{hbdoêlmdn, Fwth ndlkn pil{xn n} liwcn} kn dwildn cdbd{nl{h:

Q,,,S }xn} liwcn} ciwnd} }íi whbn{dvnchl{h mbnwn}" h nmhd{n mwd{äwdi} kh nmiwki mic i}~xnd} }íi chkdki} i owi{h}mi h i ng}xwki, N dlvhm{dvn ngwxp{n ix udlonchl{i%‒fbt{dlo–" wnbei$ ä }î{dwn hc ~xh eî whbn{dvnchl{h pixmn dwildn: piw ix{wi bnki"}hcpwh ~xh xc bhd{iw líi h}{hjn mhw{i kh ~xnb }hjn n n{d{xkh ki nx{iw ix kh ~xnb}xpilen }hw n }xn" {hci} dwildn mic whbn{dvnchl{h pixmn }î{dwn, %FWTH" >4?=" p,7>4$

Kh nmiwki mic i} h}{xki} kh Ex{mehil %7000$" i fxlmdilnchl{i kn dwildn

khphlkh dl{hdwnchl{h ki dl{hwpwh{nkiw h líi ki dwild}{n, Piw{nl{i" hbn nfdwcn ~xh líi nkdnl{n

nphln} fiwcxbnw khfdldïøh} ~xh gx}mnc mnwnm{hwdznw n dwildn n pnw{dw ki pil{i kh vd}{n ki

hcd}}iw" cn} hbn khvh }hw {wn{nkn mici xc mn}i kh dl{hwpwh{nïíi h n{wdgxdïíi, Pnwn n nx{iwn" n

kdfdmxbknkh hc khfdldw i} kdvhw}i} {dpi} kh dwildn mwdnkn piw kdfhwhl{h} nx{iwh} pwhjxkdmn i

hl{hlkdchl{i kn ch}cn h mnx}n ‒milfx}íi h kh}nmiwki }igwh }xn npwipwdngdbdknkh h vnbiw"

pnwn líi fnbnw kh }hx }doldfdmnki– %Ex{mehil" 7000" p, ?;$, Pnwn {hl{nw cdldcdznw h}}n}



>=

milfx}øh}" Ex{mehil pwipû} n jxlïíi kh {iki} i} {dpi} kh dwildn ” khfdldkn} phbi} pwdlmdpnd}

nx{iwh} ki ‒ciki cikhwli– ki milmhd{i ”" h mwdix n} fxlïøh} kn dwildn,

Mil{xki" n wh}hlen kn} cxd{n} fxlïøh} kn dwildn ~xh }h }hoxh ä xcn {hl{n{dvn

pwivd}ýwdn kh nw{dmxbnw h iwkhlnw nboxcn} kn} cnlhdwn} mici i} mwã{dmi}" ni biloiki} nli}" hupwh}}nwnc }xn npwivnïíi ix kh}npwivnïíi ki ~xh fwh~xhl{hchl{h }hnpwh}hl{n mici xcn úldmn mid}n ” dwildn ” iphwnlki kh xcn úldmn cnlhdwn,%EX[MEHIL" 7000" p, ?8$,

Ex{mehil ndlkn hupbdmn ~xh n} fxlïøh} npwh}hl{nkn} líi }xwodwnc kh fiwcn

}dcpbd}{n" hbn ä fwx{i kh ph}~xd}n}" whnbdznkn} li} kdvhw}i} cn{hwdnd} ~xh hlvibvhc n dwildn,

]hoxlki hbn" i ~xh ä kh wh}pil}ngdbdknkh khbn ä n fiwcn mici i} {dpi} fiwnc iwonldznki},

Pnwn n nx{iwn" pikhc }hw md{nki} livh {dpi} kh fxlïøh} kn dwildn" ~xh ngwnlohc i}

kdvhw}i} {dpi} kh dwildn mwdnki} phbi} nx{iwh} md{nki} nl{hwdiwchl{h ” h ix{wi} ~xh líi fiwnc

mil{hcpbnki} lh}{n ph}~xd}n: }íi hbn} whfiwïnkiwn" micpbdmnkiwn" búkdmn" kd}{nlmdnkiwn"

nx{ipwi{h{iwn" pwivd}ýwdn" kh ipi}dïíi" n{nmnl{h ix n}}nb{nl{h h nowhonkiwn, Pnwn {hl{nw

hupbdmnw chbeiw i ~xh pwipû}" Ex{mehil pwikxzdx xc kdnowncn Qvhw Fdoxwn >S ~xh npwh}hl{n

n} fxlïøh} kh chliw mnwon nfh{dvn pnwn n} kh cndiw mnwon nfh{dvn, H}}n khbdcd{nïíi líi

miwwh}pilkh n xc {dpi kh edhwnw~xdznïíi h npwh}hl{n i bnki pi}d{dvi h i lhon{dvi kh mnkn

fxlïíi,

N pwdchdwn fxlïíi ngiwknkn phbn nx{iwn ” n pnw{dw kn mnwon nfh{dvn cãldcn ” ä n

whfiwïnkiwn, ]hoxlki n nx{iwn" h}{n pikh h}{n pikh }hw x{dbdznkn pnwn khfdldw cichl{i} hc

~xh eî n dl{hlïíi kh x}i kn dwildn, ]hx bnki pi}d{dvi ä }hw pwhmd}n h knw êlfn}h hc milvhw}n}

mi{dkdnln}, Jî i lhon{dvi ä ~xh nboxl} nx{iwh} n mil}dkhwn khmiwn{dvn" }xg}dkdîwdn h pixmi

h}}hlmdnb,

N }hoxlkn ngiwknkn ä n micpbdmnkiwn wh}pil}îvhb piw ohwnw ncgdoxdknkh h }hw

micpbhun, Cn}" i ~xh ohwn kd}mx}}øh} hl{wh i} nx{iwh} ä i fn{i kh}{n micpbhudknkh h

ncgdoxdknkh dcphkdwhc i gic fxlmdilnchl{i ki pwimh}}i kh micxldmnïíi,

N pwýudcn ä mencnkn kh búkdmn" n nx{iwn n mil}dkhwn mici ghldoln" pid} hbn

mnwnm{hwdznkn mici n ‒dwildn nfh{xi}n kh pwivimnïíi ghlhvibhl{h1 hbn pikh }hw n}}imdnkn{ncgäc mic i exciw h h}pdwd{xi}dknkh" ä mbnwi" h" piw mil}h~xêlmdn" pikh }hw dl{hwpwh{nkn

mici xcn mnwnm{hwã}{dmn vnbdi}n kn jimi}dknkh %h n}}dc" ln bdloxnohc" }hchbenl{h ni

{wimnkdbei h à ch{îfiwn$– %Ex{mehil" 7000" p, ?5$,

Lh}{n fxlïíi vhwdfdmn#}h xcn }hchbenlïn mic n dwildn exciwh}~xh" khfdldkn piw

Kxnw{h %7006$,



>8

kh}{n fxlïíi ä pikhw }hw {wnl}fiwcnkn hc nwwioçlmdn piw pnw{h ki dwildznkiw h mehonw pnwn i

whmhp{iw mic mhw{i ownx kh fnb}dknkh,

N fxlïíi pwivd}ýwdn" ki pil{i kh md}{n kh Ex{mehil ä ~xnlki nboxäc {hc kid}

mncdlei} n }hwhc {wdbenki} h khmdkh pn}}nw phbi} kid}, ]hoxlki hbn" ~xhc fnz h}{n ipïíi

nmngn piw ngwdw cíi kh }xn h}miben" pid} líi h}mibeh lhlexc mncdlei n }hoxdw, ‒Hbh líi

mil}hoxh kh}d}{dw kh xcn phbn ix{wn h hbh kh}d}{h kh ncgn}, Cn} hbh }h wh}hwvn i kdwhd{i kh

ig{hw kh ncgn} i cîudci kh pwnzhw pn}}dvi pi}}ãvhb, H h}}h pwnzhw ä n dwildn– %Ex{mehil"

7000" p,5>$,

Jî n} pwýudcn} michïnc n {wn{nw kh n}}xl{i} cnd} pibêcdmi}, N fxlïíi kh

ipi}dïíi ä x{dbdznkn mici pnli kh fxlki pnwn whghbkdn}, Lhbn eî n pi}}dgdbdknkh ki mil{húki

}hw {wnl}owh}}iw h }xgvhw}dvi" i ~xh pikh }hw hlmnwnki mici xc dl}xb{i ix ifhl}n, Hbn pikh

}hw x{dbdznkn pnwn mil{h}{nw eîgd{i}" mi}{xch}" dkhibiodn}" oêlhwi" wnïn" mbn}}h h }huxnbdknkh,N fxlïíi n{nmnl{h ix n}}nb{nl{h ä x{dbdznkn pnwn }n{dwdznw" khgimenw ki dwildznki"

cn} {ncgäc pikh }hw xcn fhwwnchl{h miwwhïíi kn ciwnb, ]hx mil{húki pikh }hw {íi khl}i"

~xh liwcnbchl{h npwh}hl{n mnwnm{hwã}{dmn} kh}{wx{dvn} h nowh}}dvn}, ]hoxlki n nx{iwn" ä n

dwildn }hlki x}nkn hc humh}}i, N dwildn cdbd{nl{h" khfhlkdkn piw Fwth %>4?=$" pikh }h

hlmndunw {nl{i ln fxlïíi kh ipi}dïíi" ~xnlki ln n{nmnl{h, Khphlkh ki ownx ~xh ä x{dbdznkn,

7,7 I Exciw

I exciw" kh nmiwki mic xcn kn} dl{hwpwh{nïøh} ki kdmdilîwdi ]dbvhdwn Gxhli

pikh }hw xcn fiwcn kh dwildn" cn} ki {dpi bhvh h nbhowh, I {hwci jî fid h ä h}{xki piw kdvhw}i}

nx{iwh} h }xn dl{hwpwh{nïíi pikh }hw kdwh{nchl{h bdonkn ni wd}i" cn} i} kid} líi h}{íi

milkdmdilnki} n hud}{dwhc cx{xnchl{h, I wd}i ä xc ki} pwivîvhd} wh}xb{nki} kh xcn nïíi

exciwã}{dmn ix ~xh mil{hlen nboxc {dpi kh micdmdknkh,

N}}dc mici n dwildn" h}}n fhwwnchl{n {ncgäc }ý }h {iwln hfdmnz ~xnlki eî n

dl{hwnïíi mic i bhd{iw h i hl{hlkdchl{i h)ix dl{hwh}}h ki ch}ci }igwh i n}}xl{i ngiwknki lnpn}}nohc exciwã}{dmn,

Pnwn i ph}~xd}nkiw Ehla Kwdh}}hl %7000$" i exciw h}{î kdwh{nchl{h bdonki à

vnwdnïíi mxb{xwnb kh xcn }imdhknkh, N pnw{dw kh }hx} h}{xki} nl{wipibýodmi} }igwh i {hwci"

Kwdh}}hl pûkh ig}hwvnw n} fiwcn} mici i exciw" ch}ci ~xh à} vhzh} líi whpwh}hl{h n

whnbdknkh" pikh }hwvdw mici mwã{dmn n xcn kh{hwcdlnkn }imdhknkh,



>6

Jî kh nmiwki mic i phl}nchl{i kh Kxnw{h %7006$" ni ngiwknw ]ýmwn{h}" i wd}i

whbnmdiln#}h mic n {wnodmdknkh kn vdkn, Pnwn n nx{iwn i wd}i ä n whmicphl}n ki eichc

ig}{dlnki n ciwwhw h ~xh pwhmd}n" kh nboxcn fiwcn" hu{wnvn}nw }xn} hciïøh}, ]hoxlki npil{n"

i {hcpi ki wd}i ä xc dl}{nl{h, Ln} mil}dkhwnïøh} kh Ldh{z}meh h}}n pwî{dmn excnln {ncgäc

líi }h kd}{nlmdn kh xcn pi}}dgdbdknkh kh bdghw{nw }hx} phl}nchl{i},

]hoxlki [wnvnobdn %>440$" i exciw" xc ki} pwivimnkiwh} ki wd}i ä n

pi}}dgdbdknkh ki }hw excnli hlmil{wnw i h~xdbãgwdi hl{wh i ‒}imdnb h p}dmibýodmi–" pnwn ~xh hbh

pi}}n hluhwonw kdfhwhl{h} pi}}dgdbdknkh},

Jî Ghwo}il npwh}hl{n xc h}{xki }igwh i wd}i" cn} ~xnlki pwivimnki phbn

micdmdknkh, Kh nmiwki mic hbh i wd}i }h milkdmdiln" pwdlmdpnbchl{h" n pnw{dw kh {wê}

ig}hwvnïøh}: {ikn micdmdknkh }h whbnmdiln mic nboi excnli" {ikn hciïíi ä dldcdon ki wd}i"

h líi eî wd}i }hc n whphwmx}}íi ki ch}ci hc xc owxpi,

Cnw~xhci} ld{dknchl{h i pil{i pnwn i ~xnb milvhwohc li}}n} {wê} ig}hwvnïøh}pwhbdcdlnwh}, N micdmdknkh ln}mhwî ni ~xh pnwhmh" ~xnlki nboxl} eichl} whxldki}hc xc owxpi kdwdodwhc {iki} n n{hlïíi pnwn xc khbh}" mnbnlki n pwýpwdn}hl}dgdbdknkh h huhwmhlki nphln} n dl{hbdoêlmdn, %GHWO]IL" 700>" p, 6$

N pnw{dw kn} khfdldïøh} }igwh exciw" wd}i h micdmdknkh ” {hwci} ~xh h}{íi

kdwh{nchl{h bdonki} ” ä pi}}ãvhb h}{nghbhmhw nboxcn} mnwnm{hwã}{dmn} hc micxc, Piw huhcpbi"

ä pi}}ãvhb li{nw ~xh i wd}i }h npwh}hl{n mici xcn bdghw{nïíi kh xc phl}nchl{i, Ä n

milmbx}íi kh n{i pwivimnki dl{hbhm{xnbchl{h, Jî }ig i pil{i nl{wipibýodmi ki exciw" hbhpikh }h npwh}hl{nw mici xcn pi}}dgdbdknkh kh kh}phw{nw li} whmhp{iwh} xc pi}dmdilnchl{i

}imdnb kdfhwhlmdnki, H ä lh}}h pil{i ~xh exciw }h hlmil{wn mic n dwildn, H}}h} kid} whmxw}i}

bd{hwnd} pikhc pwivimnw li bhd{iw pi}}dgdbdknkh} kdfhwhl{h} kh }h hlmnwnw xcn livn whnbdknkh,

7,7,> Gwhvh ed}{ýwdn ki exciw

N pnbnvwn exciw fid whod}{wnkn phbn pwdchdwn vhz" n}}dc mici n dwildn" ln

Dlobn{hwwn" }ý ~xh hc >657, Nl{h} kh}}n kn{n i exciw ” ix excixw" {hwci x{dbdznki phbi}

dlobh}h} ”" hwn {wn{nki mici kd}pi}dïíi chl{nb ix h}{nki kh h}pãwd{i, Cn} }ý hc >?04 fid

h}mwd{i i pwdchdwi hl}ndi }igwh i {hwci h }hx} }doldfdmnki}, H}}h h}{xki fid i pwdchdwi n

dkhl{dfdmnw i exciw mici ‒micdmdknkh–, Kh nmiwki mic i bdvwi ‒Xcn Ed}{ýwdn Mxb{xwnb ki



>?

Exciw–" iwonldznki piw Jnl Gwhcchw h Ehwcnl Wiikhlgxwo %7000$" ch}ci {hlki }dki

md{nki cn Dlobn{hwwn" i {hwci exciw jî hwn milehmdki hc ix{wn} fiwcn}" piw ix{wn} mxb{xwn},

Gwhcchw h Wiikhlgxwo npil{nc i exciw mici i fhlûchli kh{hwcdlnki phbn

mxb{xwn" n}}dc mici i wd}i, Kh nmiwki mic huhcpbi} md{nki} piw hbh}" hl~xnl{i whod}{wi}

ed}{ýwdmi} npil{nc ~xh i} nl{doi} nlobi#}nuøh} nmenvnc liwcnb wdw kh fiwcn hunohwnkn" i

eichc cikhwli i fnzdn kh fiwcn michkdkn,

I} nx{iwh} npil{nc ~xh i exciw fid gn}{nl{h h}{xknki ln Nl{doxdknkh" cn} xc

ki} bdvwi} cnd} dcpiw{nl{h} }igwh i {hwci" h}mwd{i piw Nwd}{ý{hbh}" fid phwkdki, Hbh} ndlkn

dlkdmnc dcpiw{nl{h} nx{iwh} ~xh njxknwnc n mil}{wxdw i milmhd{i ki exciw: Mãmhwi"

Mn}{dobdilh" ]ifdn" Nnwil Oxwhvdme" Gnae{dl" hl{wh ix{wi},

Vnci} milmbxdw h}}h} michl{îwdi} pwhbdcdlnwh} mic {wê} ig}hwvnïøh} }igwh nhvibxïíi ki exciw n{wnvä} ki} {hcpi}, Pwdchdwi" ä nkcdwîvhb mici i kd}mxw}ikicdlnl{h cxkn li} kdfhwhl{h} phwãiki}, %,,$ Hc }hoxlki bxonw eî xc mil}{nl{hwikãzdi hl{wh pwikx{iwh} kh exciw, %,,,$ Li}}i {hwmhdwi h úb{dci pil{i ä n hvibxïíiki exciw hc }d, N{ä ~xh pil{i i exciw cxkix n{wnvä} ki} }ämxbi}9 %,,,$%GWHCCHW h WIIKHLGXWO" 7000" p, 7=$

N pnw{dw kh}}n milmbx}íi i} nx{iwh} npil{nc ~xh xcn igwn kh exciw kn Dknkh

Cäkdn pikh líi {hw n ch}cn ownïn n{xnbchl{h" cn} eî n mhw{hzn kh }xn whbhvçlmdn pnwn n

ed}{ýwdn,

7,7,7 [dpi} kh exciw

I exciw" n}}dc mici n dwildn" ä kh}mwd{i h khfdldki piw vîwdi} nx{iwh}" h n

whpwikxïíi kh {ikn} h}{n} khfdldïøh} ä ~xn}h dlvdîvhb, Cn}" pnwn n ph}~xd}n" }hwíi nvnbdnki}

i} {dpi} ~xh }h whbnmdilnc mic n} ~xh}{øh} kh mwã{dmn, Piw huhcpbi" Kwdh}}hl" npil{ix n

hud}{êlmdn ki exciw pibã{dmi" ~xh }hoxlki hbh" }ý ‒fbiwh}mh ~xnlki eî whpwh}}íi pibã{dmn h

kdfdmxbknkh} hmilûcdmn}– %dl Gwhcchw1 Wiikhlgxwo" 7000$,

N}}dc mici Kwdh}}hl" ix{wi} nx{iwh} }xohwdwnc ix{wn} fiwcn} kh exciw" mici

Jnl Gwhcchw" ~xh i mbn}}dfdmix mici fã}dmi" owi}}hdwi" ig}mhli" gwx{nb" h}pdwd{xi}i, Cn}" i

~xh vnd kh{hwcdlnw i ownx kh micdmdknkh li exciw ä i wd}i" ~xh pikh }hw hl{hlkdki mici

xcn wh}pi}{n ki whmhp{iw, ]hlki n}}dc" i exciw pikh }hw hl{hlkdki mici xcn pwikxïíi ki

hcd}}iw" n}}dc mici n whbnïíi ki dwild}{n mic i whmhp{iw, H i wd}i {ncgäc pikh }hw

mbn}}dfdmnki,



>5

Kh nmiwki mic ]tbvdn Ehbhln [hbnwibbd kh Nbchdkn Bhd{h %>446$" hud}{hc kid}

{dpi} kh wd}i: i kh humbx}íi h i kh nmibedkn, I pwdchdwi ä bdonki à wdkdmxbnwdznïíi h i }hoxlki

ni mûcdmi, I} kid} }h whbnmdilnc mic fiwcn} kh micdmdknkh:

Hud}{hc kxn} fiwcn} kh mûcdmi" xcn cnd} wnwn" kh whoizdji h micxleíi" bdonkn niwd}i kh nmibedkn" whohlhwnkiw" fxlknchl{nbchl{h búkdmi h miwkdnb" h ix{wn cnd}micxc" fiwcn kh pxldïíi m whmx}n ni nlûcnbi ix ni h}{wnlei" ohwnkiwn ki wd}i khwhjhdïíi, N pwdchdwn nphln} mil}{n{n" n }hoxlkn dl{hwfhwh" miwwdoh, %NBCHDKNBHD[H" >446" p, 7;$

I wd}i kh humbx}íi pikh {hw i mnwî{hw ei}{db h nowh}}dvi" h liwcnbchl{h mxcpwhc

xcn fxlïíi }n{ãwdmi#khpwhmdn{dvn, Jî i wd}i kh nmibedkn ä bdonki ni wd}i kh }dcpn{dn"

whohlhwnkiw" búkdmi h miwkdnb, ]hoxlki Nbchdkn Bhd{h" hbh líi {hc n ‒ncnwoxwn ki ibenw ki

}n{ãwdmi" pwivimnkiwn} kh xc wd}i kh nmibedkn h }dcpn{dn" ch}ci ~xh hvhl{xnbchl{h }h

npwiudcnlki kh xcn vd}íi pn{hwlnbd}{n" milkh}mhlkhl{h ix dkhnbdznkiwn ki mnwdmn{xwnki–

%Nbchdkn Bhd{h" >446" p, 7;$,

Ä pi}}ãvhb dkhl{dfdmnw ~xh i} {dpi} kh exciw" }h whbnmdilnc kdwh{nchl{h mic i}

{dpi} kh dwildn npwh}hl{nki} kxwnl{h i {ýpdmi 7,>,7" mici n vd}íi ki wd}i kh humbx}íi" ~xh

npwh}hl{n mnwnm{hwã}mn} kn fxlïíi n{nmnl{h kn dwildn ix i wd}i kh nmibedkn ~xh }h n}}hchben

mic n fxlïíi búkdmn kn dwildn,

7,= N dwildn h i exciw mici fhwwnchl{n} kh mwã{dmn

Npý} }h h}{nghbhmhw i milmhd{i kn dwildn h ki exciw ä pi}}ãvhb phwmhghw ~xh eî

xcn milkdïíi mwã{dmn ~xh mhwmn i} kid} {hwci}, H}}n fiwcn kh pi}dmdilnchl{i pikh }hw

npwh}hl{nkn n{wnvä} kh xc n{n~xh ” n}}dc mici }h ig}hwvix ln dwildn cdbd{nl{h ” ix kh xcn

pdnkn ~xh vnd ohwnw xcn whfbhuíi li bhd{iw)whmhp{iw kn chl}nohc,

^xnlki }h fnbn hc exciw h)ix dwildn li chdi jiwlnbã}{dmi" bioi vhc à mnghïn n}

menwoh} ~xh dbx}{wnc i} pwdlmdpnd} vhãmxbi} kh micxldmnïíi, Ni }h vhwdfdmnw n x{dbdznïíikh}}h} whmxw}i} ä pi}}ãvhb phwmhghw ~xh eî xc pi}dmdilnchl{i mwã{dmi ~xh phwchdn n

micxldmnïíi vhwgnb, H}}h pi}dmdilnchl{i pikh }h knw kh}kh n h}miben kh xcn pnx{n n{ä i}

mwd{äwdi} kh hkdïíi kh xcn cn{äwdn,

Li jiwlnbd}ci" mici ln bd{hwn{xwn" {nl{i n dwildn ~xnl{i i exciw pikhc }hw

x{dbdznki} mici fhwwnchl{n} kh noxwchl{nïíi, ]h piw xc bnki i exciw kî n bhvhzn ni }h fnzhw



>4

xcn mwã{dmn" n dwildn {wnz {ikn n nmdkhz h milvimn i bhd{iw n {hw xc pi}dmdilnchl{i }igwh i ~xh

h}{î bhlki" cn} líi i igwdonlki h }dc i dlmd{nlki,

N dwildn ä i ~xh" ln pwh}hwvnïíi kn} kdfhwhlïn} h ki} pwigbhcn}" npwiudcn i} ~xh }h

ipøhc" whmilehmhlki li ix{wi xc kdfhwhl{h dl{hw pnwh}" nboxäc ~xh pnw{dmdpn lnnghw{xwn n livi} lãvhd} kh phl}nw h nwoxchl{nw1 nboxäc ~xh ä milvdknki n pnw{dmdpnwln dl{hbdodgdbdknkh dwûldmn ki pwigbhcn, Ohwdlki milfbd{i}" khcnwmnlki phw}phm{dvn}"i dwild}{n líi hlmhwwn i ipi}d{iw lxc oxh{i" cn} }xohwh#beh pi}}dgdbdknkh} khwäpbdmn1 fichl{n" ln dl{hbdodgdbdknkh pwhmîwdn ~xh hlxlmdn xcn cxb{d{xkh kh wäpbdmn}pi}}ãvhd}" jî ~xh {ikn n dwildn fdmnwdn dlmicpbh{n }h nx{i#h}oi{n}}h hc }d pwýpwdn h}hwvd}}h úldmn h humbx}dvnchl{h pnwn n milmwh{dznïíi kh xcn }xgjhm{dvdknkhng}ibx{n" kh xc edphw#}xjhd{i" kh xc edphw#hx" ~xh hl}ndn}}h ln dwildn i ng}xwki kh{iki i cxlki h i dlfdld{i kh }d pwýpwdi" mici i fhz n dwildn wicçl{dmn, %H][HVH]">44?$

Pikh#}h kdzhw ~xh n dwildn h exciw }h micpbh{nc" fnzhlki mic ~xh }h {iwlhc

dcpiw{nl{h} fhwwnchl{n} pnwn n whfbhuíi ki whmhp{iw, H d}}i ä i ~xh mil{wdgxd pnwn n fiwcnïíikh bhd{iwh} cnd} mwã{dmi} kh {hu{i} jiwlnbã}{dmi},



70

=, I JIWLNBD]CI BD[HWÎWDI

I {hu{i jiwlnbã}{dmi ä milehmdki piw }hw i oêlhwi nki{nki piw vhãmxbi} kh

micxldmnïíi" mici jiwlnd}" whvd}{n}" {hbhvd}íi" wîkdi" dl{hwlh{ h{m," pnwn n mil}{wxïíi kh

{hu{i}, Hbh }h mnwnm{hwdzn piw npwh}hl{nw whmiw{h} kh xc fn{i li{dmdi}i" cn} }hcpwh {hl{nlki

npwiudcnw#}h kn vhwknkh igjh{dvn, Jî n bd{hwn{xwn pikh }hw hl{hlkdkn mici xc {dpi kh {hu{i

~xh {wngnben mic }hl}nïøh} }xgjh{dvn} kn whnbdknkh h n{ä kn dwwhnbdknkh,

Ch}ci mic kdfhwhlïn} li ciki kh npwh}hl{nw n pnbnvwn" i jiwlnbd}ci h n

bd{hwn{xwn pikhc }h hlmil{wnw" ohwnlki kdvhw}n} dl{hwpwh{nïøh} ~xnl{i à mil}{wxïíi kh }hx}

{hu{i}, N fx}íi kh}}h} kid} oêlhwi} }h npwh}hl{n" {ncgäc" mici Jiwlnbd}ci Bd{hwîwdi h

ifhwhmh ni bhd{iw xc pn}}hdi piw nmil{hmdchl{i} whnd}" mil{nki} kh fiwcn piä{dmn,

N ed}{ýwdn ki jiwlnbd}ci h kn bd{hwn{xwn }h hl{whbnïn kh}kh i fdc ki} nli} 60" cn}fid }ý li} nli} 40 ~xh h}}h oêlhwi }h }d{xix mici xcn fiwcn kh }h fnzhw jiwlnbd}ci,

Cn} pnwn }h hl{hlkhw chbeiw h}}n} kxn} fiwcn} kh h}mwd{n ä pwhmd}i npwh}hl{nw h

kh{nbenw }xn} khfdldïøh},

=,> I jiwlnbd}ci

I jiwlnbd}ci ä xcn fiwcn kh kd}mxw}i ~xh hlobign vîwdi} ix{wi} kd}mxw}i} h{wnl}d{n hl{wh hbh}, Kh fiwcn ohwnb" i} jiwlnbd}{n} x{dbdznc ki kd}mxw}i ln {hwmhdwn ph}}in pnwn

knw n dkhdn kh kd}{nlmdnchl{i h dcpnwmdnbdknkh ni mil{húki npwh}hl{nki, Hc mnkn cãkdn hc

~xh ä npwh}hl{nki" i {hu{i jiwlnbã}{dmi pn}}n piw cxknlïn} hc }xn h}{wx{xwn" cn} }hc phwkhw

n} mnwnm{hwã}{dmn} gî}dmn} ki h}{dbi,

Pnwn h}}n ph}~xd}n pwh{hlkhc#}h ngiwknw i} {hu{i} mil{dki} hc vhãmxbi}

dcpwh}}i}" pwdlmdpnbchl{h whvd}{n}, Piw d}}i" i whmiw{h kxwnl{h n} mil}dkhwnïøh} líi dwî

ngwnlohw {ikn} n} fiwcn} ki {hu{i jiwlnbã}{dmi" nphln} n owîfdmn" xcn kn} fiwcn} kh i

jiwlnbd}ci huhwmhw }xn fxlïíi,I Jiwlnbd}ci ä xc milkx{iw kh dlfiwcnïøh} fnm{xnd}, Hbh }h h}{nghbhmh n pnw{dw kh

li{ãmdn} kh dl{hwh}}h púgbdmi h ~xh whfbd{nc hc nboxc }hl{dki ln }imdhknkh, I ~xh kdfhwhlmdn i

jiwlnbd}ci kh ix{wi} oêlhwi} h }d}{hcn} kh h}mwd{n }íi n} liwcn} h {ämldmn} h}{nghbhmdkn}

phbn} nmnkhcdn} kh hl}dli,

N gn}h kh xc {hu{i jiwlnbã}{dmi ä {hl{nw wh}pilkhw }hd} pwdlmdpnd} ~xh}{øh} }igwh

xc fn{i: ‒I ~xh9 Mici9 ^xnlki9 Ilkh9 ^xhc9 Piw ~xê9–, H}}n} phwoxl{n} }íi milehmdkn}



7>

mici i bdkh" h khvhc micpiw i dlãmdi kh xc {hu{i jiwlnbã}{dmi kh {wê} fiwcn} kdfhwhl{h}:

pdwçcdkh dlvhw{dkn" pdwçcdkh liwcnb ix pdwçcdkh cd}{n ” h}}n pwhcd}}n pikh vnwdnw kh nmiwki

mic i vhãmxbi ix h}{dbi kh {hu{i,

]hoxlki Mbývd} Wi}}d %>44;$" i jiwlnbd}ci" nmdcn kh {xki" ä xcn kd}px{n kh

n{hlïíi, I jiwlnbd}{n" nbäc kh {wnl}cd{dw xcn dlfiwcnïíi" khvh mn{dvnw i whmhp{iw mic n

pnbnvwn" xcn nwcn dcpiw{nl{h, Pnwn milmiwwhw lh}}n kd}px{n" i} jiwlnbd}{n} khvhc fdmnw n{hl{i}

n xcn dcpiw{nl{h mnwnm{hwã}{dmn kn pwifd}}íi: n igjh{dvdknkh,

N {hlkêlmdn ki jiwlnbd}ci igjh{dvi fid ehwknkn ki pnkwíi liw{h#nchwdmnli, ]ig

h}}h pil{i kh vd}{n" i pwifd}}dilnb khvh }hw nphln} xc mnlnb kh {wnl}cd}}íi kh dlfiwcnïíi"

lhx{wi h dcpnwmdnb,

Cn} Wi}}d %>44;$ npil{n h}}n igjh{dvdknkh mici xc cd{i" pid} ä ~xn}h

dcpi}}ãvhb ~xh xc jiwlnbd}{n }h micpiw{h mici xcn cî~xdln kdnl{h kh xc nmil{hmdchl{i, Inx{iw milfdwcn: ‒Ch}ci hc n}}xl{i} kh whkxzdkn dlfbxêlmdn pibã{dmn" mici ä i mn}i kh xcn

pnw{dkn kh fx{hgib" n igjh{dvdknkh ä ~xn}h dln{dloãvhb– %Wi}}d" >44;$,

Ch}ci mic n kdfdmxbknkh hc }hw igjh{dvi h dcpnwmdnb" i jiwlnbd}{n mil{dlxn }hlki

migwnki phbi chwmnki pnwn npwh}hl{nw h}}n} mnwnm{hwã}{dmn} li} {hu{i}, Nbäc kn igjh{dvdknkh"

Wi}}d %>44;$ npil{n ix{wn} ~xh}{øh} dcpiw{nl{h} pnwn }h pwn{dmnw i jiwlnbd}ci, Xc huhcpbi ä

i pwifd}}dilnb }hw }hcpwh ~xh}{dilnkiw h }h n{hl{nw pnwn n} {ämldmn} h h}{dbi kh h}mwd{n,

Pnwn Hkvnbki Phwhdwn Bdcn %>448$" i jiwlnbd}ci h}{î mhwmnki piw whnbdknkh}

cndiwh}" i ~xh milkdmdiln n pwî{dmn ‒lxc jioi mil{ãlxi kh nïíi#whnïíi mic i }hx ncgdhl{h–%Phwhdwn Bdcn" >448$, Ni fnzhw h}}n whfbhuíi" i nx{iw hupbdmn ~xh i }hochl{i jiwlnbã}{dmi

huhwmh xcn fxlïíi pwdlmdpnb kh dlfiwcnw" hupbdmnw h iwdhl{nw, Kh nmiwki mic hbh" }íi n}

fiwcn} kh kh}hcphlei kh}{n} fxlïøh} ~xh kdfhwhlmdnc i jiwlnbd}ci kh ix{wn} n{dvdknkh},

I nbdchl{i kh}}n fxlïíi ä n imiwwêlmdn }imdnb" }igwh n ~xnb }h khgwxïn i jiwlnbd}cipnwn" n pnw{dw knã" cnl{hw n }xn nxkdêlmdn n pnw ki} nmil{hmdchl{i}" pi}}dgdbd{nlki#beh iwdhl{nw#}h nl{h n nvnbnlmeh kh nmil{hmdchl{i} mi{dkdnli} ln }imdhknkhcikhwln, %PHWHDWN BDCN" >448, p, 70$,

Cn}" }hw jiwlnbd}{n ä nphln} }hw igjh{dvi" ~xh}{dilnkiw h }hoxdkiw kh {ämldmn}9

Nfdlnb" pnwn ~xhc i} jiwlnbd}{n} h}mwhvhc9

N h}mwd{n jiwlnbã}{dmn ä xcn h}mwd{n kh cíi kxpbn, Kh nmiwki mic Mncimnwkd" i

mil{húki jiwlnbã}{dmi }h npwh}hl{n kh kdvhw}n} fiwcn}" cn} dlkhphlkhl{h kn mil}{wxïíi ‒eî

}hcpwh xc pwikx{iw h xc whmhp{iw Qkn dlfiwcnïíiS– %700=" p, >78$, I pwikx{iw)hcd}}iw



77

x{dbdzn kh kdvhw}i} whmxw}i} pnwn n{dlodw i }hx whmhp{iw)bhd{iw" kh fiwcn ~xh }h dl{hwh}}h phbi

{hcn npwh}hl{nki h whfbd{n }igwh hbh,

Ä dcpiw{nl{h bhcgwnw ~xh }hw jiwlnbd}{n líi ä nphln} {wnl}cd{dw xcn dlfiwcnïíi,

Ä" {ncgäc" {wnl}cd{dw dlfiwcnïøh} kh dl{hwh}}h púgbdmi h ~xh mil{wdgxnc pnwn n fiwcnïíi

mwã{dmn kh }hx bhd{iw, Nbäc kd}}i" i jiwlnbd}{n khvh }h micpwich{hw mic n vhwnmdknkh kn}

dlfiwcnïøh} ~xh npwh}hl{n ni }hx bhd{iw h líi pikh h}~xhmhw#}h ki} mwd{äwdi} kn pwifd}}íi ~xh

h}mibehx,

=,>,> Mnwnm{hwã}{dmn} ki {hu{i jiwlnbã}{dmi

N whknïíi jiwlnbã}{dmn }h mnwnm{hwdzn piw npwh}hl{nw {ämldmn} ~xh h}{wx{xwnc hkhfdlhc i {hu{i, Xcn khbn} ä n {ämldmn kn pdwçcdkh dlvhw{dkn" ~xh milmhl{wn n} dlfiwcnïøh}

kh cndiw whbhvçlmdn li pwdchdwi pnwîownfi h i wh}{nl{h ä kd}{wdgxãki li} pnwîownfi} }hoxdl{h}

ln iwkhc khmwh}mhl{h kh dl{hwh}}h,

Ix{wn {ämldmn x{dbdznkn li jiwlnbd}ci" h jî md{nkn li {ýpdmi nl{hwdiw kh}{h {wngnbei"

ä i bdkh, Hbh michïix n }hw x{dbdznki piw dlfbxêlmdn nchwdmnln" mici n cndiwdn kn} {ämldmn}

x{dbdznkn} phbi jiwlnbd}ci, H}}n liwcn igwdon {ikn} n} whpiw{nohl} n wh}pilkhw }hd} ~xh}{øh}

gî}dmn} li dlãmdi ki {hu{i: ^xhc9 Ilkh9 Mici9 ^xnlki9 I ~xê9 Piw ~xê9 N iwkhc kh

x{dbdznïíi kh}}h} ~xh}{dilnchl{i} vnwdn kh nmiwki mic n dlfiwcnïíi n }hw pn}}nkn,Nbäc ki mwd{äwdi kh igjh{dvdknkh" jî md{nki nl{hwdiwchl{h lh}}n ph}~xd}n" n mbnwhzn

ä ix{wi whmxw}i dcpiw{nl{h n }hw bhvnki hc mil}dkhwnïíi ln eiwn kh h}mwhvhw xc gic {hu{i

jiwlnbã}{dmi, Pnwn nboxl} jiwlnbd}{n}" n mbnwhzn ä n cndiw ~xnbdknkh kn bdloxnohc jiwlnbã}{dmn,

Kh nmiwki mic Bnoh" ‒n pwikxïíi kh {hu{i} pwh}}xpøh wh}{wdïøh} kh mýkdoi

bdloxd}{dmi}– %Bnoh" >44?$, H}}n} wh}{wdïøh} onwnl{hc n chbeiw fbxdkhz ki {hu{i h mil{wdgxd

pnwn n mbnwhzn, Pnwn Bnoh" i {hu{i jiwlnbã}{dmi khvh }hw }xgch{dki à mwã{dmn pnwn ~xh cnl{hlen

xc pnkwíi kh ~xnbdknkh,

Bnoh ndlkn npil{n nboxcn} dcpiw{nl{h} khfdldïøh} kn bdloxnohc jiwlnbã}{dmn, Ipwdchdwi khbh} ä whbnmdilnki mic i} whod}{wi} kh bdloxnohc, Lh}}n khfdldïíi" i nx{iw

jx}{dfdmn i x}i kn bãloxn fiwcnb li kd}mxw}i jiwlnbã}{dmi" ch}ci }hlki n mibi~xdnb n

fiwcn ~xh ohwn xcn cndiw npwiudcnïíi mic i whmhp{iw,

N milmdbdnïíi hl{wh h}}h} kid} dl{hwh}}h} ” kh xcn micxldmnïíi hfdmdhl{h h knnmhd{nïíi }imdnb ” wh}xb{n ln wh}{wdïíi fxlknchl{nb n ~xh h}{î }xjhd{n n bdloxnohc jiwlnbã}{dmn: hbn ä gn}dmnchl{h mil}{d{xãkn kh pnbnvwn}" hupwh}}øh} h whown}micgdln{ýwdn} ~xh }íi pi}}ãvhd} li whod}{wi mibi~xdnb h nmhd{n} li whod}{wi fiwcnb,%BNOH" >44?, p, =5$



7=

Ä dcpiw{nl{h bhcgwnw ~xh h}}n x{dbdznïíi dwî khphlkhw ki vhãmxbi hc ~xh i {hu{i

jiwlnbã}{dmi ä vhdmxbnki h ~xnb i púgbdmi h}{î }hlki mil{hcpbnki,

I }hoxlki ä i pwimh}}i kh micxldmnïíi, Lh}}h {ýpdmi" Bnoh %>44?$ michl{n

}igwh n x{dbdznïíi kn {hwmhdwn ph}}in pnwn }h h}{wx{xwnw xc {hu{i jiwlnbã}{dmi ” }nbvi nboxl}

mn}i} h}phmãfdmi}" mici n} mwûldmn},

Kh nmiwki mic Bnoh" pnwn }h {hw xc pwimh}}i kh micxldmnïíi cnd} hfdmnz ” ilkh

eî xc hcd}}iw h vîwdi} whmhp{iwh} ” ä pwhmd}i hbdcdlnw nboxl} vãmdi} kh bdloxnohc" nkjh{dvi}

{h}{hcxlend} h nfhwdïøh} }xgjh{dvn} ” mic humhïíi kh nboxl} h}{dbi} kh {hu{i, Nbäc kd}}i" i

nx{iw ngiwkn pwî{dmn} ~xh khvhc }hw x{dbdznkn} pnwn ~xh líi enjn wxãki} kxwnl{h i pwimh}}i kh

micxldmnïíi,

Xcn kdmn ä x}nw i} lúchwi} mic huhcpbi kh fîmdb n}}dcdbnïíi phbi} whmhp{iwh}ix hl{íi gx}mnw hlxlmdnki} cnd} whfhwhlmdnd},

Fdlnbchl{h" eî i} micpwicd}}i} dkhibýodmi}, Lh}}h pil{i" Bnoh ngiwkn i phwdoi

ki jiwlnbd}{n dcpiw vnbiwh} hc }hx {hu{i, Nbäc kd}}i" i pwifd}}dilnb khvh }h n{hl{nw pnwn líi

x}nw pnbnvwn} kh kxpbi }hl{dki ” }nbvi i} mn}i} hc ~xh }hjn pwipi}d{nb,

Pnwn {hl{nw iwonldznw {iki} i} pnkwøh} kh h}mwd{n" nboxl} vhãmxbi} dcpwh}}i}

kh}hlvibvhwnc cnlxnd} kh whknïíi ” ix{wi mi}{xch ehwknki ki} liw{h#nchwdmnli} ”" ilkh

hupbdmnc h khbdcd{nc {ämldmn} pnwn }hx} whkn{iwh}, Mici hupbdmn Bnoh" ‒I ~xh }h }hoxh ä

xcn wh}hlen kh liwcn}" mic wh}}nbvn kn} dlmhw{hzn}" ~xh mnkn vhãmxbi wh}ibvh n }hx ciki, I}pnkwøh} ~xh }h pwipøhc khmiwwhc kh bhd ix kh liwcn} kn N}}imdnïíi Gwn}dbhdwn kh Liwcn}

[ämldmn}–, %Bnoh" >44?$

=,>,7 I jiwlnbd}ci kh whvd}{n

Mici jî fid md{nki kxwnl{h h}}h {wngnbei" eî vîwdi} {dpi} kh jiwlnbd}ci h" piw d}}i"

vîwdi} {dpi} kh {hu{i} h}phmãfdmi} khl{wi kh}}h oêlhwi, I {dpi ~xh }hwî nlnbd}nki kxwnl{h h}}nph}~xd}n ä i jiwlnbd}ci kh whvd}{n,

I jiwlnbd}ci kh whvd}{n nmngn piw {wngnbenw hc xc wd{ci kdfhwhl{h ki} vhãmxbi}

dcpwh}}i} ~xh pwhmd}nc kh mil{húki kdîwdi, Piw d}}i" i} {hu{i} kh}}h }hochl{i npwh}hl{nc

nboxcn} kdfhwhlïn}, Xcn khbn} ä ln ~xh}{íi kh fiwcxbnïíi ki bdkh, ]hoxlki Wi}}d" phbi

mnwî{hw líi#kdîwdi kn} whvd}{n} n fiwcn mici i bdkh ä npwh}hl{nki" líi pwhmd}n }hw milkhl}nki

h wh}xcdki %Wi}}d" >44;$, Nbäc kd}}i" n} liwcn} kh {hu{i vdohl{h} pnwn n cndiwdn ki} jiwlnd}



7;

dcpwh}}i}" lhc }hcpwh pikhc }hw npbdmnkn} pnwn i} mil{húki} kd}pilãvhd} hc whvd}{n}, D}}i

}h khvh" hc ownlkh pnw{h" à }hochl{nïíi ~xh whvd}{n pwipiwmdiln,

]h" mici hupbdmn Bnoh" eî }hcpwh xc hcd}}iw pnwn vîwdi} whmhp{iwh}" ~xnlki eî

xcn pi}}dgdbdknkh kh cndiw }hochl{nïíi kh xc vhãmxbi" h}}h lúchwi kh whmhp{iwh} {hlkh n

kdcdlxdw" i ~xh onwnl{h xc pwimh}}i kh micxldmnïíi cnd} {wnl~xdbi,

Kh nmiwki mic n jiwlnbd}{n Cnwãbdn ]mnbzi %7006$" xc ki} fn{iwh} ~xh kdfhwhlmdn n

whvd}{n ki} ix{wi} chdi} ä n fiwcn kdwh{n mici i vhãmxbi fnbn mic i bhd{iw, Pnwn hbn i whmhp{iw

}hl{h cnd} nfdldknkh mic }xn whvd}{n pwhkdbh{n h }h {iwln xc mil}xcdkiw fdhb,

Ix{wi pil{i dcpiw{nl{h bhvnl{nki piw ]mnbzi ä i fn{i kh n whvd}{n líi }ndw {iki}

i} kdn}, I ~xh pikhwdn }hw xc hcphmdbei pnwn h}}h vhãmxbi ä" }hoxlki n nx{iwn" xcn fiwcn kh

pwivimnw li jiwlnbd}{n n vil{nkh kh gx}mnw livdknkh} }igwh xc kh{hwcdlnki n}}xl{i, Piw

huhcpbi" i mn}i kh xc n}}n}}dln{i ~xh {hlen meimnki n }imdhknkh" ä ngiwknki piw {iki} i}vhãmxbi} kh micxldmnïíi kh cn}}n hc {hcpi whnb, Jî n} whvd}{n} fdmnwíi n{wn}nkn} ni pxgbdmnw

h}}h n}}xl{i h" piw d}}i" pwhmd}nwíi hlmil{wnw livn} fiwcn} kh npwh}hl{î#bi" pnwn onlenw }hx

bhd{iw, N} whvd}{n} ndlkn {êc n vnl{nohc kh {wngnbenw h npwifxlknw }igwh xc n}}xl{i mic

cnd} {hcpi" i ~xh kdcdlxd hwwi} h njxkn ln ~xnbdknkh kh xc {hu{i,

I mil{húki kn} whvd}{n} ndlkn npwh}hl{n ix{wi} {dpi} kh h}phmdfdmnïøh}, Mici

hupbdmn Mncimnwkd" hud}{hc i} ‒ fnd{ kdvhw}" ownlkh} whpiw{nohl}" nw{doi} kh kdvxbonïíi

mdhl{ãfdmn h whpiw{nohl} dlvh}{don{dvn} }igwh hmilicdn" pibã{dmn" hkxmnïíi ix ix{wi} n}}xl{i}

kh dl{hwh}}h mibh{dvi– %700=" p, >78$,Nbäc kh pikhw fnbnw mic xc púgbdmi cnd} }hochl{nki ~xh i jiwlnb" n whvd}{n

nmhd{n mic cnd} fwh~xêlmdn i} {hu{i} kh jiwlnbd}ci bd{hwîwdi, H}}n nmhd{nïíi khphlkh"

pwdlmdpnbchl{h" kn phwdkdimdknkh h mil{húki ki vhãmxbi,

Ni knw nboxcn} kdmn} }igwh i jiwlnbd}ci kh whvd}{n" ]mnbzi pil{xn ~xh

‒jiwlnbd}ci líi ä bd{hwn{xwn" cn} n} {ämldmn} bd{hwîwdn} pikhc njxknw" h cxd{i" xc jiwlnbd}{n n

h}mwhvhw chbeiw– %7006" p, ??$ h d}}i pikh }hw npbdmnki" pwdlmdpnbchl{h ln} whvd}{n},

Miwh} mehdwi} h kh}mwdïøh} mnghc li {hu{i kh whvd}{n, Npwh}hl{nw i} phw}ilnohl}"excnldznw n} ed}{ýwdn}" knw i cîudci kh kh{nbeh} }igwh hbn}" {ncgäc, Npwhlkhw{ämldmn} kh mil}{wxïíi kh phw}ilnohl}" {ämldmn} lnwwn{dvn} h kh}mwd{dvn} äfxlknchl{nb pnwn ~xhc ~xhw h}mwhvhw ownlkh} whpiw{nohl}, %]MNBZI" 7006" p, ??$

Hc xc jiwlnb dcpwh}}i" xc {hu{i ~xh mil{hlen mnwnm{hwã}{dmn} bd{hwîwdn} npnwhmhwî

hc fiwcn{i kh mwûldmn" li mnkhwli kh mxb{xwn, Jî hc xcn whvd}{n" eî n pi}}dgdbdknkh kh {iki i



78

mil{húki npwh}hl{nw mnwnm{hwã}{dmn} kn bd{hwn{xwn" ch}ci {wn{nlki kh n}}xl{i} fnm{xnd} ” mici

huhcpbi n{xnb hlmil{wn#}h n whvd}{n pdnxã " ~xh }hwî ngiwknkn kxwnl{h h}}h {wngnbei,

=,>,= I} ‒ fnd{ kdvhw}–

Fn{i} kdvhw}i}" h}}n ä n {wnkxïíi kh fnd{ kdvhw} pnwn i piw{xoxê}, N iwdohc kh}}h

{hwci ä fwnlmh}n h engd{n {nl{i i jiwlnbd}ci" ~xnl{i n bd{hwn{xwn, H}}h {hwci pikh }hw

micpwhhlkdki mici xcn cn{äwdn jiwlnbã}{dmn }igwh xc n}}xl{i }hc mbn}}dfdmnïíi" cn} ~xh

mil{hlen nboxc n}}xl{i phmxbdnw h ~xh fxjn kn} cn{äwdn} hlmil{wnkn} kdnwdnchl{h ln cãkdn,

Kh nmiwki mic Wighw{i Wnci} %700>$" fnd{ kdvhw}" kh xcn fiwcn ohwnb" ä n

dlfiwcnïíi }hl}nmdilnbd}{n h pn}}ix n }hw x{dbdznki mic cnd} fwh~xêlmdn li} jiwlnd} kdîwdi}pnwn nxchl{nw n} {dwnohl} kh vhlkn, ]hoxlki i nx{iw" i} fnd{ kdvhw} }íi n npwh}hl{nïíi kh

‒milfbd{i}" mwnvnki} ln Mn}xnbdknkh h ln Midlmdkêlmdn– %Wnci}" 700>$, H}}n} mil}dkhwnïøh}

{ncgäc fiwnc fhd{n} piw Wibnlk Gnw{eh} %>4?>$" ~xh kh}{wdlmeix n} kxn} mn{hoiwdn} kh fnd{

kdvhw},

Pnwn Gnw{eh}" khl{wi kh Mn}xnbdknkh" eî kid} }hochl{i}: Mnx}n Phw{xwgnkn h

Mnx}n H}phwnkn, Ln pwdchdwn" n }xwpwh}n h}{î li piw~xh kn pwýpwdn nïíi, Jî ln }hoxlkn" i ~xh

mencn n n{hlïíi }íi i} pwi{noild}{n} kn nïíi, N }hoxlkn mn{hoiwdn kh fnd{ kdvhw}" n kh

Midlmdkêlmdn" {ncgäc }h kdvdkh hc kid} }hochl{i}: i kh Whph{dïíi h i kh Nl{ã{h}h,I }hochl{i kh whph{dïíi líi fxlmdiln mici xcn whpwikxïíi kh xc fn{i iwdodlnb"

cn} n whph{dïíi kh xc fn{i mic kdfhwhlïn}, Ä d}}i ~xh }hwvh mici nbdchl{i pnwn h}}h fnd{

kdvhw}, Wnci} {hl{n hupbdmnw h}}n cnldfh}{nïíi mwdnkn piw Gnw{eh}: ‒I dlmil}mdhl{h }h

whmilehmh n{wnvä} kn Dkhl{dfdmnïíi Pwijh{dvn" líi lhmh}}nwdnchl{h phbn whpwikxïíi ki hvhl{i

whmnbmnki" cn}" }igwh{xki" piw xcn nlnbiodn fiwcnb ki hlfi~xh milfbd{dvi, [iwln#}h dcx{îvhb"

piw dl{hwcäkdi kn Whph{dïíi" ~xh i mil}hwvn pnwn nbäc kh }xn oêlh}h– %Wnci}" 700>$,

Jî n }hochl{nïíi kn nl{ã{h}h pikh }hw khfdldkn mici i múcxbi, Lh}}n

cnldfh}{nïíi eî n cd}{xwn kh phw}phm{dvn} mic n x{dbdznïíi ki {wîodmi pnwn mencnw n n{hlïíikh xc fn{i,

Kh nmiwki mic Wnci} %700>$" i} fnd{ kdvhw} }íi }hl}nmdilnbd}{n}" pid} x{dbdznc kn

hciïíi ki whmhp{iw pnwn }hwhc nx{êl{dmi}, Pnwn i nx{iw h}}h {dpi kh {hu{i {hc mici

mil}h~xêlmdn n mn{nw}h" i ~xh líi phwcd{h i kd}{nlmdnchl{i ki bhd{iw pnwn nlnbd}nw xc fn{i,

Jî }ig i pil{i kh vd}{n kh Bnoh" ‒i} fnd{ kdvhw} dl{hwh}}nc piw }d ch}ci– %>445"

p, ;6$" h líi piw h}{nw khl{wi kh nboxcn hkd{iwdn h}phmãfdmn, I ~xh mencn n n{hlïíi pnwn h}}h



76

n}}xl{i ä i fn{i khbh }hw dlx}d{nki ix i múcxbi" mici khlicdln i nx{iw, Pnwn hbh i fnd{ kdvhw}

líi ä xcn fiwcn kh vhlkhw jiwlnd}" cn} }dc xc nw{dfãmdi pnwn mencnw n n{hlïíi ki bhd{iw pnwn

mil{dlxnw n bhw xc kh{hwcdlnki {hu{i, ‒N h}{wn{äodn mil}d}{h" nã" hc knw dlfiwcnïíi

dlmicpbh{n ix nlox}{dnl{h ~xh }h h}mbnwhmhwî hc }hoxdkn1 h}{dcn#}h ~xh i mnwî{hw

}xwpwhhlkhl{h kn pwhpi}dïíi bhvnwî i bhd{iw n pwi}}hoxdw %,,,$– %Bnoh" >44?$,

Pnwn n bd{hwn{xwn" i} fnd{ kdvhw} pikhc fxlmdilnw mici gn}h pnwn xc wicnlmh"

mici npil{n ]ikwä %70>0$, H ä lh}}h cichl{i ~xh jiwlnbd}ci h bd{hwn{xwn pikhc }h

hlmil{wnw, H}}h hlmil{wi }h khvh" hc ownlkh pnw{h" ni fn{i kh xc fnd{ kdvhw} npwh}hl{nw xcn

ed}{ýwdn dlx}d{nkn h" }hlki n}}dc" líi fdmnwdn n{wnhl{h mil{nki nphln} mic n igjh{dvdknkh

jiwlnbã}{dmn,

=,7 N bd{hwn{xwn

N bd{hwn{xwn pikh }hw hlmil{wnkn hc ~xnb~xhw {dpi kh {hu{i, Hbn h}{î pwh}hl{h hc

bdvwi}" nw{doi}" mil{i}" pihcn}" cú}dmn}" nw{h},,,

]hoxlki Bnjibi" n bd{hwn{xwn ‒ä" líi ä h pikh }hw ~xh }hjn– %>456$ {xki ~xh

pwhhlmen xc h}pnïi hc gwnlmi kh xcn pîodln, Pnwn n nx{iwn" n bd{hwn{xwn ä }xgjh{dvn h pikh

}hw hl{hlkdkn mici xc igjh{i }imdnb, Nbäc kn lhmh}}dknkh kh xc hcd}}iw h xc whmhp{iw"

n}}dc mici i jiwlnbd}ci" h}}h oêlhwi kh h}mwd{n khvh pwipiw xc ‒h}pnïi kh dl{hwnïíi h}{ä{dmnhl{wh kid} }xjhd{i}: i nx{iw h i bhd{iw– %>456" p, >?$,

Ä lhmh}}îwdi" piw{nl{i" pnwn ~xh xcn igwn }hjn mil}dkhwnkn pnw{h dl{hownl{h kimiljxl{i kh igwn} bd{hwîwdn} kh xcn knkn {wnkdïíi mxb{xwnb" ~xh hbn {hlen i hlki}}ikh mhw{i} }h{iwh} cnd} h}phmdnbdznki}" ni} ~xnd} micph{h i gn{d}ci kh xc {hu{imici bd{hwîwdi ix líi bd{hwîwdi, %BNJIBI" >457" p, >5$

Ix{wi nx{iw ~xh npwh}hl{n dcpiw{nl{h} khmd}øh} }igwh n bd{hwn{xwn ä Pwihlïn Fdbei,

Hbh pnw{dmdpn ki phl}nchl{i kh ~xh n bd{hwn{xwn ä n nw{h ki vhwgi" cn} wh}}nb{n n pwhimxpnïíi

kh bdcd{î#bn à mwdnïíi h}{ä{dmn, Kh nmiwki mic Pwihlïn Fdbei %>440$" n bd{hwn{xwn }ý hud}{h

~xnlki eî i ‒kh}hlvibvdchl{i kh xcn mxb{xwn–, Piw{nl{i" hbh {ncgäc nmwhkd{n ~xh hbn

fxlmdilh mici xc igjh{i }imdnb" n}}dc mici Bnjibi,

]ig i pil{i kh vd}{n kh Nbmhx Nciwi}i Bdcn %>464$" n bd{hwn{xwn pikh h}{nw

mil{dkn hc ~xnb~xhw {hu{i" kh}kh ~xh n pnbnvwn }h npwh}hl{h hupwh}}dvnchl{h li ‒pwýpwdi

chdi kn hupwh}}íi–, ]hoxlki Bdcn" n bd{hwn{xwn {ncgäc ä n ‒pnbnvwn mici nw{h–" n}}dc mici



7?

Pwihlïn Fdbei, Kh}}h ciki" hbh jx}{dfdmn ~xh {iki {hu{i bd{hwîwdi }h npwh}hl{n mici ‒i pikh

}hw–" ni mil{wîwdi kn mdêlmdn" ~xh }h npwh}hl{n mici ‒i ~xh ä– h kn ciwnb" ~xh }h mnwnm{hwdzn

phbi i ~xh ‒khvh }hw–, Mic h}}n bdghwknkh kn nw{h" i eichc pikh hl{wnw hc xc mncpi kh

pi}}dgdbdknkh} kh }doldfdmnki}, Hbh líi pwhmd}n fdmnw pwh}i à vhwknkh, Kh nmiwki mic Bdcn"

{ikn igwn kh nw{h pwhmd}n kh xcn ‒mnx}n cn{hwdnb–" li mn}i kn bd{hwn{xwn i cn{hwdnb ä i vhwgi,

N pnbnvwn" mici ln{xwhzn" ä xc }dcpbh} dl}{wxchl{i kh micxldmnïíi, Mici nw{h äxc chdi kh {wnl}cd}}íi" mic mnwî{hw kh fdc, Ä nw{h kn pnbnvwn, Ä bd{hwn{xwn, H}hcpwh ~xh i chdi }h {wnl}fiwcn hc fdc" h}{nci} li kicãldi kn h}{ä{dmn, ^xnlki i}ic }h {wnl}fiwcn hc fdc hc }d" {hci} cú}dmn, %BDCN" >464" p, 75$

Wicnl Jnaig}il %>457$ ni h}{xknw n piä{dmn" n{hl{n pnwn i fn{i kh líi bdcd{î#bn à

pih}dn, Kh nmiwki mic hbh" i n{i kn micxldmnïíi pwipiwmdiln ix{wn} fiwcn} kh bd{hwn{xwn"

khl{wi ki mncpi kn bdloxd}{dmn, ‒Kh fn{i" ~xnb~xhw milkx{n vhwgnb {hc xcn fdlnbdknkh" cn} i}igjh{dvi} vnwdnc h n milfiwcdknkh ki} chdi} x{dbdznki} mic i hfhd{i vd}nki ä xc pwigbhcn

~xh pwhimxpn phwcnlhl{hchl{h i} dlvh}{donkiwh} kn} kdvhw}n} h}pämdh} kh micxldmnïíi

vhwgnb– %Jnaig}il" >457$, Mic h}}n nfdwcnïíi ki nx{iw" ä pi}}ãvhb phwmhghw ~xh {iki {hu{i

pwhmd}n mil{hw n}phm{i} bd{hwîwdi} pnwn khfdld#bi mici xc {hu{i kh bdloxnohc bd{hwîwdn,

]hoxlki Jnaig}il" eî kdfhwhl{h} fn{iwh} ~xh oxdnc i pwimh}}i kh micxldmnïíi

vhwgnb: i whch{hl{h" i kh}{dln{îwdi" i mil{hu{i" n chl}nohc" i mýkdoi h i mnlnb, Pnwn i nx{iw"

mnkn xc kh}}h} fn{iwh} kh{hwcdln kdfhwhl{h} fxlïøh} kn bdloxnohc: n hci{dvn" ~xh }h

whbnmdiln mic i whch{hl{h1 n miln{dvn bdonkn ni kh}{dln{îwdi1 n fxlïíi whfhwhlmdnb ~xhkh{hwcdln i mil{hu{i1 n fî{dmn ~xh pwipiwmdiln xcn bdonïíi hl{wh i hcd}}iw h i whmhp{iw1 n

ch{nbdloxd}{dmn" ~xh }h whbnmdiln kdwh{nchl{h ni mýkdoi h" piw fdc" n fxlïíi piä{dmn ~xh ä

kh{hwcdlnkn phbn chl}nohc,

Kh nmiwki mic Cnw~xh} %7004$" li jiwlnbd}ci {wnkdmdilnb n fxlïíi ~xh chbeiw }h

nkä~xn à} ~xh}{øh} npwh}hl{nkn} piw Jnaig}il ä n whfhwhlmdnb" piw }hx mnwî{hw dlfiwcn{dvi

Kh}}h ciki" pikhw#}h#dn nfdwcnw ~xh" hl~xnl{i li {hu{i jiwlnbã}{dmi {wnkdmdilnbpwhkicdln n fxlïíi whfhwhlmdnb %,,,$" li {hu{i bd{hwîwdi ä ‒phwcd{dki– vnbhw#}h kh {ikn}

n} fxlïøh} kn bdloxnohc, Kdzhlki hc ix{wi ciki" n bdloxnohc ä bd{hwîwdn ~xnlki npwikxïíi kh xc {hu{i }h ngwh n {ikn} n} pi}}dgdbdknkh} h n {iki} i} whmxw}i} li{wngnbei mic xcn kh{hwcdlnkn bãloxn h" n}}dc" {wnl}mhlkhc n chwn whph{dïíi khfýwcxbn}" h}{hwhý{dpi}" mbdmeê} h fwn}h} fhd{n}" micxl} n {hu{i} jiwlnbã}{dmi} h"hvdkhl{hchl{h" n %cnx}$ {hu{i} bd{hwîwdi} %CNW^XH]" 7004" p, >4$

N pnw{dw ki michl{îwdi kh Cnw~xh} %7004$" ä pi}}ãvhb phwmhghw ~xh nã h}{î xcn

kn} pwdlmdpnd} kdfhwhlïn} hl{wh i jiwlnbd}ci {wnkdmdilnb h i bd{hwîwdi" pid} i ch}ci phwcd{h n

x{dbdznïíi kh {ikn} n} fxlïøh}" n{ä cx{xnchl{h,



75

Bd{hwn{xwn

Hc vhw}i

Hc pwi}n

BãwdmnÄpdmnKwncî{dmn

kh fdmïíi

kh npwhmdnïíi

kh micxldmnïíi

wicnlmhlivhbnmil{i{hn{wi

kh igwn} %mwã{dmn$

kh ph}}in}%gdiownfdn$kh nmil{hmdchl{i%jiwlnbd}ci$

milvhw}nïíiiwn{ýwdnhpd}{ibiownfdn

=,7,> Mnwnm{hwã}{dmn} ki {hu{i bd{hwîwdi

Pnwn huhcpbdfdmnw n bd{hwn{xwn h }hx} oêlhwi}" Bdcn x{dbdzn xc h}~xhcn ~xh

npwh}hl{n n} pwdlmdpnd} kdvd}øh} ki {hwci:

H}}h h}~xhcn fid x{dbdznki n pwdchdwn vhz hc >464" cn} ix{wi} nx{iwh}

pwipx}hwnc ix{wn fiwcn kh hl{hlkdchl{i kn bd{hwn{xwn, Cn}" pnwn ~xh }h {hlen xcn vd}íi

ncpbn kn bd{hwn{xwn" }hwî hupbdmnki d{hc n d{hc npwh}hl{nki piw Bdcn,

I vhw}i gn}hdn#}h hc {wê} }xgoêlhwi}" mici npwh}hl{nki li h}~xhcn" i bãwdmi"

äpdmi h kwncî{dmi, I pwdlmdpnb khbh}" }hoxlki Bdcn" ä i bãwdmi" pid} ‒}hc bdwd}ci líi eî

bd{hwn{xwn– %>464" p, =0$, Kh nmiwki mic i nx{iw" i bdwd}ci ä n fil{h kn bd{hwn{xwn h" n pnw{dw

khbh" ä pi}}ãvhb envhw pih}dn hc {iki} i} oêlhwi} bd{hwîwdi}, Lh}}n {dpibiodn" n pnbnvwn ä iigjh{i h}{ä{dmi ki {hu{i h {hc ownlkh whpwh}hl{nïíi pnwn i fdc,

Jî n äpdmn ä n pi}}dgdbdknkh kh lnwwnw xc fn{i ed}{ýwdmi kh fiwcn piä{dmn, Lh}}h

}hl{dki" n pnbnvwn líi phwkh }hx vnbiw h ndlkn cnl{êc }hx mnwî{hw kh igjh{i h}{ä{dmi, Lh}}h

mn}i" eî xc fn{i }hlki mil{n{i" cn} hbh líi pn}}n n }hw cnd} dcpiw{nl{h ki ~xh n fiwcn mici

h}{î }hlki mil{nki,

Fdoxwn 7 ” H}~xhcn bd{hwîwdi



74

Jî i kwncî{dmi" kh nmiwki mic Bdcn" ä ~xnlki i vhw}i x{dbdzn#}h kn nïíi pnwn }h

npwh}hl{nw mici pih}dn, Ndlkn eî" mici hc {iki} i} ix{wi}" i pnphb bãwdmi ki }xgoêlhwi" cn}

i ~xh pwhvnbhmh ä n vnbiwdznïíi kn ‒milvdvêlmdn excnln–, Ni x{dbdznw#}h kn kwncn{dmdknkh" i

nx{iw kh xc kh{hwcdlnki {hu{i fdmn cnd} pwýudci kn micxldmnïíi h ä lh}}h oêlhwi ~xh eî

xcn nghw{xwn ki vhw}i pnwn n pwi}n,

‒N pwi}n ä xcn pih}dn }hc vhw}i–" n}}dc nfdwcn Bdcn" ~xh npwh}hl{n n pwdlmdpnb

kdfhwhlïn hl{wh vhw}i h pwi}n: n cxknlïn kh vnbiw kn pnbnvwn, Pnwn i nx{iw n pnbnvwn pn}}n {hw

xc cndiw vnbiw kh chdi" cn} }hc phwkhw i }hx vnbiw kh fdc,

]hoxlki Bdcn" n pwi}n pikh }hw kdvdkn hc {wê} {dpi}: kh fdmïíi" kh npwhmdnïíi h kh

micxldmnïíi ” mici huhcpbdfdmnki li h}~xhcn, Khl{wi kh}}h oêlhwi kn bd{hwn{xwn" li{n#}h

xcn pi}}ãvhb hupbdmnïíi pnwn nmhd{nw#}h i jiwlnbd}ci h }xn whbnïíi mic n bd{hwn{xwn,

=,= I Jiwlnbd}ci Bd{hwîwdi

Hupbdmnkn} n} khfdldïøh} pnwn jiwlnbd}ci h bd{hwn{xwn" fdmn cnd} fîmdb whbnmdilnw i}

kid} {hwci} h khfdldw i Jiwlnbd}ci Bd{hwîwdi, I oêlhwi ä xcn pibêcdmn hl{wh i} pwifd}}dilnd}

kh ncgi} i} mncpi}, Kh xc bnki" nboxl} bd{hwîwdi} líi nmwhkd{nc ~xh xc {hu{i mic {ämldmn}

h ~xh pwhzn phbn igjh{dvdknkh pi}}n mil{hw nboxcn mnwnm{hwã}{dmn bd{hwîwdn, Ki ix{wi bnki h}{íi

nboxl} jiwlnbd}{n}" ~xh dl}d}{hc hc kdzhw ~xh xc {hu{i bd{hwîwdi líi ä li{ãmdn, Cn}" ch}cimic n hud}{êlmdn kh pwhmilmhd{i}" nboxl} pwifd}}dilnd} {hl{nc ci}{wnw n pi}}dgdbdknkh kh

whbnmdilnw i jiwlnbd}ci h n bd{hwn{xwn,

Kh nmiwki mic Bdcn %>464$" n pwî{dmn jiwlnbã}{dmn ä }dc xc oêlhwi bd{hwîwdi" n

pnw{dw kh}}n nfdwcnïíi hbh cil{ix i h}~xhcn npwh}hl{nki li {ýpdmi nl{hwdiw pnwn khfhlkhw

h}}n dkhdn, Cn}" }ig i pil{i kh vd}{n kh nx{iwh} cnd} whmhl{h}" n pwî{dmn jiwlnbã}{dmn líi pikh

}hw khfdldkn mici bd{hwn{xwn hc {iki} i} mn}i}, Eî }dc n npwiudcnïíi ki} kid} {hwci}" cn}

hc cichl{i} h}phmãfdmi},

N whbnïíi hl{wh h}mwd{iwh} h jiwlnbd}{n} ä kn{nkn kh}kh chnki} ki }ämxbi UDU"~xnlki pwifd}}dilnd} kn} bh{wn} pn}}nwnc n mil{wdgxdw pnwn n dcpwhl}n gwn}dbhdwn, ]hoxlki n

nx{iwn Mwd}{dnlh Mi}{n %7008$" i} mncdlei} ki jiwlnbd}ci h kn bd{hwn{xwn michïnwnc n }h

}hpnwnw ln vdwnkn pnwn i }ämxbi UU" ~xnlki i} jiwlnd} gwn}dbhdwi} dldmdnwnc xc pwimh}}i kh

dlkx}{wdnbdznïíi, H}}h pwimh}}i {hc ownlkh whphwmx}}íi n{ä eijh, N cndiwdn ki} vhãmxbi}

hud}{hl{h} fnz pnw{h kh owxpi} hcpwh}nwdnd}" ~xh nmngnc piw milkdmdilnw n} {ämldmn}

jiwlnbã}{dmn} h kdfdmxb{nw n x{dbdznïíi kn bd{hwn{xwn li} {hu{i},



=0

Lh}}h {hcpi i jiwlnbd}ci h n bd{hwn{xwn }h nfn}{nwnc" cn} líi fiwnc }hpnwnki} kh

vhz, Ndlkn hc nboxl} vhãmxbi} hwn pi}}ãvhb hlmil{wnw wh}~xãmdi} kn bd{hwn{xwn li} mnkhwli} kh

mxb{xwn, Li} {hu{i} bd{hwnd} {ncgäc hwn pi}}ãvhb hlmil{wnw jiwlnbd}{n} }h nwwd}mnlki mici

h}mwd{iwh},

Ki pil{i kh vd}{n kn bdloxnohc" Bnoh %>44?$ milmbxd ~xh i {hu{i jiwlnbã}{dmi líi

khvh }hw mil}dkhwnki xc oêlhwi bd{hwîwdi, Lh}{h pil{i" i nx{iw vnd mil{wn n nfdwcnïíi kh

Bdcn" ~xh nmwhkd{n h khfhlkh i jiwlnbd}ci mici oêlhwi bd{hwîwdi, Pnwn Bnoh" i {hu{i

jiwlnbã}{dmi líi pikh mil{hw vãmdi} kh bdloxnohc h khvh }hw }xgch{dki kdnwdnchl{h à} mwã{dmn}

pnwn ~xh fxjn kn ch}cdmh,

I Jiwlnbd}ci Bd{hwîwdi {ncgäc pikh }hw {wn{nki mici xcn ipïíi pnwn i

pwifd}}dilnb ~xh ~xhw mil{wdgxdw pnwn n} mnx}n} }imdnd}, Nbäc kd}}i" h}}h {dpi kh {hu{i wicph

mic n} igwdon{iwdhknkh} kn} {ämldmn} jiwlnbã}{dmn}" pid} líi eî n lhmh}}dknkh kh }h n{hw à{wnl}cd}}íi kh dlfiwcnïøh} h à igjh{dvdknkh, Pnwn Fhbdph Phln %7006$" i jiwlnbd}ci bd{hwîwdi

h}{î nbäc kn} pwî{dmn} kdîwdn} kh xcn whknïíi, I jiwlnbd}{n pikh gx}mnw livdknkh} h x}nw kh

{ikn n }xn mwdn{dvdknkh pnwn h}mwhvhw,

Nfdlnb" i ~xh ä jiwlnbd}ci bd{hwîwdi9 Líi }h {wn{n nphln} kh fxodw kn} ncnwwn} knwhknïíi ix kh huhwmd{nw n vhdn bd{hwîwdn hc xc bdvwi#whpiw{nohc, I milmhd{i ä cxd{icnd} ncpbi, ]doldfdmn pi{hlmdnbdznw i} whmxw}i} ki jiwlnbd}ci" xb{wnpn}}nw i} bdcd{h}ki} nmil{hmdchl{i} mi{dkdnli}" pwipiwmdilnw vd}øh} ncpbn} kn whnbdknkh" huhwmhwpbhlnchl{h n mdknknldn" wicphw n} miwwhl{h} gxwimwî{dmn} ki bdkh" hvd{nw i}khfdldkiwh} pwdcîwdi} h" pwdlmdpnbchl{h" onwnl{dw phwhldknkh h pwifxlkdknkh ni}

whbn{i}, Li kdn }hoxdl{h" i {hu{i khvh }hwvdw pnwn nboi cnd} ki ~xh }dcpbh}chl{hhcgwxbenw i phduh ln fhdwn, %PHLN" 7006" p, 6$

Phln ndlkn ig}hwvn ~xh i pwifd}}dilnb pwhmd}n dw nbäc kh nphln} {wnl}cd{dw i}

nmil{hmdchl{i}" hbh pwhmd}n {hw xc micpwich{dchl{i mic i }hx bhd{iw, Hbh ndlkn pil{xn ~xh

pwn{dmnw i Jiwlnbd}ci Bd{hwîwdi ä: pwipiwmdilnw vd}øh} ncpbn} kn whnbdknkh" huhwmhw

pbhlnchl{h n mdknknldn" wicphw n} miwwhl{h} gxwimwî{dmn} ki bhnk" hvd{nw i} khfdldkiwh}

pwdcîwdi} h" pwdlmdpnbchl{h" onwnl{dw phwhldknkh h pwifxlkdknkh ni} whbn{i},

I nx{iw Hkvnbki Phwhdwn Bdcn %>448$" npil{n n} }h{h pwdlmdpnd} mnwnm{hwã}{dmn} ki

Jiwlnbd}ci Bd{hwîwdi" ~xh líi fioh ni bhvnl{nki piw Phln, I nx{iw {ncgäc milfdwcn n

dcpiw{çlmdn ki pwifd}}dilnb }h bdghw{nw kn n{xnb }d{xnïíi kn} whknïøh} jiwlnbã}{dmn}" ilkh eî

pixmn menlmh ki pwifd}}dilnb }h npwifxlknw hc xc kh{hwcdlnki n}}xl{i, Pnwn hbh i}

pwdlmdpnd} pil{i} }íi: ‒dchw}íi ki whpýw{hw ln whnbdknkh" viz nx{iwnb" h}{dbi" pwhmd}íi kh knki}

h dlfiwcnïøh}" x}i kh }ãcgibi} %dlmbx}dvh ch{îfiwn}$" kdowh}}íi h excnldznïíi, Ciknbdknkh



=>

milehmdkn {ncgäc mici Jiwlnbd}ci Lnwwn{dvi– 7, Pnwn i nx{iw" i jiwlnbd}ci ä xc fhlûchli

~xh nmil{hmh kh fiwcn mibh{dvn" h líi nphln} piw mnwnm{hwã}{dmn} d}ibnkn}, ]hoxlki i nx{iw" eî

ix{wi} fn{iwh} ~xh mil{wdgxhc pnwn ~xh xc {hu{i pi}}n }hw h}mwd{i kh fiwcn cnd} npwifxlknkn

h mxdknki}n" mici pnx{n mnp{nïíi" whknïíi h hkdïíi,

Ndlkn }hoxlki Phwhdwn Bdcn %>448$" i Jiwlnbd}ci Dl{hwpwh{n{dvi ä n fýwcxbn pnwn

~xh i jiwlnbd}{n }h kd}{nlmdh kn} pwî{dmn} milvhlmdilnd} kn pwifd}}íi" ~xh nmngnc piw bdcd{nw n

h}mwd{n, Cn}" hc ~xh i Jiwlnbd}ci Dl{hwpwh{n{dvi {hc n vhw mic i Jiwlnbd}ci Bd{hwîwdi9 Pikh#

}h kdzhw ~xh xc ä i micpbhchl{i ki ix{wi, Hl~xnl{i i Dl{hwpwh{n{dvi vd}n hupbdmnw kh fiwcn

cnd} npwifxlknkn h kh{nbenkn xcn li{ãmdn" i Bd{hwîwdi {iwln n chl}nohc cnd} n{wnhl{h pnwn i

whmhp{iw, N cd}{xwn kh}{h} kid} oêlhwi} npil{n pnwn n mehonkn ki bdvwi#whpiw{nohc" pwikx{i

~xh {hl{n n{dlodw n hfdmdêlmdn h n fbxêlmdn,

Kh nmiwki mic Phwhdwn Bdcn %>448$" ä dcpiw{nl{h n n{xnbdznïíi ki jiwlnbd}ci hki }hx kdîbioi mic n bd{hwn{xwn" pnwn ~xh i bdvwi#whpiw{nohc líi }h {iwlh xc dl}{wxchl{i kh

micxldmnïíi mic dlfiwcnïøh} xb{wnpn}}nkn},

Bdvwi}#whpiw{nohc d}ibnki} michïnc n dlmiwpiwnw nboxl} ki} livi} whmxw}i} khmicpwhhl}íi ~xh }xwohc, Cn} ä pwhmd}i dw cnd} nbhc" dlmiwpiwnw h}}n} dlivnïøh}mic dl{hl}dknkh" piw~xh mn}i mil{wîwdi" i jiwlnbd}ci hl~xnl{i pwimh}}i khmicpwhhl}íi kn mil{hcpiwnlhdknkh líi {hwî cnd} wnzíi kh }hw cxd{i gwhvh ig}ibh{iphbi hlvhbehmdchl{i ki} dl}{wxchl{i} piw chdi ki} ~xnd} i} jiwlnbd}{n} vêhc icxlki, %PHWHDWN BDCN" >448" p, 86$

I bdvwi#whpiw{nohc pikh }hw hlmnwnki mici xcn miwwhl{h ki Jiwlnbd}ci

Bd{hwîwdi, Mici npil{n Phln %7006$" i pwdlmdpnb dl{xd{i ki Jiwlnbd}ci Bd{hwîwdi ä

‒pi{hlmdnbdznw i} whmxw}i} ki jiwlnbd}ci" xb{wnpn}}nw i} bdcd{h} ki} nmil{hmdchl{i} mi{dkdnli}"

pwipiwmdilnwhc vd}øh} ncpbn} kn whnbdknkh" Q,,,S h" pwdlmdpnbchl{h" onwnl{dw phwhldknkh h

pwifxlkdknkh ni} whbn{i}– %Phln" 7006" p, >=$,

[nl{i n} mnwnm{hwã}{dmn} ki Jiwlnbd}ci Dl{hwpwh{n{dvi" ~xnl{i à} ki Bd{hwîwdi

npil{nvnc pnwn n mehonkn kh livn} {hlkêlmdn} ln îwhn kn Micxldmnïíi, Hl{íi" li} nli} ?0"

i ~xh hwn xcn pi}}dgdbdknkh }h mil}ibdkix mic n mehonkn ki Lh Jixwlnbd}c,

7 Milmhd{i} ” Hkvnbki Phwhdwn Bdcn # kd}pilãvhb hc:e{{p:)),ngjb,iwo,gw)dlkhu,pep9mil{hxki3Milmhd{i}&bnlo3



=7

=,=,> [eh Lh Jixwlnbd}c

Lh Jixwlnbd}c ix Livi Jiwlnbd}ci fid n úb{dcn mnw{nkn pnwn n npwiudcnïíi ki}

kid} oêlhwi}: jiwlnbd}ci h bd{hwn{xwn, I livi ciki kh }h hl{hlkhw i jiwlnbd}ci líi

ngnlkilix i nl{doi" cn} pwh}hl{hix i} pwifd}}dilnd} mic xcn livn ipïíi kh {hu{i,

]hoxlki Phln" i Livi Jiwlnbd}ci {hvh cnd} whphwmx}}íi npý} i cnldfh}{i kh

>4?= whkdodki piw [ic_ibfh" xc ãmilh ki jiwlnbd}ci bd{hwîwdi mil{hcpiwçlhi, Nl{h} kh}{n

kn{n" i {hwci fiwn nki{nki mic xcn mili{nïíi lhon{dvn" cn} ~xh jî líi ä x{dbdznkn,

Kh nmiwki mic Phln" n cd}{xwn jiwlnbd}ci h bd{hwn{xwn jî {dlen }dki x{dbdznkn

nl{hwdiwchl{h" cn} fid }ý n pnw{dw ki cnldfh}{i kh >4?= ~xh ohwix cnd} whphwmx}}íi hc {iki i

cxlki, Cn}" pnwn fnbnw kh}}n {hlkêlmdn ki Livi Jiwlnbd}ci" ldloxäc chbeiw ki ~xh }hxpwýpwdi mwdnki" [ic _ibfh,

Pnwn _ibfh" i }xmh}}i ki livi jiwlnbd}ci mil{hcpiwçlhi fid nbmnlïnki phbn}

cnzhbn} hc ~xh }h hlmil{wnvn i jiwlnbd}ci ~xh h}{nvn hc hvdkêlmdn, N} whown} kn

igjh{dvdknkh" ~xh n{ä eijh n}}ibnc i} pwifd}}dilnd} kn îwhn" fnzdnc mic ~xh {iki}

{wngnben}}hc kh fiwcn nx{icî{dmn h bdcd{nkn" i ~xh micpwich{dn n gin fbxêlmdn ki {hu{i,

Hl{wh n} igwn} ~xh mil{wdgxãwnc pnwn n mil}ibdknïíi ki Livi Jiwlnbd}ci h}{íi

Edwi}edcn %>4;6$" h}mwd{n piw Jile Ehw}ht h ‒N ]nloxh Fwdi– %>468$" }xmh}}i kh [wxcnl

Mnpi{h, Nl{h} kh vdwnw bdvwi" n} kxn} igwn} fiwnc pxgbdmnkn} li jiwlnb [eh Lh Tiwa [dch},Kh nmiwki mic _ibfh %7008$" ~xn{wi whmxw}i} }íi hu{whcnchl{h dcpiw{nl{h} pnwn

n mil}{wxïíi ki {hu{i li Livi Jiwlnbd}ci, ]íi hbh}: n whmil}{wxïíi kn ed}{ýwdn mhln n mhln" i

whod}{wi ki} kdîbioi} hc }xn {i{nbdknkh" n npwh}hl{nïíi kn} mhln} }ig pil{i} kh vd}{n kd}{dl{i}"

h i whod}{wi kh mi}{xch}" n{wnvä} kn kh}mwdïíi kh bxonwh} h phw}ilnohl},

[wn{n#}h ki whod}{wi ki} oh}{i}" eîgd{i}" cnlhdwn}" mi}{xch}" h}{dbi} kh cigãbdn"wixpn}" khmiwnïíi" cnlhdwn} kh vdnjnw" michw" cnl{hw n mn}n" ciki kh }h micpiw{nwmic i} fdbei}" mic i} mwdnki}" mic i} }xphwdiwh}" mic i} dlfhwdiwh}" mic i} pnwh}"nbäc ki} vîwdi} nwh}" ibenwh}" pi}h}" h}{dbi} kh nlknw h ix{wi} kh{nbeh} }dcgýbdmi} kikdn#n#kdn ~xh pi}}nc hud}{dw khl{wi kh xcn mhln, ]dcgýbdmi} kh ~xê9 ]dcgýbdmi}"hc ohwnb" ki }{n{x} kh vdkn kn ph}}in, %,,,$ I whod}{wi kh}}h} kh{nbeh} líi ä chwigiwknki hc pwi}n, Hbh }h mibimn jxl{i ni mhl{wi kh pikhw ki whnbd}ci" n}}dc mici~xnb~xhw ix{wi whmxw}i kn bd{hwn{xwn %_IBFH" 7008" p, 88$,

Cn}" kh nmiwki mic Phln %7006$" líi gn}{n nphln} x{dbdznw i} whmxw}i} }xohwdki}

piw _ibfh" ä lhmh}}îwdi {hw i cãldci kh hlonjnchl{i h whghbkdn ki} }hoxdkiwh} ki Livi

Jiwlnbd}ci, N livn ciknbdknkh kh h}mwd{n kh}nfdnvn i} pnkwøh} kh {hu{i h npwiudcnvn n}



==

{ämldmn} jiwlnbã}{dmn} h bd{hwnd}, Pnwn _ibfh" h}}h hwn i hlmnl{i kh}}n {hlkêlmdn, ‒Hwn n

kh}mighw{n kh ~xh hwn pi}}ãvhb ln líi#fdmïíi" li jiwlnbd}ci" x}nw ~xnb~xhw whmxw}i bd{hwîwdi

%,,,$ ni ch}ci {hcpi" ix khl{wi kh xc h}pnïi whbn{dvnchl{h mxw{i %,,,$ pnwn humd{nw {nl{i

dl{hbhm{xnb mici hcimdilnbchl{h i bhd{iw– %_ibfh" 7008$,

N} livdknkh} kh}}n {hlkêlmdn líi pnwnwnc piw nã, Ix{wn} vhw{hl{h} ki Livi

Jiwlnbd}ci fiwnc mwdnkn}, N cnd} fnci}n khbn} ä i Jiwlnbd}ci Oilzi" ~xh fid npnkwdlenki

piw Exl{hw ], [eicp}il, Kh nmiwki mic Phln" h}}h {dpi kh jiwlnbd}ci ‒ä xcn vhw}íi cnd}

wnkdmnb ki Lh Jixwlnbd}c– %Phln 7006$,

Lh}}n vhw{hl{h ä pi}}ãvhb phwmhghw xcn cndiw dl{hwnïíi mic i bhd{iw, I {hu{i

bd{hwîwdi khdun kh }hw pxwnchl{h h}{ä{dmi h pn}}n n kh}phw{nw n{d{xkh} ki bhd{iw, N pwdlmdpnb

dkhdn ki Jiwlnbd}ci Oilzi ä khdunw i whpýw{hw dl{hwfhwdw li {hu{i" líi eî cnd} piw~xh hbh }h

kd}{nlmdnw,Xc ki} mbî}}dmi} kh}}n vhw{hl{h ä i bdvwi#whpiw{nohc ‒Ehbb—} Nlohb}: chki h

khbãwdi }igwh kxn} wikn}–" bnlïnki piw [eicp}il hc 700;, I Kw, Oilzi ” {hwci ~xh pn}}ix

n }hw x{dbdznki mici whfhwêlmdn pnwn [eicp}il ” fiwn mencnki piw xcn whvd}{n pnwn pwikxzdw

xcn cn{äwdn" cn} li mncdlei nmngn piw kh}d}{dw kh }xn ‒igwdonïíi– h wh}ibvh dldmdnw xc

pn}}hdi mic xcn phwdoi}n onlo kh ci{i~xhdwi} kn Mnbdfýwldn, H ä h}}n huphwdêlmdn lnwwnkn

kxwnl{h {iki bdvwi kh [eicp}il, N huphwdêlmdn ki nx{iw wh}xb{n hc xcn nlîbd}h pwifxlkn

}igwh i }xgúwgdi h cd}{xwn kh fiwcn meimnl{h h vdibhl{n i jiwlnbd}ci h n bd{hwn{xwn,

Mic i }xmh}}i ki Livi Jiwlnbd}ci Mil{hcpiwçlhi h ki Jiwlnbd}ci Oilzi"eixvh i }xwodchl{i kh ix{wn {hlkêlmdn" i Lh Lh Jixwlnbd}c, Hl{wh n} mnwnm{hwã}{dmn} kn

livn vhw{hl{h h}{íi n} livn} h}{wn{äodn} kh npxwnïíi kh xcn li{ãmdn h i vimngxbîwdi x{dbdznki

pnwn n mil}{wxïíi ki {hu{i ” cnd} dlfiwcnb h }dcpbh} }hc }hw }dcpbd}{n, Eî ‒i kh}hji kh

hupwh}}nw n bdloxnohc kn} wxn} h }h npwiudcnw kn n{ci}fhwn wh{wn{nkn–, %Phln" 7008$, I Livi

Jiwlnbd}ci Livi }h mnwnm{hwdzn piw {hw xcn vd}íi }igwh i {hu{i cnd} pibã{dmn ki ~xh h}{ä{dmn,

Lh}}h pil{i eî kdvhwoêlmdn} hl{wh n livn {hlkêlmdn h i cnldfh}{i mwdnki piw _ibfh" mici i

micpwich{dchl{i mic n{dvd}ci" i} ~xh}{dilnchl{i} kh vnbiwh} dcpi}{i} phbn }imdhknkh h n{ä

pwipiw }ibxïøh},



=;

;, N DWILDN H I EXCIW PWH]HL[H] LN WHVD][N PDNXÃ

;,> Ch{ikibiodn

H}{h h}{xki pwh{hlkh nlnbd}nw n }hïíi ‒mehonkn–" pxgbdmnkn chl}nbchl{h ln

whvd}{n ‒pdnxã–" kh}kh }xn pwdchdwn hkdïíi" hc 7006, N }hïíi ä h}mwd{n piw kdfhwhl{h}

mibngiwnkiwh} ~xh n{xnc li jiwlnbd}ci gwn}dbhdwi, N nci}{wnohc }hbhmdilnkn pnwn nlîbd}h

}hwíi n} hkdïøh} kh ix{xgwi kh 7005 n }h{hcgwi kh 70>0" lxc {i{nb kh 7; lúchwi},

N }hïíi fid h}mibedkn piw }hw xc whmiw{h ki {dpi kh {hu{i npwh}hl{nki phbn whvd}{n

h piw }hbhmdilnw dlfiwcnïøh} ~xh líi }íi" liwcnbchl{h" {wnl}cd{dkn} piw vhãmxbi} kh cn}}n,

Jî i} lúchwi} ~xh }hwíi nlnbd}nki} fiwnc h}mibedki} mici nci}{wnohc" vd}{i ~xh n whvd}{n äkd}{wdgxdkn eî ~xn{wi nli}" chl}nbchl{h,

I} iphwnkiwh} milmhd{xnd} ~xh }hwvdwíi mici gn}h pnwn n ph}~xd}n }hwíi n dwildn h

i exciw mici mwã{dmn }imdnb" n pnw{dw kn mil}{wxïíi kh xc {hu{i mic {ämldmn} ki jiwlnbd}ci,

Nbäc kd}}i" pwh{hlkh#}h vhwdfdmnw }h eî mnwnm{hwã}{dmn} ki h}{dbi fnd{ kdvhw} lh}{h} mil{húki} ”

mici n} pnx{n} ~xh npwh}hl{nc }d{xnïøh} dlx}d{nkn} h kh múcxbi ”" h }h hbh} pikhc }hw

mil}dkhwnki} Jiwlnbd}ci Bd{hwîwdi,

I} mwd{äwdi} kh nlîbd}h x{dbdznki} }íi i} {dpi} kh dwildn md{nki}" pwdlmdpnbchl{h"

piw Kxnw{h %7006$" Fwtph %700;$, Mici n dwildn exciwh}~xh" wicçl{dmn h n} fxlïøh} kn dwildnkhfdldkn} piw Ex{mehil %7000$ ” }íi hbn} whfiwïnkiwn" micpbdmnkiwn" búkdmn" kd}{nlmdnkiwn"

nx{ipwi{h{iwn" pwivd}ýwdn" kh ipi}dïíi" n{nmnl{h ix n}}nb{nl{h h nowhonkiwn, Nbäc kd}}i" }hwíi

x{dbdznkn} n} vnwdnïøh} kh exciw kh{hwcdlnkn} piw Kwdh}}hl %7000$" mici i exciw pibã{dmi"

nbäc ki} {dpi} kh wd}i kh{hwcdlnki} piw Nbchdkn Bhd{h %>446$ ” wd}i kh humbx}íi h kh

nmibedkn,

Kh ~xh fiwcn n whvd}{n pdnxã " n{wnvä} kn }hïíi ‒Mehonkn–" x{dbdzn n dwildn h)ix

exciw mici fhwwnchl{n} kh mwd{dmn9 H}}h ä i pwigbhcn mhl{wnb kh}{h {wngnbei, Pnwn {hl{nw

wh}pilkê#bn }hwíi x{dbdznkn} pn}}nohl} ki} {hu{i} ~xh pikhc mil{hw xc ix i} kid} whmxw}i},I ~xh h}{n ph}~xd}n pwh{hlkh vhwdfdmnw ä kh ~xh fiwcn }h kî n x{dbdznïíi kn dwildn

h)ix exciw mici whmxw}i} pnwn n mwã{dmn" cn} khl{wi kh {hu{i} jiwlnbã}{dmi} ~xh npwh}hl{hc

{ämldmn} bd{hwîwdn}" n huhcpbi kn }hïíi ‒Mehonkn–, I igjh{dvi ohwnb ä vhwdfdmnw n x{dbdznïíi kn

dwildn h)ix exciw mici mwã{dmn li {hu{i kn whvd}{n pdnxã , Jî i} igjh{dvi} h}phmãfdmi} }íi:

vhwdfdmnw kh ~xh fiwcn n whvd}{n x{dbdzn kn} {ämldmn} ki jiwlnbd}ci bd{hwîwdi ” h }h à} x{dbdzn ”



=8

pnwn n h}mwd{n ki} {hu{i} jiwlnbã}{dmi}1 vhwdfdmnw }h n} li{ãmdn} pxgbdmnkn} pikhc }hw

mil}dkhwnkn} fnd{ kdvhw} h" piw fdc" mil}{n{nw n x{dbdznïíi ki exciw h kn dwildn li} {hu{i},

;,7 N whvd}{n ‒pdnxã–

N pdnxd mehoix ni chwmnki hc }h{hcgwi kh 7006" }ig n dkhnbdznïíi ki mdlhn}{n

Jiíi Ciwhdwn ]nbbh} h ki hkd{iw kn Micpnledn kn} Bh{wn}" Bxdz ]menwmz, Ndlkn fnzhc pnw{h

kn mwdnïíi kn bdlen hkd{iwdnb kn whvd}{n Cîwdi ]hwodi" Kiwwd{ Enwnzdc" Cnwmi} ]î Miwwhn h

Wn~xhb Fwhdwh Znlownlkd" ~xh n{xnbchl{h mibngiwnc mic mil{húki} pnwn i vhãmxbi,

Dldmdnbchl{h n dkhdn ki vhdmxbi hwn {wnl}piw n} gnwwhdwn} kn} whvd}{n} ~xh vdlenc

}hlki michwmdnbdznkn} n{ä hl{íi h pwipiw xc mil{húki mwdn{dvi h kdvhw{dki pnwn i} bhd{iwh}, Khnmiwki mic nboxl} jiwlnbd}{n}" i} {hu{i} kn whvd}{n pdnxã pikhc }hw khfdldki} mici

Jiwlnbd}ci Bd{hwîwdi" cn} ]nbbh}" xc kh }hx} dkhnbdznkiwh}" pwhfhwh líi x{dbdznw kh}}n

khlicdlnïíi pnwn mnwnm{hwdznw i vhãmxbi, ]hoxlki hbh" n pdnxã khvh }hw {wn{nkn mici xcn

ipïíi pnwn ~xhc kh}hjn }h dlfiwcnw mic kdvhw}íi,

N pdnxã ä fiwcnkn piw ownlkh} whpiw{nohl}" ~xh pikhc mehonw n }h{h pîodln}"

khphlkhlki kn mwdn{dvdknkh ki nx{iw, H}}n {hlkêlmdn {ncgäc ä cnl{dkn li }d{h kn whvd}{n" ~xh

whpwikxz i mil{húki h {ncgäc {wnz nboxcn} livdknkh} ~xh }íi phl}nkn} nphln} pnwn n

pbn{nfiwcn ilbdlh,N phwdkdimdknkh kn} }hïøh} {ncgäc ä xcn mnwnm{hwã}{dmn ki vhãmxbi, Nphln} n

‒Mehonkn–" ‒H}~xdln–" ‒Kdîwdi–" ‒Phwfdb–" ‒^xnkwdlei}–" ‒Fdmïíi–" ‒Pih}dn– h ‒Kh}phkdkn–

}íi }hïøh} ~xh hl{wnc chl}nbchl{h ln whvd}{n, Jî i wh}{nl{h fnz pnw{h kn} mibngiwnïøh} kh

jiwlnbd}{n} ix nw{d}{n}" ~xh líi }hoxhc xc pnkwíi pnwn n h}mwd{n,

N whvd}{n ä kh mdwmxbnïíi chl}nb" hc xc fiwcn{i ~xh fioh ki} pnkwøh} micxl} kn

dcpwhl}n gwn}dbhdwn" 76"8 mc u =;"5 mc, Ix{wi kdfhwhlmdnb kn whvd}{n ä n pwipi}{n owîfdmn" ~xh

hvdkhlmdn dbx}{wnïøh} h fi{i} mic micpi}dïøh} pwhkicdlnl{hchl{h nw{ã}{dmn},

N bdlen hkd{iwdnb ki vhãmxbi líi }hoxh i} pnkwøh} ki jiwlnbd}ci liw{h#nchwdmnli"hc ~xh n igjh{dvdknkh h fnm{xnbdknkh }íi phïn} fxlknchl{nd} pnwn n mil}{wxïíi kh xc gic

{hu{i, I mil{húki kn whvd}{n npwh}hl{n xcn ngiwknohc kdfhwhl{h ki} kd}pilãvhd} ln} gnlmn} h

n h}miben kn} whpiw{nohl} líi milkdz mic i} mwd{äwdi} kh li{dmdngdbdknkh x}xnd},

N }hïíi ‒Meonkn–" fid mwdnkn kh}kh i dlãmdi kn whvd}{n" hc 7006" h {wnz {hu{i} ki}

fxlknkiwh} kn pdnxã" nbäc kh whpýw{hwh} kn pwýpwdn whvd}{n, Líi eî xc pnkwíi pnwn n



=6

wi{n{dvdknkh kh h}mwd{n, ]hlki n}}dc" xc whpýw{hw ~xh h}mwhvhx li cê} nl{hwdiw pikh vdw n

h}mwhvhw li pwýudci" mici i mil{wîwdi, N h}miben ä nbhn{ýwdn,

I {hu{i kn }hïíi ä" liwcnbchl{h" hc xcn pîodln" h líi }hoxh xc pnkwíi ix h}{dbi

h}phmãfdmi" pwdlmdpnbchl{h piw líi {hw xc whpýw{hw úldmi, Cn}" nboxcn} mnwnm{hwã}{dmn}" ~xh

}íi ki h}{dbi kn whvd}{n pikhc }hw hlmil{wnkn} mici pil{i hc micxc ” n huhcpbi kn dwildn

h ki exci}" phmxbdnwh} ki mil{húki vhdmxbnki ln pdnxã ,

;,= Mnwnm{hwã}{dmn} ki Jiwlnbd}ci Bd{hwîwdi ln ‒Mehonkn–

Pnwn knw mil{dlxdknkh à ph}~xd}n" ä pwhmd}i vhwdfdmnw n} mnwnm{hwã}{dmn} ki

Jiwlnbd}ci Bd{hwîwdi" mil{dkn} li} {hu{i} }hbhmdilnki} kn }hïíi ‒Mehonkn–, Li} {hu{i} äpi}}ãvhb phwmhghw whmxw}i} {nl{i ki {hu{i bd{hwîwdi" mici ki {hu{i jiwlnbã}{dmi, N }hoxlkn

ipïíi ä npwh}hl{nkn mici i whmxw}i pwdlmdpnb" h n pwdchdwn mici whmxw}i }hmxlkîwdi" pid} n

dlfiwcnïíi }hcpwh }hwî i pwdlmdpnb fn{iw li jiwlnbd}ci" dlkhphlkhl{h kn fiwcn mici ä

{wnl}cd{dkn,

Nl{h} kh npwh}hl{nw i} whmxw}i} kh Jiwlnbd}ci Bd{hwîwdi kd}pilãvhd} li} {hu{i}"

pwh{hlkh#}h ngiwknw n} fxlïøh} kn bdloxnohc" {hiwdn npwh}hl{nkn piw Jnaig}il %>457$ pnwn

khfdldw n} vnwdhknkh} hlmil{wnkn} hc {hu{i} bd{hwîwdi}, H}}n} fxlïøh}" {ncgäc pikhc npnwhmhw

li Jiwlnbd}ci Bd{hwîwdi" pid}" mici khfhlkh Cnw~xh}" ‒li {hu{i bd{hwîwdi ä ‒phwcd{dki– vnbhw#}h kh {ikn} n} fxlïøh} kn bdloxnohc– %Cnw~xh}" 7004$, Kh}}n fiwcn" ~xnlki xc {hu{i mil{äc

mnwnm{hwã}{dmn} ki Jiwlnbd}ci Bd{hwîwdi" {ncgäc pikhwî npwh}hl{nw {ikn} n} fxlïøh} khfhlkdkn}

piw Jnaig}il %>457$,

Nl{h} kn knw mil{dlxdknkh à nlîbd}h" vnbh whbhcgwnw ~xnd} }íi n} fxlïøh} h }hx}

hbhchl{i} micxldmnmdilnd}, Kh nmiwki mic Jnaig}il %>457$" eî kdfhwhl{h} fxlïøh} ~xh

oxdnc i pwimh}}i kh micxldmnïíi vhwgnb: i whch{hl{h" i kh}{dln{îwdi" i mil{hu{i" n

chl}nohc" i mýkdoi h i mnlnb, Pnwn i nx{iw" mnkn xcn kh}}n} fxlïøh} kh{hwcdln kdfhwhl{h}

hbhchl{i} micxldmnmdilnd}: n hci{dvn" ~xh }h whbnmdiln mic i whch{hl{h1 n mili{n{dvn bdonknni kh}{dln{îwdi1 n fxlïíi whfhwhlmdnb ~xh kh{hwcdln i mil{hu{i1 n fî{dmn ~xh pwipiwmdiln xcn

bdonïíi hl{wh i hcd}}iw h i whmhp{iw1 n ch{nbdloxd}{dmn" ~xh }h whbnmdiln kdwh{nchl{h ni mýkdoi

h" piw fdc" n fxlïíi piä{dmn ~xh ä kh{hwcdlnkn phbn chl}nohc,

Mnkn xc kh}{h} huhcpbi} pikh }hw hlmil{wnki ln }hïíi ‒Mehonkn–, Ln hkdïíi kh

livhcgwi kh 70>0" pikh#}h vhwdfdmnw i hcpwhoi kn fxlïíi hci{dvn:



=?

Mwhci} ~xh lxvhl} }íi dljx}{nchl{h ncnbkdïinkn} h ~xh n vdkn }hwdndlmichl}xwnvhbchl{h cnd} pigwh }hc hbn}, Pnwn lý}" hbn} }íi i} pihcn} knLn{xwhzn" n cnd} doxnbd{îwdn kh }xn} mwdnïøh},,, Micpwich{hci}#li} n micgn{hw n'chl{nbdknkh ki mäx nzxb' ilkh ~xhw ~xh hbn hud}{n, N vdkn }hwdn {hkdi}n }h" kdn npý}kdn" {dvä}}hci} kh ibenw pnwn xcn cili{ildn }hc lxvhl},=

]hoxlki i nx{iw" n} mnwnm{hwã}{dmn} kh}{n fxlïíi }íi: i hcpwhoi kn} fwn}h} ln

pwdchdwn ph}}in" ~xh pikhc hupwh}}nw xcn ipdldíi h i npnwhmdchl{i ‒ln} fwn}h}

humbncn{dvn}" ln} dl{hwjhdïøh}" ln pwdchdwn ph}}in ki} vhwgi} h ki} pwilich}–" mici npil{n

Cnw~xh} %7004$, Kxwnl{h n nlîbd}h" h}{n fxlïíi fid n hlmil{wnkn hc chliw ~xnl{dknkh ln

}hïíi, Eî xcn mnwnm{hwã}{dmn micxc n {iki} i} {hu{i}: hbh} }íi h}mwd{i} ln {hwmhdwn ph}}in ”

{hlkêlmdn ki} {hu{i} jiwlnbã}{dmi} micxl},

Jî n fxlïíi miln{dvn pikh }hw hlmil{wnkn ln} fwn}h} li dcphwn{dvi h ~xh }íi

fnbnkn} kdwh{nchl{h pnwn i kh}{dln{îwdi) whmhp{iw, Hbn ä hlmil{wnkn" mic cnd} fwh~xêlmdn" li}

{hu{i} pxgbdmd{îwdi}" cn} npnwhmh" {ncgäc" ln }hïíi ‒Mehonkn–,

Dl}{wxchl{d}{n} nlûldci} kh {iki i cxlki" nbhownd#vi}: n menlmh kh dl{hownw xcniw~xh}{wn }dlfûldmn h }h npwh}hl{nw li cndiw kh {iki} i} pnbmi} pikh h}{nw ni }hxnbmnlmh, Phoxh i vdibdli # enwpn" {wdçloxbi" igiä ix ~xnb~xhw ix{wi ki} 77dl}{wxchl{i} bd}{nki} li pwijh{i ]dlfûldmn Tix[xgh # h }xgch{n i }hx {nbhl{icx}dmnb ni milmxw}i pnwn fnzhw pnw{h kn~xhbn ~xh jî ä mencnkn kh pwdchdwn iw~xh}{wnil#bdlh ki xldvhw}i,;

Kxwnl{h h}{n pn}}nohc" n fxlïíi miln{dvn h}{î li phkdki ki nx{iw pnwn ~xh i}

dl}{wxchl{d}{n} nlûldci} phoxhc }hx} dl}{wxchl{i} h pnw{dmdphc ki milmxw}i, N }hl{hlïnnpwh}hl{n i {ic dcphwn{dvi" {ãpdmi kh}{n fxlïíi,

^xnlki eî xcn iwdhl{nïíi pnwn i mil{hu{i" ä pi}}ãvhb khfdldw xcn fxlïíi mici

whfhwhlmdnb, Hbn ngiwkn i phw}ilnohc ln {hwmhdwn ph}}in h {hc mnwî{hw dlfiwcnmdilnb, H}{n

fxlïíi" kh nmiwki mic Cnw~xh} %7004$ ä n ~xh pwhkicdln li jiwlnbd}ci {wnkdmdilnb,

Huhcpbi >:

N hcgndunkn h}{î bimnbdznkn à} cnwohl} ki wdi [dowh" khl{wi kn Ziln Vhwkh" n cnd}}hoxwn kn mdknkh, Imxpn xcn îwhn h~xdvnbhl{h n xc {hwïi ki Pnw~xh ki Dgdwnpxhwn,Líi ä }ý xc }dcpbh} pwäkdi" cn} xc micpbhui kh ~xnwhl{n hkdfãmdi} ~xh mil}{d{xhci cndiw miljxl{i khkdmnki n whpwh}hl{nïíi kdpbicî{dmn jî mil}{wxãki li cxlki, Ä{ncgäc i cnd} mnwi: mx}{ix ?00 cdbeøh} kh kýbnwh}, Bhcgwn xc mncpx} xldvhw}d{îwdi" mic pwäkdi} gndui}" milhm{nki} piw îwhn} vhwkh} mic mnbïnkøh} khphkh}{wh} h wxn} pnwn mnwwi},8

= Ghmahw" Mbnwn, ‒N ilkn {xwgxbhl{n vhdi pnwn fdmnw–, pdnxã " livhcgwi kh 7004,; Enwnzdc" Kiwwd{, ‒]dlfildn pnwn i} }hc#iw~xh}{wn–, pdnxã " jnlhdwi kh 7004,8 ]hwnpdíi" Fhwlnlki, ‒ Gxlahw Adlo–, pdnxã " fhvhwhdwi kh 7004,



=5

Huhcpbi 7:

Mwd}{íi fhwviwi}i" i miwhnli Menlo hcdowix pnwn i} H}{nki} Xldki} hc >45>, Hc{wê} nli}" ngwdx }hx pwdchdwi lhoýmdi li pnã}" xcn bijn mic pixmi cnd} kh 5;ch{wi} ~xnkwnki} ln Fdoxhwin ]{whh{" hc Bi} Nlohbh}, Mencix#n Fn}edil 7>, Mici {hcpi" i Fn}edil kh cikn jivhc vdwix Fiwhvhw ” pnwn }hcpwh ”" mici xc pnwn n

h{hwldknkh n~xd h noiwn,

6

Li} kid} huhcpbi} eî n x{dbdznïíi kh knki} dlfiwcnmdilnd} pnwn n mil}{wxïíi kn}

}hl{hlïn}, H}}n mnwnm{hwã}{dmn khfdlh n fxlïíi mici whfhwhlmdnb h phwcd{h n nlîbd}h kn

bdloxnohc ki pil{i kh vd}{n kn dlfiwcnïíi,

Ix{wn fxlïíi" n fî{dmn" }h h}{nghbhmh phbn whbnïíi bdloxd}{dmn hl{wh i hcd}}iw h i

whmhp{iw, I pwipý}d{i kn x{dbdznïíi kh chl}nohl} fî{dmn} ä mici hupøh Jnaig}il %>457$"

pwibilonw xcn micxldmnïíi, Ix ndlkn" mici npil{n Cnw~xh} %7004$" dldmdnw h {ncgäc

hlmhwwnw i n{i kh micxldmnïíi,

Líi n}}dc" hl{wh{nl{i" pnwn n whmhpmdild}{n" ~xh ni vd}bxcgwnw i eý}phkh {wn{ix khnmxkdw, Mic xc gwhvh h hbhonl{h onbiph" cn{hwdnbdzix#}h ni bnki khbh h" }hc phwknkh {hcpi" kd}}h#beh mic xwoêlmdn h kd}mwdïíi: 'Hvdkhl{hchl{h i }hleiw kh}hjn xcoxnwknlnpi pwh{i,' I gwn}dbhdwi líi kh}hjnvn xc oxnwknlnpi pwh{i, Ln vhwknkh" jncnd} phl}nwn lxc oxnwknlnpi pwh{i, Líi fnzdn dkädn ki ~xh d}}i pxkh}}h}doldfdmnw, N pwdlmãpdi n{ä jxboix ~xh i {dvh}}hc milfxlkdki mic ix{wn ph}}in" cn}n whmhpmdild}{n i ibenvn mic {ncnlen fdwchzn ~xh líi pikhwdn envhw kúvdkn,Dl{dcdknki" hbh wh}pilkhx ~xh" }dc" ~xhwdn xc oxnwknlnpi pwh{i,?

Ln pn}}nohc nmdcn" n fxlïíi h}{î pwh}hl{h li kdîbioi ki gwn}dbhdwi mic n

whmhpmdild}{n, Li huhcpbi" n whmhpmdild}{n ä n hcd}}iwn h i gwn}dbhdwi i whmhp{iw, Hbnh}{nghbhmh xc kdîbioi kdwh{i mic hbh h dldmdn i kdîbioi mic n mhw{hzn kh ~xh hbh pwhmd}n ki

oxnwknlnpi pwh{i h hbh wh}pilkh n hbn ~xh }dc" pwhmd}n ki igjh{i" fdlnbdznlki n}}dc" i n{i

micxldmnmdilnb,

Ln fxlïíi ch{nbdloxd}{dmn" i hbhchl{i micxldmnmdilnb h}{î ln chl}nohc n }hw

pn}}nkn, Hbn }h whfhwh à pwýpwdn bdloxnohc n ~xh }h whfhwh, Kh nmiwki mic Cnw~xh} %7004$" i}

huhcpbi} pikhc }hw ‒Pnbnvwn} ~xh hupbdmnc pnbnvwn} %mici n} khfdldïøh} ~xh npnwhmhc li}

kdmdilîwdi}$" mdlhcn ~xh fnbn kh mdlhcn" {hn{wi kh {hn{wi" pih}dn kh pih}dn– %Cnw~xh}" 7004$,

Huhcpbi >:

I vimîgxbi anwniaê ä kh iwdohc jnpilh}n, Hbh ä xc micpi}{i kn fiwcn ngwhvdnknkh kxn} pnbnvwn}: 'anwn'" ~xh }doldfdmn 'vnzdi'" h 'iah'" kh iah}x{iwn" ix'iw~xh}{wn', Hbh jî mil}{n kn hkdïíi cnd} whmhl{h ki Iufiwk Hlobd}e Kdm{dilnwt h

6 [hduhdwn" Wnfnhb, ‒N úb{dcn cikn kn vdkn h{hwln–, pdnxã" ngwdb kh 7004,? ]nbbh}" Jiíi Ciwhdwn, ‒I lhowi {hwcûch{wi ki wh~xdl{h–, pdnxã " jxlei kh 7004,



=4

h}{î kdmdilnwdznki hc nboxcn} kn} pwdlmdpnd} bãloxn} vdvn} ki cxlki" dlmbx}dvh lipnã} cnd} nwwhkdi à dlmiwpiwnïíi kh pnbnvwn} h}{wnlohdwn}" n Fwnlïn,5

Huhcpbi 7:

I} phduh} huý{dmi} líi mil{nc mic n }ibdknwdhknkh ki} ncgdhl{nbd}{n}, N noêlmdnh}{nkxnb kh ig}hwvnïíi kn vdkn }hbvnohc h}{nvn cnd} imxpnkn" hc jnlhdwi" mic nmnp{xwn kh {nw{nwxon} cnwdlen}" ~xh {wn{ix kh bhvnw n {hcpi pnwn cnwh} cnd} ~xhl{h},Bioi" doliwix i} phduh} ciw{i}" h}{dvh}}hc hbh} h}{whgxmenlki ln} pwndn} ix li}n~xîwdi}, H i} jiwlnbd}{n}" cnb n {hcphwn{xwn hc Edbb}giwixoe n{dlodx i} 7> ownx}whoxbnchl{nwh} pnwn i dlvhwli ln Fbýwdkn" h}~xhmhwnc i n}}xl{i, Kn lid{h pnwn ikdn" n}}dc mici {dlenc }xcdki li} {nl~xh} kxwnl{h n mwd}h" hbh} kh}npnwhmhwnc knmighw{xwn hc jiwlnd} mici i Lh Tiwa [dch} h i Cdncd Ehwnbk " h n{ä kn} whkh}micxld{îwdn} kh {hbhvd}íi" mici i p{v Lh} Menllhb 8" kh Pnbc Ghnme" ~xh fdmnghc nbd ni bnki kh Edbb}giwixoe h {wn{n pwdciwkdnbchl{h kh dl{hwh}}h} kn vdzdlenlïn,4

Li pwdchdwi huhcpbi" n fxlïíi h}{î pwh}hl{h ln hupbdmnïíi kn iwdohc kn pnbnvwn

Anwniaê, Ä n bdloxnohc x{dbdznlki kn bdloxnohc pnwn }h hupwh}}nw, Li }hoxlki huhcpbi nch{nbdloxnohc h}{î pwh}hl{h ln pn}}nohc hc ~xh i nx{iw fnbn }igwh i} jiwlnbd}{n}" pid} i

ch}ci ä xc {hu{i jiwlnbã}{dmi ~xh mwd{dmn i pwýpwdi jiwlnbd}ci,

Mici npil{n Jnaig}il" n fxlïíi piä{dmn ä ‒i hlfi~xh kn chl}nohc piw hbn

pwýpwdn– %Jnaig}il" >457$, I nx{iw npil{n ~xh líi ä miwwh{i milkhl}nw h}{n fxlïíi à pih}dn

ix }dcpbdfdmnw n pih}dn à ch}cn, Piw h}}h ci{dvi" hbh milmbxd ~xh i} ph}~xd}nkiwh} kh

bdloxd}{dmn líi pikhc bdcd{nw#}h n ph}~xd}nw pih}dn, N fxlïíi piä{dmn x{dbdzn i mýkdoi mici

hbhchl{i micxldmnmdilnb h" ch}ci líi }hlki bdcd{nkn à pih}dn" {ncgäc x{dbdzn n bdloxnohc

kh fiwcn h}{ä{dmn, Hbn }h mnwnm{hwdzn" pwdlmdpnbchl{h" milfiwch npil{n Cnw~xh} %7004$" mic ihcpwhoi kh hupwh}}øh} hc }hl{dki mili{n{dvi, Nbäc kd}}i" ä lh}{n fxlïíi ~xh eî n

pi}}dgdbdknkh kh x{dbdznïíi kn dwildn h)ix exciw mici xc whmxw}i piä{dmi ” i} huhcpbi}

}hwíi npwh}hl{nki} li pwýudci {ýpdmi kh}{h mnpã{xbi, Ln fxlïíi piä{dmn {ncgäc pikhwî envhw

fdoxwn} kh bdloxnohc mici mnwnm{hwã}{dmn" mici li huhcpbin }hoxdw:

H piw ~xh líi9 Nl{h} kh mndw hc kh}x}i" }hw vnwwdki pnwn n pdben ki} eîgd{i}dkhibiodmnchl{h mnwh{n} ix líi hlmil{wnw hmi li vnbh#{xki hc ~xh }h {wnl}fiwcixi ncgdhl{h h}mibnw lnmdilnb" edli h gnlkhdwn fiwcnvnc xcn kxpbn dlvhlmãvhb,>0

Lh}{h {whmei eî n x{dbdznïíi ki {hwci ‒vnbh#{xki–" pnwn hupwh}}nw n }d{xnïíi ki

ncgdhl{h h}mibnw, Ix{wn pn}}nohc ä excnldznw i edli h n gnlkhdwn" kdzhlki ~xh i} kid}

fiwcnvnc xcn ‒kxpbn dlvhlmãvhb–,

5 Enwnzdc" Kiwwd{, ‒Mwã{dmn wnkdmnb,– pdnxã " cnwïi kh 70044 Miwwên" Cnwmi} ]î, ‒I pwdchdwi milohbnchl{i hc cn}}n ki n~xhmdchl{i obignb–, pdnxã " fhvhwhdwi kh 70>0,>0 Enwnzdc" Kiwwd{, ‒N pbhli} pxbcøh}–, pdnxã " jxbei kh 7004,



;0

Ix{wi huhcpbi pikh }hw hlmil{wnki ln hkdïíi kh jxbei kh 7004: ‒Mdlmi hcpwh}n}

li Gwn}db pnw{dmdpnwnc kh}}n iphwnïíi" dlmbx}dvh fdwcn} kh n}}h}}iwdn hc cnwah{dlo h

micäwmdi hu{hwdiw, H {ikn} nbhonc ~xh michwnc ci}mn–,>> I {whmei ‒michwnc ci}mn– ä xcn

fdoxwn kh bdloxnohc ” ~xh líi khdun kh }hw xc mbdmeê# pnwn ~xhc khduix xcn }d{xnïíi pn}}nw

}hc }hw phwmhgdkn,

Mici fid npwh}hl{nki li {ýpdmi =,= %}igwh i Jiwlnbd}ci Bd{hwîwdi$" n pnw{dw ki

pil{i kh vd}{n kh Phwhdwn Bdcn %>448$ n} pwdlmdpnd} mnwnm{hwã}{dmn} ki Jiwlnbd}ci Bd{hwîwdi

}íi: ‒dchw}íi ki whpýw{hw ln whnbdknkh" viz nx{iwnb" h}{dbi" pwhmd}íi kh knki} h dlfiwcnïøh}"

x}i kh }ãcgibi} %dlmbx}dvh ch{îfiwn}$" kdowh}}íi h excnldznïíi, Ciknbdknkh milehmdkn

{ncgäc mici Jiwlnbd}ci Lnwwn{dvi– %Phwhdwn Bdcn" 7006$,

N pnw{dw ki milmhd{i kh Fhbdph Phln %7006$" pikh#}h wicphw mic n} gnwwhdwn} kn

pdwçcdkh dlvhw{dkn h ki bdkh" nbäc kh líi pwhmd}nw }h n{hw ni mwd{äwdi kh igjh{dvdknkh, I jiwlnbd}{n {hc cnd} bdghwknkh pnwn mwdnw, ‒Li kdn }hoxdl{h" i {hu{i khvh }hwvdw pnwn nboi cnd}

ki ~xh }dcpbh}chl{h hcgwxbenw i phduh ln fhdwn– %7006" p, 6$,

Ln hkdïíi kh jxlei kh 7004" kn whvd}{n Pdnxã" n cn{äwdn ‒I lhowi {hwcûch{wi ki

wh~xdl{h–" npwh}hl{n i dlãmdi ki {hu{i }hc n} phwoxl{n} ‒I ~xh9 Mici9 ^xnlki9 Ilkh9

^xhc9 Piw ~xê9–" ~xh }ý }íi wh}pilkdkn} li khmiwwhw kn cn{äwdn,

Eî pixmi} kdn}" lxc ei{hb kn mdknkh mnbdfiwldnln kh ]íi Fwnlmd}mi" xc gwn}dbhdwi}h nmicikix à ch}n ki mnfä kn cnleí, I kdn h}{nvn gild{i" i }ib nwkdn h xc gilkh

pn}}nvn, N vdkn pnwhmdn líi {wnzhw ix{wi} kh}nfdi} }hlíi n h}miben hl{wh ivi}chudki} h ivi} ~xhl{h}, >7

Ä pi}}ãvhb phwmhghw ~xh i nx{iw dldmdn n cn{äwdn n pnw{dw kn lnwwn{dvdknkh" }hc {hw n

igwdon{iwdhknkh kh pn}}nw n} pwdlmdpnd} dlfiwcnïøh} kn li{ãmdn li pwdchdwi pnwîownfi, [nl{i

~xh i n}}xl{i kn cn{äwdn líi ä phwmhgdki à pwdchdwn vd}{n, H}}n pwî{dmn mil{wdgxd pnwn n

milfdwcnïíi ki ~xh ä bhvnl{nki piw Phwhdwn Bdcn %>448$ h Phln %7006$" pid} i nx{iw líi

x{dbdzn n {ämldmn kn pdwçcdkh dlvhw{dkn" nbäc kh líi }h n{hw à igjh{dvdknkh,

Ix{wi huhcpbi ä i hlmil{wnki ln hkdïíi kh noi}{i kh 7004, Lhbn {ncgäc líi eî

n dl{wikxïíi mic i bdkh li pwdchdwi pnwîownfi:

‒I bdui" hc }d" líi {dlen lnkn kh cnd}, Hwn fhdi h whpxolnl{h mici i kh ~xnb~xhwmdknkh gwn}dbhdwn, I {dpi kn mid}n ~xh i pnã} jî {hc kh }igwn" kh}phjnlki ~xn}h >00cdb {ilhbnkn} piw kdn hc vnznkixwi} púgbdmi}" n{hwwi} }nld{îwdi}" {hwwhli} pwdvnki}"gnwwnlmi}" wdi} ix bnoin}– >=,

>> Miwwên" Cnwmi} ]î, ‒I bdui kn dlobn{hwwn ä li}}i–, pdnxã " noi}{i kh 7004,>7 ]nbbh}" Jiíi Ciwhdwn, pdnxã " jxlei kh 7004,>= Miwwên" Cnwmi} ]î, pdnxã " noi}{i kh 7004,



;>

Phwhdwn Bdcn {ncgäc md{n mici mnwnm{hwã}{dmn ki Jiwlnbd}ci Bd{hwîwdi n viz

nx{iwnb" ~xh }doldfdmn n cnwmn ki h}{dbi ki nx{iw kn whpiw{nohc" xcn pwî{dmn ~xh"

liwcnbchl{h" líi ä hlmil{wnkn li jiwlnbd}ci {wnkdmdilnb" pid} lhbh eî gx}mn ki

kd}{nlmdnchl{i kh ~xhc h}mwhvh, H}}n {hlkêlmdn ä hlmil{wnkn hc nboxcn} pn}}nohl} kn}

whpiw{nohl} kn }hïíi, Ln hkdïíi kh cnwïi kh 7004" i nx{iw" n{wnvä} kh michl{îwdi} kxwnl{h i

{hu{i" nmngn piw {wnl}pnwhmhw }xn ipdldíi kxwnl{h n whpiw{nohc,

Ldloxäc chbeiw pnwn hlmnwlnw i vnonbeíi whfiwcd}{n ~xh xc lngngi phhchkhgd}{nkh nbcn {xmnln milvhw{dki ni ph{d}ci, Mic ?5 nli} kh hlmnwldïnkn khfh}n kidl{hwh}}h pwýpwdi" h khpid} kh {nl{n} phwdpämdn} cnlei}n} hc ghlhfãmdi kh }xn bnwonowhd kh nowhonki}" i gwûlzhi h}{nkd}{n ~xh vhdi ki Cnwnleíi pikhwdn }hw {hl{nki nbnwonw n wnpnkxwn,>;

Kxwnl{h h}{n pn}}nohc" {iki} i} nkjh{dvi} h fdoxwn} kh bdloxnohc khdunc n

ipdldíi ki nx{iw hupbãmd{n, Piw huhcpbi" ~xnlki hbh mencn i phw}ilnohc kh ‒lngngi

phhchkhgd}{n kh nbcn {xmnln milvhw{dki ni ph{d}ci–, Mic d}}i fdmn mbnwi i pil{i kh vd}{n ki

nx{iw hc whbnïíi ni phw}ilnohc {wn{nki kxwnl{h n whpiw{nohc, Hc ix{wn hkdïíi" {ncgäc ä

pi}}ãvhb phwmhghw h}{n mnwnm{hwã}{dmn: ‒N {wimn kn Vdwodl phbn Fiwhvhw 7> ä cnd} xc oibph ln

micgnbdkn dlkú}{wdn kn cú}dmn" h cnd} xc }dlnb kh ~xh n dlkú}{wdn kn cikn" mic mwd}h ix }hc

mwd}h" líi pîwn kh mwh}mhw– >8, Mic h}}n pn}}nohc" kn hkdïíi kh ngwdb kh 7004" i nx{iw khdun

}xn ipdldíi kxwnl{h i {hu{i" ~xnlki kdz ~xh hud}{h xc oibph piw {wî} kn {wimn kn Vdwodl phbn

Fiwhvhw 7> h ni mencnw n dlkú}{wdn kn cú}dmn kh ‒micgnbdkn–, Mic n viz nx{iwnb i nx{iw

nmngn piw }h cnldfh}{nw khl{wi ki {hu{i, H}}n fiwcn kh }h hupwh}}nw nmngn piw mwdnw xc h}{dbi

kh {hu{i" ~xh pikh vnwdnw kh vhãmxbi pnwn vhãmxbi ix kh jiwlnbd}{n pnwn jiwlnbd}{n,

Ix{wn mnwnm{hwã}{dmn npil{nkn piw Hkvnbki Phwhdwn Bdcn ä n dchw}íi ki whpýw{hw ln

whnbdknkh, H}}n pwî{dmn imiwwh ~xnlki xc pwifd}}dilnb n}}xch n pi}{xwn kh dl{hwh}}h h

ph}~xd}n" kdnl{h ki n}}xl{i ~xh }h pwipøh n kdzhw, H}}n milkx{n {hc whfbhui li {hu{i

npwh}hl{nki" pid} i mil{húki }h {iwln cnd} micpwhhl}ãvhb pnwn i} bhd{iwh}" nbäc kh kî#bi}

{hcpi pnwn kdohwdw h kd}mhwldw }igwh i n}}xl{i, Ln hkdïíi kh jnlhdwi kh 70>0" i nx{iw mil{n ned}{ýwdn kh ncgxbnl{h} kh xcn pwndn li Wdi kh Jnlhdwi:

I }ib ndlkn líi {dlen nmngnki kh ln}mhw h ln pwndn jî }h hlmil{wnvn ~xn}h xcnmhl{hln kh gnwwnmn} h}pnbenkn} ln} nwhdn}, I livi ad{ ki} gnwwn~xhdwi}" ~xhmicpwhhlkh xcn gnwwnmn" kxn} mndun} d}i{äwcdmn}" {wdl{n oxnwkn#}ýd} vhwchbei}"}h}}hl{n mnkhdwn} ncnwhbn} h kid} }xpiw{h} pnwn bdui" fiwn kd}{wdgxãki ln cnkwxonkn,N npnwhbenohc fid whmhgdkn mic xc cd}{i kh whvib{n h mxwdi}dknkh, Cdoxhb whmhghx

>; YYYY, pdnxã " cnwïi kh 7004,>8 [hduhdwn" Wnfnhb, pdnxã" ngwdb kh 7004,



;7

xc mil{êdlhw n chli} h li ~xh vhdi n fdgwn jî h}{nvn wnmenkn, N gnwwnmn kn Jnlnãlnh}{nvn {iw{n, 'Ilkh ä ~xh h}{n gnwwnmn vnd noxhl{nw i }xkih}{h9'" phwoxl{ix hbn, >6

Li {hu{i" li{n#}h i dl{hwh}}h ki whpýw{hw phbn vdkn kh }hx} phw}ilnohl} ~xnlki hbh

kh}mwhvh i} igjh{i} ki Ad{ ki} gnwwn~xhdwi} h nmicpnlen {iki i nmil{hmdchl{i kn~xhbh kdn"mici }h h}{dvh}}h pnw{dmdpnlki kn ed}{ýwdn, Cn} n dchw}íi ki whpýw{hw à li{ãmdn h n viz nx{iwnb

nlknc jxl{i}, Pid} xc jiwlnbd}{n }ý mil}hoxh }h pi}dmdilnw ni h}mwhvhw }igwh xc kh{hwcdlnki

n}}xl{i kh fiwcn milmd}n" ~xnlki {hc xc hlvibvdchl{i mic n li{ãmdn ngiwknkn, Ln

whpiw{nohc kh cnwïi kh 70>0" i whpýw{hw dldmdn n cn{äwdn mic: ‒Fwnla ]dln{wn ownvix cnd} kh

> 800 mnlïøh} ni biloi kh mdlmi kämnkn} h lhlexcn nk~xdwdx vdkn {íi }dloxbnw ~xnl{i Ct

nt" ~xh hbh mnl{ix phbn pwdchdwn vhz hc >464– >?, Lh}{h {whmei hbh khdun }xn ipdldíi ni kdzhw

~xh lhlexcn igwn kh Fwnla ]dln{wn nk~xdwdx vdkn {íi bilon" cn} }ý mil}hoxh milfdwcnw h}{n

dlfiwcnïíi piw {hw milehmdchl{i }igwh i n}}xl{i" mici khcil}{wn ni npil{nw knki} }igwh inw{d}{n,

Phwhdwn Bdcn {ncgäc n{hl{n pnwn i x}i kh }ãcgibi} ” fdoxwn} kh bdloxnohc ” ln

mil}{wxïíi ki {hu{i kh Jiwlnbd}ci Bd{hwîwdi" ~xh liwcnbchl{h líi }íi x{dbdznki} li}

dcpwh}}i} {wnkdmdilnd}, Li {whmei kn }hïíi vhdmxbnkn hc khzhcgwi kh 7005" n nx{iwn dldmdn i

{hu{i mic:

Hl{wn nli" }nd nli" hbh mehon, Dcpbnmnvhbchl{h, Hc }xn vhw}íi nx}{wnb" hbh michïnmic i }ib}{ãmdi kh khzhcgwi" nmngn mic i h~xdlýmdi kh cnwïi h bhvn gãphkh} n {iki

{dpi kh micpiw{nchl{i} h}{wnlei} à ghdwn#cnw, Mici kh}lxknw#}h " hlmenwmnw#}h khîoxn }nbonkn h {iwwnw i miwpi ln gwn}n }ibnw,>5

Ln whpiw{nohc mil{äc i {hwci {iwwnw" ~xh ~xhw kdzhw ~xhdcnw i miwpi phbi}

hfhd{i} ki }ib, N pn}}nohc pikh }hw mil}dkhwnkn xcn edpäwgibh" fdoxwn kh bdloxnohc ~xh

kh}doln hunohwi kh xcn dkhdn, Jî ln pwýudcn whpiw{nohc" hlmil{wn#}h ix{wi {dpi kh fdoxwn kh

bdloxnohc" n ch{îfiwn, ‒Kn} 76 ciknbdknkh} ~xh micpøhc i mnwkîpdi ki} Jioi}" i giuh hwn

i úldmi ~xh phwcnlhmdn gbdlknki à pnw{dmdpnïíi fhcdldln, Noiwn" jî n pnw{dw kh 70>7" hc

Bilkwh}" ciïn} h}{nwíi {wimnlki }imi}–, Lhbn hlmil{wnc#}h kxn} pn}}nohl} ‒mnwkîpdi ki}

Jioi}– h ‒phwcnlhmdn gbdlknki–" ~xh x{dbdznc ki }hl{dki fdoxwnki pnwn hupiw xcn dkhdn, Ln

pwdchdwn" n nx{iwn hcpwhon i mnwkîpdi pnwn knw }hl{dki kh vnwdhknkh h ln }hoxlkn x{dbdzn i

gbdlknki pnwn kdzhw ~xh n pnw{dmdpnïíi fhcdldln líi hwn nmhd{n nl{hwdiwchl{h,

>6 hmahw" Mbnwn, ‒Kdbcn mil{wn i mei~xh kh iwkhc–, pdnxã " jnlhdwi kh 70>0,>? Enwnzdc" Kiwwd{, ‒Mwã{dmn wnkdmnb–, pdnxã " cnwïi kh 70>0,>5 Enwnzdc" Kiwwd{, ‒Mehoix i vhwíi–, pdnxã " khzhcgwi kh 7005,



;=

Ix{wn mnwnm{hwã}{dmn ngiwknkn piw Phwhdwn Bdcn %>448$ ä n kdowh}}íi, H}}h n{i

phwcd{h cxknw i fimi ki n}}xl{i pwdlmdpnb" npwh}hl{nlki kdvnonïøh} ~xh pikhc ix líi

mil{wdgxdw pnwn i kh}fhmei kn cn{äwdn,

^xhc n{wnvh}}n n piw{n kn mnwmhwnohc kh Vh}pn}dnli mehon n xc miwwhkiw mbnwi hnwhjnki" mic }h{h nbijnchl{i}, 'Mici hbh} líi {êc piw{n} lhc ownkh}" líi nmeimiwwh{i mencî#bi} kh mhbn}'" h}mbnwhmh n kdwh{iwn#ohwnb Cnwdnln [ehiki}}nad}"nkvionkn cdlhdwn kh wnãzh} owhon} ~xh }ifwh kh edphw{hl}íi, >4

Li {whmei kn whpiw{nohc kh ix{xgwi kh 7004" n kdowh}}íi h}{î ~xnlki i nx{iw

michl{n: ‒h}mbnwhmh n kdwh{iwn#ohwnb Cnwdnln [ehiki}}nad}" nkvionkn cdlhdwn kh wnãzh}

owhon} ~xh }ifwh kh edphw{hl}íi–, I fn{i kh n phw}ilnohc }ifwhw kh edphw{hl}íi líi cxkn n

}d{xnïíi npwh}hl{nkn" h nmngn piw kh}vdnw i wxci ki n}}xl{i, Hc ix{wi huhcpbi" ln cn{äwdn"

vhdmxbnkn hc jnlhdwi kh 70>0" ‒Kdbcn mil{wn i mei~xh kh iwkhc–" n nx{iwn hupøh kdvhw}i}khpidchl{i}" ~xh kh}vdnc i fimi ki phw}ilnohc pwdlmdpnb kn cn{äwdn" Kdbcn,

[whmei >: N gnwwnmn kn Jnlnãln h}{nvn {iw{n, 'Ilkh ä ~xh h}{n gnwwnmn vnd noxhl{nw i}xkih}{h9'" phwoxl{ix hbn,[whmei 7: Khld}h" xcn }hleiwn kh 68 nli}" cnd} kh ~xnwhl{n kh pwndn" ~xh kdz }hw npwdchdwn gnwwn~xhdwn cxbehw kh Dpnlhcn" npil{ix meiwnlki pnwn xc fxwoíi, Lhbhh}{nvnc }hx} cnd} kh >00 oxnwkn#}ýd} h 700 mnkhdwn}" ~xh n pnw{dw kn~xhbh kdnh}{nvnc pwidgdki},[whmei =: Jiwodlei" ~xh {wngnben eî {wdl{n nli} li pil{i ont kh Dpnlhcn" hc fwhl{hà wxn Fnwch kh Ncihki" fid cnlknki pnwn i Pi}{i 4, '^xhwi chx pil{i kh vib{n" i}ont} }íi eilh}{i} h ncdoi}" mil}ichc cxd{i h líi kíi mnbi{h'" kd}}h,

Ä pi}}ãvhb phwmhghw ~xh hc mnkn {whmei eî xcn pn}}nohc kh phw}ilnohl}

kdfhwhl{h}" ~xh npwh}hl{nc }hx pil{i kh vd}{n }igwh i ch}ci nmil{hmdchl{i" cn} hc

cichl{i nboxc }h whbnmdilnc mic n phw}ilnohc pwdlmdpnb, Lh}{h mn}i" ~xnlki i nx{iw vib{n

n fnbnw }igwh Kdbcn" hbh pwipøh xcn livn phw}phm{dvn }igwh i n}}xl{i,

Phwhdwn Bdcn bhvnl{n ndlkn mici mnwnm{hwã}{dmn n dcpiw{çlmdn kn pwhmd}íi kh knki}

h dlfiwcnïøh}, H}}h pil{i ä kdwh{nchl{h bdonki à} pwî{dmn} ki jiwlnbd}ci h {hc n vhw mic i

micpwicd}}i ä{dmi mic i} bhd{iwh}, Ln pn}}nohc n }hoxdw vê#}h n pwhimxpnïíi mic n pwhmd}íi

ki} knki},

Líi khvh {hw }dki fîmdb pnwn n} 70 cdb ph}}in} vdlkn} kh >74 pnã}h} mehonwhc nipivinki kh [d~xdpntn" phw{i kh Mimengncgn" ln Gibãvdn" pnwn n{hlkhw ni milvd{h kinlfd{wdíi" Hvi Ciwnbh}, Jx}{i ln~xhbn }hcnln kh ngwdb i vxbmíi d}bnlkê} dwwicphwnli mhlîwdi cxlkdnb mic {ikn} n} }xn} mil}inl{h} h lxvhl} {ýudmn}" pwivimnlki imnlmhbnchl{i kh >? cdb vii} kdîwdi},70

>4 [nwkîoxdbn" Mwd}{dln, ‒Fwnbkn} ln pwd}íi–, pdnxã " ix{xgwi kh 7004,70 Enwnzdc" Kiwwd{, ‒N kdh{n kh Hvi–, pnxã " cndi kh 70>0,



;;

Ni kh}{nmnw i} lúchwi} h kh}mwhvhw n mhln" i whpýw{hw {wnl}cd{h mwhkdgdbdknkh ni

bhd{iw) whmhp{iw" nbäc kh}phw{nw n milfdnlïn ki ch}ci,

N pwýudcn mnwnm{hwã}{dmn pikh }hw mil}dkhwnkn xcn kn} cnd} dcpiw{nl{h} pnwn i

Jiwlnbd}ci Bd{hwîwdi, ]h li jiwlnbd}ci {wnkdmdilnb n igjh{dvdknkh h n vhbimdknkh ki}

nmil{hmdchl{i} à} vhzh} líi phwcd{hc n excnldznïíi kn whpiw{nohc h ki} phw}ilnohl}" li

bd{hwîwdi h}}h n{i ä fnmdbchl{h hlmil{wnki, Mici {ikn} n} ix{wn} mnwnm{hwã}{dmn} ngiwknkn} piw

Phwhdwn Bdcn" h}{n {ncgäc pikh }hw ngiwknkn hc miljxl{i, Pid}" ä n pnw{dw kn dchw}íi ln

whnbdknkh ~xh i nx{iw mil}hoxh khdunw xcn whpiw{nohc mic n}phm{i} cnd} excnldznki}, N}

mnwnm{hwã}{dmn} pnwn h}}n excnldznïíi pikhc }hw n lnwwn{dvdknkh h n kh}mwdïíi" mici npil{n n

jiwlnbd}{n Fwnlmdhbh Iw}n{{i" ‒N pnw{dw kn lnwwnïíi" ä pi}}ãvhb milehmhw chbeiw n {wnjh{ýwdn ki}

phw}ilnohl}" hl~xnl{i n kh}mwdïíi phwcd{h ni bhd{iw mil}{wxdw xcn dcnohc chl{nb ki}

phw}ilnohl} h ncgdhl{h} ~xh micpøhc n whpiw{nohc– %Iw}n{{i" 7004$

7>

,

N ed}{ýwdn piw {wî} kn fi{i michïix lxcn lid{h kh khzhcgwi kh >4?0" ~xnlki kid}eý}phkh} vdlki} kh Bi} Nlohbh} h" li kdn }hoxdl{h" xc vdlki kh Chcped}" li[hllh}}hh" imxpnwnc n} }xã{h} 808" 806 h 80? ki _n}edlo{il Ei{hb, Whod}{wnki}mici miwilhb Jil Gxwwi}" Jhwwt ]medbbdlo h ]illt _h}{" {icnwnc mnfä kn cnleíghc mhki h wxcnwnc n pä n{ä n Mn}n Gwnlmn" }d{xnkn n pixmi} ~xnw{hdwøh} khkd}{çlmdn, Gxwwi} bhvnvn mil}doi xcn mnw{n cnlx}mwd{n kh }hd} fiben}" hlkhwhïnknni pwh}dkhl{h Wdmenwk Lduil, Bhvnvn {ncgäc xcn pd}{ibn Mib{ mnbdgwh ;8"nmiciknkn lxcn mndun kh cnkhdwn,77

Ln pn}}nohc nmdcn i nx{iw kh}mwhvh i} kh{nbeh} ki nmil{hmdchl{i, Mici i

lúchwi kn} }xã{h}" mici {icnwnc mnfä kn cnleí" n fiwcn mici mehonwnc n{ä n Mn}n Gwnlmn"

kh{nbeh} ~xh" liwcnbchl{h" pn}}nc kh}phwmhgdki} ln} cn{äwdn} ki jiwlnbd}ci milvhlmdilnb,

Ix{wi huhcpbi ä i npwh}hl{nki ln }hïíi kh ix{xgwi kh 7004" ‒Fwnbkn} ln Pwd}íi–, Lhbn n

nx{iwn kh}mwhvh mici ä n vdkn kn} kh{hl{n} kh xcn phld{hlmdnwdn ln whodíi ch{wipibd{nln kh

Ghbi Eiwdzil{h: ‒Mnkn nbijnchl{i micpiw{n }h{h mncn} h }h{h ghwïi}" ~xh }h hlmndunc mici

xc ~xhgwn#mnghïn li h}pnïi kh =0 ch{wi} ~xnkwnki}, Pwhonkn} ln} pnwhkh} nmdcn ki} ghwïi}

eî kdvhw}n} fdoxwn} kn Kd}lht h fi{i} kh fdbei} cnd} vhbei} ~xh h}{íi hc bdghwknkh–, Nbäc kh

excnldznw n mhln" mnwnm{hwã}{dmn jî kh}mwd{n nl{hwdiwchl{h" n whpiw{nohc kh}mwhvh n whnbdknkh

kh ~xhc engd{n n~xhbh bxonw,

H}}n mnwnm{hwã}{dmn {ncgäc ä npil{nkn li cnldfh}{i whkdodki piw [ic _ibfh

%>4?=$" hc ~xh hbh nlxlmdnvn i }xwodchl{i ki Livi Jiwlnbd}ci, Ä dcpiw{nl{h whbhcgwnw ~xh

7> Whvd}{n Vhw}i h Whvhw}i" kd}pilãvhb hc: e{{p:)),vhw}ihwhvhw}i,xld}dli},gw)dlkhu,pep9h3>5&}34&n3>;8 77 Enwnzdc" Kiwwd{, ‒Wima ln Mn}n Gwnlmn–, pdnxã " jxlei kh 70>0,



;8

i Livi Jiwlnbd}ci líi ä i }xwodchl{i ki Jiwlnbd}ci Bd{hwîwdi" hbh }hcpwh hud}{dx" cn} fid n

pnw{dw kh}{n miwwhl{h ~xh hbh onleix cnd} fiwïn,

I} pwdlmdpnd} whmxw}i} ~xh liw{hdnc i Livi Jiwlnbd}ci }íi: ‒Whmil}{wxdw n

ed}{ýwdn mhln n mhln" whod}{wnw kdîbioi} micpbh{i}" npwh}hl{nw mhln} phbi} pil{i} kh kdfhwhl{h}

phw}ilnohl} h whod}{wnw eîgd{i}" wixpn}" oh}{i} h ix{wn} mnwnm{hwã}{dmn} }dcgýbdmn} ki

phw}ilnohc–" mici npil{n Phln %7006" p,>=$, N pwdchdwn mnwnm{hwã}{dmn bhvnl{nkn phbi nx{iw ä

phwmhgdkn ni }h nlnbd}nw n cn{äwdn ngndui:

Líi n}}dc" hl{wh{nl{i" pnwn n whmhpmdild}{n" ~xh ni vd}bxcgwnw i eý}phkh {wn{ix khnmxkdw, Mic xc gwhvh h hbhonl{h onbiph" cn{hwdnbdzix#}h ni bnki khbh h" }hc phwknkh {hcpi" kd}}h#beh mic xwoêlmdn h kd}mwdïíi: 'Hvdkhl{hchl{h i }hleiw kh}hjn xcoxnwknlnpi pwh{i, Q,,,S I gwn}dbhdwi líi kh}hjnvn xc oxnwknlnpi pwh{i, Ln vhwknkh" jncnd} phl}nwn lxc oxnwknlnpi pwh{i, Líi fnzdn dkädn ki ~xh d}}i pxkh}}h}doldfdmnw, N pwdlmãpdi n{ä jxboix ~xh i {dvh}}hc milfxlkdki mic ix{wn ph}}in" cn}

n whmhpmdild}{n i ibenvn mic {ncnlen fdwchzn ~xh líi pikhwdn envhw kúvdkn,Dl{dcdknki" hbh wh}pilkhx ~xh" }dc" ~xhwdn xc oxnwknlnpi pwh{i,7=

Li{n#}h ~xh eî n mil{dlxnïíi kn mil}{wxïíi kn mhln" pwipi}{n li >° pnwîownfi h

hbn mil{dlxn li} pnwîownfi} {wê} h ~xn{wi, Li kh}fhmei kn cn{äwdn" hbh vib{n n }hw md{nki pnwn

fdlnbdznw n lnwwn{dvn,

Pnwn huhcpbdfdmnw ix{wn mnwnm{hwã}{dmn npwh}hl{nkn piw Phln %7006$ h khfdldkn piw

_ibfh %>4?=" }hwî x{dbdznkn xcn cn{äwdn vhdmxbnkn hc ngwdb kh 70>0" ‒Pnbenïi Cxldmdpnb–, Ln

cn{äwdn i nx{iw npil{n mnlkdkn{xwn kh xc michkdnl{h pnwn n pwhfhd{xwn kn mnpd{nb kn D}bçlkdn,

N kh}mwdïíi kh mnwnm{hwã}{dmn} }dcgýbdmn} ki phw}ilnohc pikh }hw hl{hlkdkn mici xcn kn}

fiwcn} kh Jiwlnbd}ci Bd{hwîwdi bhvnl{nkn} li Cnldfh}{i kh >4?=,

Jýl Oxllnw Awd}{dl}}il ln}mhx hc >46?" h vhdi ni cxlki khmdkdknchl{h n pn}}hdi"Vnoix piw {wê} ix ~xn{wi h}mibn}" }hc }h fiwcnw hc lhlexcn, I úldmi kdpbicn ~xhig{hvh fid n mnw{hdwn kh engdbd{nïíi kh {nud}{n, Líi ~xh {dvh}}h vimnïíi pnwn ghc}hwvdw ni púgbdmi, I ~xh beh dl{hwh}}nvn" ch}ci" hwn n cú}dmn pxla, Milehmdkimici Jiíizdlei Pxla" fid gn{hwd}{n kn} gnlkn} Ýobhkd %Cnb#H}{nw$ h Lhfwhll}bd%Miwwdchl{i Ln}nb$" ncgn} kh }nxki}n chcýwdn, Ki {îud" cdowix pnwn i xchcpwhoi lxc ngwdoi kh lhmh}}d{nki}" knbd pxbix pnwn vdodn li{xwli kh xc}nln{ýwdi" h ~xnlki }h khx mil{n h}{nvn cil{nlki Vibvi} ln ]xämdn, 7;

Ln pn}}nohc nmdcn" i nx{iw kh}mwhvh mici hwn n vdkn" i} eîgd{i} h i} mi}{xch}

ki phw}ilnohc pwdlmdpnb" nl{h} khbh }hw hbhd{i i pwhfhd{i kh }hx cxldmãpdi, Mici ln pn}}nohc

‒I ~xh beh dl{hwh}}nvn" ch}ci" hwn n cú}dmn pxla–,

7= ]nbbh}" Jiíi Ciwhdwn, pdnxã " 7004,7; Mûwwhn" Cnwmi} ]î, pdnxã " ngwdb kh 70>0,



;6

;,; Mnwnm{hwã}{dmn} kh ‒ fnd{ kdvhw}– ln ‒mehonkn–

Nbäc kn} mnwnm{hwã}{dmn} kh Jiwlnbd}ci Bd{hwîwdi" ä pi}}ãvhb hlmil{wnw ln }hïíi

‒Mehonkn– mnwnm{hwã}{dmn} kh fnd{ kdvhw}, ]hoxlki n} {hiwdn} x{dbdznkn} li }hoxlki mnpã{xbi

{hýwdmi" h}{h {dpi kh {hu{i pikh }hw kh}mwd{i mici li{ãmdn} phmxbdnwh}" ~xh fiohc ki} n}}xl{i}

micxl}, Kh nmiwki mic Wibnlk Gnw{eh} %>4?>$ i} n}}xl{i} ~xh hlobignc i} fnd{ kdvhw} }íi n

Mn}xnbdknkh h n Midlmdkêlmdn, Kh nmiwki mic Bnoh %>44?$" i ~xh mencn n n{hlïíi pnwn xc

kh{hwcdlnki n}}xl{i }hw mil}dkhwnki fnd{ kdvhw ä i fn{i kh hbh }hw dlx}d{nki ix múcxbi,

Ln} hkdïøh} ph}~xd}nkn}" i fnd{ kdvhw pikh }hw phwmhgdki ln cndiwdn ki} n}}xl{i}

h}mibedki} pnwn micpiw n} cn{äwdn}, [ikn} n} li{ãmdn} fiohc ki micxc" h líi }íi

hlmil{wnkn} mic fnmdbdknkh li} vhãmxbi} kdîwdi}" cnd} pipxbnwh}, Piw huhcpbi" ln hkdïíi kh

cndi kh 700478" i nx{iw dlfiwcn }igwh i kh}npnwhmdchl{i kh h}pämdh} kh giwgibh{n" ln

Dlobn{hwwn, Ln hkdïíi kh ngwdb kh 70>0" {ncgäc ä pi}}ãvhb phwmhghw mnwnm{hwã}{dmn} ki} fnd{

kdvhw}" i nx{iw nlxlmdn i npnwhmdchl{i kh xc pdloòdc lhowi ~xh mencix n n{hlïíi h mnx}ix

pibêcdmn li chdi mdhl{ãfdmi,

N ln{xwhzn nmngn kh gi{nw kdnl{h ki} mdhl{d}{n} nboi lxlmn nl{h} vd}{i: xc pdloxdcdl{hdwnchl{h lhowi, H" }igwh d}}i" phbi chli} à pwdchdwn vd}{n" hbh} líi {dlenc lnknkh nbnwcnl{h n khmbnwnw, Bioi" n{ä }hoxlkn iwkhc" xc pdloxdc lhowi líi pn}}n khxc pdloxdc lhowi, Ä doxnbzdlei ni pwh{i h gwnlmi # }ý ~xh dl{hdwnchl{h pwh{i,76

Ix{wn} li{ãmdn} kn }hïíi ~xh pikhc }hw mbn}}dfdmnkn} mici fnd{ kdvhw} }íi

‒]dlfildn pnwn i} }hc#iw~xh}{wn–" ~xnlki i nx{iw fnbn }igwh xcn iw~xh}{wn whodkn n{wnvä} kn

dl{hwlh{1 ‒Úb{dcn cikn kn vdkn h{hwln–" hc ~xh ä npwh}hl{nkn n bijn ~xh hcgnbn }xn}

chwmnkiwdn} mic n} pnbnvwn} kn Gãgbdn1 ix hc ‒Giwgibh{n} ki cxlki xld#vi}–" ilkh }íi

kh}mwd{n} n} h}pämdh} kh giwgibh{n} ~xh h}{íi hc hu{dlïíi–, Ix{wn li{ãmdn ~xh huhcpbdfdmn

cxd{i ghc n} mnwnm{hwã}{dmn} kh fnd{ kdvhw ä n vhdmxbnkn ln hkdïíi kh livhcgwi kh 7004" ‒N

ilkn {xwgxbhl{n vhdi pnwn fdmnw–" hc ~xh i whpýw{hw fnbn }igwh xcn ]imdhknkh kh Nkcdwnïíi

kn} Lxvhl}" ~xh whdvdlkdmn }hx} kdwhd{i} ln Iwonldznïíi Cxlkdnb kh Ch{hiwibiodn kn} Lnïøh}Xldkn},

I ~xh {iwln n x{dbdznïíi ki fnd{ kdvhw dl{hwh}}nl{h pnwn i h}{dbi kn }hïíi ä ~xh n}

cn{äwdn} }íi mil{nkn} kh fiwcn dlx}d{nkn" i ~xh fnmdbd{n n x{dbdznïíi kn viz nx{iwnb" kdowh}}íi"

excnldznïíi h" pwdlmdpnbchl{h" n} fdoxwn} kh bdloxnohc" fnzhlki mic ~xh n} li{ãmdn} }h

78 Miwwên" Cnwmi} ]î, ‒Giwgibh{n} ki cxlki" xld#vi}–, pdnxã " cndi kh 7004,76 Miwwên" Cnwmi} ]î, ‒Nvh ldoäwwdcn" nvh–, pdnxã " ngwdb kh 70>0,



;?

h}oxhdwhc hl{wh i whnb h i fdm{ãmdi, H {ikn} h}{n} mnwnm{hwã}{dmn} fnzhc bdonïíi mic i

Jiwlnbd}ci Bd{hwîwdi, H}{h oêlhwi ” ix líi" mici khfhlkdki piw nboxl} nx{iwh} ” phwcd{h xc

{wn{nchl{i kdfhwhlmdnki kn li{ãmdn h kî h}pnïi pnwn fiwcn} nb{hwln{dvn} kh }h fnzhw i

jiwlnbd}ci" mici piw huhcpbi" x{dbdznlki i exciw h)ix n dwildn" mnwnm{hwã}{dmn} cnwmnl{h} kn

whvd}{n pdnxã ,

;,8 N dwildn h i exciw ln }hïíi ‒Mehonkn–

Pnwn npwh}hl{nw i} huhcpbi} kh dwildn h exciw mici mwã{dmn" ln }hïíi nlnbd}nkn" ä

pwhmd}i whbhcgwnw nboxl} milmhd{i} pwdlmdpnd} npwh}hl{nki} li pwdchdwi mnpã{xbi, Mici

npwh}hl{n Ghwo}il %kn{n$" i exciw pikh }hw hl{hlkdki mici xc pwikx{i kn micdmdknkh ”n}}dc mici n dwildn ”" ~xh piw }xn vhz pikh }hw ig}hwvnkn }igwh {wê} n}phm{i}: {ikn

micdmdknkh }h whbnmdiln mic nboi excnli" {ikn hciïíi ä dldcdon ki wd}i" h líi eî wd}i }hc n

whphwmx}}íi ki ch}ci hc xc owxpi, Pnwn n nlîbd}h" i exciw }hwî ngiwknki n pnw{dw ki ~xh

hbh pwivimn i wd}i, N}}dc mici n dwildn }hwî ngiwknkn n pnw{dw kh }hx dl{hwpwh{nl{h, Kh nmiwki

mic Nbchdkn Bhd{h %>446$" hud}{hc kid} {dpi} kh wd}i: i kh humbx}íi h i kh nmibedkn, I

pwdchdwi ä bdonki à wdkdmxbnwdznïíi h i }hoxlki ni mûcdmi,

Jî n dwildn }ig i pil{i kh vd}{n kh Bäbdn Pnwwhdwn Kxnw{h %7006$" ä n ‒fdoxwn kh

wh{ýwdmn hc ~xh }h kdz i mil{wîwdi ki ~xh }h kdz" i ~xh dcpbdmn i whmilehmdchl{i knpi{hlmdnbdknkh kh chl{dwn dcpbãmd{n ln bdloxnohc– %Kxnw{h" 7006$, Hl{wh i} {dpi} kh dwildn

khfdldki} phbn nx{iwn" }hwíi x{dbdznki} pnwn n nlîbd}h n dwildn exciwh}~xh h n wicçl{dmn ix

bd{hwîwdn, Jî kh nmiwki mic Bdlkn Ex{mehil %7000$" n dwildn }h npwh}hl{n mici xcn pwî{dmn

pibã{dmn ~xh pwivimn xcn pi}}dgdbdknkh kh pikhw hc ~xhc n x{dbdzn pnwn }h micxldmnw" i

‒dwild}{n–, H}{n nx{iwn fiwcxbix n} fxlïøh} kn dwildn" kh}mwd{n} n pnw{dw kn} khfdldïøh} ki}

pwdlmdpnd} nx{iwh} ki ‒ciki cikhwli– ki milmhd{i, ]íi hbn} whfiwïnkiwn" micpbdmnkiwn"

búkdmn" kd}{nlmdnkiwn" nx{ipwi{h{iwn" pwivd}ýwdn" kh ipi}dïíi" n{nmnl{h ix n}}nb{nl{h h

nowhonkiwn,N dwildn wicçl{dmn ä khfdldkn piw Kxnw{h %7006$ mici n mil}{nl{h kh}{wxdïíi kn

dbx}íi fdmmdilnb" hudgdlki i mnwî{hw kh pwikxïíi ki {hu{i" ni x}nw hupbdmd{nchl{h i fdlodchl{i"

n whpwh}hl{nïíi" n cî}mnwn" i hlonli" n{wnvä} kh h}phbenchl{i}" whkxpbdmnïøh}" hlmnduh} h

kd}{nlmdnchl{i} kh vizh} %Kxnw{h" 7006" p,>?$, H}}h {dpi kh dwildn ä hlmil{wnki"

h}phmdfdmnchl{h" hc igwn} mic mnwnm{hwã}{dmn} bd{hwîwdn}, Piw{nl{i" pikh }hw x{dbdznkn li

Jiwlnbd}ci Bd{hwîwdi,



;5

N dwildn wicçl{dmn ä ohwnkn n pnw{dw kn pnw{dmdpnïíi ki nx{iw li mil{húki ~xh hbh

{wnl}cd{h Ln hkdïíi kh jxbei kh 70>0" eî xc huhcpbi kh}{n vhw{hl{h:

N chkdkn fnz pnw{h kh xc pwiowncn kh mil{wibh pipxbnmdilnb nki{nki à} vä}phwn}

ki} Jioi} Ibãcpdmi} kh 700;" ~xnlki i micd{ê jxboix ~xh líi fdmnvn ghc xcnmdknkh pwh}{h} n whmhghw i cxlki {hw {nl{i} mnmeiwwi} phwncgxbnlki à bnwon,Khmdkdwnc whpwdcdw n mnmeiwwnkn, Vnd vhw ~xh vhc knã n nkh}íi ki} vdwn#bn{n} àwhvibxïíi phwcnlhl{h,7?

Ln úb{dcn fwn}h" ä pi}}ãvhb phwmhghw xcn whfbhuíi ki nx{iw: ‒Vnd vhw ~xh vhc knã

n nkh}íi ki} vdwn#bn{n} à whvibxïíi phwcnlhl{h–, Hbh fnz xc michl{îwdi }igwh i mil{húki

ngiwknki kxwnl{h i {hu{i h i kdwhmdiln ni whmhp{iw" mici }h fi}}h xc gn{h#pnpi, Hbh pnw{dmdpn

kn whpiw{nohc" whfbh{dlki }igwh hbn, ]hlki n}}dc" hbh {ncgäc gx}mn n pnw{dmdpnïíi whfbhudvn

ki bhd{iw" ‒vnbiwdznlki#i mici ix{wi mnpnz kh pi}dmdilnw#}h mwd{dmnchl{h kdnl{h kn whnbdknkh–

%Kxnw{h" 7006" p, ;6$, Hc ix{wn pn}}nohc" ln hkdïíi kh fhvhwhdwi kh 70>0" i ch}ci nx{iw

mencn i bhd{iw n pnw{dmdpnw kn whpiw{nohc n pnw{dw ki dlãmdi: ‒Pilen#}h ln} h}mncn} ki

Hpnbzhiwetlmei} fwhln{x}, Ix ki P{hwipetbbxc }mnbnwh, H n{ä ki Udpeipeiwx} ehbbhwd– %Pdnxã"

70>0" p, ?$, N dwildn h}{î hc fnzhw xc {wimnkdbei mic xc mbdmeê x{dbdznki pipxbnwchl{h" pnwn

~xh i whmhp{iw hl{hlkn i ~xh }h pn}}n mic h}pämdh} kh phduh} ~xh h}{íi hc hu{dlïíi, Pikh#}h

kdzhw ~xh n dwildn wicçl{dmn ä xc pwimh}}i ki ~xnb i bhd{iw pnw{dmdpn igwdon{iwdnchl{h,

Jî i }hoxlki {dpi kh dwildn npil{nki phbn nx{iwn ä i exciwh}~xh, Ln hkdïíi kh

jnlhdwi kh 7004" n cn{äwdn ‒]dl{ildn pnwn i} }hc#iw~xh}{wn–" npwh}hl{n n }hoxdl{h pn}}nohc:

I} pnwmhdwi} ki huphwdchl{i }iliwi líi pikhwdnc }hw cnd} kd}}ilnl{h}, Kh xc bnkih}{î i {hl{nmxbnw Tix[xgh" pbn{nfiwcn kh micxldmnïíi vib{nkn pnwn n kd}}hcdlnïíidl}{nl{çlhn ki ~xh eî kh cnd} {wdvdnb" {ibi ix fxlknchl{nb" kh}kh ~xh mnp{nki hcvãkhi, Mwdnki hc 7008" h nk~xdwdki phbi Oiiobh piw >"68 gdbeíi kh kýbnwh} li nli}hoxdl{h" i }d{h }h {iwlix pnbmi piw humhbêlmdn kn dl{hwlh{" phwcd{dlki imicpnw{dbenchl{i }dcxb{çlhi h dchkdn{i kh ~xn}h {xki i ~xh imiwwh ln [hwwn # ki}nwwixgi} nb cnwh kh Knldhbn Mdmnwhbbd à} dcnohl} }dld}{wn} ki} piwøh} kh NgxOewndg,Ki ix{wi bnki kn hcpwhd{nkn h}{íi n vh{x}{n Iw~xh}{wn ]dlfûldmn kh Bilkwh}"milmhd{xnkn eî cnd} kh xc }ämxbi" i Mnwlhodh Enbb kh Livn Tiwa" nlfd{hn{wi ki}}ilei} kh {iki mnlkdkn{i n }ibd}{n" i whohl{h Cdmenhb [db}il [eicn}" kn ]dlfûldmn

kh ]íi Fwnlmd}mi" h i micpi}d{iw [nl Kxl" fh}{hjnki nx{iw kn {wdben ki fdbch I[dowh h i Kwnoíi h kn cú}dmn pnwn n mhwdcûldn kh hl{whon kh chknben} ki} Jioi}Ibãcpdmi} kh Ph~xdc, Nbäc ki pdnld}{n knwbdlo kn n{xnbdknkh" i {ncgäc medlê}Bnlo Bnlo" lichnki hcgndunkiw %ix onwi{i#pwipnonlkn$ ki pwijh{i,75

Lh}{h {whmei ä pi}}ãvhb phwmhghw vîwdi} huhcpbi} kh dwildn h)ix exciw, I

pnwîownfi jî dldmdn mic xcn dwildn" ‒I} pnwmhdwi} ki huphwdchl{i }iliwi líi pikhwdnc }hw

7? YYYY" ‒I fnl{n}cn ki {wi{}ad}ci–, pdnxã " jxbei kh 70>0,75 Enwnzdc" Kiwwd{, ‒]dlfildn pnwn i} }hc#iw~xh}{wn–, pdnxã " jnlhdwi kh 7004,



;4

cnd} kd}}ilnl{h}–, Lh}{n fwn}h i nx{iw ~xhw kdzhw ~xh n jxlïíi ki} pnwmhdwi} ki pwijh{i ä

n{ãpdmn" h dwildzn ni mil{wnpiw n} kxn} hcpwh}n}" x{dbdznlki i {hwci 'kd}}ilnl{h}'" ~xh pikh

}hw dl{hwpwh{nki mici i ~xh líi }in ghc ix ~xh kh}{in, Pnwn h}}h phl}nchl{i pikh#}h khfdldw

n dwildn mici exciwh}~xh" pid} eî i igjh{dvi kh }h cnl{hw n ncgdoòdknkh h khcil}{wnw n

dcpi}}dgdbdknkh kh h}{nghbhmdchl{i kh xc }hl{dki mbnwi h khfdld{dvi %Kxnw{h" 7006, p, >4$, Ä

pi}}ãvhb phwmhghw ~xh hbh kh}mwhvh i pwdchdwi pnwmhdwi ” i Tix{xgh ” mici nboi pipxbnwh}mi"

mic pixmi {hcpi kh ‒vdkn–" h i }hoxlki ” Iw~xh}{wn ]dlfûldmn kh Bilkwh} ” mici nboi cnd}

whfdlnki h milmhd{xnki,

I múcxbi h}{î hc mici kxn} hcpwh}n} mic ed}{ýwdn} {íi kdfhwhl{h} }h xldwnc hc

gx}mn kh xc igjh{dvi dlx}d{nki" fiwcnw xcn iw~xh}{wn ilbdlh, Ix{wn pn}}nohc ~xh pikh

milfdwcnw n dwildn mici exciwh}~xh }íi n} dl{hwvhlïøh} ~xh i nx{iw fnz, Mici n fwn}h ‒Q,,,S

phwcd{dlki i micpnw{dbenchl{i }dcxb{çlhi h dchkdn{i kh ~xn}h {xki i ~xh imiwwh ln [hwwn #ki} nwwixgi} nb cnwh kh Knldhbn Mdmnwhbbd à} dcnohl} }dld}{wn} ki} piwøh} kh Ngx Oewndg–, Ä

pi}}ãvhb phwmhghw ~xh i nx{iw fnz xcn gwdlmnkhdwn mic n fhwwnchl{n" piw hbn micpiw{nw {iki h

~xnb~xhw {dpi kh vãkhi" kh}kh }d{xnïøh} mic mnwî{hw kh hl{wh{hldchl{i n nmil{hmdchl{i}

pibã{dmi}, Cn}" h}}n dl{hwvhlïíi }ý }xw{h wh}xb{nki" }h i whmhp{iw h}{dvhw n pnw ki} kid}

n}}xl{i} bhvnl{nki} phbi hcd}}iw, Mn}i mil{wîwdi" n pn}}nohc phwkh }hx mnwî{hw exciwã}{dmi,

Cn}" ä mic xcn whpiw{nohc vhdmxbnkn hc jnlhdwi kh 70>0 ~xh ä pi}}ãvhb

hlmil{wnw xc ki} chbeiwh} huhcpbi} kh dwildn exciwh}~xh ln whvd}{n pdnxã , Mic i {ã{xbi

‒Kdbcn mil{wn i mei~xh kh iwkhc–" n nx{iwn mil{n }igwh i Mei~xh kh Iwkhc74

li Wdi khJnlhdwi" n{wnvä} kh xcn ncgxbnl{h kh lich Kdbcn, Cn}" i ~xh pikhwdn }hw xcn cn{äwdn

micxc" pikh {hw xc {ic ncgãoxi" piw npwh}hl{nw i lich Kdbcn" i ch}ci kn hl{íi

mnlkdkn{n à pwh}dkêlmdn phbi P[, Ln äpimn kn whpiw{nohc" hc jnlhdwi kh 70>0" n mnlkdkn{n à

pwh}dkêlmdn h}{nvn }hlki mil}{nl{hchl{h phlnbdznkn piw fnzhw pwipnonlkn hbhd{iwnb

nl{hmdpnkn, Ni bhw nboxcn} pn}}nohl} kxwnl{h n whpiw{nohc ä pi}}ãvhb phwmhghw nboxcn}

pwivimnïøh}" mici piw huhcpbi:

À} id{i h chdn i} pwdchdwi} fd}mnd} pn}}nwnc" Kdbcn whmbncix" h kd}}h ~xh{wngnbenwdn mic i cn{hwdnb nl{doi" }dc, Hbh} vhwdfdmnwnc n bdmhlïn h fiwnc hcgiwn, Nfd}mnbdznïíi pn}}ix ndlkn cnd} kxn} vhzh} n{ä n} ilzh kn cnleí h cnd} xcn à}~xn{wi kn {nwkh, Ln {hwmhdwn cnlknwnc ~xh Kdbcn wh{dwn}}h n pwipnonlkn kn mhwvhjnkh }xn} mndun} kh d}ipiw, I} gnwwn~xhdwi} {dvhwnc ~xh nwwnljnw {dl{n h Mibiw Jh{ pnwnmigwdw n pxgbdmdknkh,=0

74 H}}h pwijh{i pwhvê n iwkhc ln} pwndn} ki Wdi" mici n pwidgdïíi kh pwikxzdw nbdchl{i} ln} gnwwnmn}" nbäc knpnkwildznïíi kn} ch}cn} mic n pwidgdïíi kh pwipnonlkn} hc mndun} d}i{äwcdmn} h oxnwkn#}ýd},=0 Ghmahw" Mbnwn, ‒Kdbcn mil{wn i mei~xh kh iwkhc–, pdnxã" jnlhdwi kh 70>0"



80

Lhbn n nx{iwn michl{n }igwh n pxgbdmdknkh" cn} whbnmdilnlki mic n Kdbcn

phw}ilnohc" h líi mic n mnlkdkn{n, H}}n milkx{n mil{wdgxdx pnwn xcn kxpbdmdknkh kh

hl{hlkdchl{i" cn} dcpi}}dgdbd{ix i h}{nghbhmdchl{i kh xc }hl{dki mbnwi h khfdld{dvi"

mnwnm{hwã}{dmi kn dwildn exciwh}~xh, Kh nmiwki mic Kxnw{h %7006$" h}}n dwildn pwicivh n

kúvdkn li bhd{iw" n{wnvä} kn dl}{ngdbdknkh h kn dlmilowxêlmdn, ]hlki n}}dc" hbn phwcd{h xcn

{wimn hl{wh i hcd}}iw h i whmhp{iw" ~xh khdun kh }hw" nphln} xc nowhonkiw kh dlfiwcnïøh},

Mici npwh}hl{nki li pwdchdwi mnpã{xbi" ni micpnwnw#}h mic n} fxlïøh}

kd}mx{dkn} piw Ex{mehil %7000$" n dwildn exciwh}~xh pikhwdn }hw hlmndunkn ln Búkdmn" ~xh

npwh}hl{n whbnïíi mic i exciw h n jimi}dknkh %}hchbenl{h ni {wimnkdbei h à ch{îfiwn$" h piw

}xn vhz kh}phw{n n pwivimnïíi,

Ln pwýudcn pn}}nohc ä pi}}ãvhb phwmhghw n pwh}hlïn kh dwildn" cn} mic fxlïíi

Búkdmn: ‒N Owämdn pikh h}{nw ~xhgwnkn, Cn} n cd{ibiodn owhon nmngix kh hlwd~xhmhw i cxlkimic n ed}{ýwdn kh Anlhbbi}" i míi {wi{}ad}{n– %Pdnxã" 70>0" p, ?$, H}{n cn{äwdn fid vhdmxbnkn hc

jxbei kh 70>0" mic i {ã{xbi ‒I fnl{n}cn ki {wi{}ad}ci–, Ln fwn}h" eî n x{dbdznïíi kh

{wimnkdbei} ni gwdlmnw mic n dkhdn kn Owämdn ‒~xhgwnkn–" piw {hw pn}}nki piw xcn mwd}h" cn}

{hw hlwd~xhmdki i cxlki mic n ed}{ýwdn ki míi" phw}ilnohc kn cn{äwdn, Mici npil{n

Ex{mehil" n fxlïíi búkdmn }h whbnmdiln mic n pwivimnïíi ghlhvibhl{h" ~xn}h ghdwnlki i

}xphwfdmdnb, Jî i {dpi kh wd}i hlmil{wnki lh}{n pn}}nohc pikh }hw khfdldki mici mûcdmi" pid}

líi eî n dl{hlïíi kh wdkdmxbnwdznw xc phw}ilnohc, I nx{iw nphln} x{dbdzn i exciw mic i

dl{xd{i kh fnzhw wdw, Pnwn Nbchdkn Bdcn %>446$" h}}h {dpi kh wd}i ä ‒whohlhwnkiw"fxlknchl{nbchl{h búkdmi h miwkdnb– %Nbchdkn Bdcn" >446" p, 7;$,

Ln} whpiw{nohl} ‒N úb{dcn cikn kn vdkn h{hwln– h ‒Giwgibh{n} ki cxlki" xld#

vi}– {ncgäc eî n x{dbdznïíi kn fxlïíi búkdmn kn dwildn, Li pwdchdwi huhcpbi" i nx{iw kdz:

N fä khvh {hw njxknki Menlo" {nl{i ~xh hbh vhlkdn gdjx{hwdn} piw chli} kh 8 kýbnwh}h vh}{dki} kh lid{h piw chli} kh 80, Hc xc nli" }xn} vhlkn} nxchl{nwnc hc vdl{hvhzh}, Hc >454" hbh {dlen xcn whkh mic khz fdbdnd}, H líi pnwix cnd} kh nmhbhwnwvhw{dodli}nchl{h=>

Kxwnl{h n cn{äwdn ä mil{nkn n ed}{ýwdn kh xc hcpwh}îwdi" Menlo" ~xh mil~xd}{ix

xcn mbdhl{hbn mic wixpn} kh pwhïi} cnd} gndui} h hcgnbnohl} ~xh bhvnc pn}}nohl} ki

hvnlohbei, I nx{iw michl{n ~xh i hcpwh}îwdi ndlkn dwdn ngwdw xcn livn bijn ln [dch} ]~xnwh"

xc ki} pil{i} kh micäwmdi cnd} gnknbnki ki cxlki" li bxonw kh ilkh eî pixmi {hcpi }nãwn

n chon}{iwh kn Vdwodl, N dwildn pikh }hw phwmhgdkn ~xnlki i nx{iw kdz ~xh ‒n fä khvh {hw

=> [hduhdwn" Wnfnhb, ‒N úb{dcn cikn kn vdkn h{hwln–, pdnxã " ngwdb kh 7004,



8>

njxknki Menlo–" pid} hbh fnz nbx}íi ni fn{i ki phw}ilnohc }hw ‒mwd}{íi fhwviwi}i–, H}}n

dwildn pikh }hw mil}dkhwnkn kh fxlïíi búkdmn" pid}" líi eî i dl{hwh}}h hc wdkdmxbnwdznw ix

ifhlkhw i hcpwh}îwdi" cn} nphln} fnzhw xc {wimnkdbei jimi}nchl{h mic xc fn{i dlx}d{nki,

Li ix{wi huhcpbi" vhdmxbnki ln hkdïíi kh cndi kh 7004" i nx{iw mil{n }igwh n hu{dlïíi kh

h}pämdh} kh giwgibh{n} h kh ~xh fiwcn hbn} }hwvhc pnwn nwwhmnknw kdlehdwi li cxlki ki}

lhoýmdi},

N{ä i} h}phmdnbd}{n} cnd} }d}xki} {wn{nc kh giwgibh{n} mici }h fi}}hc nkibh}mhl{h}hc gndbh kh khgx{nl{h, Líi piw nmn}i" n Btmnhdkh} chbd}}n }ncxhbd}" ix{wn giwgibh{nnzxb ki ehcd}fäwdi liw{h" fid kh}mwd{n phbn pwdchdwn vhz phbi h}mwd{iw wx}}i VbnkdcdwLngiaiv" i ch}ci kh Bibd{n=7

Ni kdzhw ~xh i ch}ci nx{iw ~xh h}mwhvhx Bibd{n kh}mwhvhx xcn h}pämdh kh

giwgibh{n" i nx{iw {hl{n excnldznw i dl}h{i" {hl{nlki jx}{dfdmnw i piw~xê kh {nl{i dl{hwh}}h hcxc n}}xl{i dlx}d{nki, Vê#}h ~xh i michl{îwdi ki whpýw{hw npil{n pnwn xcn pwivimnïíi ~xh

ghdwn n fxlïíi búkdmn h n{nmnl{h kn dwildn, Hc ix{wn pn}}nohc kn ch}cn cn{äwdn i nx{iw kdz:

Ln Ncäwdmn ki Liw{h" eî cnd} kh xc ph}~xd}nkiw pnwn mnkn h}pämdh kh bhpdkýp{hwi"mil{wn nphln} xc ph}~xd}nkiw pnwn mnkn cdb h}pämdh} kh ci}mn}, I ~xh hupbdmn}hoxlki Cnw}enbb" piw ~xh n} giwgibh{n} }íi cndiwdn hl{wh i} dl}h{i} 'ln} bd}{n} khh}pämdh} hc hu{dlïíi,

H}{n pn}}nohc pikh }hw hl{hlkdkn mici xcn pwivimnïíi }igwh i} ph}~xd}nkiwh}

~xh líi h}{íi dl{hwh}}nki} kh vhwknkh mic i kh}{dli kn} giwgibh{n}" h }dc ln bxmwn{dvdknkh

~xh hbn} pikhc {wnzhw, Jî i exciw mil{dki lh}{n} kxn} pn}}nohl} pikh }hw hl{hlkdki n{wnvä}

ki wd}i kh nmibedkn" pid} i nx{iw x{dbdzn kh nw{dfãmdi} cnd} búkdmi} pnwn npwh}hl{nw i exciw,

Mici i fn{i ki} ph}~xd}nkiwh} {wn{nwhc n} giwgibh{n} mici nkibh}mhl{h} hc gndbh kh

khgx{nl{h,

Vib{nlki pnwn i phl}nchl{i kh Ex{mehil" eî {ncgäc ix{wn} fxlïøh} dwûldmn} ~xh

pikhc }hw hlmil{wnkn} ln }hïíi ‒Mehonkn–, Ln hkdïíi kh ix{xgwi kh 7005" ‒]nwne Pnbdl vhdi

pnwn fdmnw– ==" eî xcn mnwnm{hwã}{dmn ~xh fioh ki micxc, I nx{iw micpdbix vîwdn} menwoh}

}igwh n mnlkdkn{n à vdmh#pwh}dkêlmdn ki} H}{nki} Xldki}" ]nwne Pnbdl" {ikn} mic mnwî{hw kh

exciw h dwildn, Pnwn nlnbd}nw h}{n hkdïíi" eî xcn fxlïíi pikh chbeiw }h hl~xnkwnw: n fxlïíi

N{nmnl{h ix N}}nb{nl{h, Pnwn Ex{mehil" hbn pikh }hw khfdldkn mici n fdlnbdknkh kh

=7 Mûwwhn" Cnwmi} ]î, ‒Giwgibh{n} ki cxlki" xld#vi}–, pdnxã " cndi kh 7004,== YYYYYY" ‒]nwne Pnbdl vhdi pnwn fdmnw–, pdnxã " ix{xgwi kh 7005,



8=

}h kêhc ghc–, I ~xh pikh }h hl{hlkhw ä ~xh i nx{iw nfdwcn n mehonkn kn cikhwldknkh"

nphln} pnwn zicgnw kn fiwcn xb{wnpn}}nkn ~xh i phw}ilnohc x{dbdzn pnwn oivhwlnw, Ln

mil{dlxnïíi ki {hu{i phwmhghc#}h ix{wn} fiwcn} kh dwildn:

Mic ?5 nli} kh hlmnwldïnkn khfh}n ki dl{hwh}}h pwýpwdi" h khpid} kh {nl{n}phwdpämdn} cnlei}n} hc ghlhfãmdi kh }xn bnwon owhd kh nowhonki}" i gwûlzhih}{nkd}{n ~xh vhdi ki Cnwnleíi pikhwdn }hw {hl{nki n bnwonw n wnpnkxwn, Pikhwdn"~xhc }ngh" }h whfh}{hbnw kh jn~xh{íi }igwh i} bixwi} hlmnwkdki} kn obýwdn, Ixkhkdmnw#}h n khkdbenw n bdwn h n n{dwnw }ilh{i} fh}mhldli} ln} pn}}nl{h}, Cn}" líi, Nwhbdodíi ki }hwvdïi púgbdmi" i miwi kh n}}h}}iwh}" i mbnciw ki gndui mbhwi h i mnwwíimic meifhw fnbnwnc cnd} nb{i,

Jî lh}{h pil{i i nx{iw phwcnlhmh mic n dwildn dlvhw}n" cn} {ncgäc x{dbdzn kn

fxlïíi kh ipi}dïíi h n{nmnl{h pnwn kdzhw ~xh n} whonbdn} mil~xd}{nkn} piw ]nwlht ln pibã{dmn

}íi i} pwdlmdpnd} ci{dvi} pnwn hbh líi }h nfn}{nw" mici ln pn}}nohc: ‒N whbdodíi ki }hwvdïi

púgbdmi" i miwi kh n}}h}}iwh}" i mbnciw ki gndui mbhwi h i mnwwíi mic meifhw fnbnwnc cnd}

nb{i–, Kxwnl{h {ikn n cn{äwdn i nx{iw mwdn xcn n{ci}fhwn ~xh npnwhl{n nkcdwnïíi piw ]nwlht,

Cn} kxwnl{h nboxcn} pn}}nohl} vhwdfdmn#}h n x{dbdznïíi kh {hwci} ~xh }n{dwdznc i

phw}ilnohc, Pnwn fdlnbdznw n whpiw{nohc i nx{iw x{dbdzn cnd} xcn dwildn: ‒Nl{h} ~xh }h

pxkh}}h owd{nw Mxdknki. bî h}{nvn i }nonz nmnkêcdmi" fbnownki ndlkn cnd} xcn vhz mic i

gdoikh ln gi{djn" mxcpwdlki ln mnbnkn kn lid{h i búgwdmi khvhw mãvdmi kh zhbnw pnwn ~xh {xki

phwcnlhïn pnwn }hcpwh mici h}{î–, Ni kdzhw ~xh ]nwlht mxcpwh i khvhw mãvdmi kh zhbnw pnwn

{xki phwcnlhmhw mici h}{î" pikh }hw ~xh i whpýw{hw {hlen phl}nki hc pwivimnw xcn whfbhuíili whmhp{iw" pid} kh nmiwki mic n} dlfiwcnïøh} pn}}nkn} li {hu{i ” mici n pwhimxpnïíi kh

]nwlht nphln} mic dl{hwh}}h} pwýpwdi} ” khdunw n} mid}n} ki jhd{i ~xh h}{íi líi ä n chbeiw

ipïíi pnwn fx{xwi kn pibã{dmn li Gwn}db,

Ln} kxn} whpiw{nohl} huhcpbdfdmnkn} nmdcn ‒]nwne Pnbdl vhdi pnwn fdmnw– h ‒I

gdoikh kn cikhwldknkh n{nmn livnchl{h– pikh#}h kdzhw ~xh i exciw x{dbdznki ä i ‒wd}i kh

humbx}íi–" pid}" li} kid} mn}i}" eî dl{hlïíi kh }h wdkdmxbnwdznw" i ~xh }xw{h xc hfhd{i }n{ãwdmi#

khpwhmdn{dvn, Mici npil{n Nbchdkn Bhd{h %>446$ i ‒wd}i kh humbx}íi pikh }hw mil}dkhwnki

xcn ‒fiwcn kh pxldïíi h whmx}n ni nlûcnbi ix ni h}{wnlei" ohwnkiwn ki wd}i kh whjhdïíi–,Pnwn n nx{iwn" h}{h {dpi kh wd}i dl{hwfhwh" miwwdoh nboi kh nmiwki mic n ciwnb kh xcn

}imdhknkh,

Li pwýudci huhcpbi" ‒N pwdchdwn vã{dcn kn mwd}h fdlnlmhdwn fid i gi{iu–" i nx{iw

michl{n }igwh i mwh}mdchl{i kn pwhimxpnïíi ki pwh}dkhl{h Bxbn" chkdki n{wnvä} kh }xn}

wxon}" pwivnvhbchl{h n{ä hl{íi kd}fnwïnkn} piw gi{iu,



8;

]xn} pnbnvwn} pikdnc líi {hw lnkn khcnd}, Cn} }xn {h}{n npnwhmhx hbi~òhl{h"mnwwhonkn kh wxon} kh pwhimxpnïíi" kh}}n} ~xh nw~xhdnc }igwnlmhben}" fwnlzhcphbh} h nmhl{xnc n ownvdknkh kh ~xnb~xhw n}}xl{i" ch}ci hc milvhw}n} khgi{h~xdc, Piwäc" hbn} }ý }íi micxl} hl{wh ph}}in} micxl}, Hl{wh pibã{dmi} hmhbhgwdknkh}" h}{íi mnkn vhz cnd} wnwn},=8

Cn}" pnwn ~xh n dwildn fd~xh cnd} mbnwn" ä pwhmd}i mil{dlxnw n bhd{xwn kn cn{äwdn,

Bioi li fdc i nx{iw fnz xc michl{îwdi ~xh {wnl}cd{h chbeiw n dkhdn kh dwildn:

N h}{n nb{xwn" i Gwn}db jî {dlen pwivnki ~xh líi bdon pnwn h}}n} mid}n}, N~xd" n li{ãmdnkh ~xh n khwcn{ibiod}{n Khld}h ]{hdlhw dn ni Pnbîmdi kn Nbviwnkn npbdmnw Gi{iupn}}ix phbi} jiwlnd} ~xn}h hc gwnlmi, Bioi" }h noiwn Bxbn wh}ibvhx ~xh ä eiwn khhlwxonw n {h}{n" eî kh {hw }dki piw wnzøh} kh H}{nki,

^xnlki hbh npil{n n} wnzøh} kh H}{nki" fnz xc {wimnkdbei mic n} dcpiw{nl{h}

khmd}øh} {icnkn} phbi pwh}dkhl{h, I nx{iw ~xd} khli{nw ~xh noiwn n }d{xnïíi h}{î }äwdn" h iPwh}dkhl{h líi pikh npwh}hl{nw n hupwh}}íi kh {wnl~xdbdknkh" nk~xdwdkn mic i gi{iu, H}}n

dwildn pikh {hw n fxlïíi {nl{i kh n{nmnl{h" pid} }n{dwdzn i phw}ilnohc ix búkdmn" pid}

mnwwhonkn kh xc kd}mxw}i jimi}i, Jî i {dpi kh wd}i hlmil{wnki ln pn}}nohc pikh }hw

mil}dkhwnki kh nmibedkn" pid} líi eî i dl{hwh}}h hc wdkdmxbnwdznw i phw}ilnohc pwdlmdpnb" cn}

nphln} mil}{n{nw i fn{i,

Jî hc ix{wn pn}}nohc" li ch}ci {hu{i" i nx{iw }h cxlh kh ix{wn fiwcn ki wd}i h

kn dwildn,

Lhc {xki ä phwfhd{i" piwäc, N pîodln ifdmdnb ki Gi{iu ln dl{hwlh{ {wnl}cd{hhl{whvd}{n} kh mdl~òhl{iln} ~xh" igvdnchl{h" fdzhwnc fxwiw hc gndbh} kh khgx{nl{h}ln äpimn hc ~xh n oivhwlnkiwn ]nwne Pnbdl kh}fdbnvn kh cndû vhwchbei li}milmxw}i} kh Cd}} Nbn}an, Cn}" hl~xnl{i n} cxbehwh} fnbnc hl{x}dn}{dmnchl{h knpiïíi cîodmn" }xn} {h}{n} ~xn}h owd{nc 'Gi{iu.', Piw cnd} ~xh nboxcn} khbn}}x}{hl{hc ~xh líi }h }hl{hc 'milohbnkn}'" n} }hleiwn} pnwhmhc h}{nw mic {ixmn} khnbngn}{wi, Xcn khbn} }h vnlobiwdn ~xh i cnwdki ndlkn phwmhgh ~xnlki hbn h}{î'whnbchl{h znlonkn' # cn} i cnwdki líi fid ixvdki,

Ni mil{nw mici nboxcn} ph}}in} hunohwnc ni x{dbdznw i gi{iu" i nx{iw nmngn

wdkdmxbnwdznlki h dwildznlki: ‒Piw cnd} ~xh nboxcn} khbn} }x}{hl{hc ~xh líi }h }hl{hc

'milohbnkn}'" n} }hleiwn} pnwhmhc h}{nw mic {ixmn} kh nbngn}{wi–" ni kdzhw ~xh n} }hleiwn}pnwhmhc h}{nw mic {ixmn} kh nbngn}{wi hbh }n{dwdzn n} cxbehwh} nkhp{n} ki gi{iu" knlki n

hl{hlkhw ~xh h}{h {dpi kh micpiw{nchl{i líi khvh }hw dcd{nki, [ikn} h}{n} mnwnm{hwã}{dmn}

pikhc milfdwcnw n x{dbdznïíi kn fxlïíi n{nmnl{h" milfiwch kh}mwhvhx Ex{mehil %7000$" h ki

wd}i kh humbx}íi" mici {hiwdzix Nbchdkn Bhd{h %>446$,

=8 Mûwwhn" Cnwmi} ]î, ‒N pwdchdwn vã{dcn kn mwd}h fdlnlmhdwn fid i gi{iu–, pdnxã " livhcgwi kh 7005,



86

8, MILMBX]ÍI

N dwildn h i exciw pikhc }hw mil}dkhwnki} whmxw}i} piä{dmi}" n}}dc mici khfdldx

Wicnl Jnaig}il %>457$, N dwildn" piw }d }ý" ~xhw kdzhw cxd{i nbäc ki ~xh mil{wîwdi ki ~xh }h

~xhw kdzhw, Hbn pikh }hw hlmil{wnkn mic ix{wn npnwêlmdn khphlkhlki kn fiwcn mici }h kî xc

pwimh}}i micxldmnmdilnb, N}}dc mici fid npwh}hl{nki n pnw{dw ki phl}nchl{i kh Kxnw{h

%7006$ h Fwth %>4?=$ n dwildn pikh }hw exciwh}~xh" wicçl{dmn ix hl{íi }hw khfdldkn n pnw{dw kh

}xn fxlïíi" mici kh{hwcdln Ex{mehil %7000$ # }íi hbn} whfiwïnkiwn" micpbdmnkiwn" búkdmn"

kd}{nlmdnkiwn" nx{ipwi{h{iwn" pwivd}ýwdn" kh ipi}dïíi" n{nmnl{h ix n}}nb{nl{h h nowhonkiwn, Jî i

exciw fid n~xd micpwhhlkdki mici i pwivimnkiw kn micdmdknkh ~xh wh}xb{n li wd}i ix kh

humbx}íi ix kh nmibedkn" mici kh}mwhvh Nbchdkn Bhd{h %>446$,Dlkhphlkhl{h kh }xn} khfdldïøh}" {nl{i i exciw ~xnl{i n dwildn }íi phïn} li

pwimh}}i kh micpwhhl}íi kh }hl{dki}, Pid}" }h líi eî i hl{hlkdchl{i ki whmhp{iw n bdloxnohc

ki whmhp{iw líi }xwoh lhlexc hfhd{i, N} kxn} fdoxwn} kh bdloxnohc pwhmd}nc }hw

micpwhhlkdkn} pnwn ~xh }hjnc dl{hwpwh{nkn} phbi} whmhp{iwh},

N pnw{dw ki} milmhd{i} kh Jiwlnbd}ci Bd{hwîwdi" fid pi}}ãvhb mil}{n{nw ~xh n whvd}{n

}hoxh i oêlhwi" h ä hbh ~xh nmngn piw khfdldw i h}{dbi kh }xn} whpiw{nohl}, Jî i} fnd{ kdvhw}

{ncgäc pikhc }hw hlmil{wnki} ln }hïíi ‒Mehonkn– h njxknc n mil}{wxdw kh fiwcn ghc#

exciwnkn i {ic kn} cn{äwdn} vhdmxbnkn},Li khmiwwhw kn ph}~xd}n" lhc {ikn} n} 7; hkdïøh} h}mibedkn} mici nci}{wnohc

fiwnc x{dbdznkn} pnwn n nlîbd}h, D}}i }h khvh à mil}{n{nïíi kh ~xh lhc {ikn} npwh}hl{nc n

dwildn h i exciw mici fhwwnchl{n mwã{dmn, Fid pi}}ãvhb phwmhghw ~xh cxd{n} vhzh} eî n

x{dbdznïíi kn} kxn} fdoxwn}" cn} hbn} líi pwivimnwdnc xcn whfbhuíi ni bhd{iw,

N} fxlïøh} kh dwildn ~xh pwhkicdlnwnc kxwnl{h n nlîbd}h fiwnc n kh ipi}dïíi h

n{nmnl{h ”~xh {ncgäc pikhc }hw whbnmdilnkn} mic n} dwildn} exciwh}~xh h cdbd{nl{h ”" ~xh

npwh}hl{nc mnwnm{hwã}{dmn} }n{ãwdmn}" {wnl}owh}}iwn}" }xgvhw}dvn} h miwwh{dvn}" n}}dc mici

khfdldx Ex{mehil %7000$, N pnw{dw kd}}i" ä pi}}ãvhb dkhl{dfdmnw ~xh ä x{dbdznki n dwildn micixc whmxw}i ~xh pwivimn i whmhp{iw kn} li{ãmdn}, Jxl{i ni} {dpi} kh dwildn i wd}i kh humbx}íi

fid i cnd} hlmil{wnki li} huhcpbi}" cnd} xc }dlnb kh ~xh n whvd}{n pikh }hw vd}{n mici xcn

fhwwnchl{n kh mwã{dmn,

I pwigbhcn ~xh phwchnvn n ch{ikibiodn kh}{n ph}~xd}n ” Kh ~xh fiwcn n whvd}{n

pdnxã " n{wnvä} kn }hïíi ‒Mehonkn–" x{dbdzn n dwildn h)ix exciw mici fhwwnchl{n} kh mwã{dmn9 ”

pikh }hw dl{hwpwh{nki n pnw{dw kn fiwcn mici n whvd}{n vhdmxbn n} fdoxwn} kh bdloxnohc mic i



8?

dl{hwh}}h kh kh}phw{nw n mwã{dmn li whmhp{iw, Mici hbn líi i fnz hc {ikn} n} }hïøh}" pikh#}h

hl{hlkhw ~xh hbn x{dbdzn kn dwildn h ki exciw ~xnlki eî n}}xl{i} whbhvnl{h}" pwdlmdpnbchl{h

pibã{dmi}" ngiwknki},

N dwildn h i exciw" piw{nl{i" pikhc }hw x{dbdznki} mici fhwwnchl{n} kh mwã{dmn" ln

whvd}{n pdnxã " cn} líi }hcpwh x{dbdznki}, I ~xh cnd} mencn n n{hlïíi ln x{dbdznïíi kh}}n}

kxn} fhwwnchl{n ä ~xh mnkn kdn cnd} i} bhd{iwh} h}{íi ~xh}{dilnkiwh} h pnw{dmdpnl{h}, H}}n

pwî{dmn h}{î mil{wn n {hlkêlmdn ki jiwlnbd}ci {wnkdmdilnb" ~xh kdn npý} kdn h}{î pn}}nlki piw

xc pwimh}}i kh khcn}dnkn igjh{dvdknkh, Piw{nl{i" i} vhãmxbi} ~xh npwh}hl{nc i h}{dbi kh

Jiwlnbd}ci Bd{hwîwdi" ~xh kíi xcn livn phw}phm{dvn n }hx whmhp{iw" h}{íi onlenlki cnd}

h}pnïi, Mici npil{n Hkvnbki Phwhdwn Bdcn %>448$ i nbdchl{i ki jiwlnbd}ci ä ‒n imiwwêlmdn

}imdnb– %Phwhdwn Bdcn" >448 p,70$" h ä h}{n fxlïíi ~xh khvh }hw bhvnkn hc mil{n phbi}

jiwlnbd}{n} n{xnd} pnwn ~xh líi }h phwmn i }hl{dki pwdlmdpnb kn pwifd}}íi,



85

WHFHWÊLMDN]

GNW[EH]" Wibnlk, Hl}ndi} Mwã{dmi}, Bd}gin: Hkdïøh} ?0" >4?>,

GHWO]IL" Ehlwd, I Wd}i: Hl}ndi }igwh n }doldfdmnïíi kn micdmdknkh, [wnkxïíi: DvilhMn}{dbei Ghlhkh{{d >ª Hk, ]íi Pnxbi: Cnw{dl} Fil{h}" 700>,

GWHCCHW" Jnl1 WIIKHLGXWO" Ehwcnl, Xcn ed}{ýwdn mxb{xwnb ki exciw, [wnkxïíi:Mtl{edn Nzhvhki h Pnxbi ]inwh}, Wdi kh Jnlhdwi: Whmiwk" 7000,

KXNW[H" Bäbdn Pnwwhdwn, Dwildn h Exciw ln Bd{hwn{xwn, ]íi Pnxbi: Nbnchkn" 7006,

FWTH" Liw{ewip, Nln{icdn kn mwã{dmn, ]íi Pnxbi: Mxb{wdu" >4?=, =67 p,

EX[MEHIL" Bdlkn, [hiwdn h Pibã{dmn kn Dwildn, [wnkxïíi: Júbdi Jhen, Ghbi Eiwdzil{h: Hk,

XFCO" 7000,JNAIG]IL" Wicnl, Bdloòã}{dmn h Micxldmnïíi, ]íi Pnxbi: Mxb{wdu" YYYY" >457,[wnkxïíi kh Dzdkiwi Gbda}{hdl h Ji}ä Pnxbi Pnh}, %p, >>5#=7$

ADHWAHONNWK" ]iwhl, I milmhd{i kn Dwildn, [wnkxïíi: Îbvnwi Bxdz Cil{hlhowi Vnbb},Wdi kh Jnlhdwi: Vizh}" >44>,

BNOH" Ldb}il, Bdloxnohc jiwlnbã}{dmn, ]íi Pnxbi: Î{dmn" >44?,

BNJIBI" Cnwd}n, I ~xh ä bd{hwn{xwn, ]íi Pnxbi: Gwn}dbdhl}h" >457,

BHD[H" ]tbvdn E, [, kh N,, Menpäx} kh pnben" pnlncî}" pbxcn}" mnw{ibn}: n mnwdmn{xwn lnbd{hwn{xwn pnxbd}{n %>400#>470$, ]íi Pnxbi: Fxlknïíi Hkd{iwn kn XLH]P" >446,

BDCN" Hkvnbki Phwhdwn, Pîodln} ncpbdnkn}: i bdvwi#whpiw{nohc mici hu{hl}íi ki jiwlnbd}ci h kn bd{hwn{xwn, Mncpdln}: Hkd{iwn kn Xldmncp" >44=,

CNW^XH]" Fngwãmdi, Jiwlnbd}ci h bd{hwn{xwn: ciki} kh kdzhw, Dl: Milhuíi ” Micxldmnïíih Mxb{xwn" lº >6" Mnudn} ki ]xb" 7004, %p, >> ” 7?$

CXHMAH" K,M, Dwildn h i Dwûldmi, [wnkxïíi: Ohwnbki Ohw}il, ]íi Pnxbi: Phw}phm{dvn">4?0,

PHLN" Fhbdph, Jiwlnbd}ci Bd{hwîwdi, ]íi Pnxbi: Mil{hu{i" 7006" >;; p,

PWIHLÏN FDBEI" Kicãmdi, N bdloxnohc bd{hwîwdn, ]íi Pnxbi: Î{dmn" 700>,

WNCI]" Wighw{i, Wibnlk Gnw{eh}: }hcdibiodn" cãkdn h fnd{ kdvhw}, Dl: Whvd}{n FNCHMI]"lº >;" Piw{i Nbhowh" 700> %p, >>4 ” >7?$,

WI]]D" Mbývd}, I ~xh ä jiwlnbd}ci, ]íi Pnxbi: Gwn}dbdhl}h" >450, 54 p, Pwdchdwi} Pn}}i},

]MNBZI" Cnwãbdn, Jiwlnbd}ci kh Whvd}{n, ]íi Pnxbi: Mil{hu{i" 7006,



84

]IKWÄ" Cxldz, N lnwwnïíi ki fn{i: li{n} pnwn xcn {hiwdn ki nmil{hmdchl{i, Ph{wýpibd}"Wdi kh Jnghdwi: Hk, Vizh}" 7004" 75? p,

[hu{ivdvi # Lnwwn{dvn} kn Vdkn Whnb, Jiwlnbd}ci Bd{hwîwdi, Kd}pilãvhb hc

e{{p:)),{hu{ivdvi,mic,gw, Nmh}}i hc 08 kh livhcgwi kh 70>0,

_IBFH" [ic, Wnkdmnb Med~xh h i Livi Jiwlnbd}ci, ]íi Pnxbi: Mdn, kn} Bh{wn}" 7008,



60

NLHUI]

NLHUI N ” Hkdïíi ix{xgwi kh 7005



6>

NLHUI G ” Hkdïíi livhcgwi kh 7005

N mwd}h kn} edpi{hmn} nchwdmnln} mehoix ni Gwn}db ln {hwïn#fhdwn" 7> kh ix{xgwi" mic

ilkxbnïøh} cãldcn}, [wê} cdbdcä{wdmn} ilkxbnïøh}" pnwn }hw cnd} pwhmd}i, H hwnc {íi wn}n}"

~xh }h~xhw {wnl}giwknwdnc pnwn i} jiwlnd} # mn}i líi hlmwh}pn}}hc n {h}{n ki pwh}dkhl{h Bxdz

Dlîmdi Bxbn kn ]dbvn,

Bxbn fnbnvn ln~xhbh cichl{i à ]imdhknkh Gwn}dbhdwn pnwn i Pwiowh}}i kn Mdêlmdn

}igwh n ~xhgwnkhdwn cxlkdnb, Fnzdn khmbnwnïøh} mnx{hbi}n} }igwh i {}xlncd fdlnlmhdwi"

kdzhlki ni nxkd{ýwdi ~xh {nbvhz }h vd}}h igwdonki n miw{nw ln pwýpwdn mnwlh" }h i vnonbeíi

phon}}h hc mehdi i Gnlmi Mhl{wnb, Mici }hcpwh" h}{nvn mhwmnki kh whpýw{hwh}" mdlhownfd}{n}

h fi{ýownfi}" ~xh whod}{wnwnc i fn{i,

]xn} pnbnvwn} pikdnc líi {hw lnkn khcnd}, Cn} }xn {h}{n npnwhmhx hbi~òhl{h"

mnwwhonkn kh wxon} kh pwhimxpnïíi" kh}}n} ~xh nw~xhdnc }igwnlmhben}" fwnlzhc phbh} h

nmhl{xnc n ownvdknkh kh ~xnb~xhw n}}xl{i" ch}ci hc milvhw}n} kh gi{h~xdc, Piwäc" hbn} }ý

}íi micxl} hl{wh ph}}in} micxl}, Hl{wh pibã{dmi} h mhbhgwdknkh}" h}{íi mnkn vhz cnd} wnwn},Fhmenw n mnwn líi ä gwdlmnkhdwn, Hudoh n nïíi }dlmwildznkn kh =? cú}mxbi}, Pnwn ngwdw

xc }iwwd}i" gn}{n chli} kn ch{nkh kh}}h npnwn{i fã}dmi, Xcn kn} mil}h~òêlmdn} kh}}h h}fiwïi

cx}mxbnw ä ~xh n} cnwmn} kh mil{wnwdhknkh" ~xh liwcnbchl{h imiwwhc h pn}}nc" nmngnc mic

i {hcpi dcpwh}}n} ln phbh" mici }xbmi} phwcnlhl{h}, H {êc i kic kh }hw whmilehmdkn}

nx{icn{dmnchl{h mici }dlnd} kh pwhi#mxpnïíi ix kh}nownki piw {iki} i} pivi} ki pbnlh{n,

N{ä nldcnd}" kh}kh ~xh {h}#{nki} hc bdloxnohc miwpiwnb" }íi mnpnzh} kh dl{hwpwh{î#bn},

N} wxon} kh hupwh}}íi ~xh ncnwwi{nwnc n {h}{n pwh}dkhlmdnb hc ix{xgwi {êc {xki pnwn

fdmnw, Hbn} nlknvnc nx}hl{h} kn pibã{dmn lnmdilnb eî cnd} kh {wê} nli}" kh}kh ~xh Bxbndlnxoxwix" ln }hoxlkn ch{nkh kh }hx pwdchdwi cnlkn{i" n gbdlknohc fd}dilûcdmn kh eichc

nmdcn ki} nmil{hmdchl{i}, ]hx whnpnwhmdchl{i }ý pikh }hw xc }dl{icn kh cxknlïn} cnd}

pwifxlkn} # li cãldci" }xgmx{çlhn},

'Xc eichc mic vdlmi} pwilxl#mdnki} hl{wh i} ibei} pikh knw n dcpwh}}íi kh ~xh

h}{î dwwd{nki ix {hl}i'" hl}dln n Nbbhwonl" cndiw nx{iwdknkh dl{hwlnmdilnb hc {h}{n} nbd}nkn},



67

Hbn kh{äc n pn{hl{h ki Gi{iu" n fýwcxbn ~xh hu{wndx i hbdudw kn jxvhl{xkh ki Mbi}{wdkdxc

gi{xbdlxc" i gnmdbi bh{nb kn} mnwlh} pikwh} h ki} hlbn{nki} ~xh phwkhwnc i pwnzi kh vnbdknkh,

Mwdnki pnwn pwh}{nw }hwvdïi} à chkdmdln mici whcäkdi pnwn h}{wngd}ci h hlun~xhmn}"

i Gi{iu fhz mnwwhdwn ch{hýwdmn mici mi}cä{dmi, Hbh ä n cnwmn whod}{wnkn kn pbî}{dmn }hc

gd}{xwd, Fnz cdbnowh} mic chdn kúzdn kh dljhïøh}" }hc ei}pd{nb ix nlh}{h}dn, Mi}{xcn }hw

npbdmnki li mil}xb{ýwdi piw mdwxwodøh} pbî}{dmi} h khwcn{ibiod}{n}, Cn} jî h}{î kd}pilãvhb ln}

pwn{hbhdwn} kh cn~xdnohc kn} bijn} kh khpnw{nchl{i}, Xcn }h}}íi kh ~xdlzh cdlx{i} wh{h}n

{h}{n} piw n{ä }hd} ch}h},

I hfhd{i pwivd}ýwdi ä xcn kn} }xn} vnl{nohl}, ]h i} wh}xb{nki} fi}}hc khfdld{dvi}" i

Mbi}{wdkdxc gi{xbdlxc fnwdn }izdlei i }hwvdïi" piw~xh {dwn {hcpiwnwdnchl{h n vdkn ki} {hmdki}

cx}mxbnwh}" gbi~xhnlki n micxldmnïíi hl{wh }xn} mäbxbn} lhwvi}n}, Xcn ki}h kh > cdbdbd{wi"

kdbxãkn hc }iwi fd}dibýodmi" bhvn n limnx{h piw gic {hcpi i} pwimhwx}" miwwxonkiwh}" iwgd{nd}h ix{wi} cú}mxbi} ~xh ncnwwi{nc {h}{n}" doliwnlki i} h}{wnoi}" milfiwch pwich{h i

fngwdmnl{h" kn 'fnb{n kh mibîohli" kn phwkn kh eiwcûldi} h ki} wnkdmnd} bdvwh}',

Lhc {xki ä phwfhd{i" piwäc, N pîodln ifdmdnb ki Gi{iu ln dl{hwlh{ {wnl}cd{h

hl{whvd}{n} kh mdl~òhl{iln} ~xh" igvdnchl{h" fdzhwnc fxwiw hc gndbh} kh khgx{nl{h} ln äpimn

hc ~xh n oivhwlnkiwn ]nwne Pnbdl kh}fdbnvn kh cndû vhwchbei li} milmxw}i} kh Cd}} Nbn}an,

Cn}" hl~xnl{i n} cxbehwh} fnbnc hl{x}dn}{dmnchl{h kn piïíi cîodmn" }xn} {h}{n} ~xn}h

owd{nc 'Gi{iu.', Piw cnd} ~xh nboxcn} khbn} }x}{hl{hc ~xh líi }h }hl{hc 'milohbnkn}'" n}

}hleiwn} pnwhmhc h}{nw mic {ixmn} kh nbngn}{wi, Xcn khbn} }h vnlobiwdn ~xh i cnwdki ndlknphwmhgh ~xnlki hbn h}{î 'whnbchl{h znlonkn' # cn} i cnwdki líi fid ixvdki,

D}}i líi }doldfdmn ~xh i Gi{iu humbxn i} eichl} kh }xn mbdhl{hbn, Ni mil{wîwdi" i }d{h

{hc xc gibh{dc humbx}dvi pnwn n} wxon} cn}mxbdln}" dl}pdwnki ln bdïíi kn ln{xwhzn" ilkh 'i}

cnmei} kh nboxcn} h}pämdh} bhvnc n chbeiw ~xnlki }h {wn{n kh npnwêlmdn', Piw huhcpbi" i

pnvíi, N mbdhl{hbn cn}mxbdln ä nkvhw{dkn ~xh i pwdlmdpnb dlmilvhldhl{h kn} 'bdlen} obnghbnwh}'

# ix }hjn" kn {h}{n vdlmnkn # ä 'mnwwhonw n} hciïøh} ln mnwn',

I pwigbhcn ä ~xh h}milkhw mic Gi{iu n} hciïøh} ix n dknkh {ncgäc kî ln mnwn, Li}

H}{nki} Xldki}" hbh mil{ncdlix i} kid} bnki} kn mncpnlen pwh}dkhlmdnb, I whpxgbdmnli JielCmMndl vdwix Gi{iuhw#dl#Medhf # ix nboi ki oêlhwi Gi{iuhdwi#ciw # pnwn i mibxld}{n Jiel

]hhwt" ~xh {nuix kh 'wdkãmxbi' i pwivdkhlmdnb whjxvhlh}mdchl{i ki cnd} vhbei n}pdwnl{h à

Mn}n Gwnlmn,

'Michïi n líi vhw kdfhwhlïn hl{wh i pibã{dmi ~xh dljh{n Gi{iu ln mnwn h i n{bh{n ~xh

dljh{n kipdlo ln vhdn'" h}mwhvhx Jiel ]hhwt li [eh Exffdlo{il Pi}{" }d{h kh jiwlnbd}ci

pibã{dmi gn}hnki hc _n}edlo{il, [nl{i i pibã{dmi mici i h}piw{d}{n x}nwdnc kwion} pnwn



6=

chbeiwnw i kh}hcphlei lxcn micph{dïíi, Lxc nw{doi dl{d{xbnki 'Gi{iu Hupwh}}'" n

michl{nwd}{n Jnlh Enc}ehw whmbncix" lnkn cnd}" lnkn chli}" ~xh 'i} ibei} kh CmMndl cnb

}h chuhc'" 'i {ipi kh }xn mnghïn ä mnknväwdmi' h '}hx wi}{i pnwhmh mighw{i mic mhwn kh

fxlhwîwdn',

]igwh n menpn kh Gnwnma Igncn mndx n ~xhdun kn michl{nwd}{n ]xznllh Ehwhb" ln

vhw}íi il#bdlh ki jiwlnb ]nl Fwnlmd}mi Mewildmbh, Ehwhb }h khmbnwix dlmnpnz kh pwh}{nw

n{hlïíi li ~xh kdzdn i }hlnkiw Jih Gdkhl" i mnlkdkn{i n vdmh" 'piw~xh fdmi edpli{dznkn phbn

}xn {h}{n li{iwdnchl{h /gi{iunkn/', I piw{n#viz Knvdk _nkh lhoix ~xh Gdkhl x}n}}h Gi{iu,

Hl{whvd}{nki phbi jiwlnb [eh Lh Tiwa Pi}{" xc mdwxwodíi pbî}{dmi livn#diw~xdli mencnki

Ibhe ]bxpmetl}atj onwnl{dx ~xh }dc" i mnlkdkn{i n vdmh fid gi{iunki,

N }x}phd{n owxkix hc Jih Gdkhl, N}}dc mici lxlmn cnd} kh}owxkix kh Jiel Ahwwt"

nkvhw}îwdi kh Ohiwoh _, Gx}e #~xn{wi nli} n{wî}, ]hx lich fid pnwnw li bdvwi Pwijhm{Pwh}dkhl{" li ~xnb i jiwlnbd}{n Ghl ]enpdwi mil{n n ed}{ýwdn kn vndknkh ln} miwwdkn}

pwh}dkhlmdnd}" kh}kh n phwxmn kh Jiel Nknc}" hc >500, Hc 700;" ~xnlki Ahwwt phwkhx pnwn

Gx}e" n whpýw{hw Wi}n Enlo nwoxchl{ix li {hbhjiwlnb kn MG] ~xh 'i} H}{nki} Xldki} ndlkn

líi h}{nvnc pwhpnwnki} pnwn {hw xc pwh}dkhl{h mic Gi{iu',

N h}{n nb{xwn" i Gwn}db jî {dlen pwivnki ~xh líi bdon pnwn h}}n} mid}n}, N~xd" n li{ãmdn

kh ~xh n khwcn{ibiod}{n Khld}h ]{hdlhw dn ni Pnbîmdi kn Nbviwnkn npbdmnw Gi{iu pn}}ix phbi}

jiwlnd} ~xn}h hc gwnlmi, Bioi" }h noiwn Bxbn wh}ibvhx ~xh ä eiwn kh hlwxonw n {h}{n" eî kh {hw

}dki piw wnzøh} kh H}{nki,

NLHUI M ” Hkdïíi cnwïi kh 7004



6;

Mic n hbhdïíi kh Ji}ä ]nwlht pnwn pwh}dkhl{h ki ]hlnki" n pibã{dmn lnmdilnb khduix

pnwn {wî} i mngwh}{i h n phduhdwn h hl{wix kh meifwh ln cikhwldknkh, Ä {hcpi kh cxknlïn" kh

fnwkíi fnwfnbenl{h h gdoikh hlonbnlnki, Kh xldíi kh {iki} mic {iki} pnwn ~xh i} miwiläd} }hkêhc ghc, Ldloxäc chbeiw pnwn hlmnwlnw i vnonbeíi whfiwcd}{n ~xh xc lngngi

phhchkhgd}{n kh nbcn {xmnln milvhw{dki ni ph{d}ci, Mic ?5 nli} kh hlmnwldïnkn khfh}n ki

dl{hwh}}h pwýpwdi" h khpid} kh {nl{n} phwdpämdn} cnlei}n} hc ghlhfãmdi kh }xn bnwon owhd kh

nowhonki}" i gwûlzhi h}{nkd}{n ~xh vhdi ki Cnwnleíi pikhwdn }hw {hl{nki n bnwonw n wnpnkxwn,

Pikhwdn" ~xhc }ngh" }h whfh}{hbnw kh jn~xh{íi }igwh i} bixwi} hlmnwkdki} kn obýwdn, Ix

khkdmnw#}h n khkdbenw n bdwn h n n{dwnw }ilh{i} fh}mhldli} ln} pn}}nl{h}, Cn}" líi, N whbdodíi ki

}hwvdïi púgbdmi" i miwi kh n}}h}}iwh}" i mbnciw ki gndui mbhwi h i mnwwíi mic meifhw fnbnwnc

cnd} nb{i, Nl{h} ~xh }h pxkh}}h owd{nw Mxdknki." bî h}{nvn i }nonz nmnkêcdmi" fbnownki ndlkncnd} xcn vhz mic i gdoikh ln gi{djn" mxcpwdlki ln mnbnkn kn lid{h i búgwdmi khvhw mãvdmi kh

zhbnw pnwn ~xh {xki phwcnlhïn pnwn }hcpwh mici h}{î,



68

NLHUI K ” Hkdïíi jxlei kh 7004

Eî pixmi} kdn}" lxc ei{hb kn mdknkh mnbdfiwldnln kh ]íi Fwnlmd}mi" xc gwn}dbhdwi }h

nmicikix à ch}n ki mnfä kn cnleí, I kdn h}{nvn gild{i" i }ib nwkdn h xc gilkh pn}}nvn, N

vdkn pnwhmdn líi {wnzhw ix{wi} kh}nfdi} }hlíi n h}miben hl{wh ivi} chudki} h ivi} ~xhl{h},

Líi n}}dc" hl{wh{nl{i" pnwn n whmhpmdild}{n" ~xh ni vd}bxcgwnw i eý}phkh {wn{ix kh

nmxkdw, Mic xc gwhvh h hbhonl{h onbiph" cn{hwdnbdzix#}h ni bnki khbh h" }hc phwkn kh {hcpi"

kd}}h#beh mic xwoêlmdn h kd}mwdïíi: 'Hvdkhl{hchl{h i }hleiw kh}hjn xc oxnwknlnpi pwh{i,'

I gwn}dbhdwi líi kh}hjnvn xc oxnwknlnpi pwh{i, Ln vhwknkh" jncnd} phl}nwn lxc

oxnwknlnpi pwh{i, Líi fnzdn dkädn ki ~xh d}}i pxkh}}h }doldfdmnw, N pwdlmãpdi n{ä jxboix ~xh i

{dvh}}hc milfxlkdki mic ix{wn ph}}in" cn} n whmhpmdild}{n i ibenvn mic {ncnlen fdwchzn

~xh líi pikhwdn envhw kúvdkn, Dl{dcdknki" hbh wh}pilkhx ~xh" }dc" ~xhwdn xc oxnwknlnpi

pwh{i,

Mic xc oh}{i fbxdki" hbn nodx, Hl~xnl{i }xn cíi kdwhd{n pdlïnvn i oxnwknlnpi gwnlmi

~xh i eý}phkh }hoxwnvn ln pil{n ki} khki}" xc fbiwhdi kn h}~xhwkn khpi}d{nvn xcoxnwknlnpi pwh{i" pwh{ã}}dci" li mibi khbh, Whnbdznkn n iphwnïíi" hbn }h nfn}{ix mic n

}xnvdknkh ki} pxloxd}{n},

Hc fhvhwhdwi kh 7005 n dl{hwlh{ {wnzdn i khpidchl{i kh xcn mhw{n Hcdbdhf: ']îgnki à

lid{h jnl{nci} lxc gic wh}{nxwnl{h h li} phwoxl{nwnc }h ~xhwãnci} oxnwknlnpi} pwh{i},

Fd~xhd hc kúvdkn }igwh i ~xh wh}pilkhw" líi }ngdn }h pikdn }hw mid}n kh vikx,'

I gwn}dbhdwi líi phl}ix hc vikx" cn} pilkhwix }h líi ehwknwn ki pnd n fdbdnïíi n

nboxcn iwkhc }hmwh{n" h n~xdbi hwn i }dlnb kh ~xh fiwn whmilehmdki h nmhd{i, I} cnïil} {êc

nphw{i} kh cíi mnwnm{hwã}{dmi}, I} {hcpbîwdi} {nbvhz pwhfhwd}}hc oxnwknlnpi} pwh{i}, Mhw{i ä~xh nmngnwn kh }hw dldmdnki n xcn dwcnlknkh mxjn hud}{êlmdn h kh}ãoldi} kh}milehmdn, Michx

{iwwnkn} phl}nlki ln hvhl{xnb lhmh}}dknkh kh {icnw Jhwx}nbäc,

Cnb }ngdn hbh ~xh oxnwknlnpi} pwh{i} }h h}pnbenvnc phbi} H}{nki} Xldki} mic n

wnpdkhz kh xcn hpdkhcdn kh dlfbxhlzn, Gn}{nvn dw à dl{hwlh{, Jbdpif: 'Cdlen cxbehw & hx

whmhghci} xc oxnwknlnpi pwh{i li wh}{nxwnl{h Jihb hc N{bnl{n" cn} ndlkn líi hc Livn

Tiwa,' Jhl: 'Oxnwknlnpi} pwh{i} }íi ifhwhmdki} li Mnpd{nb Owdbbh kh Gi}{il,' Onwt Exgghw:



66

'Khwnc#ch xc oxnwknlnpi pwh{i li wh}{nxwnl{h Pnex d/n" li Envnã,' Jxkt %hc wh}pi}{n

pwh}}xwi}n n Jbdpif$: 'Li Mnpd{nb Owdbbh kh Livn Tiwa hbh} ifhwhmhc oxnwknlnpi} pwh{i}.'

I gwn}dbhdwi }h nmeix hu{wniwkdlîwdi piw pixmi {hcpi, Dlfdld{nchl{h cnd} dl{hwh}}nl{h

{hwdn }dki pûw i} pä} hc mn}n h hlmil{wnw hcgndui kn piw{n xcn dl{dcnïíi hc bn{dc pnwn

micpnwhmhw" kh oxnwknlnpi pwh{i li mibi" n xcn mwdp{n hc Cnb{n ix ln [hwwn ]nl{n,

Dlfhbdzchl{h" }xn} dlvh}{donïøh} dwdnc beh ci}{wnw ~xh i} pwdchdwi} oxnwknlnpi} pwh{i}

envdnc }xwodki hc Bi} Nlohbh}" i ~xh khwwxgn {ikn dbx}íi wicçl{dmn, N hupbdmnïíi hwn ghc

cnd} pwi}ndmn: n mdknkh kh Ghl Nffbhma" Gwd{lht ]phnw}" Dmh Mxgh h Pnwd} Edb{il nphln}

milmbxãwn ~xh i} oxnwknlnpi} gwnlmi} hwnc kh}hbhonl{h} # h ~xh hwn eiwn kh hlkdwhd{nw i}

}ämxbi} kh cnx oi}{i,

Xcn {wimn kh chl}nohl} lxc fýwxc h}phmdnbdznki khd{n bxz }igwh n oêlh}h kn pwî{dmn,

'Mehoi n fwh~xhl{nw {wê} wh}{nxwnl{h} piw kdn h lxlmn {dlenc ch ifhwhmdki xc oxnwknlnpipwh{i # n{ä ~xh fxd n Bi} Nlohbh}'" h}mwhvhx nboxäc: 'Nmehd h}~xd}d{i,' I dl{hwlnx{n Lhb}il

npwh}}ix#}h hc hupbdmnw: 'Xc oxnwknlnpi gwnlmi }igwh fxlki h}mxwi cxd{n} vhzh} }xohwh"

pwdlmdpnbchl{h li mn}i kh eichl}" ~xh n ph}}in h}{î vh}{dlki xc nvhl{nb, Hc ix{wn}

pnbnvwn}" vimê h}{î kdvdkdlki n ch}n mic i cnì{wh,' Kdnl{h kn hupbdmnïíi" Jh}}dmn wh}pilkhx:

'Cxd{i igwdonkn" Lhb}il" phbi }hx dl{hwh}}nl{h pil{i kh vd}{n,'

Ni dlmilvhldhl{h kn} miwh} mil{wn}{nl{h} }icn#}h ix{wi" whbn{dvi n fdnpi}, Ln dl{hwlh{

eî bd{hwnbchl{h mhl{hln} kh eichl} h cxbehwh} ~xh líi eh}d{nc hc knw xc {h}{hcxlei

}ifwdki }igwh h}}n menon: 'Pnwhd kh fwh~xhl{nw xc ý{dci wh}{nxwnl{h hc N{bnl{n piw~xh hbh} }ýx}nc oxnwknlnpi} gwnlmi} h ~xnlki bhvnl{i h}{ix mic i mibi mehdi kh fdnpi} gwnlmi}'" kdz

xc bnchl{i, Bi} Nlohbh}" mdi}n kh }xn whpx{nïíi kh mdknkh hbhonl{h" {wn{ix kh hlmil{wnw xcn

}ibxïíi: {wnjh} h}mxwi}" oxnwknlnpi} pwh{i},

Gn}{ix ngwdw n} micpiw{n} pnwn ~xh n} fiwïn} kn ed}{ýwdn }h px}h}}hc hc cnwmen, Hwn n

fhgwh, Hc 7007 jî }h bdn n li{ãmdn h}pnvhl{i}n: 'Cdmenhb [xiet" mehf h pwipwdh{îwdi ki

_iikfdwh Owdbb kh N{bnl{n" dlnxoxwix }hx wh}{nxwnl{h hc noi}{i nphln} mic oxnwknlnpi}

pwh{i},' [xiet hupbdmix i nwwiji: 'Mic n khmiwnïíi ~xh nki{nci}" i} oxnwknlnpi} gwnlmi}

whbxzhc khcnd} h }dcpbh}chl{h líi hu}xknc n n{ci}fhwn nmilmehonl{h h mnbiwi}n ki chxwh}{nxwnl{h,'

[xiet ä kn~xhbh} mehf} ~xh líi ~xhwhc nphln} mizdlenw ghc, Kh}hjnc pwipiwmdilnw

xcn huphwdêlmdn, Li} h}{nghbhmdchl{i} ~xh micnlknc" i pwn{i jncnd} ä whkilki" n

npwh}hl{nïíi kn micdkn bhcgwn mhw{i} ncgdhl{h} kn Mn}n Miw h i vdlei ä xc khl}i {hu{i

}hcdý{dmi, ]íi wh}{nxwnl{h} n}}dc ~xh whúlhc n} milkdïøh} lhmh}}îwdn} à gin nmbdcn{nïíi ki}



6?

oxnwknlnpi} pwh{i}, Hl{wh michl}nd} ~xh wiknc i vdlei mic whfdlnki} nwngh}mi} kh

cxlehmn" n livdknkh {hlkh n pwi}phwnw,

N Hxwipn }h cnl{äc }xwkn ni nvnlïi, Kdz xcn cnb#exciwnkn wh}{nxwn{wdmh fwnlmh}n:

'Líi h}phwhc whmhghw xc oxnwknlnpi pwh{i piw n~xd, X}nci} gwnlmi}, Pil{i,' %Ä li{ýwdi i

mil}hwvnkiwd}ci ki Vhbei Mil{dlhl{h" mxji cnd} whmhl{h }ibxïi pwiowh}}d}{n kn{n kh >?54" }h

ghc ~xh Wigh}pdhwwh pwhfhwd}}h oxnwknlnpi} gwnlmi},$

Li ei{hb hc ]íi Fwnlmd}mi" i noiwn hbhonl{h gwn}dbhdwi bhvix nboxc {hcpi pnwn }h

envhw mic i gic oi}{i" knki ~xh oxnwknlnpi} pwh{i}" nbäc kh fdli}" hudohc phwãmdn, Mici

hbh} fdmnc enwcildi}nchl{h mncxfbnki} }igwh {hmdki} kh {ic h}mxwi" pnon#}h i pwhïi kh" vhz

piw ix{wn" bhvnw ni} bîgdi} n gnwwn kn mncd}n ix n pil{n ki gbnzhw, Lh}}n} eiwn}"

kd}mwh{nchl{h" milväc h}pnlnw i vh}{ãodi kh ivi ~xh {hwî }h nbijnki ln wd}mn kh odz ix ln bí

chwdli,N h{d~xh{n {ncgäc whmichlkn ~xh }h fd~xh n{hl{i pnwn líi hlmi}{nw i bnki }xji ki

oxnwknlnpi ln wixpn dcnmxbnkn" {nwhfn ~xh hudoh ibei} kh bdlmh h vdodbçlmdn mil}{nl{h" pid}

oxnwknlnpi} pwh{i} }íi x}hdwi} h vhzhdwi} hc líi whvhbnw }xn} cnlmen}, Kh fn{i" michl{ix

xc kili kh wh}{nxwnl{h" 'n pwî{dmn hbhonl{h kh kd}{wdgxdw oxnwknlnpi} pwh{i} li} fnz

hmilicdznw {nl{i mic bnvnlkhwdn" ~xh noiwn }h {iwlix dcphwn{dvi x}î#bi} mnkn vhz cnd},'

Pnwn kh}oi}{i ki} gwn}dbhdwi} hbhonl{h}" i} wh}{nxwnl{h} cnd} kd}{dl{i} ki pnã} ndlkn

líi }h ngwdwnc à livdknkh, Fn}nli" k,i,c," Mnwbi{n" Nl{d~xnwdx}" Mdpwdnld" Pnwdod # }íi {iki}

xl} }hc#oxnwknlnpi pwh{i, Pdiw: ni {icnw milehmdchl{i ki fhlûchli" n mehf Wighw{n]xkgwnma" pwipwdh{îwdn kn mn}n eicûldcn" líi }h nmnleix hc vhwgnbdznw i} dl}{dl{i}

whnmdilîwdi} ~xh }hcpwh fwhnwnc i nvnlïi kn hbhoçlmdn li pnã}: 'Npi}{i ~xh kd}}i n ohl{h }h

}nbvn, ]h pwhmd}nw" }hwhd n piw{n#viz ki civdchl{i mil{wn i} oxnwknlnpi} pwh{i},'

Pigwh Wighw{n,,, Piw~xh }hwî mici vn{dmdln Wiväb}il _ed{hgi{{il" mil}xb{iw kh h}{dbi:

']n~xhc i} }hx} pwh{dlei} gî}dmi}" mwdn{xwn} kdvdln}. I} oxnwknlnpi} pwh{i} mehonwíi ni

Gwn}db mic n dlhvd{ngdbdknkh kh xc livi mn}nchl{i kh Wighw{i Jx}{x}.'



65

NLHUI H ” Hkdïíi jnlhdwi kh 70>0

N pwhvd}íi kh }ib mic lxvhl}" cãldcn kh 77 ownx} h cîudcn kh =?" pnwn i }îgnki" kdn

>7 kh khzhcgwi" {wixuh nbãvdi pnwn Kdbcn Nln Ngkdn, Hbn h}{nvn pwhimxpnkn mic i käfdmd{

iwïnchl{îwdi khpid} kh ~xn}h khz kdn} mil}hmx{dvi} kh mexvn, À} }hd} h chdn kn cnleí"

~xnlki h}{nmdilix ln nvhldkn Vdhdwn ]ix{i pnwn kh}mnwwhonw n Aicgd h }h npwiudcix ki

mnbïnkíi" Kdbcn vdx ~xh h}}h líi }hwdn xc }îgnki ~xnb~xhw, Ni} 8; nli}" knlki kxwi hc

Dpnlhcn eî khzh}}h{h" mil}{n{ix ~xh i Mei~xh kh Iwkhc noiwn hwn pnwn vnbhw,N iphwnïíi kn ]hmwh{nwdn H}phmdnb kn Iwkhc Púgbdmn" n ]hip" pwh{hlkdn iwkhlnw n}

pwndn} ki Wdi, Hbn pwiãgh fngwdmnw" n}}nw ix mizdlenw nbdchl{i}, H}{íi gnldki}" piw{nl{i" i

mncnwíi li h}ph{i" i ~xhdji minbei h i cdbei mizdki ix n}}nki, Pwidgdki} h}{íi {ncgäc i

fwh}migib h i fx{hgib phw{i ki cnw, Imiwwh ~xh {xki d}}i jî h}{nvn pwidgdki kh}kh n pwdchdwn

oh}{íi kh Mh}nw Cndn ln pwhfhd{xwn, I ~xh i n{xnb pwhfhd{i pwh{hlkh ä" ln npnwêlmdn" gi{nw

fd}mnd} pnwn fnzhw vnbhw n bhd, Pnwn nbäc kn} npnwêlmdn}" i Mei~xh kh Iwkhc ln} pwndn} vd}n

ghlhfdmdnw ownlkh} hcpwh}n}" ~xh }hwíi fiwlhmhkiwn} humbx}dvn} ni} gnwwn~xhdwi}" h vhbei}

nbdnki} ki pwhfhd{i" ~xh }hwvhc kh n{wnvh}}nkiwh},Pnwn fnzhw mxcpwdw n} liwcn}" n pwhfhd{xwn kdz ~xh mibimnwî ln nwhdn h li mnbïnkíi ;00

fd}mnd} nkiwlnki} mic xcn pnwnfhwlîbdn vd}{i}n: pn{dlh{h} hbä{wdmi}" pdmnph}" whgi~xh}"

mncdleøh}" mnwwi} hbä{wdmi}" [hlkn} Ohwhlmdnd} h Iphwnmdilnd} h xc mil{êdlhw" li Jnwkdc kh

Nbne" ~xh }hwvdwî kh Mhl{wi kh Iphwnïøh} Whodilnb,

I }ib ndlkn líi {dlen nmngnki kh ln}mhw h ln pwndn jî }h hlmil{wnvn ~xn}h xcn mhl{hln

kh gnwwnmn} h}pnbenkn} ln} nwhdn}, I livi ad{ ki} gnwwn~xhdwi}" ~xh micpwhhlkh xcn gnwwnmn"

kxn} mndun} d}i{äwcdmn}" {wdl{n oxnwkn#}ýd} vhwchbei}" }h}}hl{n mnkhdwn} ncnwhbn} h kid}

}xpiw{h} pnwn bdui" fiwn kd}{wdgxãki ln cnkwxonkn, N npnwhbenohc fid whmhgdkn mic xc cd}{ikh whvib{n h mxwdi}dknkh, Cdoxhb whmhghx xc mil{êdlhw n chli} h li ~xh vhdi n fdgwn jî h}{nvn

wnmenkn, N gnwwnmn kn Jnlnãln h}{nvn {iw{n, 'Ilkh ä ~xh h}{n gnwwnmn vnd noxhl{nw i

}xkih}{h9'" phwoxl{ix hbn,

Khld}h" xcn }hleiwn kh 68 nli}" cnd} kh ~xnwhl{n kh pwndn" ~xh kdz }hw n pwdchdwn

gnwwn~xhdwn cxbehw kh Dpnlhcn" npil{ix meiwnlki pnwn xc fxwoíi, Lhbh h}{nvnc }hx} cnd} kh

>00 oxnwkn#}ýd} h 700 mnkhdwn}" ~xh n pnw{dw kn~xhbh kdn h}{nvnc pwidgdki},



64

]hc ldloxäc pnwn knw hupbdmnïøh} h lhlexc {dpi kh dkhl{dfdmnïíi li livi cn{hwdnb"

i} gnwwn~xhdwi} líi }ngdnc ~xnb hwn n gnwwnmn kh mnkn xc, Mici li whmnkn}{wnchl{i i pil{i

kh iwdohc líi fid wh}phd{nki" cxd{i} khbh} {dvhwnc }hx} pil{i} {wimnki},

Jiwodlei" ~xh {wngnben eî {wdl{n nli} li pil{i ont kh Dpnlhcn" hc fwhl{h à wxn Fnwch

kh Ncihki" fid cnlknki pnwn i Pi}{i 4, '^xhwi chx pil{i kh vib{n" i} ont} }íi eilh}{i} h

ncdoi}" mil}ichc cxd{i h líi kíi mnbi{h'" kd}}h, Khld}h h Vçldn {ncpixmi }ngdnc i ~xh

fnzhw: }xn} bdmhlïn} {dlenc ncgn} i ch}ci lúchwi" 7?7" h líi pikhc imxpnw i ch}ci bxonw

li h}pnïi ni ch}ci {hcpi,

Kdbcn líi whmhghx lhc n gnwwnmn pnkwíi lhc n {hlkn pwivd}ýwdn, Li }hx pil{i" ~xh }ý

nlkix = ch{wi} pnwn n kdwhd{n" {dlen nphln} chdn h}{wx{xwn kh xcn {hlkn, Kdbcn líi {hvh

kúvdkn}: {dwix n 'mnvhdwn' h cil{ix }xn gnwwnmn nl{don mic n biln ki bnki ki nvh}}i, I}

mbdhl{h} kh Kdbcn" n cndiwdn milehmdkn phbi lich" líi {dvhwnc kdfdmxbknkh} hc hlmil{wî#bn,Jî fwhoxh}h} kh ix{wi} gnwwn~xhdwi} fdmnwnc kh}iwdhl{nki} mic n fnb{n kh dkhl{dfdmnïíi, N}

mnkhdwn} dkêl{dmn} {ncgäc dcpi}}dgdbd{nc ~xh i} gnwwn~xhdwi} }ndgnc ~xhc h}{î mil}xcdlki

hc ~xnb gnwwnmn, I mil{wibh" jî pwhmîwdi" fdmix ndlkn cnd} milfx}i,

À} id{i eiwn} kn cnleí" mehoix xcn gnled}{n mic kid} piikbh} h xc oibkhl wh{wdhvhw,

I} míh} miwwhwnc ln nwhdn h {icnwnc gnlei kh cnw" nph}nw kn pwidgdïíi, H ghghwnc îoxn

kdwh{i kh xc mimi" ~xh envdn }dki pwidgdkn phbi }hmwh{îwdi kn Iwkhc Púgbdmn" Wikwdoi

Gh{ebhc, ]hoxlki i} gnwwn~xhdwi}" hbh }hwdn nkcdwnkiw kh xcn hcpwh}n ~xh vhlkh îoxn kh

mimi hc mndudlen}, N owd{nwdn fid {nl{n ~xh Hkxnwki Pnh} vib{ix n nx{iwdznw n vhlkn kh mimi},[ncpixmi fiwnc milfd}mnkn} n} wn~xh{h} ki fwh}migib ix gibn} kh ~xhc }h hudgdn à ghdwn#

cnw, Vhlkdnc#}h ~xhdji minbei h cdbei,

À} id{i h chdn i} pwdchdwi} fd}mnd} pn}}nwnc" Kdbcn whmbncix" h kd}}h ~xh {wngnbenwdn

mic i cn{hwdnb nl{doi" }dc, Hbh} vhwdfdmnwnc n bdmhlïn h fiwnc hcgiwn, N fd}mnbdznïíi pn}}ix

ndlkn cnd} kxn} vhzh} n{ä n} ilzh kn cnleí h cnd} xcn à} ~xn{wi kn {nwkh, Ln {hwmhdwn

cnlknwnc ~xh Kdbcn wh{dwn}}h n pwipnonlkn kn mhwvhjn kh }xn} mndun} kh d}ipiw, I}

gnwwn~xhdwi} {dvhwnc ~xh nwwnljnw {dl{n h Mibiw Jh{ pnwn migwdw n pxgbdmdknkh,

^xhc h}{î piw {wî} ki mei~xh kh kh}iwkhc ä n PwýWdi" xcn fhkhwnïíi micpi}{n piw~xn{wi n}}imdnïøh} kh gnwwn~xhdwi}, I pwh}dkhl{h kn hl{dknkh" Jiíi Cnwmhbbi Gnwwh{i" lxlmn

fid gnwwn~xhdwi" biloh kd}}i, Hbh ä fdbei kh Jiíi Gnwwh{i" pwh}dkhl{h kn Iwbn Wdi" hcpwh}n ~xh

{hc n milmh}}íi ki} ~xdi}~xh} mnwdimn}, Líi ä phbn pnd}nohc ~xh n fncãbdn Gnwwh{i oi}{n kn

pwndn, ]hoxlki xcn ph}~xd}n kh 7006" n hmilicdn kn pwndn civdchl{n 50 cdbeøh} kh whnd}

piw cê},



?0

I khpx{nki h}{nkxnb Pnxbi Wnci}" ~xh civh nïøh} mil{wn n hcpwh}n kh}kh >444"

nmwhkd{n ~xh n} livn} chkdkn} npwifxlknc n pwdvn{dznïíi kn iwbn, 'I} ~xdi}~xhdwi} }íi

hupbiwnki} h }ý pikhc vhlkhw i} pwikx{i} ~xh fnzhc mil{wn{i mic n Iwbn Wdi'" kd}}h hbh, 'Jî

khvhwdn {hw envdki livn bdmd{nïíi" cn} i mil{wn{i kn hcpwh}n ä }hcpwh whlivnki

nx{icn{dmnchl{h,'

N PwýWdi kd}}h ~xh i} gnwwn~xhdwi} líi }íi igwdonki} n vhlkhw mic humbx}dvdknkh

chwmnkiwdn} kn} hcpwh}n} ~xh dwíi nwmnw mic i} mx}{i} kn} livn} gnwwnmn}, Cn}" li milvêldi

n}}dlnki piw Jiíi Cnwmhbbi Gnwwh{i h phbi }hmwh{îwdi Wikwdoi Gh{ebhc" bê#}h ~xh i}

gnwwn~xhdwi} khvhc vhlkhw 'humbx}dvnchl{h pwikx{i} pwivhldhl{h} kn} hcpwh}n}' ~xh

pnw{dmdpnc li lhoýmdi,

I khpý}d{i pwhvd}{i li milvêldi pnwn oxnwknw h bdcpnw i} livi} nph{whmei} ndlkn líi

fid fhd{i, Piw d}}i" i cn{hwdnb ~xh }hwdn hl{whoxh {iki kdn à} }hd} kn cnleí h whmibedki à} id{ikn lid{h kiwcdx ln pwndn, Ohwghw" ~xh {hc gnwwnmn li Bhgbil" khx phbn fnb{n kh khz gnwwnmn} h

khz mnkhdwn} ~xnlki mehoix à pwndn li kdn }hoxdl{h, 'Hbh} líi pikhc hudodw ~xh hx kxwcn ln

pwndn pnwn {icnw mil{n kn gnwwnmn'" kd}}h,

Li fdc ki kdn" Kdbcn fdmix fhbdz piw líi {hw whmhgdki i cn{hwdnb livi: líi {hvh ~xh }h

pwhimxpnw hc ngnlkilnw n} mid}n} ln nwhdn, N livn gnwwnmn }ý mehonwdn ln ~xdl{n#fhdwn" mic

mdlmi kdn} kh n{wn}i, Jî nlid{hmhlki" Cdoxhb fid whnbd}{n: 'Jî vd {xki" eijh pikh xc pixmi"

ncnleí vnd pikhw cnd} ndlkn h ~xnlki n fd}mnbdznïíi fiw hcgiwn hc cnwïi vnci} pikhw cnd}

ki ~xh lxlmn'" kd}}h hbh" wdlki,

NLHUI F ” Hkdïíi ngwdb kh 70>0

N ln{xwhzn nmngn kh gi{nw kdnl{h ki} mdhl{d}{n} nboi lxlmn nl{h} vd}{i: xc pdloxdc

dl{hdwnchl{h lhowi, H" }igwh d}}i" phbi chli} à pwdchdwn vd}{n" hbh} líi {dlenc lnkn kh

nbnwcnl{h n khmbnwnw, Bioi" n{ä }hoxlkn iwkhc" xc pdloxdc lhowi líi pn}}n kh xc pdloxdc

lhowi, Ä doxnbzdlei ni pwh{i h gwnlmi # }ý ~xh dl{hdwnchl{h pwh{i,



?>

I pdloxdc pwh{i khgx{ix li} chdi} kh micxldmnïíi" mic }hx fdoxwdli dläkd{i" ln

}hïíi il#bdlh ~xh n }hmxbnw h dl}x}phd{n Ln{dilnb Ohiownpedm ]imdh{t khkdmn n vdnohl}, I

whpýw{hw Nlkwh Hvnl} envdn fi{iownfnki h fdbcnki i nldcnb ln Ohýwodn ki ]xb" n ch}cn dben

~xh i dwbnlkê} Hwlh}{ ]enmabh{il hl{wildzix ln wi{n kn} ownlkh} ed}{ýwdn} kh nvhl{xwn" ni {dwnw

vdvi} kn~xhbh fdc kh cxlki i} 7? {wdpxbnl{h} ki Hlkxwnlmh" i lnvdi kh hupbiwnïíi ~xh i ohbi

kn Nl{îw{dkn h}cnoix mici xcn liz,

I pdloxdc kh Hvnl} miwwhx cxlki" hcgiwn n} fi{iownfdn} kh Nlkwh Hvnl} líi

pi}}nc micph{dw" ln~xhbn bn{d{xkh" mic i whod}{wi hc pwh{i h gwnlmi ~xh i nx}{wnbdnli Fwnla

Exwbht fhz" hc >4>;" kn nvhl{xwn kh ]enmabh{il, ]hc fnbnw ~xh li {hcpi kh Exwbht líi envdn

Pei{i}eip, H noiwn" mic i pdloxdc lhowi h}pnbenki ln dl{hwlh{" n pwdchdwn whnïíi ki}

bhd{iwh} fid bhvnl{nw n }x}phd{n kh ~xh }h {wn{n}}h kh xcn fwnxkh" xwkdkn li nmilmehoi ki

micpx{nkiw phbn} dlfdld{n} pi}}dgdbdknkh} kh {wn{nchl{i kn} dcnohl} kdod{nd},]ý pdloxdlýfdbi} milfh}}i}" mici i gdýbioi Jhwwt Mitlh" miwwhwnc hc khfh}n

dlmilkdmdilnb ki nmenki kh Hvnl}, I} pdloxdl} fiwnc {hcn kh }hx {wngnbei kh pý}#ownkxnïíi

h hbh líi khduix kh h}{xkî#bi} kh}kh hl{íi, 'Vimê} víi owd{nw /Pei{i}eip/ ix /{dl{xwn kh

mnghbi/" cn} n{ä ilkh cdlen vd}{n nbmnlïn" h}{h ä bhoã{dci'" kd}}h Mitlh,

I cxlki pikh {hw cxknki cxd{i lh}}h} úb{dci} 46 nli}, Cn} Hvnl} h}{î nã pnwn

pwivnw ~xh" ~xnlki }h }ngh vdnjnw li kxwi" n} fwil{hdwn} }hbvnohl} mil{dlxnc cnd} ix chli}

dläkd{n}, Li mn}i" hbh }ndx hc jnlhdwi kh _n}edlo{il" li} H}{nki} Xldki}" wxci à Nl{îw{dkn"

phonlki xc ûldgx} pnwn i [hun}, Kh bî" vhdi kh}mhlki phbn Ncäwdmn ngndui" kh ûldgx} hcûldgx}" n{ä X}exndn" i piw{i cnd} nx}{wnb ki mil{dlhl{h }xb#nchwdmnli,

]hx kdîwdi kh giwki # ix }hjn" }hx gbio Gx}7Nl{nw{dmn # whbn{n li mncdlei n pn}}nohc

phbn} ~xhdcnkn} kn Ncnzûldn" n} pdwnlen} ki Pnl{nlnb cn{i#owi}}hl}h h n fnxln ndlkn cnd}

vnwdnkn kn} pwndn} mnwdimn}" n{ä fdlnbchl{h }xgdw n giwki ki Bdlkgbnk Huphkd{dil}" xc lnvdi

kh {xwd}ci hu{whci" iphwnki hc pnwmhwdn mic n Ln{dilnb Ohiownpedm }ig i bhcn '^xnb~xhw

xc pikh }hw xc hupbiwnkiw',

Knbd znwpix ni hlmil{wi ki {nb pdloxdc lhowi, 'Hbh pnwhmdn xc }ibd{îwdi whd pwh{i"

civhlki#}h lxc {ngxbhdwi kh unkwhz mehdi kh phøh} gwnlmi}'" Hvnl} whbn{ix hc }hx gbio,'Li}}n pwdchdwn dcpwh}}íi fid kh phwpbhudknkh" n{ä ~xh hbh mehoix cnd} phw{i h li} khci}

mil{n kh ~xh líi }h {wn{nvn kh ix{wi pî}}nwi ~xnb~xhw" cn} whnbchl{h kh xc pdloxdc

kdfhwhl{h,'

I }xmh}}i ki cx{nl{h fid dl}{nl{çlhi, Ln} fi{i} kh Hvnl}" hbh }h kh}{nmn kn cxb{dkíi

dlmil}pãmxn mici xc cikhbi hc pn}}nwhbn kh kh}fdbh" nlxlmdnlki n úb{dcn cikn n cdbenwh}

kh pdloxdl} xldfiwcdznki} li vhbei h}{dbi, N giwki" mencix n n{hlïíi, 'Hbh hwn i úldmi



?7

dlkdvãkxi n}}dc" hcgiwn cnd} mhki {dvä}}hci} nvd}{nki ix{wi pdloxdc ~xh {dlen xcn

mibiwnïíi cnd} pîbdkn,' Nboxl} pn}}nohdwi} }h bhcgwnwnc kh envhw hlmil{wnki nl{h}

h}pämdchl} chbçldmi} ln gnãn kh ]{, Nlkwh}" {ncgäc ln Ohýwodn ki ]xb,

Vhc nã xc livi pdloxdc9 N edpý{h}h pnwhmh dcpwivîvhb }hoxlki i pwýpwdi Hvnl},

Nph}nw kh {iki }xmh}}i ~xh {hvh li gnwmi" i pdloxdc lhowi líi dcpwh}}dilnvn cxd{i }xn

pwýpwdn mibûldn, H ä lhbn" líi li Bdlkgbnk" ~xh hbh pwhmd}n fnzhw n chbeiw pwipnonlkn pi}}ãvhb

kh }hx} {wxlfi} ohlä{dmi}" }h ~xd}hw nxchl{nw n} menlmh} kh pn}}î#bi} nkdnl{h,

Pnwn {iwlnw ndlkn cnd} }icgwdi} i} pwiolý}{dmi}" n}}dc ~xh n} fi{iownfdn} kh Hvnl}

fiwnc ni nw" i pdloxdc lhowi fid whmilehmdki phbn} ph}~xd}nkiwn} Bixd}h Gbdoe{ h ]tbvdn

]{hvhl}, Hbn} jî envdnc li{nki }xn pwh}hlïn ln dben, Pnwhmdn i ch}ci, H" phbi chli} ln~xhbn

äpimn" hbh líi bhvnvn i chliw jhd{i 'kh h}{nw pwimwdnlki', Cnx noixwi pnwn ~xhc vhw{h wdi}

kh kdlehdwi hc {hwli} pwh{i} kh Odiwodi Nwcnld ix Hwchlhodbki Zholn" ln h}phwnlïn kh }ndwghc nmicpnlenki kn} fh}{n} ilkh" hc pwdlmãpdi" {iki cxlki hlvhwon cnd} ix chli} i}

ch}ci} {wnjh},

Mil}xb{nki phbn Ln{dilnb Ohiownpedm ]imdh{t" i iwld{ýbioi mnlnkhl}h Nbbnl Gnahw

nkcd{dx ~xh 'lxlmn {dlen vd}{i n~xdbi nl{h}', Cn} nwwd}mix ~xh }h {wn{nvn kh xcn kh}}n}

cx{nïøh} wnwn}" {dpi 'xcn hc xc zdbeíi', Ix{wi iwld{ýbioi" [hk Mehh}hcnl" whkxzdx i

fhlûchli n cnd} xc huhcpbi kh 'chbnld}ci'" n ch}cn nlicnbdn dlýmxn ~xh li Gwn}db ohwn

ilïn} pwh{n} }hc ~xh hbn} khduhc kh }hw ilïn} pdl{nkn}" mici n Pnl{ehwn ilmn" kh pwnuh mic

pdochl{i} h}mxwi} }igwnlki,Mehh}hcnl {ipix ni biloi kn mnwwhdwn mic mn}i} kh chbnld}ci hc phbi chli} }h{h

kn} khzh}}h{h h}pämdh} milehmdkn} kh pdloxdl}, Ghc mici kh bhxmd}ci" xcn khfdmdêlmdn kh

pdochl{nïíi ~xh i} kh}mibiwh" hc vhz kh h}mxwhmhw, ]íi cx{nïøh} ~xh líi }h {wnl}cd{hc

lhmh}}nwdnchl{h à} pwýudcn} ohwnïøh}" kh}vdnlki#}h piw{nl{i kn miwwhl{h xldvhw}nb kn

h}phmdnïíi ~xh" à whvhbdn kh Menwbh} Knwdl" eijh }h mencn hvibxmdild}ci,

I pdloxdc lhowi kh Hvnl} pnwhmh fnknki n dw }h npnonlki ki li{dmdîwdi li} milfdl} kn

Nl{îw{dkn" khpid} kh }hx gwhvh h}{whbn{i, I ~xh líi micpwich{hwî n pipxbnwdknkh ki}

pdloxdl}" mil~xd}{nkn li }ämxbi UVD" ~xnlki n} vdnohl} imhçldmn} michïnwnc n }xg}{d{xdw igh}{dîwdi cd{ibýodmi ki} {hwwd{ýwdi} kh}milehmdki} phbi} nldcnd} huý{dmi} ki} bxonwh} lxlmn

knl{h} lnvhonki},

Lh}}n mn{hoiwdn" i} pdloxdl} gwdbenc, [êc n}n} ~xh dlvibxãwnc pnwn vdwnw lnknkhdwn},

Vdvhc hc hu{whci} kh {hcphwn{xwn" kn Nl{îw{dkn ni H~xnkiw" cn} líi pøhc n} lnknkhdwn} li

ehcd}fäwdi liw{h" n líi }hw ~xnlki víi pnwnw hc ziibýodmi}, H lhbh} líi phwkhc n mnpnmdknkh

kh h}pdmnïnw n dcnodlnïíi excnln" mici n kxpbn kh cnmei} ~xh" {hlki mil}{d{xãki xc mn}nb



?=

h}{îvhb li n~xîwdi ki Mhl{wnb Pnwa" hc Livn Tiwa" kh}migwdx n} nbhowdn} kn pwimwdnïíi khpid}

~xh i} {wn{nkiwh} px}hwnc xc ivi dlmxgnki hc }hx ldlei, ]íi mid}n} ~xh }ý nmil{hmhc mic

migndn}" mici n whfiwcn iw{iowîfdmn ~xh" kh cnlhdwn dlfnch" ncpx{ix i {whcn ki} pdloxdl}

ln bãloxn piw{xoxh}n,

Fiwn h}}n} cnldpxbnïøh}" ghc pdiwh} ~xh n} ki Pei{i}eip" n ownlkh li{ãmdn {wnzdkn

phbi pdloxdc lhowi ä ~xh h}}h} nldcnd}" phbi chli} piw hl~xnl{i" mil{dlxnc i} ch}ci}, H n

whvd}{n pdnxã" ~xh kh}kh {hcpi} dchciwdnd} lxlmn h}milkhx }xn humd{nkn nkcdwnïíi phbi

gdmei gin#pwnïn" líi pikdn khdunw kh whod}{wnw i fn{i h }nxknw i pwh{dlei gî}dmi: Nvh"

ldoäwwdcn nvh.

NLHUI O ” Hkdïíi jxlei kh 70>0

N mil}{n{nïíi fid fhd{n phbn Ln{dilnb Nwmedvh} nlk Whmiwk} Nkcdld}{wn{dil kh

_n}edlo{il" n dl}{d{xdïíi fhkhwnb hlmnwwhonkn kn pwh}hwvnïíi kh {xki i ~xh kimxchl{n n

ed}{ýwdn ifdmdnb ki} H}{nki} Xldki}: xcn gnlnb fi{iownfdn kh ~xnwhl{n nli} n{wî}" kh h}mn}}i

vnbiw }dcgýbdmi" {iwlix#}h i kimxchl{i cnd} }ibdmd{nki n{ä eijh pnwn whpwikxïíi, Kh}{wilix

dlmbx}dvh n n{n kn Mil}{d{xdïíi h n Khmbnwnïíi kh Dlkhphlkêlmdn" i} mncphøh} kh nxkdêlmdn

n{ä hl{íi, Líi ä pixmn mid}n }hw i pwdchdwi kn bd}{n kh xc nmhwvi ~xh nowxpn" hl{wh ix{wn}

mn{hoiwdn}" 4 gdbeøh} kh pîodln} kh {hu{i" cnd} kh 70 cdbeøh} kh fi{i}" =68 cdb wibi} kh fdbch"

?0 cdb ownvnïøh} h ?"7 cdbeøh} kh d{hl} mnw{iowîfdmi},

N ed}{ýwdn piw {wî} kn fi{i michïix lxcn lid{h kh khzhcgwi kh >4?0" ~xnlki kid}

eý}phkh} vdlki} kh Bi} Nlohbh} h" li kdn }hoxdl{h" xc vdlki kh Chcped}" li [hllh}}hh"

imxpnwnc n} }xã{h} 808" 806 h 80? ki _n}edlo{il Ei{hb, Whod}{wnki} mici miwilhb Jil

Gxwwi}" Jhwwt ]medbbdlo h ]illt _h}{" {icnwnc mnfä kn cnleí ghc mhki h wxcnwnc n pä n{ä

n Mn}n Gwnlmn" }d{xnkn n pixmi} ~xnw{hdwøh} kh kd}{çlmdn, Gxwwi} bhvnvn mil}doi xcn mnw{n

cnlx}mwd{n kh }hd} fiben}" hlkhwhïnkn ni pwh}dkhl{h Wdmenwk Lduil, Bhvnvn {ncgäc xcn

pd}{ibn Mib{ mnbdgwh ;8" nmiciknkn lxcn mndun kh cnkhdwn,

Ni }h npwh}hl{nw ni} oxnwkn} ki piw{íi kn nbn liw{h" Gxwwi} khduix kh }hw Gxwwi} h

npi}hl{ix i 'miwilhb', Dkhl{dfdmix#}h" miwwh{nchl{h" pnwn h}pnl{i ki} oxnwkn}: 'Chx lich ä



?8

N n{n ifdmdnb kn nxkdêlmdn" whkdodkn phbi n}}h}}iw jxwãkdmi 'Gxk' Awioe ä }xg}{nl{dvn"

cn} líi kî mil{n ki kh}micpn}}i hl{wh nlfd{wdíi h vd}d{nl{h, Dchkdn{nchl{h khpid} kn }h}}íi

kh fi{i}" Hbvd} h}pnbeix }igwh n ch}n pwh}dkhlmdnb kd}{dl{dvi} pibdmdnd} kn Mnbdfýwldn" ki

Mibiwnki h ki [hllh}}hh" mic i }hx lich, [ncgäc ci}{wix fi{i} }xn}" mic n cxbehw h n

fdben Bd}n Cnwdh" jî nx{iownfnkn},

N phwoxl{n" fhd{n kh meifwh" }igwh }h mil}hoxdwdn xc mwnmeî ki FGD" khduix Lduil

eh}d{nl{h, 'Hbh }h kdwdodx n cdc'" mil{nwdn Awioe cnd} {nwkh" 'whpn}}nlki#ch n phwoxl{n, ]ý

~xh hx líi mil}hoxdn mnp{nw i ~xh i pwh}dkhl{h whnbchl{h ~xhwdn ~xh hx wh}pilkh}}h,' Lduil

nmngix n~xdh}mhlki" i ~xh khduix Hbvd} hu{î{dmi kh own{dkíi, Hlvib{i phbi wi~xhdwi lxc

ngwnïi fiwn kh ~xnb~xhw pwi{imibi" i pwh}dkhl{h wh{wdgxdx mic xc mxw{i {npdlen li icgwi ki

vd}d{nl{h, 'Npwhmdi n }xn kd}pi}dïíi hc njxknw" }w, Pwh}bht'" kd}}h#beh,

Hbvd}" ~xh }hwvdwn mic iwoxbei li Huäwmd{i h }hcpwh nbnwkhix }hx nciw phbn pî{wdn"kh}hjnvn mic ig}h}}íi xc mwnmeî ki FGD" ndlkn ~xh fi}}h eiliwîwdi" mici i ~xh whmhghx, N

cnldn vdlen kh biloh h }h {iwlnwn pwhchl{h, Kxwnl{h n nxkdêlmdn" whvhbix h}{nw chwoxbenki eî

cnd} kh khz nli} li h}{xki kh xcn {ämldmn micxld}{n kh fnzhw bnvnohc mhwhgwnb, H

cnldfh}{ix i whmhdi kh ~xh i} Ghn{bh} h}{dvh}}hc pwicivhlki xcn mncpnlen nl{dnchwdmnln

ni dlmhl{dvnwhc n mil{h}{nïíi" i} pwi{h}{i} mil{wn n oxhwwn ki Vdh{lí h i x}i kh kwion},

Nl{h} kh }h kh}phkdw" Hbvd} phkdx pnwn npwh}hl{nw }hx} kid} ncdoi} ~xh noxnwknvnc ki

bnki kh fiwn, N piw{n ki ]nbíi Ivnb }h ngwdx" Jhwwt ]medbbdlo h ]illt _h}{ pxkhwnc hl{wnw li

}nl{xîwdi ki pikhw cxlkdnb, H ndlkn onlenwnc xc menvhdwi kh ixwi mic i }hbi pwh}dkhlmdnb~xh Wdmenwk Lduil {dwix kh xcn onvh{n, 'Cn} hbh} {ncgäc {êc h}pi}n}.'" bnlïix Hbvd}"

h}pdnlki i mil{húki kn onvh{n piw mdcn ki icgwi pwh}dkhlmdnb,

Mic cnd} kid} gwdlkh} ifdmdnd} li gib}i" i {wdi }h kh}phkdx ki nlfd{wdíi h fid

milvdknki phbi n}}h}}iw Awioe n nbciïnw li whfhd{ýwdi kn Mn}n Gwnlmn, Ni biloi kh {iki i

{wnjh{i" Hbvd} Pwh}bht líi pnwix kh knw nx{ýownfi}, Ni fdlnb kn vd}d{n" whmhghx }hx migdïnki

{wifäx kn} cíi} ki vdmh#kdwh{iw ki Gxwhnx kh Lnwmý{dmi} h Kwion} Phwdoi}n}, Ldloxäc kd}}h:

Bnkdh} nlk ohl{bhchl" Hbvd} en} jx}{ bhf{ {eh gxdbkdlo,

NLHUI E ” Hkdïíi }h{hcgwi kh 70>0



?6

N D}bçlkdn ä ch}ci }nmxkdkn, Khpid} kn gnlmnwwi{n" ki vxbmíi h kn pwdchdwn#cdld}{wn

n}}xcdknchl{h ont" i pnã} vib{n n }xwpwhhlkhw, Li dlãmdi ki nli" xc phw}ilnohc ~xh ln}mhx

mici xcn fdmïíi khmdkdx ~xh hwn eiwn kh mhbhgwnw n khcimwnmdn, Ni jx}{dfdmnw n khmd}íi kh }h

bnlïnw mnlkdkn{i à} hbhdïøh} pnwbnchl{nwh}" hupbdmix ~xh h}{nvn mnl}nki kn} kdfdmxbknkh} kn

vdkn kh nx{ûlici h ‒pwhmd}nvn onwnl{dw xc }nbîwdi fdui pnwn mxdknw ki} chx} n}}xl{i}–,

N mnlkdkn{xwn#pdnkn fid bnlïnkn ln dl{hwlh{ hc cndi h }h whvhbix xc fhlûchli, [nl{i

n}}dc ~xh i mnlkdkn{i khmdkdx ~xh milmiwwhw ni Pnwbnchl{i hwn pixmi, Chbeiw ch}ci hwn }h

bnlïnw bioi n pwhfhd{i kn mnpd{nb Whtajnvãa" i }hoxlki mnwoi cnd} dcpiw{nl{h kn edhwnw~xdn

pibã{dmn ki pnã}" phwkhlki nphln} pnwn i kh pwdchdwi#cdld}{wi, Nbäc ki} ghlhfãmdi}

phmxldîwdi} ” xc pnwbnchl{nw onlen mhwmn kh ? cdb whnd} hl~xnl{i i pwhfhd{i kh Whtajnvãa

hcgib}n >="8 cdb ”" i mnwoi ngwdwdn eiwdzil{h} cnd} ncpbi}: ‒^xhwi nwwnljnw xc {wngnbei ghc

pnoi pwn pikhw njxknw chx} ncdoi} h pnwhl{h}, [ncgäc ~xhwi {hw n}}h}}iwh} h onlenw xccil{h kh mid}n} kh ownïn–" khmbnwix mic mnlkxwn i mnlkdkn{i n pwhfhd{i,

H n}}dc fid fhd{i,

Hc 74 kh cndi" Jýl Olnww" phw}ilnohc dlvhl{nki phbi mdknkíi d}bnlkê} Jýl Oxllnw

Awd}{dl}}il" vhlmhx n} hbhdïøh} cxldmdpnd} mic 70 666 vi{i}" =;"?( ki hbhd{iwnki, Ä mici }h

i Cnmnmi [díi {dvh}}h mehonki ni Pnbîmdi Oxnlngnwn" ix Mnmnwhmi ni Pnbîmdi ki}

Gnlkhdwnl{h}, Cnd} pwhmd}nchl{h" ä mici }h i }hx Mwht}}il {dvh}}h }dki hbhd{i" h Mbnxkdi

Cnlihb" n mnwî{hw" fi}}h dlvh}{dki ki cnlkn{i, ]ý líi ä cnd} ng}xwki piw~xh Jýl Oxllnw

Awd}{dll}}il whod}{wix i lich kn mwdn{xwn hc mnw{ýwdi" nki{nlki#i h {iwlnlki#}h" n}}dc" nmwdn{xwn ki mwdnkiw,

Jýl Oxllnw Awd}{dl}}il ln}mhx hc >46?" h vhdi ni cxlki khmdkdknchl{h n pn}}hdi,

Vnoix piw {wê} ix ~xn{wi h}mibn}" }hc }h fiwcnw hc lhlexcn, I úldmi kdpbicn ~xh ig{hvh

fid n mnw{hdwn kh engdbd{nïíi kh {nud}{n, Líi ~xh {dvh}}h vimnïíi pnwn ghc }hwvdw ni púgbdmi, I

~xh beh dl{hwh}}nvn" ch}ci" hwn n cú}dmn pxla, Milehmdki mici Jiíizdlei Pxla" fid

gn{hwd}{n kn} gnlkn} Ýobhkd %Cnb#H}{nw$ h Lhfwhll}bd %Miwwdchl{i Ln}nb$" ncgn} kh }nxki}n

chcýwdn, Ki {îud" cdowix pnwn xc hcpwhoi lxc ngwdoi kh lhmh}}d{nki}" knbd pxbix pnwn vdodn

li{xwli kh xc }nln{ýwdi" h ~xnlki }h khx mil{n h}{nvn cil{nlki Vibvi} ln ]xämdn,Mici {dvh}}h xc }hl}i kh exciw nlîw~xdmi" xc ncdoi i milvhlmhx kh ~xh h}{nvn

jionlki n vdkn fiwn, Vib{ix pnwn n D}bçlkdn h fid kdwh{i pnwn n wîkdi" ilkh njxkix n mwdnw

pwiowncn} exciwã}{dmi} mici Fdc ki Cxlki" Gãmhp} h Dwcíi} kh Mwdnïíi, N whphwmx}}íi fid

dchl}n ” pnwn i ghc h pnwn i cnb, N dben mwh}mhwn mic i} whbn{i} kh }hbvnohwdn kn} }non}

lnmdilnd}" cn} cnmenkdlen ln mnghïn ä xcn mid}n" ix{wn ghc kdfhwhl{h ä pdnkn }igwh xc



??

chldli ~xh nmhd{n }hw cibh}{nki }huxnbchl{h phbi pnd hc {wimn kh kdlehdwi pnwn micpwnw

}iwvh{h,

Hc pixmi {hcpi" n D}bçlkdn }h kdvdkdn hl{wh i} ~xh nmenvnc Jýl Olnww xc oêldi h

n~xhbh} ~xh i mil}dkhwnvnc n h}mýwdn kn [hwwn, I fn{i kh }hw mn{ýbdmi khvi{i" fnlî{dmi" líi

khdun kh }hw cnd} xcn kh }xn} humhl{wdmdknkh} ” li pnã} cnjiwd{nwdnchl{h bx{hwnli" i}

mn{ýbdmi} líi pn}}nc kh =( kn pipxbnïíi" lúchwi bdohdwnchl{h dlfhwdiw* ni} ~xh }h

pwifh}}nc n{hx},

Mici líi hwn pi}}ãvhb }h hbhohw pwhfhd{i }hlíi n giwki kh xc pnw{dki" Jýl Olnww

fxlkix i }hx: i Chbeiw Pnw{dki, N pbn{nfiwcn kh oivhwli dlmbxãn {inben} owî{d} hc {ikn} n}

pd}mdln} púgbdmn}" ûldgx} own{xd{i ‒pnwn h}{xknl{h} h pigwh} mid{nki}–" {wn{nchl{i khl{îwdi

owî{d} ‒pnwn mwdnlïn} h pigwh} mid{nki}–" xc Pnwbnchl{i }hc kwion} n{ä 7070 h ” vhwknkhdwn

phkwn kh {i~xh ki pwiowncn ” xc xw}i pibnw pnwn i cdldzii, ]hoxlki Olnww" n chkdknn{wndwdn cxb{dkøh} kh {xwd}{n} h nxchl{nwdn n whmhd{n ki micgnbdki hwîwdi cxldmdpnb, I pnmi{h

ziibýodmi {ncgäc chlmdilnvn ‒mnwlhnw n} 7? ivhben} ki cdldzii h iwonldznw xc mexwwn}mi–"

cn} n chkdkn líi fid bhvnkn nkdnl{h,

Olnww wh}xcdx n}}dc n pbn{nfiwcn pibã{dmn kh }hx pnw{dki: ‒N vhwknkh ä ~xh líi {hci}

lhlexcn pbn{nfiwcn pnw{dkîwdn" cn} fdlodci} {hw xcn,– I Chbeiw Pnw{dki {hc n ownlkh

vnl{nohc kh pikhw fnzhw cxd{i cnd} pwich}}n} ki ~xh }hx} milmiwwhl{h} pibã{dmi} phbi fn{i

kh líi {hw" n}}xcdknchl{h" n chliw dl{hlïíi kh mxcpwdw ~xnb~xhw xcn khbn},

Cxd{i} hbhd{iwh} nfdwcnc {hw }dki hun{nchl{h h}{n n wnzíi phbn ~xnb vi{nwnc hc Olnww:lhlexcn pbn{nfiwcn kh oivhwli beh} }inwn {íi eilh}{n, Mici pibã{dmi} {wnkdmdilnd} envdnc

}dki }ýmdi} kn gnlmnwwi{n kh 7005" pdnkd}{n} piw pdnkd}{n}" chbeiw xc pwifd}}dilnb,

Li }hx kd}mxw}i kh vd{ýwdn" Olnww {wnl~xdbdzix n pipxbnïíi: ‒Ldloxäc khvh fdmnw

n}}x}{nki mic i Chbeiw Pnw{dki–" n}}hoxwix" ‒piw~xh hbh ä i chbeiw pnw{dki, ]h líi fi}}h"

}hwdn mencnki kh Pdiw Pnw{dki" ix Pnw{dki Wxdc, Lý} lxlmn {wngnbenwãnci} pnwn xc pnw{dki

n}}dc,– Nkxzdx" n {ã{xbi kh nwoxchl{i khfdld{dvi: ‒H pdiw líi fdmn,–

I pwdchdwi kdn kh {wngnbei líi fid cibh, ‒]nã kn pwdchdwn whxldíi kh ongdlh{h mic kiw

kh mnghïn–" milfh}}ix Olnww, ‒[dvh cxd{n kdfdmxbknkh pnwn hl{hlkhw {xki ~xh imiwwdn bî,–Dlmicpwhhl}ãvhb" {nbvhz1 men{i" jncnd}, I }hmwh{nwdnki kh Olnww ä fiwcnki piw n{iwh}"

mdlhn}{n}" cú}dmi}" h}mwd{iwh} h kwncn{xwoi}, I }hoxlki ln bdlen kh pikhw ä xc hu#dl{hownl{h

kn gnlkn ]xonwmxgh}, I hlmnwwhonki ki} {wnl}piw{h} púgbdmi} ä i livhbd}{n ]jýl" nx{iw kh

vîwdi} pihcn} cx}dmnki} piw Gjöwa, Olnww" mxji piw{n#viz ä xc mdlhn}{n" mil}dkhwn#i

~xnbdfdmnkã}}dci phbi fn{i kh jncnd} {hw {dwnki mnw{hdwn kh ci{iwd}{n,



?5

H pn}chc: i oivhwli vnd ghc, I kdn n kdn ki pwhfhd{i ä nmicpnlenki piw =8 cdb

ph}}in} ~xh i }hoxhc li Fnmhgiia" i ~xh miwwh}pilkh" lxc pnã} kh =70 cdb ph}}in}" n cnd}

kh >0( kn pipxbnïíi d}bnlkh}n" ix ~xn}h =0( ki} engd{nl{h} kh Whtajnvãa, Kdnwdnchl{h" n

{xwcn ä milvimnkn n pnw{dmdpnw kh cdmwipbhgd}md{i} vdw{xnd} }igwh ~xh}{øh} kn mdknkh: ‒Ûldgx}

khvhc ix líi }hw own{xd{i} pnwn chliwh} kh >5 nli}9– ‒^xhgwn#cibn} khvhc }hw ngibdki}9–

‒I} pi}{h} ki mhl{wi }íi gild{i} ix fhdi}9–Ln} }h{h pd}mdln} púgbdmn} kn mnpd{nb" {inben} kh

ownïn h own{xdknkh pnwn mwdnlïn} mic chli} kh 8 nli} nxchl{nwnc" }ý li} pwdchdwi} ilzh

kdn}" hc 60( n fwh~xêlmdn kn chldlnkn, [ncgäc }xw{dx gic hfhd{i n mwdnïíi ki pwêcdi

Ehwýd} kn ]imdhknkh" ~xh nownmdn ph}}in} h}mibedkn} n pnw{dw kh xcn bd}{n dlkdmnkn phbn

pipxbnïíi mic xc milvd{h pnwn ph}mnw }nbcíi,

Xc cê} khpid} kh n}}xcdw ” h ch}ci líi {hlki wh}ibvdki n ~xh}{íi ki xw}i pibnw"

mxjn nx}êlmdn li cdldzii ä mil}pãmxn ”" ?>( kn pipxbnïíi }h kdz }n{d}fhd{n mic Jýl Olnww,Nboxl} }h n}}x}{nc mic {ncnlen pipxbnwdknkh, ‒I Chbeiw Pnw{dki fid fiwcnki hc {iwli kh

xc {dpi kh bãkhw }xpi}{nchl{h gxfíi h npibã{dmi–" nlnbd}n i pwifh}}iw kh bd{hwn{xwn kn

Xldvhw}dknkh kn D}bçlkdn" Îwcnll Jnaig}}il, ‒D}}i líi ä livdknkh, N Fiwzn D{nbdn kh ]dbvdi

Ghwbx}mild ä ix{wi huhcpbi kh xc pnw{dki ~xh }h kdzdn mil{wîwdi ni} pibã{dmi} {wnkdmdilnd},–

Ln D}bçlkdn" n nkvhw{êlmdn }in pnw{dmxbnwchl{h }dld}{wn, Hc >457" ix{wi exciwd}{n }h

hbhohx pwhfhd{i kn mnpd{nb, Knvãk Ikk}}il" ~xh dl{hwpwh{nwn Xgx Whd li dlãmdi kn mnwwhdwn" vdwdn

n }h {iwlnw" khz nli} cnd} {nwkh" pwdchdwi#cdld}{wi ki pnã}, Xcn kh }xn} pwdlmdpnd} chkdkn}

fid n pwdvn{dznïíi h kh}whoxbnchl{nïíi ki} gnlmi} ~xh kh}noxnwdn ln mwd}h kh 7005,‒[iki} i} pibã{dmi} }íi xl} dkdi{n}, Phbi chli} Olnww ä xc dkdi{n hlownïnki–" kd}}h

xc fí whmhl{hchl{h, [iki} {iwmhc pnwn ~xh n pdnkn mil{dlxh kdvhw{dkn,

humor e ironia: uma análise da seção “chegada” na revista piauí belo horizonte 2010

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