glossario palavras-chave (eng)

8/8/2019 Glossario Palavras-chave (ENG)

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Aging Irreversible alteration, generally deterioration, of the properties of paper in course of time. Agingalso causes reduction in brightness and yellowing effect.

Agitator An equipment used to keep content of a tank or chest in motion and well mixed.

Air Brush Coater A coater which uses the pressurized air to atomize the coating mixture and spray it on the paper.

Air Dry (AD) Refers to the weight of dry pulp/paper in equilibrium with the atmosphere. Though the amount of moisture in dry pulp/paper will depend on the atmospheric condition of humidity andtemperature but as a convention 10% moisture is assumed in air dry pulp/paper.

Air Drying Using hot air to dry pulp or paper sheets.

Air Filter Paper A type of paper used for filtration of air to remove suspended particles. (car air filter, vacuum

bag etc.)

Air Knife Coater A device that applies an excess coating to the paper and then removes the surplus by impinging aflat jet of air upon the fluid coating, leaving a smooth, metered film on the paper.

Air Mail PaperIt is lightweight, high opacity, good quality writing/printing type paper used for letters, flyersand other printed matter to be transported by airlines.

Air Pollution The contamination of air around the plant due to the emission of gases, vapors and particulatematerial in the atmosphere.

Albumin PaperA coated paper used in photography; the coating is made of albumen (egg whites) andammonium chloride.

Algae Micro organic plant life that forms in paper mill water supplies.

Alkali Resistance Freedom of paper from a tendency to become stained or discolored or to undergo a color changewhen brought in contact with alkaline products such as soap and adhesives.


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Alkaline Papermaking Paper manufactured under alkaline conditions, using additives, basic fillers like calciumcarbonate and neutral size. The anti-aging properties in alkaline paper make it a logical choicefor documents where permanence is essential.

Alkaline Pulping Pulping by alkaline solutions of sodium hydroxide, with or without sodium sulfide. Withoutsodium sulfide, soda process with sodium sulfide, Kraft or sulfate processes.

Alpha Pulp A specially processed, high alpha cellulose content, chemical pulp. It is also called dissolving

pulp.

AlumThe paper maker alum is hydrated Aluminum Sulfate {Al2(SO4)3}. It is used to adjust the pH of the mill water or as a sizing chemical in combination with rosin size.

Anthra Quinone (AQ)A quinoid compound added to white liquor (alkaline cooking liquor) to improve pulp yield andto increase the rate of delignification.

Antique Finish A term describing the surface, usually on book and cover papers, that has a natural rough finish.

Approach Flow System The stock flow system from fan pump to headbox slice.

Archival Paper A paper that is made to last for long time and used for long lasting records.

Ash ContentThe residue left after complete combustion of paper at high temperature. It is generally expressedas percent of original test sample and represents filler content in the paper.

Azure The light blue color used in the nomenclature of "laid" and "wove" papers.

B

Back LinerThe back side layer in a multi-ply paperboard. Normally back liner is made out of inferior grade

pulp compared to top liner.


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Back Water See White Water.

Bag Paper Any paper made to be used in the manufacturing of bags.

Bagasse Sugarcane residue after extracting the juice.

Bale A large rectangular shaped compressed package of waste paper, rag, pulp etc. Bale dimensionsand weight varies widely depending on the baling material and handling capabilities.

Bamboo A plant of grass family grown in Asian countries and used for papermaking fibers.

Barker An equipment used to remove bark from wood.

Base Paper Refers to paper that will be subsequently be treated, coated or laminated in other ways.

Basis Weight In English system of units, basis weight is the weight in pounds of a ream (500 sheets) of paper cut to a basic size. (Basic size differs from category to category of the paper. Basic size for Bondand Ledger is 20"x26", book, offset and text paper have basic size of 25"x38"). In metric systemof units, basis weight is the weight in grams of a single sheet of area one square meter. Basisweight is also called as substance and grammage in metric system of units.

Beater An equipment used for beating, refining and mixing pulps.

Beating or Refining The mechanical treatment of the fibers in water to increase surface area, flexibility and promote

bonding when dried.

Biodegradable Capable of destruction by biological action.

Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) When effluent containing biodegradable organic matter is released into a receiving water, the

biodegradation of the organic matter consumes dissolved oxygen from the water. The BOD of aneffluent is an estimate of the amount of oxygen that will be consumed in 5 days following itsrelease into a receiving water; assuming a temperature of 20C.


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Biological Waste Water Treatment A method of cleaning up waste water using living micro-organisms such as bacteria

Black LiquorThe liquor that exits the digester with the cooked chips at the end of the Kraft cook is called"black" liquor.Biomass Boiler or Hogged Fuel Boiler Biomass boilers burn bark, saw mill dust, primary clarifier sediment and other solid waste, andother wood-related scrap not usable in product production. Also called "hogged fuel" boilers,

biomass boilers make steam and heat for mill use.

Blade CoaterA device that first applies a surplus coating to paper and then remove extra color after evenlyleveling by means of a flexible steel blade.

Bleaching A chemical process used to whiten and purify the pulp. Bleaching also adds to the sheetsstrength and durability.

Blotting Paper An unsized paper used generally to absorb excess ink from freshly written manuscripts, lettersand signatures.

Blow It is the discharging of the pressure and contents of the digester in to Blow Tank.

Blow Tank The tank in which pulp is blown from digester.

BoardThick and stiff paper, often consisting of several plies, widely used for packaging or box making

purposes. Its grammage normally is higher than 150 g/m2 or thickness is more than 9 point(thousandth of an inch).

Bond Paper The name "bond" was originally given to a paper, which was used for printing bonds and stock certificates. It is now used in referring to paper used for letterheads and many printing purposes.Important characteristics are finish, strength, freedom from fuzz, and rigidity.

Bone Dry Moisture free or zero moisture.

Book Paper A general term used to define a class or group of papers having in common physicalcharacteristics that, in general, are most suitable for the graphic arts, exclusive of newsprint.


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BoxboardA paperboard used in the manufacture of light non-corrugated container.

Breaking Length The length beyond which a strip of paper of uniform width would break under its own weight if suspended from one end. Usually expressed in meters.

BrightnessThe reflectance or brilliance of the paper when measured under a specially calibrated blue light.

Not necessarily related to color or whiteness. Brightness is expressed in %.

Bristol Board A fine quality cardboard made by pasting several sheets together, the middle sheets usually of inferior grade.

BrokePaper that is unusable because of damage or non-conformity to the specifications. It is put back in to the pulping system.

Brown Stock The unbleached chemical pulp.

Bulk Reverse of density, expressed as cubic centimeter per gram.

Brush Coating A Coating method in which the freshly applied coating color is regulated and smoothed bymeans of brushes, some stationary and some oscillating, before drying.

Bursting Strength The resistance of paper to rapture as measured by the hydrostatic pressure required to burst itwhen a uniformly distributed and increasing pressure is applied to one of its side.

C

CalenderA stack of highly polished metal cylinders at the end of a paper machines that smoothes andshines the paper surface as sheets pass through.

Caliper The thickness of paper usually expressed in thousandths of an inch in English system of unitsand in millimeter in Metric system of units.


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Carbon paper A low basis weight paper (8 to 15 g/m2) with very low air permeability, free of pin holes andwith a waxy coating, that is used to produce carbon copies on typewriters or other officeequipment.

Carbonless Paper A paper that uses a chemical reaction between two different contacting coatings to transfer imagewhen pressure is applied.

Cast Coater A device that applies a wet coating color to a paper web before it contacts a heated drum havinga highly polished surface, which cast the coating in to an image of the smooth, mirror-like drumsurface.

Causticizing It is the process in which Green Liquor is converted in to White Liquor. Technically speaking itis the process of converting sodium carbonate in to sodium hydroxide.

Cellulose It is a high molecular weight, stereoregular, and linear polymer of repeating beta-D-glucopyranose units. Simply speaking it is the chief structural element and major constituents of the cell wall of trees and plants.

Cellulose Fiber An elongated, tapering, thick walled cellular unit, which is the main structural component of woody plants. Fibers in the plants are cemented together by lignin. In British English Fiber isspelled as Fiber.

Check or Cheque PaperA strong, durable paper made for the printing of bank checks or cheques.

Chemical Pulp Pulp obtained from the chemical cooking or digestion of wood or other plant material.

Chemical Recovery It is the process in which cooking chemicals are recovered.

Chipper The machine that converts wood logs in to chips.

ClayA natural substance used as both a filler and coating ingredient to improve a papers smoothness,

brightness, opacity and/ or affinity for ink.


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Closed SystemPapermaking system wherein white water is mainly recirculated and not discharged as effluent.

Coarse Paper (also Industrial Paper)Various grades of papers used for industrial application (abrasive, filter etc.) rather than cultural

purposes (writing, printing etc.)

Coat Weight The amount of coating applied to base paper, expressed as pounds of air-dried coating on thesurface of a 25X38 in ream or grams per meter square.

Cockle Finish Produced by air drying paper with controlled tension. This uneven surface is available in bond

papers.

Cogeneration It is the process to generate electricity from high pressure steam and using low and/or medium

pressure steam in the mill process.

Coniferous Trees Cone bearing and evergreen trees. Also known as soft wood trees. e.g. pine, spruce etc.ConsistencyThe percentage of bone dry solids by weight in pulp or stock.

Continuous Pulping Production of pulp in continuous digester as compared to a batch digester.

Cooking Reacting fibrous raw material with chemical under pressure and temperature to soften and or remove lignin to separate fibers.

Core Fibrous tube used to wound paper for shipment.

Corrugated Board Usually a nine-point board after if has passed through a corrugating machine. When thiscorrugated board is pasted to another flat sheet of board, it becomes single-faced corrugated

board; if pasted on both sides, it becomes double-faced corrugated board or corrugated(shipping) containerboard.

Cotton Fiber Cotton is a natural fiber and is one of the strongest and most durable fibers known to man.Papers manufactured of cotton fiber will last longer and hold up better under repeated handlingand variant environmental conditions than paper made from wood pulp. Generally, givenreasonable care, one can expect one year of usable life for every 1% of cotton contained in the


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sheet. Typically cotton fiber papers are made of either all cotton fiber (100% cotton) or a blendof cotton and wood pulp

Cotton Paper Paper made with a minimum of 25% cotton fiber. Cotton paper is also called rag paper.

Cross-machine Direction A direction perpendicular to the direction of web travels through the paper machine.CurlTendency of paper by itself to bend or partly wrap around the axis of one of its directions.

Cut Sheet Paper cut in sheets (letter, legal, A, B or any other standard size) to be used in printer,

photocopier, fax machines etc.

D

Dandy RollA hollow wire covered roll that rides on the paper machine wire and compacts the newly formedwet web to improve the formation and if required to impart watermark or laid finish the paper.

Deciduous Trees Broad leafed or hardwood trees which lose their leaves in fall such as birch, maple etc.

Decker A drum type filter used for pulp thickening.

Deckle The width of the wet sheet as it comes off the wire of a paper machine.

Deckle Edge The untrimmed, feathery edges of paper formed where the pulp flows against the deckle.

Deinking The process of removing inks, coatings, sizing, adhesives and/ or impurities from waste paper

before recycling the fibers into a new sheet.

Delignification The removal of lignin, the material that binds wood fibers together, during the chemical pulping

process.

Digester The reaction vessel in which wood chips or other plant materials are cooked with chemical toseparate fiber by dissolving lignin.


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Dimensional Stability The ability of paper or paperboard to maintain size. It is the resistance of paper to dimensionalchange with change in moisture content or relative humidity. Dimensional stability is essentialfor keeping forms in registration during printing and keeping sheets from jamming or wrinklingon press or in laser printers.

Direct CookingBatch cooking in which digester contents are heated by blowing steam directly into the digester.

Dissolving Pulp A high purity special grade pulp made for processing in to cellulose derivatives including rayonand acetate.

Doctor Blade Thin metal plate or scraper in contact with a roll along its entire length to keep it clean. Bladesare also used for creping.

Double Coating Coating of paper or paperboard twice on one or both sides.

Draw Difference in speed between two adjacent section of the paper machine.

Dregs The solids which settle down in the clarifiers in the causticizing process.

Dry EndThat part of the paper machine where the paper is dried, surface sized, calendered and reeled.

Durability The ability of paper to maintain its properties with continued usage and handling.

Dust Loose flecks of fiber, filler and/or coating on the paper that sometimes sticks to the printing

blanket and prevents ink from reaching the paper surface.

E

Electrical Grade PaperStrong, pin-hole free paper, sometimes impregnated with synthetic resins and made fromunbleached Kraft pulp. Electrical insulating paper must neither contain fillers nor conductivecontaminants (metals, coal, etc.) nor salts or acids. Lava stone bars are used on rotor and stator toavoid any metal contamination. Cable papers, that are wound around line wires in a spiral-like


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fashion, are electrical insulating papers with a particularly high strength in machine direction.Electrical grade papers include cable papers, electrolytic papers and capacitor paper.

Electronic Printing Photocopiers, ink jet, laser printers and other similar printing methods that create images usingelectrostatic charges rather than a printing plate.

Electro photography A printing process that uses principles of electricity and electrically charged particles to createimages - e.g., photocopiers and laser printers.

Elemental Chlorine Free (ECF) ECF papers are made exclusively with pulp that uses chlorine dioxide rather than elementalchlorine gas as a bleaching agent. This virtually eliminates the discharge of detectable dioxins inthe effluent of pulp manufacturing facilities.

Envelop Paper The paper made specifically for die cutting and folding of envelopes on high-speed envelopmachine.

Extensible Kraft Very strong virgin Kraft papers which stretches more and tears less easily than regular Kraft

paper.

External Fibrillation A refining action that results in partial detachment of fibrils from outer layer of a fiber.

F

Felt A woven cloth used to carry the web of paper between press and dryer rolls on the paper machine.

Felt Side The side of the paper which does not touch the wire on the paper machine. The "top side" or feltside is preferred for printing because it retains more fillers.

Fiber A term used to define pulp after the basic preparation in the paper making process.

Fiber Axis Ratio Ratio of fiber width to fiber thickness.

Fiber Coarseness Weight per unit length of fiber.


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Fibrils Thread like element in the wall of the fiber.

FillerAny inorganic substance added to the pulp during manufacturing of paper.

Filtrate The effluent from the washing or filtering process.

Fines Small particles fiber defined arbitrarily by classification.

Fine Papers Uncoated writing and printing grade paper including offset, bond, duplicating and photocopying.

Finish The surface characteristic of a sheet created by either on-machine or off-machine papermaking

processes. Popular text and cover finishes include smooth, vellum, felt, laid, and linen.

Finishing The trimming, winding, rewinding and packing of paper rolls or trimming, cutting, counting and

packing of paper sheets from parent roll.

Flashing Spontaneous boiling and cooling of a liquid caused by the reduction of pressure below the vapor

pressure of the liquid. Flashing occurs in blow tank during blowing.

Flexography A form of rotary letterpress using flexible rubber or photopolymer

plates

Flotation Deinking Using flotation method for removing ink from paper during the deinking process.

Fluorescent Dye A coloring agent added to pulp to increase the brightness of the paper. It may give a slight blueor green cast to the sheet.

Fluorescent Inks Printing inks that emit and reflect light. Generally, they are brighter and more opaque thantraditional inks, but they are not color fast, so they will fade in bright light over time. Their metallic content will also affect dot gain and trapping.


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Flute One of the wave shapes pressed into corrugated medium. These are categorized by the size of thewave.

Formation The dispersion of fibers in a sheet of paper. The more uniform and tightly bound the fibers, the

better the sheet will print and look.

Fourdrinier Named after its inventor, the Fourdrinier papermaking machine is structured on a continuouslymoving wire belt on to which a watery slurry of pulp is spread. As the wire moves, the water isdrained off and pressed out, and the paper is then dried.

Freeness A term used to define how quickly water is drained from the pulp. The opposite of freeness isslowness. Freeness or slowness is the function of beating or refining. Freeness and slownessreported in ml CSF and degree SR respectively are also the measurement of degree of refining or

beating.

FreesheetPaper that is free of mechanical wood pulp, which is true of virtually all fine printing papers.

FurnishA blend of fibers, pigments, dyes, fillers and other materials that are fed to the wet end of the

paper machine.

FuzzFibrous projections on the surface of a sheet of paper, caused by excessive suction, insufficient

beating or lack of surface sizing. Lint appears in much the same manner but is not attached to thesurface.

G

Glassine PaperA translucent paper made from highly beaten chemical pulp and subsequently supercalendered.

Grade Papers are differentiated from each other by their grade. Different grades are distinguished fromeach other on the basis of their content, appearance, manufacturing history, and/or their end use.

GrainThe direction in which most fibers lie in a sheet of paper. As the pulp slurry moves forward onthe papermaking machines formation wires, the fibers tend to align themselves in the directionof movement. Binding books parallel to the grain allows for a smoother fold then working across


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the grain. Grain direction of sheet fed papers is usually indicated by underlining the number, e.g.,23" X -35". On a web press, the grain direction should run along the length of the paper web.

Grain Long Grain running lengthwise along a sheet of paper.

Grain Short Grain running widthwise along a sheet of paper.

Greaseproof PaperA protective wrapping paper made from chemical wood pulps, which are highly hydrated inorder that the resulting paper may be resistant to oil and grease.Greenfield Mill Mill or production facility built on undeveloped site.

Green Liquor The liquor that results when the inorganic smelt from the recovery furnace is dissolved in water is called "green" liquor.

Groundwood Papers A general term applied to a variety of papers made with substantial proportions of mechanicalwood pulp together with bleached or unbleached chemical wood pulps (generally sulfite), or acombination of these, and used mainly for printing and converting purposes.

H

Half Tone Picture with gradations of tone, formed by dots of varying sizes in one color.

Hard Cook Undercooked pulp with respect to target conditions.

Hard Sized PaperPaper treated with high degree of internal sizing.

HardwoodWood from trees of angiosperms class, usually with broad leaves. Trees grown in tropicalclimates are generally hardwood. Hardwood grows faster than softwood but have shorter fiberscompared to softwood.

Head Box The part of the paper machine whose primary function is to deliver a uniform dispersion of fibersin water at the proper speed through the slice opening to the paper machine wire.


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HemicelluloseA constituent of woods that is, like cellulose, a polysaccharide, but less complex and easilyhydrolysable.

Hydrophilic Having strong affinity for water.

Hydrophobic Lacking affinity for water.

HygroscopicHaving the property to absorb water vapor from the surrounding atmosphere. Most of the papers(except glassine, greaseproof or wet strength etc.) are hygroscopic in nature.

I

Imbibitions The absorption of liquid by a fiber without a corresponding increase in volume.

Industrial Papers A very general term, which is used to indicate papers manufactured for industrial uses asopposed to cultural purposes. Thus, building papers, insulating papers, wrapping papers,

packaging papers, etc. would be considered industrial papers.

Ink Printing inks are made up of pigment, pigment carrier and additives formulated to reducesmudging, picking and other printing problems associated with ink. The choice of ink dependson the type of paper and printing process.

Ink Absorption A papers capacity to accept or absorb ink.

Ink HoldoutThe way the ink pigment sits on the surface of the paper. Strong ink holdout results in a sharp,

bright image.

Internal Fibrillation Loosening of internal bond within a fiber.

Internal Sizing Occurs when sizing materials are added to the water suspension of pulp fibers in the

papermaking process. Also known as Beater, or Engine sizing.


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K

Kappa Number A term used to define the degree of delignification.

Kenaf An annual agricultural plant, native of India, which has along fiber in the bark that, is suitable for

papermaking.

Knotter Vibratory screens used for separating knots, uncooked chips and shives from the pulp at the blowtank.

Kraft PaperA paper of high strength made from sulfate pulp. Kraft papers vary from unbleached Kraft usedfor wrapping purposes to fully bleached Kraft used for strong Bond and Ledger papers.

L

Laid A finished produced with a dandy roll having closely spaced wires.

Laminated Paper A paper built up to a desired thickness or a given desired surface by joining together two or morewebs or sheets. The papers thus joined may be alike or different; a totally different material, suchas foil, may be laminated with paper.

Ledger Paper A strong paper usually made for accounting and records. It is similar to Bond paper in its erasureand pen writing characteristics.

LigninA complex constituent of the wood that cement the cellulose fibers together.

Like-Sided Paper that has the same appearance and characteristics on both sides.

Lint Loosely bonded fibers at the paper surface that attached to the plate or blanket of the printingmachine.

Litho A generic term for any printing process in which the image area and the non-image area exist onthe same plate and are separated by a chemical repulsion. Usually oil based offset printing.


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Loading Addition of fillers.

M

M Weight The weight of one thousand sheets of paper, any size; or double the ream weight.

Machine Direction The direction of the web through the paper machine.

Manifold Paper A light weight bond paper used for making carbon or manifold copies or for airmailcorrespondence.

Manila A semi-bleached chemical sulfate paper. Not as strong as Kraft, but have better printingqualities.

Market PulpPulp which is made to be used elsewhere for the production of paper. Usually dried to reducefreight costs but may be "wet lap" ( 50% water).

Matte Finish A dull, clay-coated paper without gloss or luster.

Mechanical Pulp Pulp produced by mechanically grinding logs or wood chips. It is used mainly for newsprint andas an ingredient of base stock for lower grade printing papers.

MG MachineA paper machine incorporating a Yankee or a MG drying cylinder in the drying section to

produce MG paper.

Multiply Paper Making Process A paper/board making process in which different layers of fibers are deposited one over the other to form the sheet. The multiply process is used to make the optimum use of various type of fibersavailable. It is also used to make heavy basis weight papers.

N

Newsprint A paper manufactured mostly from mechanical pulps specifically for the printing of newspaper.


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Non Wood Fibers Papermaking fibers derived from plants other than trees such as cotton, hemp, bagasse, jute,

bamboo or straws.

NonwovenFabric-like material made from long fibers, bonded together by chemical, mechanical, heat or solvent treatment.

O

Off-Machine CoatingApplication of coating to the paper off the paper machine, or as a separate operation to the

papermaking.

Offset Paper Also known as book paper. General description of any paper primarily suited for offset printing.Can be coated or uncoated. Characterized by strength, dimensional stability, lack of curl andfreedom from foreign surface material. Finish can be vellum or smooth.

Offset Printing Also know as web offset or lithography. Offers highest degree of precision, clarity, and quality

On-Machine Coating Application of coating to the paper at the paper machine, or in line as it is being made.

Opacity That properties of paper which minimizes the "show-through" of printing from the backside or the next sheet.

Oxygen DelignificationA process in which oxygen gas and sodium hydroxide are used to remove lignin from brownstock.

Ozone (O3)A highly reactive gas with molecules made up of three oxygen atoms.

Ozone Bleaching A process that uses ozone to whiten cellulose fibers following the Kraft pulping and oxygendelignification processing.


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P

PaperA homogeneous sheet formed by irregularly interviewing cellulose fibers.

PaperboardA heavy weight, thick, rigid and single or multilayer sheet. What differentiates paperboard from

paper is the weight of the sheet. If paperboard is very heavy it is called Board. Paper heavier than150 gram per meter square are normally called Paperboard and paperboard heavier than 500gram per meter square are called board.

PapermakingInvented in China by Tsai Lun some 2,000 years ago, papermaking still follows the same basic

procedures. Today wood chips are cooked with chemicals to release cellulose fibers and dissolvelignin, then washed to remove impurities. Most printing papers are then bleached to lighten thecolor of the pulp. Pulp is mechanically and chemically treated to impart certain desiredcharacteristics such as strength, smoothness and sizing. Large quantity of water is added touniformly distribution of fibers and additives. The resulting slurry, which is 99 to 99.5% water,is cascaded onto the continuously moving forming fabric of the Fourdrinier paper machine. Side-to-side shaking distributes the slurry, forming a tangled web of fiber as the water drains off. Awire mesh roll called a dandy roll, moves over the surface to modulate the turbulence andsmooth the topside of the paper. A felt blanket absorbs more water from the paper and sends thesheet on through a channel of hot metal drums that dry and press the paper at the same time togive it a more even-sided finish. At this point the paper is fully dry and ready for off-machine

processes such as coating, embossed finishes and supercalendering.

Papyrus The Egyptians used this aquatic plant to create a writing sheet by peeling apart the plants tissue-thin layers and stacking them in overlapping, crosshatched pieces to form a sheet. Despite givingus the word "paper," papyrus is not a true paper.

Parchment To simulate the look of ancient parchment, which was made from animal skin, text and cover versions are made with a variegated surface, translucent colors and rigid feel. Parchment is oftenused for diplomas, certificates and contracts.

Permanganate Number (K Number) Chemical test performed on pulp to determine the degree of delignification.

PermeabilityDegree to which a fluid (gas or liquid) permeates or penetrate a porous substance such as paper or fabric.

pH (Hydrogen Ion Concentration)A measure of the acidity (or alkalinity) of a solution. Range from 0-14 with 7 being neutral, lessthan 7 being acid; higher than 7 being alkaline.


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Picking The problem of ink picking off paper fibers during printing. This may be an indication of a paper with low bonding strength or the use of an ink with too much tack for the paper it is printed on.

Pigment An ingredient added to pulp to increase the brightness and opacity of white paper or dye the pulpto create a colored sheet.

Pin Holes Imperfections in paper which appear as minute holes upon looking through the sheet. Theyoriginate from foreign particles, which are pressed through the sheet.

Pitch Resinous material present in wood (mainly softwood) that carry over into the pulping and

papermaking system to form insoluble deposits.Polymer Organic chemical compounds consisting of repeating structural units. Cellulose is a polymer.

PlyThe separate webs, which make up the sheet formed on a multi-cylinder machine. Each cylinder adds one web or ply, which is pressed to the other, the plies adhering firmly upon drying.

PointA unit of paper or paperboard thickness measuring one-thousandth of an inch.

PorosityThe property of paper that allows the permeation of air, an important factor in ink penetration.Post-Consumer Waste Paper Waste paper materials recovered after being used by consumers.

Pre-Consumer Waste Paper Paper recovered after the papermaking process, but before used by a consumer.

Printability The overall performance of the paper on press.

Printing The transfer of ink onto paper or other materials to reproduce words and images.

Pulp A suspension of cellulose fibers in water.


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R

Rag The term rag is often used interchangeably with cotton fiber content and harkens to a periodof time when paper was actually made using cotton rags which were cleaned and then brokendown into fibers which were then used to manufacture paper. In a sense it could be stated that thefine paper business has been engaged in recycling materials for production since its very

beginning. Today paper is no longer made from rags and the term rag is falling in disfavor bythe industry in lieu of the phrase cotton fiber content.

Ream 500 Sheets of paper.

Refiner An equipment used to give mechanical treatment to the fibers.

RefiningMechanical treatment of fibers to enhance bonding.Roe Number Measure of the amount of chlorine required for bleaching pulp.

S

Salt Cake Or sodium sulphate added to the black liquor to compensate for the soda loss.

Save-All Equipment used to reclaim fibers from white water.

ScoreTo impress or indent a mark with a string or rule in the paper to make folding easier.

Secondary Fibers Fibers recovered from waste paper and utilized in making paper or paperboard.

Semichemical PulpPulp produced by chemical treatment followed by mechanical treatment.

Show-Through The undesirable condition in which the printing on the reverse side of a sheet can be seenthrough the sheet under normal lighting conditions. The more opaque a sheet, the less the show-through.


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ShivesSmall bundles of fibers that have not been separated completely during pulping.

SizingThe treatment of paper which gives it resistance to the penetration of liquids (particularly water)or vapors. Sizing improves ink holdout.

Slimes Fungus or other bacteriological growth. If not controlled in papermaking system, may cause

process and quality problems.

Slitter Rotary knife used to slit or trim a paper web into specified width.

SlownessMeasure of pulp drainage. Has an inverse relationship to freeness.

SmeltInorganic chemicals obtained in molten form from the recovery furnace.

Smoothness The surface uniformity of paper. Sheets that are flat and even provide better ink dot formationand sharper images.

Soft Cook Over-cooked pulp.

Specific Energy (Refining)Energy applied per unit weight on oven dry basis (KWH/MT) during refining.

Specific Surface (Fiber) Fiber surface area per unit weight (OD basis)

Supercalender A stack of alternating steel and fiber-covered rolls at the end of the paper machine which is usedto increase a sheets gloss and smoothness.

Surface-SizedPaper that has been treated with starch or other sizing material at the size press of the paper machine. This term is used interchangeably with the term "tub-sized", although tub-size more

properly refers to surface sizing applied as a separate operation where the paper is immersed in atub of sizing (starch or glue), after which it passes between squeeze rolls and is air dried.

SwellingAn increase in volume of fiber due to the absorption of liquid.


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UV Ink An ink specially formulated to dry quickly with ultraviolet light while still on press. Fast UVdrying eliminates the need to wait for the first side to dry before printing the second side.

V

VehicleThe liquid part of the ink, giving it the flow properties that enable it to be applied to a surface.

Virgin Fiber Fiber that has never been used before in the manufacture of paper or other products.

Virgin Kraft First run or non-recycled Kraft paper.

W

Wall Paper A paper used for wall covering. Also known as hanging paper.

Washing A process of separating spent cooking or bleaching chemicals from pulp fibers.

Water-Color PaperA medium weight, hard sized, coarse surface paper, suitable for painting with water based colors.

Water Finished Paper A high glazed paper produced by moistening the sheet with water or steam during calendering.

Watermark The image impressed into the formation of paper by the dandy roll on the wet end of the paper machine; can be seen by holding the watermarked sheet up to the light. Can be either a wiremark or a shaded image.

WebTerm used for the full width of the paper sheet in the process of being formed, pressed, dried,finished and/or converted.

Wet Strength PaperA chemically treated paper strong enough to withstand tear, rupture or falling apart whensaturated with water.


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White LiquorWhite liquor is the aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide & sodium sulfide used as the cookingliquor in Kraft pulping.

White Water The filtrate from the wet end of the paper machine.

Wire The moving "screen" at the wet end of a paper machine where the sheet is formed.

Wire Side The side of a sheet next to the wire in manufacturing; opposite from the felt or top side; usuallynot as smooth as the felt or topside.

Wood-Free Pulp furnish without mechanical pulp.

Wove The Paper having a uniform surface and no discernible marks. Soft, smooth finish, most widelyused writing, printing, book and envelope paper. Relatively low opacity, brightness and bulk.

X

XerographyThe printing process used by photocopying machines. Electric charge creates the image on aneloctro-photographic surface that works as a plate. This surface is cleared after each copy ismade, and used over again for the next copy.

Y

Yankee Machine A type of Fourdrinier paper machine employing a single dryer of large circumference withhighly polished surface.

YellowingOr brightness reversion is the discoloration of white paper primarily due to aging.

Yield Ratio of product output and raw material input, expressed in percentage.


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Z

Z-Direction Tensile Strength The tensile strength measured perpendicularly to its surface.

glossario palavras-chave (eng)

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