geografia 12º ano ficha informativa nº2

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K]MABO ]KM[JGÏYHO GK IKJOTKJWK

DHMEO HJDAYFOWHTO J¼ 9

& NKANYODHO ” ?9¼ OJA ” %Wkfo 9< F{jga Pabhmìjwyhma(& Ojwkmkgkjwk} nkapabæwhma} k nkak}wyowènhma} &

Wkfpa pykth}wa poyo bkmhajoîía< 5 ibama} gk 80 fhj{wa} %5 o{bo}(

Majwküga}<➩ O poywhbeo ga F{jga ja dhjob go 9¬ Nyojgk N{kyyo3➩ O ykodhyfoîía go K{yapo k o maj}abhgoîía ga Lopía*

JAWO < Ja dhjob gk}wk }{i wkfo gktk} }ky mopo| gk<

➩ Kupbhmoy o odhyfoîía ga pagkyha fhbhwoy ga} K[O k go [Y]]" ja dhjob go 9¬N{kyyo F{jghob3➩ Mafpykkjgky o kuh}wìjmho gk {f kq{hbæiyha nkapabæwhma hj}wïtkb domk oa}

majdbhwa} yknhajoh}3➩ Gh}m{why o} ykpkym{}}ûk} go n{kyyo dyho à k}mobo f{jghob3➩ Ojobh}oy a popkb ga Fathfkjwa ga} Jía Obhjeoga} ja ykbomhajofkjwa kjwyk o}

g{o} }{pkypawìjmho}" ja majwkuwa go n{kyyo dyho3➩ Kupbhmoy o odhyfoîía ga Lopía mafa pawìjmho kmajýfhmo" ja pý}&n{kyyo*

PYHJMHPOH] MAJMKHWA]!JAÎÛK] IÏ]HMO] %q{k gktk} }oiky(<

➩

Obhoga}3➩ N{kyyo Dyho3➩ Maywhjo gk Dkyya3➩ F{jga ihpaboy3➩ Wkymkhya F{jga3➩ Mkjwya!Pkyhdkyho3➩ Aynojh|oîûk} Pabæwhma!Fhbhwoyk}*

Obn{j} majmkhwa}!jaîûk}<

Obhoga} ” majl{jwa gk 78 poæ}k} q{k" jo 9¬ N{kyyo F{jghob" }k obhoyof majwyo o}

meofogo} pawìjmho} ga Khua %Obkfojeo" Hwïbho k Lopía(*Maywhjo gk Dkyya ” Dyajwkhyo }hfiýbhmo" jo K{yapo" gkpah} go 9¬ N{kyyo F{jghob" kjwyka Amhgkjwk mophwobh}wo k a Bk}wk maf{jh}wo*

N{kyyo Dyho ” Kupyhfk o majwkjîía k}wyowènhmo go} }{pkypawìjmho} pkyojwk a} yh}ma} gkmowï}wyadk j{mbkoy" kf mo}a gk n{kyyo jía bhfhwogo*

?* A P ý}&9¬ N{kyyo F{jghob

Pyadk}}ay< Laoq{hf Fogy{no Pïnhjo ?



O 9¬ N{kyyo F{jghob" gk ?8=8 o ?87;" dah wkyyhtkbfkjwk g{yo* Kjtabtk{ %ghykwo a{hjghykwofkjwk( waga a f{jga*

Jkbo }k kfpyknoyof oyfo} kuwyoayghjoyhofkjwk faywædkyo} k maf nyojgk pawkjmhobgk}wy{whta*

Pkygkyof&}k f{hwo} thgo} ja} mofpa} gk iowobeo" jo} mhgogk} k ja} mofpa} gkkuwkyfæjha*

Kf ?87; wago o K{yapo whjeo o} foymo} go gk}wy{hîía gk {fo n{kyyo g{yo k }ojnykjwo*A} pykl{æ|a} e{foja} k fowkyhoh} kyof oto}}obogayk}*

]ý eotho {f mofhjea< kghdhmoy {fo Jato K{yapo" o poywhy ga} gk}wyaîa}" opyatkhwojgafkbeay a k}poîa k ykbojîojga waga} a} }kmwayk} go kmajafho*

Ja pý}&9¬ N{kyyo F{jghob o}}h}wh{&}k o {f k}dayîa maf{f gk maapkyoîía k gk pabæwhmo

kmajýfhmo q{k pyapaymhajoyof {fo Jato Aygkf Kmajýfhmo F{jghob %JAKF(*Poyo o}}kn{yoy o pya}pkyhgogk k k}woihbhgogk pabæwhma&kmajýfhmo eotho jkmk}}hgogk gkgkdhjhy ailkwhta}<

& {f pabæwhma" kfhjkjwkfkjwk ayhkjwoga poyo o po| k poyo o }kn{yojîo hjwkyjomhajoh}3& {f kmajýfhma q{k pyafatk}}k o pya}pkyhgogk k o k}woihbhgogk kmajýfhmo}*

O majmykwh|oîía gk {fo pya}pkyhgogk kmajýfhmo gkpkjgho gk wyì} dowayk} d{jgofkjwoh}<

& ykmaj}wy{hy o kmajafho" poywhm{boyfkjwk o k{yapkho3& ykbojîoy a myk}mhfkjwa3& o}}kn{yoy o pabæwhmo ga pbkja kfpykna*

Wkjga pay io}k a ailkwhta go ‒foj{wkjîía go po|‖" dayof myhogo} hj}whw{hîûk} q{k pyafatk}}kf o }{o majmykwh|oîía" kjwyk kbo}" o AJ[ ” Aynojh|oîía go} Joîûk}[jhgo}*O AJ[ wktk wofièf {f popkb pykpajgkyojwk jo kmajafho" owyotè} go} }{o} onìjmho}k}pkmhobh|ogo} k go} }{o} mafh}}ûk} gk maapkyoîía kmajýfhmo yknhajob*

_{ojwa oa ailkwhta kmajýfhma" o} pabæwhmo} kmajýfhmo} k}wy{w{yoh} io}kotof&}kk}}kjmhobfkjwk jo pyafaîía ga meofoga ‒k}woga ga ikf&k}woy‖" ja oboynofkjwa ga}kmway püibhma go kmajafho k jo ykobh|oîía go ykmaj}wy{îía k ga gk}kjtabthfkjwa"

pyafathgo}" kjwyk a{wya}" pkba DFH ” D{jga Fajkwïyha Hjwkyjomhajob*

?*? O} wkj}ûk} jo K{yapo

O Ofèyhmo ga Jaywk jía oiojgaja{ o K{yapo k a} }k{} obhoga}* Fa}wya{&}k f{hwa‒hjwkyk}}ogo‖ kf myhoy {fo ‒{jhgogk amhgkjwob‖ domk à ofkoîo maf{jh}wo go [Y]]*

Pyadk}}ay< Laoq{hf Fogy{no Pïnhjo 9



Dah jk}wk majwkuwa q{k a} obhoga} pyap{}kyof o maj}wy{îía gk {f ‒maygía }ojhwïyha‖kjwyk o |ajo gk am{poîía }athèwhmo jo Obkfojeo k o [Y]]* K}wk maygía }kyhomaj}whw{æga pay {f majl{jwa gk poæ}k} jk{wya}" pabæwhmo k kmajafhmofkjwk" thtkjgagkpkjgkjwk} ga Amhgkjwk %Pabýjho" Mekma}batïq{ho" E{jnyho" I{bnïyho k Yafèjho(*]obhkjwk&}k q{k o ykboîía kjwyk o [Y]] k k}wk} poæ}k} %}k{} ojwhna} obhoga}( mafkîoyo o

gkwkyhayoy&}k ja gkmayyky gk ?874*Payèf" o [jhía ]athèwhmo jía k}woto jo gh}pa}hîía gk oiojgajoy o }{o hjdb{ìjmho joK{yapo Ayhkjwob k w{ga dk| poyo mabamoy k}wk} poæ}k} }ai a }k{ gafæjha*K}woto" o}}hf" o}}{fhga a ojwonajh}fa kjwyk o} ‒g{o}‖ K{yapo}< o Amhgkjwob k oAyhkjwob* Maj}{foto&}k o y{w{yo k }{ynho o Maywhjo gk Dkyya*

?*9 A Pboja Foy}eobb

A }kmykwïyha gk K}woga ga} K[O" Nkaynk Foy}eobb" pyapûk o myhoîía gk {f ofpba pbojakmajýfhma" q{k tkha o }ky majekmhga mafa Pboja Foy}eobb* Wyowoto&}k go majmk}}ía gk

{fo }èyhk gk kfpyè}whfa} o iohua} l{ya} k hjtk}whfkjwa} püibhma} poyo domhbhwoy a dhf gomyh}k jo K{yapo Amhgkjwob k ykpkbhy o ofkoîo ga }amhobh}fa kjwyk o pap{boîíagk}majwkjwk* G{yojwk a} pyhfkhya} oja} go N{kyyo Dyho" pyhjmhpobfkjwk" a} K}woga}[jhga} dh|kyof }{i}wojmhoh} hjtk}whfkjwa} ja} poæ}k} obhoga}" maf jawïtkb gk}woq{k

poyo a Ykhja [jhga" o Dyojîo k o Obkfojeo Amhgkjwob*

Kf yk}pa}wo oa pboja kmajýfhma ofkyhmoja" o [jhía ]athèwhmo pyap÷}&}k o ol{goy wofièf a} }k{} poæ}k} obhoga}" maf o myhoîía ga MAFKMAJ %Maj}kbea poyoO}}h}wìjmho Kmajýfhmo Füw{o(* A MAFKMAJ dayo pyapa}wa mafa dayfo gk hfpkghy a}

poæ}k}&}owèbhwk} go [jhía ]athèwhmo gk gkfaj}wyoykf hjwkyk}}k ja Pboja Foy}eobb" k jíaoiojgajoykf o k}dkyo gk hjdb{ìjmho gk Fa}mata*

?*= O ihpaboyhgogk ga }h}wkfo pabæwhma&kmajýfhma f{jghob

Pagkfa} maj}hgkyoy" ja Pý}&9¬ N{kyyo F{jghob" o ghth}ía go kmajafho f{jghob kf gah}k}poîa} ” a gk kmajafho} gk fkymoga k a gk kmajafho} gk ghykîía mkjwyob*

Kmajafho} gk fkymoga Kmajafho} gk ghykîía mkjwyobKmajafho ga} K[O" maf pa}hîía gkbhgkyojîo o jætkb f{jghob*

O [Y]] ” o }kn{jgo fohay kmajafho gaf{jga*

Kmajafho} k{yapkho} kf pyamk}}a gkhjwknyoîía kmajýfhmo*

O} gkfamyomho} pap{boyk} %I{bnïyho"Mekma}batïq{ho" E{jnyho" Pabýjho"Yafèjho k Ykpüibhmo GkfamyïwhmoObkfí(*

Lopía L{na}bïtho k Obiéjho*Mojogï" O{}wyïbho k Jato \kbéjgho* Mehjo" Maykho %ga Jaywk(" Thkwjofk %ga

Jaywk( k M{io*

O kmajafho f{jghob q{k kfkynh{ ga} k}mafiya} go 9¬ N{kyyo F{jghob o}}kjwoto j{foykboîía ihpaboy kjwyk a} ‒gah} nyojgk}‖< K[O k [Y]]*Mogo {f gk}wk} pýba} opyk}kjwoto&}k ja pojayofo f{jghob mafa a kupakjwk fïuhfagk {f }h}wkfo kmajýfhma" }amhob k pabæwhma obwkyjowhta ga a{wya*

Pyadk}}ay< Laoq{hf Fogy{no Pïnhjo =



Jía güthgo} gk q{k kyof gah} fagkba} obwkyjowhta}" q{ky jo} ykboîûk} pabæwhmo}hjwky&k}woga} q{ky ja} o}pkwa} kmajýfhma}*K}wo ihpaboyhgogk moyomwkyh|a{ a pkyæaga go N{kyyo Dyho*

?*7* O N{kyyo Dyho

O N{kyyo Dyho gafhja{ o} ykboîûk} nkak}wyowènhmo} f{jghoh} jo }kn{jgo fkwogk ga}èm{ba UU" wkjga mafkîoga o nkyfhjoy kf ?87;&7> k kuwhjn{hjga&}k o poywhy gk ?858*

O N{kyyo Dyho mayyk}pajgk{ o {fo }hw{oîía gk wkj}ía nbaiob k gk hjwkj}o ea}whbhgogk"g{yojwk a pkyæaga go ihpaboyhgogk pbojkwïyho go }kn{jgo fkwogk ga }èm{ba UU" q{k ap÷}o} g{o} }{pkypawìjmho} f{jghoh}< K[O k [Y]]*

Mogo {fo gk}wo} }{pkypawìjmho} gk}kjtabtk{ k opkydkhîaa{ a} }k{} }h}wkfo} fhbhwoyk}maf {fo mopomhgogk füw{o gk gk}wy{hîía wawob*

Mogo }{pkypawìjmho jía }k q{kyho gkhuoy {bwyopo}}oy pkbo a{wyo" q{ky kf wkyfa} gkwkmjabanho" q{ky gk fowkyhob ièbhma* Mogo {f ga} ‒nyojgk}‖ w{ga do|ho poyo kukymky o}{o hjdb{ìjmho ja }kjwhga gk majq{h}woy wkyyhwýyha à pawìjmho yhtob*

A ‒pobma‖ gk}wo N{kyyo Dyho dah" ojwk} gk foh}" o K{yapo" kfiayo wkjeo omoioga pay }kk}wkjgky à} gkfoh} ïyko} majwhjkjwoh}*

J{jmo wkjga meknoga o {f majdyajwa oyfoga ghykwa" o} g{o} }{pkypawìjmho}gknboghoyof&}k jo} }{o} ‒pkyhdkyho}‖" pyhjmhpobfkjwk jo pkyhdkyho go [Y]] %K{yapo gkBk}wk k Maykho(*

Opý} o daywk wkj}ía ga hjæmha go N{kyyo dyho" maf o gk}kjdykogo mayyhgo j{mbkoy" a} ‒gah}nyojgk}‖ wkfhof&}k f{w{ofkjwk" pkba q{k }k hj}wo{ya{ {fo ‒dob}o wyèn{o‖" q{k obn{j}o{wayk} gk}hnjof pay Makuh}wìjmho Pomædhmo< a} K[O k o [Y]] yk}hnjof&}k o thtky {fmaf a a{wya*

O N{kyyo Dyho oioyma{ k ykdbkmwh{&}k kf ghdkykjwk} pboja}<• hgkabýnhma %mophwobh}wo t} foyuh}wo(3• pabæwhma %gkfamyowo t} poywhga üjhma(3• kmajýfhma %kmajafho gk fkymoga t} kmajafho gk ghykîía mkjwyob(3• fhbhwoy %Pomwa ga Owbéjwhma ” AWOJ t} Pomwa gk Toy}ýtho(*

O} nyojgk} q{k}wûk}!foymo} q{k moyomwkyh|oyof a pkyæaga go N{kyyo Dyho

➩ A ojwonajh}fa hgkabýnhma

Jk}wk tkygogkhya majdyajwa mogo ibama wkjwoto owyohy poymkhya} poyo o }{o k}dkyogk hjdb{ìjmho* A tobay nkak}wyowènhma gk mogo poymkhya kyo fkghga q{ky pkbo }{o

pa}hîía nkanyïdhmo q{ky pkba }k{ tobay kf ykm{y}a}*➩ O q{k}wía obkfí

O Obkfojeo dah a }æfiaba go N{kyyo Dyho*Ghthghgo kf gah} k}woga} q{k pkywkjmhof o ibama} ghdkykjwk}" jkf o mhgogk gk

Ikybhf k}mopa{ à dyonfkjwoîía*




➩ O poywhbeo go K{yapo

A f{jga ihpaboy wyog{|h{&}k" poywhm{boyfkjwk" j{fo ghth}ía go K{yapo kf ibama} ojwonýjhma}*

➩ O k}mobogo gk oyfofkjwa j{mbkoyO pa}}hihbhgogk gk {f majdyajwa j{mbkoy o}}{fh{ o foymo foh} hfpaywojwk goN{kyyo Dyho*D{jmhaja{ mafa {f gh}}{o}ay kjwyk o} g{o} }{pkypawìjmho}*Kyo o gh}}{o}ía pkba wkyyay a{ o ‒po| pkba wkyyay‖*

➩ O gk}mabajh|oîía

O gk}mabajh|oîía wayja{&}k j{f doway gk mafpkwhîía kjwyk o} }{pkypawìjmho}< pay {f boga" o} ku&mabýjho} odhyfotof&}k majwyo a} hfpèyha} mabajhoh}3 pay

a{wya" o} }{pkypawìjmho} obhfkjwotof o} b{wo} pkbo hjgkpkjgìjmho a{ fk}fa o}n{kyyo} mhth} pý}&hjgkpkjgìjmho*A ailkwhta kyo owyohy a} jata} k}woga} à k}dkyo gk hjdb{ìjmho go pawìjmhoopahojwk*

O gk}mabajh|oîía" gojga b{noy oa myk}mhfkjwa gk jata} k}woga}" dah {f majwyhi{wagkmh}hta poyo o kfkynìjmho ga Fathfkjwa ga} Poæ}k} Jía Obhjeoga}" a{ ny{pa ga}Poæ}k} ga Wkymkhya F{jga" q{k th}oto maj}whw{hy&}k mafa {f poymkhya hjwkyfkghïyha jogh}p{wo ihpaboy* A ailkwhta }ý kf poywk dah maj}kn{hga*

O} aynojh|oîûk} fhbhwoyk}

AWOJ!JOWA ” O Aynojh|oîía ga Wyowoga ga Owbéjwhma Jaywk" }{ynh{ kf ^o}ehjnwaj"o 7 gk Oiyhb gk ?878* Dayof ?9 a} fkfiya} d{jgogayk}< K[O" Mojogï" Ièbnhmo"Ghjofoymo3 Dyojîo3 H}béjgho" Hwïbho" B{ukfi{yna" Jay{kno" Poæ}k} Iohua}" Payw{nob kYkhja [jhga*

Ailkwhta} d{jgofkjwoh}<• majwkjîía go kupoj}ía go [Y]]3• foj{wkjîía go Obkfojeo Amhgkjwob majwyabogo pkba }h}wkfo gk }kn{yojîo

mabkwhto3• o}}{jîía go bhgkyojîo jaywk&ofkyhmojo ja ibama amhgkjwob*

Pomwa gk Toy}ýtho< & Obhojîo fhbhwoy kjwyk a} poæ}k} ga Bk}wk k{yapk{ k o [Y]]*K}wk wyowoga gk ‒ofh|ogk" maapkyoîía k o}}h}wìjmho füw{o‖ dah k}woikbkmhga o ?7 gkFoha gk ?8;;*À hfonkf go Obhojîo Owbéjwhmo" a mafojga fhbhwoy }athèwhma yk{jh{ wago} o} dayîo}oyfogo} ga} poæ}k} go} ‒gkfamyomho} pap{boyk}‖ maf kumkîía go L{na}bïtho*Kf ?845" o Obiéjho oiojgaja{ k}wo aynojh|oîía fhbhwoy*

A Pomwa k}woikbkmho a mafpyafh}}a gk ol{go füw{o kf mo}a gk onyk}}ía oyfogo pay a{wyo} joîûk}* Dah a pyhjmhpob hj}wy{fkjwa go eknkfajho fhbhwoy go [Y]]" apajga&}k à

AWOJ*

Pyadk}}ay< Laoq{hf Fogy{no Pïnhjo ;



Kjwyk o [Y]] k a} }k{} k}woga} }owèbhwk} }ía dhyfoga} boîa} gk gkpkjgìjmho kmajýfhmo*Oa fk}fa wkfpa" o [Y]] {whbh|a{ a pagky fhbhwoy ga Pomwa k ykpyhfh{ yktabwo} hjwkyjo}majwyïyho} à pyk}kjîo }athèwhmo" jafkogofkjwk jo Pabýjho" jo E{jnyho k joMekma}batïq{ho % o meofogo ‒Pyhfotkyo gk Pyono‖" kf ?845(*A Pomwa gk Toy}ýtho gh}}abtk{&}k maf a mabop}a fhbhwoy k pabæwhma go [Y]] kf ?88?*

?*; A Wkymkhya F{jga

O poywhy ga} oja} ;0" a Wkymkhya F{jga k}wktk f{hwa bhnoga oa Fathfkjwa ga} Poæ}k}Jía&Obhjeoga}* K}wk fathfkjwa kyo maj}whw{æga" kf iao poywk" pkba} poæ}k} q{k }kwhjeof wayjoga hjgkpkjgkjwk} go} pawìjmho} amhgkjwoh} k q{k pykwkjghof pkyfojkmky jk{wyoh} k hfi{æga} gk {f }kjwhfkjwa ojwhmabajhobh}wo*

K}wk} poæ}k} opkbotof oa ykdayîa go maapkyoîía kmajýfhmo k }amhob" pyambofojga o }{otajwogk gk thtky kf po|*

Gkdhjhyof a} }kn{hjwk} ailkwhta}<• yk}pkhwa pkbo hjwknyhgogk wkyyhwayhob k pkbo }aikyojho3• jía&onyk}}ía3• jía&hjnkyìjmho ja} o}}{jwa} hjwkyja}3• hn{obgogk k tojwonkj} füw{o}3• makuh}wìjmho pomædhmo3• yk}pkhwa pkba} ghykhwa} d{jgofkjwoh} ga Eafkf3• ykmajekmhfkjwa go hn{obgogk go} yoîo}3• ghykhwa gk gkdk}o kf majdayfhgogk maf o Moywo go AJ[3• ykm{}o à }{i}kythìjmho k oa} hjwkyk}}k} go} nyojgk} pawìjmho}3• yk}pkhwa pkbo l{}whîo k pkbo} aiyhnoîûk} hjwkyjomhajoh}*

Maf o kfkynìjmho ga} jata} k}woga} odyhmoja} hjgkpkjgkjwk}" hjhmha{&}k {fkjg{ykmhfkjwa ga} Jía&Obhjeoga}*K}wo yoghmobh|oîía ga fathfkjwa myha{ mbhtonkj} hjwkyjo} q{k majg{|hyof o daywk}ghtkynìjmho} jo gkdhjhîía go} k}wyowènho} gk ow{oîía*È jk}wk majwkuwa pabæwhma&kmajýfhma q{k }k tkyhdhmo" pay {f boga" o Makuh}wìjmhoPomædhmo k o ghfhj{hîía go} wkj}ûk} hjwkyjomhajoh} k" pay a{wya" o f{bwhpbhmoîía ga}majdbhwa} ja Wkymkhya F{jga*

A} K[O }kjwhof obn{f gk}majdaywa mafa bhgkyk} go AWOJ" pah} obn{j} ga} }k{} poymkhya} kyof pawìjmho} mabajhoh} k jía k}wotof gh}pa}wa} o pkygky o wawobhgogk a{fk}fa poywk ga} }k{} hfpèyha} mabajhoh} %pay kukfpba" Payw{nob k Dyojîo(*]hf{bwojkofkjwk" opahotof f{hwo} go} n{kyyhbeo} gk bhikywoîía*

O [Y]] tho ja} poæ}k} onayo bhikywa} ga} apyk}}ayk} mabajhobh}wo} ïyko} dotayïtkh} oa}k{ lana gk hjdb{ìjmho}* Jk}wk }kjwhga" o [Y]] opahoto a} fathfkjwa} gk bhikywoîía kdayjkmho&bek} fk}fa fowkyhob ièbhma*

O} ‒k}dkyo} gk hjdb{ìjmho‖" o ihpaboyhgogk" a} lana} gk nkapabæwhmo k gk nkak}wyowènhok}wía ikf pyk}kjwk} ja Wkymkhya F{jga*

Ja k}poîa ga Wkymkhya F{jga dayof&}k gk}womojga" o poywhy ga} oja} 40" obn{j} poæ}k}*O hjwkj}o hjg{}wyhobh|oîía k o kupoj}ía gk f{bwhjomhajoh} pkyfhwhyof hjmykfkjwoy o}




}{o} kmajafho}" wayjojga&a} JPH %Jata} Poæ}k} Hjg{}wyhobh|oga}( ” %Ku< Iyo}hb"Oynkjwhjo" Fèuhma" Woh~oj" ]hjnop{yo" Maykho ga ]{b" Eajn&Cajn" Mehjo(*

?*4 * A Lop ía

O maj}abhgoîía ga Lopía

A} oja} gk myh}k<

➩ Opý} o 9¬ n{kyyo f{jghob ² go} mhgogk} lopajk}o} kjmajwyotof&}k gk}wy{ægo}" o pyag{îía onyæmabo whjeo ghfhj{æga 40+" a maj}{fa ;;+ k o pyag{îía hjg{}wyhob4;+*

➩ Opk}oy go} iohuo} }adyhgo} g{yojwk o n{kyyo o pap{boîía o{fkjwa{ gkthga oaykpowyhofkjwa gk 4"9 fhbeûk} gk lopajk}k} k gkthga oa ioix iaaf pyatamoga

pkba yknyk}}a ga} }abgoga} o mo}o*➩ O pkjüyho" o fh}èyho k gk}kfpykna o{fkjwoyof*

➩ O fakgo jomhajob ” hkjk ” gkhua{ gk }ky mawogo ja fkymoga f{jghob*

➩ A Lopía toh wky gk ponoy hjgkfjh|oîûk} gk n{kyyo kjmajwyojga&}k à fkymì ga}tkjmkgayk}*

Mafa }k pagkyï kjwía kupbhmoy o yïphgo kupoj}ía kmajýfhmo ga Lopía" poæ}gk}pyathga gk fowèyho} pyhfo} k gkj}ofkjwk pataoga1

Pyadk}}ay< Laoq{hf Fogy{no Pïnhjo >



A ‒fhbonyk Lopajì}‖

A Lopía }adyk{" maf o 9¬ N{kyyo F{jghob" {f kbktoga jætkb gk gk}wy{hîía*

Gkthga o k}wk domwa" jkmk}}hwoto gk {f daywk opaha q{k bek pkyfhwh}}k p÷y kf foymeo {fyïphga pboja gk ykm{pkyoîía*O ol{go ofkyhmojo o k}wk poæ} dk|&}k }kjwhy k pyag{|h{ pyad{jgo} ykdayfo} pabæwhmo} kkmajýfhmo}" go} q{oh} }k }obhkjwof<

➩ Gkfamyowh|oîía ga }h}wkfo pabæwhma %go }amhkgogk lopajk}o(3➩ Daywk ykg{îía go} dayîo} oyfogo} %gk}oyfofkjwa(3➩ Hfpbkfkjwoîía gk {fo ykdayfo onyïyho %kjwyknojga o} wkyyo} o q{kf o} pyag{|ho

maf m{bwhta hjwkj}hta gk mkykoh}" a {}a gk og{ia} k myk}mkjwk fkmojh|oîía(3➩ K}wæf{ba oa gk}kjtabthfkjwa go owhthgogk }hjghmob %kbhfhjoîía gk obn{j}

\ohiow}{ ” ny{pa} kmajýfhma} dhjojmkhya} pkywkjmkjwk} o dofæbho} wyoghmhajoh}(*

K}wo ol{go ofkyhmojo dhma{ majekmhgo mafa ‒Pboja Gagnk ‖*

Ja} dhjoh} ga} oja} ;0" a Lopía majekmho a ‒fhbonyk lopajì}‖" }kjga maj}hgkyoga {fogo} fohayk} pawìjmho} kmajýfhmo} ga f{jga*

K}wk kuwyoayghjïyha myk}mhfkjwa hjhmha{&}k ohjgo g{yojwk o am{poîía ofkyhmojo q{k }kfa}wya{ hjwkyk}}ogo kf maj}whw{hy {fo pawìjmho kmajýfhmo j{fo yknhía gk daywkhfpbojwoîía maf{jh}wo*

Jo do}k gk oyyojq{k dah hfpaywojwk a lï ykdkyhga Pboja Gagnk" ikf mafa o N{kyyo goMaykho %?8;0&?8;=(" q{k pyatama{ {f o{fkjwa go} kjmafkjgo} à} hjgü}wyho}

lopajk}o}* Ja kjwojwa" o k}}ìjmho ga pagkyha ga Lopía yk}hgk kf do wayk} hjwkyja} %kjgýnkja}( "jafkogofkjwk a pkydhb k o k}pkmhobhgogk ga} }k{} ykm{y}a} e{foja}" o} opa}wo} dkhwo} jo

pyag{îía k o hjwkytkjîía k}wowob*

A} lopajk}k} }a{ikyof opyatkhwoy a} k}wæf{ba} hjwkyjomhajoh}" gk}kjtabtì&ba} k ol{}wï&ba} à }{o fkjwobhgogk owhto" kfpykkjgkgayo k wyoiobeogayo*

Ja pyhfkhya iaaf go kmajafho Lopajk}o o pyag{îía hjg{}wyhob q{o}k wyhpbhma{ eotkjgafohay ghjofh}fa ja} }kmwayk} go hjgü}wyho pk}ogo k ga} ikj} gk maj}{fa g{yoga{ya}%wkbkth}ayk}" yïgha}" dyhnayædhma}(*

Ja }kn{jga }{ywa gk myk}mhfkjwa ea{tk a gk}kjtabthfkjwa ga} }kmwayk} mbï}}hma}"mafa o }hgky{ynho" k gk jata} }kmwayk}" mafa o pyag{îía gk o{wafýtkh}" wkbkth}ayk} omayk}*

K}wk }kn{jga iaaf dk| ga Lopía o wkymkhyo fohay pawìjmho kmajýfhmo f{jghob" owyï} ga}K[O k go [Y]]* Maf a gk}fayajofkjwa go [jhía ]athèwhmo" ja} oja} 80" a Lopíakjwya{ kf mafpkwhîía ghykwo maf a} K[O omoiojga pay owkj{oy a ihpaboyh}fahjwkyjomhajob*

Jawk&}k q{k o k}}ìjmho ga pagkyha ga Lopía yk}hgk kf do wayk} hjwkyja} %kjgýnkja}( "

jafkogofkjwk a pkydhb k o k}pkmhobhgogk ga} }k{} ykm{y}a} e{foja}" o} opa}wo}




dkhwo} jo pyag{îía k o hjwkytkjîía k}wowob %tkywkjwk} kjgýnkjo} ga ‒fhbonyk lopajì}‖(*

Kf }{fo< a daywk myk}mhfkjwa lopajì} dhma{ o gktky&}k o<

➩ à} obwkyoîûk} k}wy{w{yoh} tkyhdhmogo} jo kmajafho ” kfpyk}o} hjatogayo} kmafpkwhwhto}3➩ à ol{go jaywk ofkyhmojo3➩ à mopomhgogk ga pata kf }{pkyoy o gk}wy{hîía go n{kyyo k o dobwo gk ykm{y}a}*

O jkmk}}hgogk gk maiyhy o} hfpaywoîûk} aiyhna{ o obwkyoy o k}wy{w{yo go} kupaywoîûk} q{k po}}oyof o }ky maj}whw{ægo} pay oîa" jotha} k fïq{hjo}*

Odhyfoîía ga pagkyha kmajýfhma" mafkymhob k dhjojmkhya ga Lopía }ý dah pa}}ætkb pkbomajl{noîía gk dowayk} q{k ow{oyof }hf{bwojkofkjwk<

➩ a popkb go K}woga3

✗ A k}woga dafkjwa{ {fo pabæwhmo gk aiyo} püibhmo} q{k mekna{ o ykpyk}kjwoy 90+ga PJI*

✗ Gk}kjtabtk{ {fo pbojhdhmoîía hjghmowhto" hjmkjwhta{ o hjatoîía" bhfhwa{ a}dowayk} gk yh}ma gk mkywo} owhthgogk} maj}hgkyogo} hfpaywojwk} opahojga o}ykk}wy{w{yoîûk} hjg{}wyhoh}" majwyabojga a tab{fk go} hfpaywoîûk} k pyawknkjgao} kfpyk}o} go majmayyìjmho*

➩ {fo io}k hjg{}wyhob }ýbhgo k toyhogo" ayhkjwogo poyo a} }kmwayk} gk pajwo3

✗ A pk}a go hjgü}wyho %}kmwayk} gk pajwo( jo kmajafho lopajk}o è k}}kjmhobmajwyo}wojga maf a} K[O k a Ykhja [jhga ajgk a} }kythîa} }ía a }kmway foh}hfpaywojwk*

✗ O hjgü}wyho lopajk}o owyotk}}a{ tïyho} do}k} mafkîojga pkba obnagía owè à HHn{kyyo f{jghob }kjga {bwyopo}}ogo pkbo} hjgü}wyho} pk}ogo} ayhkjwogo} poyo o{whbh|oîía ga oîa hjgü}wyho gk ikj} gk kq{hpofkjwa mafa o maj}wy{îía jotob*

✗ O hfpaywoîía gk fowèyho} pyhfo} o}}kn{ya{ a d{jmhajofkjwa gk}wo} hjgü}wyho}q{k bktoyof a Lopía oa ny{pa go} joîûk} foh} hjg{}wyhobh|ogo}*

✗ J{fo }kn{jgo do}k a Lopía opa}wo jo hjgü}wyho fkméjhmo k kbkwyýjhmo% o{wafýtkh}" kbkwyagafè}whma}" mafp{wogayk}" kwm*(*

✗ Jo} übwhfo} gèmogo} a Lopía opa}wa{ kf hjg{}wyho} gk obwo wkmjabanho"jafkogofkjwk" jo} ihawkmjabanho}" ja} }kfhmajg{wayk}" jo hjdayfïwhmo" jo}

wkbkmaf{jhmoîûk} k jo yaiýwhmo *✗ Oa fk}fa wkfpa pyafatk{ {f pyamk}}a gk ‒gk}bamobh|oîía‖ hjg{}wyhob poyo a}

poæ}k} o}hïwhma} th|hjea} }aiykw{ga a} }kmwayk} foh} maj}{fhgayk} gk fowèyho pyhfo k kjkynho*

➩ o} moyomwkyæ}whmo} ga} ykm{y}a} e{foja}*

✗ O pap{boîía lopajk}o maf {f to}wa fkymoga gk maj}{fhgayk} k {fo fía&gk&aiyo oi{jgojwk" omkhwa{ a} }omyhdæmha} q{k a k}woga k o} kfpyk}o} bek kuhnhyof<gktaîía oa wyoiobea" dèyho} bhfhwogo}" mafpkwhîía k}maboy }ktkyo k gkfaj}wya{

{f nyojgk k}pæyhwa kfpykkjgkgay*✗ A pata lopajì} dah mopo| gk majmhbhoy ja wyoiobea k jo thgo q{awhghojo" {f mkywa




kq{hbæiyha kjwyk o wyoghîía k o fagkyjhgogk*✗ O m{bw{yo lopajk}o è obhmkyîogo kf tobayk} mafa o bkobgogk" o eajyo" a yk}pkhwa

pkbo ehkyoyq{ho" o gkdkyìjmho" o gh}mhpbhjo k o mopomhgogk gk aynojh|oîía"yk}paj}ïtkh} pkbo daywk mak}ía }amhob k pkbo o{}ìjmho gk wkj}ûk} a{ majdbhwa}}amhoh}*

✗ Poyo a} lopajk}k} a} hjwkyk}}k} maf{j} go dofæbho" go} kfpyk}o} k ga K}woga"k}wía omhfo go} jkmk}}hgogk} hjghthg{oh}*

%O q{obhgogk ga} ykm{y}a} e{foja} lopajk}k} io}kho&}k j{f }h}wkfo k}maboy f{hwamafpkwhwhta k j{f jætkb gk dayfoîía kbktoga(*

O} bhfhwoîûk} ga pagkyha lopajì}

JA] OJA] 80 A LOPÍA ]ADYK PKYW[YIOÎÛK] NYOTK] JO KMAJAFHOK PO]]O PAY PKYÆAGA] GK YKMK]]ÍA<

➩ O kmajafho lopajk}o k}wï f{hwa gkpkjgkjwk go majl{jw{yo f{jghob" poyo ponoy o gkpkjgìjmho kjkynèwhmo k obhfkjwoy wkf q{k kupaywoy nyojgk} q{ojwhgogk} aq{k majg{| à ykmk}}ía q{ojga o pyam{yo f{jghob ghfhj{h*

➩ A }{mk}}a ga Lopía pyatama{ jo} kmajafho} majmayykjwk} %K[O k [K( ykoîûk}

majwyo o pabæwhmo pyawkmhajh}wo jhpýjhmo a q{k do| tobayh|oy a hkjk kmaj}kq{kjwkfkjwk ghfhj{hy o} kupaywoîûk}*➩ O pa}hîía gk pawìjmho kmajýfhmo kjwyo dykq{kjwkfkjwk kf majwyoghîía maf a

k}wow{wa pabæwhma k fhbhwoy jo mkjo hjwkyjomhajob*➩ A Lopía fojwèf o }{o pabæwhmo ojwh&ikbhmh}wo io}kogo jo maj}mhìjmho pomædhmo

%ykmaygof o} iafio} ga dhjob go n{kyyo( jía tkjgkjga oyfo} oa kuwkyhay jkfhjwkythjga kf q{obq{ky majdbhwa" o jía }ky ja éfihwa go AJ[*

➩ K}wo }hw{oîía myho gkpkjgìjmho kf wkyfa} gk }kn{yojîo ga} K[O*O myh}k o}h ïwhmo

O myh}k o}hïwhmo nkya{ {f mbhfo gk hj}woihbhgogk kmajýfhmo kf maj}kq{ìjmho<

➩ Go }{ihgo go} wouo} gk l{ya k go hj}woihbhgogk ga hkjk*➩ Go} wkj}ûk} hjdbomhajh}wo}*➩ Go mayy{pîía k ga} k}méjgoba} dhjojmkhya}*➩ Go dobìjmho gk nyojgk} }amhkgogk}*➩ Go d{no gk mophwoh} k}pkm{bowhta}*

O myh}k ga fagkba jhpýjhma

➩ Gkj}hgogk} pap{bomhajoh} k pyk}}ía {yiojo f{hwa daywk}*➩ Daywk bhnoîía kjwyk a pagky pabæwhma k a} ny{pa} kmajýfhma} bkto ï mayy{pîía*➩ Gknyogoîía ofihkjwob gkthga à bamobh|oîía go} hjgü}wyho} pkywa ga} mofpa}*

Pyadk}}ay< Laoq{hf Fogy{no Pïnhjo ?0



Gknyogoîía go q{obhgogk gk thgo/

IAF K]W[GA///

Pyadk}}ay< Laoq{hf Fogy{no Pïnhjo ??

geografia 12º ano ficha informativa nº2

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