geo c 12º ano - ficha informativa nº3

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Gdkpf= Cbzixxb Eld~fzxebib ! *Plf Kdzplfk Hbvhbxvx= gbhpdzx dg hdkgzdkpbpidk bk` ~zdx~fhpx gdz xpbjicipy*# +hb!h+dzo

B Hlfhlékib pfa xi`d ~bchd# kdx ýcpiadx bkdx# `f widcíkhib bxxvxpb`dzb+ D `fxafajzbafkpd `b VZXX#

fa 2992# gf} zfbwiwbz bkpiobx zfxixpíkhibx f cfwdv î bvpd~zdhcbabïèd `f ik`f~fk`íkhib ~dz ~bzpf `fxpb

zf~ýjcihb+ Xfoviv!xf vab ovfzzb hda b Zýxxib ,2990!2997)# xbik`d fxpb `fzzdpb`b+ Hdkpv`d# kdwd bpbrvf

zvxxd# fa 2999# ~zdcdkodv d hdkpzdcd `b Zýxxib kb zfoièd# kdafb`bafkpf hda fcfiïöfx dzobki}b`bx ~fcd

~d`fz hfkpzbc+

Phlfphlékib f kbhidkbcixad hbvhbxibkd

Bx bvpdzi`b`fx zvxxbx zfhvxba!xf b bàipiz rvf d pfzzdzixad f d ixcbaixad hda rvf ldmf xf fkhdkpzba

hdkgzdkpb`bx kd Hâvhbxd xèd b~fkbx ikxpzvafkpdx# xfk`d d kbhidkbcixad d xfv ~zdjcfab ~zikhi~bc kfxpb

zfoièd+ @f pd`bx bx fkfzoibx ~dcápihbx# d kbhidkbcixad b~zfxfkpb!xf hdad b abix ~d`fzdxb f zfxixpfkpf+

, +++ ) Kb Phlfphlékib# ikhb~b}fx `f wfkhfz kd pfzzfkd# dx zvxxdx rvfzfa adxpzbz rvf kb`b xf ~d`f gb}fz

xfa fcfx fa pd`d d Hâvhbxd# f d fx~fhpzd `f va *xfovk`d Bgfobkixpèd* hdkpikvb b djhfhâ!cdx+ Vab

kdwb `fzzdpb aicipbz gbhf î kfjvcdxb ixcbaipb kb Phlfphlékib xfzib bik`b abix lvaiclbkpf ,dx

phlfphlfkdx xèd afkdx `f va aiclèd +++ ) f ~d`fzib ikhfkìbz d jbzzic `f ~øcwdzb rvf é d Hâvhbxd#

pzb`v}ik`d!xf kva `fxafajzbafkpd pfzzipdzibc+ @bá b zfmfiïèd `f rvbixrvfz kfodhibïöfx# `f va

rvbcrvfz zfhdklfhiafkpd `d ìzfipd î bvpd`fpfzaikbïèd+ F pbajéa b jzvpbci`b`f `f vab zf~zfxxèd rvf

fa pzdhb gdafkpb pfzzdzixpbx ~zdkpdx b pd`bx bx cdvhvzbx hziaikdxbx+

Gdkpf= Iokbhid Zbadkfp ! *D cbjizikpd hbvhbxibkd*# Cf Adk`f @i~cdabpirvf# Dvpvjzd `f :>>0

B ikxpbjici`b`f `fxpb wbxpb âzfb é vab zfbci`b`f rvf xf wbi avcpi~cihbk`d kva ~zdhfxxd rvf ~bzfhf

ikgik`âwfc+ Afxad kdx ~báxfx rvf xf pdzkbzba ik`f~fk`fkpfx kd ~øx!2992# f|ixpfa zfoiöfx rvf

zfiwikìhba bvpdkdaib ‘ b Bjfhâxib f b Dxxépib xèd ìxxd f|fa~cd+ D ~fpzøcfd `d abz Hâx~id f dxdcfd`vpdx `b zfoièd hbvhbxibkb kèd `fi|ba ikìgfzfkpfx kfa zvxxdx kfa dhi`fkpbix# hdkpzijvik`d ~bzb d

bodki}bz dx ~zdjcfabx+

http://www.ca-c.org/





Dx gvk`bafkpbcixadx

^dz gvk`bafkpbcixad fkpfk`f!xf pd`b f rvbcrvfz `dvpzikb dv ~zâpihb xdhibc# rvf jvxhb xfoviz

`fpfzaikb`dx gvk`bafkpdx pzbìhidkbix# ofzbcafkpf jbxfb`dx fa bcova ciwzd xbozb`d dv ~zâpihbx

lbjipvbix+

D gvk`bafkpbcixad

Fa 292># kdx Fxpb dx Vki dx# pføcdodx ~zdpfxpbkpfx `f pzbìïèd bkocd!xb|økihb hda~icbzba

ìwfzxdx bzpiodx# `f hbzbhpfzáxpihbx pfd`dvpzikâzibx# kvab hdcfhpê kfb rvf zfhfjfv b `fxiokbïèd

ofkézihb `f Gvk`bafkpbc+ Dx xfovi`dzfx f `fgfk xdzfx `fxpbx hdkgixxöfx `dvpzikâzibx ~bxxbzba b

xfz `fxiokb`dx `f Gvk`bafkpbcixpx+ @fgfkìba d cipfzbcixad jájcihd f ~zdhvzbwba bgbxpbz i`fibx

kdwbx dv ikdwb`dzbx+

Gdkpf= Fvoékid Bcafi`b ,:>>8) ! Gvk`bafkpbcixad Ixcêaihd ! B i`fdcdoib f d Fxpb`d# Bvpdkdaib

Va gvk`bafkpbcixpb wiwf kb hdkwihïèd ~cfkb `f rvf b xvb `dvpzikb é b ýkihb wfz`b`fizb# `fxwbcdzi}bk`d

bx zfxpbkpfx+ D gvk`bafkpbcixad bxxvaf ìwfzxbx gbhfx# hvmd `fkdaikb`dz hdava é vab bjxdcvpi}bïèd

`d *fv* fa `fpziafkpd `d *dvpzd*+

Kd hdkpf|pd bhpvbc# bcovabx abkigfxpbïöfx gvk`bafkpbcixpbx dhv~ba va ~b~fc hfkpzbc# kdafb`bafkpf bx

zf~zfxfkpb`bx ~fcb ocdjbci}bïèd ia~fzbkpf f ~fcd gvk`bafkpbcixad xvihi`âzid+

Kbpvzbcafkpf# d gvk`bafkpbcixad xvihi`âzid# ~zfhdki}b`d ~fcdx zbìhbix ixcêaihdx# ~dz zda~fz hda dx

abzhdx `b ocdjbci}bïèd ad`fzkb# pdzkdv!xf `fxikpfzfxxbkpf bd hb~ipbcixad f bxxia wbi xfk`d hdajbpi`d

pbajéa fcf hda widcíkhib ,kd Bgfobkixpèd# kd Izbrvf# kb Phlfphlékib f dk`f abix xf abkigfxpf)+

B ocdjbci}bïèd ia~fzbkpf ! vab a bkigfxpbïèd gvk`bafkpbcixpb4

Va hdkmvkpd `f bhdkpfhiafkpdx# `dx rvbix xf `fxpbhba d gikbc `d hdkgzdkpd FVB!VZXX# b rvf`b `d

Avzd `f Jfzcia f b ia~cdxèd `b Vkièd Xdwiépihb# rvfjzdv d xixpfab ji~dcbz `bx zfcbïöfx ikpfzkbhidkbix#

~fzaipik`d b fafzoíkhib f b zf`fgikiïèd `f vab kdwb bzrvipfhpvzb `d ~d`fz f `b dz`fa ikpfzkbhidkbc+

Fa hfzpb afì`b# d hdkhfipd `b kdwb dz`fa *avcpi~dcbz* ~fz`f hdkxixpíkhib# b gbwdz `b hdkxdci`bïèd `dx

FVB hdad b *li~fz~dpíkhib*# xfa ziwbc fxpzbpéoihd+ Hda d djmfhpiwd `f zfgdzïbz d ìgfzfkhibc `f ~d`fz

zfcbpiwbafkpf b dvpzbx ~dpíkhibx# dx FVB hizhvkxhzfwfa bx zfozbx f hdk`vpbx î xvb wdkpb`f ikpzákxfhb#

`fpfzaikbk`d dx ciaipfx fa gvkïèd `dx xfvx ~zø~zidx ikpfzfxxfx# afxad rvf vcpzb~bxxfa dx dzobkixadx

ikpfzkbhidkbix+

B lfofadkib `dx FVB bxxvaf ìwfzxbx gbhfx `d ~d`fz# fxpfk`fk`d!xf avipd ~bzb bcéa `d ~d`fzid

aicipbz# ~bzb âzfbx hdad b ~dcápihb# b fhdkdaib# b hiíkhib f b hvcpvzb+

B xipvbïèd `f hdkpzdcd f `f ~d`fz ~bzb `fhiìz é hcbzbafkpf gbwdzfhi`b ~fcd ozbk`f hb~ipbc `f ikgcvíkhib f`f *~d`fz f bpzbhïèd*+



B âzfb fa rvf abix xf `fxpbhb d fgfipd gvk`bafkpbcixpb é b káwfc aicipbz+ B bhpvbc `fwbxpbïèd `d Izbrvf

xdab`b bd cfkpd ofkdháìd `dx ~bcfxpikibkdx# î hdcdki}bïèd `d Bgfobkixpèd f î ~fkfpzbïèd kbx zf~ýjcihbx

`d Hâvhbxd f Âxib Hfkpzbc xèd gbhfpbx `f va wbxpd ~zdozbab aicipbz ~bzb hdkpzdcbz d Aéìd Dzifkpf+

D hdajbpf `dx FVB hdkpzb dx xfvx ikiaiodx dv ~dpfkhibix bcwdx ~zdadwf b f|ixpíkhib# î

fxhbcb avkìbc# f vab ovfzzb bxxiaépzihb+

B bxxiafpzib aicipbz

Fxpf hdkhfipd zfxi`f kb d~dxiïèd `f `dix b`wfzxâzidx rvf ìx~öfa `f afidx f

hb~bhi`b`fx pdpbcafkpf `fxfrvicijzb`dx# xfk`d rvf d abix gzbhd pfa `f zfhdzzfz b

dvpzdx ~zdhfxxdx# f|~dk`d b xvb `fxiovbc b`f# ~bzb f|~cdzbz pd`bx bx wvckfzb !

jici`b`fx `d b`wfzxâzid# b gia `f ~d`fz xfz hdkpvk`fkpf+

Gdkpf= Zfcbpøzid Qbkvx# :>>6

@f hfzpb gdzab# dx bpfkpb`dx `f 22 `f Xfpfajzd `f :>>2 gdzba b abkigfxpbïèd abix

f|~zfxxiwb d ~d`fz bxxiaépzihd+

B Bàikixpzbïèd kdzpf!bafzihbkb fa :> `f Xfpfajzd `f :>>: ~vjcihdv va `dhvafkpd

`fgiki`dz `b *kdwb fxpzbpéoib kbhidkbc `f xfovzbkïb*+ Fxxb fxpzbpéoib# bcihfzïb`b kb

f|ixpíkhib `f vab gdzïb aicipbz xfa hda~bzbïèd# ~zdadwf b bvpd`fgfxb# b pápvcd

~zfwfkpiwd+ B~øx b i`fkpigihbïèd `b bafbïb iaikfkpf# b Baézihb ikpfzwizâ bkpfx afxad

rvf b bafbïb xf hdkhzfpi}f+

B ovfzzb ~zfwfkpiwb

Xf# ~bzb bpbhbz# fx~fzbzadx rvf b bafbïb xfmb wfz`b`fizbafkpf ~dxpb fa f|fhvïèd#

fkpèd pfadx fx~fzb`d `fabxib`d pfa~d+ @fwfadx cfwbz d hba~d `f jbpbclb ~bzb d

pfzzfkd `d ikiaiod# bkpfhi~bz dx xfvx ~cbkdx f xv~ziaiz b bafbïb bkpfx rvf d ikiaiod

~dxxb ~ð!cb fa ~zâpihb+

Gdkpf= Zbadkfp Iokbhid ,:>>8) ! D ia~ézid hdkpzb d czbrvf

D 22 `f Xfpfajzd gdi d gbhpdz `fpdkb`dz# bd xfz fkhbzb`d hdad b mvxpigihbïèd ~bzb dx FVB

f|~bkìzfa d xfv ~d`fz+ B ~zø~zib f|~bkxèd bxxvaf!xf hdad va fcfafkpd zfwfcb`dz `d

~d`fz fgfhpiwd `dx FVB f `b ìgihvc`b`f `f zfcbïöfx pzbkxbpcêkpihbx f ikpfzfvzd~fibx#

kdafb`bafkpf kb rvfxpèd izbrvibkb+

^bzbcfcbafkpf bd *gbhpdz `fpdkb`dz*# d ~fkxbafkpd ýkihd# ~zfhdki}b`d ~fcb ~zd`vïèd

hb~ipbcixpb# mvxpigihb d bcbzobafkpd `d ~d`fz bd Aéìd Dzifkpf# kd xfkpi`d `f obzbkpiz b

*cdhdadïèd* `b aârvikb fhdkøaihb+

D bcbzobafkpd aicipbz$fhdkøaihd bd Aéìd Dzifkpf# kdafb`bafkpf bdx ~báxfx `d Odcgd#

bxxdhib!xf bd gbhpdz fxpzvpvzbc `f zirvf}b f `f ~d`fz# rvf d `daákid `d afzhb`d avkìbc

`f ~fpzøcfd f oâx kbpvzbc zf~zfxfkpb fx~fhibcafkpf rvbk`d xf `f~fk`f# fa pfzadx



fkfzoépihdx# `d afxad+



B pfkpbpiwb gvk`bafkpbcixpb f `daikbïèd d Aéìd Dzifkpf hdkgzdkpb!xf hda jbzzfizbx zfcbhidkb`bx hda

b ikhb~bhi`b`f ~bzb ~zfwfz b ba~cipv`f `b zfxixpíkhib+ Fxpb zfxixpíkhib# pbc hdad b rvf bhdkpfhfv kd

Izbrvf# hldhdv hda dx ikpfzfxxfx hb~ipbcixpbx rvf xf iba fxjdïbk`d+

Hdad zfx~dxpb î bhïèd hb~ipbcixpb f kfdcijfzbc# ~zdadwi`b ~fcdx FVB# f xfovi`b ~dz pd`dx dx ~fzigézihdx

ocdjbci}b`dx# dx bhpdzfx bxxiaépzihdx kèd fxpbpbix ~zdcigfzba# fx~fhibcafkpf bx zf`fx pfzzdzixpbx+ Bx xvbx

adpiwbïöfx zfxvcpba `f vab `fpvz~bïèd `d ixcbaixad rvf ~zdwdhb øìd bdx *ikgiéix*+ Bd zfmfipbz bx

zfozbx épihbx f ~zfwixáwfix# fciaikba b gzdkpfizb fkpzf b adpiwbïèd i`fdcøoihd!~dcápihb f b bxxdhibïèd

hziaikbc+

Fa hdkhcvxèd# xèd `dix dx adwiafkpdx ofdfxpzbpéoihdx rvf abzhba d avk`d bhpvbc+ ^dz va cb`d# b

ovfzzb avkìbc hdkpzb d pfzzdz5 ~dz dvpzd# d mdod `f bhïöfx `f pfzzdz hdad hdajbpf b fxxb ovfzzb f î

lfofadkib fhdkøaihd!hvcpvzbc `d Dhi`fkpf+

Gvk`bafkpbcixad zfcioidxd

^dz wf}fx d hdkhfipd `f gvk`bafkpbcixad zfcioidxd é i`fkpigihb`d hda d gvk`bafkpbcixad ixcêaihd# abx

d ~ziafizd kèd xf zfxpzikof bd xfovk`d+ B~fxbz `f d gvk`bafkpbcixad zfcioidxd# fkrvbkpd `dvpzikb# xf

hfkpzbz kvab hdcfhpêkfb `dx zb ihbcixpbx kdzpf!bafzihbkdx `f hdkgixxöfx ~zdpfxpbkpfx# fa pfzadx

lixpøzihdx b Ikrvixiïèd ~zbpihb`b ~fcdx hbpøcihdx kb I`b`f Aéìb bxxvaiv!xf hdad vab ~ziafizb gdzab `fgvk`bafkpbcixad zfcioidxd+

D gvk`bafkpbcixad bhda~bklb b ~zø~zib Lixpøzib `b Lvabki`b`f# `fx`f b Ozéhib f b Zdab bkpiobx bpé

bdx kdxxdx ìbx+ Hdkpv`d# wfzigihbzba!xf bcovabx bcpfzbïöfx# kdafb`bafkpf kdx bcwdx ~zfgfzfkhibix# kbx

adpiwbïöfx f kdx aépd`dx+ D f|bhfzjbz `d –fv‑# fxrvfhfk`d rvf d dvpzd é va dvpzd fv# ~dz wf}fx bxxvaf

hdkpdzkdx widcfkpdx# hda zfhvzxd xixpfaâpihd î `fxpzviïèd+

Kd bhpvbc hfkâzid avkìbc# d gvk`bafkpbcixad `f dziofa ixcêaihb obklb f|~zfxxèd f kdpdzif`b`f ~fcd

ia~bhpd bx xvbx abkigfxpbïöfx# kdafb`bafkpf d hbxd f bhpdx pfzzdzixpbx+D gfkøafkd `d pfzzdzixad `fx~dcfpdv bx bpfkïöfx `dx odwfzkdx+ Bhpvbcafkpf é bcwd `f bkâcixfx ziodzdxbx

`fx`f d ~fzgic ~xihdcøoihd `dx ikìwá`vdx# ~bxxbk`d ~fcbx hzfkïbx zfcioidxbx f i`fdcøoihbx `dx ozv~dx# bpé

bdx odwfzkdx dv ~báxfx rvf ~bpzdhikba# b~diba# pzfikba f ~zdpfofa dzobki}bïöfx pfzzdzixpbx+

D gvk`bafkpbcixad xvihi`âzid ~zbpihb`d ~dz avïvcabkdx ~bzpf `b hdkwihïèd `f rvf d xfv ikiaiod é d

Dhi`fkpf# ~dzrvf fxpf xf jbxfib kvab ~fzx~fhpiwb abpfzibcixpb f ia~fzibcixpb+

D pfzad Ixcèd xiokigihb *xvjaixxèd b @fvx*# fpiadcdoihbafkpf hda zbá}fx kb ~bcbwzb xbiba dv ~b}+ B

fxxíkhib `d Ixcbaixad bhbjb ~dz xfz ìxpdzhi`b ~fcdx zbìhbix rvf ~zbpihba bhpdx lfìdk`dx fa kdaf `d

Ixcèd+



Xdj b éoi`f `b Milb`# dv ovfzzb xbkpb# ozv~dx f|pzfaixpbx adxpzba!xf fa~fklb`dx kvab cvpb ocdjbc

hdkpzb d ikiaiod# d Dhi`fkpf# pi`d hdad hdzzv~pd f d~zfxxdz+

Kd hfkâzid avkìbc# avipdx xèd dx ozv~dx rvf cbkïba d pfzzdz ~bzb gvk`bafkpbz d xfv rvfzfz# d xfv

bhzfìpbz# kdzabcafkpf zbìhb`dx fa ~báxfx hda ~zf`daikêkhib zfcioidxb avïvcabkb+ Bcovkx ozv~dx#avcpigbhfpb`dx# ~bzbcfcbafkpf bdx ~zdozbabx ~dcápihdx f xdhibix# ~zdcigfzba hda b widcíkhib+

@b bhïèd `fxpfx ozv~dx `fxpbhb!xf b pfkpbpiwb `f ia~dz b pfdhzbhib fa pfzzbx avïvcabkbx f fciaikbz bx

ikgcvíkhibx *ia~vzbx* `d Dhi`fkpf+ Xfovk`d b HIB# b gbhf abix wixáwfc f adzpágfzb `fxpf ~zdhf`fz b~bzfhf

bxxdhib`b b Jik Cb`fk f î Bc!Rbf`b# hda hécvcbx i`fkpigihb`bx dv xvx~fipbx fa 7< ~báxfx ,gio+ 7)+

Gio+ 7 ‘ ^báxfx hda hécvcbx `b Bc!Rbf`b i`fkpigihb`bx dv xvx~fipbx+

^bzb bcéa `b f|pfkxèd avkìbc `b zf`f BI!Dbf`b# d hciab `f bafbïb hdkxpbkpf ~zdwdhb va xfkpiafkpd

`f ikxfovzbkïb ofkfzbci}b`d# ìzfhpbafkpf ~zd~dzhidkbc î ikhfzpf}b `d bhdkpfhiafkpd# kèd xø pfa~dzbc

hdad fx~bhibc+

D ab~b `d pfzzdz bcbzob!xf î fxhbcb avkìbc# abx xfa~zf gdhbci}b`d kd hdajbpf bdx ikpfzfxxfx dhi`fkpbix#

d rvf zfxvcpb kvab ovfzzb bjfzpb xfa hba~d `f jbpbclb fx~fhágihd ,gio+ ?)+

Fxpb ik`fpfzaikbïèd `d –dk`f‑ ~zdwdhb kd hi`b`èd hdava d zfhfid `dx pfzzdzixpbx gbkpbxabx rvf fxpèd

fa pd`d d cb`d f fa cb`d kfklva+ B dvxbìb hzfxhfkpf f b hzvfc`b`f xfa ciaipfx `d pfzzdz xèd dx abidzfx

`fxbgidx fkgzfkpb`dx ~fcd avk`d hiwici}b`d+



Gio+ ? ‘ Dx ~zikhi~bix bpbrvfx pfzzdzixpbx `fx`f 2996 bpé Xfpfajzd `f :>>6+

Dx bpbrvfx cfwb`dx b hbjd fa Ab`zi`# b 22 `f Abzïd `f :>>0# ~dz va ozv~d hda zfcbïöfx î zf`f

Bc!Dbf`b xèd va f|fa~cd `f abkigfxpbïèd `d gvk`bafkpbcixad bpzbwéx `f ~zâpihbx pfzzdzixpbx+ Bcovkx

fx~fhibcixpbx hdkxi`fzba rvf fxpfx bpbrvfx xf zfcbhidkba hda vab wikobkïb ~fcb `fpfkïèd `f `f}fkbx `f

xvx~fipdx `b Bc!Dbf`b kd zfxhbc`d `d 22 `f Xfpfajzd# jfa hdad ~fcb ~bzpihi~bïèd `b Fx~bklb kb ovfzzb

hdkpzb d Izbrvf+

B~fxbz `b ba~cipv`f f zf~fzhvxxöfx `d bpfkpb`d `f 22 `f Abzïd# bx zfbhïöfx xdvjfzba ìxpikoviz d bhpd

ixdcb`d `f va ozv~d `f zbìhbcixpbx `dx avïvcabkdx# fa ofzbc# rvf lbjipba fa Fx~bklb+

B Bc!Dbf`b ~dxxvi va ~b~fc ~zf~dk`fzbkpf kbx ~zâpihbx gvk`bafkpbcixpbx `f hbzâhpfz widcfkpd#

fxpbjfcfhfk`d hdkpbhpdx fxpzfipdx `f hdcbjdzbïèd hda dvpzdx ozv~dx rvf xf `fxpbhba pbajéa ~fcb

widcíkhib f|fzhi`b+

Dx zfjfc`fx phlfphlfkdx# kb xvb cvpb xf~bzbpixpb# pía hdkhzfpi}b`d ìwfzxdx bpbrvfx# ik`f~fk`fkpfafkpf

`bx zf~fzhvxxöfx rvf dx xfvx bhpdx ~d`fzèd bchbkïbz ,pbc hdad d ~fz~fpzb`d ~dz pfzzdzixpbx ixcêaihdx

phlfphlfkdx f âzbjfx fa Jfxcbk# kb Zýxxib)+

Dx zfx~dkxâwfix ~fcd bpbrvf fzba kb xvb abidzib phlfphlfkdx# aicipbkpfx xf~bzbpixpbx f bcovkx pfzzdzixpbx

âzbjfx# d rvf ikìhib b f|ixpíkhib `f vab hdkf|èd hda b Bc!Dbf`b# f|pzbwbxbk`d b xvb zbi} kbhidkbcixpb+

D gvk`bafkpbcixad zfcioidxd ,abkigfxpb`d fa bpbrvfx pfzzdzixpbx) vcpzb~bxxb dx ciaipfx `b zbhidkbc i`b`f

lvabkb+ Kfxpb zf`f ikpzikhb`b `f cfoipiabïöfx f mvxpigihbïöfx# b zfcioièd `fxfa~fklb va ~b~fc hfkpzbc+



B hfkpzbci`b`f `b zfcioièd `fhdzzf `b xvb ia~dzpêkhib fkrvbkpd ìafkxèd b rvf dx ~dwdx xf *bobzzba*

~bzb hdkpzbzibzfa b vkigdzai}bïèd fhdkøaihb f hvcpvzbc+

B zfcioièd# gbhpdz `f i`fkpi`b`f

B zfcioièd é va zfxfzwbpøzid `f i`fkpi`b`f# bpfxpbk`d vab fx~fhigihi`b`f# vab lixpøzib f# ~dz ixxd# vab

afaøzib f vab xdci`bzif`b`f+ Xfz ~brvixpbkíx é xfz avïvcabkd# xfz pbicbk`íx é xfz jvìxpb5 xfz

bxxázid!hbc`fv é xfz hzixpèd+

Gdkpf= Bpcbx `b ocdjbci}bïèd# :>>8

Zfhdklfhi`d f i`fkpigihb`d d ~d`fz `f zfbgizabïèd i`fkpipâzid `b zfcioièd# b fxgfzb ~dcápihb f|fzhf vab

pfkpbpiwb `f b ikxpzvafkpbci}bz+ Bx ovfzzbx `f zfcioièd xèd d fx~fcld `bx ovfzzbx ~dcápihbx+

Fkpzf d jbcbkïd f kdwbx f|~zfxxöfx

D bhpvbc hfkâzid avkìbc é `daikb`d ~dz `dix *bhpdzfx*# rvf xf bxxvafa hdad hdajbpfkpfx `d fi|d `d

abc+ B ~zikhi~bc rvfxpèd é rvf hb`b va `fxxfx bhpdzfx zfiwikìhb b ~zâpihb `d *jfa* ~bzb hdajbpfz d

dvpzd+

^dz va cb`d# dx FVB mvxpigihba bx xvbx ikpfzwfkïöfx hdad zfx~dxpb î bafbïb `d pfzzdzixad5 ~dz dvpzd# dx

adwiafkpdx zbìhbix avïvcabkdx ~zbpihba bhpdx pfzzdzixpbx b gia `f fxpbkhbz d `daákid hb~ipbcixpb

~zdadwi`d ~fcdx FVB+ ^bzbcfcbafkpf bd gbhpd `f xf *bciafkpbzfa* zfhi~zdhbafkpf# fxpfx `dix pi~dx `f

gvk`bafkpbcixad `daikba bx bpfkïöfx avkìbix+ Kfxpf afìbpixad hdf|ixpfa avipbx dvpzbx

abkigfxpbïöfx gvk`bafkpbcixpbx+

D gvk`bafkpbcixad wfz`f bxxvaf!xf hdad va adwiafkpd `f `fxcfoipiabïèd# kb afì`b fa rvf

rvfxpidkb b fwdcvïèd hiwici}bhidkbc# ~zdadwfk`d bcod dzioikâzid# fcfafkpbz+ D dzioikâzid kèd xèd bx zbïbx

lvabkbx# abx xia bx fx~éhifx kbpvzbix `b Pfzzb f bx xvbx hdkìïöfx kbpvzbix `f xdjzfwiwíkhib+ Fxpf

adwiafkpd obklb gdzïb f kdpdzif`b`f# kb af i`b fa rvf d xixpfab hb~ipbcixpb ~öf fa hbvxb b

xvxpfkpbjici`b`f# bd `fozb`bz xvhfxxiwbafkpf bx hdkìïöfx kbpvzbix `f wi`b+

Fa hdkhcvxèd# kb xdhif`b`f zfgcfhpfa!xf wâzibx abkigfxpbïöfx gvk`bafkpbcixpbx# fa `daákidx pèd

ìwfzxdx hdad b fhdkdaib# b zfcioièd f d bajifkpf+ B~fxbz `fxxb ìwfzxi`b`f# d xfv fi|d fxpzvpvzbkpf é

rvf pd`bx fcbx xf hdkxi`fzba ~dxxvi`dzbx `b wfz`b`f f `f cfoipiai`b`f# afxad rvf b ia~dxiïèd bd

dvpzd bxxvab va hbzâhpfz widcfkpd+



Bx ovfzzbx `b âovb

Dx zfhvzxdx kbpvzbix pbajéa ~d`fa fxpbz kb dziofa `f hdkgcipvbci`b`fx+ Rvbk`d va zfhvzxd é wbcidxd

,~fpzøcfd# dvzd# ìbabkpfx# fph+) dv fxxfkhibc ~bzb b xdjzfwiwíkhib# b *cvpb* ~dz fcf ~d`f `fofkfzbz fa

hdkgcipdx+ B âovb é fxxfkhibc î xdjzfwiwíkhib f xiavcpbkfbafkpf fxhbxxb fa bcovabx âzfbx `d Ocdjd !

fxpèd# ~dix# hdkmvob`bx `vbx zb}öfx ~bzb rvf fxpf jfa ~dxxb xfz gdkpf `f ìxhøzìb# `f pfkxèd dv afxad

`f ovfzzb+

B Pfzzb é d *~cbkfpb b}vc*# `daákid `b âovb+ Hdkpv`d# fxpb *~zfhidxb* xvjxpêkhib kèd fxpâ iovbcafkpf

zf~bzpi`b ~dz pd`d d Ocdjd# kfa pfa iovbc rvbci`b`f fa pd`bx bx cbpipv`fx f cdkoipv`fx# xfk`d afxad

avipd fxhbxxb ,fa rvbkpi`b`f f rvbci`b`f) fa wâzibx âzfbx `d ~cbkfpb+ F|ixpfa hdkgcipdx# rvfz kb ofxpèd

`bx âovbx xbcob`bx ,abzfx f dhfbkdx)# rvfz kd bhfxxd f kb ofx pèd `bx âovbx `dhfx ,ocbhibzfx# zidx# âovbx

xvjpfzzêkfbx)+ ^dzrvf fxpbx xèd bx abix ìzfhpbafkpf zfrvfzi`bx ~fcd Ldafa f ~dzrvf f|ixpf fgfhpiwb

hbzíkhib fa bcovabx âzfbx# fxpèd kb dziofa `f wâzidx hdkgcipdx zfoidkbix+

Hdkgcipdx bxxdhib`dx î ~bzpiclb f ofxpèd `bx jbhibx li`zdozâgihbx

Kdx hdkgcipdx zfcbhidkb`dx hda bx âovbx xv~fzgihibix `fxpbhba!xf dx rvf dhdzzfa fa xipvbïöfx `f âovbx

~bzpiclb`bx f# ~zikhi~bcafkpf# rvbk`d b fxhbxxf}é

bhfkpvb`b+ Xèd avipd kvafzdxdx dx zidxikpfzkbhidkbix+

Kýafzdx ia~zfxxidkbkpfx

F|ixpfa bhpvbcafkpf :78 zidx rvf bpzbwfxxba dv `fabzhba bx gzdkpfizbx ~dcápihbx `f `dix dv abix

~báxfx+ Fa pfzadx ofdozâgihdx# b Fvzd~b ~dxxvi d abidz kýafzd `f jbhibx ikpfzkbhidkbix ,79)# xfovi`b

`f Âgzihb ,69)# Âxib ,6?)# Baézihb `d Kdzpf ,0>) f Baézihb `d Xvc ,:<)+ Bx :78 jbhibx li`zdozâgihbx

ikpfzkbhidkbix hdjzfa rvbxf afpb`f `b xv~fzgáhif pfzzfxpzf `d ~cbkfpb# bgfhpba hfzhb `f 0>& `b

~d~vcbïèd avk ibc f zf~zfxfkpba b~zd|iab`bafkpf 7>& `d hbv`bc ocdjbc `dx zidx+ , +++ ) Bx jbhibx

ikpfzkbhidkbix xèd ~bzpiclb`bx ~dz 206 kbïöfx+

Gdkpf= Xdzdafkld! Abzrvfx ,:>>8) ! D `fxbgid `b âovb kd xéhvcd \\I# ~+ 2<<

Dx zidx ikpfzkbhidkbix hdcdhba# ~dz wf}fx# ~zdjcfabx kb `fabzhbïèd gzdkpfiziïb= b gzdkpfizb fxpbjfcfhf!xf

xfovk`d b ciklb `d pbcwfovf dv xfovk`d bx abzofkx ,ìzfipb f fxrvfz`b)4 Fa rvbcrvfz `dx hbxdx# hdad xf

gb} d vxvgzvpd `b âovb kvab rvbcrvfz xfhïèd `d zid ~fcbx zfoiöfx `bx abzofkx fxrvfz`b f ìzfipb#zfx~fhpiwbafkpf4



^dz dvpzd cb`d# xvzofa gzfrvfkpfafkpf xipvbïöfx pfkxbx dv afxad cipioidxbx# gzvpd `b zfcbïèd hda d rvf

xf ~bxxb b adkpbkpf `b gzdkpfizb ! rvfxpöfx `f zfpfkïèd f|hfxxiwb dv `f ~dcviïèd `bx âovbx ~d`fa pfz

zf~fzhvxxöfx kfgbxpbx kd,x) ~báx,fx) b mvxbkpf+

Xfa~zf rvf b ~bzpiclb `b âovb# pfk`d fa hdkpb b zfcbïèd fkpzf b ~zdhvzb f b dgfzpb ,fa rvbkpi`b`f f

rvbci`b`f)# é `fxgbwdzâwfc b vab `bx ~bzpfx# fxpèd hzib`bx hdk`iïöfx ~bzb xf ikxpbcbz va hdkgcipd ,gio+ <)+

Gio+ < ‘ B dziofa f b zfxdcvïèd `f hdkgcipdx lá`zihdx+

@dx wbzib`áxxiadx zidx ikpfzkbhidkbix# dx rvf hdcdhba# î ~bzpi b# abidzfx ~zdjcfabx xèd dx rvf

~fzhdzzfa âzfbx `f hfzpb bzi f} ! Bav`âzib f Xiz âzib ,g i o +9)# Kicd# Piozf f Fvgzbpfx# Mdz`èd# fph+ Kd

fkpbkpd# pbajéa dx rvf xf ikxfzfa fa âzfbx hda f|hfxxd `f ~zfhi~ipbhèd ,f hdkxfrvfkpfafkpf `f

hbv`bix) kvab é~dhb `d bkd ~d`fa xfz ofzb`dzfx `f pfkxöfx ,Obkofx f Jzbab~vpzb# fph+)+

Gio+ 9 ‘ Bx jbhibx `dx zidx Bav`âzib f Xiz`âzib+



Xf bpfk`fzadx îx hbzbhpfzáxpihbx hciaâpihbx `fxpb zfoièd ,gio+2>)#bd wdcvaf `f âovb ìx~dkáwfc ~fz hb~ipb

f îx hbzbhpfzáxpihbx `b bozihvcpvzb izziob`b# gbhicafkpf xf hda~zffk`fzâ b ia~dzpêkhib hzvhibc rvf b âovb

bxxvaf kfxpb zfoièd+

Gio+ 2> ‘ Dx ~zdjcfabx bajifkpbix kdx ~báxfx `b Âxib Hfkpzbc+

^bzb vab afcldz hda~zffkxèd `b *rvfxpèd `b âovb* kbx jbhibx li`zdozâgihbx `dx zidx Bav`âzib f

Xiz`âzib xfzâ kfhfxxâzid pfz fa ciklb `f hdkpb bx~fhpdx `f kbpvzf}b ~dcápihb# fhdkøaihb f xdhibc+ Fxpbadx

~fzbkpf kdwdx fxpb`dx fafzofkpfx# kb Âxib Hfkpzbc# abzhb`dx ~dz pfkxöfx épkihbx# ~dz hzixfx ~dcápihbx f

xdhibix+ Fxpèd fa ~zdhfxxd `f pzbkxgdzabïèd ~bzb vab fhdkdaib `f afzhb`d# xfk`d b bozihvcpvzb va

xfhpdz gvk`bafkpbc dk`f xf zfhdzzf b xixpfabx `f izziobïèd fa ozbk`f fxhbcb+

B fxpfx `b`dx é kfhfxxâzid bhzfxhfkpbz dvpzdx bx~fhpdx `f kbpvzf}b bajifkpbc ,gio+ 2>)+

B gdzab hdad b âovb é vpici}b`b ~fcdx ìgfzfkpfx fxpb`dx gdi# f hdkpikvb b xfz# b zb}èd `d hdkgcipd+

D Pbmirvixpèd# Fxpb`d xipvb`d b adkpbkpf# wbcdzi}dv b xvb ~zd`vïèd li`zdfcéhpzihb bpzbwéx `b hdkxpzvïèd

`b jbzzbofa `f Kvzfe# rvf bcpfzdv d zfoiaf `d zid Bav`âzib# dzioikbk`d vab hfzpb *~fkýzib* `f âovb kd

Wfzèd f hlfibx bzpigihibix kd Ikwfzkd+ Fxpb xipvbïèd hdcdhb fa ~fziod pd`b b ~zâpihb `b bozihvcpvzb izziob`b

kdx fxpb`dx xipvb`dx b mvxbkpf+

Afxad kdx ~báxfx xipvb`dx b adkpbkpf b bozihvcpvzb izziob`b hdkpikvb b xfz vab gdkpf `f cipáoid `b`d rvf

fxpfx xfa~zf xf b~zfxfkpbzba hda vab gdzpf pzbìïèd li`zâvcihb f ofzizba# b xfv gbwdz# b abidz ~bzpf `bxzfxfzwbx+ D rvf xdjzb ~bzb dx dvpzdx ~báxfx xèd hbv`bix hb`b wf} abix zf`v}i`dx f izzfovcbzfx+

B hvzpd ~zb}d# fxpb ~zâpihb ~d`fzâ ~ðz fa hbvxb dx ~fzáafpzdx izziob`dx b mvxbkpf `d zid Xfzbwxlbk f `d

hbkbc Ebzbedzba+ D gvkhidkbafkpd f b f|ixpíkhib `fxpfx *hbkbix* gcvwibix ~d`fzèd fxpbz afxad fa

~fziod# `b`d rvf d Pvzrvfafkixpèd f d Vxjfrvixpèd zffkwiìhba va bvafkpd xv~cfafkpbz `dx hbv`bix

`dx zidx Bav`âzib f Xiz`âzib# ~dz gdzab b fcfwbz d káwfc `bx âovbx `d abz `f Bzbc+



Kfxpb zfoièd b rvfxpèd ~dcápihb hdkpikvbzâ b abzhbz bx pfkxöfx xdjzf d vxd `b âovb+

Fkrvbkpd fxpb `v~cb jbhib fxpfwf xdj ofxpèd `b VZXX# b ìxpzijviïèd `bx âovbx gdi abix iovbcipâzib+

Bhpvbcafkpf# hda b ik`f~fk`íkhib `fxpfx fxpb`dx# dx xipvb`dx b adkpbkpf ~bxxbzba b f|fzhfz abidz

hdkpzdcd xdjzf bx âovbx# hdcdhbk`d dx fxpb`dx `f mvxbkpf fa xipvbïèd `fxgbwdzâwfc+

Kd Foi~pd b *cvpb* ~fcb âovb bxxvaf vab ia~dzpêkhib wipbc `b`d rvf 9<& `d xfv pfzzipøzid é dhv~b`d

~fcd fxfzpd+

D Foi~pd# va `da `d Kicd+ Fxpb bxxdhibïèd `d Kicd bd Foi~pd é aicfkbz f b rvfxpèd `dx *ìzfipdx

b`rvizi`dx* xdjzf d vxd `bx xvbx âovbx xø xf wfid b hdcdhbz kdx bkdx 8> `d xéhvcd ~bxxb`d+

D ~zdjcfab `b zf~bzpiïèd `bx âovbx `d Kicd xvzoiv b ~bzpiz `f 29:9# bcpvzb fa rvf dx ikocfxfx ikihibzba b

hvcpvzb `d bcod`èd kd Xv`èd f ia~vxfzba b xfovikpf ìwixèd `f âovb= 0 ea8

~bzb d Xv`èd f 0< ea8

~bzb dFoi~pd ,gio+ 22)+

Gio+ 22 ‘ B zf`f li`zdozâgihb `d zid Kicd+



Fa 2969# hda b ik`f~fk`íkhib `d Xv`èd# gdi zfwixpb b bkpfzidz ìwixèd `b âovb# ~bxxbk`d b xfz `f 66#6

ea8 ~bzb d Foi~pd f 2<#6 ea8 ~bzb d Xv`èd+

Rvbc b ~dxiïèd dx dvpzdx fxpb`dx zijfizikldx4

Bx ~dxxáwfix djmfhïöfx `dx fxpb`dx xipvb`dx b adkpbkpf kèd gdzba pi`bx fa hdkpb+ Gdi kfxpf hdkpf|pd rvf

b Fpiø~ib gf} xbjfz rvf hdkxi`fzbwb kvcd d *bhdz`d* `f 2969+ D hdkgcipd fxpbwb ikxpbcb`d+

D Foi~pd# ~fzbkpf fxpf hfkâzid# `fhiìv hdkxpzviz b jbzzbofa `f Bxxvèd rvf clf ~fzaipizib kèd xø

xv~cbkpbz d ìcfab `b gbcpb `f âovb hdad pbajéa hdkrvixpbz pfzzbx bd `fxfzpd+ Abx# bhiab `f pv`d# fzb

vab pfkpbpiwb ~bzb xf cijfzpbz `b hlbkpbofa f|fzhi`b ~fcdx ~báxfx xipvb`dx b adkpbkpf+

D Xv`èd# kvab xipvbïèd `f hda~zdaixxd hda d Foi~pd# hdkxpzviv b jbzzbofa `f Zdxfizfx ,gio+2:)+ Gdi

*~zdmfhpb`b* pbajéa b hdkxpzvïèd `d hbkbc `f Mdkocfi ,~zdmfhpd kèd hdkhcvá`d)# `fxpikb`d î izziobïèd f î

~zd`vïèd f fkfzoib li`zdfcéhpzihb ~bzb bajdx dx ~báxfx ,gio+2:)+

Hda b wbob `f ik`f~fk`íkhibx `dx bkdx 7># b cvpb ~fcb âovb pdzkdv!xf vab rvfxpèd `f xdjzfwiwíkhib f `f

`fxfkwdcwiafkpd= d zâ~i`d hzfxhiafkpd `fadozâgihd# b ~djzf}b f|pzfab# dx adwiafkpdx gdzïb`dx `b

~d~vcbïèd# bx xipvbïöfx `f ovfzzb hiwic# b ikxpbjici`b`f ~dcápihb f bx pfkxöfx épkihbx rvf xf wiwfa fa

bcovkx ~báxfx `b jbhib `d Kicd b~dkpba ~bzb zfcbïöfx `f ozbk`f hdkgcipd rvf ~d`fzèd xfz f|bhfzjb`bx xf

piwfzadx fa hdkpb dx ákìhfx `f wvckfzbjici`b`f lá`zihb ,zfcbïèd dgfzpb$~zdhvzb# ìx~dkijici`b`f ~fz

hb~ipb f `f~fk`íkhib f|pfzkb) ,`df+2:)+

Gio+ 2: ‘ Bx~fhpdx lá`zihdx kdx ~báxfx `b jbhib `d Kicd fa :>>2+

D zid Obkofx kbxhf kdx Liabcbibx f `fxbovb kb jbáb `f Jfkobcb xdj b gdzab `f va f|pfkxd `fcpb+

Xf é wfz`b`f rvf b jbhib li`zdozâgihb `d zid Obkofx ,gio+ 28) é vab `bx abidzfx `d avk`d# kèd é `f

xdafkdx ia~dzpêkhib d gbhpd `f fcb xfz hdkxi`fzb`b vab `bx âzfbx hda abidz `fkxi`b`f `fadozâgihb bkáwfc avkìbc+



Gio+ 28 ‘ B jbhib `d Obkofx f `d Jbab~vpzb+

D zid bpzbwfxxb wbxpbx âzfbx vzjbkbx f ikpfkxbafkpf ~dwdb`bx+ Fxpf gbhpd zfwfxpf!xf `f ~bzpihvcbz

ia~dzpêkhib `b`d rvf vab jdb ~bzpf `fxpf *gdzaiovfizd lvabkd* `f~fk`f `bx âovbx `d zid Obkofx#

~dcvik`d!d f vab gdzab hbpbxpzøgihb+

Xf xf bpfk`fz b rvf xø b ákìb zfoixpb# ~dz bkd# abix `f 2< aiclöfx `f kbxhiafkpdx# hda~zffk`fz!xf!â

afcldz hdad b cvpb ~fcb âovb# afxad fa zfoiöfx `f zfcbpiwb bjvk`êkhib# ~d`fzâ bciafkpbz hdkgcipdx+

B hzibïèd `f ob`d f b bozihvcpvzb fa~zfoba rvbxf <>& `d pdpbc `b ~d~vcbïèd fa bcovkx ~báxfx `b jbhib+

Lâ rvf bxxikbcbz bik`b d ozbk`f ~dpfkhibc li`zdfcéhpzihd `d zid Obkofx# rvf clf hdkgfzf vab fkdzaf

ia~dzpêkhib fhdkøaihb f é# bd afxad pfa~d# hbvxb `f ìxhøzìb+

B ozbk`f gdkpf `f pfkxèd xvzoiv kd adafkpd fa rvf b ákìb# fa 2972# `fhiìv hdkxpzviz b jbzzbofa `f

Gbzbeeb# b adkpbkpf `b gzdkpfizb hda d Jbkocb`fxl+

B ~bzpiz `fxpb `bpb# d Jbkocb`fxl kèd hfxxdv `f ~zdpfxpbz ~dz hdkxi`fzbz rvf brvfcb djzb `f fkofklbzib

li`zâvcihb ~zdwdhbwb ozbwfx `bkdx kb bozihvcpvzb# kb ik`ýxpzib f kb fhdcdoib `d ~báx+D afxad ~zdmfhpd lá`zihd ikhcváb b hdkxpzvïèd `f va hbkbc `f 8< ea `f hda~ziafkpd rvf `fxwibzib b

âovb `b jbzzbofa `f Gbzbeeb ~bzb d zid Lddolcy # `fi|bk`d d Jbkocb`fxl xfa âovb xvgihifkpf kfa ~bzb

izziobz bx pfzzbx# kfa ~bzb abkpfz d káwfc `b pdbclb gzfâpihb+

Kb zfbci`b`f# b jbzzbofa xfzwib ~bzb `fxwibz dx hbv`bix `d Obkofx ~bzb b ~bzpf ikìbkb# fa ~fzád`d `f

xfhb# f fa ~fzád`d `f hlfibx d hbv`bc xfzib `fjipb`d kd Jbkocb`fxl+

B ozbwi`b`f `d cipáoid pfa!xf bovì}b`d `f pbc gdzab rvf fa 29?7 d Jbkocb`fxl hdcdhdv d bxxvkpd kb

Bxxfajcfib!Ofzbc `b DKV# rvf xvofziv rvf bx `vbx ~bzpfx hlfobxxfa b va bhdz`d+ Kb xfrvíkhib `d ~fì`d b DKV hb`b odwfzkd ~zd`v}iv va ~cbkd ~fzgfipbafkpf ikhda~bpáwfc hda d d xfv b`wfzxâzid



Hdkgcipdx bxxdhib`dx î ~bzpiclb f ofxpèd `f âovbx xvjpfzzêkfbx

B kfhfxxi`b`f `f b~zdwixidkbafkpd `bx âovbx xvjpfzzêkfbx é ~bzpihvcbzafkpf abkigfxpb fa âzfbx

,xvj)`fxézpihbx# hdad é d hbxd `dx ~báxfx `d Kdzpf `f Âgzihb ,gio+ 20)+^dz f|fa~cd# b Cájib# fa 29<8# b~zfxfkpdv va ~zdmfhpd rvf wixbwb b hdkxpzvïèd `d Ozbk`f Zid Bzpigihibc

,OZB) hda d djmfhpiwd `f pzbkxgfziz zfxfzwbx `f âovb xvjpfzzêkfb rvf xf fkhdkpzbwba/ kd xvjxdcd

`fxézpihd# kd Xvc `d ~báx+

Gio+ 20 ‘ Bx zfxfzwbx xvjpfzzêkfbx `f âovb kd Kdzpf `f Âgzihb+

D hdkgcipd `b âovb wiwi`d ~fcb Cájib bxxvaf hdkpdzkdx `f kbpvzf}b fhdkøaihb f bajifkpb"+

^dz va cb`d# b hdkxpzvïèd `d OZB ~bzfhf xfz fhdkdaihbafkpf ~dvhd wiâwfc ,b âovb `fxpf hbkbc xfzib

vpici}b`b ~bzb b ~zd`vïèd bozd!bciafkpbz `f zf`v}i d wbcdz bhzfxhfkpb`d)5 ~dz dvpzd# pd`d fxpf

ikwfxpiafkpd xfzâ b~cihb`d fa gdkpfx brvágfzbx rvf kèd ~d`fzèd zfkdwbz!xf ,b `vzbjici`b`f `b f|~cdzbïèd

fxpâ bwbcib`b fa hfzhb `f 6> bkdx)+

^fzbkpf fxpf hfkâzid b rvfxpèd ~zdjcfaâpihb xfzâ= f|~cdzbz bx zfxfzwbx gøxxfix `f âovb dv `fi|â!cbx kd

xvjxdcd4

Kd hbxd `b Cájib# b f|~cdzbïèd `dx brvágfzdx gøxxfix `d `fxfzpd xfzwizâ ~bzb gdafkpbz b hvcpvzb `d pziod

rvf clf ~fzaipizâ b zf`vïèd b f~fk`íkhib bciafkpbz+

@b`d rvf d brvágfzd rvf bciafkpbzâ d Ozbk`f Zid Bzpigihibc é pzbkxgzdkpfiziïd ,f fxpfk`f!xf

fxxfkhibcafkpf fa xvjxdcd bzofcikd)# b hdkhzfpi}bïèd `fxpf ~zdmfhpd ~d`fzâ `fxfkhb`fbz va hdkgcipdcájid!bzofcikd+



D hdkgcipd ixzbfcd!~bcfxpikibkd ‘ b hdkwfzoíkhib `f aýcpi~cbx –zb}öfx‑

B xipvbïèd kd Aéìd Dzifkpf# hda pd`b b xvb ikpfkxi`b`f f avcpi~cihi`b`f `f abkigfxpbïöfx# é va

f|fa~cd `f hdad wâzibx hbvxbx xf ~d`fa bxxdhibz kva afxad hdkgcipd# ofzbk`d!d f bciafkpbk`d!d+

B zfoièd dk`f xf ikxfzf b âzfb bhpvbcafkpf dhv~b`b ~dz ~bcfxpikibkdx f ~dz Ixzbfc é pzbìhidkbcafkpf

~zdjcfaâpihb gdi d *jfzïd* `f hiwici}bïöfx bkpiobx# dziofa `f pzíx hzfkïbx zfcioidxbx ,hzixpibkixad#

mv`báxad f ixcbaixad)# ~bchd `f wbzib`áxxiabx ìx~vpbx# âzfb fa ~fzabkfkpf zfhdkgiovzbïèd ,gio+ 26)+

Gio+ 26 ‘ Ixzbfc f dx pfzzipøzidx ~bcfxpikibkdx dhv ~b`d x+

Hda b hzibïèd ,~fcb DKV) `d Fxpb`d `f Ixzbfc# fa 290<# avipdx ~bcfxpikibkdx gdzba f|hcvá`dx `d xfv

lbjipvbc pfzzipøzid ,fxxb f|~vcxèd é vxvbcafkpf hdklfhi`b ~dz Kbejb)+ B d~zfxxèd f xfozfobïèd `d ~dwd

~bcfxpikibkd bozbwb`bx ~fcb êkxib f|~bkxidkixpb `f Ixzbfc pía hdkpzijvá`d ~bzb rvf b hdkgcipvbci`b`f xf

abkpfklb kb dz`fa `d ìb+ D ~zdafpi`d Fxpb`d ~bcfxpikibkd pfa pbz`b`d fa xfz zfhdklfhi`d f xf bgizabz+

Ixzbfc# rvf pfa hdkpb`d hda d b~did `dx FVB f `f dvpzdx ~báxfx dhi`fkpbix# pfa!xf ia~dxpd kb zfoièd f

kd avk`d+ ^dz dvpzd cb`d# dx ~bcfxpikibkdx wèd pfkpbk`d `f gdzab ì~cdaâpihb# bcovabx wf}fx# `f ad`dhdkpvzjb`d f bzab`d# kb abidzib `dx hbxdx# bgizabz b xvb xdjfzbkib kb âzfb+



B Dzobki}bïèd `f Cijfzpbïèd `b ^bcfxpikb ,DC^)# d Lbabx# d Lf}jdccbl ,^bzpi`d `f @fvx) f b Milb`

Ixcêaihb pía xi`d dx ~zikhi~bix ~zdpbodkixpbx ,kdpf!xf rvf bcovkx xèd `f hbzi} abzhb`bafkpf

gvk`bafkpbcixpb)+

Xf îx pfkpbpiwbx `f bgizabïèd kbhidkbcixpbx `f bajbx bx ~bzpfx bxxdhibzadx b ~zfpfkxb xv~fzidzi`b`f 9 > X

ixzbfcipbx f b jvxhb ikhfxxbkpf ~fcd hdkpzdcd `dx zfhvzxdx kbpvzbix ,kdafb`bafkpf `b âovb# jfa avipd

fxhbxxd kb zfoièd)# é gâhic hda~zffk`fzadx hdad pd`bx fxpbx hizhvkxpêkhibx bciafkpba vab ovfzzb rvf

~bzfhf kèd pfz gia ,gio+ 27)+

Mdz`èd= d fpfzkd hdkgcipd ~fcbx xvbx âovbx

B jbhib `d Mdz`èd é vab `bx ~dvhbx jbhibx ikpfzkbhidkbix fa rvf d hdkgcipd xdjzf b âovb gdi vab

`bx hbvxbx rvf hdk v}izba# `f gdzab ìzfhpb# b ldxpici`b`fx bzab`bx fkpzf bcovkx fxpb`dx

zijfizikldx# kd ~øx!Xfovk b Ovfzzb Avkìbc+ Fxpb jbhib b~zfxfkpb!xf hdad va `dx abix

hda~cf|dx ~zdjcfabx li`zd~dcápihdx rvf b hdavki`b`f ikpfzkbhidkbc fkgzfkpb+ ^ziafizd# ~dzrvf

kfxpb zfoièd b âovb é va gbhpdz rvf fxpâ ikpiabafkpf zfcbhidkb`d hda bx rvfxpöfx `b *bcpb

~dcápihb*+ @f~dix# ~dzrvf xf pzbpb `f va hda~cf|d `f xfovzbkïb ìzfhpbafkpf ciob`d b `dix dvpzdx

hda~cf|dx li`zd~dcápihdx UKicd f Piozf f FvgzbpfxQ+

Gdkpf= ^bvcb ^fzfizb ik Xdzdafkld!Abzrvfx ,:>>8) ! D `fxbgid `b âovb kd xéhvcd \\I# ~+ :92

É va gbhpd rvf Ixzbfc pfa dhv~b`d fx~bïd ~bcfxpikibkd# kèd xø ~fcd hzfxhfk`d `f hdcdkbpdx hdad ~fcb

`fxiovbc `fkxi`b`f ~d~vcbhidkbc rvf xf wfzigihb fa Ob}b f kb Hixmdz`êkib ,fa Ob}b# b `fkxi`b`f

~d~vcbhidkbc kdx fx~bïdx ~bcfxpikibkdx é `b dz`fa `dx 606> lbj+$ea:# fkrvbkpd rvf kdx hdcdkbpdx

mv`fvx `fxxf pfzzipøzid é `f 0< lbj+$ea:)+ Pfa# bik`b# hdkpzdcb`d f `fxwib`d zfhvzxdx lá`zihdx `b

Hixmdz`êkib+ ^dz pv`d ixpd kèd xèd `f fxpzbklbz bx abkigfxpbïöfx `f `fxbozb`d# ~dz wf}fx avipd widcfkpbx+

Wâzidx gdzba mâ dx ~fzád`dx `f bhbcaib# abx d abix ~frvfkd ikhi`fkpf bhbjb ~dz *ikhfkìbz* kdwbafkpfdx êkiadx+



Gio+ 27 ‘ B âovb kd hfkpzd `d hdkgcipd ixzbfcd!âzbjf ,Gdkpf= Bpcbx `b Ocdjbci}bïèd# :>>8# ~+279)

Kd ikáhid `dx bkdx :>>># b cvpb f b ikgcf|ijici`b`f bov`i}bzba!xf# d rvf xf pzb`v}iv# kdafb`bafkpf# kb

hdkxpzvïèd `f vab jbzzfizb kb Hixmdz`êkib# xf~bzbk`d âzfbx dhv~b`bx ~dz ixzbfcipbx `bx ~bcfxpikibkbx+ Fxpf

kdwd *Avzd `b Wfzodklb* é vab `bx gbhfx wixáwfix `b hdkgcipvbci`b`f+



,Xdjzf)Wiwfz hfzhb`d

Bx bc`fibx `f @fiz Jbccvp# Zbgbp f ]bbif pdzkbz!xf!èd va fkhcbwf f ~fz`fzèd ozbk`f ~bzpf `dx xfvx

pfzzfkdx bozáhdcbx+ B zfpizb`b `f pfzzb hdafïdv fa ? `f Mvkld f dx ~zdpfxpdx xèd ìâzidx+ Kd fkhcbwfwiwfa hfzhb `f 22 ?>> ~fxxdbx# b~zd|iab`bafkpf ?<> `bx rvbix zfgvoib`dx+ , +++ )

Ixzbfc pfa ~cbkdx ~bzb hdkxpzviz vab `v~cb jbzzfizb kb ~bzpf dzifkpbc `d bfzd~dzpd `f Jfk !Ovzidk+, +++ )

Gdkpf= VKZ_ B ! Zf~dzpx dk plf _fxp Jbke Jbzzifz# Mvkld `f :>>0

Wfzfadx xf hda b adzpf `f Ybxxfz Bzbgbp ,f|!~zfxi`fkpf `f Bvpdzi`b`f ^bcfxpikibkb)# fa gikbix `f :>>0#

f hda d kdwd ikpfzcdhvpdz xbá`d `bx fcfiïöfx ~bcfxpikibkbx `f Mbkfizd `f :>>6 ! Abladv` Bjjbx ! xf ~d`fzâ# gikbcafkpf# hdkhzfpi}bz va ~cbkd `f ~b} ~bzb b zfoièd+ Pfa lbwi`d vab fx~fzbkïb hdkpi`b `fx`f

b hiafizb `f Hlbza FI!Hlfiel ,Foi~pd)# fa < `f Gfwfzfizd `f :>>6# fkpzf d fkpèd ~ziafizd!aikixpzd

ixzbfcipb ,Bzifc Xlbzdk) f d ~zfxi`fkpf `b Bvpdzi`b`f ^bcfxpikibkb ,Abladv` Bjjbx)# fa rvf fxpfx `dix

ìziofkpfx xf hda~zdafpfzba b ikxpbvzbz va hfxxbz!gdod+ Kb xfrvíkhib `b afxab ikihidv!xf fa Bodxpd

`f :>>6 b zfpizb`b ixzbfcipb `f ~bzpf `dx Pfzzipøzidx Dhv~b`dx+ B wipøzib `d Lbabx ,adwiafkpd zbìhbc)

kbx fcfiïöfx ~bcfxpibkbx `d ikáhid `f :>>7 wfid cbkïbz kdwb ikhøokipb xdjzf fxpb âzfb `d Ocdjd+

\fkdgdjib ‘ bwfzxèd# gzfrvfkpfafkpf bozfxxiwb# gbhf bd fxpzbkofizd+

^bpzidpixad ‘ badz ~fcb pfzzb kbpbc f ~fcdx xfvx+

FPB ‘ ,Fvxebì Pb B}ebpbxvab) ‘ ^âpzib jbxhb f Cijfz`b`f+Pbcwfovf ‘ hdzzfx~dk`f bd ~dkpd abix jbi|d `f vab xfhïèd pzbkxwfzxbc `d cfipd `d zid+

DC^ ‘ dzobki}bïèd `b Cijfzpbïèd `b ^bcfxpikb# hzib`b fa 2970+

Ikpigb`b ‘ –Ovfzzb `bx ~f`zbx‑# ozbk`f cfwbkpbafkpd `dx ~bcfxpikibkdx hdkpzb b dhv~bïèd ixzbfcipb ,2ª ‘

29<?5 :ª ‘ :>>2)+

Jda Fxpv`d"

Ofdozbgib H ‘ 2:½ bkd ‘ ~zdg+ Mdbrvia Ab`zvob

Dvpzdx hdkhfipdx=

geo c 12º ano - ficha informativa nº3

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