emergence of bangladesh · ivóªfvlv kivi cÖm‡½ wzwb e‡jb, Ôgk_v avcbv‡`i‡k cvwi®‹vi...

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wmwfK GWz‡Kkb-2 c„ôv-42

evsjv‡`‡ki Afz¨`q Emergence of Bangladesh

f‚wgKv evsjv‡`‡ki Afz¨`q HwZnvwmK cÖwµqvi GK A‡gvN cwiYwZ| gymwjg jx‡Mi wØRvwZ Z‡Ë¡i Dci wfwË K‡i †h ivRbxwZ fviZ Dcgnv‡`‡k msMwVZ n‡qwQj ZviB cwiYwZ‡Z fviZel© wef³ nq cvwK¯—vb I fviZ GB `yÕwU iv‡óª| cvwK¯Ív‡bi `yÕwU Ask c~e© I cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi g‡a¨ cÖavb †mZzeÜb wQj Bmjvg ag©| gymwjg åvZ…‡Z¡i eÜb Qvov Avi †Kvb wel‡q c~e© I cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi g‡a¨ wgj wQj bv| fvlv, mgvR-ms¯‹…wZ I †fŠMwjK Ae¯’v‡bi mKj weiæ×Zv‡K D‡c¶v K‡i cvwK¯Ívb ivóªwUi Rb¥ n‡qwQj| cvwK¯Ív‡bi GB AšÍ© wbwnZ `~e©jZv cieZx©Kv‡j DË‡ivËi cÖKU n‡q c‡o| cvwK¯—v‡bi ivóªxq KvVv‡gvi g‡a¨ c~e© evsjvi ¯^vqËkvm‡bi welqwU m¤ú~Y©fv‡e D‡cw¶Z n‡qwQj| GiB djkÖæwZ‡Z evOvwj RvZxqZvev`x Av‡›`vj‡bi Awbevh© avivq GK i³¶qx hy‡×i ga¨ w`‡q Afz¨`q N‡U ¯^vaxb mve©‡fŠg evsjv‡`‡ki| Avgv‡`i GKwU †MŠi‡ev¾j AZxZ Av‡Q| †m BwZnvm gv_v DuPz K‡i `uvovevi BwZnvm | GB Aa¨v‡q †mB ¯^Y©gq AZxZ BwZnvm m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| GB BDwb‡Ui cvV¸‡jv nj wbæiƒc:

BDwbU-3

� cvV-1 e½, evOvjv, evsjv‡`k| � cvV-2 fvlv Av‡›`vjb| � cvV-3 6 `dv Kg©m~wP| � cvV-4 69Õi MYAfz¨Ìvb| � cvV-5 70-Gi wbe©vPb I wbe©vP‡bvËi NUbvejx| � cvV-6 ¯^vaxbZv hy×|

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

BDwbU-3 c„ôv-43

e½, ev½vjv, evsjv‡`k Banga, Bangala, Bangladesh

D‡Ïk¨ GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb ♦ BwZnv‡mi weeZ©b avivq Avgv‡ì †`kwUi bvg wK fv‡e cwiewZ©Z n‡h‡Q Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z

cvi‡eb| ♦ cÖvPxb e½ iv‡Rï mxgvbv wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| ♦ e½ †_‡K evsjv‡`‡ki DrcwË m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb| e½, ev½vjv, evsjv‡`k cÖPxbKv‡j G †`‡ki bvg evsjv ev evsjv‡`k wQj bv| wewfbœ cwieZ©‡bi c_ a‡i G †`‡ki bvg evsjv ev evsjv‡`k n‡q‡Q| wewfbœ AÂ‡ji wewfbœ a‡g©i gvby‡liv GK GK mgq G†`k kvmb K‡i‡Q| GiB m‡½ †`kwUi bv‡g G‡m‡Q wewfbœ cwieZ©b| G †`kwU A‡bK¸‡jv ¶z`ª ¶z`ª AÂ‡j wef³ wQj| evsjvi GB AÂj¸‡jv‡K ejv nZ Rbc`, mgZU, †MŠo,e½, e‡i›`ª, cyÛª, nwi‡Kj- GiKg cÖvq 16wU Rbc‡ì K_v Rvbv hvq| G me Rbc`‡K ivóª ev ivR¨ wnmv‡e wPwýZ Kiv hvq| cÖwZwU AÂ‡ji kvmKiv ¯^vaxbfv‡e kvmb KiZ| AÂj¸‡jv wQj A‡bKUv cÖvPxb MÖxK bMi iv‡óªi g‡Zv|

evsjv‡`‡ki c~e© I `w¶Y c~e©w`‡K e½ Rbc` bv‡g GKwU AÂj M‡o D‡VwQj| cÖvPxb wkjvwjwc‡Z e½ Rbc` wn‡m‡e `yÕwU AÂ‡ji bvg cvIqv hvq| GKwU weµgcyi Avi Ab¨wU bve¨| ewikvj, cUzqvLvwj I dwi`cyi GB wZbwU GjvKv bve¨ AÂ‡ji AšÍ©fz³ wQj| e½ Rbc` eûKvj a‡i ¯^vaxb wQj| GB Rbc`wU‡K Lye kw³kvjx AÂj wn‡m‡e D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q| †mb ivRv‡ì Zvgªwjwc‡Z †`Lv hvq XvKv, dwi`cyi I ev‡KiMÄ e‡½i AšÍ©fz³ wQj|

cÖvPxb e½ iv‡Rï mxgvbv cwð‡g fvwMi_x I Ki‡Zvqv b`x, c~‡e© eªþcyÎ I †gNbv, DË‡i eªþcyÎ Ges `w¶‡Y e‡½vcmvMi -GB we¯ÍxY© fy-LÛ wb‡q cÖvPxb e½ivR¨ M‡o D‡VwQj| GB m¤ú~Y©© GjvKv fwMi_xi c~e© Zx‡i wKQ Ask ev` w`‡q eZ©gvb evsjv‡`ki AšÍ©fz³|

e½ †_‡K evsjv‡`‡ki DrcwË HZ‡iq AiY¨K -MÖ‡š’ me©cÖ_g e½-Gi D‡jøL cvIqv hvq| gymwjg HwZnvwmK wgbnvR-B- wmivR ZeKvZ-B-bvwmix MÖ‡š’ e½ kãwUi D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| †gvMj mgªvU AvKe‡ii beiZœ mfvi m`m¨ BwZnvm †jLK Aveyj dR‡ji g‡Z G †`‡ki cÖvPxb bvg wQj e½| Zuvi g‡Z cÖvPxbKv‡j e½ AÂ‡ji ivRviv 10 MR DuPz I 20 MR PIov weivU Avj ev euva wbg©vb Ki‡Zb| †m mgq †_‡K ev½vj ev e½vjv bvg n‡q‡Q| ga¨hy‡M hLb †`kwU gymjgvb kvmK‡ì AwaKv‡i Av‡m ZLb †`kwUi bvg nq evsjv| gymwjg kvmK I BwZnvm †jLKMY e½ ev evsjv ej‡Z `w¶Y c~e© evsjv‡K eySv‡Zb| myjZvb kvgmywÏb Bwjqvm kvn cÖ_g mgMÖ evsjv‡K wb‡Ri AwaKv‡i Av‡bb| BwZnvm †jLKMY Zuv‡K kvn-B ev½vjv Ges myjZvbB ev½vjviƒ‡c AwfwnZ K‡ib| G mgq †_‡KB cy‡iv †`kwU ev½vjv bv‡g cwiwPZ nq Ges Awaevmx‡ì ev½vwj ejv nZ| G K_v mZ¨ ‡h, gymwjg Avg‡j e½ I ev½jv evsjvi Ask we‡k‡li bvg wQj | evsjvi c~e©iƒc ev½vjv bvg gymjgvb‡ì †Ìqv| gymjgvbiv cÖ_g †_‡KB mgMÖ e½ †`k‡K gyjyK-B-ev½vjv ejZ|

PZz`©k kZvãx n‡Z ev½vjv kãwU wewfbœ mgmvgwqK gymwjg MÖ‡š’ eëüZ n‡q‡Q| †hgb-ZvwiL-B wd‡ivRkvnx MÖ‡š’i K_v D‡jøL Kiv hvq| c‡i wn›`yivI †`‡ki GB bvg eënvi K‡ib| cZ©yMxRiv hLb G‡`‡k Av‡mb ZLb ev½vjv bvg MÖnY K‡i G‡K e‡jb ÔBengalÕ ev½vjv bv‡gi

cvV-1

wewfbœ AÂ‡ji wewfbœ a‡g©i gvby‡liv GK GK mgq G†`k kvmb K‡i‡Q

evsjvi c~e©iƒc ev½vjv bvg gymjgvb‡ì †Ìqv

GmGmGBPGj


-cÖ_g D‡j L cvIqv hvq Be‡b eZzZvi ågY-e„Ëv‡šÍ| cieZx©‡Z †jLK wRqvDÏxb eviƒbx Zvi ZvwiL-B-wd‡ivRkvnx MÖ‡š’ ev½vjv bv‡gi D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| †PŠÏ kZ‡Ki gvSvgvwS mg‡q e½ ev½vjvq iƒcvš—wiZ nq|

1757 wLªóv‡ã Bs‡iRiv fvi‡Zi ¶gZv `Lj K‡i| G mgq evsjvfvlx Avgv‡ì G †`kwU Bs‡iR‡ì AwaKv‡i P‡j hvq Ges weªwUk‡ì GKwU cÖ‡`‡k cwiYZ nq| weªwUkiv ZLb Bs‡iRx fvlvq GB cÖ‡`‡ki bvg ej‡Zv †e½j (Bengal)| AvR‡Ki evsjv‡`k Ges fvi‡Zi cwðg evsjvi AwaKvsk GjvKv wg‡j cy‡iv AÂjwU‡K ejv nZ ÒevsjvÒ| 1905 mv‡j jW© KvR©b evsjv‡K `yÕwU cÖ‡`‡k wef³ K‡ib| GKwU c~e© evsjv Avi Ab¨wU cwðg evsjv| wn›`y‡ì cÖPÛ we‡ivwaZv I Av‡›`vj‡bi gy‡L 1911 mv‡j e½f½ i` n‡q hvq| Jcwb‡ewkK kvmb-†kvlY we‡ivax fviZxq‡ì Av‡›`vj‡bi d‡j 1947 wLªóv‡ã Bs‡iRiv G‡`k †Q‡o P‡j hvq Ges fviZ I cvwK¯—vb bv‡g `y‡Uv iv‡óªi Rb¥ nq|

BwZnv‡mi PgKcÖ` NUbv nj GB †h, c~e© evsjvi msL¨vMwiô gvbyl cvwK¯Ívb cÖwZôvi Av‡›`vj‡b wecyj Drmvn DÏxcbv †`wL‡qwQj| wKš— gvÎ 24 eQ‡ii eëav‡b evsjvi msMÖvgx gvbyl cvwK¯Ívbx kvm‡bi cZb NUvq| 1971-Gi 26‡k gvP© c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi msMÖvgx gvbyl Suvwc‡q c‡o GK giYcY gyw³hy‡×| evOvwj RvZxqZvev‡ì P‚ovšÍ weKv‡ki ga¨w`‡q ev½vwjiv G‡`kwUi bvg †`q evsjv‡`k| cvwK¯—v‡bi GB cwiYwZ wQj Aek¨¤¢vex| G †`‡ki gvbyl cvwK¯Ívbx kvmK‡ì kvm‡b mš‘ó n‡Z cv‡iwb| cvwK¯Ív‡bi BwZnvm ˆ¯îkvm‡bi BwZnvm| my`xN© bq gvm GK i³¶qx gyw³hy‡×i ga¨w`‡q we‡k¦i gvbwP‡Î Afz¨`q N‡U ¯^vaxb mve©‡fŠg evsjv‡`‡ki| G fv‡e hy‡M hy‡M G †`‡ki bv‡gi cwieZ©b n‡q‡Q|

mviK_v: wewfbœ cwieZ©‡bi c_ a‡i G‡`‡ki bvg evsjv ev evsjv‡`k n‡q‡Q| †`kwU A‡bK¸wj ¶z ª ¶z ª AÂ‡j wef³ wQj| GB AÂj¸‡jv‡K ejv nZ Rbc`| ga¨hy‡M †`kwU hLb gymjgvb kvmK‡ì AwaKv‡i Av‡m ZLb †`kwUi bvg nq evsjv| †PŠÏ kZ‡Ki gvSvgvwS mg‡q e½ ev½vjvq iƒcvšÍwiZ nq| AvR‡Ki evsjv‡`k Ges fvi‡Zi cwðg evsjvi AwaKvsk GjvKv wb‡q cy‡iv AÂj‡K ejv nZ evsjv| 1971 mv‡j GK †MŠie D¾¡j i³¶qx gyw³hy‡×i ga¨w`‡q G †`kwUi bvg nq evsjv‡`k|


BDwbU-3 c„ôv-45

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ mwVK DË‡ii cv‡k wUK (√) w`b 1| cÖvPxbKv‡j G‡`‡ki bvg wQj- (K) evsjv; (L) ev½vjv; (M) e½; (N) evsjv‡`k| 2| G‡`‡ki Awaevwm‡`i ejv nZ - (K) evsjv‡`kx; (L) ev½vwj; (M) e½x; (N) e½vj| 3| evsjv 2wU cÖ‡`‡k wef³ nq- (K) 1905 mv‡j; (L) 1906 mv‡j; (M) 1971 mv‡j; (N) 1947 mv‡j| msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ 1| cÖvPxb e½iv‡óªi mxgvbv wPwýZ Kiæb| iPbvgyjK cÖkœ 1| BwZnv‡mi weeZ©b avivq wKfv‡e evsjv‡`k bv‡gi DrcwË n‡q‡Q Av‡jvPbv Kiæb| DËigvjv: 1-M, 2-L,3-K mnvqK MÖš’ 1| W. Avãyj Kwig, e½, ev½vjv, evsjv‡`k 2| i‡gkP› ª gRyg`vi, evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnvm, KwjKvZv, 1974| 3| evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i BwZnvm, cÖ_gLÛ, evsjv GKv‡Wgx, XvKv-1987|

GmGmGBPGj


fvlv Av‡›`vjb Language Movement

D‡Ïk¨ G cvV †k‡l Avcwb ♦ fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi HwZnvwmK cUf‚wg m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb| ♦ fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi ¸iæZ¡ m¤ú‡K© e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi HwZnvwmK cUf‚wg 1947 mv‡j wn›`x‡K fvi‡Zi ivóª fvlv Kivi mycvwi‡ki cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z AvjxMo gymwjg wek¦we`¨vj‡qi ZrKvjxb DcvPvh© wRqvDwÏb Avng` D`y©‡K cvwK¯Ív‡bi ivóªfvlv Kivi cÖwZ ¸iæZ¡

-Av‡ivc K‡ib| Gi cÖwZev‡` Wt gyn¤§` knx`yj vn ÔcvwK¯—v‡bi ivóªfvlv mgm¨vÔ kxl©K cÖe‡Ü D‡jøL K‡iwQ‡jb, Ôevsjv‡`‡ki †KvU© I wek¦we`¨vj‡q evsjv fvlvi cwie‡Z© D`©y fvlv MÖnY Kiv nB‡j Dnv ivR‰bwZK civaxbZviB bvgvšÍi nB‡eÕ| wZwb Av‡iv e‡jb, ÔGKwU MvQ †hgb gvwU, evZvm, Av‡jv, wm³Zv Ges m‡e©vcwi Zvi wbR¯^ A¼zi‡K Aej¤^b K‡i Avcb ¯^fv‡e ewa©Z nq, fvlv-ms¯‹…wZI †Zgwb GKwU AÂ‡ji f‚-cÖK…wZ, BwZnvm, gbyl¨¯^fve Ges AvKv ¶v‡K Aej¤^b K‡i M‡o I‡V| gvbyl‡K KL‡bv Zvi ms¯‹…wZ †_‡K wehy³ Kiv hvq bv| GKwU †`‡k hw` GKwU gvÎ ms¯‹…wZ-aviv _v‡K Zvn‡j †m †`kwU êwPÎ¨nxb Ges †mB Kvi‡Y Zvrch©nxb GKwU †`k| giæf‚wg‡Z †hgb êwPÎ¨ †bB, c„w_exi me giæf‚wgB GKiKg, †Zgwb cvwK¯Ívb hw` c~e© I cwðgvÂj wgwj‡q GKB ms¯‹…wZi aviK-evnK nq Zvn‡j cvwK¯—vb n‡e êwPÎ¨nxb Ges †mB Kvi‡Y Zvrch©nxb GKwU †`k|Õ

†jLK mgvR cvwK¯Ív‡bi ïiæ‡ZB D`y©fvlvi weiæ‡× cÖwZev` Rvwb‡q mZK© evYx D”PviY K‡iwQ‡jb| D`y© GKgvÎ ivóªfvlv n‡j c~e© evsjvi Dci wKiƒc AwePvi n‡e Ges mvs¯‹…wZK Rxe‡b wKiƒc msK‡Ui m„wó n‡e †mw`‡K Zuviv mgv‡Ri `„wó AvKl©Y K‡iwQ‡jb Ges Zvrch©gwÛZ f‚wgKv cvjb K‡iwQ‡jb| 1947 mv‡ji 15B †m‡Þ¤î ÔZgyÏyb gRwj‡mÕi D‡`¨v‡M ÔcvwK¯Ív‡bi ivóªfvlv evsjv bv D`y©Õ GB bv‡g GKwU ¯§iwYKv †ei Kiv nq| H ¯§iwYKvq Aveyj gbmyi Avng` evsjv fvlvi cÖwZ we‡kl ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc K‡iwQ‡jb| wZwb D`y©‡K cvwK¯Ív‡bi ÔivóªfvlvÕ I RvZxq fvlviƒ‡c Pvwc‡q †èvi wec` I lohš¿ m¤ú‡K© HwZnvwmK I ivR‰bwZK `„wó‡KvY †_‡K Av‡jvKcvZ K‡i e‡jwQ‡jb-ÔD`y©‡K ivóªfvlv Kwi‡j c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi wkw¶Z mgvR ivZvivwZ Awkw¶Z I miKvix PvKzixi A‡hvM¨ ewbqv hvB‡eb| Ebwesk kZvãxi ga¨fv‡M dvmx© RvqMvq Bs‡iRx‡K ivóªfvlv Kwiqv weªwUk mvgªvRëv` gymwjg wkw¶Z mgvR‡K ivZvivwZ Awkw¶Z I miKvix Kv‡Ri A‡hvM¨ KwiqvwQ‡jb|Õ

1947 mv‡ji A‡±vei gv‡m ZgyÏyb gRwj‡mi D‡`¨v‡M XvKvq AbywôZ mvwnZ¨ m‡¤§j‡b evsjv‡K ivóªfvlviƒ‡c ¯^xK…wZ `v‡bi cÖ_g cÖKvk¨ `vwe †Zvjv nq| Ôivóªfvlv evsjv PvBÕ- GB `vwe ch©vqµ‡g mve©Rbxb `vwe‡Z cwiYZ nq| fvlv Av‡›`vjb‡K mvs¯‹…wZK ch©v‡q DËxY© Kivi †¶‡Î

-ZgyÏyb gRwj‡mi cÖv_wgK cÖ‡Póv wQj D‡j L‡hvM¨| ivóªfvlv cÖ‡kœ Bmjvgx åvZ…ms‡Ni e³e¨ wQj LyeB Zvrch©gwÛZ| ÔBmjvgx åvZ…msN `„pfv‡e wek¦vm K‡i, gvZ…fvlvi mvnvh¨ Qvov cÖwZwU bvMwi‡Ki †`n I g‡bi me©vsMxb weKvk mvab Kiv G‡Kev‡iB Am¤¢e| Avgv‡ì wcÖq bex nhiZ gynv¤§` (mvt)-Gi Avwef©v‡ei mgq wneªæ fvlv c„w_exi †kªô mg„×kvjx fvlv wn‡m‡e cwiMwYZ n‡Zv, wKš‘ mvaviY gvby‡li †evaMg¨ nIqvi R‡b¨B A‡c¶vK…Z mnR fvlv Aviwe‡Z cweÎ †KviAvb kixd bv‡Rj nq| Aviwei cwie‡Z© †mw`b hw` Ab¨ †Kvb fvlvq †KviAvb kixd bv‡Rj n‡Zv Z‡e Avieevmx‡ì c‡¶ Bmjv‡gi evYx AwZ Aí mg‡q MÖnY Kiv m¤¢e n‡Zv bv|Õ Zuviv Av‡iv e‡jbevsjv fvlv‡K ivóªfvlv Kivi weiƒ‡× GK †kªYxi †jv‡Ki Kv‡Q m¯Ív hyw³

gvZ…fvlvi mvnvh¨ Qvov cÖwZwU bvMwi‡Ki †`n I g‡bi me©vsMxb weKvk mvab Kiv G‡Kev‡iB Am¤¢e

cvV-2


BDwbU-3 c„ôv-47

cÖvqB ïb‡Z cvIqv hvq †h, evsjv ms¯‹…Z fvlv †_‡K Drcbœ Ges wn›`y mvwnwZ¨K‡ì| †KviAvb kixd †h mgq AeZxY© nq †m mgq Aviwe Kv‡ì fvlv wQj? cyZzj cyuRvix †cŠËwjK bvmviv‡ì bq Kx? Zvn‡j Aviwe fvlv‡K cweÎ fvlvi gh©v`v †Ìqv †Kb? Avm‡j fvlv fve cÖKv‡ki evnb gvÎ|

1948 mv‡ji 23 †deªæqvwi‡Z cvwK¯Ívb MYcwil‡ì cÖ_g Awa‡ek‡b c~e© evsjvi Ks‡MÖm m`m¨ ax‡i›`ªbv_ `Ë D`y© I Bs‡iRxi mv‡_ evsjv‡KI MYcwil‡ì Ab¨Zg fvlv wn‡m‡e eënvi Kivi `vwe DÌvcb K‡ib| wZwb Zuvi cÖ¯Ív‡e e‡jwQ‡jb, cvwK¯—v‡bi `yB-Z…Zxqvsk Awaevmxi gvZ…fvlv evsjvB MYcwil‡ì Ab¨Zg fvlv nIqv DwPZ| wZwb Av‡iv †Rvi w`‡q e‡jb †h, cvwK¯Ív‡bi msL¨vMwiô Rbmvavi‡Yi fvlv wn‡m‡e evsjv Zvi †hvM¨ gh©v`v cvevi `vwe wbðqB Rvbv‡Z cv‡i| DË‡i ZrKvjxb cÖavbgš¿x wjqvKZ Avjx Lvb µz× K‡É Rvbvb †h, GKwU gymwjg ivóª wn‡m‡e cvwK¯—v‡bi ivóªfvlv n‡e GKgvÎ D`y© Ges Ab¨ fvlv bq|

1948 mv‡ji gv‡P© cvwK¯—v‡bi cÖwZóvZv †gvnv¤§` Avjx wRbœvn& Av‡mb c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b| j¶ j¶ RbZv nvwRi n‡q‡Qb †im‡Kvm© gq`v‡b| c~e© evsjv ZLb gyLi, QvÎ-RbZvi GKB AvIqvR ivóªfvlv evsjv PvB| mKj‡K ¯Íw¤¢Z K‡i wRbœvn 21 gvP© †im‡Kv‡m©i wekvj Rbmfvq †NvlYv Ki‡jb, ÔI tell you, Urdu alone shall be the state language of Pakistan'| D`y©‡K ivóªfvlv Kivi cÖm‡½ wZwb e‡jb, ÔGK_v Avcbv‡ì‡K cvwi®‹vi K‡i †Ìqv ìKvi †h, cvwK¯—v‡bi ivóªfvlv n‡e D`y©, Ab¨ †Kvb fvlv bq| G e¨vcv‡i hw` †KD Avcbv‡ì‡K weåvš— Kivi †Póv K‡i Zvn‡j eyS‡Z n‡e †h, †m n‡”Q iv‡óªi kµ|Õ G K_v ejvi m‡½ m‡½ †im‡Kv‡m© Dcw¯’Z RbZvi Ôbv, bvÕ aŸwb D”PviY K‡ib| GB KwVb AvNv‡Z Rgv‡qZ j¶ gvbyl †mw`b Avðh© n‡qwQj| 24 gvP© XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡q KvR©b n‡j mgveZ©b Drm‡e fvlY w`‡Z G‡m wRbœvn& cvwK¯—v‡bi ivóªfvlv cÖ‡kœ †im‡Kv‡m©i K_vB cybe©¨³ K‡i e‡jb, ÔwcÖq QvÎMY Avwg †Zvgv‡ì Rvbv‡Z PvB †h, GKgvÎ D`y©B n‡e cvwK¯Ív‡bi ivóªfvlv|Õ QvÎiv mg¯^‡q Gi cÖwZev` Rvbvq|

1950 mv‡ji †m‡Þ¤^‡i Ô†gŠwjK bxwZgvjv KwgwUiÕ cÖKvwkZ wi‡cvU©-G D`y©‡K cvwK¯Ív‡bi GKgvÎ ivóªfvlv Kivi K_v ejv nq| kZKiv 56 Rb †jv‡Ki gvZ…fvlv‡K ivóªfvlvi gh©v`v bv †Ìqvi A_© †mB fvlv‡K aŸsm K‡i †Ìqv| gvZ…fvlvi cÖwZ GB Aegvbbvi d‡j evOvwj‡ì g‡b Zxeª Am‡š—vl `vbv †eu‡a I‡V| Rbg‡b fxlY †¶vf †`Lv †`q Avi H Am‡šÍv‡li gy‡L MfY©i †Rbv‡ij bvwRgDwÏb 1952 mv‡ji 26 †k Rvbyqvwi †NvlYv K‡ib, ÔD`y©B n‡e cvwK¯Ív‡bi GKgvÎ ivóªfvlv|Õ GB †NvlYvi m‡½ m‡½ cÖwZev‡ì So D‡V Ges Av‡›`vj‡bi MwZ bZzb iƒc †bq| bvwRgDwÏ‡bi e³‡e¨ msMÖvgx QvÎ RbZv-we‡¶v‡f †d‡U c‡o Ges H Dw³i cÖwZev‡` 30 Rvbyqvwi XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡q ag©NU cvwjZ nq| evsjv fvlvi weiæ‡× mKj lohš¿Kvix‡ì cwiKíbv a~wjm¨vr Kivi gvb‡m m‡PZb QvÎ mgvR Ôivóªfvlv Kg©cwil`Õ MVb K‡ib| KvRx †Mvjvg gvneye cwil‡ì AvnevqK wbe©vwPZ nb| 21‡k †deªæqvwi fvlv wèm Ges niZvj cvj‡bi wm×všÍ †bq nq Ges D³ wèm‡K mdj K‡i †Zvjvi Rb¨ 4 †deªæqvwi cëb gq`v‡b Rbmfv AbywôZ nq|

ivóªfvlv Av‡›`vjb P‚ovšÍ ch©v‡q †cuŠ‡Q 1952 mv‡ji GKz‡k †deªæqvwi‡Z| H w`b AbywôZe¨ cÖv‡`wkK cwil‡ì Awa‡ekb‡K mvg‡b †i‡L XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi QvÎ-QvÎxiv cÖ‡`ke¨vcx Av‡›`vj‡bi iƒc‡iLv ˆZwi K‡i| byiæj Avwgb miKvi H w`b 144 aviv Rvix K‡i Ges wgwQj †kvfvhvÎv wbwl× †NvlYv K‡i| wKš‘ msMÖvgx QvÎmgvR exi weµ‡g 144 aviv D‡c¶v K‡i Ôivóªfvlv evsjv PvBÕ, Ô144 aviv gvwb bv-gvbe bvÕ- BZ¨vw` †úvMv‡b AvKvk evZvm cÖKw¤úZ K‡i wgwQj †ei Ki‡j cywjk QvÎ-RbZvi Dci ¸wj Pvjvq| cywj‡ki ¸wj‡Z eiKZ, mvjvg, ReŸvi, iwdK cÖgyL ag©NUx QvÎ wbnZ n‡jb| GB g„Zz¨‡K Dcj¶ K‡i MYRvMi‡Yi we‡ùviY N‡U; `vevb‡ji gZ mgMÖ †`ke¨vcx Av‡›`vjb Qwo‡q c‡o| 22 I 23 †deªæqvwi‡ZI XvKvq ag©NU cvwjZ nq Ges ¯^Ztù‚Z©fv‡e nvRvi nvRvi †jvK Ôivóªfvlv evsjv PvBÕ, ÔLybx byiæj Avwg‡bi duvwm PvBÕ, Ôcywjkx Ryjyg Pj‡e bv, Pj‡e bvÕ, BZ¨vw` †úvMvb w`‡Z w`‡Z XvKvi cÖavb

fvlv fve cÖKv‡ki evnb gvÎ|

GmGmGBPGj


c_¸‡jv AwZµg K‡iAve`yj Mvddvi †PŠayix Rbg‡bi †mB we‡kl Ae¯’vwU a‡i †i‡L‡Qb Zuvi Agi ÕGKz‡ki Mv‡bÕ, ÔAvgvi fvB‡qi i‡³ ivOv‡bv GKz‡k †deªæqvwiÕ| GB Mv‡bi my‡i my‡i †mw`b evsjvi AvKv‡k-evZv‡m c‡_ Nv‡U †b‡g G‡mwQj evOvwj RvZxqZvev‡ì bZzb †PZbv|

-D‡j L¨ †h, fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi g~j PvwjKv kw³ wQj QvÎ mgvR|

fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi ¸iæZ¡ evqvbœi GKz‡k †deªæqvwi evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnv‡m GK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© I †MŠi‡ev¾¡j Aa¨vq| GKz‡k †deªæqvwi ïay GKUv NUbv bq, GUv mgMÖ RvwZi me©Kv‡ji R‡b¨ GKUv †PZbv Avi w`K wb‡`©kbvi w`K| evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv hy× †Kvb AvKw¯§K ev wew”Qbœ NUbv bq| 1952 mv‡ji HwZnvwmK fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi exR †_‡K ivR‰bwZK µgweKv‡ki ga¨w`‡q G‡`‡ki msMÖvgx gvbyl `ye©vi Av‡›`vj‡bi c_ a‡i KvwO¶Z ¯^vaxbZv AR©b K‡i‡Q| gnvb GKz‡k †deªæqvwi‡Z K‡qKRb ZiæY hyeK ey‡Ki ZvRv i³ †X‡j †MvovcËb NwU‡qwQj GB †`k I RvwZi ¯^vwaKvi †PZbvi| fvlv knx` I fvlv ˆmwbKiv Z¨vM I wZwZ¶vi gva¨‡g GUvB cÖgvY K‡i †M‡Qb †h, RvZxq ¯^KxqZv RvwZmËvi Awe‡”Q`¨ A½| GKz‡k †deªæqvwii †mB gnvjMœ †_‡KB evOvwji mvs¯‹…wZK msMÖv‡gi m~Pbv Ges G msMÖvg †_‡KB evOvwj‡ì Kv‡Q ¯úó n‡q D‡VwQj cwðgv kvmK‡Mvôxi †kvlY I wbcxo‡bi Avmj †Pnviv| fvlv Av‡›`vjb †mB †kvlY Drcxo‡bi weiæ‡× msMÖvgx †PZbv hywM‡q‡Q| GKz‡ki †PZbvq DØy× n‡q G‡`‡ki RbMY 1971 mv‡j iæ‡L ùvwo‡qwQj cvwK¯Ívbx AMYZvwš¿K I ˆ¯îvPvix kvm‡bi weiæ‡×|

e¯‘Zt †h AšÍwb©wnZ `ye©jZv cvwK¯—v‡bi fv½b Ges ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`k cÖwZôvi g~j KviY, Zvi ewntcÖKvk N‡U cvwK¯—vb cÖwZôvi ci ciB, ivóªfvlvi cÖ‡kœ| c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi BwZnv‡m fvlv

-Av‡›`vjb wQj GK bZzb w`K`k©b| GB Av‡›`vjb evOvwj‡ì g‡b †h êc weK †PZbv I H‡Kï D‡b¥l NUvq Zv cieZx©Kv‡j mKj Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖvYkw³ I Aby‡cÖiYv wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i‡Q| GB Av‡›`vj‡bi ga¨w`‡q QvÎ-RbZv †h MYZvwš¿K Av‡›`vj‡bi m~Pbv K‡i Zv µgk kw³kvjx n‡Z _v‡K| 1954 mv‡j hy³d«‡›Ui HwZnvwmK weRq, Õ62-i wk¶v Av‡›`vjb, Õ66-i ¯^vwaKvi Av‡›`vjb, Õ69-i MY-Afz¨Ìvb I AvBqye kvnxi cZb, Õ70-Gi wbe©vPb Ges m‡e©vcwi 1971 mv‡ji gyw³hy‡× we‡klfv‡e †cÖiYv hywM‡q‡Q fvlv Av‡›`vjb| GB Av‡›`vjb evOvwj‡K ¯^vaxb RvwZ wn‡m‡e †R‡M IVvi gš¿ w`‡q‡Q Ges Gi msMÖvgx wkLv Zuv‡ì Pjvi c_‡K K‡i‡Q Av‡jvwKZ| evsjv fvlv‡K ivóªfvlv wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZi msMÖvg A_©‰bwZK, MYZvwš¿K, ag©wbi‡c¶ Ges RvZxqZvev‡ì cÖ‡kœi m‡½ A½vw½fv‡e RwoZ wQj| ZvB fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi BwZnvm MYRvMi‡Yi BwZnvm|

mviK_v: fvlv Av‡›`vjb evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnv‡m GK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© I †MŠi‡ev¾¡j Aa¨vq| GUv mgMÖ RvwZi me©Kv‡ji Rb¨ GKUv †PZbv Avi w`K wb‡ ©kbvi w`K| fvlv Av‡›`vjb G‡`kevmx‡K ˆ¯îvPvix kvmb I mvgªvRëv`x †kvlY eë¯’vi AemvbK‡í cÖwZev` Ki‡Z mvnm hywM‡q‡Q| fvlv Av‡›`vjbB evOvwj RvZxqZvev‡ì D‡b¥l NwU‡q‡Q| 1952 mv‡ji cieZx©Kv‡j †h †Kvb ai‡bi Av‡›`vjb ev msMÖvg fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi Øviv cÖfvweZ n‡q‡Q|


BDwbU-3 c„ôv-49

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœt mwVK DËiwU wjLyb| 1. 1947 mv‡j D`y©‡K cvwK¯—v‡bi ivóªfvlv Kivi cÖ¯Íve K‡ib- K. AvjxMo wek¦we`¨vj‡qi DcvPvh©; L. XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi DcvPvh©; M. KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi DcvPvh©; N. KivPx wek¦we`¨vj‡qi DcvPvh©| 2. ZgyÏb gRwjm cÖwZôv K‡ib- K. W. gynv¤§` knx` Djøvn; L. Aa¨vcK Aveyj Kv‡mg; M. diiæL Avng`; N. W. Gbvgyj nK| 3. ax‡i›`ªbv_ `Ë †Kvb `‡ji m`m¨ wQ‡jb? K. AvIqvgx jx‡Mi; L. gymwjg jx‡Mi; M. Ks‡MÖ‡mi; N. Kgy¨wb÷ cvwU©i| 4. 1952 mv‡j ivóªfvlv Kg©cwil‡`i AvnevqK wQ‡jb- K. †kL gywReyi ingvb; L. KvRx †Mvjvg gvneye; M. ZvRDwÏb Avng`; N. AvZvDi ingvb Lvb| iPbvg~jK cÖkœ 1. fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi cUf‚wg Av‡jvPbv Kiæb| 2. 1952 mv‡ji BwZnv‡m fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi ¸iæZ¡ eY©bv Kiæb| DËit 1 K, 2 L, 3 M, 4 L| mnvqK MÖš’ GKz‡ki ¯§viKMÖš’, evsjv GKv‡Wgx, XvKv 1984|

GmGmGBPGj


6-`dv Kg©m~wP 6- point Progrmme D†Ïk¨ G cvV †k‡l Avcwb � 6 `dv Kg©m~wPi cUf‚wg m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb| � 6 `dv Kg©m~wP eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| � 6 `dvi ¸iæZ¡ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

cvwK¯Ívb ivóªwUi Rb¥jMœ †_‡KB cvwK¯Ívbx kvmKPµ c~e© evsjvi cÖwZ êlg¨g~jK AvPiY ïiæ K‡i| cÖwZwU †¶‡ÎB c~e© cvwK¯—v‡bi b¨vh¨ AwaKvi †_‡K ewÂZ Kiv n‡qwQj| kvmK‡Mvôx hZB †kvlY, AZ¨vPvi I wbh©vZ‡bi óxg‡ivjvi Pvjv‡Z _v‡K c~e© evsjvi Rbg‡b cywÄf‚Z we‡¶vf ZZB `vbv †eu‡a DV‡Z _v‡K| kvmK‡kªYxi mycwiKwíZ bxjbKkvi d‡j cvwK¯—v‡bi `yÕwU Ask c~e© I cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi g‡a¨ e¨vcK mvgvwRK, ivR‰bwZK I A_©‰bwZK êlg¨ M‡o D‡V| Gi d‡j c~e© evsjvi Rbg‡b ¯^vqËkvm‡bi `vex Zxeª n‡q D‡V| 1965 mv‡j cvK-fvi‡Zi hy×Kv‡j mvgwiK eë¯’vq c~e© evsjvi cÖwZ Pig Ae‡njv ¯^vqËkvm‡bi `vex‡K AviI †Rvi`vi K‡i Zz‡j| c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi cÖwZi¶v eë¯’vq †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii D`vmxbZvi weiæ‡× AvIqvgx jxM mfvcwZ †kL gywReyi ingvb Zxeª cÖwZev` Rvbvb| Zvi GB cÖwZev` e¨vcK MYmg_©b jvf K‡i| cvwK¯—v‡bi mvgwiK e¨‡qi kZKiv 60 fvM c~e© cvwK¯Ívb enb Kiv m‡Ë¡I c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi cÖwZi¶v eë¯’v wQj LyeB `ye©j| wbivcËvi cÖ‡kœ GB AÂ‡ji gvbyl †mv”Pvi n‡q I‡V Ges mvgwiK †¶‡Î ¯^qsm¤ú~Y© K‡i †Zvjvi `vex †Zv‡j| c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi mvgvwRK, ivR‰bwZK, A_©‰bwZK I cÖwZi¶v †¶‡Î Pig nZvkvi cUf‚wg‡Z e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb ¯^vqËkvmb I MYZ‡š¿i `vwe‡Z 1966 mv‡j 5 †deªæqvix jv‡nv‡i AbywôZ mw¤§wjZ weivax`‡ji GK êV‡K 6 `dv Kg©m~wP †NvlYv K‡ib| Zvi IB †NvlYv wQj evOvwji ¯^vaxKvi cÖwZôvi m‡e©v”P `vex|

6 `dv Kg©m~wP cÖ_g `dv : kvmbZvwš¿K KvVv‡gv I ivóªxq cÖK…wZ HwZnvwmK jv‡nvi cÖ¯Ív‡ei wfwË‡Z kvmbZš¿ iPbv K‡i cvwK¯Ívb‡K GKwU mwZ¨Kvi hy³ivóªxq miKvi Mo‡Z n‡e| Zv‡Z cvj©v‡g›Uvix c×wZi miKvi _vK‡e| mKj wbe©vPb mve©Rbxb cÖvßeq¯‹‡ì mivmwi †fv‡U AbywôZ n‡e Ges AvBb mfvmg~‡ni mve©‡fŠgZ¡ _vK‡e|

wØZxq `dv : †K› ªxq miKv‡ii ¶gZv hy³ivóªxq miKv‡ii GLwZqv‡i †KejgvÎ †`ki¶v I ciivóª-GB `yÕwU welq _vK‡e| Aewkó mg¯— welq cÖ‡`k¸‡jvi nv‡Z _vK‡e|

Z…Zxq `dv : gy ªv I A_© m¤Üxq ¶gZv K. GB `dvq gy`ªv m¤ú‡K© `yÕwU weKí cÖ¯Íve †Ìqv n‡q‡Q| c~e© I cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi Rb¨ `yÕwU

m¤ú~Y© c„_K A_P mn‡R wewbgq‡hvM¨ gy`ªvi cÖPjb Ki‡Z n‡e| GB eë¯’v Abymv‡i gy`ªv †K‡›`ªi nv‡Z _vK‡e bv, AvÂwjK miKv‡ii nv‡Z _vK‡e| `yB AÂ‡ji Rb¨ `yÕwU ¯^Zš¿ †K›`ªxq e¨vsK _vK‡e|

L. `yB AÂ‡ji Rb¨ GKB gy`ªv _vK‡e| GB eë¯’vq gy`ªv †K‡›`ªi nv‡Z _vK‡e| GB Ae¯’vq kvmZ‡š¿i Ggb mywbw`©ó weavb _vK‡Z n‡e hv‡Z c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi gy`ªv cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡b cvPvi bv n‡Z cv‡i| GB weav‡b cvwK¯—v‡bi GKwU †dWv‡ij wiRvf© e¨vsK _vK‡e| `yB AÂ‡j `yÕwU c„_K wiRvf© e¨vsK _vK‡e|

PZz_© `dv : ivR¯ Ki I ïé welqK ¶gZv mKj cÖKvi Ki avh© I Av`v‡qi ¶gZv AvÂwjK miKv‡ii nv‡Z _vK‡e| †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii ¶gZv _vK‡e bv| Z‡e †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii e¨q wbe©v‡ni Rb¨ AvÂwjK miKv‡ii Av`vqK…Z ivR¯^-Gi wba©vwiZ Ask †K›`ªxq Znwe‡j Rgv n‡e| GB g‡g© wiRvf© e¨vsKmg~‡ni Dci eva¨Zvg~jK weavb kvmbZ‡š¿ _vK‡e|

cvV-3

yB AÂ‡ji Rb¨ yÕwU †÷U e¨vsK I yÕwU wiRvf© e¨vsK _vK‡e|

†kL gywReyi ingvb ¯^vqËkvmb I MYZ‡š¿i `vex‡Z HwZnvwmK 6 `dv Kg©m~wP †NvlYv K‡ib|


BDwbU-3 c„ôv-51

cÂg `dv : ê‡`wkK evwYR¨ welqK ¶gZv GB `dvq ê‡`wkK evwY‡Rï e¨vcv‡i kvmbZvwš¿K weav‡bi mycvwik Kiv n‡q‡Q| 1. `yB AÂ‡ji ê‡`wkK gy`ªv Av‡qi c„_K c„_K wnmve ivL‡Z n‡e| 2. c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi AwR©Z ê‡`wkK gy`ªv c~e© cvwK¯—v‡b Ges cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi AwR©Z

ê‡`wkK gy`ªv cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi GLwZqv‡i _vK‡e| 3. †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii cÖ‡qvRbxq we‡`kx gy`ªv-`yB AÂj n‡Z mgvbfv‡e A_ev kvmbZ‡š¿

wba©vwiZ nv‡i Av`vq n‡e| 4. †`kRvZ `ªe¨vw` webvï‡é Dfq AÂ‡ji g‡a¨ Avg`vbx-idZvbx Pj‡e| 5. we‡`‡ki m‡½ eëmv-evwYR¨, Pzw³ m¤úv`b, we‡`‡k †UªW wgkb ¯’vcb I Avg`vbx-idZvwb

Kivi Rb¨ AvÂwjK miKvi‡K kvmbZvwš¿K AwaKvi w`‡Z n‡e|

lô `dv : AvÂwjK †mbvevwnbx MV‡bi ¶gZv GB `dvq c~e© cvwK¯—v‡b c¨viv-wgwjUvix ev AvÂwjK †mbvevwnbx MV‡bi mycvwik Ges c~e© cvwK¯—v‡bi A¯¿ KviLvbv I †bŠevwnbxi †nW‡KvqvU©vi ¯’vc‡bi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q|

6 `dvi ¸iæZ¡ 6 `dv Kg©m~wP cÖPvwiZ nIqvi m‡½ m‡½ c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b weivU mvov c‡o hvq| c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi gvbyl e¨vcKfv‡e GB Kg©m~Px mg_©b K‡i| AvIqvgx jxM ¯^í mg‡qi eëav‡b RbM‡Yi ü`q Rq K‡i wbj| c~e© evsjvi eyw×Rxex eëmvqx, AvBbRxex, miKvix Kg©KZ©vmn, me©¯—‡ii gvbyl ¯^Ztù‚Z©fv‡e 6 `dv Kg©m~Px mg_©b K‡iwQj| 6 `dvi g~j e³e¨ wQj, ciivóª I cÖwZi¶v welq ev` w`‡q Avi me e¨vcv‡i c~e©-evsjvi ¯^vqËkvmb| e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb 6 `dvi g‡a¨ †`‡ki `yB AÂ‡ji gv‡S we`¨gvb Av_©-mvgvwRK êlg¨ Zz‡j a‡ib| GB ¸iæZ¡c~Y© `vex wb‡q AvIqvgx jxM ivRbxwZ †¶‡Î cÖvavb¨ jvf K‡i| e½eÜz †kL gywRe 6 `dv‡K evOvwj RvwZi gyw³mb` wnmv‡e †NvlYv K‡i RbMY‡K P‚ovšÍ msMÖv‡g Suvwc‡q covi Avnevb Rvbvb| me©¯Í‡ii RbMY e½eÜz †kL gywR‡ei †bZ…‡Z¡ HKë× n‡q `ye©vi Av‡›`vjb M‡o †Zv‡j| ïiæ nq evOvwj RvZxqZvev‡ì wfwË‡Z GK MYRvMib| K…lK kªwgK QvÎ RbZv HKë×fv‡e MYZvwš¿K Av‡›`vj‡bi ga¨w`‡q AvBqye Lv‡bi ˆ¯îvPvix kvm‡bi k³ wfZ‡K boe‡o K‡i w`‡qwQj| 6 `dv Av‡›`vjb cvwK¯—vbx kvmKPµ‡K eywS‡q w`‡Z m¶g nq †h, mvgwiK kw³ bq, MYkw³B n‡”Q mKj ivR‰bwZK kw³i Drm| AvIqvgx jxM 6 `dvi msMÖvg ïiæ K‡i RvZxq gyw³hy‡×i Avewk¨K cUf‚wg iPbv Ki‡Z m¶g n‡qwQj| Av‡gwiKvi ¯^vaxbZv †hgb e¨w³ ¯^vaxbZvi Av‡›`vjb, weªwUk MYZ‡š¿i BwZnv‡m †hgb g¨vMbv KvU©v I AwaKvi wej, divmx wecø‡ei wfwË †hgb mvg¨ I ¯^vaxbZv, evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZvi †Zgb †gŠj wfwË wQj HwZnvwmK 6 `dv Kg©m~wP| 6 `dv‡K †K›`ª K‡iB evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZvi exR AsKzwiZ n‡qwQj| ZvB evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnv‡m 6 `dv Kg©m~wPi ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg| GB Kg©m~wPi ¸iæZ¡ AviI Mfxifv‡e Dcjwä Kiv hvq AvMiZjv lohš¿ gvgjv, 69Õi MYAfz¨Ìvb Ges 1970 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡bi ga¨ w`‡q|

mviK_v t 6 `dvi g~j e³e¨ wQj, ciivóª I cÖwZi¶v welq ev` w`‡q mg¯Í wel‡q c~e©-evsjvi ¯^vqËkvmb| e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb 6 `dvi g‡a¨ c~e© I cwðg cvwK¯—v‡bi gv‡S we`¨gvb Av_©-mvgvwRK êlg¨ Zz‡j a‡ib| c~e© evsjvi ¯^vqËkvmb, evOvwj RvZxqZvev‡ì DÌv‡b I µgweKv‡k 6 `dv Kg©m~wPi f‚wgKv LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| AvIqvgx jxM 6 `dvi msMÖvg ïiæ K‡i RvZxq gyw³hy‡×i Avewk¨K cVf‚wg iPbv Ki‡Z m¶g n‡qwQj| evsjv‡`‡ki-¯^vaxbZv msMÖv‡g 6 `dv Kg©m~wPi f‚wgKv we‡kl Zvrch©c~Y©|

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cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ mwVK DËiwU wjLyb| 1| HwZnvwmK 6 `dv Kg©m~wP †K †NvlYv K‡ib ? (K) G.†K dRjyj nK; (L) †nv‡mb knx` †mvnivIqv`x©; (M) e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb; (N) gvIjvbv fvmvbx| 2| KZ mv‡j 6 `dv Kg©m~wP †NvlYv Kiv nq ? (K) 1965; (L) 1952; (M) 1971; (N) 1966| 3| ¯^í mg‡q †Kvb`j RbM‡Yi ü`q Rq K‡iwQj ? (K) gymwjg jxM; (L) AvIqvgx jxM; (M) b¨vkbvj AvIqvgx cvwU©; (N) weGbwc| 4| evOvwji ¯^vaxKvi cÖwZôvi m‡e©v”P `vex wQj- (K) 6 `dv; (L) 21 `dv; (M) 5 `dv; (N) 11 `dv| msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ 1| 6 `dvi ¸iæZ¡ eY©bv Kiæb| iPbvg~jK cÖkœ 1| 6 `dv Kg©m~Pxi `dv¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiæb| DËigvjv t 1. M, 2. N, 3. L, 4. K mnvqK MÖš’ 1| Avgv‡`i euvPvi `vex 6 `dv, AvIqvgx jx‡Mi cÖKvwkZ cyw¯ÍKv-1966| 2| W. gynv¤§` nvweeyi ingvb, evsjv‡`k Afz¨`q I †kL gywRe, AvMvgx cÖKvkbx, XvKv 1998


BDwbU-3 c„ôv-53

1969-Gi MYAfz¨Ìvb Mass Upsurge of 1969 D‡Ïk¨ GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb � 69Õi MYAfz¨Ìv‡bi ¸iæZ¡ I cUf‚wg m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb| � QvÎmsMÖvg KwgwUi 11 `dv Kg©m~wP eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| EYmË‡ii MYAfz¨Ìvb ev MYAv‡›`vjb evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnv‡m GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Aa¨vq| GB Av‡›`vj‡bi ga¨w`‡q cvwK¯Ív‡bi Kw_Z †jŠngvbe wdì gvk©vj AvBqye Lv‡bi ˆ¯îvPvix kvm‡bi Aemvb N‡U| Rbmvavi‡Yi †PZbv e„w×i d‡j wgwjUvix, cywjk I Avgjvi cÖwZcwË I gh©v`v eûjvs‡k n«vm cvq| Av‡›`vj‡bi ZxeªZvi gy‡L miKvi AvMoZjv lohš¿ gvgjv cÖZ¨vnvi K‡i e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi gyw³mn Ab¨vb¨ ivR‰bwZK †bZv‡ì gyw³ w`‡Z eva¨ n‡qwQj| D‡jøL¨ †h 1952 mv‡ji gnvb fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi ga¨w`‡q evOvwj RvZxqZvev‡ì †h µgweKvk ïiæ n‡qwQj 69 G‡m Zv cÖPÛ MwZ‡eM jvf K‡i| 1971 mv‡ji gyw³hy×‡K Aek¨¤¢vex K‡i Zz‡jwQj 1969-Gi MYAfz¨Ìvb| MYZvwš¿K Av‡›`vj‡bi BwZnv‡m 1969Õi MYAfz¨Ìvb n‡”Q GKwU weivU gvBj djK|

MYAfz¨Ìv‡bi cUf‚wg 1968 mv‡ji †klfv‡M AvBqye Lv‡bi ˆ¯îvPvix kvm‡bi weiæ‡× Av‡›`vjb Zxeªiƒc avib K‡i| 7 wW‡m¤î gvIjvbv Avãyj nvwg` Lvb fvmvbxi Avnev‡b cywjkx wbh©vZ‡bi cÖwZev‡` cÖ‡`ke¨vcx GK Af‚Zc~e© niZvj cvwjZ nq| 14 wW‡m¤î fvmvbx b¨v‡ci c¶ †_‡K †NivI Av‡›`vjb Kg©m~wP †NvlYv Kiv nq Ges 29 wW‡m¤î †NivI Av‡›`vj‡bi m~Pbv Kiv nq| G fv‡e G‡Ki ci GK Kg©m~wPi myev‡` Av‡›`vjb `vbv †eu‡a I‡V|

mviv †`‡ki gvbyl hLb Av‡›`vjbgyLx ZLb Ae¯’vi cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z 1969Õi 4Rvbyqvix WvKmy Kvh©vj‡q QvÎ msMÖvg KwgwU 11 `dv Kg©m~wP †NvlYv K‡ib| Av‡jvob m„wóKvix 11 `dv Kg©m~wP Av‡›`vj‡b bZzb MwZ‡e‡Mi mÂvi K‡i| QvÎmsMÖvg cwil‡ì 11 `dv Kg©m~wP †NvwlZ nevi ciciB 8 Rvbyqvix mvZwU ivR‰bwZK `‡ji mgš^‡q ÔWvKÕ (Democratic Action Committee) KwgwU MVb Kiv nq| mKj KvjvKvbyb evwZj, †kL gywR‡ei gyw³mn mKj ivRe›`x‡ì gyw³ `vwe m¤^wjZ 8 `dv Kg©m~wP †NvlYv K‡i GB KwgwU| 1969Õi 17 Rvbyqvix XvKv kn‡i `yÕwU c„_K Rbmfv AbywôZ nq| GKwU evqZzj †gvKvii‡g WvK-Gi Avnev‡b, Ab¨wU eUZjvq QvÎ‡ì Avnev‡b| miKvi XvKv kn‡i 144 aviv Rvwi K‡ib| evqZzj †gvKvii‡g RbZv-cywjk msNl© N‡U| QvÎmgvR 144 aviv D‡c¶v K‡i iv¯Ívq †b‡g co‡j QvÎ‡ì mv‡_ cywj‡ki msNl© euv‡a| eû QvÎ‡K †MÖdZvi Kiv nq| cieZx© w`bI wek¦we`¨vjq A½‡b QvÎ cywjk msNl© nq|

cywjkx wbh©vZ‡bi weiæ‡× 20 Rvbyqvwi eUZjvq QvÎmfvi Av‡qvRb I cÖwZev` wgwQ‡ji Kg©m~wP †bIqv nq| mfvi ci nvRvi nvRvi Qv‡Îi wgwQj iv¯Ívq bvg‡j kZ kZ cywjk Avi B.wc.Avi. evwnbx Zv‡ì Dci Suvwc‡q c‡o| 11 `dv Av`v‡qi wgwQ‡j cywj‡ki ¸wj‡Z QvÎ‡bZv Avmv`y¾vgvb wbnZ nb| Avmv‡ì g„Zz¨‡Z MYRvMi‡Yi we‡ùviY N‡U| GZw`‡bi MYAv‡›`vjb MYAfz¨Ìv‡bi ¯Í‡i DbœxZ nq| AvBqyex kvmb I wbcxo‡bi weiæ‡× QvÎ-RbZv we‡¶v‡f †d‡U c‡o| RbmvaviY ¯^Ztç‚Z©fv‡e A‡bK ¯’v‡b AvBqy‡ei bvgdjK bvwg‡q †d‡j| G fv‡e AvBqye †MU n‡q hvq ÔAvmv` †MUÕ|

QvÎ‡bZv Avmv‡ì g„Zzï cÖwZev‡` QvÎmsMÖvg cwil` †`ke¨vcx mvaviY niZvj I †kvK wèm cvj‡bi Kg©m~wP MÖnY K‡i| 24 Rvbyqvwi XvKv kn‡i me©vZ¡K niZvj cvjb Kiv nq| IB w`b niZvj †gvKvwejvi R‡b¨ bvgv‡bv nq †mbvevwnbx| we¶zä RbZvi Dci cywj‡ki ¸wj‡Z beKzgvi

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¯‹z‡ji QvÎ gwZqyi ingvb wbnZ nIqvi d‡j †mw`‡bi cÖwZev` we‡`ªvn Ges RbZvi †iv‡ki Av¸‡b cy‡o QvB n‡qwQj ˆ`wbK cvwK¯Ívb I gwbs wbDR cwÎKvi Awdm| wecøex RbZv AvBb Agvb¨ Av‡›`vjb ïiæ K‡i| 15 †deªæqvix AvMoZjv gvgjvi Avmvgx mv‡R©›U Rûiæj nK‡K e›`x Ae¯’vq XvKv K¨v›Ub‡g‡›U nZ¨v Kiv nq| d‡j cwiw¯’wZi AviI AebwZ N‡U| 18 †deªæqvix ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq‡qi wk¶K W. kvgmy‡¾vnv‡K b„ksmfv‡e nZ¨v K‡i ˆmwbKiv| W. †Rvnvi g„Zz¨ 1969-Gi MYAfz¨Ìvb‡K Pig ch©v‡q DbœxZ K‡i| cwiw¯’wZ wbqš¿‡Y Avbvi R‡b¨ †mbvevwnbx‡K Zje Kiv nq Ges mvÜ¨ AvBb Rvix Kiv nq| †mw`b mvÜ¨ AvBb D‡c¶v K‡i nvRvi nvRvi gvbyl ivRc‡_ †b‡g Avmvq XvKvi ivRc‡_ i‡³i †mªvZ e‡q wM‡qwQj| RbZvi K‡É D”PvwiZ n‡qwQj ÔRv‡Mv Rv‡Mv evOvwj Rv‡MvÕ ÔKviwdD gvwbbvÕ, Õ†Zvgvi †bZv Avgvi †bZv †kL gywRe, †kL gywReÕ cÖf…wZ †úvMvb|

MYAfz¨Ìv‡bi d‡j 20 †deªæqvix c~e© evsjv †_‡K mvÜ¨ AvBb Zz‡j †bqv nq| 22 †deªæqvix AvMiZjv lohš¿ gvgjv cÖZ¨vnvi K‡i †kL gywRemn mKj ivRe›`x‡ì gyw³ †Ìqv nq| evOvwj RvZxqZvev`x Av‡›`vj‡bi gy‡L AvMiZjv lohš¿ gvgjv wQbœwfbœ n‡q †Mj Ges †kL gywRe GKwU RbwcÖq bv‡g cwiYZ n‡jb| 23 †deªæqvix igbv †im‡Kvm© gq`v‡b, QvÎmsMÖvg cwil‡ì c¶ †_‡K †kL gywRe‡K Ôe½eÜzÔ Dcvwa‡Z f‚wlZ Kiv nq|

11 `dv `vwemg~n Ô1| K.¯^”Qj K‡jR¸wj‡K cÖv‡`wkKxKi‡Yi bxwZ cwiZ¨vM Ki‡Z n‡e Ges BwZg‡a¨ †h me K‡jR cÖv‡`wkKxiY Kiv n‡q‡Q †m¸wj‡K c~e©ve¯’vq wdwi‡q Avb‡Z n‡e| Z…Zxq wefv‡M DËxb© QvÎ‡ì D”P K¬v‡m fwZ© e‡Üi wm×všÍ evwZj Ki‡Z n‡e| KvwiMwi, cÖ‡KŠkj, wPwKrmv I K…wl QvÎ‡ì `vwe gvb‡Z n‡e, QvÎ †eZb Kgv‡Z n‡e, bvix wk¶vi cÖmvi Ki‡Z n‡e Ges wk¶v ms‡KvPb bxwZ cwinvi K‡i wk¶vi e¨vcK cÖmvi Ki‡Z n‡e|

L. KzL¨vZ wek¦we`¨vjq KvjvKvbyb m¤ú~Y© evwZj Ki‡Z n‡e| wek¦we`¨vjqmn mKj wk¶v cÖwZôv‡bi c~Y© ¯^vqËkvmb cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e|

M. kvmK‡Mvôxi wk¶v ms‡KvPb bxwZi cÖvgvY¨ `wjj ÔRvZxq wk¶v Kwgkb wi‡cvU©Õ I Ôgvngy`yi ingvb Kwgkb wi‡cvU©Õ evwZj Ki‡Z n‡e Ges QvÎ mgv‡Ri I †`kevmxi ¯^v‡_© MYgyLx I êÁvwbK wk¶v eë¯’v Kv‡qg Ki‡Z n‡e|

2. cÖvßeq¯‹‡ì †fv‡U cÖZ¨¶ wbe©vP‡bi gva¨‡g cvj©v‡g›Uvix MYZš¿ cÖwZôv Ki‡Z n‡e| ivR‰bwZK ¯^vaxbZv Ges msev`c‡Îi ¯^vaxbZv w`‡Z n‡e| ˆ`wbK B‡ËdvK cwÎKvi Ici n‡Z wb‡lavÁv cÖZ¨vnvi Ki‡Z n‡e|

3. wb¤œwjwLZ `vwemg~n †g‡b †bqvi wfwË‡Z c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi c~Y© ¯^vqËkvmb w`‡Z n‡e|

K. †`‡ki kvmbZvwš¿K KvVv‡gv n‡Z n‡e hy³ivóªxq cÖK…wZi Ges AvBb cwil‡ì ¶gZv n‡Z n‡e mve©‡fŠg|

L. †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii ¶gZv †`ki¶v, ê‡`wkK bxwZ I gy`ªv GB KqwU wel‡q mxgve× _vK‡e| AÂ‡ji mKj wel‡q A½ivóª¸wji ¶gZv n‡e wbi¼zk|

M. `yB AÂ‡ji R‡b¨ GKB gy`ªv _vK‡e| GB eë¯’vq gy`ªv †K‡›`ªi nv‡Z _vK‡e| wKš‘ kvmbZ‡š¿ Ggb mywbw`©ó weavb _vK‡Z n‡e hv‡Z c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi gy`ªv cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡b cvPvi bv n‡Z cv‡i| GB weav‡b cvwK¯—v‡b GKwU †dWv‡ij wiRvf© e¨vsK _vK‡e, `yB AÂ‡j `yBwU c„_K wiRvf© e¨vsK _vK‡e Ges c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi R‡b¨ c„_K A_©bxwZ cÖeZ©b Ki‡Z n‡e|

N. mKj cÖKvi ivR¯^-LvRbv, Ki avh© I Av`v‡qi mKj ¶gZv _vK‡e AvÂwjK miKv‡ii nv‡Z| †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii †Kv‡bv Ki avh© Kivi ¶gZv _vK‡e bv| AvÂwjK miKv‡ii Av`vqK…Z ivR‡¯î wba©vwiZ Ask Av`v‡qi m‡½ m‡½ †K›`ªxq Znwe‡j Rgv w`‡Z n‡e| GB g‡g© wiRvf© e¨vsKmg~‡ni Ici wb‡`©k _vK‡e|


BDwbU-3 c„ôv-55

O. †K‡›`ªi Kv‡Q AwR©Z cÖwZ iv‡óªi ewntevwY‡Rï c„_K wnmve i¶v Ki‡Z n‡e Ges ewntevwY‡Rï gva¨‡g gy`ªv A½ivóª¸wji GLwZqvivaxb _vK‡e| †K›`ªxq miKvi‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq we‡`kx gy`ªv A½ivóª¸wj mgvbfv‡e A_ev kvmbZ‡š¿i wba©vwiZ nvi Abyhvqx cÖ`vb Ki‡e| †`kRvZ `ªe¨vw` webv ï‡é A½ivóª¸wji g‡a¨ Avg`vwb idZvwb Pj‡e Ges eëmv evwYR¨ m¤ú‡K© we‡`kx ivóª¸wji m‡½ Pzw³ m¤úv`‡bi, we‡`‡k †UªW wgkb ¯’vc‡bi Ges Avg`vwb ißvwb Kievi AwaKvi A½ivóª¸wji nv‡Z b¨¯— K‡i kvmbZ‡š¿ weavb Ki‡Z n‡e|

P. c~e© cvwK¯—vb‡K wgwjwkqv ev c¨viv wgwjUvix MV‡bi ¶gZv w`‡Z n‡e| c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b A¯¿ KviLvbv wbg©vY I †bŠ-evwnbxi mì `ßi ¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e|

4. cwðg cvwK¯—vwb‡ì †ejywP¯Ívb, DËi-cwðg mxgvšÍ cÖ‡`k I wmÜzmn mKj cÖ‡`k‡K ¯^vqËkvmb cÖ`vb K‡i hy³iv‡óªi AvIZvq wb‡q Avm‡Z n‡e|

5. e¨vsK, exgv, BÝy¨‡iÝ I e„nr wkí RvZxqKiY Ki‡Z n‡e|

6. K…lK‡ì Dci n‡Z LvRbv I U¨v‡·i nvi n«vm Ki‡Z n‡e Ges e‡Kqv LvRbv I FY gIKzd Ki‡Z n‡e| mvwU©wd‡KU cÖ_v evwZj I Znwkj`vi‡ì AZ¨vPvi eÜ Ki‡Z n‡e| cv‡Ui me©wbæ g~j¨ gY cÖwZ 40 UvKv wba©viY Ges Av‡Li b¨vh¨ g~j¨ w`‡Z n‡e|

7. kªwg‡Ki b¨vh¨ gRyix I †evbvm w`‡Z n‡e Ges wk¶v evm¯’vb, wPwKrmv BZ¨vwì eë¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e| Zv‡ì ag©N‡Ui AwaKvi, †UªW BDwbqb Kivi AwaKvi cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e|

8. c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi eb¨v wbqš¿Y I Rj m¤ú‡ì mvwe©K eënv‡ii eë¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e|

9. Riæix AvBb cÖZ¨vnvi, wbivcËv AvBb I Ab¨vb¨ AvBb cÖZ¨vnvi Ki‡Z n‡e|

10. wmqv‡Uv, †m‡›Uv cÖf…wZ cvK-gvwK©b mvgwiK Pzw³ evwZj K‡i †RvU ewnfz©Z ¯^vaxb I wbi‡c¶ ciivóª bxwZ Kv‡qg Ki‡Z n‡e|

11. †`‡ki wewfbœ KvivMv‡i AvUK mKj QvÎ, kªwgK, K…lK, ivR‰bwZK Kgx© I †bZ…e„‡›ì Awej‡¤^ gyw³, †MÖdZvix c‡ivqvbv I ûwjqv cÖZ¨vnvi Ges AvMiZjv lohš¿ gvgjvmn mKj ivR‰bwZK Kvi‡Y RvixK…Z gvgjv cÖZ¨vnvi Ki‡Z n‡e|Õ

1969 mv‡ji MYAfz¨Ìvb wQj g~jZt AvBqye Lv‡bi ˆ¯îvPvix kvm‡bi weiæ‡× G‡`‡ki QvÎ-RbZvi Zxeª Av‡›`vjb| Avmv`, gwZqyi, mv‡R©›U Rûiæj nK, ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vj‡qi wk¶K Wt kvgmy‡¾vnvi g„Zz¨ GB Av‡›`vjb‡K cÖvY w`‡qwQj| Avi QvÎ mgv‡Ri 11 `dv Kg©m~wP ev `vex G Av‡›`vjb‡K K‡i Zz‡jwQj Zxeª| hvi djkÖæwZ‡Z AvBq e Lvb ¶gZv Z¨vM Ki‡Z eva¨ nb Avi cieZx© kvmK Bqvwnqv LvbI 1970 mv‡j mvaviY wbe©vP‡bi w`b †NvlYv Ki‡Z eva¨ nb|

mviK_v: cvwK¯Ív‡bi 22 eQ‡ii MYAv‡›`vj‡bi BwZnv‡m 1969Õi MYAfy¨Ìvb wQj GKwU †`k-Kuvcv‡bv Afz¨Ìvb| GB Av‡›`vj‡bi ga¨w`‡q mvgwiK kvmK AvBqye Lv‡bi cZb nq|

-D‡j L‡hvM¨ NUbv nj e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi gyw³jv‡fi d‡j MY‡PZbvi D‡b¥vl N‡U| QvÎmsMÖvg KwgwU MYAfz¨Ìv‡b AMÖYx f‚wgKv cvjb K‡iwQj| RbMY ¯Ztù©‚Zfv‡e GB Av‡›`vj‡b AskMÖnY K‡iwQj| GB Av‡›`vj‡bi ga¨w`‡q QvÎmgvR K…lK-kªwgK I †ckvRxexi g‡a¨ mgš^q mvwaZ nq| evOvwj RvZxqZvev‡ì weKvk jv‡fi †¶‡Î 1969Õi MYAfz¨Ìv‡bi f‚wgKv wQj LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y© |

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c‡VvËi g~j¨vqb ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœt mwVK DËiwU wjLyb| 1. cywjkx wbh©vZ‡bi weiæ‡× 1968 mv‡ji 7 wW‡m¤^i niZvj Avnevb KiwQj †K? K. e½eÜz †kL gywRe; L. gvIjvbv fvmvbx; M. ZvRDwÏb Avn‡g`; N. AvZvDi ingvb; 2. 1968, 69 mv‡j †NivI Av‡›`vjb Kg©m~wP MÖnY K‡iwQj †Kvb `j? K. AvIqvgx jxM; L. fvmvbx b¨vc; M. Kgy¨wb÷ cvwU©; N. gymwjg jxM| 3. 11 `dv Kg©m~Px MÖnY K‡iwQj- K. QvÎjxM; L. QvÎ BDwbqb; M. QvÎ msMÖvg KwgwU; N. AvIqvgx jxM| 4. AvMiZjv lohš¿ gvgjv KLb cÖZ¨vnvi Kiv n‡qwQj? K. 20 †deªæqvix; L. 11 †deªæqvix; M. 22 †deªæqvix; N. 23 †deªæqvix| msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ 1. evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnv‡m 1969Õi MYAfz¨Ìv‡bi ¸iæZ¡ eY©bv Kiæb| iPbvg~jK cÖkœ 1. 1969Õi MYAfz¨Ìv‡bi cUf‚wg Av‡jvPbv Kiæb| DËit 1. L, 2. L, 3. M I 4. M| mnvqK MÖš’

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1970 mv‡ji wbe©vPb I wbe©vPb DËi NUbvejx The Election of 1970 and Post Election Period Events

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mviK_vt 1970-Gi wbe©vPb Ges ¯^vaxbZv Av‡›`vjb IZ‡cÖvZfv‡e RwoZ| evsjv‡`‡ki gvbyl GB wbe©vP‡b GKwU mËvq cwiYZ nq| GB wbe©vP‡b e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡ AvIqvgx jxM 6-`dvi wfwË‡Z wbi¼zk msL¨vMwiôZv jvf K‡i| wbe©vPbx djvdj cvwK¯—vbx kvm‡bi wfwËg~‡j AvNvZ nv‡b| cvwK¯—v‡bi kvmKPµ wbe©vPbx ivq‡K A¯^xKvi Kivi d‡j msMÖvgx RbZv ¯^Ztù‚Z©fv‡e ¯^vaxbZvi `vwe Zzj‡Z _v‡K| e¯‘Ztc‡¶ `xN© msMÖv‡gi dmj 1970 mv‡ji wbe©vPbx MYivq‡K A¯^xKvi Kivq Ges msL¨vMwiô `‡ji †bZv †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi wbKU ¶gZv n¯ÍvšÍi bv Kivi d‡j evOvwj RvZxqZvev`x Av‡›`vj‡bi Awbevh© avivq Afz¨`q N‡U ¯^vaxb mve©‡fŠg evsjv‡`‡ki|

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cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ mwVK DËiwU wjLyb| 1. 1969 mv‡ji MYAfz¨Ì‡b cZb n‡qwQj K. Bqvwnqv Lv‡bi; L. AvBqye Lv‡bi; M. f‚‡Ævi; N. wU°v Lv‡bi| 2. RvZxq cwil‡`i wbe©vP‡b AvIqvgx jxM KZwU Avmb jvf K‡iwQj? K. 167wU; L. 168wU; M. 169wU; N. 170wU| 3. RvZxq cwil‡`i Avmb msL¨v wQj K. 313wU; L. 310wU; M. 312wU; N. 309wU| 4. 3iv gvP© ¯^vaxbZvi †NvlYvcÎ cÖPvi K‡i K. AvIqvgx jxM; L. hyejxM; M. QvÎjxM; N. QvÎ msMÖvg cwil`| 4. KLb †_‡K AvBb Agvb¨ Av‡›`vjb ïiæ nq ? K. 2 gvP©; L. 7 gvP©; M. 8 gvP©; N. 25 gvP©| iPbvg~jK cÖkœ 1. evsjv‡`‡ki Afz¨`‡q 1970 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡bi ¸iæZ¡ Av‡jvPbv Ki| DËigvjvt 1. L, 2. K, 3. K, 4. N, 5. M mnvqK MÖš’ 1. evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv hy×t `wjjcÎ, Z_¨ gš¿Yvjq MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`k miKvi|


BDwbU-3 c„ôv-61

¯vaxbZv hy× War of Independence D‡Ïk¨ GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb � gyw³ hy‡×i KviY eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| � ¯^vaxbZvi †NvlYv m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| � gywRebMi miKv‡ii ¯^vaxbZvi †NvlYvcÎ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

1971 mv‡ji 25†k gv‡P©i Kvjiv‡Z wbi¯¿ I wbivciva evOvwji weiæ‡× cvK-evwnbx AvKw¯§K nvgjv, wbwe©Pv‡i nZ¨vhÁ Pvjvq| g~jZ XvKvi ey‡K wbwe©Pv‡i nZ¨vKvÛ, we‡kl K‡i ivRvievM cywjk jvBb, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq Ges wcjLvbvq B÷ cvwK¯Ívb ivB‡djm (B.wc.Avi)-Gi mì `dZ‡i cvwK¯—vwb evwnbxi e¨vcK Avµg‡Yi Le‡i NUbv †gvo wbj Afvebxq we‡`ªv‡ni c‡_| cvwK¯—vwb evwnbx h_vµ‡g evOvwj cywjk, B.wc.Avi, B÷ †e½j †iwR‡g‡›Ui ˆmb¨‡ì XvjvIfv‡e nZ¨v Ki‡Z ïiæ K‡i‡Q GB msev` mviv †`‡k Qwo‡q c‡o| d‡j, wewfbœ ¯’v‡b mk¯¿ evwnbxi mv‡_ AwaKvsk evOvwj AvZ¡i¶v I †`k‡cÖ‡gi wgwjZ ZvwM‡`, ¯^vZtù‚Z©fv‡e hy× ïiæ K‡i| ¯^‡`k †cÖ‡g DØy× n‡q ¯^vaxbZvi Rb¨ A¯¿ Zz‡j wbj jvL jvL evOvwj| ïiæ nj ¯^vaxb Avevm f‚wg cÖwZôvi Rb¨ HwZnvwmK gyw³hy×| Õ70-Gi wbe©vPb AbywôZ nevi ci RvZxq cwil‡ì Awa‡ekb Avnev‡b Mwogwm, m‡e©vcwi Awa‡ek‡bi ZvwiL †NvwlZ nevi ci Zv evbPvj K‡i †Ìqvi Rb¨ f ‡Ævi we‡kl ZrciZv Ges Bqvwnqv Lv‡bi `yiwfmwÜ- cÖf…wZ NUbvi d‡j c~e©evsjvi RbMY cvwK¯Ívbx kvmK‡ì cÖwZ

cvV-6

GmGmGBPGj


m¤ú~Y©fv‡e Av¯’v nvwi‡q †d‡j, †`k Ry‡o gyw³hy‡×i †¶Î cÖ¯‘Z nq| ¯^vaxbZvi Rb¨ msMÖvg Kiv evsjv‡`‡ki RbM‡Yi Rb¨ GK HwZnvwmK Awbevh©Zv n‡q †`Lv †`q|

evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy×‡K wZbwU ch©v‡q fvM Kiv hvq| cÖ_gZt cwiKwíZ I AcwiKwíZ Dcv‡q hy× Pvjbv Ges GKB m‡½ mviv‡`‡k cvK †mbv‡ì weiæ‡× mgš^qwenxb Av‡›`vjb| wØZxqZt gyw³evwnbx MVb, mgš^q mvab Ges †Mwijv c×wZ‡Z hy‡×i cÖK…wZ| †m‡Þ¤î †_‡K 3iv wW‡m¤î ch©šÍ †Mwijv AvµgY `ye©vi I Zxeª K‡i †Zvjv Ges msN‡l© mvdj¨ jvf| Z…Zxq ch©vqt 4 wW‡m¤î †_‡K 16 wW‡m¤î ch©šÍ fviZxq wgÎevwnbx I evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³‡hv×v‡ì †hŠ_ Awfhvb Ges cvK †mbvevwnbxi AvZ¡mgc©Y| †h †Kv‡bv gyw³hy‡×i mdj cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ cÖavb Avek¨Kxq kZ© PviwU| GK. e¨vcK Rbmg_©b, `yB. gyw³ †mbv‡ì wbivc` Avkªq¯’j, wZb. mgiv¯¿mn wewfbœ DcKi‡Yi wbqwgZ mieivn, Ges Pvi. m‡e©vcwi ˆbwZK g‡bvej| GB PviwU kZ©B evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy‡×i AbyK‚‡j wQ‡jv|

¯vaxbZvi †NvlYv 25 gvP© iv‡Z cvwK¯Ívwb ˆmbïv AZwK©‡Z wbi¯¿ evOvwj‡ì Ici mk¯¿ Avµg‡Y Suvwc‡q c‡o gaïv‡Z cvwK¯—vwb evwnbxi nv‡Z †MÖdZvi nIqvi c~e© gyn~‡Z© A_©vr Nwoi KvUv Abyhvqx 26 gvP© cÖZz¨‡l e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb mivmwi evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv †NvlYv K‡ib| GKB †NvlYvq wZwb cvwK¯—vwb nvbv`vi evwnbxi weiæ‡× me©¯^ wb‡q cÖwZ‡iv‡ai wb‡`©k †`b| G‡Z njv nq: `This may be my last message, from today Bangladesh is independent. I call

upon the people of Bangladesh wherever you might be and with whatever you

have, to resist the army of occupation to the last. Your fight must go on until the

last soldier of Pakistan army is expelled from the soil of Bangladesh and final

victory is achieved’. (m~Î: nvmvb nvwdRyi ingvb (m¤úvw`Z), evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv hy× `wjjcÎ: Z…Zxq LÛ, MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`k miKvi, Z_¨ gš¿Yvjq, 1982, c„:1)|

A_©vr ÔÔG Avgvi †klevYx| AvR †_‡K evsjv‡`k ¯^vaxb| evsjv‡`‡ki RbMY †Zvgiv †h †hLv‡b _v‡Kv, †Zvgv‡ì Kv‡Q hv wKQy Av‡Q Zv wb‡q †kl ch©šÍ `Lj`vi evwnbxi cÖwZ‡iva K‡iv| evsjv‡`k n‡Z cvwK¯—vbx †mbvevwnbxi †kl e¨w³‡K bv Zvov‡bv Ges P‚ovšÍ weRq AwR©Z bv nIqv ch©š— †Zvgiv hy× Pvwj‡q hv‡e|ÕÕ e½eÜzi ¯^vaxbZv †NvlYvi Bs‡iwR evZ©vwU mviv‡`‡k Qwo‡q †Ìqvi Rb¨ ZrKvjxb BwcAvi-Gi UªvÝwgUv‡ii gva¨‡g PÆMÖv‡g †cuŠ‡Q †`qv nq| GwU ¯^vaxb evsjv †eZvi †K›`ª (PÆMÖvg) †_‡K 26 gvP© cÖPvwiZ nq| e½eÜzi GB ¯^vaxbZv †NvlYv GKB †eZvi †K›`ª †_‡K PÆMÖv‡gi AvIqvgx jxM †bZv I RvZxq cwil` m`m¨ Gg. G. nvbœvb I Aveyj Kv‡kg m›Øxcmn Av‡iv K‡qKRb GKvwaKevi cvV K‡ib| 27 gvP© †gRi wRqv (wRqvDi ingvb) e½eÜzi bv‡g ¯^vaxbZv I Zuvi †bZ…‡Z¡ miKvi MVb m¤úwK©Z Av‡iKwU †NvlYv †`b (m~Î: nvmvb nvwdRyi ingvb (m¤úvw`Z), evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv hy× `wjjcÎ: ¯^vaxbZv hy× `wjjcÎ: Z…Zxq LÛ, MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`k miKvi, 1982, c„:2)|

gywRebMi miKvi MVb gyw³hy×‡K myôzfv‡e msNwUZ, cwiPvwjZ I ivR‰bwZK iƒc †Ìqvi D‡Ï‡k¨ 1970 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡b AvIqvgx jxM †_‡K wbe©vwPZ RvZxq I cÖv‡`wkK cwil‡ì m`mïv 1971 mv‡ji 10 GwcÖj e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb‡K ivóªcwZ, Zuvi Abycw¯’wZ‡Z ˆmq` bRiæj Bmjvg‡K A¯’vqx ivóªcwZ I ZvRDwÏb Avng`‡K cÖavbgš¿x K‡i GKwU AvbyôvwbK miKvi MV‡bi †NvlYv †`b| GQvov, GKwU Ô¯^vaxbZvi †NvlYvcÎÕ I Zviv MÖnY K‡ib| 17 GwcÖj Kzwóqv †Rjvi †g‡nicyi gnvKzgvi (ZrKvjxb) ê`¨bv_ Zjvq (ÔgywRebMiÕ bv‡g L¨vZ) †`kx-we‡`kx mvsevw`K I ¯’vbxq wecyj msL¨K RbM‡Yi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z beMwVZ miKvi (hv ÔgywRebMi miKviÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ)


BDwbU-3 c„ôv-63

AvbyôvwbKfv‡e kc_ MÖnY K‡i| GKB Abyôv‡b RbcÖwZwbwa‡ì c‡¶ Aa¨vcK BDmyd Avjx Gg Gb G Ô¯^vaxbZvi †NvlYvcÎÕ cvV K‡ib, hv evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZvi ÔmvsweavwbK †NvlYv (ÔConstitutional ProclamationÕ) wn‡m‡e wPwýZ| G‡Z e½eÜzi 26 gvP© ¯^vaxbZv †NvlYv‡K Aby‡gv`b Kiv nq|

1970 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡b RbM‡Yi my¯úó Ôg¨v‡ÛUÕ †c‡q †gRiwU cvwU©i †bZv I evOvwj RvwZi gyLcvÎ wn‡m‡e GKgvÎ e½eÜziB evsjv‡`‡ki Ô¯^vaxbZv †NvlYviÕ êa ¶gZv I KZ©„Z¡ wQj| ZvB, e½eÜzi 26 gv‡P©i †NvlYv Abyhvqx H w`b Avgv‡ì ¯^vaxbZv wèm| e½eÜz‡K cÖavb K‡i gywRebMi miKvi MVb Ges ¯^vaxbZvi ÔmvsweavwbK †NvlYvÕi ci Avgv‡ì gyw³hy× êa †bZ…Z¡ I AvBbMZ wfwË jvf K‡i|

gywRebMi miKv‡ii ¯vaxbZvi †NvlYvcÎ ÔÔ†h‡nZz 1970 mv‡ji 7B wW‡m¤î †_‡K 1971 mv‡ji 17B Rvbyqvwi ch©šÍ GKwU kvmbZš¿ iPbvi AwfcÖv‡q cÖwZwbwa wbe©vP‡bi Rb¨ evsjv‡`k Aeva wbe©vPb AbywôZ n‡qwQj Ges

†h‡nZz GB wbe©vP‡b evsjv‡`‡ki RbMY Zv‡ì 169 Rb cÖwZwbwai g‡a¨ 167 RbB AvIqvgx jxM †_‡K wbe©vwPZ K‡iwQ‡jb Ges †h‡nZz †Rbv‡ij Bqvwnqv Lvb GKwU kvmbZš¿ iPbvi Rb¨ 1971 mv‡ji 3iv gvP© RbM‡Yi wbe©vwPZ cÖwZwbwa‡ì Awa‡ekb Avnevb K‡ib Ges †h‡nZz Avn~Z G cwil` †¯^”QvQvPvi I †eAvBbxfv‡e Awbw`©óKv‡ji Rb¨ ¯’wMZ †NvlYv Kiv nq| Ges h‡nZz cvwK¯—v‡bi kvmK‡Mvôx Zv‡ì cÖwZkÖywZ cvj‡bi cwie‡Z© evsjv‡`‡ki MYcÖwZwbwa`‡ji mv‡_ Avjvc-Av‡jvPbv PjvKv‡j GKwU Ab¨vq I wek¦vmNvZKZvg~jK hy× †NvlYv K‡i Ges

-†h‡nZz D‡j wLZ wek¦vmNvZKZvg~jK Kv‡Ri Rb¨ D™¢‚Z cwiw¯’wZi cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z evsjv‡`‡ki mv‡o mvZ †KvwU gvby‡li Awemsevw`Z †bZv e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb RbM‡Yi AvZ¡wbqš¿YvwaKvi AR©‡bi AvBbvbyM AwaKvi cÖwZôvi Rb¨ 1971 mv‡ji 26 †k gvP© XvKvq h_vh_fv‡e ¯^vaxbZv †NvlYv K‡ib Ges evsjv‡`‡ki ALÛZv I gh©v`v i¶vi Rb¨ evsjv‡`‡ki RbM‡Yi cÖwZ D`vË Avnevb Rvbvb Ges †h‡nZz evsjv‡`‡ki GKwU ee©i I b„ksm hy× cwiPvjbvKv‡j evsjv‡`‡ki AmvgwiK I wbi¯¿ Rbmvavi‡Yi weiæ‡× AMwYZ MYnZ¨v I bwRiwenxb wbh©vZb Pvwj‡q‡Q Ges GL‡bv Pvjv‡”Q| Ges †h‡nZz cvwK¯—vbx kvmK‡Mvôx Ab¨vq hy×, MYnZ¨v I bvbvwea b„ksm AZ¨vPvi Pvwj‡q evsjv‡`‡ki RbM‡bi wbe©vwPZ cÖwZwbwa‡ì GKÎ n‡q GKwU kvmbZš¿ cÖYqb Ki‡Z I wb‡R‡ì miKvi MVb Ki‡Z my‡hvM K‡i w`‡q‡Q| Ges

-†h‡nZz RbMY Zv‡ì exiZ¡ mvnwmKZv I wec ex Kvh©µ‡gi Øviv evsjv‡`‡ki f‚-L‡Ûi Ici Zv‡ì K…Z…©Z¡ cÖwZôv Ki‡Z m¶g n‡q‡Q| Ges

†h‡nZz mve©‡fŠg ¶gZvi AwaKvix evsjv‡`‡ki RbMY wbe©vwPZ cÖwZwbwa‡ì c‡¶ †h ivq w`‡q‡Qb, †m †gvZv‡eK Avgiv, wbe©vwPZ cÖwZwbwaiv, Avgv‡ì mgev‡q MYcwil` MVb K‡i cvi¯úwiK Avjvc-Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g evsjv‡`‡ki RbM‡Yi Rb¨ mvg¨, gvbweK gh©v`v I mvgvwRK b¨vqwePvi cÖwZôv Kiv Avgv‡ì cweÎ KZ©e¨ we‡Pbv K‡i Avgiv evsjv‡`k‡K mve©‡fŠg MYcÖRvZvwš¿K iv‡óª iƒcvš—wiZ Kivi wm×vš— †NvlYv KiwQ| GZØviv c~e©v‡ý e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi ¯^vaxbZv †NvlYv Aby‡gv`b KiwQ| Ges

GZØviv Avgiv Av‡iv wm×vš— †NvlYv KiwQ †h, kvmbZš¿ cÖYxZ bv nIqv ch©šÍ e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb cÖRvZ‡š¿i ivóªcÖavb I ˆmq` bRiæj Bmjvg Dc-ivóªcÖavb c‡` AwawôZ _vK‡eb Ges ivóªcÖavb cÖRvZ‡š¿i mk¯¿ evwnbxmg~‡ni me©vwabvqK n‡eb|

ivóªcÖavb ¶gv cÖ`k©bmn me©cÖKvi cÖkvmwbK I AvBb cÖYq‡bi ¶gZvi AwaKvix n‡eb,

wZwb GKRb cÖavbgš¿x I cÖ‡qvRb‡ev‡a gwš¿mfvi Ab¨vb¨ m`m¨ wb‡qvM Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,

mvg¨, gvbweK gh©v`v I mvgvwRK b¨vqwePvi cÖwZôv Kiv Avgv‡ì cweÎ KZ©e¨

GmGmGBPGj


ivóªcÖav‡bi Ki avh© I A_©e¨‡qi Ges MYcwil‡ì Awa‡ekb Avnevb I g~jZexi ¶gZv _vK‡e Ges evsjv`‡ki RbM‡Yi Rb¨ AvBbvbyM I wbqgZvwš¿K miKvi cÖwZôvi Rb¨ Ab¨vb¨ ¶gZviI wZwb AwaKvix n‡eb|

evsjv‡`‡ki RbM‡Yi Øviv wbe©vwPZ cÖwZwbwa wn‡m‡e Avgiv Av‡iv wm×všÍ †NvlYv KiwQ, †h †Kvb Kvi‡Y hw` ivóªcÖavb bv _v‡Kb A_ev Kv‡R †hvM`vb Ki‡Z bv cv‡ib A_ev Zvi `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨ cvj‡b hw` A¶g nb, Z‡e ivóªavb‡K cÖ`Ë mKj ¶gZv I `vwqZ¡ Dc-ivóªcÖavb cvjb Ki‡eb|

Avgiv Av‡iv wm×vš— †NvlYv KiwQ †h, we‡k¦i GKwU RvwZ wn‡m‡e Ges RvwZms‡Ni mb` †gvZv‡eK Avgv‡ì Ici †h `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨ Av‡ivwcZ n‡q‡Q Zv Avgiv h_vh_fv‡e cvjb Kie|

Avgiv Av‡iv wm×vš— MÖnY KiwQ †h, Avgv‡ì ¯^vaxbZvi G †NvlYv 1971 mv‡ji 26 †k gvP© †_‡K Kvh©Kix e‡j MY¨ n‡e| Avgiv Av‡iv wm×všÍ †NvlYv KiwQ †h, Avgv‡ì GB wm×všÍ Kvh©Kix Kivi R‡b¨ Aa¨vcK BDmyd Avjx‡K ¶gZv w`jvg Ges ivóªcÖavb I Dc-ivóªcÖav‡bi kc_-MÖnY Abyôvb cwiPvjbvi `vwqZ¡ Ac©Y Kijvg|ÕÕ

gywRebMi, evsjv‡`k

10B GwcÖj, 1971

17B GwcÖj AvbyôvwbKfv‡e evsjv‡`k miKvi MVb evsjvi BwZnv‡m GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© NUbv| evsjvi mvZ †KvwU gvby‡li wbe©vwPZ miKvi Hw`b we‡k¦i ey‡K AvÍcÖKvk K‡i| 1757 mv‡ji 23†k Ryb cjvkxi hy‡× evsjvi ¯^vaxbZvi m~h© `yÕk eQ‡ii Rb¨ A¯ÍwgZ n‡q wM‡qwQj| Avevi 1971 mv‡ji 17B GwcÖj ê`¨bv_ Zjvi AvgªKvb‡b ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`k miKvi AvbyôvwbKfv‡e cÖwZwôZ nj|

gywRebMi¯’ evsjv‡`k miKvi gyw³hy‡×i cÖ_g c`‡¶c wn‡m‡e †Rbv‡ij AvZvDj Mwb Imgvbx‡K cÖavb †mbvcwZ wbhy³ K‡ib| gyw³hy×‡K mycwiKwíZfv‡e cwiPvjbvi R‡b¨ evsjv‡`k‡K 11wU †m±‡i wef³ Kiv nq| cÖwZwU †m±‡i GKRb K‡i †m±i KgvÛvi wbhy³ Kiv nq| my`xN© bq gvm i³¶qx gyw³hy‡× cÖwZ‡ekx †`k fvi‡Zi mwµq mvnvh¨ Ges Ab¨vb¨ eÜz‡`‡ki mn‡hvwMZvq 1971 mv‡ji 16 wW‡m¤î evsjv‡`k GKwU ¯^vaxb ivóª wn‡m‡e AvZ¡cÖKvk K‡i|

mviK_v: ¯^vaxbZv gvby‡li Pig I cig m¤ú`| ¯^vaxbZvi Rb¨ hy‡M hy‡M Rxeb wemR©b w`‡q‡Qb ¯^vaxbZvKvgx gvbyl| †Kvb †`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv Avcbv Avcwb Av‡m bv| G‡m‡Q Av‡›`vjb I msMÖv‡gi ga¨w`‡q| †Zgwbfv‡e evsjv‡`‡ki Afz¨`q N‡U‡Q GK i³¶qx jovB‡qi ga¨w`‡q| evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZvi Rb¨ ey‡Ki ZvRv i³ †X‡j w`‡q‡Q G‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZvKvgx gvbyl| Avgv‡ì †`‡ki exi mš—v‡biv †Kvb fqfxwZ ev †Rj-Ryjy‡gi Kv‡Q gv_v bZ K‡i wb|


BDwbU-3 c„ôv-65

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœt mwVK DËiwU wjLyb| 1. evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³evwnbx I fviZxq wgÎ evwnbxi †hŠ_ Awfhvb KLb ïiæ n‡qwQj ? K. 3 wW‡m¤î †_‡K 15 wW‡m¤î; L. 4 wW‡m¤î †_‡K 16 wW‡m¤î; M. 2 wW‡m¤î †_‡K 12 wW‡m¤î; N. 1 wW‡m¤î †_‡K 14 wW‡m¤î| 2. 26 gvP© †K ¯^vaxbZv †NvlYv K‡ib ? K. e½eÜz†kL gywReyi ingvb; L. ZvRDwÏb Avng`; M. wRqvDi ingvb; N. gvIjvbv fvmvbx| 3. evsjv‡`‡ki cÖevmx miKv‡ii gš¿xmfv AvbyôvwbKfv‡e KLb kc_MÖnY K‡ib? K. 17 GwcÖj; L. 26 gvP©; M. 12 GwcÖj; N. 16 GwcÖj| 4. KLb evsjvi ¯^vaxbZv m~h©-A¯ÍwgZ nq- K. 1758 mv‡ji 21 Ryb; L. 1757 mv‡ji 23 Ryb; M. 1757 mv‡ji 20 Ryb; N. 1757 mv‡ji 17 Ryb| msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ 1. evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZvhy‡×i ch©vq¸‡jv wK ? 2. ¯^vaxbZvi †NvlYvwU eY©bv Kiæb| iPbvg~jK cÖkœ 1. gywRebMi miKv‡ii MVb I D‡Ïk¨ eY©bv Kiæb| 2. evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv hy× m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiæb| DËigvjvt 1. L, 2. K, 3. K, 4. L| mnvqK MÖš’ 1. evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZvhy×t `wjjcÎ Z_¨gš¿Yvjq, evsjv‡`k miKvi 2. W. gynv¤§` nvweeyi ingvb, evsjv‡`‡ki Afz¨`q I †kL gywRe, 1998 2. wRqvDi ingvb : ¯§viK MÖš’, Rvbyqvix, 1991

emergence of bangladesh · ivóªfvlv kivi cÖm‡½ wzwb e‡jb, Ôgk_v avcbv‡`i‡k cvwi®‹vi...

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