aves do parque estadual dos três picos

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Parque Estadual dos Trs Picos (PETP), situated inthe centre of Rio de Janeiro state (encompassingparts of the municipalities of Terespolis,Guapimirim, Cachoeiras de Macacu, Nova Friburgoand Silva Jardim), is currently the states largestenvironmental conservation unit occupying 58,000ha. PETP is named after the Trs Picos mountainslocated on the Terespolis / Nova Friburgo border, a

majestic assemblage of three granitic peaksreaching c.2,350 m. Since its creation in 2002, thePETP protects one of the largest and mostimportant forested areas in Rio de Janeiro, guaran-teeing the preservation of the headwaters thatsupply water to the cities adjacent to the park. Thepresent study provides an inventory of the birdspecies found in the PETP and adjacent areas, aswell as a basis for the conservation policiesrequired to preserve the natural resources of thisimportant remnant of Atlantic Forest in south-eastBrazil.

Material and methodsBird surveys were conducted between November2005 and August 2006 (with occasional visits since).The following 35 localities were visited in the PETPand adjacent areas (Fig. 1). (1) Hotel So Joo andenvirons (2222S 4228W; 960 m), Maca de Cima,Nova Friburgo; second growth and secondaryforest. (2) Hotel So Joo (2221S 4228W;9501,000 m), Maca de Cima, Nova Friburgo;secondary forest. (3) Trail near the Crrego Frisia(2222S 4230W; 9501,270 m), Maca de Cima,Nova Friburgo; montane and secondary forests, andpasture. (4) Maca de Cima to Teodoro de Oliveiratrail (2222S 4231W; 9501,300 m), NovaFriburgo; montane and secondary forests. (5) Trail

near Fazenda Verdin (2224S 4229W; 9501,230m), Maca de Cima, Nova Friburgo; montane forest.(6) Rio das Flores region (2224S 4229W; 950 m),Maca de Cima, Nova Friburgo; secondary forest,second growth and pasture. (7) Region betweenGuapiau and Santo Amaro (2226S 4245W; 40m), Cachoeiras de Macacu; pasture and cultivation.(8) Reserva Ecolgica Guapiau (REGUA) (2225S

4244W; 70250 m), Cachoeiras de Macacu;submontane and secondary forests, second growthand wetlands. (9) Region between Fazenda Santo

Antonio, Cachoeiras de Macacu, and FazendaCampestre (2223S 4242W; 380700 m), NovaFriburgo; montane, submontane and secondaryforests, and second growth. (10) Fazenda SoMiguel (2226S 4242W; 100300 m), Cachoeirasde Macacu; submontane and secondary forests. (11)

rea de Proteo Ambiental do Jacarand (2226S4255W; 8001,400 m), Terespolis; secondaryforest. (12) Vale da Revolta (2226S 4256W; 1,030m), Terespolis; montane and secondary forests,cultivation and pasture. (13) Clube Sayonara(2226S 4253W; 900 m), Terespolis; montane andsecondary forests. (14) Trs Picos and Capacetepeaks (2219S 4243W; 1,5501,750 m), Terespolis

/ Nova Friburgo border; montane forest andpasture. (15) Fazenda Campestre (2222S 4241W;1,0501,100m), Nova Friburgo; montane forest,cultivation and pasture. (16) Mariana (2220S4241W; 1,300 m), Nova Friburgo; montane andsecondary forests, second growth and pasture. (17)So LourenoCascatinha trail (2220S 4236W;1,2501,550 m), Nova Friburgo; secondary forest,second growth and pasture. (18) Foothills of thePico Cabea do Drago (2219S 4243W;1,5002,040 m), Nova Friburgo; montane forest,

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Birds in the Parque Estadual dos Trs Picos, Rio de Janeiro state,south-east Brazil

Francisco Mallet-Rodrigues and Maria Luisa Marinho de NoronhaReceived 7 May 2008; final revision accepted 24 April 2009

Cotinga 31 (2009): OL 96107published online 5 June 2009

O Parque Estadual dos Trs Picos (PETP), atualmente a maior unidade de conservao ambientaldo Estado do Rio de Janeiro (58.000 ha) protege uma das mais importantes regies florestadas doterritrio fluminense. Entre novembro de 2005 e agosto de 2006 foram visitadas trinta e cincolocalidades dentro do parque e em seu entorno, com o objetivo de inventariar a avifauna regional.Foram registradas 321 espcies de aves, sendo que aproximadamente metade dessa avifauna foiconstituda por espcies consideradas incomuns. Cerca de um tero das espcies de aves registradas representado por espcies endmicas da mata atlntica. Foram encontradas 24 espciesglobalmente vulnerveis ou quase ameaadas, bem como 18 espcies ameaadas ou provavelmente

ameaadas de extino no Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Alm de preservar uma das mais ricas faunasregionais, a criao do PETP foi uma garantia para a conservao das nascentes que abastecem degua vrias cidades vizinhas e para o futuro estabelecimento de um potencial corredor ecolgicoentre as reas florestadas do Parque Nacional da Serra dos rgos e do Parque Estadual doDesengano, duas das mais importantes unidades de conservao do Estado do Rio de Janeiro.

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Birds in the Parque Estadual dos Trs Picos, Rio de Janeiro state, south-east Brazil

Figure 1. Localities visited in the Parque Estadual dos TrsPicos (in black) and adjoining areas (see Material and

methods).

Figure 2. Central part of the Parque Estadual dos Trs Picos

(locality 9) (F. Mallet-Rodrigues)

Figure 3. Trs Picos and Capacete mountains (locality 14)

(F. Mallet-Rodrigues)

Figure 4. Fazenda Campestre (locality 15) (F. Mallet-

Rodrigues)

Figure 5. Pico da Calednia (locality 19) (F. Mallet-Rodrigues)

Figure 6. Serra dos Pirineus (locality 24) (F. Mallet-Rodrigues)

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3 4

5 6

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second growth and pasture. (19) Pico da Calednia(2221S 4235W; 2,0602,219 m), Nova Friburgo;montane forest and high grassland. (20) Boca do

Mato (2224S 4236W; 400500 m), Cachoeiras deMacacu; submontane forest. (21) Upper rio Macacu,near the Crrego Grande (2223S 4235W; 500600m), Cachoeiras de Macacu; submontane andsecondary forests, and second growth. (22) Trailnear dam on the rio Macacu (Posto do Pena)(2223S 4234W; 550700 m), Cachoeiras deMacacu; submontane forest. (23) Serto deBananeiras (2227S 4226W; 150400 m), SilvaJardim; secondary forest, second growth andpasture. (24) Foothills of the Serra dos Pirineus(2228S 4230W; 100300 m), Silva Jardim;submontane forest. (25) Waterfall on the rio Frades(2220S 4247W; 1,000 m), Terespolis; scatteredsecondary forest, second growth and pasture. (26)Upper rio Frades (2220S 4245W; 1,220 m),Terespolis; secondary forest, second growth andpasture. (27) Middle rio Antas (2220S 4248W;1,1001,150 m), Terespolis; second growth andpasture. (28) Crrego Buraco do Ouro (2221S4249W; 1,2001,250 m), Terespolis; secondaryforest, second growth and pasture. (29) Regionbetween the upper rios Iconha and Soberbo (2228S4259W; 3501,150 m), Guapimirim; submontaneand secondary forests, and second growth. (30)Serra da Caneca Fina (2228S 4256W; 200600m), Guapimirim; submontane forest and secondgrowth. (31) Caminho do Ouro (2230S 4256W;250 m), Guapimirim; secondary forest and secondgrowth. (32) Estao Ecolgica Paraso (2229S4254W; 601,350 m), Cachoeiras de Macacu;submontane forest. (33) Serra Queimada (2228S4251W; 15150 m), Cachoeiras de Macacu;submontane and secondary forests, and secondgrowth. (34) Areal (2227S 4250W; 15200 m),Cachoeiras de Macacu; secondary forest and secondgrowth. (35) Foothills of the Serra do Estreito(2225S 4248W; 150 m), Cachoeiras de Macacu;submontane forest.

During a total of >200 hours of field observa-tions were visited areas of montane andsubmontane Atlantic Forest, second growth,pastures and high grassland. Observations were

conducted from 05h00 to 18h00, with somenocturnal surveys to record owls, nightjars andpotoos. In each locality visited we observed birdsalong foot trails, and any vocalisations notimmediately identified were tape-recorded andthen identified by playback, or compared later withrecordings deposited at the Arquivo Sonoro EliasCoelho (ASEC, Universidade Federal do Rio deJaneiro, RJ).

The status of each species was defined usingfour categories: commonrecorded on >75% ofdays; fairly commonrecorded on 5175% of days;

uncommonrecorded on 2550% of days; andrarerecorded on


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Apparently, it was fairly common in the NovaFriburgo region in the mid-20th century8,14. In thelate afternoon of 27 March 2006, the species was

heard in forest along the upper rio Macacu (2223S4234W), in the municipality of Cachoeiras deMacacu, at 650 m, whilst it has been recentlyrecorded at Paraso Ecological Station (near thePETP), at the border of Guapimirim andCachoeiras de Macacu municipalities13. A nest(with five eggs) was found in December 2007 atBoca do Mato, Cachoeiras de Macacu (P. Forrest &

A. Foster in litt. 2008).

Spot-winged Wood Quail Odontophorus capueiraNow a rare bird at several localities and consideredProbably Threatened in the state of Rio deJaneiro2, Spot-winged Wood Quail was recorded atseveral localities in the PETP, where we deemed itto be uncommon.

White-necked HawkLeucopternis lacernulatusEndemic to the Atlantic Forest, this hawk isconsidered Vulnerable in the state of Rio deJaneiro2. Intense deforestation of the lowlands andfoothills is undoubtedly a serious threat to thespecies. One was seen over forest along the upperrio Macacu (2223S 4234W), municipality ofCachoeiras de Macacu, at c.650 m, in the earlyafternoon of 27 March 2006.

Mantled HawkLeucopternis polionotusMantled Hawk is similar to the previous speciesbut is generally found at higher altitudes. Althoughrare, it is considered less threatened than White-necked Hawk. One was recorded on 22 February2006 at Mariana (2220S 4241W), municipality ofNova Friburgo, at 1,290 m.

White-rumped HawkPercnohierax leucorrhousOne was recorded on 14 November 2005 at Macade Cima (2222S 4230W), municipality of NovaFriburgo, at 1,060 m.

Pileated Parrot Pionopsitta pileataProbably Threatened in the state of Rio deJaneiro2, the species was found on the trail from

Teodoro de Oliveira to Maca de Cima (2223S4231W), municipality of Nova Friburgo, on 16November 2005.

Blue-bellied Parrot Triclaria malachitaceaConsidered globally Near Threatened4 andVulnerable in the state of Rio de Janeiro2. The callof this parrot was heard in the canopy of forestalong the upper rio Macacu (2223S 4234W),municipality of Cachoeiras de Macacu, at 650m, inthe afternoon of 27 March 2006.

Black-banded Owl Strix huhula Apparently scarce, the form S. h. albomarginata,which is restricted to the Atlantic Forest, is known

from a few localities in Rio de Janeiro state10

inwhich the species status is described as unknown2.On 27 March 2006 the species song was heard atBoca do Mato (2224S 4236W), municipality ofCachoeiras de Macacu, at c.400 m. Two monthslater, two birds, probably a pair, were tape-recordedand seen in the same area (L. P. Gonzaga pers.comm.).

White-bearded Antshrike Biatas nigropectusTypically found in stands of bamboo in forests fromsouth-east Brazil to Argentina, the species isconsidered Probably Threatened in the state of Riode Janeiro2. A pair was observed (and tape-recorded) at a site with dense bamboo (Merostachyssp.) on the Teodoro de Oliveira to Maca de Cimatrail, at 1,200 m, on 28 March 2006.

Slaty BristlefrontMerulaxis aterConsidered globally Near Threatened4, SlatyBristlefront is rare in central Rio de Janeiro stateand has rarely been found there since a specimenwas collected in the early 1800s. Recently it hasbeen found on the Teodoro de Oliveira to Maca deCima trail, at 1,200 m, where a male was seen andtape-recorded on 28 March 2006. Slaty Bristlefrontalso has been recorded at Reserva EcolgicaGuapiau (REGUA) (F. Olmos in litt. 2008) and atBoca do Mato (L. P. Gonzaga in litt. 2008).

Oustalets Tyrannulet Phylloscartes oustaletiOustalets Tyrannulet is considered Vulnerable inthe state of Rio de Janeiro2 and has not recentlybeen recorded in the Serra dos rgos13. One wasobserved in a mixed-species flock in forest betweenSo Loureno and Cascatinha (2220S 4236W),municipality of Nova Friburgo, on 23 February2006.

Swallow-tailed Cotinga Phibalura flavirostrisProbably Threatened in the state of Rio deJaneiro2. A group of six (including immatures) wasobserved in second growth with Pteridiumaquilinum at 1,550 m in the northern PETP(2219S 4243W) on 23 February 2006.

Elegant Mourner Laniisoma elegansOccasionally recorded in central Rio de Janeirostate6,12,19, the species song was heard at Maca deCima, Nova Friburgo, on 17 November 2005, fromwhere the species was already known6. ProbablyThreatened in the state of Rio de Janeiro2.

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Giant CowbirdMolothrus oryzivorusProbably Threatened in the state of Rio deJaneiro2, one was observed in a pasture at Maca de

Cima, Nova Friburgo, on 14 November 2005.DiscussionThe creation of the PETP, encompassing the largeand densely forested montane massif in central Riode Janeiro, was an important government initiativeto guarantee the conservation of the rich localfauna and flora, and to preserve the headwatersthat supply water to cities adjacent to the park. Theparks environment is well preserved, with denseforest covering most of the area, although adjacentregions are predominantly devoted to agricultureand residential land use. The west of the PETP isundoubtedly the most threatened by drastic humanpressure from occupation of the foothills, illegalhunting and capture of passerines as cagebirds.Some passerines are now scarce, principally in thewestern PETP.

The predominance of uncommon species in thebird community is a known feature of tropicalhabitats. According to Goerck9, 68% of birds in the

Atlantic Forest in Brazil are rare because of theirevolutionary history, spatial distribution andgenetic structure.

Although primary forests are highly diversifiedhabitats, secondary forests are richer in birdspecies than primary forests1,11,16. Apparently, birdstypical of natural clearings and forest borders arecommoner in secondary forests. In the PETP manybird species were recorded in secondary forest andshrubby clearings. However, greater effort shouldbe devoted to preserving mature forests, becausemost birds found in secondary habitats are widelydistributed in the Neotropics and their populationsare less threatened than those species endemic tothe Atlantic Forest. More than 50% of extinct orless-abundant species found in secondary forests ineastern Brazil are endemic to the Atlantic Forest1.The same was true in the PETP, where more thanhalf of bird species recorded in primary forest wereendemic taxa.

High grasslands in the PETP, although oflimited extent, are important for the four endemics

(Plovercrest Stephanoxis lalandi, Rufous-tailedAntbird Drymophila genei, Velvety Black Tyrant Knipolegus nigerrimus and Bay-chested WarblingFinch Poospiza thoracica) among the nine speciesrecorded in this habitat. An important species isItatiaia Spinetail Oreophylax moreirae, a furnariidrestricted to high montane grasslands in easternBrazil (above 1,800 m), which is common on thePico da Calednia, Nova Friburgo.

Although apparently not a threat to localavifauna, some exotic or naturally invading birdspecies are common in areas adjoining the PETP,with Rock Pigeon Columba livia, House Sparrow

Passer domesticus and Common Waxbill Estrildaastrild, among introduced species, and Cattle Egret

Bubulcus ibis, Picazuro Pigeon Patagioenas

picazuro, Wing-banded HorneroFurnarius figulus,Rufous-fronted ThornbirdPhacellodomus rufifrons,Masked Water Tyrant Fluvicola nengeta, Curl-crested Jay Cyanocorax cristatellus andChalk- browed Mockingbird Mimus saturninus,among natural invaders. These birds, which occurin open habitats (pastures, cultivation and aroundhabitation) although common on the periphery, areuncommon in the forested central region of thepark.

The occurrence of several Threatened orProbably Threatened species in the state of Rio deJaneiro increases the importance of the park tolocal biodiversity. The large size of the PETP andthe well-preserved state of its forests haveguaranteed the occurrence of birds of prey, such asWhite-necked Hawk Leucopternis lacernulatus,Mantled Hawk L. polionotus and Black Hawk-Eagle Spizaetus tyrannus, which require adequatehabitat and prey. The occurrence of SolitaryTinamou Tinamus solitarius, Spot-winged WoodQuail Odontophorus capueira, Dusky-legged Guan

Penelope obscura and Rusty-margined Guan Psuperciliaris indicate that hunting is not asignificant factor at least in some parts of the park.Some species are probably extinct in the regionbecause of hunting, such as Black-fronted PipingGuanAburria jacutinga (Probably Extinct in Rio deJaneiro2,6) and Variegated Tinamou Crypturellusvariegatus17. Others have not been recentlyrecorded in the vicinity of the PETP (Purple-wingedGround Dove Claravis godefrida, Rio de Janeiro

Antbird Cercomacra brasiliana, Atlantic RoyalFlycatcher Onychorhynchus swainsoni, Cinnamon- vented Piha Lipaugus lanioides and Lesser SeedFinch Sporophila angolensis) or are of unknownstatus (Kinglet Calyptura Calyptura cristata andRio de Janeiro Antwren Myrmotherula

fluminensis). Another important bird species foundin the PETP is Grey-winged Cotinga Tijucacondita, which has a restricted range and was onlydescribed in 198018. T. condita has recently beenfound on the Pico da Calednia3 and might also be

found elsewhere in the PETP where there issuitable habitat. We were unable to find T. conditaon the Pico da Calednia despite using playback.

Creating the PETP, protecting one of the mostextensive areas of forest in the state of Rio deJaneiro, was a very important measure to preservethe rich regional biodiversity, including severalendemic and threatened species. PETP is also apotential corridor between the forested areas of theParque Estadual do Desengano and ParqueNacional da Serra dos rgos, two of the mostimportant forest reserves in Rio de Janeiro state.

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AcknowledgementsWe thank Flvio Medeiros de Britto (FundaoBrasileira para a Conservao da Natureza) and Jos

Fernando Pacheco (CBRO) for their invitation to carryout this study and their support during its execution.We are also grateful to Flavio de Jesus and AdrianoLuz Correa Pinto (Instituto Estadual de Florestas) forproviding logistical support and assistance. Ivan Diascontributed a photograph of Rough-legged Tyrannulet.Luiz Pedreira Gonzaga identified the vocalisations ofBlack-banded and Striped Owls. Jeremy Minns andCarmen Slvia de Noronha Swire provided commentsand reviewed the English version. The study wasconducted whilst developing a management plan forthe PETP.

References1. Aleixo, A. (1999) Effects of selective logging on a

bird community in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest.Condor 101: 537548.2. Alves, M. A. S., Pacheco, J. F., Gonzaga, L. A. P.,

Cavalcanti, R. B., Raposo, M. A., Yamashita, C.,Maciel, N. C. & Castanheira, M. (2000) Aves. In:Bergallo, H. G., Rocha, C. F. D., Alves, M. A. S. &

Van Sluys, M. (eds.) A fauna ameaada de extino do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Rio deJaneiro: Ed. UERJ.

3. Alves, M. A. S., Pimm, S. L., Storni, A., Raposo, M. A., Brooke, M. de L., Harris, G., Foster, A. &Jenkins, C. N. (2008) Mapping and exploring thedistribution of the Vulnerable grey-wingedcotinga Tijuca condita. Oryx 42: 562566.

4. BirdLife International (2000) Threatened birds ofthe world. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions &Cambridge, UK: BirdLife International.

5. Brasil [Ministrio do Meio Ambiente] (2003)Listada fauna brasileira ameaada de extino.Instruo Normativa do Ministrio do Meio

Ambiente n 03/2003. Dirio Oficial da Unio n101, Seo 1 (dia 28.05.2003): 8897.

6. Collar, N. J., Gonzaga, L. P., Krabbe, N., MadrooNieto, A., Naranjo, L. G., Parker, T. A. & Wege, D.C. (1992) Threatened birds of the America: the ICBP/IUCN Red Data book. Cambridge, UK:International Council for Bird Preservation.

7. Comit Brasileiro de Registros Ornitolgicos(2008) Lista das aves do Brasil. Seventh version.www.cbro.org.br/CBRO/listabr.htm (accessedOctober 2008).

8. Goeldi, E. A. (1894) As aves do Brasil. Rio deJaneiro: Livraria Clssica de Alves & Cia.

9. Goerck, J. M. (1997) Patterns of rarity in the birdsof the Atlantic Forest of Brazil. Conserv. Biol. 11:112118.

10. Gonzaga, L. P. & Castiglioni, G. D. A. (2004)Registros recentes deStrix huhula no Estado doRio de Janeiro (Strigiformes: Strigidae).Ararajuba 12: 141144.

11. Ihering, H. (1900) Aves observadas em Cantagalloe Nova Friburgo.Rev. Mus. Paulista 4: 149164.

12. Mallet-Rodrigues, F. & Noronha, M. L. M. (2003)The avifauna of low elevations in the Serra dosrgos, Rio de Janeiro state, south-east Brazil.Cotinga 20: 5156.

13. Mallet-Rodrigues, F., Parrini, R. & Pacheco, J. F.(2007) Birds of the Serra dos rgos, state of Riode Janeiro, southeastern Brazil: a review.Rev.Brasil. Orn. 15: 535.

14. Miranda-Ribeiro, A. (1938 [1937]) Notasornitholgicas. XIII. Tinamidae. Rev. Mus.Paulista 23: 667788.

15. Parker, T. A., Stotz, D. F. & Fitzpatrick, J. W. (1996)Ecological and distributional databases. In:

Stotz, D. F., Fitzpatrick, J. W., Parker, T. A. &Moskovits, D. K. (eds.)Neotropical birds: ecologyand conservation. Chicago: University of ChicagoPress.

16. Protomastro, J. J. (2001) A test for preadaptaton tohuman disturbances in the bird community ofthe Atlantic Forest. In: Albuquerque, J. L. B.,Cndido, J. F., Straube, F. C. & Roos, A. L. (eds.)Ornitologia e conservao: da cincia sestratgias. Tubaro: Ed. Unisul.

17. Sick, H. (1997) Ornitologia brasileira. Rio deJaneiro: Ed. Nova Fronteira.

18. Snow, D. W. (1980) A new species of cotinga fromsoutheastern Brazil. Bull. Brit. Orn. Club 100:213215.

19. Vieira, C. O. C. (1935) Os cotingdeos do Brasil.Rev. Mus. Paulista 19: 327397.

Francisco Mallet-Rodrigues

Laboratrio de Ornitologia, Departamento de Zoologia,

Instituto de Biologia, UFRJ, 21944970, Rio de

Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. E-mail: [email protected].

Maria Luisa Marinho de Noronha

Instituto Municipal de Medicina Veterinria Jorge

Vaitsman (S/IJV), Avenida Bartolomeu de Gusmo

1.120, 20.941160, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. E-mail:

[email protected].

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Appendix. Bird species recorded in the Parque Estadual dos Trs Picos, Rio de Janeiro state, south-eastBrazil. Occurrence: common (Co), fairly common (Fc), uncommon (Uc), rare (Ra), with evidence: sightrecord (S), tape-recorded (T). Habitats: montane forest (mo), submontane forest (sm), mature secondary

forest (se), second growth, cultivated fields and gardens (sc), pasture and open areas (pa), high grassland(hg) and wetlands (we). Status: Global status3: Vulnerable (VGB), Near Threatened (NGB). Status in Brazil4:Vulnerable (VBR). Status in Rio de Janeiro2: Threatened (TRJ), Probably Threatened (PRJ), Vulnerable (VRJ),unknown status (URJ).

Familiy / Species Occurrence Habitats Status Endemic Localitiesto the

Atlantic Forest

TINAMIDAE

Solitary Tinamou Tinamus solitarius Ra (T) sm NGB, TRJ X 22Brown Tinamou Crypturellus obsoletus Fc (S,T) mo, sm, se 26, 8, 9, 11, 15, 17Tataupa Tinamou Crypturellus tataupa Uc (T) se 8, 9, 11, 30, 31

ANATIDAE

White-faced Whistling DuckDendrocygna viduata Uc (S) we 8Brazilian TealAmazonetta brasiliensis Uc (S) we 7, 8, 33

CRACIDAERusty-margined Guan Penelope superciliaris Ra (S) sm 8Dusky-legged Guan Penelope obscura Uc (S) mo 15, 17

ODONTOPHORIDAE

Spot-winged Wood Quail Odontophorus capueira Uc (S) mo PRJ X 2, 20, 29

PHALACROCORACIDAE

Neotropic Cormorant Phalacrocorax brasilianus Ra (S) we 8

ARDEIDAE

Rufescent Tiger Heron Tigrisoma lineatum Ra (S) we 8Black-crowned Night Heron Nycticorax nycticorax Uc (S) we 8Striated Heron Butorides striata Uc (S) we 8Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis Uc (S) we 8, 33, 34Great EgretArdea alba Uc (S) we 8, 33, 34Snowy Egret Egretta thula Ra (S) we 8

THRESKIORNITHIDAE

Buff-necked Ibis Theristicus caudatus Ra (S) pa 33

CATHARTIDAE

Turkey Vulture Cathartes aura Uc (S) sc, pa 1, 2, 8, 14, 2327, 33, 34, 35Black Vulture Coragyps atratus Co (S) sc, pa 15, 7, 8, 11, 14, 19, 2330, 3235

ACCIPITRIDAE

Grey-headed Kite Leptodon cayanensis Ra (S,T) sm 8Sharp-shinned HawkAccipiter striatus Ra (S) se 15White-necked HawkLeucopternis lacernulatus Ra (S) sm VGB, VBR, VRJ X 22Mantled HawkLeucopternis polionotus Ra (S) sc NGB, PRJ 16Savanna HawkHeterospizias meridionalis Uc (S) sc, pa 1, 3, 7, 8, 15, 33, 34White-rumped HawkPercnohierax leucorrhous Ra (S) mo, se 3Roadside HawkRupornis magnirostris Fc (S,T) se, sc, pa 1, 59, 11, 1316, 20, 23, 24, 30, 3335White-tailed HawkButeo albicaudatus Uc (S,T) sc, pa 18, 19Black Hawk-Eagle Spizaetus tyrannus Ra (S,T) se PRJ 11

FALCONIDAE

Southern Caracara Caracara plancus Uc (S) pa 3, 68, 12, 18, 33, 34Yellow-headed Caracara Milvago chimachima Fc (S) sc, pa 1, 3, 69, 14, 15, 23, 3335Laughing Falcon Herpetotheres cachinnans Uc (S) pa 33, 34Barred Forest Falcon Micrastur ruficollis Uc (S,T) se 11, 14, 20, 29Collared Forest Falcon Micrastur semitorquatus Ra (T) se 8American Kestrel Falco sparverius Ra (S) pa 18Aplomado Falcon Falco femoralis Uc (S) pa 24, 33, 34

RALLIDAE

Slaty-breasted Wood RailAramides saracura Fc (S,T) se, sc, we X 1, 3, 4, 6, 8, 13, 15Rufous-sided Crake Laterallus melanophaius Ra (T) we 8Ash-throated Crake Porzana albicollis Ra (T) we 8Blackish Rail Pardirallus nigricans Uc (S) we 1, 15Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus Ra (S) we 8

CARIAMIDAE

Red-legged Seriema Cariama cristata Uc (S) pa 16, 2527

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CHARADRIIDAE

Southern Lapwing Vanellus chilensis Fc (S) pa 1, 3, 7, 8, 1215, 23, 24, 33, 34

JACANIDAE

Wattled JacanaJacana jacana Uc (S) we 7, 8COLUMBIDAE

Ruddy Ground Dove Columbina talpacoti Co (S) sc 1, 3, 68, 16, 20, 24, 3335Rock Dove Columba livia Uc (S) sc 7Picazuro Pigeon Patagioenas picazuro Fc (S) sc, pa 1, 79, 2327, 33, 34Pale-vented Pigeon Patagioenas cayennensis Ra (S,T) se 15, 17Plumbeous Pigeon Patagioenas plumbea Uc (S) mo, se 2, 3, 5, 11White-tipped Dove Leptotila verreauxi Fc (S,T) sc 7, 8, 10, 23, 24, 3035Grey-fronted Dove Leptotila rufaxilla Fc (S,T) se 19, 1113, 15, 16, 30Ruddy Quail-Dove Geotrygon montana Uc (T) se 4, 14, 30, 32

PSITTACIDAE

White-eyed ParakeetAratinga leucophthalma Co (S) se, sc 14, 18, 2529Maroon-bellied Parakeet Pyrrhura frontalis Co (S) se, sc X 25, 8, 9, 13, 15, 20, 22, 29Blue-winged Parrotlet Forpus xanthopterygius Fc (S) sc 7, 9, 20, 23Plain Parakeet Brotogeris tirica Co (S) sm, se, sc X 2, 3, 5, 6, 811, 2024, 32, 33, 35Pileated Parrot Pionopsitta pileata Ra (T) se PRJ X 4

Scaly-headed Parrot Pionus maximiliani Co (S) sm, se, sc 24, 8, 9, 11, 1315, 2023, 2531, 3335Blue-bellied Parrot Triclaria malachitacea Ra (S) mo NGB, VRJ X 22

CUCULIDAE

Squirrel Cuckoo Piaya cayana Fc (S,T) sm, se, sc 5, 8, 15, 17, 18, 21, 23, 24, 30, 31Smooth-billed Ani Crotophaga ani Fc (S) pa 1, 7, 8, 9, 15, 23, 24, 33, 34Guira Cuckoo Guira guira Fc (S) sc, pa 7, 8, 15, 2328, 33, 34Striped Cuckoo Tapera naevia Ra (S) sc 12

TYTONIDAE

Barn Owl Tyto alba Ra (S) sc 24

STRIGIDAE

Tropical Screech Owl Megascops choliba Uc (S) sc 15, 30, 31Tawny-browed Owl Pulsatrix koeniswaldiana Uc (S) se X 9, 2022, 30Black-banded Owl Strix huhula Ra (S,T) sc URJ 20Ferruginous Pygmy Owl Glaucidium brasilianum Uc (S,T) sc 23, 31Burrowing OwlAthene cunicularia Uc (S) pa 7, 8, 15, 16, 23, 24, 33, 34

Striped Owl Rhinoptynx clamator Uc (S,T) sc 8, 24NYCTIBIIDAE

Common Potoo Nyctibius griseus Uc (T) sm 2931

CAPRIMULGIDAE

Short-tailed NighthawkLurocalis semitorquatus Uc (S,T) sc 1, 29Pauraque Nyctidromus albicollis Fc (S,T) sc 7, 8, 15, 24, 31

APODIDAE

White-collared Swift Streptoprocne zonaris Uc (S) se, sc 1, 5, 6, 8, 13, 24, 29, 30, 33, 34Grey-rumped Swift Chaetura cinereiventris Uc (S) se, sc 5, 9, 10, 15, 20, 23Sicks Swift Chaetura meridionalis Uc (S) se, sc 68, 10, 11, 13, 29, 33, 34

TROCHILIDAE

Saw-billed Hermit Ramphodon naevius Fc (S,T) sm, se NGB, PRJ X 8, 9, 20, 2224, 29, 30, 32, 33, 35Reddish Hermit Phaethornis ruber Uc (S,T) se, sc 8, 21, 32Planalto Hermit Phaethornis pretrei Uc (S) sc 14Scale-throated Hermit Phaethornis eurynome Fc (S,T) mo, se, sc X 1, 3, 46, 11, 1315, 20

Swallow-tailed Hummingbird Eupetomena macroura Uc (S) sc 16Sombre HummingbirdAphantochroa cirrochloris Uc (S) sc X 20, 21Black Jacobin Florisuga fusca Uc (S) se, sc X 14, 7, 8, 13Plovercrest Stephanoxis lalandi Uc (S,T) se, sc, hg X 5, 14, 19Frilled Coquette Lophornis magnificus Ra (S) sc 29Glittering-bellied Emerald Chlorostilbon aureoventris Uc (S) sc 15, 2527Violet-capped Woodnymph Thalurania glaucopis Co (S) se, sc X 1, 2, 7, 8, 10, 11, 20, 30White-chinned Sapphire Hylocharis cyanus Uc (S,T) se, sc 8White-throated Hummingbird Leucochloris albicollis Co (S,T) sc, pa X 1, 35, 14, 17, 18Versicoloured EmeraldAmazilia versicolor Uc (S) sc 8Glittering-throated EmeraldAmazilia fimbriata Ra (S) sc 7Brazilian Ruby Clytolaema rubricauda Fc (S,T) mo, se, sc X 1, 35, 14, 15, 17, 29Amethyst Woodstar Calliphlox amethystina Ra (S) sc 1

TROGONIDAE

White-tailed Trogon Trogon viridis Uc (S) sm, se 8, 20, 32, 33

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Surucua Trogon Trogon surrucura Uc (S) se, sc X 36, 22Black-throated Trogon Trogon rufus Uc (S) sm, se, sc 8, 9, 11, 13, 14, 30

ALCEDINIDAE

Ringed Kingfisher Megaceryle torquata Uc (S) sc, we 6, 7Amazon Kingfisher Chloroceryle amazona Uc (S) we 11, 23Green Kingfisher Chloroceryle americana Uc (S) sc, we 6, 8, 33

MOMOTIDAE

Rufous-capped Motmot Baryphthengus ruficapillus Uc (S,T) se X 5, 20, 23, 29, 31

GALBULIDAE

Rufous-tailed Jacamar Galbula ruficauda Uc (S,T) sm 32

BUCCONIDAE

White-eared Puffbird Nystalus chacuru Uc (S,T) sc, pa 7, 15Crescent-chested Puffbird Malacoptila striata Uc (S,T) sm X 20, 29

RAMPHASTIDAE

Channel-billed Toucan Ramphastos vitellinus Fc (S) sm, se 79, 2023, 2933Spot-billed Toucanet Selenidera maculirostris Uc (S) mo, sm X 4, 8, 15, 20, 21, 30Saffron Toucanet Pteroglossus bailloni Uc (S) sm NGB X 20

PICIDAE

White-barred Piculet Picumnus cirratus Co (S) mo, se, sc 79, 11, 17, 20, 23, 24, 30White Woodpecker Melanerpes candidus Uc (S) pa 7, 2528Yellow-fronted Woodpecker Melanerpes flavifrons Uc (S) sm X 7, 8Yellow-eared Woodpecker Veniliornis maculifrons Co (S) mo, sm, se 2, 5, 8, 15, 2528, 30, 33Yellow-throated Woodpecker Piculus flavigula Uc (S) sm 8, 29, 30, 33Yellow-browed Woodpecker Piculus aurulentus Uc (S,T) mo, se NGB X 35, 15, 17Campo Flicker Colaptes campestris Co (S) pa 1, 3, 69, 14, 15, 23, 25, 26, 33, 34Blond-crested Woodpecker Celeus flavescens Uc (S,T) sm, se 8, 21, 29, 30, 32

THAMNOPHILIDAE

Spot-backed Antshrike Hypoedaleus guttatus Uc (S) sm X 79, 20, 30Giant Antshrike Batara cinerea Uc (S,T) mo 4, 5, 15, 17, 18Large-tailed Antshrike Mackenziaena leachii Uc (S,T) mo, sc X 14, 17, 18Tufted Antshrike Mackenziaena severa Uc (S,T) sc X 16, 30Rufous-capped Antshrike Thamnophilus ruficapillus Uc (S,T) sc 14, 16, 18Chestnut-backed Antshrike Thamnophilus palliatus Uc (S,T) sc 8, 30Sooretama Slaty Antshrike Thamnophilus ambiguus Uc (S,T) sc 8, 31, 33

Variable Antshrike Thamnophilus caerulescens Uc (S,T) se, sc 4, 11, 14, 15, 17, 25, 27, 28White-bearded Antshrike Biatas nigropectus Ra (S,T) mo VGB, VBR, PRJ 4Spot-breasted Antvireo Dysithamnus stictothorax Fc (S,T) sm, se NGB X 710, 20Plain Antvireo Dysithamnus mentalis Fc (S,T) se 46, 11, 13, 15, 20Rufous-backed Antvireo Dysithamnus xanthopterus Uc (S,T) mo X 4, 17Star-throated Antwren Myrmotherula gularis Co (S,T) mo, sm, se X 29, 1113, 15, 2022, 24, 29, 30, 33White-flanked Antwren Myrmotherula axillaris Uc (S,T) se 8, 32, 33, 35Unicoloured Antwren Myrmotherula unicolor Uc (S,T) se NGB X 8, 30, 33Rufous-winged Antwren Herpsilochmus rufimarginatus Uc (S,T) se 8, 20Ferruginous Antbird Drymophila ferruginea Uc (S,T) sc X 11, 13Bertonis Antbird Drymophila rubricollis Fc (S,T) mo, se X 25, 11, 15, 17Rufous-tailed Antbird Drymophila genei Uc (S,T) hg NGB X 19Ochre-rumped Antbird Drymophila ochropyga Uc (S,T) se, sc NGB X 2, 4, 5, 11, 15Dusky-tailed Antbird Drymophila malura Uc (S,T) se, sc X 3, 4, 6, 14, 15, 17Scaled Antbird Drymophila squamata Fc (S,T) sm, se X 7, 8, 10, 20Streak-capped Antwren Terenura maculata Fc (S,T) sm, se X 710, 20, 2224, 29, 30White-shouldered Fire-eye Pyriglena leucoptera Co (S,T) sm, se, sc X 24, 612, 14, 15, 22, 23, 2729, 31

White-bibbed Antbird Myrmeciza loricata Uc (S,T) se X 1113

CONOPOPHAGIDAE

Rufous Gnateater Conopophaga lineata Fc (S,T) mo, se, sc X 24, 11, 14, 15, 17Black-cheeked Gnateater Conopophaga melanops Fc (S,T) sm, se, sc X 79, 22, 24, 29

GRALLARIIDAE

Variegated Antpitta Grallaria varia Uc (T) mo, se 35, 11, 15, 17, 29

RHINOCRYPTIDAE

Spotted Bamboowren Psilorhamphus guttatus Ra (T) sm, se NGB X 8, 11Slaty Bristlefront Merulaxis ater Ra (S,T) mo NGB X 4Serra do Mar Tapaculo Scytalopus notorius Uc (S,T) mo, sc X 35, 14, 1719

FORMICARIIDAE

Rufous-capped Antthrush Formicarius colma Uc (S,T) sm 8, 9Suchs Antthrush Chamaeza meruloides Fc (T) mo, se X 26, 1113

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Rufous-tailed Antthrush Chamaeza ruficauda Fc (S,T) mo, se X 3, 4, 14, 17

SCLERURIDAE

Rufous-breasted Leaftosser Sclerurus scansor Uc (S,T) mo, sm, se X 4, 7, 9, 12, 15, 30

DENDROCOLAPTIDAEPlain-winged Woodcreeper Dendrocincla turdina Uc (S,T) sm, se X 7, 8, 10, 24, 30, 33, 35Olivaceous Woodcreeper Sittasomus griseicapillus Co (S,T) mo, sm, se 29, 1113, 15, 2124, 29, 32, 33, 35White-throated WoodcreeperXiphocolaptes albicollis Uc (S,T) mo, sm, se 35, 7, 9, 1315, 20, 29Lesser WoodcreeperXiphorhynchus fuscus Co (S,T) mo, sm, se X 49, 1113, 15, 17, 20, 2224, 30, 31, 33, 35Scaled Woodcreeper Lepidocolaptes squamatus Uc (S) sm X 29, 30Black-billed Scythebill Campylorhamphus falcularius Uc (S,T) mo, sm, se X 20, 22

FURNARIIDAE

Wing-banded Hornero Furnarius figulus Uc (S) sc 7, 30Rufous Hornero Furnarius rufus Co (S) sc, pa 1, 710, 12, 15, 18, 2327, 30Itatiaia Spinetail Oreophylax moreirae Ra (S,T) hg 19Rufous-capped Spinetail Synallaxis ruficapilla Fc (S) se, sc X 26, 11, 14, 15, 17Grey-bellied Spinetail Synallaxis cinerascens Uc (S,T) mo, se 15, 17Spixs Spinetail Synallaxis spixi Fc (S) sc, hg 1, 3, 8, 1214, 18, 19, 21, 25, 27, 28Pallid Spinetail Cranioleuca pallida Uc (S,T) se, sc X 35, 14, 15, 20Yellow-chinned Spinetail Certhiaxis cinnamomeus Uc (S) we 23, 35

Rufous-fronted Thornbird Phacellodomus rufifrons Fc (S) pa 8, 15, 16, 2527, 33, 34Red-eyed Thornbird Phacellodomus erythrophthalmus Uc (S,T) se, sc X 7, 9, 11, 15, 17, 27, 28Buff-browed Foliage-gleaner Syndactyla rufosuperciliata Uc (S,T) se, sc 1, 4, 5, 15Ochre-breasted Foliage-gleaner Philydor lichtensteini Uc (S) sm X 29Black-capped Foliage-gleaner Philydor atricapillus Uc (S) sm X 20, 24, 29Buff-fronted Foliage-gleaner Philydor rufum Fc (S,T) sm, se 19, 11, 12, 20, 22, 30, 32White-collared Foliage-gleanerAnabazenops fuscus Uc (S) se, sc X 26, 11, 13, 15, 17Pale-browed Treehunter Cichlocolaptes leucophrus Uc (S) mo, sm, se X 35, 8, 11, 15, 29, 30White-eyed Foliage-gleanerAutomolus leucophthalmus Uc (S) sm, se X 710, 13, 20, 33, 35Sharp-tailed Streamcreeper Lochmias nematura Uc (S) se, sc 4, 6, 11, 1315, 17, 18, 23, 25, 28, 29, 32Sharp-billed Treehunter Heliobletus contaminatus Uc (S,T) mo, se X 3, 4, 6, 12, 15, 17Plain XenopsXenops minutus Uc (S,T) sm, se, sc 710, 12, 13, 24, 30, 32Streaked XenopsXenops rutilans Uc (S,T) sm, se 5, 8, 11, 15, 22, 23, 30

TYRANNIDAE

Ochre-bellied Flycatcher Mionectes oleagineus Ra (S,T) sm, se 8Grey-hooded Flycatcher Mionectes rufiventris Fc (S,T) sm, se X 79, 17, 20, 22, 24Sepia-capped Flycatcher Leptopogon amaurocephalus Fc (S) sm, se 2, 3, 59, 20, 24, 30Southern Antpipit Corythopis delalandi Uc (S,T) se 8, 30Drab-breasted Bamboo Tyrant Hemitriccus diops Uc (S,T) se X 2, 4, 5, 11, 15Eye-ringed Tody-Tyrant Hemitriccus orbitatus Fc (S,T) sm, se, sc NGB X 4, 79, 11, 24, 30, 32Eared Pygmy Tyrant Myiornis auricularis Uc (S,T) se X 4, 8, 21Ochre-faced Tody-Flycatcher Poecilotriccus plumbeiceps Fc (S,T) se, sc 24, 11, 14, 15, 17, 25, 27, 28Yellow-lored Tody-Flycatcher Todirostrum poliocephalum Fc (S) sc X 7, 24, 25, 2729Common Tody-Flycatcher Todirostrum cinereum Uc (S) sc 23, 35Rough-legged Tyrannulet Phyllomyias burmeisteri Uc (S,T) sm 20, 30, 32Planalto Tyrannulet Phyllomyias fasciatus Fc (S) se, sc 1, 11, 14, 15, 25, 27, 28Grey-capped Tyrannulet Phyllomyias griseocapilla Uc (S,T) se NGB X 14, 15Yellow-bellied Elaenia Elaenia flavogaster Co (S) sc 1, 7, 8, 10, 14, 16, 24, 30, 31, 33, 35Olivaceous Elaenia Elaenia mesoleuca Uc (S,T) sc 14Highland Elaenia Elaenia obscura Uc (S,T) sc 18Southern Beardless Tyrannulet Camptostoma obsoletum Uc (S) sc 24, 14, 24White-crested Tyrannulet Serpophaga subcristata Uc (S) sc 25, 27, 28, 30Mottle-cheeked Tyrannulet Phylloscartes ventralis Uc (S) se, sc 2, 46, 13, 14, 16Oustalets Tyrannulet Phylloscartes oustaleti Ra (S) se NGB, VRJ X 17Serra do Mar Tyrannulet Phylloscartes difficilis Uc (S,T) mo NGB X 14, 18Yellow-olive Flycatcher Tolmomyias sulphurescens Co (S) sm, se, sc 24, 611, 1317, 2025, 2730, 32, 33, 35White-throated Spadebill Platyrinchus mystaceus Fc (S,T) se, sc 46, 8, 11, 13, 15, 17, 20, 22, 29Bran-coloured Flycatcher Myiophobus fasciatus Fc (S) sc 15, 21, 2527, 31Whiskered Flycatcher Myiobius barbatus Uc (S) se 23, 24Black-tailed Flycatcher Myiobius atricaudus Uc (S) se 5, 15Cliff Flycatcher Hirundinea ferruginea Uc (S) sc 1, 21Eulers Flycatcher Lathrotriccus euleri Co (S) se 2, 5, 6, 8, 11, 14, 15, 21, 30Blue-billed Black Tyrant Knipolegus cyanirostris Uc (S) sc 15, 16, 18Velvety Black Tyrant Knipolegus nigerrimus Uc (S) sc, hg X 18, 19, 25, 26White-rumped MonjitaXolmis velatus Uc (S) pa, hg 14, 18, 19, 25, 26Shear-tailed Grey Tyrant Muscipipra vetula Ra (S) sc X 18Masked Water Tyrant Fluvicola nengeta Co (S) sc, pa 1, 7, 8, 20, 23, 24, 30White-headed Marsh TyrantArundinicola leucocephala Uc (S) we 8, 34Long-tailed Tyrant Colonia colonus Fc (S) se 8, 33, 35

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Cattle Tyrant Machetornis rixosa Fc (S) pa 1, 7, 15, 33, 34Piratic Flycatcher Legatus leucophaius Uc (S,T) se, sc 7, 8, 11, 29Social Flycatcher Myiozetetes similis Co (S) sc 1, 3, 68, 11, 1416, 2033, 35Great Kiskadee Pitangus sulphuratus Co (S) sc 1, 39, 11, 1416, 20, 21, 2335

Streaked Flycatcher Myiodynastes maculatus Fc (S) sc 1, 3, 58, 11, 13Boat-billed Flycatcher Megarynchus pitangua Co (S) se, sc 3, 4, 611, 1416, 20, 21, 23, 30, 32, 33, 35Variegated Flycatcher Empidonomus varius Co (S) sc, pa 1, 3, 4, 711, 15, 16Tropical Kingbird Tyrannus melancholicus Co (S) sc, pa 1, 3, 4, 69, 11, 14, 15, 20, 21, 23, 24, 30, 3235Fork-tailed Flycatcher Tyrannus savana Uc (S) pa 3, 7, 8, 10Greyish Mourner Rhytipterna simplex Uc (S) se 8Sirystes Sirystes sibilator Uc (S) se 8Dusky-capped Flycatcher Myiarchus tuberculifer Uc (S) se 11, 30Short-crested Flycatcher Myiarchus ferox Fc (S) sc 1, 3, 710, 15, 18Large-headed Flatbill Ramphotrigon megacephalum Uc (S,T) se, sc 4, 6, 8Rufous-tailed AttilaAttila phoenicurus Uc (S,T) se 15Grey-hooded AttilaAttila rufus Co (S) mo, se X 19, 11, 13, 17, 2932

COTINGIDAE

Swallow-tailed Cotinga Phibalura flavirostris Ra (S) sc NGB, PRJ 18Hooded Berryeater Carpornis cucullata Uc (S,T) mo NGB X 26, 15Bare-throated Bellbird Procnias nudicollis Fc (S,T) mo, sm, se VGB, PRJ X 16, 11, 13, 15, 32, 33

Black-and-gold Cotinga Tijuca atra Uc (S,T) mo X 35, 12, 15, 17, 18PIPRIDAE

Serra do Mar Tyrant-Manakin Neopelma chrysolophum Uc (S,T) se 14Pin-tailed Manakin Ilicura militaris Fc (S) sm, se X 4, 8, 12, 13White-bearded Manakin Manacus manacus Co (S) se 710, 23, 3133, 35Blue Manakin Chiroxiphia caudata Co (S) mo, sm, se, sc X 29, 1113, 15, 17, 20, 23, 24, 29, 30, 32, 33, 35

TITYRIDAE

Sharpbill Oxyruncus cristatus Uc (S,T) mo, se 35Greenish Schiffornis Schiffornis virescens Uc (S,T) se X 35, 15Elegant Mourner Laniisoma elegans Ra (S) se PRJ 5Black-tailed Tityra Tityra cayana Uc (S) sm, se 8, 20, 21Chestnut-crowned Becard Pachyramphus castaneus Fc (S,T) se, sc 36, 11, 20, 23, 30White-winged Becard Pachyramphus polychopterus Co (S) mo, sm, se, sc 1, 35, 79, 1315, 17, 30, 33, 35Black-capped Becard Pachyramphus marginatus Uc (S,T) sm 8, 24, 30Crested Becard Pachyramphus validus Uc (S) se, sc 8, 10

VIREONIDAE

Rufous-browed Peppershrike Cyclarhis gujanensis Co (S,T) se, sc 16, 11, 1318, 20, 2225, 27, 28Red-eyed Vireo Vireo olivaceus Co (S) se, sc 510, 13, 16, 24, 30, 33, 35Rufous-crowned Greenlet Hylophilus poicilotis Co (S,T) se, sc X 36, 11, 1315, 17, 18Grey-eyed Greenlet Hylophilus amaurocephalus Ra (S,T) se, sc 17

CORVIDAE

Curl-crested Jay Cyanocorax cristatellus Uc (S) pa 25, 26

HIRUNDINIDAE

Blue-and-white Swallow Pygochelidon cyanoleuca Co (S) sc, pa 1, 3, 4, 79, 11, 12, 20, 22, 23, 2528, 30, 3335Southern Rough-winged Swallow Stelgidopteryx ruficollis Co (S) sc, pa 79, 2329, 3235Brown-chested Martin Progne tapera Uc (S) sc, pa 24, 25, 27, 28, 32Grey-breasted Martin Progne chalybea Uc (S) sc 24, 35Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica Ra (S) sc, pa 11

TROGLODYTIDAE

Southern House Wren Troglodytes musculus Co (S) sc 1, 3, 79, 11, 14, 15, 20, 21, 23, 2530, 3235Moustached Wren Pheugopedius genibarbis Uc (S) sc 8, 12, 30

Long-billed Wren Cantorchilus longirostris Fc (S) sc 7, 9, 31

TURDIDAE

Yellow-legged Thrush Turdus flavipes Co (S,T) mo, se 16, 12, 15, 17, 24, 3033Rufous-bellied Thrush Turdus rufiventris Co (S,T) se, sc 1, 39, 11, 13, 15, 20, 21, 25, 2731, 33, 34Pale-breasted Thrush Turdus leucomelas Co (S) se, sc 1, 4, 8, 13, 15, 20, 23, 29, 30, 32, 33Creamy-bellied Thrush Turdus amaurochalinus Uc (S) sc 1, 7White-necked Thrush Turdus albicollis Co (S,T) se 25, 8, 20, 29, 30, 32, 33, 35

MIMIDAE

Chalk-browed Mockingbird Mimus saturninus Fc (S) pa 7, 9, 15, 23, 2527, 33, 34

COEREBIDAE

Bananaquit Coereba flaveola Co (S,T) se, sc 1, 5, 8, 20, 23, 29, 30

THRAUPIDAE

Cinnamon Tanager Schistochlamys ruficapillus Uc (S,T) sc, hg 18, 19, 2527

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Olive-green Tanager Orthogonys chloricterus Uc (S,T) sm X 8, 30Orange-headed Tanager Thlypopsis sordida Uc (S,T) sc 8, 10, 23, 31Chestnut-headed Tanager Pyrrhocoma ruficeps Ra (S) se 17Black-goggled Tanager Trichothraupis melanops Co (S) se, sc 47, 9, 12, 13, 15, 20, 2224, 2730

Red-crowned Ant Tanager Habia rubica Co (S) se 5, 79, 12, 20, 23, 24, 29, 33, 35Flame-crested Tanager Tachyphonus cristatus Fc (S) sm, se 79, 22, 24, 29, 30Ruby-crowned Tanager Tachyphonus coronatus Co (S) se, sc X 113, 20, 21Brazilian Tanager Ramphocelus bresilius Fc (S) sc X 1, 5, 7, 8, 16, 23, 25, 2731Sayaca Tanager Thraupis sayaca Co (S) sc 1, 35, 79, 11, 13, 15, 16, 18, 20, 2123, 29, 30, 3335Azure-shouldered Tanager Thraupis cyanoptera Fc (S,T) se, sc NGB X 16, 11, 32Golden-chevroned Tanager Thraupis ornata Fc (S,T) se, sc X 16, 15, 16, 29Palm Tanager Thraupis palmarum Fc (S,T) sc 16, 29, 32Diademed Tanager Stephanophorus diadematus Fc (S,T) sc, hg 14, 18, 19Fawn-breasted Tanager Pipraeidea melanonota Uc (S,T) sc 5, 6, 30Green-headed Tanager Tangara seledon Co (S) sm, se, sc X 79, 20, 23, 24, 29, 30, 32Red-necked Tanager Tangara cyanocephala Fc (S) sm, se X 79, 21, 29Brassy-breasted Tanager Tangara desmaresti Co (S) se, sc X 1, 2, 46, 11, 13, 14, 17, 18, 24, 25, 27, 28Burnished-buff Tanager Tangara cayana Co (S) sc 1, 7, 9, 14, 16, 2528Swallow Tanager Tersina viridis Uc (S) mo 4, 12Blue Dacnis Dacnis cayana Fc (S) se, sc 79, 14, 20, 25, 2729Green Honeycreeper Chlorophanes spiza Ra (S) sm VRJ 20

Rufous-headed Tanager Hemithraupis ruficapilla Fc (S,T) sm, se X 5, 79, 22, 24, 29, 32Yellow-backed Tanager Hemithraupis flavicollis Uc (S,T) se, sc 8, 24, 30, 32Chestnut-vented Conebill Conirostrum speciosum Uc (S) sc 8, 24, 30

EMBERIZIDAE

Rufous-collared SparrowZonotrichia capensis Co (S) sc, pa 13, 57, 9, 1316, 18, 19, 2527Uniform Finch Haplospiza unicolor Uc (S,T) sc X 8, 11Bay-chested Warbling Finch Poospiza thoracica Uc (S) hg X 19Saffron Finch Sicalis flaveola Co (S) sc, pa 1, 3, 79, 15, 18, 2527, 30, 33, 34Wedge-tailed Grass Finch Emberizoides herbicola Uc (S,T) pa 7, 9Blue-black Grassquit Volatinia jacarina Fc (S) sc, pa 7, 8, 13, 15Buffy-fronted Seedeater Sporophila frontalis Ra (S) mo, sc VGB, VBR, TRJ X 29Temmincks Seedeater Sporophila falcirostris Ra (S) mo, sc VGB, VBR, TRJ X 29Lined Seedeater Sporophila lineola Uc (S) sc, pa 7, 8Double-collared Seedeater Sporophila caerulescens Co (S) sc, pa 1, 3, 7, 8, 1113, 15, 20, 21, 23, 2527, 33, 34Sooty Grassquit Tiaris fuliginosus Uc (S,T) sc 11, 32Half-collared SparrowArremon semitorquatus Uc (S,T) mo, sc X 11, 30

CARDINALIDAEYellow-green GrosbeakCaryothraustes canadensis Uc (S,T) se 8, 30, 32Black-throated GrosbeakSaltator fuliginosus Uc (S,T) se X 20, 22Buff-throated Saltator Saltator maximus Uc (S,T) sc 7, 8Green-winged Saltator Saltator similis Uc (S,T) se 26, 30

PARULIDAE

Tropical Parula Parula pitiayumi Co (S) se 79, 20, 24, 30, 32Masked Yellowthroat Geothlypis aequinoctialis Uc (S) sc 2528Golden-crowned Warbler Basileuterus culicivorus Co (S) se, sc 27, 1018, 21, 22, 25, 2729, 31White-browed Warbler Basileuterus leucoblepharus Fc (S,T) mo, se X 1, 36, 1418

ICTERIDAE

Crested Oropendola Psarocolius decumanus Uc (S) se 16, 21, 22, 29Red-rumped Cacique Cacicus haemorrhous Uc (S) se, sc 7, 8, 23, 24, 30, 32, 33, 35Chopi Blackbird Gnorimopsar chopi Uc (S) pa 7, 33, 34Chestnut-capped Blackbird Chrysomus ruficapillus Uc (S) we 8Giant Cowbird Molothrus oryzivorus Ra (S) pa PRJ 3Shiny Cowbird Molothrus bonariensis Uc (S) sc, pa 1, 3White-browed Blackbird Sturnella superciliaris Uc (S) pa 7, 8

FRINGILLIDAE

Hooded Siskin Carduelis magellanica Uc (S) sc 1, 2527Purple-throated Euphonia Euphonia chlorotica Uc (S) sc 7, 8Violaceous Euphonia Euphonia violacea Co (S) se, sc 7, 8, 23, 24, 3032Orange-bellied Euphonia Euphonia xanthogaster Fc (S,T) sm, se 7, 8, 10, 20, 23, 29, 30, 32Chestnut-bellied Euphonia Euphonia pectoralis Co (S) sm, se, sc X 25, 8, 11, 21, 22, 24, 29, 30Blue-naped Chlorophonia Chlorophonia cyanea Ra (S) sm 20

ESTRILDIDAE

Common Waxbill Estrilda astrild Uc (S) pa 12, 15, 30

PASSERIDAE

House Sparrow Passer domesticus Uc (S) sc 7

Cotinga 31

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