a organização como fenômeno psicossocial: notas para uma redefinição da psicologia do trabalho

7/21/2019 A organização como fenômeno psicossocial: notas para uma redefinição da Psicologia do Trabalho

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A ORGANIZAÇÃO COMO FENÔMENO PSICOSSOCIAL: NOTAS PARA UMA REDEFINIÇÃODA PSICOLOGIA DO

TRABALHO

Peter K. Spi!

Resumo: A "re# $# p%i&'(')i# $' tr#*#(+' e&'tr#,%e +'-e r#)/et#$#0 &'/

/1(tip('% te/#% %e$' tr#*#(+#$'% $e 'r/# i%'(#$# e %e/ 2/# /'($2r# 32e per/it# 2/#

#pre&i#45' &r6ti&# $'% e7/e'% ' %e2 t'$'. Di8er%'% e(e/et'% e #&'te&i/et'% t9/&'tri*26$' p#r# e%t# %it2#45'0 etre e(e% # #(%# $i%ti45' etre p%i&'(')i# teri&# e p%i&'(')i# #p(i&#$#0 # #$'45' ii&i#( $e 2/# p'%t2r# 8#('r#ti8# 32e 89 # #45' $# p%i&'(')i#&'/' itri%e&#/ete p'%iti8#0 e # #(%# %ep#r#45' etre ' $eter/ii%/' t;&i&' e #iter#45' %'&i#( $' (#$' +2/#' $'% e)&i'%. C'%i$er#$' '% $i(e/#% 32e e%te &'te<t'&ri#0 # te$9&i# $e #pr'<i/#r /#i% # P%i&'(')i# $' Tr#*#(+' $# P%i&'(')i# S'&i#( &r6ti&# ;8i%t# p'%iti8#/ete p'r32e per/ite 5' %'/ete '2tr#% ti&#% %'*re e7/e'%'r)#i=#&i'#i% e $' tr#*#(+' /#% t#/*;/ %'*re 'r/#45' e $i>/i&# $' prpri' &#/p'e/ 32e '&'rre/ e%%e% e7/e'%. U/ e<e/p(' $e%t# #pr'<i/#45' ; $#$' # p#rtir $e 2/##"(i%e $# &'%tr245' $' &'&eit' $e 'r)#i=#45' e $# /#eir# &'/' e%t# 8ir# ?#()'@$etr' $' 32#( ' pr'&e%%' %'&i#( %e $" e/ 8e= $e %er 8i%t# &'/' ' prpri' pr'&e%%' %'&i#(.

Palavras-Chave: +i%tri# &r6ti&# $# p%i&'(')i# $' tr#*#(+'0 p%i&'(')i# #p(i&#$#0&'%tr2&i'i%/'0 p%i&'(')i# %'&i#( $' pr'&e%%' 'r)#i=#ti8'.

INTRODUÇÃO

O 32e +'-e ; &+#/#$' $e P%i&'(')i# $' Tr#*#(+' ; 2/# (i%t# $e tpi&'% t5' 8#%t#32e per$e 32#(32er %i)ii&#$' e%pe&6i&' e ; $i6&i( &'%i$er#r &'/' 2/ &'-2t'. P'r e<e/p(' t#t' ' tr#*#(+' e/pre%#ri#(0 p1*(i&' '2 ' ter&eir' %et'r eti$#$e% e

#%%'&i#4e% i(#trpi&#% 5' )'8er#/et#i% '2 $e repre%et#45' %5' e%t2$#$#% 32e%te%$e er)''/i#0 %#1$e $' tr#*#(+#$'r0 'r)#i=#45' $' tr#*#(+'0 %e(e45'0 trei#/et' t;&i&'0'riet#45' 8'&#&i'#(0 /'ti8#45' e %#ti%#45'0 &'/pr'/eti/et'0 %i)ii&#$' $' tr#*#(+'0re(#4e% iterpe%%'#i%0 (i$er#4# e &'/p'rt#/et' )r2p#(0 e%ti(' 'r)#i=#&i'#(0&'/2i&#45' e 'r)#i=#45' i'r/#(0 re(#4e% $e tr#*#(+'0 e)'&i#45' %i$i&#( e #"(i%e'r)#i=#&i'#( e i%tit2&i'#(.

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$e/'%tr# 32e ' ter/' p%i&'(')i# $' tr#*#(+' ; t5' $e%&riti8' 32#t' p%i&'(')i# $' 'r#,$',tr#*#(+'. Pi'r #i$#0 # /2(tip(i&#45' $e e(e/et'% $e #t2#45' #&'te&e %e/ e+2/# *#%eteri&# 32e %ir8# $e /'($2r# '2 %e/ 32#(32er $i%p2t# teri&# &(#r# 32e p'%%# %er8ir &'/'2/ $i"(')' $e reer9&i# &'/'0 p'r e<e/p('0 # "re# $# p%i&'(')i# &(6i&#. T5' &'2%' ;e%te t2/2(t' $e te/#% 32e 5' ; $e e%tr#+#r 32e # prpri# p%i&'(')i# preir# $ei<",('

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D2r#te 2/ per6'$' *2%&'2,%e &ri#r 2/ e%p#4' /#i% &'erete e /e'% pr'*(e/"ti&'# p#rtir $e 2/ e'32e i%tit2&i'#( e &'/ 2/# /#i'r #te45' #' 2&i'#/et' p%i&'%%'&i#( $e +'%pit#i%0 &etr'% $e %#1$e0 e%&'(#%0 &re&+e%. C'erete0 p'r32e # (i)#45' $# p%i&'(')i# &'/ ' $e%e8'(8i/et'0 # #pre$i=#)e/ e # /e$i&i# %e/pre 'i /2it' pre%ete /e'% pr'*(e/"ti&' p'r32e 5' %5' i$1%tri#% &'/ %e2% $i(e/#% $' &#pit#(. E%t##*'r$#)e/ te8e %e2% (i/ite% p'r pe(' /e'% tr9% r#=e%: pri/eir#0 # i%tit2i45' ; 2/#&#te)'ri# e%pe&6i&# $e 'r)#i=#45' %i/*(i&# '2 $' 2i8er%' %i/*(i&' $' e(e/et''r)#i=#$'0 e 5' 2/ %i7i/' p#r# 'r)#i=#4e% 32e pre%t#/ %er8i4'% %'&i#i% e%pe&6i&'%&'%e32ete/ete 'i $i6&i( /#ter #% re%tri4e% rete #' #2/et' $e itere%%e e/ &2(t2r#'r)#i=#&i'#( 32e e<i)i2 2/# $eii45' /#i% &(#r# $' 32e ; i%tit2i45'. Se)2$#0 t#/*;/e%te% tip'% $e 'r)#i=#45' +" &#r)'%0 &#rreir#%0 t#re#% %e$' #('&#$'% e te&'(')i#% #%ere/ 'per#&i'#(i=#$#%: # #*'r$#)e/ /#i% p%i&'$i>/i&# e p%i&##(6ti&# $# #"(i%ei%tit2&i'#( te8e p'2&#% err#/et#% p#r# 2/ 2i8er%' 32e t#/*;/ ; %'&i'te&i&'.Fi#(/ete0 ' &#pit#( e '% $i(e/#% e &'(it'% $# re(#45' &#pit#(,tr#*#(+' p'$e/ 5' e%t#r e<p(i&it#/ete pre%ete%0 /#% #% i%t>&i#% $e e%t#$' e )'8er' e %2# re(#45' &'/ #&i$#$#i# #% 32e%te% $e p'(6ti&# %'&i#( %5' i)2#(/ete '2 #t; /#i% &'/p(e<#% e pr'*(e/"ti&#%.

S2r)e p'rt#t' # per)2t#: ' 32e #=er p#r# $i/i2ir # r#)/et#45' e &ri#r p#r#e%t# "re# i/e%# 2/# p'%%i*i(i$#$e $e #t2#45' /e'% p#r#$'<#( A re%p'%t# p#%%#e&e%%#ri#/ete pe(# &'/pree%5' $' pr'&e%%' $e r#)/et#45'0 e (e8# pr'p'%i45' $e2/# '8# 2i$#$e $e #"(i%e p%i&'()i&# 32e p'%%# per/itir ' re$i/e%i'#/et' $'&#/p' &'/' 2/ t'$': pr'&e%%' 'r)#i=#ti8' e32#t' (2<' $e #4e% e %i)ii&#$'%%'&i#i%.

DESCONSTRINDO O LADO HUMANO DA ORGANIAÇÃO

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O ree&'tr' # p%i&'(')i# %'&i#( &'/ #% $i8er%#% e % 8e=e% $i8er)ete% te'ri#%%'*re # iter%2*-eti8i$#$e ' terre' $# te'ri# %'&i#( te8e &'/' &'%e329&i# # *2%&# $#&'tri*2i45' $# p%i&'(')i# %'&i#( # &'/pree%5' &r6ti&# $# #45' ' >/*it' %'&iet#(. Se #E2r'p# e%te pr'&e%%' %e $e2 $e /#eir# /#i% re(e<i8# # p#rtir $# $;&#$# $e J0 &'/ '%



&'/et"ri'% $e M'%&'8i&i0 I%r#e( e T#-e( e H#rr; etre '2tr'0 # A/;ri&# L#ti# e(# %et'r'2 /#i% r#$i&#(0 pr'$2t' e/ p#rte $# e<#&er*#45' $e pr'*(e/#% %'&i#i% e $#% /1(tip(#%&'%e329&i#% $'% #-2%te% e%tr2t2r#i% /#&r'e&'7i&'%.

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i&#p#&i$#$e $#% te'ri#% p%i&'()i&#% 'rt'$'<#% 'ere&ere/ 2/ 32#$r' $e reer9&i# /#i%i'r/#$'. D#$' 32e t#/*;/ ' (2)#r $# $i%&2%%5' %'*re ' %i)ii&#$' $#% 32e%te% %'&i#i%e #% p'%%68ei% e%tr#t;)i&#% $e #45' %e $#8#0 &'&eit2#( e p'(iti&#/ete0 #% &i9&i#% %'&i#i%0' re%2(t#$' 'i 2/# %#2$"8e( %'&i'(')i=#45' $# p%i&'(')i# %'&i#( e 2/# re-ei45' $e /2it'$e %e2 &'te1$' tr#$i&i'#(. E%t# 8ir#$#0 % 8e=e% e<#)er#$# pe(' &'(it' 32e )er#8#0tr'2<e 2/# &'/pree%5' $# &'/p(e<i$#$e $' &#/p' $e pr'&e%%'% %'&i#i% e %er8i2 t#/*;/ p#r# /'%tr#r 32e ' $e%#i' $e &'%tr2ir 2/# &'tri*2i45' /#i% re(e8#te 5' p'$i# %er eret#$' &'/ # %i/p(e% p%i&'(')i=#45' $e &'(it'% %'&i'()i&'% e #tr'p'()i&'%. Seri#e&e%%"ri' e<#/i#r # prpri# /#tri= &'&eit2#( $# p%i&'(')i# %'&i#( e/ *2%&# $e e(e/et'%32e per/iti%%e/ 2/# &'/p(e/et#ri$#$e ite)r#ti8# etre '% &'&eit'% $e pe%%'# e pr'&e%%'% %'&i#i% e/ 8e= $' $i%t#&i#/et' pr'8'&#$' pe(' *i7/i' tr#$i&i'#( $'i$i86$2',%'&ie$#$e.

O re%2(t#$' te/ %i$' 2/ #8#4' %i)ii&#ti8' $# &#p#&i$#$e $e &'/pree$er '%e8et'% $' $i#,#,$i# &'/' 2/# pr"ti&# iter%2*-eti8# e %'&i#(/ete re(e8#te0 *#%e $# pr'$245' e repr'$245' $e pr'&e%%'% %'&i#i%. C'/e4'2,%e # $e%#=er # '45'0 i/p(6&it# ##(%# %ep#r#45' $' i$i86$2' e &'te<t'0 $e 32e ' e/p6ri&' te/ $'i% 68ei% 2/ 68e( p%i&'()i&' e 2/ 68e( %'&i'()i&'. C'/' *e/ &'/et'2 A$'r':“Sociologia e Psicologia, na medida em que funcionam isoladamente, caem

frequentemente na tentação de projetar a divisão do trabalho intelectual no seu objeto de

estudo. A separação da sociedade e da psique é uma falsa conscincia! perpetua

conceitualmente a divisão entre o sujeito vivo e a objetividade que governa os sujeitos masque se deriva deles. "as base desta falsa conscincia não pode ser removida por um mero

dictum metodol#gico. As pessoas são incapa$es de se reconhecer na sociedade e

reconhecer a sociedade nelas, até porque estão alienadas umas das outras e da totalidade%Se ' l& fora ; /2it' /#i% c& entre n#s, 32#(32er tet#ti8# $e e%t2$#r #ti8i$#$e

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“A psicotécnica econ)mica pode servir certos fins do comércio e da ind*stria, mas se estes

são os melhores não é uma preocupação que deve pesar para o psic#logo%A 8i%5' $e M2%ter*er) e '2tr#% ; &'/pree%68e( &'%i$er#$' 32e ' /'/et' 'i

$# &'%'(i$#45' $# r#=5' &iet6i&# '*-eti8# e $# &ri#45' # i$1%tri# $e pri&6pi'% &(#r'% $e'r)#i=#45'0 'ri2$'% $# /e&>i&#0 32e p'$e/ %er &'%i$er#$'% 2/ /'$e(' &'rret' e

/e(+'r. #t' 32e /2it'% $e%te% pri&6pi'% -" e%t#8#/ pre%ete% $e 'r/# /#i%r#)/et#$# p'r e<e/p(' '% tr#*#(+'% $e C+#r(e% B#**#)e A arte da "anufactura +

e/ JQ '2 #% e%tr#$#% $e err'0 /#% # %2# &'%'(i$#45' #% %'&ie$#$e% $e e)e+eir'% e#% e%&'(#% $e &'/;r&i' e $e #$/ii%tr#45' # &'%t# (e%te $'% E%t#$'% Ui$'% #&'te&e2e%%e per6'$'. P#r# &#$# pr'*(e/# +#8er" 2/# %'(245' r#&i'#( e p#r# '% p%i&(')'% e%t# pr'p'%i45' t'r'2,%e ' p't' $e p#rti$# p#r# # p%i&'(')i# #p(i&#$#: # %ep#r#45' etre #&'%tr245' e<peri/et#( $e 2/# *#%e &'&eit2#( e # #p(i&#45' $e%t# *#%e # pr'*(e/#%e%pe&6i&'%. A pri/eir# #ti8i$#$e er# # prpri# $# p%i&'(')i# e<peri/et#( e # %e)2$# $# p%i&'(')i# #p(i&#$#. O &#/i+' ; $e 2/# /5' % $' &#/p' teri&' (e)iti/#$'&ietii&#/ete p#r# %2# 'per#&i'#(i=#45' 2/ /2$' 32e pre&i%#8# %er 'r)#i=#$' e/e(+'r#$'.

E%te% $'i% e(e/et'%0 ' &#/i+' 2i$ire&i'#( etre # te'ri# e # pr"ti&#0 e '$eter/ii%/' $# ei&i9&i# t;&i&# '2 $# 'r)#i=#45' 8i%t# &'/' 2/# /"32i#0 %e&'/*i#r#/ p#r# pr'$2=ir 2/ &#/p' ;rti( $e e<p#%5' 5',pr'*(e/"ti&#. A #"(i%e&("%%i&# $'% p%i&(')'% $e%te per6'$' ; $e B#rit= ' %e2 (i8r' s criados do poder. AP%&+'(')i&#( C'rp'r#ti'0 &'+e&i$# #t; +'-e &'/' 2/ $'% pri&ip#i% &etr'% $e p2*(i&#45' $e te%te% p%i&'()i&'% 'i &ri#$# ' i6&i' $# $;&#$# $e J p#r# #p(i&#r p%i&'(')i# #' /2$' $'% e)&i'%. P#r# /2it'% $'% pri&ip#i% p%i&(')'% $# ;p'&#e8'(8i$'% # &ri#45' $e te'ri#% e i%tr2/et'% p#r# /e$ir $iere4#% i$i8i$2#i%0 ' /2$'$e e)&i'% 8ir'2 t#/*;/ 2/ *'/ e)&i'. 2#(32er p'%%68e( te%5' etre 8#('re% $' p%i&(')' e ' '8' &#/p' e/ e<p#%5' 'i #(i8i#$# p'r 2/# i$e'(')i# pr'i%%i'#( e)ere&i#( 8'(t#$# i/p'rt>&i# $# %#ti%#45' pe%%'#( p#r# ' i$i86$2' #('&#$' 2/ p'%t'$e tr#*#(+' 32e ; /e(+'r p#r# %2#% +#*i(i$#$e%. N't#,%e 32e #% i/p(i&#4e% p'r i8er%'5' %5' e%pe&ii&#$#%. P#r# M2%ter*er):“ainda mais importante de que lucros comerciais de ambos os lados são os ganhos

culturais - vida econ)mica da nação na medida em que todos podem ser levados ao lugar

em que suas melhores energias podem ser demonstradas e sua satisfação pessoal obtida. A psicologia e'perimental econ)mica oferece nada menos de que a idéia inspiradora que o

ajuste de trabalho e psique pode levar - troca de insatisfação no trabalho e depressão

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A ORGANIAÇÃO EN!UANTO PRODUTO DISCURSI"O

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um certo grau de ordem no caos que a ignor7ncia dos fatores ambientais ocasionaria. 8sse processo de ordenação, envolvendo o planejamento, recebeu diversos nomes, sendo o mais

comum de organi$ação%



N# #tr'p'(')i# $# /e%/# ;p'&#0 organi$ação er# 2%#$# $e /#eir# )e;ri&# p#r#%e reerir #'% pr'&e%%'% %'&i#i% e/ #)re)#4e% +2/##%0 %2#% re(i)ie%0 rit'%0 e%tr2t2r##/i(i#r e /'$' $e 8i$#. Ni)2;/ $28i$#8# 32e e%te% pr'&e%%'% %'&i#i% ti+#/ %e2 (#$'%i/*(i&'0 &'/' # &it#45' $e Ge'r)e $ei<# tr#%p#re&er # p#rtir $' 2%' $# e<pre%%5'ambiente mental tr#t#8#,%e0 p'r;/0 $e 2/ pr'&e%%' $e 'r$e#45' ' 68e( /i&r' '2 /#&r'

e 5' $e #()' e/ %i.E32#t' # (i)2#)e/ $' &'ti$i#' e%te %eti$' *"%i&' $e 'r)#i=#45' e32#t'#ti8i$#$e '2 #45' pr'&e%%2#( #' #(&#&e $e t'$'% &'ti2# %i/*'(i&#/ete pre%ete #t; +'-e&'/' # r#%e organi$ar 2/# e%t#0 ' terre' &'&eit2#( # %it2#45' ; '2tr#. A' &+e)#r #$;&#$# $e JQ0 ' pr'&e%%' $e &ri#45' $' &#/p' pr'i%%i'#( )ere&i#( %e &'%'(i$#0e<i)i$' 2/ e%p#4' $e(i/it#$' e i$e'(')i&#/ete (e)iti/"8e( $e #2t'ri$#$e e &'/pet9&i#.E<p#$e,%e t#/*;/ ' &#/p' pr'i%%i'#( $#% &i9&i#% %'&i#i% p#r# '% 68ei% $e /e%',#"(i%e $# %'&ie$#$e0 tr#=e$' # e&e%%i$#$e $e Ter 2/ #()' p#r# e%t2$#r. A p#(#8r#'r)#i=#45' #(ter# %e2 %i)ii&#$'. A)'r# e(# p#%%# # %er 2/ '*-et' # %er e%t2$#$'0 2/#e%p;&ie $e *#1 $etr' $' 32#( &'/p'rt#/et'% p'$e/ %er '*%er8#$'%0 e &re%&e # $i%&2%%5'%'*re %2#% &#r#&ter6%ti&#% e %e2 )ere&i#/et'. C#$# 8e= /#i% (i8r'% #p#re&e/ /'%tr#$'&'/' # 'r)#i=#45' ; 2/ e7/e' /'$er' e &'/' #% 8i$#% $e &#$# 2/ %5' /#i% e /#i%$epe$ete% $e 'r)#i=#4e%. O% /1(tip('% e(e/et'% $e%te '8' #()'@ %5' %ep#r#$'% e -2t#$'% 2/ e%'r4' $e i$etii&#r #% 8#ri"8ei%,&+#8e% 32e #et#/ %e2 $e%e/pe+' e$e/'r# /2it' p'2&' te/p' p#r# 32e ' *#1 #*%tr#t' 8ire 2/# eti$#$e &'&ret# 32e te/&'/p'rt#/et' prpri' 32#%e 32e #tr'p'/ri&' 32#$' &'%i$er#$#% #% reer9&i#% 'r)#i=#45' en'uta, 'r)#i=#45' saud&vel, 'r)#i=#45' 32e aprende.

A' %er &'&eit2#(i=#$# &#$# 8e= /#i% 2/ ?#()'@ e/ 8e= $e %er &'/pree$i$'e32#t' pr'&e%%'0 &'/e4#,%e # 'rt#(e&er # %2*'r$i#45' %i/*(i&# $# p#rte #' t'$'0 8i%t'&'/ 2/ t'$' %ep#r#$'. Or)#i=#4e% %5' ?#()'@ e e%te ?#()'@ te/ p#rte% $#$' 32e '?#()'@ ; /#i'r $' 32e # p#rte0 ' ?#()'@ ; /#i% i/p'rt#te. O &'/p'rt#/et'0 32e ; 8i%t'&'/' 2/# p#rte0 #&'te&e $etr' $e%te ?#()'@0 '2 organi$ação9todo. A e%tr2t2r# ; #e%tr2t2r# $' t'$'0 $# 'r)#i=#45' 'r/#(/ete &'%tit26$# #% #4e% $' $i#,#,$i# %5' $'/2$' i'r/#( e /2$#' $# p#rte. Se)2e p'rt#t' 32e ' pri/eir' @'*8i#/ete@ # *#%e$' p'$er e %e)2$' $# %2*%er8i9&i#.

A pre%e4# $e%t# repre%et#45' %'&i#( %'*re # &'%tit2i45' $# organi$ação (e8'2 pe%%'#% # pe%#r 32e 5' %e p'$e #=er #$# %e 5' +'28er p#rti&ip#45' #% $e&i%e%&etr#i% &'%e32ete/ete0 e32#&i'#$' p#rti&ip#45' &'/ # pre%e4# $e repre%et#te%e(eit'% '% &'%e(+'% #$/ii%tr#ti8'% e e)#$' # i/p'rt>&i# $e /2$#4#% ' ('&#( $etr#*#(+'. A organi$ação9todo 5' te/ e+2/ (2)#r p#r# ' &'ti$i#'.

P'r;/0 %er" 32e i%%' ; 2/ pre%%2p'%t' 8"(i$'0 '2 %er" 32e #' #%%2/ir # &'&ret2$e$# 'r)#i=#45' e32#t' 2/ t'$'0 &#i,%e 2/ err' t#2t'()i&'@ A' %2p'r 32e # 'r)#i=#45'; 2/# &#te)'ri# &(#r# e 5' pr'*(e/"ti&#0 iterpret#/,%e '% $#$'% # /e%/# 8ei#. Se #'r)#i=#45' e<i%te0 p'rt#t' ; '*8i' 32e #45' #&'te&e $etr' $# 'r)#i=#45'. E %e p'r #&#%' e%te ?#()'@ 5' e<i%tirDe%$e '% tr#*#(+'% pi'eir'% $'% iter#&i'i%t#% %i/*(i&'% $etr' $# (i+# #*ert# p'r G.H.Me#$0 e $'% pe%32i%#$'re% $e &#/p' (eXii#'% p'r e<e/p(' B#r!er e Vri)+t0 #t; #% pr'p'%t#% et'/et'$'()i&#%0 e t#/*;/ ' $e*#te &r6ti&' $etr' $# #tr'p'(')i# $# #45' '2$# %e/iti&#0 t'r#,%e &#$# 8e= /#i% &(#r' 32e ' $i#,#,$i#0 ' &'ti$i#' /2$#'0 5' ; 2/8#=i' $e re%t'% #(e#t'ri#/ete e%p#(+#$'% pe(' &+5' /#%0 #' &'tr"ri'0 ; ' (2)#r '$e #)ete %e re&'+e&e &'/' )ete ' %eti$' &'/2i&#ti8'. Re&'+e&e,%e t#/*;/ 32e #&#p#&i$#$e $e 'r$e#r #ti8i$#$e% e #4e%0 $e &ri#r $ierete% e '8#% 'r/#% $e #)ir ; 2/#



&#r#&ter6%ti&# e%%e&i#(/ete +2/## e 32e ; e%t# # *#%e 32e /#teri#(i=# '% p#%%'% $#+2/#i$#$e ' +'ri='te re&'+e&68e( $' $i#,#,$i#0 /e%/' 32e '% p#%%'% %e-#/&'tr#$itri'% e %e2% %i)ii&#$'% &'2%'%.

O $i#,#,$i# 'r)#i=#&i'#( ; '$e %e tr#*#(+# p#rte e%t# &2-' +'ri='te '2 (i/ite ; %'&i',te&i&#/ete &'i)2r#$' pe(' e%p#4' 6%i&'0 /#32i"ri#0 t#re#%0 +'r"ri'%0

pre%%2p'%t'% $e &'tr'(e e pr"ti&#% $e iter#45'. Ne%t# &'&ep45'0 # 'r$e/ 'r)#i=#&i'#(te/ /2it' /#i% 8er &'/ 2/# 'r$e/ e)'&i#$# etre &'ti$i#'% $i%tit'% $ep#rt#/et'%0"re#%0 %#(#% $e #2(#0 rep#rti4e% e ('-#% e ' todo ; /2it' /#i% 2/ re%i$2#(0 %e/ e+2/#&#r#&ter6%ti&# +'/')9e#. Ne%t# ti&#0 #% 'r)#i=#4e% e32#t' &'i%#% reii&#$#% &'/'?#()'@ #$# /#i% %5' $' 32e # %'/*r# pr'-et#$# pe(' &'ti$i#' e/ /'8i/et' '20 t#(8e=/e(+'r0 #% pe)#$#% $ei<#$#% pe(# p#%%#)e/ $# #45' e32#t' #ti8i$#$e +2/##. A %'/*r#ii*e e # pe)#$# &'8i$#0 p'r;/ #/*#% %5' #% &'%e329&i#% $# #45' e 5' %2# 'ri)e/.

O*8i#/ete +" e<e/p('% $e e/pree$i/et'% 32e %e i%'(#/ p'r i%er45' '2 'p45'0'$e 2/ te<t' 'r)#i=#&i'#( *2%&# %er +e)e/7i&' e $iere&i#$'r0 &ri#$' 2/# &2(t2r#'r)#i=#&i'#( 'rte e /#r&#te. M#% %er" /e%/' e%te% &#%'% ' te<t' ; $e #t' +e)e/7i&''20 #' &'tr"ri'0 #% pe%%'#% re&'+e&e/ # %2# pre%e4# e32#t' #2t'ri$#$e '2 $i%&2r%''i&i#( e32#t' 2ti(i=#/ '2tr'% re&2r%'% p#r# ' $i#,#,$i#. [#(e (e/*r#r ' e%t2$' &("%%i&' $eR'%e+#/ &2-' '% p%e2$'%,p#&iete% e%32i='r9i&'% 'r#/ r#pi$#/ete $i#)'%ti&#$'%&'/' pe%32i%#$'re% pe('% $e/#i% p#&iete% iter#$'%. T#/*;/ e/ &'/2/ e/ pr'&e%%'%$e itr'$245' e ite)r#45' $e tr#*#(+#$'re% per&e*er 32e # /#i'ri# $'% 2&i'"ri'% 5' pre%t# #te45' \#% #2(#% '2 86$e'% e<p(i&#ti8'% &#rre)#$'% &'/ &'te1$' %i/*(i&' e#)2#r$# ' i6&i' $' tr#*#(+' p#r# i$#)#r #' 8i=i+' &'/' #% &'i%#% %5' eit#% e 32#i% #%re)r#% i/p'rt#te%.

TODOS E PARTES

Se #% p#rte%0 #i$# $eii$#% $e /#eir# #*ert#0 %5' '% (2)#re% $e re%i$9&i# '%eti$' $e #ti8i$#$e e #45'0 32#( ; ' p#pe( $' t'$' H"0 %i/p(ii&#$'0 tr9% 'p4e% p'%%68ei%.

A pri/eir# &'/e4# &'/ # '45' $e 32e todo é algo fora da parte, # p#rte ; $etr'$' t'$'. Ne%t# ti&#0 'r)#i=#4e% %5' eti$#$e% %ep#r#$#% e #% pe%%'#% %e &'/p'rt#/$etr' $e(#% $e #&'r$' &'/ re)r#% '*%er8"8ei% e te'ri&#/ete pre8i%68ei%. Or)#i=#4e% p'$e/ %er e%t2$#% e32#t' eti$#$e% 32e t9/ e%tr2t2r#%0 te&'(')i#%0 &2(t2r#% e#/*iete% pe%%'#% %5' $ierete% e t9/ %2# prpri# te/"ti&# $e e%t2$'. E%t# %eri# # 'p45'$# '*-eti8i$#$e %e)2i$# pe(# )r#$e /#i'ri# $e pe%32i%#$'re% #% "re#% tr#$i&i'#i% $# p%i&'(')i# $' tr#*#(+'.

A %e)2$# &'/e4# &'/ ' /e%/' pri&6pi'0 /#% re&'+e&e 32e #% pe%%'#% t9/ 2/#te$9&i# # &'%tr2ir %e2% prpri'% /2$'%0 p'rt#t' ; e&e%%"ri' re(#ti8i=#r ' &'&eit' p#r# (e8#r i%%' e/ &'%i$er#45'. Or)#i=#4e% e<i%te/ $e #t'0 % 32e #% pe%%'#% te$e/ #89,(#% #tr#8;% $e %e2% prpri'% '(+'%. E%t# %eri# # 'p45' $# %2*-eti8i$#$e e ; '$e %ee&'tr#/ '% tr#*#(+'% %'*re (i$er#4# e &'/2i&#45'0 $e &2(t2r# 'r)#i=#&i'#( e 2/# *'# p#rte $# p%i&'(')i# $it# i%tit2&i'#(. E%t# 'p45' 'ere&e 2/# $i8i%5' 5' pr'*(e/"ti&# $'&#p' etre '% e%t2$'% #$/ii%tr#ti8'% $# 'r)#i=#45' e '% p%i&'()i&'% $#% pe%%'#%.Etret#t'0 # pe%%'# per/#e&e ir/e/ete # 'r)#i=#45'.

A ter&eir# 'p45' %e ii&i# pe(# i8er%5' $' t'$' e p#rte0 &'&e*e$' ' todo dentro

da parte e %e/ e+2/# e<i%t9&i# prpri#. O t'$' #$# /#i% %eri# 2/ pr'$2t'



iter%2*-eti8' tr#%'r/#$' e/ p%e2$' re#( pe(' %e2 eit' %i/*(i&'. A p#rte %eri#&'&e*i$# e32#t' +'ri='te ('&#(0 $#$' &'&ret2$e e *#%e iter%2*-eti8i$#$e. Ne%t#'p45' $e 2/# iter%2*-eti8i$#$e r#$i&#(0 #$# e<i%tiri# #(;/ $# p#rte. O 32e %5' &+#/#$#%'r)#i=#4e% 5' %eri# #$# /#i% $' 32e &'(e4e% $e p#rte%0 &'&etr#4e% /#i% $e%#% $e pr'&e%%'% &'ti$i#'%. E%%# p'%i45' ; &'/p#t68e( &'/ # $e P#);%0 32#$' #(# $e

'r)#i=#45' e32#t' %i%te/# $e /e$i#4e%0 ' &'-2t' $i>/i&' $e re%p'%t#% e&'tr#$i4e% p'r32e e%te% %5' e(e/et'% $' &'ti$i#' t'r#$'% p%e2$',re#i% #% $i8er%#%#rr#ti8#% $e #)r2p#/et'% $ierete%0 32e e/ %i %5' pr'$2t'% ('&#i%.

Se %i)ii&#45' ; 2/# e%pir#( /1(tip(# $e #rr#ti8#% %i/2(t#e#/ete pre%%ete%0 't'$' t#(8e= #$# /#i% %e-# $' 32e 2/# /et#,#rr#ti8#. Se '% #t'% $e #(#0 '% $i%&2r%'% e #retri&# %5' pr'$2t'% $' $i#,#,$i# e 5' $e 2/ (2)#r /6ti&# #(;/ $# p#rte0 e%%e ; # p#rtir $e%%# #45' pr'&e%%2#( 32e ' e2 #% %2#% 8er%e% %e $eri8#0 %e)2e,%e 32e # 'r)#i=#45'e32#t' #()' &'&ret' ; /2it' /#i% pr'$2t' $#% &'tr#$i4e% e &'(it'% $e%te /e%/'&'ti$i#' $' 32e ; pr'$2t'r#. C'/pree$er 'r)#i=#45' e32#t' repre%et#45' ; 'riet#r # #"(i%e p#r# ' terre' $# p'(6ti&# $# re#(i$#$e0 p#r# iter%e45' $' /2$' 8it#( e %i%te/#0 e p#r# '% pr'&e%%'% $e &'('i=#45' $' pri/eir' e $' %e)2$'0 $i%&2ti$'% p'r H#*er/#% #%2# te'ri# $e #45' &'/2i&#ti8#. Ne%t# (i+#0 # $e %e i$#)#r %e # pre'&2p#45' %e # te'ri##$/ii%tr#ti8# re&ete e/ #%%i/i(#r # p#(#8r# &2(t2r# 5' p'$eri# %er /#i% 2/ e<e/p(' $e pr'&e%%'% 32e *2%&#/ $#r #' 2i8er%' reii&#$' # #p#r9&i# $' 2i8er%' &'%e%2#(0 p#r#2%#r # $i%ti45' $e M'%&'8i&i.

A PSICOLOGIA SOCIAL DE #EN$MENO ORGANIATI"O

Se # 'r)#i=#45' e32#t' 2/ t'$' 5' ; /#i% 32e 2/ r#%tr' $# #ti8i$#$e 32e -" p#%%'20 2/# %'/*r# p"(i$# $e 2/ e7/e' /2(ti$i/e%i'#( 32e $e%#p#re&e 32#$' # (2=; #&e%%#0 %e)2e 32e e%te% e/pree$i/et'% $i8er%'% $e t'$'% '% tip'% 2&i'#/ 5' p'r32e #% pe%%'#% %5' #$/ii%tr#$#% e $ire&i'#$#%0 /#% # &'&etr#45' $e pr'&e%%'% 32e%e2% &'ti$i#'% repre%et#/ %er8e $e 6/5 p#r# ' 2%' $#% &#i<#% &'(eti8#% $e err#/et#%'r)#i=#ti8#% /2$##% $e%e8'(8i$#% #' (')' $# +i%tri# %'&i#(. E/ 1(ti/# #"(i%e0 pe%%'#%0 pe%%'#% %#*e/ %e 8ir#r. A e%tr2t2r# $e 2/# ir/#0 +'%pit#(0 e%&ritri' '2 ONG ;2/# repre%et#45' $e #45' &')e(#$# $e p'2&# i/p'rt>&i# ' $i#,#,$i# $e e)'&i#45' $e%i)ii&#$'. E(# p'$e #p'i#r '2 re%tri)ir # #45' pr'&e%%2#( pe(' %e2 eeit' %i/*(i&'e32#t' /e&#i%/' $e /e$i#45'0 /#% 5' # pr'$2= e/ repr'$2= i)2#( # pe)#$#0 e(# t9/#()' # &'t#r % 32e ; $ierete $#32i(' 32e %e e%t" #&'%t2/#$' # '28ir.

Ser" 32e # reii&#45' $# 'r)#i=#45' $etr' $e 2/# i$e'(')i# )ere&i#( /'$er#0re(eti$# ' #2/et' 8erti&#( $# 32#ti$#$e $e ?*e%t %e((er%@ e %e/i"ri'%0 pre&i%# %er &'/pree$i$# &'/' 2/ pr'&e%%' '$e # e)#45' i/p(6&it# pre%ete e 9#%e #i/p'rt>&i# $' *'/ )erete # i&#p#&i$#$e 'r)#i=#ti8# $' 5',)erete #p't# -2%t#/ete p#r# # pre%e4# &'tr"ri# # &#p#&i$#$e 'r)#i=#ti8# #' #2t'&t'e I$e'(')i#2&# 'i %'/ete %'/ete 2/# reer9&i# # $ire45' $' p'$er /#i% t#/*;/ # $ire45' $'/e$' 32e ' %2%tete. A' t'r#r #t2r#( #2t'ri$#$e $e #()2;/0 $e%#2t'ri=#,%e ' /e%/'te/p' # #2t'ri$#$e $' '2tr' $e 32e/ '2 $' 32#(0 e32#t' &'&eit'0 %e t9/ /e$'. A 'ert#$# &i$#$#i# $# 'r)#i=#45' repri/e ' e<er&6&i' $# &i$#$#i# 32e %e $eri8# $#%&'tr#$i4e% $' $i#,#,$i#0 &'/' t#/*;/ # &'%tr245' $e 2/# &i$#$#i# (i/it#$# # $ireit'%)#r#te # /#2te45' $e 2/ e%t#$'. C'%e32ete/ete0 e t#( &'/' # i$e'(')i# $e#%%et#/et' +2/#' repre%et'2 ' /e$' $' 5' #%%et#$' &2-# &2(t2r# e pr"ti&#%i)2#(/ete &'/p(e<#% e /'r#i% $e%#i#r#/ # ()i&# $# 8i$# #%%et#$#0 ' pr'&e%%' $e



&'('i=#45' %i/*(i&# 5' %e t'r'2 #i$# +e)e/7i&' e &ert#% &'$i4e% etre #% 32#i% #&'/p(e<i$#$e p'$eri# (e8#r # $e%/i%tii&#45' p#r&i#( $' %i%te/# e32#t' /et##rr#ti8#rete % r2pt2r#% pr'$2=i$#% # p#rte. E%t#% i$;i#% e%t5' t#/*;/ pre%ete% e/ '2tr#% "re#%$e #"(i%e %'&i#(0 '$e # '45' $e #ti8i$#$e pr'&e%%2#( 32e 'r/# 2/ &'ti$i#'iter%2*-eti8' 89/ %e$' tr#*#(+#$' $2r#te #()2/ te/p'. Re&'+e&e%%e # pre%e4# $e

2/# &'%&i9&i# pr"ti&# $#% &'tr#$i4e% pre%ete% e%te% %i)ii&#$'% &'/' t#/*;/ # p'%%i*i(i$#$e $e tr#%&e$er p#r&i#(/ete # &'%&i9&i# pr"ti&# e/ re(#45' # 2/#&'%&i9&i# $i%&2r%i8#. A$/ite,%e # p'%%i*i(i$#$e $#% pe%%'#% #%%2/ire/ # #)9&i# $' #2t'r ' #t'r %'&i#(0 p'r32e # #)9&i# ; prpri# $# p#rte.

A' re&'i)2r#r # p%i&'(')i# $' tr#*#(+' e32#t' #45' pr'&e%%2#( # p#rtir $# p%i&'(')i# %'&i#( $' e7/e' 'r)#i=#ti8'0 #*re,%e # 'p45' $e re#%%2/ir # iter8e45'i8e%ti)#ti8# $# pe%32i%#,#45' &'/' *#%e p#r# 2/ $i"(')' 32e #pi# # #)9&i# $' '2tr' ##(ter#45' $e pr"ti&#% e 'r/#% $e #)ir. O e%t2$' $' e7/e' 'r)#i=#ti8' e $' tr#*#(+'te/ /2it' # )#+#r &'/ %2# pr'<i/i$#$e # p%i&'(')i# %'&i#( e t#(8e= # p%i&'(')i# %'&i#(te+# #()' #pre$er t#/*;/.

Peter :. Spin; é professor do Programa de 8studos P#s9graduados

8m Psicologia Social da P<=9SP e da 8scola de Administração de 8mpresas de São Paulo da >undação 5et*lio ?argas

E<tr#6$' $e :SPIN%&P'%' Or(a)*+a,o .omo /e)0me)o 1s*.osso.*al: )o2as 1ara uma re3e/*)*,o 3a1s*.olo(*a 3o 2ra4alho' Psicologia e Sociedade: 5678: 79-7;<& =a)'>=u)'& 7;;?'

a organização como fenômeno psicossocial: notas para uma redefinição da psicologia do trabalho

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