a autoridade e o indivíduo - bertrand russel

7/30/2019 A Autoridade e o Indivduo - Bertrand Russel

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Fo |n wqoaklnh `mdk l}}l+ l io ydwo x|l fo woil }lq }ok|mdofhiomon noqhkdihil H w}dmhfkd}l+ lnaoqh }ln ipdih ylfch }l|} lshblqo}+ l hynl}no+ yhkplz+ ha}|qio}+ lf}dfo|.fo} n|dyh mod}h x|l mlqyh l phkdo}h& \n plkcoidyhio idz x|l x|hfio qlnlslno} mon |n òqmhio lkh pokyh ho nl}no k|bhq+ nh}h w}dmhfkd}l il| |nh lswkdmho id}yo&

cojl x|l |nh pdih x|l phd lsml}}dphnlfyl mofyqh o dnw|k}o fhy|qhk ilplqdnwkdmhq l`ldyo} ylf}o x|l woiln }lq yo nh|} x|hfyo ihq qilh} }okyh} hdnw|k}o} wqodadio}& Wl}}oh} klpln |nh lsd}yfmdh hfydfhy|qhk hkn il mlqyo wofyo}o wqowlf}h} qdphkdihil+ nhkmdh h} nhkihil}& Woiln qlplkhq dnw|k}o} ilmq|lkihil+ o|+ woq o|yqo khio+ woiln wlqilq yo monwklyhnlfyl o bo}yo wlkh pdihx|l j fo }lfyln id}wo}do whqh x|hkx|lq l}òqo&

ql}|kyhio òd oa}lqphio lfyql }lkphblf} }|adyhnlfyl yqhzdio} ho mofyhyomon h mdpdkdzho noilqfh& O} hfyqowkobo} qlkhyhqhn mono o} whw|h} mhhioql}il mhalh}+ wqdphio} h|yoqdihil io} aqhfmo} il }l| l}woqyl mo}y|nldqo+ wlqilqhno lfy|}dh}no woq y|io o nhd}&

x|lqo df}df|hq x|l lkl} ilpl}}ln mofydf|hq mhhfio mhalh}+ nh} hmcox|l phklqdh h o} w}dmkobo} }l il}}ln ho yqhahkco il wqom|qhq hkb|n }|mliflo


9/59

dfomlfyl whqh l}}h Ln yoih whqyl+ o conln mdpdkdzhio l}y+ hy mlqyo wofyo+ fh}dy|ho io} whw|h} pydnh} Ylno} yoio} o} ydwo} il dnw|k}o} hbql}}dpo}+ lyhnan dnw|k}o} mqdhydpo}+ x|l h }omdlihil dnwlil il lslqmlq+ l h} hkylqfhydph}x|l lkh fo} o`lqlml fh òqnh il jobo} il `|ylaok l lsh|}ydph }o l}mh}}hnlfylhilx|hih}& Hkb|n x|l l}wlql x|l mon o ylnwo wo}}h }lq haokdq h b|lqqh ilplwlf}hq }lqdhnlfyl fo wqoaklnh il }hyd}`hzlq }ln ihfo} o} df}ydfyo} clqihno} il}|ml}}dph} blqhl} il }lkphblf}& X|hfyo h ndn+ hmco |nh pkp|kh ill}mhwl }hyd}`hyqdh fo} mofyo} wokdmdhd}+ fo} x|hd} nl dilfyd`dmo } plzl} mon oh}}h}}dfo l o|yqh} mon o ilylydpl wlq}lb|dioq il nhqbdfhd}+ nh} }ld x|l y|io d}yo n|dyo wo|mo whqh mlqyh} l whqh l}yh} wqlmd}o hkbo nhd} òqyl&

Hmco x|l o} }lql} c|nhfo} mon|f} fo woiln }lq `lkdzl} }ln monwlydo+woqx|l l}yh il}il h oqdbln io conln+ h nokh whqh hydpdihil} nhd} }qdh}&Woqyhfyo+ fo ilplno} haokdq h monwlydo+ nh} hwlfh} m|dihq ln x|l lkh foh}}|nh òqnh} x|l }ljhn fomdph}&

monwlydo wqdndydph lqh |n mof`kdyo x|l dnwkdmhph h noqyl il o|yqoconln+ }|h n|kclq monwlydo noilqfh fh òqnh ih b|lqqh hdfih h}}|nl l}}lnl}no h}wlmyo& Nh} fo l}woqyl+ kdylqhy|qh l fh qdphkdihil hqy}ydmh+ l fo} wkldyo}lkldyoqhd}+ lkh h}}|nl òqnh} x|l `hzln l hdfih o`lqlmln |nh }hihwlq`ldyhnlfyl hilx|hih whqh fo}}o} df}ydfyo} monahydpo}&

lqqhio fl}}l }lfydio fo x|l yhd} òqnh} il monwlydo }ljhn n}+woqn x|l lkh} whqyl ilnh}dhio wlx|lfh fh} pdih} io} conlf} l n|kclql}mon|f}&

hky|qh+ bo}yhqdh il mdyhq |n yqlmco ih Foph Yloqdh ih Lpok|o C|nhfh+ il]dqHqyc|q Eldyc:!X|ln ylfch pd}dyhio o} wopo} x|l pdpln }oa o qldfo il "j|}ydh }lkphbln"

`hz qlkhyo} ih lfyql o} fhydpo} x|l pdpln }oa yhd} mofidl}& @qlth ]yhqe+ woqlslnwko+ dfòqno| o }lb|dfyl Hqadh Nlqdidofhk: !X|hfio pdhjld woq hx|lkh whqylio wh} ofil fo lsd}yl }lb|qhfh+ |n wopo x|l+ lnaoqh mcldo il x|ldsh} il }|hpdih il wlqnhflfyl mchfyhbln l qo|ao+ yo wklfo ih hklbqdh il pdplq mono lnx|hkx|lq whqyl ih Ylqqh&! O Iq& C& E& @qt lswlqdnlfyo| nl}nh mod}h ln qlkhoho} haoqbdfl} ih H|}yqkdh& !\n fhydpo ln }l| l}yhio }lkphbln+ dfòqnh lkl+ pdplln mof}yhfyl wlqdbo5 l}wqdyo} co}yd} mlqmhn.fo wlqnhflfylnlfyl&Mofy|io `qhfmo l jopdhk&&& whmdlfyl mon }l|} `dkco} l ilkdmhio whqh mon o}whqlfyl} dio}o}&! Ndfch dk|}yqho yonhih ho} fido} mqor io} L}yhio} \fdio}+x|l pdplqhn }oa h }|wlqpd}o Korqdl woq n|dyo} hfo}& Lkl} hboqh l}yo pdplfioln }lb|qhfh f|nh ql}lqph& !Wlqb|fyl mqor+ qlkhyh o Iq& Korqdl+ }l lkl wql`lql}lb|qhfh mono hboqh o| wlqdbo} mono o} hfydbo}+ ql}wo}yh }lq: "wlqdbo} monoo} hfydbo}&&& chpdh bkqdh flkl}"&! L}yo| wql}|ndfio x|l h} }lkphblf} il pdih x|lplfco il}mqlplfio }o io ydwo x|l h c|nhfdihil ylpl woq yoio wqdndydpo il }|hlpok|o& @od ln nldo h yhd} mofidl} x|l h fhy|qlzh l o mhqylq ioconln mof}ydy|qhn+ }lfio |nh ih} mofidl} h wqydmh ih pdfbhfh io }hfb|l&

Yhd} l`ldyo} ih w}dmokobdh c|nhfh phkln whqh mlqyh} mod}h} x|l+ whqh ndn


10/59

wlko nlfo}+ }|qwqllfilfyl} x|hfio+ ln 8489+ wlkh wqdnldqh plz yonldmofclmdnlfyo ilkh}& N|dyh} }o nhd} `lkdzl} i|qhfyl |nh b|lqqh io x|l ln ylnwoil whz+ il}il x|l o }o`qdnlfyo lf}ljhio wlko mof`kdyo fo h} h`lyl n|dyowl}hihnlfyl fo} dfylql}}l} wl}}ohd}& \nh pdih }o}}lbhih woil il `hyo }lqylido}h& H lsd}yfmdh yqhfxdkh il |n mdihio aln monwoqyhio+ m|dil il bhfchq hpdihnoil}yhnlfylf|nh`|foc|ndkil+ildshmonwklyhnlfyldf}hyd}`ldyh hx|lkh whqyl il }|h fiokl fhy|qhk x|l+ }l ydpl}}l pdpdio 977 ndk hfo}hyq}+ ylqdh lfmofyqhio nadyo fh mhyh il hkdnlfyo+ moqyhfio mhalh} il dfdndbo}l `|bdfio ih hylfo io} ydbql}&

pln h b|lqqh+ o `|fmdofqdo il ahfmo woil l}mhwhq l yoqfhq.}l |nlswlidmdofqdo+ l lfyo nlfo} }lfyl x|l l}y pdplfio mono h fhy|qlzh wqlylfil|x|l lkl pdpl}}l& Nh}+ df`lkdznlfyl+ mdfmdh mokomo| ln fo}}h} no} nldo} yomof}dilqhplknlfyl woilqo}o} il }hyd}`hzlq df}ydfyo} il}yq|ydpo}+ x|l hwlfh} ihq.kcl} qilh} }okyh} fo nhd} hylfil ho} wqow}dyo} lpok|mdofqdo}+ mono hmofylmdhx|hfio o} conlf} l}yhphn idpdidio} ln wlx|lfh} yqdao}&

wqoaklnh il hwhzdb|hq fo}}o} dnw|k}o} hfqx|dmo} yln }dio wo|mol}y|ihio+ nh} }l yoqfh plz nhd} dnwlqdo}o }ok|mdof.ko nlidih x|l h ymfdmhmdlfy`dmh }l hwqdnoqh& Io wofyo w|qhnlfyl adokbdmo |nh il}bqhh x|l oh}wlmyo il}yq|ydpo ih ymfdmh ylfch hphfhio qhwdihnlfyl x|l o h}wlmyo mqdhydpo&Ln wo|mo} }lb|fio} o conln woil nhyhq


11/59

wokydmo}& Nh} }o wlx|lfh ndfoqdh+ ql}yhfyl ih} wl}}oh} `dmh lfyqlb|l hoilphfldo . `hfyh}dh} io mdflnh+ ih} cd}yqdh} io }lkphbln+ `hfyh}dh} w|qhnlfylwl}}ohd} io woilq ih dnhbdfho& Fo }o| io} x|l hmchn ilphfldo} il yoionh|}5 lkl} }o whqyl l}}lfmdhk ih pdih ih dnhbdfho& Nh} x|hfio |nh pdih foc nldo} il qlkhmdof.ko} mon h qlhkdihil lkl} `hmdknlfyl }l yoqfhniolfydo} nl}no wlqdbo}o} whqh h }hil nlfyhk& Yhkplz hdfih }ljh wo}}plk+nl}no ln fo}}o n|fio nlmhfdzhio+ lfmofyqhq hkb|nh plqihildqh pkp|kh whqho} dnw|k}o} x|l hboqh }l hmchn ho qldfo ih `hfyh}dh& Fo dfylql}}l ih l}yhadkdihililplno} `hzlq poyo} whqh x|l d}yo }ljh woqx|l+ io mofyqqdo+ `dko}o`dh} il}yq|ydph}dqo plz woq o|yqh ahfdq h} nlkcoql} qlhkdzhl} c|nhfh}& Whqh x|l d}yo }ljhlpdyhio+ o }lkphbln x|l lsd}yl ln mhih |n il f} ilpl hmchq pkp|kh il l}mhwlfo dfmonwhyplk mon h pdih mdpdkdzhih l mon h `lkdmdihil il }l|wqsdno db|hknlfyl }lkphbln&


12/59

MOL]O ]OMDHK L BOPLQFO

O nlmhfd}no oqdbdfhk ih mol}o }omdhk+ yhk mono }l lfmofyqh fh} qhh}wqdndydph}+ owlqhph nlidhfyl h w}dmokobdh dfidpdi|hk+ }ln flml}}dihil il x|hkx|lqmod}h x|l }l wo}}h mchnhq boplqfo& Chpdh+ }ln ipdih+ mo}y|nl} yqdahd} x|lyoio} ydfchn il oalilmlq+ nh} ilpl. x|l fo co|pl dnw|k}o il}oalidfmdhil}}l} mo}y|nl} l flfc|nh flml}}dihil il o| wokmdh whqh dnw.ko}& Fh Dihil ihWliqh Kh}mhih+ x|hfyo ho x|l }l ql`lql h|yoqdihil+ whqlml ylq pdpdio f|nl}yhio x|l hboqh woilqhno} il`dfdq mono hfqx|dmo& Nh} id`lqdh ò}}l hfhqx|dhf|nh mon|fdihil noilqfh+ ilpdio ho `hyo il x|l dnw|k}o} }omdhd}mofyqokhphn }|`dmdlfylnlfyl o} hyo} io} dfidpi|o}& O} conlf} ih Dihil ih WliqhWokdih j lqhn n|dyo id`lqlfyl}5 lkl} ydfchn boplqfo+ h|yoqdihil} mhwhzl} illsdbdq l oaylq oalidfmdh l dnwoq moowlqho ln bqhfil l}mhkh& D}yo }l whylfyldhwoq }|h} oaqh}5 o ydwo wqdndydpo il mol}o wlx|lfh yqdao fo woilqdh ylq wqoi|zdio]yoflclfbl+ l n|dyo nlfo} h} wdqndil}& H hnwkdho |fdihil }omdhk ilpl ylq}dio wqdfmdwhknlfyl ql}|kyhio ih b|lqqh& ]l i|h} yqdao} lfyqh}}ln b|lqqh illsylqnfdo+ h yqdao pdyoqdo}h+ wlkh hx|d}do il fopo ylqqdyqdo+ l}yhqdh lnmofidl} h|nlfyhq }|h wow|kho& Yhnan fh b|lqqh chplqdh |nh phfyhblnlpdilfyl fh hkdhfh o| nhd} yqdao}& ]l wlq}d}yd}}l o wlqdbo x|l lf}ljo| h hkdhfh+mon o ylnwo lkh }l mofplqylqdh hnkbhnh& X|hfio |nh |fdihil }l yoqfh}}l yobqhfil h wofyo il x|l mhih |nh fo mofclmlq o} ilnhd}+ ylqdh chpdio hflml}}dihil il |n nlmhfd}no whqh mclbhq.}l h ilmd}l} moklydph}+ l l}ylnlmhfd}no dflpdyhplknlfyl lpok|dqdh woq l}ybdo} ho wofyo ln x|l oconln noilqfo qlmofclml}}l mono boplqfo& Yo kobo chjh boplqfo+ hkb|f}conlf} yn nhd} o|yqo}+ l o woilq x|l yn ilwlfil+ il noio blqhk+ ihidnlf}o ih |fdihil x|l lkl} boplqfhn&

hnoq ho woilq+ woqyhfyo+ lf}ljhqdh x|l o} boplqfhioql} il}ljh}}lnmofx|d}yh& L}yl noydpo hdfih nhd} qlòqhio x|hfio o} plfmlioql} }oyqhf}òqnhio} ln l}mqhpo} ln plz il lsylqndfhio}& Il}yl noio+ n|dyo mlio fhHfydbdihil+ }|qbdqhn mon|fdihil} ln x|l+ dnw|k}o} wqdndydpo} hdfih lsd}yd}}lnfo }lfydio il moowlqho }omdhk+ lqhn dnlf}hnlfyl qlòqhio} wlko woilq ioboplqfo whqh w|fdq hx|lkl} x|l il}oalilml}}ln& Fh wqdnldqh mon|fdihilwklfhnlfyl cd}yqdmh+ h io hfydbo Lbdyo+ lfmofyqhno} |n qld m|jo} woilql} ph}yoylqqdyqdo lqhn ha}ok|yo}+ lsmlyo x|hfyo h hkb|nh kdndyho wlkh mkh}}l}hmlqioyhk+ lfmofyqhno} bqhfil wow|kho }lqpdk h x|ln o qld woidh+ }|hpofyhil+ lnwqlbhq fo} lnwqllfidnlfyo} l}yhyhd} mono h} wdqndil}& F|nhmon|fdihil mono l}}h } |nh ndfoqdh yowo ih l}mhkh }omdhk . o qld+ h foaqlzh lo} }hmlqioyl} . wqlmd}hph il hkb|n nlmhfd}no w}dmokbdmo whqh mol}o }omdhk5yoio o ql}yo io wopo }dnwkl}nlfyl oalilmdh& ]ln ipdih bqhfil} }lbnlfyo} ihwow|kho lqhn df`lkdzl}5 woil.}l ylq |n x|hiqo il }|h }dy|ho o} wqdnldqo}mhwy|ko} io soio& Nh}+ pdh il qlbqh+ fh nlidih ln x|l o} dfdndbo}lsylqfo} mof}ydy|hn hnlhh+ l}yh mofido il }o`qdnlfyo blflqhkdzhio fodnwlidh h wqo}wlqdihil L}yhio+ l ildshph dfyomhio o il}`q|yl ih pdih wlko}


13/59

ilylfyoql} io woilq& L}yl l}yhio il ilpl ylq lsd}ydio woq }m|ko} ln yoih h qlbdoh x|l cojl mchnhno} Oqdlfyl Nido& ]|h }omdlihil plqihildqhnlfylhmqlidyh}}ln fd}yo+ o ql}yo io wopo }lqdh nlqhnlfyl id}mdwkdfhio mono cojlid}mdwkdfhno} hfdnhd} ion}ydmo}&

L `hyo m|qdo}o x|l h mofx|d}yh ndkdyhq n|dyo `qlxlfylnlfyl wqoi|zd}}l |nhklhkihil h|yfydmh whqh mon o} plfmlioql}& D}yo hmofylml| mon o wh}}hq ioylnwo fh nhdoqdh ih} mofx|d}yh} qonhfh}& Fo }m|ko P+ x|hfio Qonh fo nhd}ydfch mofidl} il oaqdbhq oalidfmdh+ mofydf|o| monwklyhnlfyl klhk ho Dnwqdo&Yoio} o} L}yhio} ih Hfydbdihil ilpdhn }|h ho woilq ndkdyhq+ nh} h nhdoqdh ilkl}lqh mhwhz+ }l i|qh}}ln n|dyo+ il blqhq |n }lfydio mol}o io yoio+ fo oa}yhfylh ql}d}yfmdh pdoklfyh il n|dyh} whqyl} fh womh il }|h dfmoqwoqho& H nl}nhmod}h hmofylml| il fopo mon o mql}mdnlfyo io} L}yhio} noilqfo} i|qhfyl hDihil Nidh& Dfbkhylqqh+ @qhfh l L}whfch+ yoio} hix|dqdqhn |fdihil lnmof}lxfmdh il pdyqdh ndkdyhq+ wlko boplqfhfyl il hkb|nh whqyl io x|l pldo h }lmof}ydy|dq |nh fdmh Fh Hfydbdihil+ yoio} o} L}yhio}+ lsmlyo o Lbdyo+ }o`qlqhnih `hkyh il l}yhadkdihil+ m|jh} òqhn ln blqhk ymfdmh}& X|hfio flfc|n nldo ilkomonoo woidh hfihq nhd} ilwql}}h mhphko+ lqh id`mdk whqh o boplqfo mlfyqhknhfylq |n mofyqokl qbdio }oaql }yqhwh} o| wqomf}|kl} id}yhfyl}+ x|l woidhnqlalkhq.}l+ l } plzl} hy nl}no ylfio sdyo ln mofx|d}yhq yoio l o|yqh} plzl}yoqfhfio.}l }oalqhfo} dfilwlfilfyl} il |nh whqyl ilkl& Hklshfiql+ Hydkh Blfbd}.Echf ydplqhn hnwko} dnwqdo} x|l }l il}`dzlqhn }|h noqyl+ l fo} x|hd} h|fdihil ilwlfidio yoyhknlfyl io wql}ydbdo il |n bqhfil mofx|d}yhioq& O}idplq}o} dnwqdo} fo |fdihil w}dmokbdmh ha}ok|yhnlfyl hkb|nh+ nh} yo.}onlfyl h |fdihil ih òqh& Qonh nlkcoq+ woqx|l h mdpdkdzho bqlmo.qonhfh lqhhkbo x|l dfidpi|o} li|mhio} hwqlmdhphn mofyqh}yhph hb|ihnlfyl mon h ahqaqdlih} yqdao} il hkn.`qofyldqh& Hy h dfplfo ih} noilqfh}+ id`dmdknlfyl lqh

wo}}plk nhfylq |n bqhfil dnwqdo |fdio+ h nlfo} x|l }lbnlfyo} }|wlqdoql} ih}omdlihil+ woq yoih h }|h lsylf}o ydpl}}ln hkb|n }lfydnlfyo mon|n wlko yoio}}l |fd}}ln& L o} nldo} il blqhq |n }lfydnlfyo mon|n lqhn n|dyo nlfo}monwqllfidio} io x|l }o cojl& H ah}l w}dmokbdmh ih mol}o }omdhk+ woqyhfyo+ lqhhdfih dnwoqyhfyl+ lnaoqh flml}}qdh hwlfh} lfyql h ndfoqdh boplqfhfyl& Fh}mon|fdihil} hfydbh}+ h wqdfmdwhk phfyhbln yhnhfco bqhfil+ d}yo + h wo}}dadkdihilil bqhfil} lsqmdyo}+ lqh monwlf}hih wlkh il}phfyhbln il x|l klphph n|dyoylnwo whqh il}komhq |n lsqmdyo il |nh whqyl io dnwqdo h o|yqh+ x|l o boplqfomdpdk fo chpdh pd}k|naqhio noio} il lpdyhq df}|qqldo ndkdyhq& Hy mlqyo l}}h}mofidl} i|qhqhn hy o} ylnwo} noilqfo}& @od bqhfilnlfyl ilpdio `hkyh ilnoadkdihil x|l Dfbkhylqqh+ L}whfch l Woqy|bhk pdlqhn h wlqilq }l|} ionfdo} foClnd}`qdo Omdilfyhk&

il}il o hiplfyo io} fhpdo} h phwoq l io ylkbqhò+ yoqfo|.}l n|dyo nhd}`mdk io x|l hfyl} |n bqhfil ylqqdyqdo+ l il}il o hiplfyo ih df}yq|o |fdplq}hkyoqfo|.}l nhd} `mdk df}ydkhq klhkihil nhd} o| nlfo} hqyd`dmdhk hyqhp} il yoih |nhbqhfil wow|kho&

H ylmfokobdh noilqfh fo hwlfh} `hmdkdyo| h w}dmokobdh ih mol}o il


14/59

bqhfil} bq|wo}5 yoqfo| yhnan dnwlqdo}o} bqhfil} bq|wo}+ yhfyo io wofyo ilpd}yh lmofndmo mono ndkdyhq& H} ih wqoi|o ln nh}}h }o |n ylnh ahfhk+}oaql o x|hk fo wqlylfio nl l}ylfilq& Mono }haln+ df}d}yd|.}l flkh} mono |nhqhzo whqh |fdihil nhd} l}yqldyh lfyql h} fhl} ih Omdilfyhk& O qdo Fdko+ il}il h}womh} nhd} qlnoyh}+ whyqomdfo| h mol}o il yoio o Lbdyo+ x|l |n boplqfo x|lmofyqokh}}l hwlfh} o Fdko }|wlqdoq woilqdh il}yq|dq h `lqydkdihil io Lbdyo& Fo mh}o+fo l}yhph dnwkdmhih x|hkx|lq ymfdmh+ nh} o Ylffl}}ll Phkklt H|ycoqdyt }|blqdihpdh hx|ydmh io ]o Ko|qlfo }o il}lfpokpdnlfyo} mdlfy`dmo} io nl}nol`ldyo |fd`dmhioq il qdo}& \}dfh} mlfyqhd} il lflqbdh+ id}yqda|dfio lflqbdh lkyqdmhwoq hnwkh} qlbdl}+ yoqfhqhn.}l mhih plz nhd} dnwoqyhfyl}+ l }o n|dyo nhd}qlfypld} x|hfio h qlbdo x|l x|hfio lkh l wlx|lfh& ]l pdlq h yoqfhq.}lwkh|}plk #mono wqopplk$ o lnwqlbo hyndmh ln khqbh l}mhkh+ d}yo h|nlfyhqmof}dilqhplknlfyl h qlbdo phfyhjo}h il id}yqda|do&

Yoio} l}}l} hwlq`ldohnlfyo} noilqfo} h|nlfyhn o mofyqokl }oaql h}pdih} io} dfidpi|o} x|ln wo}}|h o ionfdo il bqhfil} oqbhfdzhl}+ l honl}no ylnwo yoqfh h} wo|mh} oqbhfdzhl} bqhfil} n|dyo nhd} wqoi|ydph} iox|l |nh bqhfil x|hfydihil il lnwql}h} wlx|lfh}& Fo c kdndyl pd}plk }phfyhblf} io yhnhfco+ yhfyo il oqbhfdzhl} lmofndmh} mono wokydmh}+ h fo}lq O kdndyl io wkhflyh&

boplqfo} yln id`lqdio n|dyo hyqhp} ih cd}yqdh+ fo hwlfh} x|hfyo }idnlf}l} ih qlbdo h x|hk }l lslqml o boplqfo+ nh} yhnan x|hfyo dfylf}dihil il }|h dfylq`lqfmdh fh pdih dfidpdi|hk&

O x|l }l woil mchnhq il mdpdkdzho monlh mon dnwqdo} il ydwo alnil`dfdio+ il x|l Ahadkfdh l Ffdpl }o o} lslnwko} nhd} nhqmhfyl}5 o} dnwqdo}dfmh l h}ylmh lqhn l}}lfmdhknlfyl io nl}no ydwo& Fl}}l} dnwqdo}+ h mh}yh}|wlqdoq ylpl il dfmdo mof}dilqplk il dfdmdhydph wl}}ohk+ nh} h bqhfil wow|khol}mqhph oaydih woq mofx|d}yh l}yqhfbldqh flfc|nh& H mkh}}l }hmlqioyhk ydfchmofidl} il dfylq`lqdq fh pdih moydidhfh ln bqh| lklphio&

Lsmlyo ln x|l}yl} il qlkdbdo+ o qld ydfch |n woilq ha}ok|yo+ l woidhoaqdbhq }l|} }idyo} ln }|h} b|lqqh}& H idpdfihil io qld l h qlplqfmdh whqh mono} }hmlqioyl} wqoi|zdh |nh }omdlihil l}yplk . fo mh}o io Lbdyo+ h nhd} l}yplkih} x|l }l yln foymdh& L}yh l}yhadkdihil monwqhih ho wqlo ih qdbdilz& L o}dnwqdo} hfydbo} yoqfhqhn.}l l}ylqloydwhio} h |n x|l fo nhd} woidhn ql}d}ydq hbql}}o l}yqhfbldqh& @oqhn hflshio} l ha}oqpdio} wlkh h Wq}dh hmhao| }lfioilqqoyhih wlko} bqlbo}&

O} bqlbo} hwlq`ldohqhn |n fopo ydwo il mdpdkdzho x|l chpdh }diodfh|b|qhio wlko} `lfmdo}:

ih mdihil.l}yhio+ ah}lhih fo monqmdo l fo woilq nhqydno& H} mdihil}bqlbh} id`lqdhn bqhfilnlfyl x|hfyo ho bqh| il kdalqihil dfidpdi|hk mofmlidihho} mdihio}5 fh nhdoqdh mdihil} chpdh n|dyh kdalqihil+ nh} ln L}whqyh lkh lqh|n nfdno ha}ok|yo& H nhdoqdh woqn+ ydfch ylfifmdh h mhdq }oa o nhfio ilydqhfo}+ l woq n|dyo} hfo} `dmhphn l}}h} }oa qlbdnl il il}woyd}no ylnwlqhio woq


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qlpok|o& F|nh mdihil.l}yhio h qlpok|o il}mofylfyl} ydfchn hwlfh} x|lhyqhpl}}hq |f} wo|mo} x|dknlyqo} hkn io ylqqdyqdo io mofyqh o x|hk il}ljhphnqlalkhq.}l+ l chpdh }lnwql |nh mdihil.l}yhio co}ydk id}wo}yh hj|i.ko}& Woq yoih hdihil il o|qo ih Bqmdh co|pl mlqyo bqh| il hfhqx|dh x|l whqh o noilqfo }lqdhdfyoklqplk& Nh} o} mdihio} il |nh mdihil bqlbh+ nl}no hx|lkl} x|l l}yhphnqlalkhio} mofyqh O boplqfo io nonlfyo+ mof}lqphphn h w}dmokobdh ih klhkihil wqdndydph5 lkl} hnhphn }|h mdihil fhyhk mon |nh ilpoo x|l mclbhphn|dyh} plzl} h dnwq|ilfyl+ nh} x|h}l }lnwql hqioqo}h& H bqhfilzh io} bqlbo}fo} `ldyo} dfidpdi|hd}+ x|l l}yhph dfydnhnlfyl qlkhmdofhih mon }|h dfmonwlyfmdhwokydmh+ woqx|l h òqh io wl}}ohk lqh h òfyl yhfyo il qlhkdzho dfidpdi|hk monoio `qhmh}}o ln bhqhfydq h |fdihil òd h}}dn x|l h Bqmdh mhd| }oa o ionfdo+wqdnldqo io} nhmlifdo} l ilwod} il Qonh&

Dnwqdo Qonhfo+ lnaoqh ln lswhf}o+ ihph bqhfil nhqbln ilh|yofondh dfidpdi|hk wqopfmdh}+ nh} ilwod} il H|b|}yo o boplqfo wh|khydfhnlfylhix|dqd| bqh| mql}mlfyl il l+ woq `dn+ }oaqly|io wlkh }lplqdihil io} dnwo}yo}+ `lzmon x|l yoio o }d}ylnh }l l}aoqoh}}l wlkh nhdoq whqyl io x|l chpdh }dio oDnwqdo Qonhfo& Fo x|l ql}yo|+ woqn+ fo co|pl l}noqlmdnlfyo io mofyqokl&@od h lsmlo h l}}l mofyqokl ndf|mdo}o+ nhd} io x|l ln x|hkx|lq o|yqo mh}o+ x|lyoqfo| yo yqhf}dyqdh h qlmofx|d}yh ih Dykdh l ih `qdmh woq J|}ydfdhfo&Woqx|l yoio} hx|lkl} x|l il dfmdo }h|ihqhn }|h} klbdl} mono kdalqyhioqh} ioionfdo io} boio} pfihko} n|ihqhn il owdfdo x|hfio h} klbdl} òqhn}lb|dih} il |n lsqmdyo il moklyoql} dnwo}yo}&

H wqlylf}o il Qonh il |fd`dmhq o n|fio mdpdkdzhio `qhmh}}o| }oaqly|iowoqx|l+ yhkplz yhfyo id}yhfyl mono l}yqhfco+ lkh `hkco| ln wqowoqmdofhq |nnfdno il `lkdmdihil df}ydfydph dfmk|}dpl whqh o} mdihio} wq}wlqo}& Fo} kydno}}m|ko} io Dnwqdo co|pl wl}}dnd}no whqyl l `hkyh il fdno il yoio} o} x|l flklpdpdhn& O} conlf} }lfydhn x|l h pdih hx|d ydfch wo|mo h o`lqlmlq+ l l}}l}lfydnlfyo mofyqda|d| whqh o Mqd}ydhfd}no `hzlq mon x|l io} conlf} }l idqdbd}}lnwhqh |n o|yqo n|fio `|y|qo&

Mon o il}hwhqlmdnlfyo il Qonh+ o Omdilfyl wh}}o| woq monwklyhyqhf}òqnho& O monqmdo x|h}l l}yhfmo|5 h} bqhfil} l}yqhih} qonhfh} }lilylqdoqhqhn5 wlx|lfo} qldfo} x|h}l ahydhn lfyql }d+ l boplqfhphn wlx|lfo}ylqqdyqdo} ih nlkcoq nhfldqh h }l| hkmhfml+ lfx|hfyo ydfchn x|l lf`qlfyhq hhfhqx|dh il |nh y|qa|klfyh hqd}yomqhmdh yl|yfdmh l o il}bo}yo dqqdyhio hfydbh

wow|kho qonhfdzhih& H l}mqhpdio blflqhkdzhih chpdh x|h}l il}hwhqlmdiowoq mqd}yhfihil omdilfyhk+ nh} òd }|a}ydy|ih wlkh }lqpdio& Ln plz il }lqln}|}ylfyhih} q|il+ nh} fo chpdh nhd} hx|lkl l}yhio il hwhydh l il}l}wlqhfhx|l lsd}yd| fo} kydno} Qonh& Woq yoih h Dihil ih} Yqlph} l Dihil Nidhmhnwlo| h dklbhkdihil+ ql}|kyhfio x|l wl}}oh} wq|ilfyl} hioqhphn h kld& Ho}wo|mo}+ o pdboq x|l h dklbhkdihil chpdh wlqndydio mlqyo bqh| il oqiln l il|mofidl} h x|l hkb|f} bqhfil} conlf} lid`dmh}}ln |nh foph mdpdkdzho&

Io }m|ko SP hy o} idh} hy|hd}+ o woilq io L}yhio mofyqh o io dfidpi|oyln h|nlfyhio mofydf|hnlfyl+ fo dfmdo }oaqly|io mono mof}lxfmdh ih


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dfplfo ih wkpoqh& H}}dn hfydbo} ylnwo} ih hfhqx|dh h nhdoqdh io} conlf}wq|ilfyl} hioqhph h kld+ i|qhfyl o wlqoio mql}mlfyl woilq io L}yhio plqd`dmo|.}lylfifmdh mql}mlfyl fo }lfydio il hioqhq h kdalqihil&

}m|ko} SPDDD l SDS ydplqhn mof}dilqplk bqh| il sdyo ln h|nlfyhq owoilq io L}yhio flml}}qdo whqh h nhf|ylfo ih oqiln+ ildshfio hwl}hq id}}obqhfil bqh| il kdalqihil mdihio} x|l fo wlqylfmdhn } mhnhih} }omdhd} nhd}ahdsh}&

Mofy|io+ o dnw|k}o fo }lfydio ih kdalqihil whqlml hboqh ylq wlqidio n|dyoil }|h òqh qlòqnhioql}+ nh} òd }|a}ydy|io wlko hnoq db|hkihil+ x|l òdhnwkhnlfyl l}ydn|khio }|qbdnlfyo ih qdx|lzh l woilq io} fopo} nhbfhyh}dfi|}yqdhd} }ln x|hkx|lq qldpdfidmho yqhidmdofhk il }|wlqdoqdihil& L h} lsdbfmdh}ih b|lqqh yoyhk wlq}|hidqhn h x|h}l yoio} }d}ylnh }omdhk n|dyo nhd} l}yqldyo nhd} flml}}qdo io x|l hx|lkl x|l }hyd}`hzdh h fo}}o} C woq bqhfil whqyl ih}|wlq`mdl ih Ylqqh hkbo whqlmdio mon |n qlyoqfo ho }d}ylnh io Hfydbo ilnofhqx|dh idpdfh+ }|wlqpd}dofhih woq |nh foph mh}yh }hmlqioyhk& Lnaoqh l}yh foylfch dio yo kofbl fo Omdilfyl x|hfyo fo Oqdlfyl+ mofy|io mclbo| h |n wofyox|l l}whfyhio o} }m|ko} SPDDD l SDS+ yhfyo fh Dfbkhylqqh mono fo} L}yhio}\fdio}& H dfdmdhydph dfidpdi|hk yokcdih o| wlko L}yhio o| woq lnwql}h} woilqo}h}+l c |n bqhfil qd}mo il omh}dofl+ mono fh hfydbh Qonh+ |nh l}wmdl ildfid`lqlfh l `hyhkd}no x|l l mhyh}yq`dmo pdih pdboqo}h& Mof}yhfylnlfyl qlmlaomhqyh} idzlfio: !Wlqmlao x|l o n|fio l}y ln nh} x|l woil |nh wl}}ohc|ndkil `hzlq? H pdih l h wqowqdlihil l}yo nlqm il |f} dfidpi|o} x|l yn owoilq il ilmdidq x|hfyo whz l b|lqqh& H} hydpdihil} lmofndmh} }oilylqndfhih} woq hx|lkl} x|l idqdbln o| o L}yhio o| h} bqhfil} monwhfcdh}&Nl}no lsd}yl ilnomqhmdh fondfhk+ o whwlk x|l mhal h |n mdihio fo mofyqoklwokydmo df`dfdyl}dnhk&

}lq nlkcoq ln yhd} mdqm|f}yfmdh} l}x|lmlq h} x|l}yl} wakdmh} l bozhq hpdih io nlkcoq x|l h }dy|ho wlqndyh?&! Hmco n|dyo id`mdk ql}wofilq h l}}h}mhqyh}+ l l}yo| mlqyo il x|l l}yhio il l}wqdyo x|l h} df}wdqh ah}yhfyl dfdndboil |nh pdih }omdhk }h|iplk& Ln mof}lxfmdh nlqhnlfyl io yhnhfco+ o boplqfo}l id}yhfmdh mhih plz nhd} io} boplqfhio} l ylfil+ f|nh ilnomqhmdh+ h ylq pdihwqwqdh dfilwlfilfyl& Ilmkhqo fo }halq mono m|qhq l}yl monwklyhnlfyl+ nh}hmco dnwoqyhfyl qlmofclmlq }|h lsd}yfmdh l wqom|qhq nldo} ilidndf|dq nhbfdy|il&

O nlmhfd}no df}ydfydpo il mol}o }omdhk+ d}yo + klhkihil wlx|lfh yqdaom|jo} nlnaqo} mofclmdio} |f} io} o|yqo}+ hkbo il `hyo n|dyo id}yhfyl ihl}wmdl il klhkihil whqh mon x|l h }|a}ydy|d| fo n|fio noilqfo+ l nl}no ox|l ql}yh ih nhd} wqdndydph l}wmdl il ilpl il}hwhqlmlq fh oqbhfdzho io n|fioqlmkhnhih wlko} wlqdbo} hy|hd}& \n dfbk} l}mom} woiln }lfydq |nh klhkihildf}ydfydph wlkh Bq.Aqlyhfch: woiln }halq o x|l ]chel}wlhql id}}l h ql}wldyoilkh5 }haln x|l |nh dkch mon kdndyl} dfyldqhnlfyl fhy|qhd}5 l}yo h whq cd}yqdhdfbkl}h+ fh nlidih+ wlko nlfo}+ ln x|l bkoqdo}h+ l }haln x|l O wopo iomofydflfyl kfb|h} l}yqhfch}& Nh} }l h klhkihil Bq.Aqlyhfch ydplq x|l }lq


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}|a}ydy|ih wlkh klhkihil \fdo Omdilfyhk+ }lq flml}}qdo |nh mof}mdfmdh ihm|ky|qh omdilfyhk mono hkbo x|l ylfch |fdihil x|l |kyqhwh}}l h} `qofyldqh}fhmdofhd}5 woqx|l+ whqyl d}yo+ lsd}yl hwlfh} |n noydpo w}dmokbdmo hilx|hiowhqh l}yl `dn+ d}yo + o nlio il dfdndbo} lsylqfo}& Nh} o nlio flbhydpo+ lildsh il }lq owlqhfyl fo nonlfyo ih pdyqdh& X|hfio monwhqhio ho hnoq io} woq}|h mdihil fhyhk+ yoqfh.}l apdo mono n|dyo nlfoq o hkmhfml x|l yln hklhkihil nlqhnlfyl fo nlio whqh o} df}ydfyo} l whdsl} il conlf} l n|kclql}mon|f} fh h|}fmdh wlqdbo} dnlidhyo} l wqlnlfyl}&

wqowqdlihil+ wqon|kbhq h kld mqdndfhk l bhqhfydq }|h lslm|o& Nh} hknid}}o yln |n wqow}dyo wo}dydpo+ h }halq+ `hmdkdyhq h mofmqlydzho io} il}ljo}mof}dilqhio} mon|f} bqhfil nhdoqdh mdihio}& H} `|fl} wo}dydph} io boplqfoln x|h}l yoih} h} womh} }l yln kdndyhio x|h}l wqdfmdwhknlfyl b|lqqh: }l |ndfdndbo w|ilq }lq plfmdio l }l| ylqqdyqdo hix|dqdio+ yoio} pdyoqdo}o bhfchn lnnhdoq o| nlfoq bqh|& Nh} hy|hknlfyl h} `|fl} wo}dydph} io

boplqfo dnlf}hnlfyl hnwkdhih}& C+ ln wqdnldqo k|bhq+ h df}yq|o+ mof}d}ydfiofo hwlfh} il l}mokhql}+ nh} yhnan ih df}ydkho il mlqyh} klhkihil l mlqyh}mqlfh}& Yqhyh.}l ihx|dko L}yhio mof}dilqh il}ljplk+ l ln bqh| nlfoq+ ln hkb|f}mh}o}+ ihx|dko lsdbdio woq hkb|nh oqbhfdzho qlkdbdo}h& C pqdh} lnwql}h}dfi|}yqdhd}& Nl}no fo} L}yhio} \fdio}+ x|l kdndyhq h} hydpdihil} lmofndmh} ioL}yhio ho nsdno wo}}plk+ o mofyqokl boplqfhnlfyhk lnwql}h} l}y h|nlfyhfioqhwdihnlfyl& L x|hfyo } lnwql}h} dfi|}yqdhd} c wo|mh id`lqlfh+ wofyo il pd}yhw}dmokbdmo+ lfyql h} idqdbdih} wlko L}yhio l h} idqdbdih} woq bqhfil}monwhfcdh} wqdphih}& Ln x|hkx|lq io} mh}o} plqd`dmh.}l |n boplqfo x|l il `hyo+}l fo ln dfylfo+ id}yhfyl ihx|lkl} h x|ln mofyqokh& ] o} nlnaqo} ioboplqfo+ }ljh io L}yhio o| ih} `dqnh}+ woiln nhfylq o }lfydio il dfdmdhydphdfidpdi|hk+ l plqd`dmh.}l dflpdyhplknlfyl |nh io} boplqfo} fo }lfydio il lfmhqhqhx|lkl} x|l yqhahkchn whqh lkl nhd} o| nlfo} mono mof}dilqhn }|h} nx|dfh}+d}yo + yo.}onlfyl mono nldo} flml}}qdo}& O dilhk il moowlqho yqhfxdkhylfil mof}yhfylnlfyl h h|nlfyhq o yhnhfco ih} |fdihil}+ l woq yhfyo hidndf|dq fnlqo ihx|lkl} x|l hdfih wo}}|ln o woilq il dfdmdhydph& Wdoq x|l y|io+io wofyo il pd}yh idh} hy|hd}+ |n }d}ylnh x|l lsd}yl woq hnwko} }lyoql} fhDfbkhylqqh+ ofil hx|lkl} x|l dfdmdhydph fondfhk }o mof}yhfylnlfyl mofyqokhio}woq |n `|fmdofhkd}no w|akdmo x|l yln plyo l flfc|n ilplq il dfopho+ l x|lh}}dn hix|dql |nh w}dmokobdh flbhydph wlqnhflfylnlfyl wqowlf}h h wqodadl}&Ln yhk }d}ylnh+ h} wl}}oh} khaoqdo}h} l dnhbdfhydph} `dmhn ln}dy|ho il}l}wlqhih5 hx|lkl} x|l woilqdhn yoqfhq.}l nhd} owlqo}o} f|nhnadlfyl nhd} wqond}}oq ylfiln dfid`lqlfh l `qdpokdihil5 l fo wqopplk x|lh} `|fl} wo}dydph} io L}yhio }lq m|nwqdih} mon pdboq l monwlyfmdh& wqopplkx|l h lfyonokobdh lmofndmh wo}}h phfyhblf} mof}dilqhplknlfyl nhdoql} io x|lhy|hknlfyl+ nh} d}yo lsdbdqdh h hwqopho }hkqdo} il mof}dilqplk fnlqo illfyonokobd}yh}+ l hy|hknlfyl o boplqfo il owdfdo wokydmh yo lnwqllfilioqhmono h il lnwqlbhq lfyonokobd}yh} } woilqdh }lq hwkdmhih ql}lqph}& il}flml}}qdo idzlq x|l l}yh h owdfdo il conlf} x|l hix|dqdqhn ocadyo wlqmlal ln whd} dbfoqhfyl} il }lnwql idzlqln !fo `hh d}yo!+ }ln whqhq


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whqh wlf}hq l}yo wqodadfio mh|}hq hkb|n nhk& Nhkl} mono l}}l} }o id`mld} illpdyhq ofil lsd}yl id}yhfyl+ l ilpl chplq n|dyo nhd} mofyqokl qlnoyo lnoqbhfdzhl} il bqhfil woqyl&

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Fl}}l aqlpl l}aoo ih} n|ihfh} omoqqdih} fo} noio} il mol}o }omdhk

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ydwo wqdndydpo il oqbhfdzho h |n boplqfo wh|khydfhnlfyl nhd} oqbhfdzhio+haqhfblfio ionfdo nhdoq+ mofyqokhfio |nh whqyl nhdoq ih} pdih} io} dfidpi|o}&H mlqyo wofyo il}}h lpok|o+ x|hfio co|pl qlmlfylnlfyl bqhfil h|nlfyo ilqdx|lzh l }lb|qhfh+ nh} o pdboq l dfdmdhydph il nhd} aqahqh} hdfih fo ilmkdfo|+woil chplq bqhfil} qlhkdzhl} fo }lfydio il wqobqlidq mdpdkdzho& Nh} x|hfio hfoph mdpdkdzho }l yoqfh l}ylqloydwhih+ x|hfio O boplqfo ylpl il mof}okdihq }l|woilq+ x|hfio o mo}y|nl+ h yqhido l h kld l}yhalklmlqhn foqnh}ah}yhfyl ndf|mdo}h} il noio h lnwlqqhq h dfdmdhydph+ h }omdlihil ln x|l}yolfplqlih woq |nh l}yhbfho& O} conlf} ko|phn o} `ldyo} il }l|} hfylwh}}hio}+

woqn j fo woiln db|hk.kh} hqyl} yoqfhn.}l mofplfmdofhd}+ l h mdfmdh il`dfchwoq ql}wldyo h|yoqdihil&

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Nh} hkn il}}l nopdnlfyo wlqdidmo lsd}yl |n o|yqo& Fo h|bl il mhihmdmko+ h qlbdo woq |n L}yhio nhdoq x|l ln womh wh}}hih+ l o bqh| il mofyqokllslqmdio wlkh h|yoqdihil o dfidpi|o nhd} dfylf}o io x|l ln x|hkx|lq wofyonsdno hfylqdoq& O Dnwqdo Qonhfo nhdoq x|l o} dnwqdo} ahadkfdmo l lbwmdo+ lo} dnwqdo} il cojl }o nhdoql} x|l O dnwqdo Qonh& Fh cd}yqdh wh}}hih jhnhd}co|pl |n bqhfil L}yhio x|l mofyqokh}}l }l|} mdihio} monwklyhnlfyl x|hfyo


19/59

}o mofyqokhio} fh Qlwakdmh ]opdydmh+ o| nl}no fo} wh}l} ih Omdilfyhk&Ylfio ln pd}yh x|l h Ylqqh yln idnlf}l} `dfdyh}+ l}yh ylfifmdh+ }l fo

òq ilydih+ ilplq m|kndfhq fh mqdho il |n fdmo L}yhio n|fidhk& Nh} mono+

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}oa h ylf}o ih b|lqqh+ ih b|lqqh+ o| ln mof}lxfmdh il mofx|d}yh yoyhkdyqdh+ h}whqyl} io n|fio ln x|l }oaqlpdph hkb|n bqh| il kdalqihil dfidpdi|hk idndf|hn+l x|l nl}no flkh} h kdalqihil plfch h }lq ql}yqdfbdih mhih plz nhd}& Fo cn|dyh qhzo whqh }|woq x|l O }d}ylnh ql}|kyhfyl }ljh nh} }lq x|h}l mlqyhnlfyll}yydmo l dfmhwhz il wqobql}}o& L yqhq mof}dbo |n qlmq|il}mdnlfyo io} hfydbo}nhkl}: l}mqhpdio+ `hfhyd}no+ dfyoklqfmdh l il}bqhh hajlyh whqh hnhdoqdh c|nhfdihil& D}yo+ h nl| plq+ |nh df`lkdmdihil mofyqh h x|hk ih nhdoqdnwoqyfmdh l}yhqno} wqlplfdio}& Woq l}yh qhzo+ h f`h}l fo phkoq io dfidpi|o mhih plz nhd} flml}}qdh x|l ln x|hkx|lq womh hfylqdoq&


20/59

mlfylfh} il ndkchql} il hfo}+ nh} o x|l mofbfdyo hwlfh} wlx|lfhwhqyl ih l}yq|y|qh }lq c|nhfo noilqfo& Io x|l plfco idzlfio fo il}ljo x|lhkb|n plfch h df`lqdq x|l n|fio }ln b|lqqh ilpl}}l lsd}ydq |n }lfydio il`q|}yqho df}ydfydph& H ]|mdh f|fmh l}ylpl b|lqqh il}il 8389+ d}yo + woq |nwlqoio il x|hyqo blqhl}+ nh} hmco x|l fdfb|n h`dqnhq x|l o} }|lmo} ylfchn}o`qdio ln }|h pdih df}ydfydph ln mof}lxfmdh il}}h dn|fdihil&

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21/59

O WHWLK IH DFIDPDI\HKDIHIL

Fl}yh mof`lqfmdh wqowofco.nl mof}dilqhq h dnwoqyfmdh+ whqh o aln lwhqh o nhk+ il il}ljo} x|l wlqylfmln h hkb|f} nlnaqo} il mlqyh mon|fdihilnh} fo h yoio}& F|nh mon|fdihil n|dyo wqdndydph yhd} Dnw|k}o} l il}ljo}il}lnwlfchn whwlk nfdno& H mhh b|lqqh }o hydpdihil} ln x|l |n conlnwoil ylq nhd} sdyo x|l o|yqo+ nh} fh} x|hd} whqydmdwhn il |n wqow}dyo mon|n&Fh nlidih ln x|l h} hydpdihil} l}wofyflh} io} }o yhd} x|l yoih h yqdao hwqophl ilkh} whqydmdwh+ }|h dfdmdhydph wo|x|}}dno yokcdih wlko} monwoflfyl} ih yqdao+l nl}no }|h} hydpdihil} nhd} l}wofyflh} hj|}yhn.}l ho whiqo mofi|yh hmldyowoq yoio}& Nh} nlidih x|l o} conlf} }l yoqfhn nhd} mdpdkdzhio} qlplkh.id`lqlfh mhih plz nhd} hmlfy|hih lfyql h} hydpdihil} il |n ln qlkho ho}ilnhd}+ l mon|fdihil wqlmd}h+ }l x|d}lq wqo}wlqhq+ il mlqyo fnlqo il dfidpi|o}x|l fo }l hj|}yln dfyldqhnlfyl ho ydwo blqhk& Fh wqydmh+ yoio wqobql}}o hqy}ydmo+noqhk l dfylklmy|hk yln ilwlfidio il yhd} dfidpi|o}+ x|l yn }dio |n `hyoqilmd}dpo fh yqhf}do ih ahqaqdl mdpdkdzho&

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22/59

x|l dqo `hzlq o ydwo il mofyqda|do lsmlwmdofhk x|l ylfco ln nlfyl+ d}yo +lklnlfyo} il ahqaqdl+ il id}yhfmdhnlfyo ln qlkho ho qlahfco+ Fl}yhmof`lqfmdh il}ljo mof}dilqhq+ yhfyo io wofyo il pd}yh cd}yqdmo monoqlmoqqlfio hy|hd}+ h qlkho io} conlf} lsmlwmdofhd} whqh mon h mon|fdihil+ lh} mofidl} x|l `q|yd`dmho }omdhknlfyl ydk il }l|} nqdyo} lsyqhoqidfqdo}&Lshndfhqld l}}l wqoaklnh x|hfyo } hqyl}+ ilwod} x|hfyo qlkdbdo l+ woq `dn+x|hfyo mdfmdh&

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23/59

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O} dfophioql} qlkdbdo}o} l noqhd} yn ydio dnlf}o l`ldyo }oaql h pdihc|nhfh5 fln }lnwql+ ilpl.}l mof`l}}hq+ o l`ldyo x|l wqlylfidhn+ nh} ilx|hkx|lq òqnh wqo`|fihnlfyl alf`dmo l}yl qlyqoml}}o fo i|qhq& Ilplno.ko hdfophioql} noqhd} x|l wqdnldqo ylfyhqhn yqhf}òqnhq noqhkdihil f|nh x|l}yo|fdplq}hk l fo nlqhnlfyl yqdahk+ o x|l pldo h }lq |nh il}hwqopho l}mqhpdio+|n }lfydnlfyo il ilplq whqh mon wqd}dofldqo} il b|lqqh+ |nh kdndyho io} ilnhqdio} l whd}+ l |n qlmofclmdnlfyo+ lnaoqh dnwlq`ldyo+ il x|l h} qhh}}|anlydih} ilpln }dnwkl}nlfyl }lq lswkoqhih} ln wqopldyo il }l|}mofx|d}yhioql}& Ilpl.}l hindydq yoio} l}}l} bhfco} noqhd} yn }dio wqlj|idmhio}wlko qlmq|il}mdnlfyo ih hfydbh `lqomdihil+ fo hmco x|l fo `dfhk o wqobql}}onoqhk x|l lkl} yn qlwql}lfyhio }lq wlqidio whqh h c|nhfdihil&

O} wqo`lyh} l }ado} x|l dfh|b|qhqhn l}yl hphfo noqhk+ mofx|hfyo fhnhdoqdh fo ylfchn cofqhio} ln pdih+ l}yhphn+ fo oa}yhfyl+ il}dnwlidio} whqh`hzlq h }|h oaqh& F|n noilqfo L}yhio yoyhkdyqdo h} mod}h} }o wdoql} x|l foylnwo il ]mqhyl}+ o| fo ylnwo io} lphfblkco}&

F|n l}yhio yoyhkdyqdo o dfophioq m|jh} didh} }o il}hwqophih} wlkoboplqfo fo hwlfh} mofilfhio h noqyl+ x|l}yo h x|l woil `dmhq dfid`lqlfyl|n conln moqhjo}o+ nh} yoyhknlfyl dnwlidio il `hzlq mon x|l }|h io|yqdfh}ljh mofclmdih& H} dfophl}+ f|nh mon|fdihil l}}h+ } woiln hipdq ioboplqfo+ l o boplqfo cojl+ mono fo wh}}hio+ fo ilplq hwqophq x|hkx|lq mod}hmofyqqdh h }l|} dfylql}}l} dnlidhyo}& F|n L}yhio yoyhkdyqdo+ hmofylmdnlfyo} ohiplfyo io A|id}no o| io Mqd}ydhfd}no }lqdhn wqhydmhnlfyl dnwo}}pld}+ l flnnl}no nhdoq clqo}no woil |n qlòqnhioq noqhk hix|dqdq x|hkx|lq ydwo ildf`k|fmdh& Yqhyh.}l fopo fh cd}yqdh+ lf}ljhio wlko h|nlfyo io mofyqokl }oaql o}dfidpi|o}+ x|l h noilqfh boplqfo wo}}dadkdyo| L |n `hyo n|dyo bqhpl+ l fo}no}yqh o x|hfyo `hyhk |n qlbdnl yoyhkdyqdo yoih l}wmdl il wqobql}}o noqhk&


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Fo} idh} hy|hd}+ |n dfidpi|o il woilql} lsmlwmdofhd} id`dmdknlfyl woil ylql}wlqhfh mhqqldqh yo bqhfil o| |nh df`k|fmdh yo nhqmhfyl mono ln ylnwo}&wh}}hio}+ }l wqlylfilq ilidmhq.}l } hqyl} o| qlòqnh qlkdbdo}h l noqhk& C+woqn+ x|hyqo mhqqldqh} hdfih halqyh} lkl: lkl woil yoqfhq.}l |n bqhfil idqdblfylwokydmo+ mono Kfdf5 woil hix|dqdq |n ph}yo dfi|}yqdhk+ mono Qomel`lkklq5 woilyqhf}òqnhq o n|fio nlidhfyl il}moaqdnlfyo} mdlfy`dmo}+ l}y }lfio `ldyo wlko}`}dmo} hyndmo}+ o|+ `dfhknlfyl+ }l fo ydplq mhwhmdihil flml}}qdh x|hkx|lqil}}h} mhqqldqh}+ o| }l& kcl `hkyhq owoqy|fdihil+ }|h} lflqbdh} }ln o|yqhpkp|kh l}mhwl woiln klp.ko }lfih io mqdnl& O} mqdndfo}o}+& fo }lfydio klbhk+qhqhnlfyl yn df`k|fmdh fo m|q}o ih cd}yqdh+ l+ woqyhfyo+ |n conln ildfplfmplk hnado& l}mokclq mhqqldqh x|l kcl l}yljh halqyh&

H lklpho io mdlfyd}yh h bqhfil wqllndffmdh fo& L}yhio |n `lfnlfonoilqfo& O} mono o|yqo} dfophioql}+ ydplqhn x|l k|yhq whqh oaylqqlmofclmdnlfyo: hkb|f} òqhn ahfdio}5

o|yqo} òqhn x|ldnhio}5 o|yqo}+ hdfih+ òqhn nhfydio} ln nh}noqqh}5o|yqo} }dnwkl}nlfyl ydplqhn }l|} kdpqo} x|ldnhio}& Nh} ho} wo|mo}& mclbo|.}l hmonwqllfilq x|l lkl} woidhn mokomhq o woilq fh} no} io L}yhio& O}qlpok|mdofqdo} `qhfml}l}+ ilwod} il lx|dpomhihnlfyl b|dkcoydfhq Khpod}dlq+lnwqlbhqhn& }l|} moklbh} }oaqlpdplfyl} fh `haqdmho il lswko}dpo}&

b|lqqh noilqfh o} mdlfyd}yh} }o qlmofclmdio} woq yoio}& o} boplqfo}mdpdkdzhio} mono mdihio} nhd} yld}+ il}il x|l }ljhn ionhio} l dfi|zdio} hmokomhq }l|} }lqpdo} &

il |n fdmo boplqfo ln plz il o ilidmhqln& h yoih h c|nhfdihil&Yhfyo fo aln mono fo nhk+ x|h}l y|io x|l id}ydfb|l fo}}h lqh ih} }|h}

wqlilml}}oqh} mdfmdh& Fh pdih idqdh ylno} k|z lkyqdmh+ qido+ mdflnh& Fhdfi}yqdh lnwqlbhno} nhx|dfhqdh lflqbdh x|l ilplno} mdfmdh& Ilpdio hobqhfil h|nlfyo il wqoi|ydpdihil io yqhahkco mofidl} il ilidmhq |nhwqowoqo n|dyo nhdoq il fo}}h} lflqbdh} h b|lqqh} l wqlwhqhydpo} b|lqqh} iox|l hfydbhnlfyl lqh wo}}plk+ l woilno} nhfylq O} joplf} fh l}mokh woqn|dyo ylnwo io x|l hfydbhnlfyl& Ilpdio mdfmdh+ ylno} mofidl} ilid}}lndfhq dfòqnhl} hyqhp} ih dnwqlf}h l io qido h wqhydmhnlfyl yoion|fio& Bqhh} mdfmdh+ woilno} lfoqnlnlfyl x|l `|jhn wl}}oh} il x|ln oboplqfo fo bo}yh& Yoih h fo}}h pdih moydidhfh fo}}h oqbhfdzho }omdhk }o ox|l }o bqhh} mdfmdh& Yoio l}}l ph}yo il}lfpokpdnlfyo hy|hknlfyl hnwhqhiowlko L}yhio+ nh} lkl }l il| oqdbdfhqdhnlfyl ln owo}do ho L}yhio+ ofil+ monofh Q}}dh+ o L}yhio pokyo| h |n whiqo hfylqdoq+ h hfydbh owo}do ilplqdh ilfopo }l o L}yhio fo ò}}l ofdwoylfyl h |n bq|h dfdnhbdfhio wlko} ydqhfo} ilwomh} H owo}do mdfmdh+ fo wh}}hio+ fo lqh il noio hkb|n }|qwqllfilfyl&O} mdlfyd}yh} mod}h} x|l lqhn mofyqqdh} ho x|l yoio} hmqlidyhphn5 lkl} hahydhndidh} wqlmofmladih} j|kbhio} il}ydy|io} il qlplqfmdh& Hfhsboqh} lf}dfhph x|lo }ok lqh |nh wliqh plqnlkch x|lfyl l x|l h k|h lqh `ldyh il ylqqh& Woq l}}hclql}dh òd ahfdio il Hylfh} wod} hmh}o fo }hadio woq yoio} x|l o ]ok lqh |n


25/59

il|} l h K|h |nh il|}h? @od hwlfh} o woilq }oaql fhy|qhd} mof`lqdio wlkh mdfmdhx|l klpo| wo|mo h wo|mo yoklqfmdh io} mdlfyd}yh}+ l nl}no òd |n wqoml}}oklfyo+ woqx|l }l|} woilql} lqhn h wqdfmwdo} hyqda|io} nhbdh&

Fo }lqdh il hindqhq }l+ hy|hknlfyl+ |n woilqo}o nopdnlfyo hfydmdlfy`dmo}|qbd}}l mof}lxfmdh io} wlqdbo} whqh h pdih c|nhfh x|l l}yo hwhqlmlfio monh} aonah} hyndmh} o} x|l woiln ql}|kyhq ih b|lqqh ahmylqdokbdmh& Nh} }ljh ox|l òq x|l o wopo wo}}h }lfydq l}}l} coqqoql}+ fo o|}h pokyhq.}l mofyqh o}conlf} il mdfmdh fh nlidih ln x|l h b|lqqh }ljh ha}ok|yhnlfyl wqopplk+woqx|l }l |n khio l}ydpl}}l ioyhio il mdlfyd}yh} l o o|yqo khio x|l haqdbh}}lmdlfyd}yh} x|h}l mlqyhnlfyl }lqdh o pdyoqdo}o&

H mdfmdh+ fh nlidih ln x|l mof}d}yl il mofclmdnlfyo+ ilpl }lqmof}dilqhih mono ylfio nh} fh nlidih ln x|l mof}d}yh il ymfdmh h x|l}yox|hfyo h }l il }lq hwqlmdhih o| ilwlfilq io lnwqlbo x|l }l `dzlq ih ymfdmh&Ln }d nl}nh h ymfdmh fl|yqh+ fln aoh l x|hd}x|lq owdfdl} il`dfdydph} x|lwo}}hno} Ylq x|hfyo ho x|l i phkoq h d}yo o| hx|dko wqopdq il o|yqh òfyl x|lfo }ljh h ih mdfmdh&

O} mdlfyd}yh}+ fo oa}yhfyl }|h wqo`|fih df`k|fmdh fh pdih noilqfh+ }o }lmlqyo noio woilqo}o} x|l o} wokydmo}& O} wokydmo} hy|hd} }o n|dyo nhd}df`k|lfyl} io x|l o lqhn x|hkx|lq wlqoio wh}}hio ih cd}yqdh c|nhfh& ]|hqlkho whqh mon o} conlf} il mdfmdh h il |n nbdmo fo} mofyo} il Ndk l \nhFodyl} whqh mon o ijdn x|l oalilml }|h} oqilf}&

lfydihil nldo c|nhfh l nldo hfbkdmh `hz mod}h} }|qwqllfilfyl} x|l o}nbdmo}+ }ln fo woilqdhn `hzlq+ nh} } h} `hz woqx|l kcl nhfihn `hzlq+ l foilpdio+ h |n dnw|k}o }d nl}no& O nl}no hmofylml mon o} mdlfyd}yh} f|mklhql}ln fo}}o} idh}5 hkb|f} boplqfo} wqlfiln ln }|h} mh}h} ln hkyo.nhq+ l lkl} }owo}yo} h yqhahkchq+ ho hmh}o il x|ln mono l}mqhpo whqh |n khio o| whqh o|yqo&O wokydmo+ x|hfio aln }|mlidio+ fo l}y yhk molqo& H mhqqldqh nhd}}|qwqllfilfyl io} idh} hy|hd} òd h il Kfdf& Hw} }l| dqno mofilfhio noqylwlko boplqfo yzhqd}yh+ lkl wh}}o| hfo} fh nd}qdh l fo lskdo+ l ilwod} ln wo|mo}nl}l} ho monhfio il |n io} nhdoql} L}yhio}& L l}yl monhfio fo lqhmono Slqsl} o| il M}hq+ nlqhnlfyl woilq whqh il}`q|yhq k|so l hi|kho+ x|lx|hkx|lq conln+ lsmlyo lkl il}ljhqdh& Lqh o woilq whqh nokihq |n ph}yo wh} ilhmoqio mon |n whiqo fo }l| l}wqdyo+ whqh hkylqhq h pdih il yoio} o}yqhahkchioql}+ yoio} o} mhnwofl}l} l yoih} wl}}oh} ih mkh}}l nidh5 whqhdfyqoi|zdq |nh l}wmdl dfyldqhnlfyl foph il oqbhfdzho yoqfhq.}l whqh yoio on|fio o }naoko il |nh foph oqiln+ hindqhih woq |f} l lslmqhih n|dyo}+ nh}mofclmdih woq yoio}& Flfc|n }ofco nlbhkonhfhmo woidh }lq nhd} ylqqd`dmhfyl&

Fhwoklo h`dqnhph x|l y|io woilno} `hzlq mon ahdoflyh}+ lsmlyolnahdfc.kh}5 Kfdf il}hwqophph l}yh lsmlo&

O} bqhfil} conlf} x|l }oaql}}hln fh cd}yqdh yn }dio ln whqylalf`ldyoql} ih c|nhfdihil ln whqyl nhk`ldyoql}& Hkb|f}+ mono o} dfophioql}qlkdbdo}o} l noqhd}+ `dzlqhn o x|l l}yhph hkmhfml whqh yoqfhq o} conlf} nlfo}


26/59

mq|d} |f} mon o} o|yqo} l nlfo} nl}x|dfco} ln }lfydnlfyo}5 hkb|f}+ mono o}mdlfyd}yh}+ fo} ilqhn mofclmdnlfyo l monwqllf}o il wqoml}}o} fhy|qhd} x|l+lnaoqh wo}}hn }lq |ydkdzhio} lqqhihnlfyl+ woiln }lq mof}dilqhio} ln mod}h}l}wkfidih}& Hkb|f}+ mono o} bqhfil} wolyh}+ wdfyoql} l n}dmo}+ mqdhqhnalklzh l}wklfioq fo n|fio+ x|l ln nonlfyo} il ilwql}}o n|dyo `hzln whqhyoqfhq }|woqyplk l}wlym|ko io il}ydfo c|nhfo& Nh} o|yqo}+ db|hknlfyl mhwhzl}+db|hknlfyl l`dmhzl} h `dzlqhn lshyhnlfyl o owo}yo& Fo pljo ln x| hc|nhfdihil ylfch bhfco hkb|nh mod}h lsd}yfmdh il Bfbd}.Echf& Fo }ld x|laln wo}}h ylq hipdfio il Qoal}wdlqql+ l+ h nl| pljo qhzo whqh }lq bqhyo h Kfdf&Nh} yoio} l}}l} conlf}+ yhfyo aof} mono nh|}+ ydfchn x|hkdihil x|l fo ilplil}hwhqlmlq io n|fio . |nh x|hkdihil il lflqbdh l dfdmdhydph il dfilwlfifmdhil l}wqdyo l il pd}o dfplfydph& \nh wl}}oh x|l wo}}|h l}}h} x|hkdihil} mhwhzil `hzlq bqhfil aln+ o| mh|}hq bqhfil nhk+ l }l h c|nhfdihil fo x|d}lqnlqb|kchq mon|nlfyl }l }|wl lfyql o ylnwlqhnlfyo il |n bqhfil mqdndfo}o l|n bqhfil l}yhid}yh&

}lq x|l o Mhwdyo Edii l Hklshfiql+ o Bqhfil+ }l |n nbdmo o} yqomh}}l fhcoqh io fh}mdnlfyo+ ydpl}}ln lnwqllfidio h mhqqldqh x|l+ il `hyo+ òdlnwqllfidih wlko o|yqo& O nl}no }l il mlqyo} hqyd}yh}5 h} nlnqdh} ilAlfplf|yo Mlknd fo io |n x|hiqo io conln mon ql}wldyo ih kld x|l yoiomdihio ilpl ylq& Fo n|fio noilqfo+ l hdfih nhd}+ yhfyo x|hfyo }|woq+ fon|fio io `|y|qo wqsdno+ qlhkdzho dnwoqyhfyl l }lq dnwo}}plk h x|hkx|lq }llkl fo w|ilq idqdbdq hkb|nh ph}yh oqbhfdzho& ]l lkl w|ilq `hzlq.}l mcl`l il |nL}yhio mono Kff+ o| nofowokd}yh il |nh bqhfil dfi}yqdh mono Qomel`lkklq+ o||n mofyqokhioq mqidyo mono o plkco Wdlqwofy Noqbhf+ lkl woil wqoi|zdq lfoqnl}l`ldyo} }oaql o n|fio&

nl}no noio o `hq }l+ }lfio |n mdlfyd}yh+ wlq}|hidq hkb|n boplqfo ilx|l }l| yqhahkco phkdo}o fh b|lqqh& Nh} o conln x|l yqhahkcl }ln hj|ih il |nhoqbhfdzho+ mono |n claql|+ |n wolyh o| |n `dk}oò }okdyqdo mono ]wdfozh+fo nhd} woil ylq l}wlqhfh io dnwoqyfmdh x|l hkb|f} conlf} ydplqhn lnwomh} wh}}hih}& O} mdlfyd}yh} io wh}}hio }l| yqhahkco x|h}l x|l hwlfh}dfidpdi|hknlfyl+ nh} o mdlfyd}yh il cojl wqlmd}h il lfoqnl oflqo}}}dnolx|dwhnlfyo l khaoqhyqdo mon n|dyo} h}}d}ylfyl}& Y|io d}yo lkl woiloaylq `hpoql} boplqfhnlfyhd}+ o|+ fo} L}yhio} \fdio}+ wlko whyqomfdo il conlf}qdmo}& Lkl |n yqhahkchioq dfilwlfilfyl+ nh} l}}lfmdhknlfyl whqyl dfylbqhfyl ilhkb|nh bqhfil oqbhfdzho& L}yh yqhf}òqnho qlhknlfyl kh}ydnplk+ woqx|l h}

mod}h} x|l |n bqhfil woidh `hzlq fh }okdio woidhn }lq nhd} alf`dmh} x|lhx|lkh} x|l lkl } woil `hzlq nlidhfyl hj|ih il o|yqo}& \nh wl}}oh x|l x|ldqhdf`k|dq fh} x|l}yl} c|nhfh} hmch id`mdk }lq aln }|mlidio+ h fo }lq monol}mqhpo o| mono ydqhfo: mono wokydmo lkl woil `hzlq.}l mcl`l L}yhio+ o| monomdlfyd}yh woil plfilq }l| yqhahkco ho boplqfo+ nh} fl}}l mh}o ilpl wqow}dyo} ioL}yhio l fo ho} }l|}&

L d}yo }l hwkdmh fo hwlfh} h conlf} il qhqh l lsmlwmdofhk bqhfilzh+ nh} ph}yh bhnh yhklfyo}& Fh} womh} ln x|l co|pl bqhfil} wolyh}+ co|pl yhnan


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bqhfil fnlqo il wolyh}+ l x|hfio co|pl bqhfil} wdfyoql} co|pl yhnanf|nlqo}o} wlx|lfo} wdfyoql}&

bqhfil} monwo}dyoql} hklnl} }|qbdqhn f|n nldo ln x|l h n}dmh lqhl}ydnhih l ofil fnlqo il yhklfyo} nlfoql} lfmofyqhph owoqy|fdihil& Fhx|lkl}idh}+ h wol}dh+ h wdfy|qh n}dmh lqhn whqyl pdyhk ih pdih idqdh io conln mon|n+mono hwlfh} o} l}woqyl} ]o bqhfil} wqo`lyh} lqhn conlf} x|l }l il}yhmhphni|nh n|kydio il wqo`lyh} nlfoql}&

df`lqdoqdihil il fo}}h womh fl}}l} h}}|fyo} l& ql}|kyhio dflpdyplk io `hyoil x|l h }omdlihil l}y mlfyqhkdzhih l oqbhfdzhih h yhk wofyo x|l h dfdmdhydphdfidpdi|hk l}y qli|zdih h |n Ofil h} hqyl} pdmljhqhn fo wh}}hio+ pdmljo| pdh ilqlbqh ln nldo h wlx|lfh} mon|fdihil} ydfchn qdphd} lfyql }l|} pdzdfco}+ yhd}mono h} mdihil}.l}yhio bqlbh}+ o} wlx|lfo} wqdfmdwhio} io Qlfh}mdnlfyodyhkdhfo+ l h} wlx|lfh} moqyl} io} boplqfhfyl} hklnl} io }m|ko SPDDD&

|n il}}l} boplqfhfyl} ydfch x|l nhfylq }l|} n}dmo}+ l woidh hmofylmlqx|l ò}}l |n ]lah}ydhf Ahmc+ nh} nl}no x|l fo ò}}l |n yo bqhfil+ lqh kdpqlwhqh `hzlq o x|l w|il}}l&

Lsd}yl hkbo }oaql qdphkdihil komhk x|l l}}lfmdhk fl}yh} x|l}yl}& Hqdphkdihil il}lnwlfchph whwlk dfmk|}dpl fh mof}yq|o il mhyliqhd}+ woqx|l mhihad}wo x|lqdh ylq |nh mhyliqhk nhd} x|l }l| ad}wo pdzdfco& ]lqdh aoh mod}h }l h}mdihil} w|il}}ln il}lfpokplq |n Oqb|kco x|l h} klph}}l qdphkdihil ny|h+ l}l mhih |nh ilkh} ydpl}}l }|h l}mokh il n}dmh l fo }ln |n pdboqo}o il}inwlkh l}mokh ih mdihil pdzdfch& Nh} |n qlbdofhkd}no mono `koql}ml wqofyhnlfylf|n n|fio il dnwqdo} l noadkdihil kdpql& \n conln il Nhfmcl}ylq }lfyl`hmdknlfyl whqh mon o conln il ]cl``dlki o nl}no x|l |n hylfdlf}l }lfydhwhqh moqfydo+ o| |n `koqlfydfo whqh mon |n plflzdhfo& Nh} h il}wldyo il}}h}id`dm|kihil}+ l}yl wqoaklnh il ihq dnwoqyfmdh } komhkdihil} ylq x|l }lqlf`qlfyhio }l h pdih c|nhfh x|d}lq }l yoqfhq mhih plz nhd} clidofih lnofyofh&

O }lkphbln+ fo oa}yhfyl wlqylfml}}l h |nh wlx|lfh mon|fdihil+ ydfch|nh pdih ln dfdmdhydph fo lqh yokcdih ln ilnh}dh wlkh mon|fdihil& H} mod}h} x|llkl x|lqdh `hzlq+ mhhq l b|lqqlhq+ lqhn yhnan h} mod}h} x|l }l| }lnlkchfylx|lqdh `hzlq+ l }l lkl }lfydh dfmkdfho whqh }lq m|qhfildqo+ ydfch hwlfh} x|ldf}df|hq.}l j|fyo h hkb|n dfidpi|o j fhx|lkh wqo`d}}o l h}}dn+ fo ilpdio ylnwo+mof}lb|dq }l|} woilql} il nhbdh& ]l ò}}l conln il yhklfyo lsmlwmdofhk+ woidhdfplfyhq hkb|n hwlq`ldohnlfyo ln hqnh}+ o| hkb|nh }l ihfhq fo nldo ih q|h|n b|hqih pdqh qlwqllfi.ko woq dfylqqonwlq o yq`lbo& ]|h joqfhih yqhahkco+ hnlfo} x|l ylfch n|dyh }oqyl+ om|whih il |n noio dfyldqhnlfylnofyofo wqoi|zdq hkb|nh mod}h x|l ylfch phkoq+ fo+ mono o l}m|io il Hx|dkl}+mono |nh alkh oaqh.wqdnh+ nh} }oaqly|io woq }|h |ydkdihil& X|hfio ahyl h coqh+lkl fo woil+ mono Ndkyof+ !`hzlq mof`difmdh} }oa o l}wdfcldqo aqhfmo io phkl!+woqx|l x|h}l f|fmh lsd}yl wlqyo il ofil lkl ql}dih+ o|+ }l co|plq+ l}yhq mcldoil khyh}& L }lnwql+ ln fo}}o oqilfhio il pdih+ lkl l}y oamlmhio wlkh}


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wqlom|whl} mon o idh il hnhfc& Il yoio} o} wqlmldyo} Lphfblkco}+ hx|lklx|l o} mqd}yo} nhd} il}wqlzhn l o nhfihnlfyo whqh x|l fo m|diln ilhnhfc& ]l lkl òq wq|ilfyl+ wlf}hq fo idh il hnhfch woil }hkp.ko5 }l òqDnwq|ilfyl+ yoqfhq.}l. hwqllf}dpo x|hfyo h fo ylq mofidl} il whbhq }|h}ipdih}& Ln x|hkx|lq h coqh il dq whqh mh}h wlqil }l| }haoq& Y|io oqbhfdzhiofhih l}wofyflo& O} fhzd}yh} oqbhfdzhqhn h !Qoa|}ylz wlkh Hklbqdh!+ nh}hklbqdh wql}mqdyh wlko boplqfo fo ilpl }lq hwqhzplk& Fhx|lkl} x|l wo}}hn hmh}oylq hnadl} nlqdyqdh}+ o l`ldyo ih mlfyqhkdzho yqhz.ko} monwlydo mon |nfnlqo ilnh}dhio bqhfil il qdphd}+ l }|anly.ko} h |n dfilpdihnlfyl |fdòqnlil bo}yo& }l x|lqlno} }lq |n wdfyoq fo fo} mofylfyhqlno} ln lx|dwhqhq monconlf} x|l ylfchn il}ljo} }lnlkchfyl} ln fo}}h mdihil+ nh} dqlno} l}mokh ilwdfy|qh f|nh mdihil bqhfil ofil wqophplknlfyl mofmk|dqlno} x|l }ono}nliomql}+ ylfio mclbhio h l}yh mofmk|}o woilno} `dmhq yo ilwqdndio} h wofyoil jobhq òqh o} pdplq whqh bhfchq idfcldqo o| alalq+ woqx|l mlqyo bqh| ilh|yomof`dhfh l l}}lfmdhk whqh qlhkdzho& Fh Dykdh io Qlfh}mdnlfyo woilqhno}ylq wlf}hio ln }lq wdfyoql} ln ]dlfh+ }dy|ho }lqdh wlq`ldyhnlfyl idbfh ilko|poq& Nh} cojl fo fo} }hyd}`hqhno} ln hix|dqdq wqlwhqo f|nh mdihil wlx|lfhl fo} lx|dwhqhq h fo}}o} pdzdfco}& ]halno} ln ilnh}dh }lfydno} ilnh}dhiowo|mo& Wlko nlfo} }lfydno} ilnh}dhio wo|mo ihx|lkl} }lfydnlfyo} mqdhydpo} ilx|l |nh pdih aoh }|qbl& Mon qlkho ho x|l dnwoqyhfyl }ono} wh}}dpo}5

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O MOF@KDYO LFYQL H YLMFOKOBDH L H FHY\QLZH C\NHFH

O conln id`lql io} o|yqo} hfdnhd} il n|dyo} noio}& \n ilkl} x|l lkll}y id}wo}yo lnwqllfilq hydpdihil} ln }d il}hbqhipld} woqx|l }o nldo} whqh`df} il}ljhio} O} hfdnhd} `hzln mod}h} x|l+ io wofyo il pd}yh io adkobo}whqlmln }lq yqhahkco whqh hydfbdq |n wqow}dyo:

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O conln wqdndydpo ydfch wo|mo il}}l mof`kdyo lfyql o} nldo} l dnw|k}o}& Hmhh+ o monahyl+ wqomqdho lqhn flml}}qdo} whqh h }oaqlpdpfmdh l wqobql}}olpok|mdofqdo+ nh} l}yh }|h qhzo whqh lnwqllfilq l}}h} hydpdihil}: lkl }lilidmhph h lkh} woqx|l kcl ihphn mhh yoqfo|.}l+ mon o wh}}hq io ylnwo+ |nidplqydnlfyo io} qdmo} omdo}o}5 wlqil| }|h l}mhwl nlkcoq+ lfmofyqh }|h nhd}dnwoqyhfyl lswql}}o fh b|lqqh&

O conln wqdndydpo+ woqn+ fo l}yhph dfyldqhnlfyl d}lfyo il hydpdihil}x|l }lfyd}}l }lqln nhd} x|l dfyqdf}lmhnlfyl hyqhlfyl}& F|n l}yhbdo n|dyowqdndydpo ih lpok|o c|nhfh h il df}yq|nlfyo} il wliqh ylpl dfdmdo+ l h}}dndfh|b|qhph o kofbo il}lfpokpdnlfyo x|l hy o hy|hk monwkdmhio }d}ylnhlmofndmo& Nh} fo} dfmdo} ih Dihil ih Wliqh wo}}plk wqhzlq ih mqdho hqy}ydmhl io `|y|qo h|nlfyo il woilq }l id`|fid}}l wlko} l}ybdo} khaoqdo}o} yqhahkco&X|hfio h mhndfchih io} nldo} ho} `df} fo n|dyo kofbh+ o} wqwqdo}nldo} il}`q|yhio} }l o `dn hqioqo}hnlfyl il}ljhio& \n nlfdfo }l mhf}h}|adfio ho yowo wlko wqhzlq il |f} aqlpl} nonlfyo} i|qhfyl h il}mdih5 fdfb|nwqlmd}h df}y.ko h x|l yqhahkco il }|adq+ l lnaoqh lkl wo}}h mhf}hq l ql}òklbhq+hdfih l}yhq `lkdz& Nh} }l ln qlmonwlf}h dnlidhyh f} kcl wqonlylno} |nhhwo}lfyhioqdh ho} }lylfyh hfo}+ }|h lflqbdh qhwdihnlfyl l}noqlmlq&

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O hwhqlmdnlfyo ih l}mqhpdio il| dfmdo ho idpqmdo io wqow}dyo ioyqhahkco l o} wqow}dyo} yqhahkchioq& H} wdqndil} òqhn mof}yq|ih} whqh h bkqdh


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io} `hqh}5 o} l}mqhpo} x|l h} fo monwhqydkchqhn ih bkqdh+ l yqhahkchqhnhwlfh} woq nlio ih plqbh}yh io mhwhyhz&

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Fo} ylnwo} noilqfo} hfyl} ih Qlpok|o Dfi|}yqdhk+ h idndf|do ih}lqpdio l o h|nlfyo o`mdo} h|nlfyo| o fnlqo io} yqhahkchioql} x|l lqhn}l|} wqwqdo} whyql}+ l x|l woidhn+ woqyhfyo+ il}`q|yhq hkb|n oqb|kco io x|lwqoi|zdhn& @od l}}l l}yhio il mod}h} x|l lf}ljo| il ilnomqhmdh il`lfidio woqJl``lq}of l h Qlpok|o @qhfml}h+ x|l ql|fd| |n ph}yo fnlqo wqoi|yoql} nhd}o| nlfo} dfilwlfilfyl}+ ln mofyqhwo}do } dnlf}h} oqbhfdzhl} lmofndmh}x|l h ylmfokobdh noilqfh mqdo|&

Pljhno} o mh}o il |nh bqhfil àqdmh+ woq lslnwko+ x|l `haqdx|lh|yonpld}& O wqow}dyo oqbhfdzho `haqdmhq h|yonpld}+ nh} o wqow}dyo io}owlqqdo} qlmlalq }hkqdo}&

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Ln hwqlmdplk bqh|+ l}}l nhk df}lwhqplk ih nlmhfdzho monadfhih mono yhnhfco Ilpdio nlmhfdzho+ fdfb|n `hz |nh bqhfil whqyl io mhqqo+ nh}hwlfh} |nh wlx|lfh il hkb|nh wlh5 bqhfil x|hfydihil io yqhahkco lsdbl wo|mhwlqmdh+ l monwklyhnlfyl nofyofo& Ilpdio bqhfil idnlf}o+ h y|qnh x|lmoklydphnlfyl `haqdmh |n mhqqo fo |fdihil l fo c }lf}o il }okdihqdlihil lfyqlo} owlqqdo} l h blqfmdh& C }okdihqdlihil o} owlqqdo} l woil chplq}okdihqdlihil fh hindfd}yqho& Nh} h }okdihqdlihil io} yqhahkchioql} fo ylnqlkho hkb|nh mon o wqoi|yo5 lkh yln ln pd}yh o h|nlfyo io} }hkqdo} l hidndf|do joqfhih& H hindfd}yqho woil ylq oqb|kco io wqoi|yo+ nh} x|hfio|nh dfi}yqdh l}y dfyldqhnlfyl monlqmdhkdzhih plqd`dmh.}l |nh ylfifmdh h wlf}hqhwlfh} fo k|mqo+ x|l woil+ fo qhqo+ mof}lb|dio nhd} `hmdknlfyl wlkh w|akdmdihilio x|l wlko hwlq`ldohnlfyo io wqoi|yo hmhahio I|h} mod}h} pdlqhn h idndf|d ooqb|kco fh nhf|`hy|qh& H wqdnldqh òd h dfplfo io idfcldqo5

}lb|fih òd h wqoi|o ln nh}}h& O idfcldqo klpo| phkoqdzho il |nhqydbo woq }l| x|l hkbo fo dfyqf}lmo+ nh} |nh ha}yqho whqydkchih mon o|yqh}nlqmhioqdh}& H} mod}h} m|}yhio n|dyo yqhahkco+ nh} fo wqlylfiln wqowoqmdofhqx|hkx|lq qlmonwlf}h dfhfmldqh&

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}|a}ydy|d| |nh lmofondh ln x|l o} oajlyo} lqhn wqoi|zdio} whqh |}o iowqoi|yoq+ l l}yh n|ihfh `lz mon x|l h} nlqmhioqdh} ò}}ln mof}dilqhih} yld}ln plz il il}`q|ypld}&

H wqoi|o ln nh}}h klpo| l}}l wqoml}}o hdfih hkn& Hindyhno} x|l}ono} `haqdmhfyl} aoyl}: woq nhd} lsmlklfyl} x|l fo}}o} aoyl} wo}}hn }lq+ fowqlmd}hno} nhd} x|l |f} whqh fo}}o |}o& Yoio} o} ilnhd} f} yqomhno} woqhkdnlfyo l chadyho+ |n mhqqo l li|mho io} `dkco}+ lym& L}}h} pqdh} mod}h} foyn fhih h plq mon aoyl} h fo }lq |nh qlkho noflyqdh& L fln nl}no ophkoq noflyqdo io} aoyl} o x|l fo} dnwoqyh: o dnwoqyhfyl d}yo + o lsml}}o io}l| phkoq il plfih }oaql o m|}yo il wqoi|o+ o x|l woil }lq h|nlfyhio wlkhidndf|do il }|h x|hkdihil dfyqf}lmh& Il `hyo+ |nh wlqih il x|hkdihildfyqf}lmh omoqql x|hfio nyoio} nhd} wqdndydpo} il wqoi|o }o }|a}ydy|io}wlkh wqoi|o ln Plqd`dmhn.}l i|h} mof}lxfmdh} ih oqbhfdzho noilqfh+ hknih} j nlfmdofhih}+ h idndf|dq o dfylql}}l io wqoi|yoq fo wqoi|yo& \nh oid}yhfmdhnlfyo io bhfco h l}wlqhq yqhahkco5 h o|yqh o idpqmdo il blqfmdh lyqhahkchioq&

O id}yhfmdhnlfyo io bhfco mof}d}yl fd}yo: hindyhno} x|l l}yhno}yqhahkchfio fo nonlfyo hkb|nh wlh x|hkx|lq ih `haqdmho il |nh nlqmhioqdhwhqh lswoqyho+ woq lslnwko+ h|yonplk& Idzln.fo}+ mon n|dyh f`h}l+ x|l hlswoqyho flml}}qdh h `dn il x|l monwqhq hkdnlfyo} fo lsylqdoq& O hkdnlfyolsyqh x|l monwqhio mono ql}|kyhio io fo}}o fo fo} pln wl}}ohknlfyl+ nh} idpdidio lfyql x|hqlfyh ndkcl} o| nhd} il wl}}oh} chadyhn h Dfbkhylqqh& ]l`hkyhno} ho yqhahkco |n idh+ fo c ihfo pd}plk lmofondh fhmdofhk&

woq |n l}òqo dfylklmy|hk woilno} wlqmlalq ln x|l fo}}h h|}fmdh mh|}h|n nhk+ l } l}òqo noqhk yqhahkchno} nhd} x|l o flml}}qdo whqh mof}lqphq olnwqlbo& Y|io monwklyhnlfyl id`lqlfyl x|hfio h flml}}dihil wqlnlfyl lapdh+ mono+ woq lslnwko+ fh|`qbdo& F|n fh|`qbdo h yqdw|kho oalilml oqilf}}ln flml}}dihil il qhmdomdfhq+ woqx|l |n wqow}dyo mon|n dnlidhyo+ l o} nldo}il }|h qlhkdzho fo }o id`mld} il monwqllfilq&

}l o mhwdyo io fhpdo ò}}l oaqdbhio+ mono o boplqfo+ h lswkdmhq o}wqdfmwdo} ih mdqm|kho noflyqdh h `dn il wqophq x|l }|h} oqilf} }o j|}yh}+ ofhpdo dqdh whqh o `|fio hfyl} x|l ylqndfh}}l il `hkhq&

O idpqmdo lfyql h blqfmdh l o yqhahkchioq yln iod} h}wlmyo}+ |n io} x|hd} o mofclmdio lfyql mhwdyhk l yqhahkco5 o o|yqo |n wqoaklnh il oqiln nhd}blqhk x|l h`kdbl yoih} h} lnwql}h}& Fo wqlylfio yqhyhq io mof`kdyo lfyql yqhahkcol mhwdyhk+ nh} hwlfh} io id}yhfmdhnlfyo io boplqfo+ }ljh f|nh oqbhfdzholmofndmh l wokydmh+ }ljh fo mhwdyhkd}no o| fo }omdhkd}no+ x|l |n ylnh nlfo}yqdpdhk l x|l nlqlml mof}dilqho&

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X|hfio o} wqlo} ih} nhyqdh}.wqdnh} l io} }hkqdo} ilylqndfhio} wlko boplqfo+yoih ilmd}o fl}}l} h}}|fyo} ilpl il}hbqhihq h hkb|n& O mof}dilqhl} x|l h}h|yoqdihil} `hzln il mhqylq yo blqhk+ l }o hwhqlfylnlfyl yo id}yhfyl} io}dfylql}}l} ih pdih idqdh io yqhahkchioq+ x|l id`mdk wlqmlalq hy x|l mod}h yln hplq mon h o|yqh& \nh phfyhbln mofmlfyqhih }lnwql nhd}wqofyhnlfyl monwqllf}plk x|l |nh il}phfyhbln idk|ih& L woq l}}l ydwo ilhqb|nlfyo x|l o} boplqfo} hmchn id`mdk lf`qlfyhq h df`kho+ l x|l+ x|hfio o`hzln+ yoqfhn.}l dnwow|khql}& \n boplqfo hy|l plqihildqhnlfyl fo dfylql}}l iowakdmo ln blqhk moqql o qd}mo il }lq j|kbhio wlko} ln whqydm|khq mono }l l}ydpl}}lwlqplq}hnlfyl l}x|lmlfio hx|lkl} dfylql}}l} }lyoqdhd}&

il |n ydwo il id`dm|kihil x|l+ f|nh ilnomqhmdh+ ylfil h& h|nlfyhq mon oh|nlfyo ln Hkn io nhd}+ }lqdh dfilpdihnlfyl oydnd}yh l}wlqhq x|l o} boplqfo}+nl}no x|l ilnomqydmo}+ `hqo }lnwql: o x|l nlkcoq fo dfylql}}l wakdmo&@hkld hfylqdoqnlfyl il hkb|f} io} nhkl} kdbhio} a|qomqhmdh& Wqlylfio hboqhid}moqqlq }oaql hx|lkl} nhkl} dnwkdmhio} fh qlkho `|fmdofhkd}no l o wakdmo&F|nh mon|fdihil hkyhnlfyl oqbhfdzhih+ hx|lkl} x|l lslqmln wakdmh}+ il}il o}ndfd}yqo} hy o} wlx|lfo} mcl`l} il l}mqdyqdo} komhd}+ yn }l|}wqwqdo} dfylql}}l} whqydm|khql}+ x|l il noio hkb|n modfmdiln mon o} ihmon|fdihil& Ilfyql l}}l} hnoq ho woilq l h hplq}o ho yqhahkco }o o}wqdfmdwhd}&& O `|fmdofqdo wakdmo x|l idbh |n wqojlyo }hyd}`hz ho nl}no ylnwo}l| wqhzlq ln lslqmlq h|yoqdihil l }|h wo|mh dfmkdfho whqh o l}`oqo& L h}}dni h dnwql}}o il }lq dfdndbo ihx|lkl} h x|ln lkl ilpl }lqpdq+ wofyo o &

Yonlno} mono lslnwko h} nlidih} flml}}qdh} whqh mofyoqfhq |nhlplfy|hk `hkyh il ]l wo}}|no} |nh wlx|lfh wqowqdlihil ylqqdyoqdhk+ h id`dm|kihilln oaylq hkdnlfyo woil h yqhahkchq i|qhnlfyl }l fo} `oq wlqndydio |ydkdzhq fo}}owqoi|yo whqh }|wklnlfyhq fo}}h} Nh} h nhdoqdh ih} wl}}oh} ilpl monwqhq }l|hkdnlfyo+ h nlfo} x|l }l ilidx|l hbqdm|ky|qh&woilq monwqhq Nh} lnaoqh d}yo }ljh plqihil+ wo|mo} il f} }ono} ilpdihnlfylbqhyo} wlko} }lqpdo} }lfcoqh} ln ilwhqyhnlfyo} il hkdnlfyho+ l hdfihqhqd}}nh} ilkh} ildshqo il lsdadq haoqqlmdnlfyo} woq nhd} blfyd} x|l hwhqlhnho wakdmo& Whqh o wakdmo+ lkh} whqlmlqo+ dfj|}yhnlfyl+ plqihildqh} i}woyh}dbfoqhfyl}5 whqh l}}h} }lfcoqh}+ o wakdmo whqlml a|kclfyo l bqo}}o+ }lnwqlwlqilfio mod}h} l n|ihfio il lfilqlo& Fo l `mdk wlqmlalq ln o|yqh}}dy|hl}+ }l wo}}h l}yhalklmlq |nh chqnofdh plqihildqh lfyql o boplqfol boplqfhio}&

O} nldo} hy hx|d il}moalqyo} il wqoi|zdq |nh chqnofdh whqmdhk lfyql o}}lfydnlfyo} l o dfylql}}l wakdmo l}yo }|jldyo} h oajll} il pqdh} l}wmdl}&

O qlm|q}o chqnofdzhioq nhd} `mdk l nhd} lpdilfyl h b|lqqh& F|nh b|lqqhid`mdk+ x|hfio wql}lqpho fhmdofhk l}y ln qd}mo+ `mdk dfi|zdq yoio} h yqhahkchqmon pofyhil+ l }l o j|kbhio monwlylfyl }|h} oqilf} }o wqofyhnlfyloalilmdih}& H }dy|ho }lnlkchfyl fh|`qbdo& Nh} fdfb|n dqdh wqlmofdzhq

khd}}l}.`hdql+ o} wqlo} }|adqdhn+ l yoio}+ lsmlyo o} qdmo}+&& `dmhqdhn }ln


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fh|`qbdo} whqh `hpoqlmlq h id}mdwkdfh fhphk+ l fo woilno} wqlmofdzhq b|lqqh}}oa `|fihnlfyo il x|l lf}ljhn |fdihil fhmdofhk& ]ln ipdih+ whqlmdio }l woiloaylq wlko nlio ih b|lqqh+ nh} }l o nlio ih b|lqqh òq hb|io l i|qhq ylnwo+}lb|qhnlfyl ql}|kyhq f|nh b|lqqh il `hyo+ l mofx|hfyo wqonoph h |fdihilfhmdofhk mh|}hq yhnan yhfyo `qhx|lzh mono cd}ylqdh&

H monwlydo+ ofil lsd}yl+ |n dfmlfydpo lsyqlnhnlfyl woilqo}o& Lkh yln}dio blqhknlfyl wqomkhnhih wlko} }omdhkd}yh} mono |nh ih} wdoql} mod}h} fh}omdlihil mhwdyhkd}yh+ nh} }opdydmo qlhadkdyo|.h+ mofmlilfio.kcl dnwoqyhfyl k|bhqfh oqbhfdzho ih dfi}yqdh& O} il ]yhechfopdyl+ ln x|l mlqyo} yqhahkchioql}qlmlaln qlmonwlf}h} woq l`dmdfmdh lsmlwmdofhk+ lfx|hfyo o|yqo} }o w|fdio} woq`hkch}+ }o |n qlpdboqhnlfyo io }d}ylnh il yhql`h mofyqh o} }dfidmhyo} k|yhqhnmon lflqbdh l }|ml}}o& Fo ylfco ipdih hkb|nh il x|l l}}l} }d}ylnh} yn fhQ}}dh o} nqdyo} hfydbhnlfyl il`lfidio} wlko} mhwdyhkd}yh}+ l o} ilnqdyo}wo}yo} qlklpo wlko} }dfidmhyo}& Mono }ok|o whqh o} wqoaklnh} w}dmokbdmo} lkl}}o mlqyhnlfyl dfhwqowqdhio}&

Nh} fo oa}yhfyl h monwlydo+ }oa n|dyo} h}wlmyo}+ }ljh }lqdhnlfylid}m|yplk+ yln+ h |n whwlk l}}lfmdhk h il}lnwlfchq fh wqonoo io l}òqoflml}}qdo+ l ln hkb|f} }lyoql} wqowoqmdofh |nh pkp|kh il l}mhwl qlkhydphnlfyldfo`lf}dph ho} dnw|k}o} x|l il o|yqh mofi|zdqdhn b|lqqh& Fdfb|n dqdhwqlmofdzhq h haokdo ih monwlydo fo} jobo}& ]l il `|ylaok hy l}yl nonlfyoqdphd} f|n mhnwlofhyo+ }oa df`k|fmdh io hnoq `qhylqfo+ ilmdidqln moowlqhq ilnoio h x|l |n `hh hboqh |n bok l ildsl o o|yqo `hzlq |n bok kobo ln}lb|dih+ fo `hq h `lkdmdihil fln io} jobhioql} fln io wakdmo& Fln c qhzowhqh x|l o hqioq monwlydo ilph kdndyhq.}l } monwlydl} il}woqydph} lhykydmh}& H qdphkdihil lfyql lx|dwl}+ komhkdihil} o| oqbhfdzhl} woil }lq |ndfmlfydpo wqopldyo}o& Nh} whqh x|l h monwlydo yoqfl }lkphbln o| wqlj|idmdhk+ hwlfhkdihil wlko `qhmh}}o fo ilpl }lq h mhy}yqo`l+ mono o| hahfiofhio} whqhnoqqlq il ònl&

\kydnhnlfyl+ fh Dfbkhylqqh+ `lz.}l moqhjo}h ylfyhydph il hwlkhq whqh o }lf}oio ilplq&

nonlfyo+ h h|}ylqdihil dflpdyplk+ l o h|nlfyo ih wqoi|o h fdmh}hih& d}yo dflbplk+ |n hwlko il}}l ydwo }ln ipdih flml}}qdo f|nh womhil mqd}l& Nh} o }lf}o io ilplq+ phkdo}o l dfid}wlf}plk x|l }ljh ln mlqyh}omh}dl}+ fo mof}ydy|d }ok|o wlqnhflfyl+ wqopplk x|l fo ylfch sdyo woq |nwqhzo n|dyo kofbo& Lkl dnwkdmh |n }lf}o il l}òqo+ mof}yhfyl ql}d}yfmdh ho}dnw|k}o} fhy|qhd} x|l+ }l mofydf|hih+ ilpl }lq mhf}hydph l ql}wof}plk wlkhqli|o il lflqbdh fhy|qhk& ]l df}yhio+ fo mono h }dfblkh ydmh yqhidmdofhk io}Ilz Nhfihnlfyo}+ nh} nlidhfyl monwkdmhio} `|fihnlfyo} lmofndmo} lwokydmo}+ h nofoyofdh klphq ho mlydmd}no x|hfyo ho} hqb|nlfyo} dfpomhio}+ ln|dyh} wl}}oh} `dmhqo dfid`lqlfyl} hioyhqo hkb|nh yloqdh `hk}h df}df|hfio x|lchjh |nh wh|}h whqh h wqo}wlqdihil& O} conlf} woiln }lq l}ydn|khio} wlkhl}wlqhfh o| }|aj|bhio} wlko nlio+ nh} l}wlqhfh l nlio }lq dfylf}o} ldnlidhyo} whqh x|l }ljhn l`dmhzl} }ln mh|}hq nofoyofdh&


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ln whqyl woq l}yh qhzo x|l h wqowhbhfih cd}yqdmh+ o| wlko nlfo} hwqowhbhfih mon mh|}hq cd}ylqdh+ yln df`k|fmdh yo id`|fidih fo n|fio noilqfo&H} wl}}oh} l}yo mf}mdh} x|l+ il noio blqhk+ }|h} pdih} idqdh} }o h`lyhih} woqmod}h} x|l hmofylmln ln whqyl} io n|fio+ nh} fo wo}}|ln mofclmdnlfyo whqhmonwqllfilq mono d}yo hmofylml+ lsmlyo mh}o il wlx|lfo fnlqo ill}wlmdhkd}yh}& Woq x|l fo c hqqoz? Woq x|l h} ahfhfh} qhqh}? Woq x|lhwhqlfylnlfyl o} aod} ildshqhn il ylq qhao}? ]l m|kwhno} h fidh+ o| a|qomqhmdh+o| o }d}ylnh mhwdyhkd}yh+ o| o L}yhio }omdhkd}yh+ dnwono} } nlfyl} ih}wl}}oh} ilnfdo nydmo wlq}ofd`dmhio h x|ln `mdk oidhq& Ln yoih df`lkdmdihil dnw|k}o fhy|qhk |n dfdndbo h x|ln m|kwhq5 o} }lkphblf} hyqda|ln yoih} h}iolfh} h nhbdh co}ydk& Yoih h} mh|}h} io} fo}}o} wqoaklnh} }o ilnh}dhioid`mld} il monwqllfilq+ ylfilno} h l}}h l}wmdl wqdndydph il lswkdmho& \njoqfhk x|l fo} o`lqlh |n pdko h oidhq n|dyo mofy|filfyl io x|l o wlqdidmox|l lfyqh fo} woqnlfoql} dfyqdfmhio} ih x|lih io ikhq&

}o`qdnlfyo} io} hklnl} hw} h wqdnldqh b|lqqh n|fidhk `dzlqhn mon x|ln|dyo} ilkl} wlq}|hid}}ln il x|l o} j|il|} ilpdhn }lq m|kwhio} il }|hil}bqhh&

O hwlko ho ido h |n wqlylf}o dfdndbo mono lswkdmho il y|io O x|l wlfo}o ln fo}}h} ln blqhk il}yq|ydpo l mhyh}yq`dmo5 lkl l}ydn|kh lflqbdhdf}ydfydph wqdndydph+ nh} il noio l`ldyo} ilmoqqlfyl} }ljhn il}h}yqo}o}& C pqdh}nhfldqh} il idndf|dq h `oqh io} hwlko} H nlkcoq nhfldqh+ lpdilfylnlfyl+ x|hfio wo}}plk6 }hfhq o} nhkl} x|l fo} `hzln |n dfdndbo mono aoil lswdhyqdo&X|hfio d}}o fo wo}}plk+ woil }lq x|l }l mof}dbh hnwkhnlfyl |nh wlq`ldyhmonwqllf}o ih} mh|}h} x|l l}yo wqoi|zdfio fo}}h df`lkdmdihil&

d}yo id`mdk fh nlidih ln x|l c woilqo}h} `oqh} fh wokydmh l fhdnwqlf}h x|l }l qlwqoi|zln wlko l}yn|ko cd}ylqdh&

Fo hmco x|l h df`lkdmdihil+ woq }d nl}nh+ wqoi|zh o ydwo il ido cd}yqdmox|l klpo|+ woq lslnwko+ ho }|qbdnlfyo io fhzd}no& Yln x|l chplq |n }lfydio il`q|}yqho mono yhnan il}bqhh& \nh `hnkdh }|h io ydwo Qoadf}of+ ylfion|dyo o x|l `hzlq ln }|h dkch+ fo ylnwo mon ido& Nh} f|nh }dy|ho nhd}monwkdmhih h} hydpdihil} x|l }ljhn il `hyo woiln }lq n|kyo nlfo} mhwhzl} il`hzlq |n hwlko dnlidhyo ho} dfidpi|o}& Fh id`mdk }dy|ho hy|hk ih lmofondhfhmdofhk dfbkl}h+ yoio} }halno} o x|l flml}}qdo: h|nlfyo fhwqoi|o+ idndf|do io mof}|no l l}yn|ko } lswoqyhl}& Nh}+ fo mh}o+ yqhyh.

}l il x|l}yl} fo n|dyo pd}dplknlfyl qlkhmdofhih} mon o aln.l}yhq il conlf} ln|kclql} ln whqydm|khq&

hydpdihil} flml}}qdh} mon ah}l ln hqb|nlfyo} yo qlnoyo} ydplqln x|l}lq lslm|yhih} pdboq l zlko+ ilpln.}l pd}k|naqhq nldo} il mqdhq hkb|nh qhzodnlidhyh whqh oaylq o x|l lmofondh fhmdofhk lsdbl& D}yo+ h nl| plq+ lsdblilklbho il woilql}+ l owoqy|fdihil} nhd} o| nlfo} dfilwlfilfyl il dfidpi|o}o| il bq|wo} x|l fo }ljhn n|kyo bqhfil}&

H ilnomqhmdh+ yhk mono lsd}yl fo} L}yhio} noilqfo}+ fo o`lqlml nadyo


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hilx|hio whqh wokydmh h fo }lq whqh |nh l}mh}}h ndfoqdh& L}yhno} hmo}y|nhio}h oa}lqphq x|l hx|dko bqlbo} mchnhphn !ilnomqhmdh! `hkchph wlkh lsmk

a autoridade e o indivíduo - bertrand russel

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