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pH SC CEC Shukla et al., 2004 Yemefack et al., 2005 Cox * 1 ayoubi@cc.iut.ac.ir et al., 2003 Shukla et al., 2004 Fax and Metla,2005 Ovalles and Collins, 1988 (Principal component analysis, PCA)

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  • pH

    SC

    CEC

    Shukla et al., 2004

    Yemefack et al., 2005

    Cox

    *[email protected]

    et al., 2003

    Shukla et al.,

    2004

    Fax and Metla,2005Ovalles

    and Collins, 1988

    (Principal component analysis, PCA)

  • Cox et al., 2003; Jiang and Telen, 2004

    Tchienkoua and Zeck

    Boruvka et al, 2005

    .( Fachinelli et al., 2001;

    Skrbic and Onjia, 2007

    Triaq et al.,

    2005Shukla et al.

    Ovalles and Collins

    Piedmont plain

    Fine, mixed, mesic, Fluventic

    Haploxerepts

    Soil Survey Staff,

    2003

    pH

    Page et al.,

    1987

    Bremner and Mulvaney,1982

    Olsen and Sommers, 1982

    pHPage et

    al., 1987

    Page et al., 1987

    Day, 1965

    Black,

    1986

    Miller et al., 1988

  • SPSS

    PCA

    SPSS

    PC1

    Cox et al., 2003

    Ovalles and Collins, 1988

    (Jolliffe, 1986)

    jij XaXaXaPC ...212111

    PCaij

    XjOvalles and Collins, 1988

    Eigenvalue

    Ovalles

    and Collins, 1988; Cox et al., 2003

    5.0)(5.0 eigenvaluePCSC

    SCPC

    Eigenvalue

    Correlation matrix

    SPSS

    MERMSE

    MERMSE

    r2Sinowski and

    Auerswald, 1999

    ))x(Z_)x(Z(×n1=ME i

    n

    1=i

    *i

    })]x(Z_)x(Z[×n1{=RMSE

    n

    1=i

    212

    i*

    i

    Z(xi)*Z(xi)

    xi

    pH

  • WildingCV

    Paz-Gonzalez et al.

    Godwin and Miller, 2003

    CEC

    )Ovalles and Collins, 1988

    SC

    SC

    Ovalles and CollinsCox et al.

    Eigen vector

    SC

    SC

    Ovalles and Collins, 1988

    EC

  • pH

    EC

    pH

    CEC

    EC

    pH

    pH

    EC dSm-1

    g cm-3

    mg kg-1

    mg kg-1

    CEC Cmol(+) Kg-1

    gr m-2

    gr m-2

    Biom

    Grain CEC TN OM KavaPavaBDClaySandECpH

    pH

    EC

    *

    Sand

    ** *

    Clay

    **

    **

    BD

    **

    Pava

    **

    **

    ** ** Kava

    **

    **

    **

    **

    **

    OM

    **

    **

    **

    **

    **

    **

    TN

    **

    **

    **

    *

    **

    **

    ** CEC

    *

    **

    **

    **

    * ** **

    ** *

    Grain

    **

    *

    **

    **

    **

    * ** **

    ** **

    Biom

    pHECsandClayBDPavaKava

    OMTNCECGrainBiom

    CEC

    Jiang and

    Telen

    SC

    SC

    PC

    PC

    PC

    PC

    PC

    PC

    PC

    PC

  • PCA

    PC

    PC

    PC

    PC

    PC

    pH EC

    CEC

    1 0.559 0.476

    0.81 0.25

    PC sand K

    OM N2 0506 0.667

    0.559 0.622

    PC pH EC

    Clay BD

    CECClayPC 725.0494.03CECKPC 507.0727.04

    PPC 847.05

    GYTY

    1 2

    3 4

    2 **

    GY=479.956 43.585PC 28.420PC

    24.657PC 21.954PC

    0.56R

    1 2

    3 4 5

    2 **

    TY=906.692 65.962PC 37.862PC

    23.905PC 23.037PC 17.814

    0.57

    PC

    R

    RMSEME

    r

    RMSE , ME

    r

    Cox et al.

    r

    PCA

    ME RMSE r

    **

    **

    **

  • REFERENCESBlack, C. A. (1986) Methods of soil analysis. Part 1.

    (pp.545-566). Ser. No. 9. ASA. Madison, WI. Boruvka, L., Vacak, O. and Jeilicka, J. (2005).

    Principle component analysis as a tool to indicate the origin of potentially toxic elements in soil. Geoderm, 28, 289-300.

    Bremner, J. M. and Mulvaney. C. S. (1982). Total Nitrogen. In: A. L. Page (ed.) Methods of Soil Analysis. P Part 2: Chemical and microbiological properties, 2nd ed., Agron. (No.2). (pp.9595-624). Am. Soc. Argon., Madison, WI, USA.

    Cox, M. S., Gerard, P. D. and Wardlaw, M. C and Abshire, M. J. (2003). Variability of selected soil properties and their relationships with soybean yield. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 67, 1296-1302.

    Day, R. (1965). Particle fractionation and particle size analysis. In: C. A. Black et al (ed.) Methods of Soil Analysis. (Part 1. (pp. 545-566). Ser. No. 9. ASA. Madison, WI.

    Fachinelli, A., Sacchi, E. and Mallen, L. (2001). Multivariate statistical and GIS-based approach to identify heavy metal sources in soils. Environmental Pollution, 114, 313-324.

    Fox, G. A. and Metla, R. (2005). Soil property analysis using principle component analysis, soil line and regression models. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 69, 1782-1788.

    Godwin, R. J. and Miller P. C. H. (2003). A review of the technologies for mapping within- field variability, Biosyst. Eng. 84:393-407.

    Jiang, P. and Telen, K.D. (2004). Effect of soil and topographic properties on crop yield in a north- central corn- soybean cropping system. Agron. J., 96, 252-258.

    Jolliffe, I. T. (1986). Principle Component Analysis. Springer-Verlag.

    Miller, M. P. Singer, M. J. Nielson, D. R. (1988). Spatial variability of wheat yield and soil properties on complex hills. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 52, 1133-1141.

    Olsen, S. R., and Sommers, L. E. (1982). Phosphorus. In: A. L. Page (ed.). Methods of Soil Analysis, Agron. (No. 9). (Part 2): Chemical and Microbiological Properties, 2nd ed., (pp. 403-430). Am. Soc. Agron., Madison, WI, USA.

    Ovalles, F. A. and Collins, M. E. (1988). Variability of northwest Florida soils by principle component

    analysis. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 52, 1430-1435. Page, M. C. Sparks, D. L. Noll, M. R. and Hendricks,

    G. J. (1987). Kinetics and mechanisms of potassium release from sandy middle Atlantic Coastal plain soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 51, 1460-1465.

    Paz-Gonzalez, A., Viera, S. R. and Toboada Castro, M. T. (2000). The effect of cultivation on the spatial variability of selected properties of an umbric horizon. Geoderma, 97, 273-292.

    Shukla, M., K. Lal, R. and Ebinger, M. (2004). Principle component analysis for predicting corn biomass and grain yields. Soil Science, 169, 215-224.

    Sinowski, W. and Auerswald, K. (1999). Using relief parameters in a discriminate analysis to stratify geological areas with different spatial variability of soil properties. Geoderma, 89, 113

    128. Skrbic, B. and Onjia, A. (2007). Multivariate analysis

    of micronutrient content in wheat cultivated in Serbia. Food Control, 18, 338-345.

    Soil Survey Staff. (2003). Keys to Soil Taxonomy, USDA, NRCS, Washington DC.

    SPSS for windows. (1999). Release. 7 (Nov 141996), Copyright SPSS, Inc.

    Tchienkoua, M. and Zeck, W. (2004). Statistical analysis of soil variability in humid forest landscape of central Cameron. International of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 5, 69-79.

    Traiq, S. R. Shah, M. H. Shaheen, N. Khalique, A. Manzoor, S. and Jaffar, M. (2005). Multivariate analysis traces metal levels in tannery effluents in relation to soil and water: A case study from Peshawar, Pakistan. Journal of Environmental management, 79, 20 29.

    Wilding, L. (1985). Spatial variability. Its documentation, accommodation, and implication to soil surveys. In: D. R. Nielson and J. Bouma (Eds). Soil Variability, Pudo, Wagenigen, the Netherlands.

    Yemefack, M., Rossiter, D. G. and Njomgang, R. (2005). Multi-scale characterization of soil variability within an agricultural landscape mosaic system in southern Cameroon. Geoderma,125,117-14.

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