world english - trabalho

8/3/2019 World English - Trabalho

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UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE MATO GROSSOCAMPUSUNIVERSITRIO DE RONDONPOLISINSTITUTO DE CINCIAS HUMANAS E SOCIAIS

CURSO DE LETRAS

PRISCILA ALINE RODRIGUES SILVA

THE HANDBOOK OF WORLD ENGLISHESWORLD ENGLISHES TODAY

Trabalho apresentado como requisito

parcial para avaliao na disciplina de

Lingustica da Lngua Inglesa

ministrada pela Profa. Emiliana

Fernandes Bonalumi.

Rondonpolis

2011


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UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE MATO GROSSOCAMPUSUNIVERSITRIO DE RONDONPOLISINSTITUTO DE CIENCIAS HUMANAS E SOCIAIS

CURSO DE LICENCIATURA EM LETRASHABILITAO EM LNGUAS E LETERATURAS DE LNGUA INGLESA

Priscila Aline Rodrigues Silva

Lingustica da Lngua Inglesa

Professora Emiliana Fernandes Bonalumi

Texto baseado na obra

KACHRU, Braj B.; KACHRU, Yamuna and NELSON, Cecil L. The Handbook of World

Englishes. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. 2006.

World Englishes Today

KINGSLEY BOLTON

Introduction

We can understand World English by three different ways. It can be understood as a

reference to the new Englishes found in places as Caribbean and in West African and

East African societies. By this way, studies focus on the areal characteristics of nationalor regional Englishes with an emphasis on the linguistic description of its varieties.

This term also refers to the wide-ranging approach to the study of the English languageworldwideparticularly developed by Braj B. Kachru and other scholars. Kachuru triesto describe not only the national and regional varieties, but many other related topics,

including:

contact linguistics,

creative writing,

critical linguistics,

discourse analysis,

corpus linguistics,

lexicography,

pedagogy,

pidgin and creole studies,

sociology of language.

At least, it may refers to a wide range of differing approaches to the description andanalysis of English worldwide.


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world English,

global English

international English

English as an international (auxiliary) language,

global English(es),

international English(es),

localized varieties of English,

non-native varieties of English,

second-language varieties of English,

new Englishes,

ESL (English as a Second Language)

EFL (English as a Foreign Language)

All these terms can be used to discuss about the language that controls the world.

World English X World Englishes

The world English is subject to different dynamics: an outside pressure and an inside

pressure. The outside pressure happens when the language influence come from

somewhere out of the English speaker country For example, English is an international

language due to the North America influence through the world. Its words are diffused

around the world by the media. According to Butler, it is called world English (singular

form) because this force provides from words which are present globally in

international English.

There is not one English language anymore, but there are many English languages. Each ofthese Englishes is creating its own very special literature, which, because it doesnt feel

oppressed by the immensely influential literary tradition in English, is somehow freer.

(Iyer, 1993: 53)

The English studies Approach

It raises questions about learning, teaching and uses of English language. English is

a fissiparous language (that was divided). It will continue to divide and subdivide and

the language will show a thousand different faces in the centuries ahead.

Manfred Grlach says that English Studies should considers English as world languageas a sub-discipline to provide an ideal opportunity to expand the social, historical and

geographical aspect of English Studies.

3 Sociolinguistic Approaches to World Englishes

The sociology of language: It focuses on context to understand the English

language influence.

The English language has an important role in the economic globalization. To

unify and homogenize the world economy it is necessary create single market

into which all societies can join, then, it is necessary a commercial language as

the English has been.


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Feature-based approaches: It focuses in the distinctive features of

varieties in terms of pronunciation or accent (phonology), vocabulary

(lexis), or grammar (morphology and syntax).

Cheshire advocates an approach based on empirical sociolinguisticinvestigation. He argues that in the case of second-language varieties of

English, sociolinguistic analysis can identify where errors stop and where

legitimate features of a local variety starts.

The Kachruvian approach:Braj Kachru's work has major importance

to linguistic research. It has a strong influence in world Englishes studies,

which extends across a range of subdisciplines as applied linguistics,

critical linguistics, descriptive linguistics, discourse analysis, and

educational linguistics.Thus, Kachru identifies three kinds of varieties:

o The norm-providing varieties of the Inner Circle, including American

English, British English, and the less-preferred varieties of Australianand New Zealand English.

o The norm-developing varieties of the Outer Circle, where the localized

(or endocentric) norm has a well established linguistic and cultural

identity. For example, Singapore English, Nigerian English, and Indian

English.

o The norm-dependentvarieties of the Expanding Circle, e.g., as in Korea,

Iran, Saudi Arabia, where the norms are external (or exocentric, i.e.,

American or British).

Kachru defends the pluralism of English language. For him, each society

which use the English (as mother tonge or as a second language) have to

print in the language its own culture, its own features. He is against a

standard English language and he says that the differences between the

languages with local varieties have to be respected.

3.4 Pidgin and creole studies: Pidgin is a language that is created, usually

spontaneously. It is a mixture of other languages and serves as a means of

communication between speakers of different languages. This language usually

has rudimentary grammars and restricted vocabulary. The pidgin may develop,

create a grammar and become creole languages.

4 Applied Linguistics Approaches

This approach tries to understand the language focusing in theories of language

learning, language teaching, and language pedagogy.

English isnt a British or North American possession. It is an international language

which presents many varieties and is used for different purposes. Then, the British

English isnt a standard English, the only correct language.

Clifford Prator said that in a country where English is not spoken natively but is used as a

medium of instruction, to set up the local variety of English as the ultimate model to be imitated


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by those learning the language is unjustifiable intellectually and not conducive to the best

possible results.

(Prator, 1968: 459)

Peter Strevens believes that in areas where English is used as a second language, the

language have been developed and marked in most suitable models for use in thesesocieties, certainly more suitable than a British or American native model.

The native speaker has to accept that English belongs to the world, now. Then, new

forms of English, born of countries with new communicative needs, must to be accepted

as an amazing form to create new Englishes.

The Lexicographical Approach

The domestic English dictionary tradition includes two principles:

the potential of dictionaries for fixing and standardizing the language

(however unrealistic this might turn out to be);

the identification of a nucleus or core of the language.

The dictionaries have an important role for the recognition of world Englishes. Only

when a world English variety is supported by codification, registered by a dictionary or

literature, it is possible recognize it as an institutionalized variety.

Critical Linguists

According to Alastair Pennycook, Critical Applied Linguistics is more than a critical

science. It involves a constant skepticism, a constant questioning of the normative

assumptions of applied linguistics and presents a way of doing applied linguistics that

seeks to connect it to questions of gender, class, sexuality, race, ethnicity, culture,

identity, politics, ideology and discourse (Pennycook, 2001: 10).

Futurology

Futurology studies made questions about the language future

Among other speculations, highlights the questioning of Greddol about the future of

English. Graddol identifies two major issues linked to the notion of world standard

English:

If English will fragment into many different languages;

Whether USA and British English will continue to serve as models of

correctness, or if a new world standard will emerge.


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Graddol rejects a world standard English and believes in a polycentric future for

English standards in the future, presenting a number of analyses of economic and

sociopolitical effects of the spread of English.

Conclusion

There are a lot of overlapping and intersecting approaches to understand the language

through sociolinguistics and applied linguistics.

The world English studies are fundamental to applied linguistics. The English language

dominates the world. There are many speakers in different countries, each one with its

own culture, its own language. The applied linguistics intends to understand the impact

of this language throughout the world.

In some societies teachers refuses the imposition of American or British norms, while in

others societies the teachers continue to express deference to native speakers norms.

It is necessary to understand the English of native speakers, but also respect and develop

the new Englishes forms.

English Language contributes to globalizations process.

world english - trabalho

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