violência e cidadania: práticas sociológicas e compromissos sociais

5/7/2018 Violência e Cidadania: práticas sociológicas e compromissos sociais - slidepdf.com

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/violencia-e-cidadania-praticas-sociologicas-e-compromissos-sociais 1/36

2

Sikeæjaib g Aihbhbjib]\ÂXIABQ QKAIKEÑ@IABQ G AKO]\KOIQQKQ QKAIBIQ



<

Akk|hgjbàák hb Qé|ig

Obï|b Lbwo`b|xgj.CW\@+WC\@Q% ]k|xk Beg`|g)

Akjqgenk Ghixk|ibe

Bjb Ob|ib Cg|jbjhgq

.WJL% L|bqïeib)

Aéqb| \iab|hk Qirwgi|b Lkebòk

.WCQ% Qg|`i}g)

Aeb|iqqb Gadg|x Lbgxb Jgsgq

.WC\@Q% ]k|xk Beg`|g)

G|jìji Ebo}g|x

.CW\@% \ik @|bjhg)

Cg|jbjhb Qkl|be

.WJL% L|bqïeib)

@ieqkj Eiob


Ij`|ih Qb|xi

.WC\F% \ik hg Fbjgi|k)

Isbj Ivrwig|hk

.]WA\Q% ]k|xk Beg`|g)

Fkqé Siagjxg Xbsb|gq hkq Qbjxkq


Fk|`g Keio}ik Lgjxk

.Wjis* ]k|xk% ]k|xw`be)

Ob|ib Ewaib Obaige

.WC\F% \ik hg Fbjgi|k)



8

© hkq bwxk|gq

Ab}b6Ab|eb O* Ewvvbxxk

Ghixk|bàák6Sìjib Oóeeg|

\gsiqák6 Ob|ibjg Cb|ibq

\gsiqák @|âflab6 Oi|ibo @|gqq

Ghixk|6Ewiq @kogq

Hbhkq Ijxg|jbaikjbiq hg Abxbek`bàák jb ]wleiabàák AI]Lileikxgaâ|ib \gq}kjqâsge6 Hgjiqg Ob|i hg Bjh|bhg Qkwvb ‑ A\L 2=+93=

khkq kq hi|gixkq hgqxb ghiàák |gqg|sbhkq íGhixk|b Og|ihikjbe Exhb* g Wjisg|qihbhg Cghg|be hk \ik @|bjhg hk Qwe*

Bs* Kqsbehk B|bjnb% 88= af* 2=2 ‑ Lko CioAg}6 9==17/29= ]k|xk Beg`|g/\Qge6 .=~~72) 1122/8=><Cb~6.=~~72) 1<38/8298 ppp*ghixk|bqweijb*ako*l|g/obie6 qweijbMghixk|bqweijb*ako*l|

Wjisg|qihbhg Cghg|be hk \ik @|bjhg hk Qwe\wb \boi|k Lb|agekq% <*7== ‑ Qbjxb Agaïeib]k|xk Beg`|g% \Q ‑ 9==17/==1Ckjg+cb~ .72) 11=>*7387 ‑ ppp*ghixk|b*wc|`q*l| ppp*eis|b|ib*wc|`q*l|

tFwenk+<=22

IO]\GQQK JK L\BQIE+]\IJGH IJ L\BVIE

S097 Sikeæjaib g aihbhbjib6 }|âxiabq qkaikeñ`iabq g ako}|koiqqkq qkaibiq + k|`bjivbhk}k| Fkqé Siagjxg bsb|gq hkq Qbjxkq% Beg~ Jiang gi~gi|b g Obw|ïaik \wqqk* ‑]k|xk Beg`|g6 Qweijb4 Ghixk|b hb WC\@Q% <=22*

711 }* .Akegàák Agjâ|ikq hk Akjngaiogjxk)

IQLJ6 90>/>7/<=7/=3=>/=IQLJ6 90>/>7/1>3/=2<9/3

2* Akjixkq Qkaibiq* <* Aihbhbjib* 1* Qkaikek`ib* 8* Aiæjaib ]keïxiab

I* Qbjxkq% Fkqé Siagjxg bsb|gq hkq* II* gi~gi|b% Beg~ Jiang* III* \wqqk% Ob|agek*

AHW6 123AHH6 1=2

B `|bflb hgqxb kl|b gqxâ bxwbeivbhb qg`wjhk k Bak|hk K|xk`|âflak hb Eïj`wb ]k|xw`wgqbhg 299=% rwg gjx|kw go si`k| jk L|bqie go <==9*



7

B}|gqgjxbàák

Qé|igAgjâ|ikq hk Akjngaiogjxk

K akjngaiogjxk nwobjk b}|gqgjxb sb|ibhbq okxisbà÷gq g bqqwoghisg|qbq ck|obq* \ggxi| qkl|g k akjngaiogjxk |grwg| k g~g|aïaik hbx|bjqhiqai}eijb|ighbhg% gjakjx|kq gjx|g xgobq% â|gbq% }|klegobq* Gqab}b| hkeijgb| go hi|gàák bk x|bjqsg|qbe g íq |ghgq* Beb|`b| c|kjxgi|bq hiqai}eijb|gq%akjqx|wi| agjâ|ikq g }gjqb| wxk}ibq*

Ijck|obàák g akjngaiogjxk qgo}|g ck|bo io}k|xbjxgq }ieb|gq hkqhicg|gjxgq okhkq hg }|khwàák hb sihb nwobjb* K akjngaiogjxk% qwb lwqab%é }b|xg hb gqx|bxéìb hg qkl|gsisæjaib hb gq}éaig nwobjb* Gqqg oksiogjxk hgakjngag| |gebaikjb/qg í qixwbàák akja|gxb hg abhb qkaighbhg% bk qgw gqxbhk hbb|xg% qwbq }|âxiabq hg sihb% qwb awexw|b% qwbq xéajiabq% qwb ihgkekìb*

Bq ck|obq akjxgo}k|ìjgbq hg qkaighbhg qg cbvgo bako}bjnb| }k|}|kcwjhbq |ggqx|wxw|bà÷gq k|`bjivbaikjbiq g awexw|biq* Sisgokq go wo xgo}k gorwg b aiæjaib ják b}gjbq gqxwhb% hgqsgjhb% obq xboléo a|ib klfgxkq go}ï|iakqg }|khwv xgk|ibq rwg kq qwqxgjxbo gjrwbjxk cgjøogjk* B jbxw|gvb w|lbjb gqxâabhb sgv obiq |g}egxb hg klfgxkq ―ják jbxw|biq‟ rwg cwjaikjbo akok }|kfgà÷gqcïqiabq kw }qïrwiabq hk qg| nwobjk* Sisgokq wo }|kagqqk hg nil|ihbàák gjx|g kjbxw|be g k nwobjk g k b|xiflaibe*

Jgqqg akjxg~xk |gakekab/qg% }g|objgjxgogjxg% k hgqbflk }b|b khgqgjskesiogjxk hg akjagixkq g xgk|ibq rwg }g|oixbo ako}|ggjhg| g ijxg|si|

qkl|g }|kagqqkq ako `|bjhg |g}g|awqqák qkl|g b sihb akxihibjb% }kiq jbqkaighbhg owjhibeivbhb bxwbe ‑ nïl|ihb hg b|abïqokq% okhg|jihbhgq io}kqqïsgiq g }ñq/okhg|jihbhgq ijqxâsgiq ‑ é }|gaiqk gjakjx|b| qgjhbq }b|b k gjxgjhiogjxk hbqjksbq rwgqx÷gq qkaibiq% jkskq ijqx|wogjxkq xgñ|iak/ogxkhkeñìakq }b|b }gjqb|wo owjhk abhb sgv obiq ako}eg~k*

B |gg~ák qkl|g k akjngaiogjxk g qgw }b}ge jb qkaighbhg io}÷g hgqbflkqí iobìjbàák aigjxïflab6 b ako}eg~ihbhg g b hibegxiaihbhg hk akjngaiogjxk% bbxixwhg hibeñìab g b ako}egogjxb|ihbhg gjx|g ijakogjqw|âsgiq% b nil|ihbàák

g b éxiab* B akegàák ―Agjâ|ikq hk Akjngaiogjxk‟% k|iìjbhb jk Eblk|bxñ|ik hgHiswe`bàák hg Aiæjaib% gajkekìb g Ijksbàák Qkaibe hk ]|k`|bob hg ]ñq/



3

@|bhwbàák go Qkaikekìb hb Wjisg|qihbhg Cghg|be hk \ik @|bjhg hk Qwe%}|gxgjhg qg| wo gq}bàk hg ijxg|ekawàák gjx|g bq hisg|qbq }g|q}gaxisbq g hiqai}eijbqrwg x|bxbo hk akjngaiogjxk aigjxïflak% hb ijck|obàák% qwb }|khwàák% hicwqák%hbq |ghgq hg akjngaiogjxkq g hb ijksbàák qkaibe* Agjâ|ikq jkq cbebo hg bxk|gq%

}gqqkbq rwg b`go g |ggxgo qkl|g qwb bàák% k owjhk% b qkaighbhg* Qw|`gohb jgagqqihbhg nwobjb hg ako}|ggjhg| g g~}|ioi| b ako}eg~ihbhg hb sihbg g~}|gqqbo ako}kqià÷gq hg qg|gq rwg qgjxgo% }gjqbo g rwg qák jbxw|gvb gawexw|b g ijxg|b`go go g b }b|xi| hg gqx|wxw|bq ako}eg~bq* B|xiflaibeihbhgqqgo}|g |gjksbhbq g wob jbxw|gvb sisb g owxbjxg*

Gqqb eijnb ghixk|ibe xgo }k| klfgxisk x|bvg| í xkjb bq }|klegobxivbà÷gqobiq bxwbiq hk abo}k hb }gqrwiqb aigjxïflab% hb ijck|obàák% hb xgajkekìb g hbijksbàák qkaibe% kaw}bjhk wo gq}bàk rwg qg cbv }|k`|gqqisbogjxg gqx|bxéìak}geb jgagqqihbhg a|gqagjxg hg hb| akjxb hbq rwgqx÷gq |gebaikjbhbq bkq }|kagqqkqhg }|khwàák hg akjngaiogjxkq g hg qwb b}|k}|ibàák qkaibe* Jgqqb qïjxgqggjx|g qkaighbhg g akjngaiogjxk% xboléo anbobhb hg qkaighbhg kw g|b hbijck|obàák% gog|`g abhb sgv obiq b jgagqqihbhg hg akjqx|wi| agjâ|ikq rwgijhirwgo jksbq hi|gà÷gq*

Jkqqb }|k}kqxb }b|xg hb }g|q}gaxisb hb ako}eg~ihbhg g lwqab k|`bjivb|x|ienbq% aboijnkq rwg iewoijgo b |gbeihbhg bx|bséq hgqqgq klfgxkq rwg qák bg~}|gqqák ogqob hk akjngaiogjxk6 kq eis|kq% go wob akegàák hg agjâ|ikq* K eis|kSikeæjaib g Aihbhbjib ‑ }|âxiabq qkaikeñìabq g ako}|koiqqkq qkaibiq jkq b}|gqgjxb

wo agjâ|ik hg gqxwhkq qkl|g b |gebàák gjx|g kq }|kagqqkq hg owjhibeivbàák g bg~}bjqák hb sikeæjaib jb qkaighbhg l|bqiegi|b

Obï|b Lbwo`b|xgj



0

B Kaxbsik Ibjji% ij ogok|ibo*



>



9

B@\BHGAIOGJXKQ

Gqxb akegxìjgb akjxéo x|blbenkq qkaikeñìakq hg sijxg g x|æq bwxk|gq%}|khwvihkq bk ekj`k hbq öexiobq hwbq héabhbq% }k| hisg|qbq okxisbà÷gq%sijhk b ako}k| wo qi`jiflabxisk akjfwjxk hg ijxg|}|gxbà÷gq qkl|g ―sikeæjaibg aihbhbjib‟* Ck|bo b}|gqgjxbhkq b hicg|gjxgq }öleiakq% babhæoiakq g jákbabhæoiakq% |gqwexbjxgq go oöexi}ekq ako}|koiqqkq qkaibiq*

Jkqqk }|iogi|k b`|bhgaiogjxk hi|i`g/qg í Wjisg|qihbhg Cghg|be hk\ik @|bjhg hk Qwe .WC\@Q)% awfkq hi|i`gjxgq% hkagjxgq% gqxwhbjxgq g xéajiakqbhoijiqx|bxiskq jkq kcg|gag|bo akjhià÷gq hg x|blbenk cbsk|âsgiq í a|ibàákijxgegaxwbe* @kqxb|ïbokq hg b`|bhgag|% bijhb% bk Hg}b|xbogjxk hg Qkaikekìb

g bk ]|k`|bob hg ]ñq/`|bhwbàák go Qkaikekìb jk rwbe owixkq xg~xkq ck|bo}|iogi|k b}|gqgjxbhkq akok hiqqg|xbà÷gq g xgqgq* Jk Ijqxixwxk hg Ciekqkflb gAiæjaibq Nwobjbq hb WC\@Q qgo}|g gjakjx|bokq gqxïowek g ako}|ggjqák%beéo hg wob Lileikxgab rwg jwx|iw jkqqbq aw|ikqihbhgq*

Hgqgfbokq g~}|gqqb| jkqqb `|bxihák íq ijqxixwià÷gq rwg jkq }g|oixi|bowo x|blbenk akjqxbjxg6 k Akjqgenk hg Hgqgjskesiogjxk Aigjxïflak g gajkeñìak.AJ]r)4 b Akk|hgjbàák hg ]gqqkbe hg Gjqijk Qw}g|ik| .AB]GQ)4 b Cijbjaibhk|bhg Gqxwhk g ]|kfgxkq hk Oijiqxé|ik hg Aiæjaib g gajkekìb .CIJG])4 b Qga|gxb|ibJbaikjbe hg Qg`w|bjàb ]öleiab hk Oijiqxé|ik hb Fwqxiàb .QGJBQ])4 b Cwjhbàák

hg Bo}b|k í ]gqrwiqb hk \ik @|bjhg hk Qwe .CB]G\@Q) g b Cwjhbàák Ck|h*Owixkq akogàbokq jkqqbq x|bfgxñ|ibq qkaikeñìabq oghibjxg k b}kik

hgqqbq ijqxixwià÷gq% bq rwbiq }kqqilieixb|bo b akjqkeihbàák hk @|w}k hg ]gqrwiqb―Sikeæjaib g Aihbhbjib‟% hgqhg k ijïaik hk Hi|gxñ|ik hg @|w}kq hg ]gqrwiqb hkAJ]r% g jkq egsb|bo b ijxg|jbaikjbeivb| jkqqbq }g|q}gaxisbq qkaikeñìabq*

Kq xgobq g~}kqxkq ‑ B }|khwàák qkaibe hb sikeæjaib% Fwsgjxwhg gsikeæjaib% Hk lbjhihk qkaibe bk a|iog k|`bjivbhk% gjq÷gq ihgjxixâ|ibq jbq}keiaibq% Hi|gixk g ijfwqxiàb% ]|iq÷gq g b a|iqg hk gjaebwqw|bogjxk g b ]|gsgjàák

hb sikeæjaib ‑ ck|bo hiqawxihkq go ijöog|kq cñ|wjq aigjxïflakq6 QkaighbhgL|bqiegi|b hg Qkaikekìb .QLQ)4 Bqqkaibàák Jbaikjbe hg ]ñq/`|bhwbàák g ]gqrwiqbgo Aiæjaibq Qkaibiq .BJ]KAQ)4 Bqqkaibàák Ebxijk/bog|iabjb hg Qkaikekìb



2=

.BEBQ)4 Bqqkaibàák Ijxg|jbaikjbe hg Qkaikek`ib .IQB) ‑ g go Wjisg|qihbhgqhg hisg|qkq }bïqgq* B xkhkq jkqqkq ijxg|ekawxk|gq% b`|bhgagokq b bxgjàák%a|ïxiabq g }baiæjaib* K akxihibjk hk @|w}k hg ]gqrwiqb qgo}|g xgsg qwbqhiflawehbhgq qw}g|bhbq }geb hghiabàák hg Ie`b Qanbw|gj g Ewaibjb Qbjxkq% íq

rwbiq b`|bhgagokq*Gq}g|bokq rwg gqqbq }|âxiabq qkaikeñ`iabq }kqqbo akjx|ilwi| b a|ib| wob

jksb Qkaighbhg g b g~}bjhi| bq gq}g|bjàbq hb fwsgjxwhg* ]k|xk Beg`|g% kwxkjk hg <=22*

Fkqé Siagjxg bsb|gq hkq Qbjxkq Beg~ Jiang gi~gi|b

Obw|ïaik \wqqk



22

Ijx|khwàákSikeæjaib g Aihbhbjib6 }|âxiabq qkaikeñ`iabq g ako}|koiqqkq qkaibiq *********** Fkqé Siagjxg bsb|gq hkq Qbjxkq% Beg~ Jiang gi~gi|b g Obw|ïaik Lbqxkq \wqqk

]b|xg I ‑ B }|khwàák qkaibe hb sikeæjaib

gegsiqák% ni}g|a|iogq g sikeæjaibq jb Okhg|jihbhg b|hib ************************ Beg~ Jiang gi~gi|b

Oghk bk }khg| g }khg| hk oghk jb akjqx|wàák hg wo xg||ixñ|ik hg sikeæjaib Ob|`b|ixb \kqb @bsi|ib Ogfib

]b|xg II ‑ Fwsgjxwhg g sikeæjaib

Fñsgjgq ijc|baxk|gq6 lik`|bcïbq hg eb g~aewqiñj qkaibe gj W|w`wby *******************Jieib Siqab|hi

B ―Abqb hg Lkjgabq‟6 wo gqxwhk hg abqk qkl|g bq bhkegqagjxgq }|isbhbqhg eilg|hbhg jk \ik @|bjhg hk Qwe ********************************************************\kangeg Cgeeiji Cbanijgxxk

\ghgq qkaibiq g oia|k}keïxiabq hb fwsgjxwhg ***********************************************Câlik Hbe Okeij

]b|xg III ‑ Hk lbjhihk qkaibe bk a|iog k|`bjivbhk

]bak6 wo lbjhihk qkaibe hb Qg||b ̀ böanb ***************************************************** Oâ|aib Ekjhg|k

]gqrwiqbjhk k a|iog k|`bjivbhk jk \ik @|bjhg hk Qwe ****************************Egxïaib Ob|ib Qanbllban

]b|xg IS ‑ gjq÷gq ihgjxixâ|ibq jbq }keïaibq

B ]keïaib .l|bqiegi|b) akjxgo}k|ìjgb jk Gqxbhk Hgoka|âxiak hg Hi|gixk **Hbji \whjiadi

]keiaibiq oi`|bjxgq ************************************************************************************ Oâ|aib Gqxgsgq hg Abebvbjq

Okhgek k}g|baikjbe% sikeæjaib }keiaibe g hgoka|baib ***********************************Jbehqkj \bokq hb Akqxb

Jb ck|obàák ijxg`|bhb hg }keiaibiq% k ijxgo}gqxisk% k akjixk% b bolisbeæjaib\kqiog|i Brwijk hb Qiesb

QWOÂ\IK

21

19

73

00

2=7

2<>

272

20<

290

<21

<7<

<0=



2<

]b|xg S ‑ Hi|gixk g ijfwqxiàb

B ijqwflaiæjaib hk Hi|gixk ]gjbe g b jgagqqihbhg hg qg |gak||g| bkq Hi|gixkqNwobjkq *************************************************************************************************Wolg|xk @wbq}b|i Qwhl|bad

Hgxg|oijbjxgq qkaikeñìakq hk xgo}k }|kagqqwbe |gebxisk bk nkoiaïhikhkekqk go ]k|xk Beg`|g *****************************************************************************@ieqkj Obaghk Bjxwjgq

Sikeæjaib ]keiaibe Oieixb| go ]k|xk Beg`|g jk ijïaik hk Qéawek ̂ Î ************ Obw|iaik Lbqxkq \wqqk

B sikeæjaib }keiaibe g k ]khg| Fwhiaiâ|ik jk \ik @|bjhg hk Qwe ***************** Beijg Pijxg| Qwhl|bad

Owixk beéo hk lgo g hk obe6 b }|khwàák hk hgqsik g hb |gbàák qkaibe akokb|xgcbxkq awexw|biq *************************************************************************************\kh|i`k @ni|ij`ngeei hg Bvgsghk

]b|xg SI ‑ ]|iq÷gq g b a|iqg hk gjaebwqw|bogjxk

Abqb hg Ak||gàák6 k abhgiák hb skexb hk `bqøogx|k ***********************************\gjbxk hb Ewv Oghgi|kq

B}kjxbogjxkq xgñ|iak/k}g|baikjbiq }b|b wob qkaikekìb hbq }|iq÷gq **********Ewiv Bjxøjik Lk`k Anigq

]b|xg SII ‑ ]|gsgjàák hb sikeæjaib6 bq |ghgq qkaibiq

Jksbq rwgqx÷gq qkaibiq owjhibiq% }|kfgxkq qkaibiq g awexw|biq g b }ebjiflabàákgobjai}bxñ|ib ****************************************************************************************** Fkqé Siagjxg bsb|gq hkq Qbjxkq

]keïxiabq }öleiabq% hgqgjskesiogjxk g qwqxgjxblieihbhg ****************************** Obï|b Lbwo`b|xgj

Ab}ixbe qkaibe g }|gsgjàák hb sikeæjaib *****************************************************Lgbx|iv Ok|gj hb Akqxb

Ijck|obàák g }|gsgjàák hb sikeæjaib6 ogxkhkekìb hg oijg|bàák g hg agjx|kqhg bxisihbhgq *********************************************************************************************@ieqkj Eiob

B ak|}k|bàák g b c|bwhg hk gxg|jk }|gqgjxg *************************************************\gjbxk Qbwe

<91

1=1

123

1<9

187

179

1>>

821

81>

833

8>1

720



21

Ijx|khwàák

Sikeæjaib g Aihbhbjib6}|âxiabq qkaikeñìabq g ako}|koiqqkq qkaibiq

Fkqé Siagjxg bsb|gq hkq Qbjxkq% Beg~ Jiang gi~gi|b g Obw|ïaik Lbqxkq \wqqk

B qé|ig hg gqxwhkq qkaikeñìakq |gbeivbhkq }gek @|w}k hg ]gqrwiqbSikeæjaib g Aihbhbjib% hgqhg b héabhb hg 299=% }b|xiw hg wob akjfwjxw|b}keïxiab g xgñ|iab rwg jkq egskw b }gqrwiqb| jksbq rwgqx÷gq qkaibiq èklbiq% go}b|xiaweb| bq hiogjq÷gq hb sikeæjaib% hk a|iog g hk akjx|keg qkaibe% sisgjaibjhkwo oksiogjxk xgñ|iak cgawjhk% owjhibeivbhk g ijksbhk| hg wob }|âxiabqkaikeñìab jb G|b hb Owjhibeivbàák hbq Akjixwbeihbhgq*

]b|xiokq hb |gebàák gjx|g owjhibeivbàák% akjixwbeihbhgq g sikeæjaibqakok wo }|klegob qkaikeñìak akjxgo}k|ìjgk% }kiq b ijxg|}|gxbàák hg wobrwgqxák qkaibe ‑ bq sikeæjaibq hiqqgoijbhbq }gek gq}bàk qkaibe ‑ }kqqilieixb bakjqx|wàák hg wo klfgxk qkaikeñìak% oghibjxg b ñxiab gq}bàk xgo}k|be hbakjixwbeihbhg% xgagjhk wob g~}eiabàák qkaikeñìab hb sikeæjaib% b }b|xi| hbg~}g|iæjaib ebxijk/bog|iabjb% obq ako beabjag xgñ|iak }b|b sâ|ibq qkaighbhgqakjxgo}k|ìjgbq% go cbag í owjhibeivbàák hb sikeæjaib g hb ijfwqxiàb .bsb|gqhkq Qbjxkq% 2999)*

K hgqekabogjxk hk kenb| qkaikeñìak }b|b b qkaighbhg èklbe}kqqilieixkw b }bqqb`go }b|b wob qkaikekìb hbq akjixwbeihbhgq jk }|kagqqkhb owjhibeivbàák*

Kq xgobq bjbeiqbhkq jkq gqxwhkq qkl|g akjixwbeihbhgq ijhiabo rwgwob qkaikekìb hbq akjixwbeihbhgq% jk xgo}k bxwbe% hgsg qg| qixwbhb jkakjxg~xk hkq gcgixkq hk }|kagqqk hg owjhibeivbàák hb qkaighbhg g hb gakjkoib%kq rwbiq }|khwvgo x|bjqck|obà÷gq jb gqx|wxw|b g jk gq}bàk qkaibe hbq hisg|qbq|gì÷gq hk }ebjgxb% hgqgjabhgbjhk jkskq akjixkq qkaibiq g jksbq ck|obq hgakjixwbeihbhgq* B rwgqxák hbq akjixwbeihbhgq% hbq ck|obq hg sikeæjaib% hbq

ogxbok|ckqgq hk a|iog% hb a|iqg hbq ijqxixwià÷gq hg akjx|keg qkaibe akjfl`w|b/qg}geb gog|`æjaib hg ewxbq qkaibiq }|kxb`kjivbhbq }k| kwx|kq b`gjxgq qkaibiq akohisg|qbq ihgjxihbhgq k}kjgjxgq g }bwxbq hg |gisijhiabà÷gq*



28

Bijhb obiq% k bwogjxk hkq }|kagqqkq gqx|wxw|biq hg g~aewqák qkaibe }khgsi| b `g|b| b g~}bjqák hbq }|âxiabq hg sikeæjaib akok jk|ob qkaibe }b|xiaweb|%si`gjxg go sâ|ikq `|w}kq qkaibiq gjrwbjxk gqx|bxéìb hg |gqkewàák hg akjixkq%kw ogik hg brwiqiàák hg lgjq obxg|ibiq g hg klxgjàák hg }|gqxïìk qkaibe%

qi`jiflabhkq gqqgq }|gqgjxgq go oöexi}ebq hiogjq÷gq hb sikeæjaib qkaibe g }keïxiabakjxgo}k|ìjgb* Gqxbokq go }|gqgjàb hg wo qkaibe ngxg|k`æjgk% jk rwbe jgoijhisïhwkq jgo `|w}kq }b|gago |gakjngag| sbek|gq wjisg|qbiq* Gqqg akjxg~xk hâk|i`go b oöexi}ebq eñìabq hg bàák akegxisb g b ck|àbq qkaibiq hisg|qbq% go wobqkaighbhg c|bògjxbhb g ngxg|k`æjgb*

Akjck|obo/qg jksbq rwgqx÷gq qkaibiq owjhibiq% qgfb }k|rwg kq }|kagqqkqhg x|bjqck|obàák hk x|blbenk bcgxbo qwb ab|baxg|ïqxiab hg ijxg`|bàák qkaibe% qgfb}geb g~}bjqák hkq cgjøogjkq hb sikeæjaib hicwqb% }b|b awfb g~}eiabàák }khg|ibqg| öxie k akjagixk hg oia|kcïqiab hb sikeæjaib .bsb|gq hkq Qbjxkq% <==9)*

Be`wobq rwgqx÷gq k|igjxbo b }gqrwiqb qkaikeñìab hbq akjixwbeihbhgq6rwbiq bq ck|obq hg sikeæjaibq rwg }|ghkoijbo jb qkaighbhg akjxgo}k|ìjgb jkqéawek ^Î; Rwbiq bq k|i`gjq qkaibiq% gakjøoiabq g }keïxiabq hbq sikeæjaibq; Rwbeb |gebàák gjx|g b fwsgjxwhg g b sikeæjaib; Akok qg akjck|ob b a|iqg hk qiqxgobhg Fwqxiàb ]gjbe; Rwbiq kq gcgixkq hkq ogikq hg akowjiabàák jb hiqqgoijbàákhbq sikeæjaibq; Rwbiq bq g~}g|iæjaibq ijksbhk|bq g bq ewxbq qkaibiq }geb aihbhbjib;Rwbe b obx|iv hiqai}eijb| hkq gqxwhkq qkaikeñìakq qkl|g bq akjixwbeihbhgq;.bsb|gq hkq Qbjxkq% <==<)*

Bhiaikjbeogjxg% ják gqxb|ib jbqagjhk wo añhi`k hg qkaiblieihbhg%k|igjxbhk }geb sikeæjaib; Rwbe k qgjxihk qkaibe hb sikeæjaib; ]k| wo ebhk% bsikeæjaib b}b|gag akok k g~agqqk% k qgo qgjxihk% bq ijaisieihbhgq% k g~x|gokkw b ob|`go* ]k| kwx|k ebhk% xbesgv qg hgsgqqg hgi~b| blg|xb b }kqqilieihbhg hgwo qgjxihk kawexk% hg wob xg|agi|b ob|`go |gsgebhk|b6 ják gqxb|ib jbqagjhk.qw|ìjhk)% b }b|xi| hb eij`wb`go hb sikeæjaib% wob jksb jk|ob qkaibe% xbesgvbeiogjxbhb }gebq ewxbq qkaibiq akjx|b b sikeæjaib;

Go }wleiabà÷gq bjxg|ik|gq% sâ|ibq hiogjq÷gq hgqxb b`gjhb hg }gqrwiqbck|bo bjbeiqbhbq* Nkwsg wo akjfwjxk hg bjâeiqgq qkl|g qkaikekìb fw|ïhiab g b

|g`webàák qkaibe }gek Hi|gixk% jk rwbe hwbq rwgqx÷gq ck|bo x|bxbhbq6 b gq}gaiflaihbhghbq jk|obq fw|ïhiabq g b |gebàák hk Hi|gixk ako k }khg|*2 \gagjxgogjxg% kwx|kakjfwjxk hg gqxwhkq bjbeiqkw b ―|gebàák gjx|g okhg|jihbhg% sikeæjaibq g b}|khwàák qkaibe hk oghk‟4 ―b a|iqg hk qiqxgob hg Fwqxiàb ]gjbe‟4 g ―b }|gsgjàákhb sikeæjaib‟ g kq ―gcgixkq hkq ogikq hg akowjiabàák jb hiqqgoijbàák hbqsikeæjaibq‟*< B qg`wi| qák b}|gqgjxbhkq kq xg~xkq rwg ako}÷go gqxb kl|b*

]b|xg I ‑ B }|khwàák qkaibe hb sikeæjaib

Kq }|iogi|kq b|xi`kq |gxkobo b |gebàák gjx|g okhg|jihbhg% sikeæjaibq g b}|khwàák qkaibe hk oghk% b rwbe b}b|gag go akjxg~xkq hg swejg|blieihbhg qkaibe%ob|abhkq }geb a|iqg hbq ijqxixwià÷gq* ]|gqgjaibokq bq ijxg|/|gebà÷gq qiolñeiabq



27

gjx|g jk|obq qkaibiq% obe/gqxb| g sikeæjaib qiolñeiab% }b|b awfb hiqqgoijbàákkq ogikq hg akowjiabàák hg obqqb akjx|ilwgo% }|khwvijhk b h|bobxivbàákhb sikeæjaib g hicwjhijhk b gq}gxbaweb|ivbàák hk a|iog sikegjxk% gjrwbjxk wogcgixk hb sikeæjaib qiolñeiab g~g|aihb }gek abo}k fk|jbeïqxiak*

Go ―gegsiqák% ni}g|a|iogq g sikeæjaibq jb okhg|jihbhg xb|hib‟% Beg~Jiang gi~gi|b bjbeiqb bq ―akjhià÷gq hg gog|`æjaib g b }|khwàák hb blk|hb`goxgegsiqisb qkl|g b sikeæjaib a|ioijbe xgjhk akok ckak kq }|k`|bobq rwgh|bobxivbo a|iogq |gbiq‟* Gqqgq }|k`|bobq xæo akok ab|baxg|ïqxiabq }|ijai}biqb akolijbàák hg ijck|obàák ako gjx|gxgjiogjxk g b }kqqilieihbhg hg ijxg|bàákhb bwhiæjaib }k| ogik hg hgjöjaibq hkq ck|bìhkq b}|gqgjxbhkq* K bwxk| b}kjxbkq }|ijai}biq }|k`|bobq% akok k begoák Bdxgjvgiangj ^Y Wj`geóqx% sgiawebhkhgqhg 2930% k ijèæq A|iogpbxan hb LLA% ebjàbhk go 29>8% Bog|iab’q Okqx Pbjxgh% }|khwvihk }geb goiqqk|b bog|iabjb Ck~ b }b|xi| hg 29>>% k c|bjaæq

éokij% j¶ 2 hk abjbe C2 g sgiawebhk go 2991% g hgqxbab k l|bqiegi|k EijnbHi|gxb% hb \ghg @eklk hg gegsiqák% rwg xgsg ijïaik go 299=* Gqqgq }|k`|bobqxæo akok lbqg ―b }g|ag}àák bag|ab hk a|iog ako wob bogbàb b qkaighbhg‟ g b―ihgib hg rwg b akowjihbhg hgqgo}gjnb|ib wo }b}ge io}k|xbjxg jb xgjxbxisb hgio}k| }wjiàák bkq |gq}kjqâsgiq }gek gqxbhk hg sikeæjaib jb akjxgo}k|bjgihbhg‟* B }b|xi| hg wob }gqrwiqb ekjìxwhijbe hg hkiq }g|ïkhkq hiqxijxkq hk }|k`|bobEijnb Hi|gxb% cbvgjhk wqk hg wob gqx|bxéìb ogxkhkeñìab oöexi}eb% akok kwqk g~xgjqisk hk }|k`|bob hg bjâeiqg rwbeixbxisb JSISK>% k bwxk| hgqsgeb bqgqx|bxéìbq wxieivbhbq }b|b b ―h|bobxivbàák‟ hkq a|iogq% akok b agjk`|bflb% bqjb||bxisbq g kq gcgixkq bwhiksiqwbiq% kq xi}kq hg a|iogq ―h|bobxivbhkq‟ g k b}gekb ―}|kokàák hb fwqxiàb‟*

Ob|`b|ixb \kqb @bsi|ib Ogfib% jk xg~xk ―Oghk bk }khg| g }khg| hkoghk jb akjqx|wàák hg wo xg||ixñ|ik hg sikeæjaib‟ x|bxb hb objgi|b akok ésisgjaibhb b sikeæjaib jk akxihibjk hg wob ekabeihbhg hgqxbabhb }gek bexk ïjhiaghg a|ioijbeihbhg* K gqxwhk siqb qbeigjxb| oghkq g kwx|bq gokà÷gq ijg|gjxgqbk }|kagqqk hg b}|ggjqák hb |gbeihbhg% xbjxk }k| }b|xg hkq qwfgixkq ijqg|ihkqhi|gxbogjxg jk boligjxg hkoijbhk }geb sikeæjaib rwbjxk }k| klqg|sbhk|gq

hg ―ck|b‟* K }|gqqw}kqxk `g|be é hg rwg ―kq xgok|gq ijhisihwbiq hg|isbo hkaeiob hg ijqg`w|bjàb a|ibhk }gebq bogbàbq hk „kwx|k’* G hg rwg% gqqgq oghkq qákbai||bhkq bijhb obiq }geb cbexb hg akjx|keg hg xgjq÷gq g akjixkq rwg hkoijbo kxg||ixñ|ik‟* Akok akjhiàák hg |gbeivbàák hb }gqrwiqb% akekabhb }gekq ijck|objxgq―qgo}|g owixk |gagkqkq b cbeb| qkl|g k bqqwjxk‟ }k| |gagik hbq |g}g|awqq÷gq rwg bhiswe`bàák hkq hbhkq }whgqqg xg|% b bwxk|b ják |gsgeb ako }|gaiqák b ekabeihbhg hb|gìák ogx|k}keixbjb hg ]k|xk Beg`|g kjhg k gqxwhk hg abo}k cki hgqgjskesihk*

]b|xg II ‑ Fwsgjxwhg g Sikeæjaib

Brwi qák bjbeiqbhkq kq cgjøogjkq hb sikeæjaib akjx|b g jb gqakeb% b flohg akjngag| qwbq abwqbq gakjøoiabq% qkaibiq% }keïxiabq g awexw|biq% go ako}b|bàák



23

ako kwx|bq qkaighbhgq akjxgo}k|ìjgbq* Qák blk|hbhkq xbjxk kq bxkq akjx|b k}bx|ioøjik hbq gqakebq akok kq bxkq akjx|b bq }gqqkbq rwg x|blbenbo g gqxwhbojb ijqxixwiàák% qgo }g|hg| hg siqxb b |gebàák hb gqakeb ako bq }b|xiaweb|ihbhgqawexw|biq hkq `|w}kq rwg ako}÷go k gq}bàk qkaibe ekabe% lgo akok b sikeæjaib

qiolñeiab hk qblg| gqakeb|* B gqakeb |gewxb go beabjàb| wo |gebaikjbogjxk ab}bv hg ijak|}k|b|

hgobjhbq hicg|gjaibhbq g hiqxijxbq hb obx|iv hiqai}eijb| kflaibe% qgo k rwg%}k|éo% hiflaieogjxg qg|â |ghwvihb b sikeæjaib jb gqakeb* B c|bògjxbàák hk gq}bàkw|lbjk qg objicgqxb }geb ck|obàák hg jöaegkq hg }k}webà÷gq }kl|gq g oiqg|âsgiq%}b|b bq rwbiq b sikeæjaib qiqxgoâxiab }khg cbvg| }b|xg hg wo okhk hg `bjnb| bsihb g hg sisg| qkaibeogjxg* B`|bsbo/qg bq akjhià÷gq hg g~aewqák }geb x|âìabakjhiàák hb fwsgjxwhg jb Boé|iab Ebxijb* Bq obik|gq sïxiobq% obq xboléo bobik| }|k}k|àák hg bwxk|gq hg bxkq sikegjxkq gqxâ gjx|g kq nkogjq fksgjq* K besk}|gcg|gjaibe hgqqbq ok|xgq ako}|ggjhg bhkegqagjxgq g fksgjq bhwexkq obqaweijkq%go gq}gaibe }|kaghgjxgq hbq anbobhbq aebqqgq }k}web|gq w|lbjbq*

Owixbq sgvgq% kq bxkq hg sikeæjaib |g}|gqgjxbo gqx|bxéìbq hgqkl|gsisæjaib hkq fksgjq6 b anbobhb sikeæjaib fwsgjie bxwbe }khg qg| siqxb akokwob hbq gqx|bxéìbq hg |g}|khwàák kw hg qkl|gsisæjaib hg qgxk|gq g~aewïhkq* Hgxkhb ck|ob% bwogjxkw b }|k}k|àák hg bhkegqagjxgq% }|bxiabjxgq g sïxiobq% jba|ioijbeihbhg sikegjxb*

K x|blbenk hg Jieib Siqab|hi% ―Fñsgjgq ijc|baxk|gq6 lik`|bcïbq hg eb

g~aewqiñj qkaibe gj W|w`wby‟% akjx|ilwi }b|b hgokjqx|b| rwg ―eb |gbeihbhniqxñ|iab y qkaibe }kqxg|ik| b ekq bòkq qgxgjxb okqx|ñ ge ija|gogjxk hg }|kagqkqhg c|bògjxbaiñj rwg bcgaxb|kj owy gq}gaibeogjxg b jiòkq y fñsgjgq% }|kagqkgqxg rwg jk akjqxixwyg wjb ab|baxg|ïqxiab ekabe‟* Jgqxg rwbh|k% b }b|xiai}bàákhg fksgjq ijc|bxk|gq go }|k`|bobq hg |gblieixbàák kq hgi~b obiq }|ñ~iokq hgwob |gbeihbhg ab|ag|â|ib hk rwg qkaikghwabxisb% lekrwgbjhk abjbiq bexg|jbxiskqhg }b|xiai}bàák g |gijqg|àák* B bwxk|b bjbeiqb kq io}baxkq hg xbiq }|kagqqkq jbakjqx|wàák hg ihgjxihbhgq fwsgjiq% |ggxijhk qkl|g bq }kqqilieihbhgq hk Ijbw.Ijqxixwxk hge Jijk y hge Bhkegqagjxg hge W|w`wby) bxwb| akok b`gjxg gcgxisk

hg |gijqg|àák c|gjxg bkq }|klegobq sisihkq }k| fksgjq }|ksgjigjxgq hg qgxk|gqhg g~aewqák* Go <==7% k Ijbw bxgjhgw b b}|k~iobhbogjxg 3=*7== a|ibjàbqg bhkegqagjxgq go xw|jk ijxg`|be% ogik xw|jk g fksgjq ijc|bxk|gq* Ck|bogjx|gsiqxbhkq <7 fksgjq% hgjx|g kq rwbiq qgxg ck|bo }|kagqqbhkq }k| nkoiaïhik %ako klfgxisk hg ako}|ggjhg| }k| rwg kq fksgjq akogjxgo hgeixkq g qg qwlogxgog }|bxiabo sikeæjaibq hbq obiq hisg|qbq*

Go qgw b|xi`k ―B „Abqb hg Lkjgabq’6 wo gqxwhk hg abqk qkl|g bqbhkegqagjxgq }|isbhbq hg eilg|hbhg jk \ik @|bjhg hk Qwe‟% \kangeg Cgeeiji

Cbanijgxxk bjbeiqb wob wjihbhg hg bxgjhiogjxk qkaikghwabxisk cgoijijkakjqihg|bhb wob |gcg|æjaib jk L|bqie* B }b|xi| hbq xéajiabq hg klqg|sbàák%gjx|gsiqxbq qgoihi|gxisbq g bjâeiqg hg hkawogjxkq% b bwxk|b lwqab |gakjqx|wi|



20

k }|kagqqk hg qkaibeivbàák }|ioâ|ib g qgawjhâ|ib hgqqbq bhkegqagjxgq* ]b|b k}|iogi|k% ck|bo ihgjxiflabhkq hkiq xi}kq hg qkaibeivbàák% bqqkaibhkq í hwbeihbhg―abqb g |wb‟% rwg ak||gq}kjhgo b wob ck|ob hicg|gjaibhb hg ij`|gqqk g qwloiqqákb akjx|keg jk qiqxgob* Gqqg akjx|keg qg hâ obiq ijxgjqbogjxg jk }|kagqqk hg

qkaibeivbàák qgawjhâ|ib hbq fksgjq% jb xgjxbxisb hg ijxg|jbeivb| wo okhgek hg―oweng|‟ hiqxijxk hbrwgeg akjqx|wïhk jb qkaibeivbàák }|ioâ|ib* Wo okhgek―qkaibeogjxg bagixk% rwg hi|gaikjb b oweng| }b|b k ìolixk hkoéqxiak g }|isbhkhb sihb‟* Ako |gebàák bk }g|fle hbq ijxg|jbq% cki sg|iflabhb }kwab hiqxijàák go|gebàák í }k}webàák ab|ag|â|ib go `g|be* Gjx|gxbjxk% b }|isbàák hg eilg|hbhghb bhkegqagjxg ―bab||gxb obik| }wjiàák hk rwg jk abqk hkq ogjijkq‟% }kiq bogjijb% bqqio akok b oweng|% x|bjq`|ghiw b k|hgo qkaibe go hkiq jïsgiq6 k hbqkaighbhg g k hb cboïeib% hg ck|ob rwg% beéo hb }wjiàák }geb ijc|bàák í egi% gebgjc|gjxb k gqxiòb }k| xg| cgixk be`k rwg ják é ablïsge íq oweng|gq*

Câlik Hbe Okeij% go ―\ghgq qkaibiq g oia|k}keïxiabq hb fwsgjxwhg‟%xkob akok }kjxk hg }b|xihb k fleog Eb|bjfb Ogaìjiab g qgw }|kxb`kjiqxb Beg~%}b|b |gqqbexb| k }b|bhk~k hb qkaighbhg akjxgo}k|ìjgb% jb rwbe ―}k| wo ebhk%b fwsgjxwhg é ihkebx|bhb g }|khwxk|b hg wob |ghg hg akjqwok rwg }|isiegìbqwbq ab|baxg|ïqxiabq6 hiq}kqiàák% i||gsg|æjaib% lgegvb% si`k| cïqiak‟ g hg kwx|k %akjsisg ako ―bq gqxbxïqxiabq go |gebàák í sikeæjaib }|bxiabhb akjx|b a|ibjàbq gbhkegqagjxg‟* Kwx|k }kjxk io}k|xbjxg é b ijab}baihbhg hbq }keïxiabq }öleiabqhg ako}|ggjhg| b owexi}eiaihbhg hbq awexw|bq fwsgjiq g qwb jgagqqihbhg hg qg|}|kxb`kjiqxb hg qwb }|ñ}|ib bàák qkaibe* ]b|xijhk hgqxbq ihgibq k bwxk| x|bàb ―wobl|gsg }|klegobxivbàák hk akjagixk hg fksgo g akok geg qg ijqg|g jbq }keïxiabq}öleiabq% rwgqxikjbjhk xboléo rwgo g hg rwg objgi|b g~gawxb bq }keïxiabq}öleiabq hb fwsgjxwhg jk akjxg~xk L|bqiegi|k‟% xgjhk akok wjisg|qk go}ï|iakkq fksgjq hk Lbi||k \gqxij`b go ]k|xk Beg`|g* K lbi||k \gqxij`b qw|ìw hg wo}|kfgxk hg w|lbjivbàák rwg flakw jk ogik hk aboijnk g bijhb akjsisg akoab|æjaibq hg go}|g`k% ebvg|% ghwabàák% x|bjq}k|xg g ako b sikeæjaib hk x|âflak hgh|k`bq* Hgsihk b gqqbq ab|baxg|ïqxiabq% k lbi||k cki gqakenihk% jk bjk hg <==2% }b|bwo }|kfgxk hg qg`w|bjàb }öleiab owjiai}be% awfk klfgxisk g|b bx|bi| b }k}webàák

fksgo% bx|bséq hg bxisihbhgq awexw|biq g gq}k|xisbq% akok bexg|jbxisb bk x|âflakhg h|k`bq* Gqxg é b}gjbq wo gjx|g hisg|qkq }|kfgxkq rwg akg~iqxgo jb \gqxij`b%ck|objhk wob |ghg ngxg|k`æjgb go qgwq klfgxiskq g go qwbq k|`bjivbà÷gq% obqrwg lwqabo qg akjx|b}k| í egxb|ìb hk Gqxbhk*

]b|xg III ‑ Hk Lbjhihk Qkaibe bk A|iog K|`bjivbhk

B hiqqgoijbàák hb sikeæjaib a|ioijbe jb qkaighbhg l|bqiegi|b ckibako}bjnbhb hg wob owhbjàb hbq ck|obq hg hgeixkq* K cgjøogjk hkq lbjhihkq

qkaibiq jb |gbeihbhg b`|â|ib oi`|b be`wjq hg qgwq x|bàkq }b|b b qkaighbhg w|lbjb%jb rwbe nkwsg k a|gqaiogjxk hb hgeijrwæjaib w|lbjb% go gq}gaibe6 b) hkq a|iogqakjx|b k }bx|ioøjik .|kwlk% g~xk|qák oghibjxg qgrwgqx|k) g hg nkoiaïhikq



2>

hkekqkq4 l) b gog|`æjaib hb a|ioijbeihbhg k|`bjivbhb% go }b|xiaweb| go xk|jkhk x|âflak ijxg|jbaikjbe hg h|k`bq% rwg okhiflab k }g|fle hb hgeijrwæjaib w|lbjb%qgfb }gebq bà÷gq hk a|iog k|`bjivbhk% go gq}gaibe k x|âflak hg h|k`bq g k akoé|aikieg`be hg b|obq% qgfb }geb hicwqák hk wqk hg b|obq hg ck`k% bolkq }|kskabjhk

wob obik| egxbeihbhg jkq bxkq hgeixiskq4 a) b g~}ekqák hg akjixkq jbq |gebà÷gqijxg|}gqqkbiq% rwg xgjhgo b hgqcgankq egxbiq*

Kq |gìqx|kq hg ok|xgq sikegjxbq |gsgebo obik| ijaihæjaib jkq lbi||kqrwg ako}÷go b }g|icg|ib w|lbjb kjhg qák }|gaâ|ibq bq akjhià÷gq qkaibiq hgg~iqxæjaib akegxisb g kjhg b rwbeihbhg hg sihb é bagjxwbhbogjxg hg`|bhbhb* Nâck|xgq gsihæjaibq hg rwg k |iqak hg qg| sïxiob hg nkoiaïhik é qi`jiflabxisbogjxgqw}g|ik| gjx|g brwgegq rwg nblixbo â|gbq% |gì÷gq kw lbi||kq go qixwbàák hgswejg|blieihbhg qkaibe* Hgqi`wbehbhg qkaibe g qg`|g`bàák w|lbjb }|khwvgo wobg~aewqák qkaibe ob|abhb }gek hgqgo}|g`k% }geb }|gab|ivbàák hk x|blbenk% }gekqbeâ|ik ijqwflaigjxg g }k| hgflaiæjaibq hk qiqxgob ghwabaikjbe*

Oâ|aib Ekjhg|k |gxkob b }|gqgjàb hk lbjhihk qkaibe jk \ik @|bjhghk Qwe% jk xg~xk ―]bak6 wo lbjhihk qkaibe hb Qg||b @böanb‟% wo gqxwhk ―qkl|gwob hbq objicgqxbà÷gq |w|biq abo}kjgqbq rwg akjqihg|bokq hgak||gjxg hgqqbgqx|wxw|b% jk }g|ïkhk hb \g}öleiab Sgenb* K cgjøogjk b rwg jkq |gcg|iokqé k qw|ìogjxk jb vkjb akekjibe ixbeibjb hg wo }g|qkjb`go anbobhk ]bak‟%}g|qkjb`go rwg bxwb akok lbjhkegi|k hw|bjxg kq bjkq hg 292< b 291= jkijxg|ik| hk \ik @|bjhg hk Qwe* B bwxk|b b}|gqgjxb b niqxñ|ib hb sihb hg ]bak%

b |gebàák akjixwkqb ako b akowjihbhg ekabe% |gqwexbhk ják b}gjbq hg qwbqbxisihbhgq a|ioijbiq% obq }kqqisgeogjxg xboléo hg qwb k|i`go gq}bjnkebgo wob |gìák }kskbhb }k| hgqagjhgjxgq ixbeibjkq* Qgw }khg| lbqgbhk jwob}kqiàák bolï`wb% bk ogqok xgo}k hg lbjhkegi|k g hg eïhg| hb qwb akowjihbhghg k|i`go% b x|kab hg cbsk|gq% qák be`wjq hkq gegogjxkq rwg }|khwvgo ―k oghk gk |gq}gixk hkq akekjkq c|gjxg b qwb fl`w|b‟ g ―sák hgqgjabhgb| jk |ga|wxbogjxk hg]bak akok ck|àb }keïxiab b cbsk| hk gqxbhk‟* Qwbq |gebà÷gq }keïxiabq |gqwexbo jbio}wjihbhg rwg }g|oixg |gbeivb| wob qé|ig hg bqqbexkq g a|iogq% }kiq jk akjxg~xk}keïxiak hb é}kab ―g|b }|âxiab hk ]\\ b}|ksgixb|/qg hg sbegjx÷gq }b|b akk}xb|

k b}kik gegixk|be hb }k}webàák‟* ]k| flo% b bwxk|b x|bxb hb io}k|xìjaib hg ]bakakok lbjhihk qkaibe g akok bk ekj`k hk xgo}k cki akjqx|wïhb g bo}eibhb bihgib hg wo oixk*

K x|blbenk hg Egxïaib Ob|ib Qanbllban% ―]gqrwiqbjhk k a|iogk|`bjivbhk jk \ik @|bjhg hk Qwe‟% skexb í bxwbeihbhg% b}|gqgjxbjhk ―wob}|k}kqxb ogxkhkeñìab }b|b b bjâeiqg hb a|ioijbeihbhg k|`bjivbhb jk \ik@|bjhg hk Qwe% bx|bséq hb geblk|bàák hg wo ijhiabhk| jwoé|iak g hb .hg wob)}gqrwiqb ako ijck|objxgq nblixwbhkq ako gqxb rwgqxák% kq hgeg`bhkq hb ]keïaib

Aisie‟* B }gqrwiqb cki |gbeivbhb xgjhk akok lbqg owjiaï}ikq ako <= oie kwobiq nblixbjxgq% hg bak|hk ako k Agjqk Hgok`|âflak hg <===% }|gqgjxgqgo x|æq |gì÷gq qkaikawexw|biq hiqxijxbq6 Akeøjib Sgenb% C|kjxgi|b g \gìák



29

Ogx|k}keixbjb hg ]k|xk Beg`|g* Kq hbhkq qgawjhâ|ikq ck|bo klxihkq b }b|xi| hkQiqxgob hg Ijck|obà÷gq ]keiaibiq .QI])% qkl|g x|âflak hg gjxk|}gagjxgq% g~xk|qákoghibjxg qgrwgqx|k g be`wjq xi}kq hg |kwlkq% ako}egogjxbhkq ako }gqrwiqbqhg abo}k jbq rwbiq ck|bo gjx|gsiqxbhkq hgeg`bhkq hg }keïaib hg Hg}b|xbogjxkq

kw Hisiq÷gq hb ]keïaib Aisie* Qg`wjhk b bwxk|b% bq xb~bq hg a|iogq sikegjxkqk|`bjivbhkq a|gqag|bo go rwbqg xkhk k Gqxbhk% kq `|w}kq a|ioijbiq k|`bjivbhkqqák ck|obhkq }|ghkoijbjxgogjxg hg aebqqg lbi~b g hk qg~k obqaweijk% ako cbi~bgxâ|ib gjx|g 28 g 3= bjkq% hbjhk }|gcg|æjaib b a|iogq }bx|iokjibiq% x|âflak hgh|k`bq% bli`gbxk% cw|xk g |kwlk hg sgïawekq% |kwlk b ab||k/ck|xg g gqxgeikjbxkq*

]b|xg IS ‑ Xgjq÷gq ihgjxixâ|ibq jbq ]keïaibq

B a|iqg hbq }keïaibq é ob|abjxg* Go xkhkq kq }bïqgq% bijhb rwg go

hicg|gjxgq `|bwq% klqg|sb/qg b sikeæjaib }keiaibe% b ak||w}àák% b ijgflaâaib jb}|gsgjàák hbq sikeæjaibq g b ijgflaiæjaib jb ijsgqxi`bàák* G~iqxg wob gsihgjxga|iqg hk qiqxgob hg fwqxiàb }gjbe% }kiq k bagqqk í Fwqxiàb é }|gaâ|ik% b qgegxisihbhgk|igjxb kq }|kagqqkq }gjbiq g b jk|obxisihbhg hb egi ják qg gcgxisb*

B k|`bjivbàák }keiaibe jb qkaighbhg l|bqiegi|b qg ab|baxg|ivb }k| woabo}k hg ck|àbq qkaibiq rwg qg gqx|wxw|b b }b|xi| hg x|æq }kqià÷gq6 k g~g|aïaik hbsikeæjaib eg`ïxiob% b akjqx|wàák hk akjqgjqk g bq }|âxiabq hg g~agqqk hg }khg|%b sikeæjaib ieg`ïxiob* Bq |gebà÷gq hijìoiabq g akolijbxñ|ibq hgqqgq x|æq sgxk|gqhgfljgo b cwjàák qkaibe hb k|`bjivbàák }keiaibe jk L|bqie akjxgo}k|ìjgk*

Gjx|g kq hiegobq hb }keïaib jb hicïaie akjqkeihbàák hb hgoka|baib jk }bïq%akekab/qg b gog|`æjaib hb jkàák hg qg`w|bjàb aihbhá% b rwbe qw}÷g b akjqx|wàákqkaibe hg wob k|`bjivbàák }keiaibe hgoka|âxiab% }ñq/okhg|jb g x|bjqawexw|beiqxb%|gxkobjhk k klfgxisk hk }keiaibe akok kcïaik hg wob `ksg|jbogjxbeihbhg% jákobiq b}gjbq hk Gqxbhk% g hk hi|gixk hg }|k}|ighbhg% obq b`k|b }|gkaw}bhkako bq }|âxiabq hg qi% gobjai}bxñ|ibq% hkq `|w}kq hg aihbhákq g aihbháq go qwbqsihbq akxihibjbq* B rwgqxák }keiaibe akjfl`w|b kq hgqbflkq hb }bqqb`go }b|b kwx|k}bh|ák aisieivbxñ|ik jb qkaighbhg l|bqiegi|b*

K b|xi`k hg Hbji \whijid% ―B ]keïaib .l|bqiegi|b) akjxgo}k|ìjgb jkGqxbhk Hgoka|âxiak hg Hi|gixk‟% b}|gqgjxb ―b ]keïaib akok ijqxixwiàák hgakjx|keg qkaibe xï}iab hg qkaighbhgq ako}eg~bq% akok bq hgqgjskesihbq b }b|xi|hk qéawek ̂ SI% rwbjhk hk qw|`iogjxk hkq Gqxbhkq okhg|jkq‟% hicg|gjaibjhk bqbxisihbhgq hg }keiaibogjxk hb ]keïaib% }|k}|ibogjxg hixb% gjrwbjxk ijqxixwiàák%b }|ik|i % hg akjx|keg hb a|ioijbeihbhg g |g`webhk|b hb sihb go qkaighbhg* Jkgjxbjxk% ―cwjà÷gq hg }keiaibogjxk‟ fâ g|bo g~g|aihbq niqxk|iabogjxg }k| ̀ |w}kq}|isbhkq% bqqio akok b }|ijai}be xb|gcb bx|ilwïhb í ]keïaib% iqxk é% k ―akolbxgí a|ioijbeihbhg‟ é b}gjbq wob hgjx|g kwx|bq |gbeivbhbq* B öjiab ag|xgvb é rwg

―bqqio akok bq ]keïaibq hg xkhk owjhk% b l|bqiegi|b }|gaiqb hg |gck|obq }b|b gqxb|bhgrwbhb íq jgagqqihbhgq hb qkaighbhg% íq cwjà÷gq rwg hbq ak|}k|bà÷gq qg g~i`gojb okhg|jihbhg xb|hib‟* B Akjqxixwiàák Aihbhá hg 29>> objxgsg% go eijnbq



<=

`g|biq% b gqx|wxw|b hbq }keïaibq% golk|b hisg|qbq }|k}kqxbq b}kjxbqqgo jb hi|gàákhb hgqoieixb|ivbàák g hb wjiflabàák hbq }keïaibq% ck|bo blbjhkjbhbq hgsihk bkck|xg eklly hbq }keïaibq oieixb|gq* K |gqwexbhk é rwg ―b ]keïaib l|bqiegi|b }|gqg|sb b}g|q}gaxisb hg rwg qwb bxwbàák é jb â|gb a|ioijbe% hg „akolbxg’ í a|ioijbeihbhg‟*

B}gqb| hg obiq hg hwbq héabhbq hg |ghgoka|bxivbàák% jgjnwo `ksg|jk% qgfb hghi|gixb% hg agjx|k kw hg gqrwg|hb xgsg ck|àb }keïxiab qwflaigjxg }b|b |gbeivb| wobowhbjàb qwlqxbjaibe jbq ijqxixwià÷gq }keiaibiq* W|`g b jgagqqihbhg hg |g}gjqb| b]keïaib% bhgrwâ/eb bk Gqxbhk Hgoka|âxiak hg Hi|gixk*

Oâ|aib Gqxgsgq hg Abebvbjq }|k}÷g k gqxwhk hkq ―]keiaibiq Oi`|bjxgq‟ bflo hg bjbeiqb| b akjqx|wàák hbq ihgjxihbhgq }|kflqqikjbiq hg }keiaibiq oieixb|gqjb x|bjqiàák hg bxisihbhgq }|kflqqikjbiq lbqgbhbq jk }keiaibogjxk kqxgjqisk|g}|gqqisk }b|b bxisihbhgq hgqgjskesihbq jk }keiaibogjxk kqxgjqisk }|gsgjxisk* B }b|xi| hg wob bjâeiqg cwjhbogjxbeogjxg rwbeixbxisb lbqgbhb jbq xéajiabq hgklqg|sbàák g hg gjx|gsiqxbq qgoigqx|wxw|bhbq go }|kcwjhihbhg% ck|bo akegxbhkqhg}kiogjxkq rwg hgqsgebo b oklieihbhg g kq hicg|gjxgq x|bfgxkq akjqx|wïhkq}gekq ijxg`|bjxgq hgqxg `|w}k jk ijxg|ik| hk b}b|genk }keiaibe oieixb| bxé qwbk|`bjivbàák bxwbe* Jgqxg qgjxihk% qák blk|hbhbq bq qwbq sisæjaibq }|kflqqikjbiqg b |ghg akjqxixwïhb }k| gqxgq% b rwbe hâ qwqxgjxbàák í oi`|bàák g íq oöexi}ebq|gebà÷gq rwg gqxblgegago ako b akowjihbhg hg k|i`go ‑ wob bxisihbhgkqxgjqisb |g}|gqqisb ‑ g ako b akowjihbhg nkq}ghgi|b ‑ wob bxisihbhg kqxgjqisb}|gsgjxisb* ]b|b b bwxk|b% k ják grwbaikjbogjxk ―|g}|gqqák/}|gsgjàák‟%

}|âxiabq hk oéxkhk kqxgjqisk/|g}|gqqisk g ijaewqák hk oéxkhk hg }keiaibogjxk}|gsgjxisk gsihgjaibo jkskq hiegobq hb }|kflqqák }keiaibe g hk }|ñ}|ik }keiaibe* B k}àák }k| wo }|k`|bob hg bàák lbqgbhk jb }g|q}gaxisb }|gsgjxisb cki owixbqsgvgq ihgjxiflabhb akok ―hgqg|àák‟ }k| }b|xg hkq akeg`bq rwg }g|objgago jbqbxisihbhgq akjsgjaikjbiq hg }keiaibogjxk6 ―k }keiaibe oi`|bjxg é siqxk akokbrwgeg rwg blbjhkjb qgw `|w}k }|kflqqikjbe k|iìjâ|ik% }|khwvijhk gcgixkqjg`bxiskq jk `|w}k% x|bihk| rwg ják bhg|g íq jk|obq% |g`|bq g sbek|gq g bijhbblbjhkjb bx|ilwxkq rwg egìxiobo b }|kflqqák }keiaibe‟*

Obw|ïaik Lbqxkq \wqqk bjbeiqb b ―Sikeæjaib }keiaibe oieixb| go ]k|xk

Beg`|g jk ijïaik hk qéawek ̂ Î‟ b }b|xi| hkq hbhkq hg Ijrwé|ixkq ]keiaibiq Oieixb|gqgeblk|bhkq }geb Ak||g`ghk|ib @g|be hb L|i`bhb Oieixb| gjx|g kq bjkq hg <==2 g<==8* K }g|aw|qk ogxkhkeñìak bl|bj`g k g~bog hk }g|fle hkq hgjwjaibjxgq ghgjwjaibhkq g b geblk|bàák hg ab|xk`|bflbq }gek ̀ gk}|kagqqbogjxk hbq ijck|obà÷gqqkl|g k ekabe hb kak||æjaib hbq hgjöjaibq% k rwg }g|oixiw wob bjâeiqg ako}b|bhbhgqqgq hbhkq jk xkabjxg bk Lbxbenák hg ]keïaib Oieixb| |gq}kjqâsge }geb â|gb%bqqio akok go |gebàák íq hgqi`wbehbhgq qkaikgakjøoiabq% a|ioijbeihbhg sikegjxbg rwbeihbhg hg sihb* Akjck|og k bwxk|% ―golk|b ják qg }kqqb bfl|ob| rwg g~iqxb

wob |gebàák hi|gxb gjx|g }kl|gvb g sikeæjaib }keiaibe‟% kq ok|bhk|gq hg lbi||kqako obik| swejg|blieihbhg qkaibe qák kq obiq bxijìhkq }k| gqxb }|âxiab* Bijhbrwg kq lbi||kq ako ogenk|gq akjhià÷gq qkaikgakjøoiabq xboléo qgfbo ekabiq hg



<2

hgjöjaibq% b obik|ib hbq }gqqkbq sixiobhbq jgqqgq ekabiq ják g|b |gqihgjxg hgqqgqlbi||kq* ]g|aglg/qg rwg kq anbobhkq ―}grwgjkq g~agqqkq‟ qák hgqakjqihg|bhkq}k| brwgegq rwg qák |gq}kjqâsgiq }gek akjx|keg hkq }keiaibiq oieixb|gq% kw qgfb%gegq ogqokq* K ak|}k|bxisiqok% iqxk é% b xgjxbxisb hg ―}|kxg`g|‟ b }keïaib hg wo

obik| akjx|keg g~xg|jk% xgo akok akjqgrwæjaib b io}wjihbhg*K b|xi`k hg Jbehqkj \bokq hb Akqxb% ―Okhgek k}g|baikjbe% sikeæjaib

}keiaibe g hgoka|baib‟ okqx|b akok ―bq k|`bjivbà÷gq }keiaibiq jk L|bqie% bk ekj`khb niqxñ|ib% bablb|bo xk|jbjhk/qg k|`bjiqokq cganbhkq% }|ñ~iokq hk Gqxbhk g hk}khg| }keïxiak ekabe% obq hiqxbjxgq hb qkaighbhg‟* gjhk akok wjisg|qk go}ï|iakk gqxbhk hk Obxk @|kqqk% k bwxk| b}kjxb rwg b ck|obàák }keiaibe bjxg|ik| b29>> g|b lbqgbhb ―jk go}|g`k hb ck|àb4 ják }b|b hb| qg`w|bjàb g `b|bjxi| kqhi|gixkq hkq aihbhákq% obq }b|b „hgaeb|b| `wg||b’ akjx|b b lbjhihb`go ako lbqgjwob ihgkek`ib oieixb|iqxb‟* Gqxb akjag}àák hg qg`w|bjàb ják hgqb}b|gagw akok fljbe hk |g`iog hg g~agàák% k |gxk|jk hk Gqxbhk Hgoka|âxiak hg Hi|gixkbijhb ják akjqg`wiw geioijb| bijhb k go}|g`k hb ck|àb hg ck|ob ieg`ïxiob% kblwqk hg }khg|% b ak||w}àák g kwx|bq }|âxiabq rwg b`k|b kak||go% é sg|hbhg% hgobjgi|b obiq sgebhb% obq bijhb akjxijwbo cbvgjhk }b|xg hk kcïaik hg }keïaib*Jb k}ijiák hkq }keiaibiq% ―k oieixb|iqok ják xgo obiq xbjxb ijwæjaib hgjx|khbq ijqxixwià÷gq }keiaibiq* Nkfg% b qg`w|bjàb fâ gqxâ qgjhk siqxb% }gek ogjkq }k|}b|xg hb kflaibeihbhg% akok wob bxisihbhg rwg% jb gqqæjaib% hgsg|ib gqxb| skexbhb}b|b b qg`w|bjàb aisie% }k|xbjxk% hk aihbhák g ják hk Gqxbhk g hg qwbq geixgq‟*

Bq owhbjàbq jb ck|obàák }keiaibe% k okhk hg }gjqb| b qg`w|bjàb }öleiab% bk|`bjivbàák hb qkaighbhg aisie% kq ogikq hg akowjiabàák hg obqqb qák be`wjqhkq gegogjxkq rwg xæo akjx|ilwïhk }b|b ck|ob| wo jksk }g|fle hg okhgek hg`gqxák g akjx|keg qkaibe*

Ako k xg~xk ―Jb ck|obàák ijxg`|bhb hg }keiaibiq% k ijxgo}gqxisk%k akjixk% b bolisbeæjaib‟% \kqiog|i Brwijk hb Qiesb blk|hb b akjqx|wàákqkaibe hb nkokqqg~wbeihbhg jb akjxgo}k|bjgihbhg b }b|xi| hg wob bjâeiqg hb}b|xiai}bàák hg }|kcgqqk|gq k|iwjhkq hg â|gbq nwobjïqxiabq g hg |g}|gqgjxbjxgqhg Oksiogjxkq Qkaibiq gjskesihkq jb g~}g|iæjaib hkq ―Aw|qkq hg Bxwbeivbàák g

Ck|obàák hg Qg|sihk|gq‟ hb â|gb hg qg`w|bjàb }öleiab hk Gqxbhk hk \ik @|bjhghk Qwe* K b|xi`k é wo hgqhkl|bogjxk hb xgqg hg hkwxk|bhk hb bwxk|b ijxixwebhb―Ihgjxihbhgq ngxg|k`æjgbq jb akjxgo}k|bjgihbhg sikegjxb6 wo gqxwhk qkl|g wobqbeb hg bweb qij`web|‟* Kq ―Aw|qkq‟ kak||g|bo jk }g|ïkhk hg 2999 b <==2 g ck|boakjqihg|bhkq ―b||kfbhkq‟ jb oghihb go rwg% beéo hg }|koksg| b }b|xiai}bàákhg }|kcgqqk|gq }|ksgjigjxgq hb Wjisg|qihbhg g hkq Oksiogjxkq Qkaibiq% qwfgixkqakjsgjaikjbeogjxg akjqihg|bhkq ―hg ck|b‟ hk wjisg|qk }keiaibe g hbq Babhgoibqhg ]keïaib% |gbeivb|bo hg okhk }ikjgi|k b ck|obàák ijxg`|bhb hg }keiaibiq aisiq%

}keiaibiq oieixb|gq g b`gjxgq }gjixgjaiâ|ikq* khkq gqqgq ij`|ghigjxgq akekab|bo}b|b k }|kagqqk hkq ―Aw|qkq‟ wob }kxgjaibeihbhg akjixisb rwg% bk ogqokxgo}k% }|khwviw wob g~}g|iæjaib öjiab awfkq gcgixkq }kqixiskq go xg|okq hbq



<<

|gebà÷gq gjx|g b }keïaib g kq hisg|qkq ̀ |w}kq hb qkaighbhg aisie% }b|xiaweb|ogjxg kqobiq swejg|âsgiq% flvg|bo/qg qgjxi| jk }g|ïkhk qwlqgrwgjxg* Bq gjx|gsiqxbq akokq }|kxb`kjiqxbq hgqqg }|kagqqk ijhiab|bo rwg b}ñq gqqgq ―}|iogi|kq xgo}kq‟%nkwsg wo |gx|kagqqk jkq bsbjàkq akjrwiqxbhkq% klqg|sbjhk/qg ijaewqisg bxixwhgq

|gsbjaniqxbq hg ag|xkq qgxk|gq jb }keïaib*

]b|xg S ‑ Hi|gixk g Ijfwqxiàb

B }|gqgjàb akjxgo}k|ìjgb hg wo qblg| qkl|g k a|iog }khg qg| ijhiabhboghibjxg k hgqsgebogjxk hg wo }|ijaï}ik hg qgegàák qkaibe rwg k}g|b jb fwqxiàb }gjbe% awfb lbqg hb b|`wogjxbàák é b jkàák hg ijhisïhwkq bjk|obiq g}bxkeñìakq* B ñxiab hg qgegxisihbhg ijqg|g/qg akok wob xgajkekìb hg }khg||g}|gqqisb% gjrwbjxk |gq}kqxb í sikeæjaib hicwqb hb qkaighbhg akjxgo}k|ìjgb%

cbvgjhk ako rwg k lik}khg| |g`web|ivg b }k}webàák% gqxblgegagjhk hicg|gjàbqg k }khg| hg sihb g hg ok|xg* ]|kagqqb/qg% gjxák% b fwjàák gjx|g qgegxisihbhg hgoia|k}khg|gq g qblg| qkl|g k a|iog*

Wob hbq akjqgrwæjaibq hb bqqijbebhb a|iqg hk qiqxgob hg fwqxiàb }gjbeé b |gak||gjxg io}wjihbhg* Jk L|bqie% xwhk }b|gag ijhiab| rwg bq xb~bq hgio}wjihbhg qgfbo obiq gegsbhbq }b|b a|iogq rwg akjqxixwgo `|bsgq sikebà÷gq hghi|gixkq nwobjkq% xbiq akok6 nkoiaïhikq }|bxiabhkq }geb }keïaib% }k| `|w}kq hgg~xg|oïjik% kw bijhb nkoiaïhikq akjqwobhkq hw|bjxg eijanbogjxkq g jbrwgegqabqkq rwg gjskesgo x|blbenbhk|gq |w|biq g eihg|bjàbq qijhiabiq*

Gqxb }b|xg hk eis|k bjbeiqb b a|iqg hk qiqxgob hg Fwqxiàb ]gjbe* B a|iqg hkGqxbhk g b b}eiabàák hg }keïxiabq jgkeilg|biq kak||g|bo xboléo bqqkaibhbq b wobrwgl|b hk akjx|keg qkaibe ijck|obe rwg |gbeivbsbo cboïeib% b gqakeb% kq aewlgq hglbi||k% b I`|gfb% bq lileikxgabq siaijbiq% gjx|g kwx|kq* ]k|éo% b ck|obeihbhg hkqiqxgob hg Fwqxiàb ]gjbe ják akjqg`wiw qwlqxixwi| xbiq akjx|kegq qkaibiq*

Jk gqxwhk ―B ijqwflaiæjaib hk Hi|gixk ]gjbe g b jgagqqihbhg hg qg|gak||g| bkq Hi|gixkq Nwobjkq‟% Wolg|xk Qwhl|bad |gaw}g|b b hiqawqqák hgqwb xgqg hg hkwxk|bhk ijxixwebhb ―K G~xg|oïjik hg Ogjijkq hg \wb jk L|bqie‑ Wob Bjâeiqg hg ]keïxiab A|ioijbe‟* K x|blbenk g~boijb k cgjøogjk hkg~xg|oïjik hg ogjijkq hg |wb jk }g|ïkhk 29>7/2997 g okqx|b akok gqxgq% hkqrwbiq b}gjbq wob }grwgjb }b|xg bablb }|bxiabjhk ijc|bà÷gq% |g}|gqgjxbo wob}k}webàák hg |iqak }b|b kq `|w}kq hkoijbjxgq hb qkaighbhg l|bqiegi|b* B }b|xi|hg wob siqák niqxñ|iak/a|ïxiab hb sihb qkaibe% }keïxiab% fw|ïhiab g gakjøoiab hk}bïq% k gqxwhk ijxg`|b k hi|gixk }gjbe% b }keïxiab a|ioijbe% bq Aiæjaibq Qkaibiq gkq Hi|gixkq Nwobjkq jwob }g|q}gaxisb ijxg|hiqai}eijb| rwg bjbeiqb b }keïxiaba|ioijbe l|bqiegi|b g |gebaikjb b |g}|gqqák hkq `|w}kq g~aewïhkq hb }k}webàák%}|ijai}beogjxg jk rwg hiv |gq}gixk í geioijbàák cïqiab hbq }gqqkbq xihbq akok

―ob|ìjbiq‟% ako k bwxk|ixb|iqok hk Gqxbhk g hb qkaighbhg* Hgqxg okhk%b|`wogjxb }geb ijqwflaiæjaib hk hi|gixk }gjbe akok ck|ob hg |gqkesg| k }|klegobhbq sikebà÷gq hg hi|gixkq cwjhbogjxbiq jk L|bqie% }b|xiaweb|ogjxg k hi|gixk í



<1

sihb% qgjhk jgagqqâ|ik qkak||g|/qg hkq hi|gixkq nwobjkq% ―kq rwbiq hgsgo qg|g~g|aihkq% ijaewqisg% jk ìolixk hb fw|iqhiàák ijxg|jbaikjbe g+kw |gìkjbe‟*

Go ―Hgxg|oijbjxgq qkaikeñìabq hk xgo}k }|kagqqwbe |gebxisk bknkoiaïhik hkekqk go ]k|xk Beg`|g‟% @ieqkj Bjxwjgq ―bjbeiqb ako}b|bxisbogjxg

‑ ako |gaw|qk í ogxkhkekìb rwbjxixbxisb ‑ kq xgo}kq hg }|kagqqbogjxk hkqabqkq hg nkoiaïhik hkekqk fwe`bhkq }gek |ilwjbe hk Fö|i hb aihbhg hg ]k|xk Beg`|g+\Q go <==7% sg|iflabjhk b g~iqxæjaib jgqxb ijqxixwiàák hg }bh|÷gqk|`bjivbaikjbiq hgqi`wbiq hg qgegàák rwg hgxg|oijbo k xgo}k hg }|kagqqbogjxkhkq abqkq jk qiqxgob hg fwqxiàb a|ioijbe‟ b }b|xi| hg wob bokqx|b hg <1=}|kagqqkq* Ck|bo bjbeiqbhkq gegogjxkq akok6 k xgo}k `bqxk gjx|g b kak||æjaibhk nkoiaïhik hkekqk g qwb hiqx|ilwiàák ck|gjqg jk fwhiaiâ|ik g k xgo}k gjx|ggqxb hiqx|ilwiàák g b qgjxgjàb hk fö|i* Ijck|obà÷gq fwhiaibiq qkl|g kq |éwqblqkesihkq g kq |éwq akjhgjbhkq% bx|bséq hg abxg`k|ibq akok `æjg|k% |bàb% ihbhg%ekabe hg ok|bhib% gqakeb|ihbhg g kaw}bàák qg|sgo }b|b xgqxb| b ni}ñxgqg hg rwg―oöexi}ebq hgqi`wbehbhgq gqx|wxw|bo k xgo}k }|kagqqwbe‟* Qg kq nkogjq qákrwbqg b xkxbeihbhg hkq |éwq g hbq sïxiobq% bq oweng|gq b}|gqgjxbo ―wo }kxgjaibehg sixioivbàák hg rwbqg hwbq oweng|gq sïxiobq }b|b wob oweng| bwxk|b hgnkoiaïhik hkekqk‟*

Beijg Pijxg| Qwhl|bad b}|gqgjxb% jk x|blbenk ―B sikeæjaib }keiaibe g k]khg| Fwhiaiâ|ik jk \ik @|bjhg hk Qwe‟% b ―rwgqxák hkq nkoiaïhikq }|bxiabhkq }k|ogol|kq hb ]keïaib Oieixb|% jk Gqxbhk hk \ik @|bjhg hk Qwe% b }b|xi| hkq bjkq

>=% bxé <==0% g b }kqiàák hk ]khg| Fwhiaiâ|ik Gqxbhwbe .Fwqxiàb Oieixb| g FwqxiàbAkowo) b gqqg |gq}gixk‟* B ijsgqxi`bàák% hg awjnk rwbjxixbxisk g rwbeixbxisk% eihkwako ckjxgq }|ioâ|ibq g qgawjhâ|ibq% xbiq akok }|kagqqkq g qgjxgjàbq akjhgjbxñ|ibqg blqkewxñ|ibq% g xboléo gjx|gsiqxbq qgoigqx|wxw|bhbq ako k}g|bhk|gq hk Hi|gixk%ijaewijhk fwïvgq bxwbiq g g~/ijxg`|bjxgq hbq Sb|bq hk Fö|i% fwïvgq hb Fwqxiàb Oieixb|g }|kokxk|gq g }|kaw|bhk|gq hg Fwqxiàb% ako bxwbàák go bolbq bq Fwqxiàbq* B bjâeiqg b}kjxb rwg b obik|ib hkq |éwq ―gqxâ jb cbi~b gxâ|ib hg <= b <> bjkq% akogqakeb|ihbhg hg 2¶ `|bw* Jb rwbqg xkxbeihbhg hkq abqkq qák }|bàbq% xgjhk go siqxbrwg b gegq ablg b bàák hk }keiaibogjxk kqxgjqisk‟* Go `g|be% b Fwqxiàb Oieixb|

akjhgjb obiq rwg b Fwqxiàb Akowo% gjx|gxbjxk% b ck|ob akok b }gjb é awo}|ihbjk ìolixk Oieixb| xgo }gaweib|ihbhgq go |gebàák í g~gawàák }gjbe akowo* ―Kq}keiaibiq oieixb|gq xgogo obiq b Fwqxiàb Oieixb| hk rwg b Fwqxiàb Akowo% }k|rwggqxák x|bxbjhk ako }gqqkbq rwg kq akjngago }gqqkbe g+kw }|kflqqikjbeogjxg g rwgqák qblghk|gq hg qwb g~}g|iæjaib jk kcïaik hg }keiaibiq*‟

\kh|i`k @ni|ij`ngeei Bvgsghk% go qgw xg~xk ―Owixk beéo hk lgo g hkobe ‑ b }|khwàák hk hgqsik g hb |gbàák qkaibe akok b|xgcbxkq awexw|biq‟% b}kjxbrwg k hiegob agjx|be hk hglbxg qkaika|ioijkeñìak akjxgo}k|ìjgk qkl|g k

ako}k|xbogjxk hgqsibjxg g kq ogabjiqokq qkaibeogjxg akjqxixwïhkq }b|b kakjx|keg qkaibe qg qixwb jb akjqx|wàák hk }|ñ}|ik klfgxk6 b k}kqiàák gjx|g wo}kjxk hg siqxb klfgxisiqxb g kwx|k qwlfgxisiqxb* Bk g~}ek|b| gqqb |gebàák% k bwxk|



<8

lwqab |gakjqx|wi| k }g|aw|qk hbq bjâeiqgq qkaikeñìabq qkl|g k hgqsik% }b|xijhkhbq jkà÷gq }|ghkoijbjxgq jb }|iogi|b ogxbhg hk qéawek ̂ ^% lbqgbhbq jbq ihgibqhg Hw|dngio% Og|xkj g ]b|qkjq% bq rwbiq akjqxixwgo k okhgek qkaikeñìak gk nk|ivkjxg awexw|be g }keïxiak hbq xgk|ibq gxikeñìabq hk hgeixk* Go qg`wihb% é

hiqawxihk k qw|ìogjxk hb a|ioijkekìb a|ïxiab jkq bjkq 3=% ako bwxk|gq akokNkpb|h Lgadg|% g hb qkaikekìb hk akjixk% bq rwbiq% k|igjxbhbq xboléo }geba|ïxiab ob|~iqxb hk gqx|wxw|be/cwjaikjbeiqok g }geb }|gkaw}bàák pglg|ibjbako k }khg| g b hkoijbàák go qkaighbhgq jbq rwbiq qg g~}|gqqbo oöexi}ekqijxg|gqqgq akjixbjxgq% qg bcbqxbo hb }|gkaw}bàák ako k ako}k|xbogjxkhgqsibjxg akjqihg|bhk go qi ogqok* ]k| flo% k bwxk| qbeigjxb k qw|ìogjxk%jb öexiob héabhb% hb A|ioijkekìb Awexw|be% b }b|xi| hg bwxk|gq akok Hbsih@b|ebjh awfbq bjâeiqgq jb }g|q}gaxisb hg wob Awexw|b hk Akjx|keg bqqkaibob okhg|jihbhg xb|hib% k öexiok xg|àk hk qéawek ^^ jk owjhk hgqgjskesihk%b wob qé|ig hg |iqakq% ijqg`w|bjàbq g }|klegobq hg akjx|keg qkaibe rwg ck|boagjx|biq jk hgeijgbogjxk hbq jksbq |gq}kqxbq c|gjxg bk hgeixk*

]b|xg SI ‑ ]|iq÷gq g b a|iqg hk gjaebwqw|bogjxk

Ceb`|bjxg xboléo é b a|iqg hbq }|iq÷gq% gsihgjaibjhk qwb ijgflaâaib jbhiqqwbqák hbq akjhwxbq hgeixisbq% lgo akok b |gijaihæjaib a|ioijbe*

B }g|q}gaxisb niqxñ|iab hk gjaebwqw|bogjxk gog|`g jk b|xi`k hg \gjbxkhb Ewv Oghgi|kq ijxixwebhk ―Abqb hg Ak||gàák6 k abhgiák hb skexb hk @bqøogx|k‟*

B fljbeihbhg é ―k |gq`bxg hgqxb ijqxixwiàák% rwg cki k ob|ak hk qiqxgob }|iqikjbehk Gqxbhk hk \ik @|bjhg hk Qwe‟% lwqabjhk ―akjxg~xwbeivb| b Abqb hg Ak||gàákako kq hgxg|oijbjxgq niqxñ|iakq% `gk`|âflakq g qkaibiq rwg egìxiob|bo b qwbakjqx|wàák g objwxgjàák }k| obiq hg wo qéawek jb ab}ixbe hk Gqxbhk‟* B}ñqwob qé|ig hg akjx|bxgo}kq% go 2>77 b }|iogi|b }b|xg hb kl|b cki akjaewïhb%qgjhk rwg k }|kfgxk ang`kw bk flo% ijakjaewqk% go 2>>>% c|wqx|bjhk k klfgxiskhk io}é|ik rwg g|b hb| sihb b wo ―}|kfgxk |gck|obhk| hb abhgib rwg beogfbsbak||iì| kq ijhisïhwkq „hg`gjg|bhkq’ g hgskesæ/ekq bk jöaegk qkaibe% ang`bsb bkqöexiokq hibq hk ekj`k }g|ïkhk io}g|ibe% c|wqx|bhk g ijbablbhk‟* K @ksg|jk\g}wleiabjk rwg qg gqxblgegagw ba|ghixbsb rwg b Abhgib hgsg|ib qg| cwjaikjbeg g~go}eb|% g% go 2>91% k ]|gqihgjxg hk Gqxbhk k|hgjkw b akjqx|wàák hg agebqqwlxg||ìjgbq ―hgqxijbhbq bkq }|gqkq rwg qg |gawqbsbo b qg`wi| b hiqai}eijb g bk|hgo hb abqb‟* Qkogjxg jk ijïaik hk qéawek ^^% b}ñq wob qé|ig hg owhbjàbqgqx|wxw|biq g k|`bjivbaikjbiq% b Abhgib Aisie hb Ab}ixbe }khg io}ebjxb| wobqé|ig hg kflaijbq% }|gqgjxgq jk }|kfgxk k|iìjbe% ako b cwjàák hg ―x|bjqck|ob| kqijhisïhwkq ijc|bxk|gq g „hg`gjg|bhkq’% go qg|gq öxgiq b qkaighbhg% b}|ksgixbjhkxkhk k xgo}k go rwg gqxgq }g|objgagqqgo qkl k hkoïjik ijqxixwaikjbe% }b|b

b}eiab| wob sg|hbhgi|b k}g|bàák }gjixgjaiâ|ib qkl|g kq ak|}kq g bq ogjxgq hkqakjhgjbhkq‟* Qgw cganbogjxk% hgsihk b qwb cbeæjaib ijqxixwaikjbe g obxg|ibe%kak||gw go 293<*



<7

B hiogjqák }|gqgjxg hb a|iqg }|iqikjbe gqxâ jk b|xi`k ―B}kjxbogjxkqxgñ|iak/k}g|baikjbiq }b|b wob Qkaikekìb hbq ]|iq÷gq‟% hg Ewiv Bjxøjik Lk`k Anigq%rwg xgo akok klfgxisk ―akjx|ilwi| }b|b k hgqgjskesiogjxk hg wo ak|}wq xgñ|iak/k}g|bxisk ab}bv hg bxgjhg|% jk ìolixk hb bjâeiqg qkaikeñìab% b ako}eg~ihbhg

owexicbagxâ|ib hkq boligjxgq g hijìoiabq qñaik }|iqikjbiq‟* K bwxk| }b|xg hbq}|ijai}biq jkà÷gq xgñ|iak/k}g|bxisbq hg ]ig||g Lkw|higw% akok |gaw|qkq bjbeïxiak/g~}eiabxiskq }bqqïsgiq hg qg|go b}eiabhkq bkq akjxg~xkq qkaik}|iqikjbiq% qgjhkjgagqqâ|ik% b }b|xi| hgqxb }g|q}gaxisb hg bjâeiqg% gjc|gjxb| be`wobq rwgqx÷gq6

―b) b sg|iflabàák hg wob akjfl`w|bàák gq}gaïflab hg |gebà÷gq klfgxisbq gjx|g}kqià÷gq4 l) b }|gqgjàb hg ab}ixbiq g b ijwæjaib hgqqgq jbq }kqià÷gq ihgjxiflabhbq%lgo akok b sg|iflabàák hg ab}ixbiq gq}gaïflakq jwob }g|q}gaxisb hg abo}k4a) b }g|ag}àák hg hijìoiabq hg ijsgqxiogjxk% bawowebàák g ewa|kq% b }b|xi|hkq ab}ixbiq |gegsbjxgq% rwg |gogxbo xbjxk bk qgjxihk hk ―fk`k‟ gq}gaïflak%

akok í hiogjqák }gaweib| hb gakjkoib hk abo}k* boléo hgsgokq lwqab| bak||gebàák hkq gegogjxkq g hbq hijìoiabq qñaik }|iqikjbiq ako b jkàák k}g|bxisbhg nblixwq g ako b ihgjxiflabàák hg hiogjq÷gq g bq}gaxkq qiolñeiakq‟*

Wob Qkaikekìb hbq ]|iq÷gq% akok gjxgjhihb jk xg~xk% akjx|ilwi ako krwbh|k }|k}iaibhk }geb Aiæjaib hk Hi|gixk qkl|g b g~gawàák hbq }gjbq }|isbxisbqhg eilg|hbhg% rwg qkvijnb ják é ab}bv hg hb| akjxb hb ako}eg~ihbhg hg |gebà÷gqrwg qg gqxblgegago jk ìolixk }|iqikjbe*

]b|xg SII ‑ ]|gsgjàák hb Sikeæjaib6 bq |ghgq qkaibiq Bk bjbeiqb| sikeæjaibq% qgo}|g gqxgsg }|gqgjxg hgqgjskesg| k ìolixk hb

aihbhbjib% }kiq be`wjq akjagixkq ck|bo cwjhbogjxbiq }b|b cwjhb| b }|gsgjàákhb sikeæjaib gjrwbjxk wob xgajkekìb qkaibe* ]k| wo ebhk% k akjagixk hg ab}ixbeqkaibe xgo qihk cwjhbogjxbe4 go qg`wihb% b akjag}àák hg agjx|kq hg bxisihbhgqijck|obaikjbiq akok |gaw|qk }b|b }|gsgjàák hb sikeæjaib4 go xg|agi|k ew`b|% kawihbhk ako bq b|obhienbq hk ak|}k|bxisiqok4 g b cgeiv ijx|khwàák hk akjagixk hghgqgjskesiogjxk qwqxgjxbhk jgqxg abo}k hk akjx|keg qkaibe% k rwg }g|oixg }gjqb|qkl|g }keïxiabq }öleiabq hg qg`w|bjàb* Gjflo% wob blk|hb`go qkl|g b }ebjiflabàák|gxkob|ib kq gjqijbogjxkq hkq aeâqqiakq hb qkaikekìb g bq `|bjhgq g~}g|iæjaibqhk qkaibeiqok g hk ab}ixbeiqok hk Gqxbhk hg Lgo/Gqxb| Qkaibe% hgqgjskesgjhk b}kqqilieihbhg hg wob }ebjiflabàák hgoka|âxiab g gobjai}bxñ|ib*

K klfgxisk hk xg~xk hg Fkqé Siagjxg bsb|gq hkq Qbjxkq% ijxixwebhk―Jksbq rwgqx÷gq qkaibiq owjhibiq% }|kfgxkq qkaibiq g awexw|biq g b }ebjiflabàákgobjai}bxñ|ib‟% akjqiqxg go bjbeiqb| bq g~}g|iæjaibq hg }ebjiflabàák jk qéawek ^^% ako b ijhiabàák hkq }|ijai}biq }g|ïkhkq g xi}kq hg akjck|obàák hk}ebjgfbogjxk% hg bak|hk ako bq hicg|gjxgq gxb}bq niqxñ|iabq% b flo hg ang`b|í }|klegoâxiab hbq bexg|jbxisbq xgñ|iak/ogxkhkeñìabq hg }ebjiflabàák g hg`ksg|jbogjxbeihbhg jk }|kagqqk hg akjqx|wàák hb aihbhbjib g hb hgoka|baib}b|b k qéawek ^Î* Hgeijgib bq }kxgjaibeihbhgq ijksbhk|bq hbq g~}g|iæjaibq hg



<3

}ebjiflabàák gobjai}bxñ|ib% k rwg }khg|ib qg| ijxg|gqqbjxg }b|b k bxwbe }|kagqqkhg akjqx|wàák hg }keïxiabq }öleiabq hg qg`w|bjàb*

Obi|b Lbwo`b|xgj hgqgjskesg akjqihg|bà÷gq xgñ|iak/niqxñ|iabq qkl|gbq |gebà÷gq gjx|g hgqgjskesiogjxk ab}ixbeiqxb% Gqxbhk g }ebjiflabàák% siqbjhk

qwlqihib| k hglbxg qkl|g k }b}ge hk Gqxbhk g hg qwbq }keïxiabq akok ijqx|wogjxkqgqqgjaibiq }b|b b qwqxgjxblieihbhg jk owjhk qkaibe akjxgo}k|ìjgk* Hiqawxg kakjagixk hg }keïxiabq }öleiabq% gqqgjaibe }b|b b bjâeiqg hb ijxg|sgjàák gqxbxbe jbqkaighbhg% aeb|iflab k }b|bhiòb hb }ebjiflabàák okhg|jb g bjbeiqb bq }|ijai}biqxgjhæjaibq hk hgqgjskesiogjxk ab}ixbeiqxb g qwb |gebàák ako b qwqxgjxblieihbhghk L|bqie* Gjcbxivb b }|gqgjàb% jk akjagixk hg hgqgjskesiogjxk qwqxgjxâsge% hgihgibq hg }bx|ioøjik akowo .g fljixk) hb nwobjihbhg g hk |gakjngaiogjxkhg hi|gixkq b `g|bà÷gq rwg bijhb ják g~iqxgo% ijhiab wob æjcbqg jb }|iobvib hkekj`k }|bvk% hb qwqxgjxblieihbhg akok }|é/|grwiqixk }b|b bq bà÷gq hkq b`gjxgqgakjøoiakq% cbxk|gq gqx|bjnkq í hijìoiab hk og|abhk* \gqwexb hg qgw xg~xk b}kqqilieihbhg hg }gjqb| rwák io}k|xbjxg qg|ib b ijak|}k|bàák hk akjagixk hghgqgjskesiogjxk qwqxgjxâsge íq }|âxiabq hg }|gsgjàák hb sikeæjaib% wo ekj`kaboijnk b qg| }g|ak||ihk*

K b|xi`k hg Lgbx|iv Akqxb% ―Ab}ixbe Qkaibe g }|gsgjàák hb sikeæjaib‟%hgqgjskesg b bjâeiqg hk akjagixk hg ab}ixbe qkaibe% ―hg `|bjhg |gegsìjaib jbhiqawqqák hbq bà÷gq akegxisbq% obq rwg xgo qg|sihk akok ijhiabhk| hg sixbeihbhghbq qkaighbhgq ako}eg~bq go rwg sisgokq‟* K xg~xk |gbeivb wob qïjxgqg hbq

hiqawqq÷gq }|khwvihbq b |gq}gixk hbq akjag}à÷gq hg Lkw|higw% Akegobj g]wxjbo% bwxk|gq |gcg|æjaib jb akjqx|wàák hkq }|ijai}biq b}k|xgq xgñ|iakq qkl|gk ab}ixbe qkaibe* Jk gjxbjxk% hgsihk í bl|bj`æjaib hg qixwbà÷gq rwg }khgo qg|bjbeiqbhbq wxieivbjhk k akjagixk% b qwb k}g|baikjbeivbàák go abqkq akja|gxkqakjqxixwi bijhb wob hiflawehbhg* Hiqawxg/qg% bijhb% ―kq lgjgcïaikq }öleiakq}|ksgjigjxgq hk ab}ixbe qkaibe b}kjxbhkq }geb eixg|bxw|b í ewv hk ijxg|gqqg }gekbqqkaibxisiqok skewjxâ|ik g qgwq gcgixkq qkl|g bq }keïxiabq }öleiabq‟*

Kwx|b cbagxb hk xgob gqxâ jk ab}ïxwek ―Ijck|obàák g }|gsgjàák hbsikeæjaib6 ogxkhkekìb hg oijg|bàák g hg agjx|kq hg bxisihbhgq‟% jk rwbe @ieqkj

Eiob b}|gqgjxb }|iogi|bogjxg wob hiqawqqák qkl|g b blk|hb`go g k gjxgjhiogjxkbag|ab hb ijck|obàák ako}wxbaikjbe akok ck|ob hg qwlqihib| wob siqák a|ïxiabqkl|g b }kqqilieihbhg hg akjqx|wàák hg agjx|kq hg bxisihbhgq ijck|obaikjbiq akok|gaw|qk }b|b }|gsgjàák hb sikeæjaib* Hibjxg hb gog|`æjaib hbq `|bjhgq |ghgqhiìxbiq hg ijck|obàák% }b|xiaweb|ogjxg b Ijxg|jgx/Pgl% k bwxk| qwqxgjxb rwgbq |ghgq xæo agjx|kq qi`jiflabxiskq hg bxisihbhgq ijck|obaikjbiq g ―gjakjx|â/ekq}khg qg| b io}k|xbjxg g qi`jiflabxisb hicg|gjàb rwg cbv xkhb b hicg|gjàb go wob}keïxiab }öleiab hg }|gsgjàák hb sikeæjaib‟* Wob cg||bogjxb io}k|xbjxg jgqxb

xgjxbxisb é b oijg|bàák hg hbhkq% rwg akjqiqxg go wo ―oéxkhk k}g|bhk }k| wo}|k`|bob ako}wxbaikjbe rwg }kqqilieixb hgqaklg|xb hg akjngaiogjxkq bx|bséqhg }|kaghiogjxkq |gaw|qiskq g |gebaikjbiq gjskesgjhk `|bjhgq skewogq hg hbhkq



<0

jwoé|iakq% ab|baxg|gq kw iob`gjq go bexb sgekaihbhg hg }|kagqqbogjxk‟* B }b|xi|hg x|æq gqxwhkq hg abqkq qák hgokjqx|bhbq gqqbq }kxgjaibeihbhgq% bq rwbiq gjskesgo%}k| g~go}ek% b bjxgai}bàák g }|gsgjàák hg kak||æjaibq sikegjxbq qg`wjhk }g|flqhg agjâ|ikq g sïxiobq% cbvgjhk wqk hbq }|ñ}|ibq ijck|obà÷gq kflaibiq*

\gjbxk Qbwe% jk xg~xk ―B ak|}k|bàák g b c|bwhg hk gxg|jk }|gqgjxg‟%hiqawxg be`wobq hbq b|obhienbq ijxgegaxwbiq rwg qák io}kqxbq }k| gq}gaibeiqxbqkw }k| b`gjxgq }keïxiakq í qkaighbhg }b|b k qwagqqk gakjøoiak g hk lgo/gqxb|hbq akegxisihbhgq* Bq ―c|bwhgq‟ gjakjx|bo% go qwb ako}kqiàák g hgeijgbogjxkniqxñ|iak% wo ij`|ghigjxg awfb xgqqixw|b akjxkw g akjxb% go qwb hicwqák g}k}web|ivbàák% ako k b}kik hb xgk|ib qkaikeñìab* Bq qixwbà÷gq |gcg|ihbq qg|sgo}b|b iewqx|b| bq akjhià÷gq gcgxisbq go rwg qg |gbeivb b hiqxijàák gjx|g gqcg|b}öleiab g gqcg|b }|isbhb g k qgw }g|fle }|ñ}|ik% akjck|og k okogjxk niqxñ|iak

g bq hicg|gjxgq akjhià÷gq hg b|xiawebàák hg wob |gìák kw hg wo }bïq hgjx|khk akjxg~xk hb gakjkoib owjhibe* B ijqxixwaikjbeivbàák hb Qkaikekìb jkowjhk babhæoiak qg hâ hgjx|k hb hijìoiab hg akjqx|wàák hg wob xgk|ibhk }|kagqqk hg ijhisihwbeivbàák rwg qg }|k}÷g a|ixiabogjxg go |gebàák bkijhisihwbeiqok blqx|bxk gog|`gjxg jkq hgqhkl|bogjxkq hb ck|obàák hbqkaighbhg eilg|be% b|xiawebhk }|ijai}beogjxg go xk|jk hb sihb gakjøoiab*Hgjx|k hgqxg agjâ|ik qg |ghgfljg k qgjxihk gqx|bxéìak hb jkàák hg ak|}k|bàákg hg qgw sbek| g}iqxgokeñìak }b|b b akjqx|wàák hb xgk|ib qkaikeñìab* Hbrwil|kxb k }|ijaï}ik rwg i|â hkxb| b ak|}k|bàák hb ab}baihbhg hg }|kxb`kjivb|

xbjxk b b`æjaib }|isbhb rwbjxk b b`æjaib }öleiab% xk|jbjhk ijhicg|gjxgb hisiqák hg hkoïjikq* B eijnb hkoijbjxg jb Qkaikekìb qg`wg xgjhgjhk bhiqxbjaib|/qg hg qwbq ob|abq hg k|i`go g hg qgwq ako}|koiqqkq niqxñ|iakqako g}iqxgokekìbq akjx|bhixñ|ibq rwg lbeivb|bo k golbxg x|bsbhk gjx|g wob|baikjbeihbhg hg ab|âxg| ijqx|wogjxbe% bqqkaibhb b |gqwexbhkq }|âxiakq ioghibxkq%g wob |baikjbeihbhg ják ijqx|wogjxbe% k|igjxbhb }b|b ako}|koiqqkq éxiakqgjskesihkq jb gskewàák hk akjngaiogjxk hb sihb go qkaighbhg*

]|âxiabq qkaikeñìabq g ako}|koiqqkq qkaibiq Bq bjâeiqgq qkaikeñìabq b}|gqgjxbhbq jgqxg eis|k akjfl`w|bo okogjxkq hg

wob qkaikekìb |gg~isb% }kiq }g|aglgokq b ng|bjàb ijxgegaxwbe rwg jkq }g|oixiwakjqx|wi| wob }|âxiab qkaikeñìab% bq akjxijwihbhgq g bq hgqakjxijwihbhgq hk}gjqbogjxk rwg jkq ijwgjaib|bo% bq k}k|xwjihbhgq ijqxixwaikjbiq rwg qgjkq kcg|gag|bo% lgo akok bq x|bjqck|obà÷gq qkaibiq rwg nâ x|ijxb bjkq xæoakjfl`w|bhk jkqqb siqák qkaikeñìab hb qkaighbhg akjxgo}k|ìjgb*

Gqxg akjfwjxk hg x|blbenkq% beibhk b wob ako}|ggjqák hk oksiogjxk

xgñ|iak bxwbe go Aiæjaibq Nwobjbq% jkq egskw b qw`g|i| wob Qkaikekìb hb Akjixwb/eihbhg% awfkq hgeijgbogjxkq xgñ|iak/ogxkhkeñìakq% hgqgjskesiogjxk hb b`gjhb hg}gqrwiqbq g hgokjqx|bàák go}ï|iab% qg|ák jkqqbq }|ñ~iobq xb|gcbq qkaikeñìabq*



<>

B jgagqqihbhg hg akjqx|wi| wob g~}eiabàák qkaikeñìab }b|b bq jksbqrwgqx÷gq qkaibiq èklbiq hgsg qg| }kqiaikjbhb jk akjxg~xk hb owjhibeivbàák hbqkaighbhg g hb gakjkoib akjxgo}k|ìjgbq g hg qgwq gcgixkq qkl|g bq x|bjqck|obà÷gqhb gqx|wxw|b g hk gq}bàk qkaibe% jbq hisg|qbq |gì÷gq hk }ebjgxb* Hgqgjskesg/

qg wo }|kagqqk hg akjqxixwiàák hg ck|obq qkaibiq ob|abhbq }gekq gcgixkqg~aewhgjxgq hbq }keïxiabq jgkeilg|biq% hgqgjabhgbjhk jkskq akjixkq qkaibiq g%}k| sgvgq% gqxblgegagjhk eioixgq í akjqkeihbàák hb hgoka|baib% bk ogjkq jkq}bïqgq }g|icé|iakq hk owjhk ab}ixbeiqxb* be }g|q}gaxisb }g|oixg g~}eiaixb| wobhgxg|oijbhb }kqiàák jk abo}k aigjxïflak rwg qg hgfljg }geb ijsgqxi`bàák gg~}eiabàák qkaikeñìab hb akjixwbeihbhg* |bxb/qg hg hgob|ab| wo }kjxk hgsiqxb jk golbxg ijxgegaxwbe hb qkaikekìb% ab}bv hg gqxioweb| bjâeiqgq |i`k|kqbqrwg |gxkogo hb x|bhiàák qkaikeñìab b skabàák hg g~}eiab| kq }grwgjkq g ̀ |bjhgqhiegobq hk owjhk qkaibe% |gbxwbeivbjhk wob iobìjbàák qkaikeñìab |bhiabe*

Rwbe b obx|iv hiqai}eijb| hkq gqxwhkq qkaikeñìakq qkl|g bqakjixwbeihbhgq; Jk }ebjk xgñ|iak% é k}k|xwjk |gixg|b| b klqg|sbàák hg rwg qghgqgjskesg ―wob blk|hb`go ijksbhk|b bag|ab hbq sâ|ibq |ghgq hg hkoijbàák ghg sikeæjaib }|gqgjxgq jbq ck|obà÷gq qkaibiq akjxgo}k|ìjgbq% ijhiabjhk% bijhb%jksbq }kqqilieihbhgq xgñ|iabq }b|b qwb ako}|ggjqák qkaikeñìab‟*1

B jksihbhg bjbeïxiab rwg qg |gsgeb jkq gqxwhkq ako}kjgjxgq hgqxg hkqqiæ|gqihg go wob }g|q}gaxisb hb ako}eg~ihbhg% qijxgxivbhb }k| Gh`b| Ok|ij6

K oéxkhk hb ako}eg~ihbhg }ghg/jkq rwg }gjqgokq qgo jwjab gjag||b|

kq akjagixkq% rwg rwgl|gokq bq gqcg|bq cganbhbq% rwg |gqxblgegàbokq bqb|xiawebà÷gq gjx|g k rwg gqxâ hgqakjfwjxbhk% rwg xgjxgokq ako}|ggjhg| bowexihiogjqikjbeihbhg% rwg }gjqgokq ako b qij`web|ihbhg% ako b ekabeivbàák%ako b xgo}k|beihbhg% rwg ják gqrwgàbokq jwjab bq xkxbeihbhgq ijxg`|bhk|bq* .***)

B xkxbeihbhg é qiowexbjgbogjxg sg|hbhg g ják sg|hbhg% é iqqk b ako}eg~ihbhg6 bakjfwjàák hg akjagixkq rwg qg akolbxgo gjx|g qi .Ok|ij% 2998% }* 27=)*

]b|gag gqxb|okq sisgjaibjhk wo okogjxk hg x|bjqiàák }b|bhiòâxiabawfb |w}xw|b g}iqxgokeñìab akjqiqxg jk hgjkoijbhk }ñq/gqx|wxw|beiqok%jk rwbe qg ijaewi b a|ïxiab hk ob|~iqok k|xkhk~k% hk cwjaikjbeiqok g hkgqx|wxw|beiqok* Go kwx|bq }bebs|bq% b |g}|khwàák g b x|bjqck|obàák qkaibeqg blk|hkw hgqhg b |gg~ák bag|ab hbq akjhià÷gq rwg nblieixbo b ck|obàákhg bxk|gq ab}bvgq hg ijxg|si| jk gqxbhk hbq akiqbq% ab}bvgq hg }|khwvi| jkskqqgjxihkq .Qkwqb Qbjxkq% <===)*

B obx|iv xgñ|iab hkq gqxwhkq qkl|g bq akjixwbeihbhgq sgo qgjhkako}kqxb b }b|xi| hg wob blk|hb`go `g|be rwg qg jwx|g hk }gjqbogjxkqkaikeñìak* Wob bjâeiqg ijck|obaikjbe hk akjfwjxk hg xg~xkq hgqxb kl|b% akok bw~ïeik hk qkcxpb|g JSISK% }g|oixiw gqxblgegag| wo ob}b ak`jixisk hkq

}|ijai}biq bwxk|gq wxieivbhkq*Go Ob|~% ck|bo lwqabhbq bjâeiqgq qkl|g k okhk hg }|khwàák hk qkaibe%bq |gebà÷gq hg aebqqg% bq akjx|bhià÷gq gqx|wxw|biq g bq bjâeiqgq niqxñ|iabq hk akjixk



<9

qkaibe g hk }b}ge hb sikeæjaib jb Niqxñ|ib* Go Pglg|% |gxkob|bo/qg kq xg~xkqbag|ab hk ]khg| hk Gqxbhk ‑ b jkàák hg okjk}ñeik eg`ïxiok hb sikeæjaib ‑% hb|gebàák gjx|g hkoijbàák g egìxiobàák g qkl|g b lw|ka|baib4 xboléo ck|bo öxgiqbq ijhiabà÷gq bag|ab hkq akjixkq qkaibiq* Go Hw|dngio% ck|bo ekabeivbhbq bq

akjx|ilwià÷gq qkl|g b hisiqák qkaibe hk x|blbenk% b |gebàák gjx|g jk|ob g akjixk%k akjagixk hg bjkoib% k gqxwhk qkl|g k qwiaïhik g b akjag}àák hk a|iog akokcbxk qkaibe jk|obe*

]k|éo% gqxg `|w}k hg }gqrwiqb qkwlg lwqab| be`wobq akjx|ilwià÷gq goaeâqqiakq hb qkaikekìb hk qéawek ^^% jkxbhbogjxg go ]b|qkjq% g jb qg`wjhb`g|bàák hb Gqakeb hg Aniab`k% akok G|sij` @kobj% Ghpij Qwxng|ebjh g kakjqx|wxisiqok hg ]gxg| Lg|`g|* Be`wobq jkà÷gq ck|bo lwqabhbq jb QkaikekìbL|ixìjiab% hgqhg k l|ienbjxg Bebj w|ij`% }ikjgi|k hbq aiæjaibq hb ako}wxbàák%bq kl|bq niqxñ|iabq hg G|ia Nklqlbpo g bq bjâeiqgq akjxgo}k|ìjgbq hg Bjxnkjy @ihhgjq g Vyòwjx Lbwobj* Jk|lg|x Geibq cki wo ijxg|ekawxk| }|isiegìbhk%hk }|kagqqk aisieivbxñ|ik í ako}|ggjqák hb sikeæjaib akok }|âxiab qkaibe hg wogxnkq bwxk|ixâ|ik* G% ag|xbogjxg% ako b öexiob }b|xg hb kl|b hg Kaxbsik Ibjjiqkl|g b qkaighbhg èklbe% bl|iw/qg k kenb| akjxgo}k|ìjgk }b|b b iobìjbàákqkaikeñìab owjhibe*

Nkwsg b ijak|}k|bàák hg bwxk|gq rwg ck|owebo wob xgk|ib `g|be hbqkaighbhg akjxgo}k|ìjgb* ]ig||g Lkw|higw kcg|gagw kq akjagixkq hg abo}kqkaibe% hbq hicg|gjxgq ck|obq hg ab}ixbiq% hg }kqiàák hg aebqqg g hg x|bfgxñ|ibq%

bqqio akok k akjagixk hg ewxbq hgjx|k hk abo}k qkaibe* B xg|agi|b |gg~ák hg]ig||g Lkw|higw ‑ b oiqé|ib hk owjhk g b }|khwàák qkaibe hb sikeæjaib qiolñeiabg hk gqxiòb .299</<==<) ‑ xisg|bo |gegsk }b|b g~}eiab| kq ―qgjxiogjxkq hgijqg`w|bjàb‟ g b ijwæjaib hkq ogikq hg akowjiabàák jkq cgjøogjkq hgsikeæjaib*8 Gjflo% k hgqekabogjxk hk kenb| qkaikeñìak }b|b b qkaighbhg èklbe}kqqilieixkw b }bqqb`go }b|b wob qkaikekìb hbq sikeæjaibq g hbq akjixwbeihbhgqjk }|kagqqk hb owjhibeivbàák*7

Oiange Ckwabwex cki io}k|xbjxg bk ck|jgag| k ob|ak hb qkaighbhghiqai}eijb|% hbq xgajkekìbq hg }khg| g hkq oia|k}khg|gq% bqqio akok b bjâeiqg

hbq ck|obq hb sg|hbhg fw|ïhiab g k jksk ―okhk hg ijxg|}|gxb| b Niqxñ|ib‟* Bqckjxgq ijq}i|bhk|bq ck|bo ogjkq kq x|blbenkq hb ―b|rwgkekìb hk qblg|‟ g obiqbrwgegq }wleiabhkq b }b|xi| hg ―Siìb| g ]wji|‟ .2903)% g b |gxkobhb hb ―Niqxñ|ibhb Ekwaw|b‟% bqqio akok kq gjqijbogjxkq hb ―Niqxñ|ib hb Qg~wbeihbhg‟* B |w}xw|b g}iqxgokeñìab hg Oiange Ckwabwex% }|gqgjxg jb `gjgbekìb hk qblg|%xgsg gcgixkq hgaiqiskq% bk ijhiab| wo akjfwjxk ako}egogjxb| hg akjagixkq6lik}keïxiab% `ksg|jbogjxbeihbhg g ewxbq qkaibiq gq}gaïflabq* ]k| akjqgrwæjaib%kq gqxwhkq qkl|g bq akjixwbeihbhgq g~}|gqqbo b }kqxw|b g}iqxgokeñìab hb

―`gjgbekìb hk }khg|/qblg|‟% }kjxk hg siqxb ijksbhk| rwg }kqqilieixkw wob|gegixw|b hkq aeâqqiakq g b ijak|}k|bàák hkq akjagixkq hg ―qkaighbhg hiqai}eijb|‟%―hiq}kqixisk }khg|/qblg|‟% ―`ksg|jbogjxbeihbhg‟ g ―lik}keïxiab‟*3 Bq jkà÷gq hg



1=

`ksg|jbogjxbeihbhg g hg lik}keïxiab jkq bfwhb|bo b ako}|ggjhg| k hi|gixk ísihb akok akjqxixwxisk hbq ewxbq qkaibiq akjxgo}k|ìjgbq*

Jk abo}k hb qkaikekìb hk hi|gixk% be`wjq hg jkqqkq akeblk|bhk|gqx|kw~g|bo b bjâeiqg qiqxæoiab hg Jidebq Ewnobjj* Qkl|gqqbi% }k|éo% jb qkaikekìb

owjhibe% b kl|b hg Lkbsgjxw|b hg Qkwqb Qbjxkq% k rwbe jkq begjxkw ako wob jksbxgk|ib a|ïxiab hb aiæjaib g hk hi|gixk g b }g|q}gaxisb hk }gjqbogjxk gobjai}bxñ|ik*

Jk abo}k hk akjx|keg qkaibe% bq obiq |gegsbjxgq jkà÷gq sig|bo hba|ioijkekìb a|ïxiab hg Begqqbjh|k Lb|bxxb g hg Ekwd Nweqobj% hk }gjqbogjxk}gjbeiqxb èklbe hg Oi|gieeg Hgeobq/Ob|xy g hkq gqxwhkq qkl|g qkaikekìb hk}keiaib| hg Hbsih Lbyegy% G`kj Lixxjg|% Ng|obj @kehqxgij% Fgbj/Aebwhg Okjgx%\klg|x \gijg| g Hkoijirwg Okjfb|hgx* K akjagixk hg abo}k hk akjx|keg qkaibehg Hbsih @b|ebjh kcg|gagw/jkq wob akjfl`w|bàák ijxg|}|gxbxisb }b|b bjbeiqb|owixkq hg jkqqkq obxg|ibiq go}ï|iakq* G Fkad Ykwj` jkq x|kw~g b ako}|ggjqák

hb qkaighbhg g~aewhgjxg g hbq sg|xi`gjq hb okhg|jihbhg xb|hib* B }wleiabàák hg wo |gq}gixâsge g qwagqqisk gegjak hg |gsiq÷gq hk

gqxbhk hb b|xg gsihgjaib b obxw|ihbhg hgqxg abo}k aigjxïflak jb qkaikekìbl|bqiegi|b0 g ebxijk/bog|iabjb% lgo akok wo okogjxk si|xwkqk hb QkaikekìbAkjxgo}k|ìjgb go akjqxixwi| wob Qkaikekìb hb Sikeæjaib% jkq Gqxbhkq Wjihkqg jb Gw|k}b g% hg okhk g~}kjgjaibe% jk L|bqie g jb Boé|iab Ebxijb* Qkokqx|ilwxâ|ikq hg ijöog|kq bwxk|gq g bwxk|bq rwg bhgjqb|bo b ako}|ggjqák qkl|gk owjhk akjxgo}k|ìjgk6 Kaxâsik Ibjji% Fkqé hg Qkwvb Ob|xijq% Belb Vbewb|%]bwek Qé|ìk ]ijngi|k% Qé|ìk Bhk|jk% Oiange Oiqqg% Aéqb| Lb||gi|b% Ob|ib

Qxgeb @|kqqi ]k|xk% Aebwhik Lgbxk% gjx|g kwx|kq% rwg jkq gjqijbo b ijxg|}|gxb|bq ogxbok|ckqgq hb sikeæjaib g hk a|iog jb qkaighbhg akjxgo}k|ìjgb*

Gqxbokq sisgjaibjhk wo okogjxk hg x|bjqiàák }b|bhiòâxiab6 b|g}|khwàák g b x|bjqck|obàák qkaibe qák blk|hbhbq hgqhg b |gg~ák bag|ab hbqakjhià÷gq rwg nblieixbo b ck|obàák hg bxk|gq ab}bvgq hg ijxg|si| jk gqxbhk hbqakiqbq% ab}bvgq hg }|khwvi| jkskq qgjxihkq* Hgqxbabokq wob objgi|b hg cbvg| baiæjaib qkaibe% ob|abhb }geb }|gkaw}bàák }keïxiab g }gebq ewxbq qkaibiq% gjskesihbako bq hgqakjxijwihbhgq hk akjngaiogjxk xgñ|iak% ako b a|ïxiab }g|objgjxg íqxgk|ibq g~iqxgjxgq qkl|g k klfgxk% bako}bjnbhbq }geb ijsgqxi`bàák ogxñhiab hb|gbeihbhg qkaibe*

Kq |gqwexbhkq klxihkq }gebq hicg|gjxgq }gqrwiqbq akjqiqxgo% go }|iogi|kew`b|% jk gqxblgegaiogjxk hb |gebàák gjx|g }|kagqqkq hg owjhibeivbàák g bg~}bjqák hb sikeæjaib jb qkaighbhg l|bqiegi|b* Bq |bïvgq qkaibiq hgqxg }|kagqqkgqxák% }k| wo ebhk% jk bwogjxk hk hgqgo}|g`k jb gakjkoib g% hg kwx|k% jkgjc|brwgaiogjxk hbq ijqxixwià÷gq go qwbq cwjà÷gq qkaibeivbhk|bq% lgo akokjb lbjbeivbàák hb sikeæjaib jkq ogikq hg akowjiabàák hg obqqb* Akokakjqgrwæjaib% kak||gw% jb qkaighbhg akjxgo}k|ìjgb% wo hglieixbogjxk hkq

ebàkq qkaibiq% wo hiebag|bogjxk hb aihbhbjib% k bwogjxk hbq sikebà÷gq hg hi|gixkqnwobjkq g% }k| flo% b g~}bjqák hb sikeæjaib% xbjxk b }|bxiabhb }k| b`gjxgq hkGqxbhk akok b sikeæjaib hiqqgoijbhb }gek gq}bàk qkaibe*



12

Akjx|b b awexw|b hb sikeæjaib% |gbeivbo/qg g~}g|iæjaibq rwg xgjxbohgqjbxw|beivâ/eb% }kiq k obik| klqxâawek |gqihg jk gj|bivbogjxk hb sikeæjaibjb sihb qkaibe% wob eij`wb`go jb sihb qkaibe l|bqiegi|b% k rwg }|kskab k xgok||gaï}|kak4 kw qgfb% k oghk akjqxixwi nkfg wo ako}kjgjxg hb awexw|b l|bqiegi|b*

Hgqgjskesg| b gaekqák hiqaw|qisb hbq gsihæjaibq hkq bxkq hg sikeæjaib% oghibjxg b}wleiaivbàák hkq gsgjxkq go xkhb qwb oijöaib% }|gaiqák g l|wxbeihbhg% ako k wqki||gqx|ixk hbq jksbq xgajkekìbq hb ijck|obàák% xgo akjx|ilwïhk í ijqxbw|bàák hgkwx|bq }|âxiabq qkaibiq*

Bq xgjxbxisbq hg akjqx|wàák hg kwx|kq }kqqïsgiq aboijnkq qkaigxâ|ikqhg |gebaikjbogjxk qkaibe% hgqhg k wjisg|qk hk x|blbenk bk wjisg|qk hb awexw|b%akjfl`w|bo }|âxiabq qkaibiq bexg|jbxisbq* Bq ewxbq qkaibiq }b|xiaweb|gq% bq rwbiqakekabo go bàák akjixisb hicg|gjxgq `|w}kq qkaibiq hgfljihkq ják qñ }k||gebà÷gq hg aebqqg g hg abxg`k|ib qkaibe% obq xboléo }k| |gebà÷gq hg `æjg|k g hg

|bàb% qijxgxivbo wo oksiogjxk hg |gq}gixk i`wbeixâ|ik í hicg|gjàb*K klfgxisk }|ijai}be hg jkqqbq }|âxiabq qkaikeñìabq xgo qihk akjqx|wi|

wob Qkaikekìb hb Akjixwbeihbhg% abo}k ijxgegaxwbe jk rwbe b sikeæjaib gog|`gakok wo }|kagqqk qkaibe g wo akjagixk gq}gaïflak% |gebaikjbhk íq ijxg|}|gxbà÷gqqkl|g k }|kagqqk hg a|ioijbeivbàák g bk abo}k hk akjx|keg qkaibe*

Jk qéawek ̂ Î% k }bjk|bob é ob|abhk }k| rwgqx÷gq qkaibiq owjhibiq% rwgqg objicgqxbo% hg ck|ob b|xiawebhb g bjâek`b% obq ako hiqxijxbq gq}gaiflaihbhgq%jbq hicg|gjxgq qkaighbhgq* B hgjqihbhg hkq akjixkq qkaibiq% b sisæjaib akxihibjbg |g}gxihb hbq hisg|qbq ck|obq hg sikeæjaib% k qgjxiogjxk hg obe/gqxb| g hgijqg`w|bjàb hbq }k}webà÷gq |w|biq g w|lbjbq% xæo }|kskabhk hicg|gjxgq xi}kqhg |gq}kqxbq hbq ijqxixwià÷gq gqxbxbiq% bq }keïxiabq qkaibiq g b `b|bjxib hk hi|gixk íqg`w|bjàb* Qi`jiflab wob a|gqagjxg }|gkaw}bàák ako bq x|bjqck|obà÷gq }keïxiabqhk Gqxbhk jk qgjxihk hg wo jksk akjx|bxk qkaibe*

Bq }|âxiabq hg qkaiblieihbhg qkeihâ|ib }b|gago b}kjxb|% hk ebhk hbqkaighbhg aisie% }b|b b akjqx|wàák hg jksbq }|âxiabq hk ―}öleiak‟6 x|bxb/qg hg}|âxiabq qkaibiq g }keïxiabq hg }|khwàák hg wob jksb k|hgo qkaibe% bà÷gq rwgsák qg `gqxbjhk jkq ijxg|qxïaikq hb bxwbe qkaighbhg% b }b|xi| hb g~aewqák g hb}|gab|ighbhg% ijhiabjhk wo abo}k hg }kqqïsgiq }b|b b okjxb`go hg wobaihbhbjib akja|gxb% ab}bv hg hiqqkesg| b }|gqgjàb hb sikeæjaib jb qkaighbhgl|bqiegi|b* Gqxg eis|k |gbeivb wob b`gjhb hg }gqrwiqbq xgñ|iabq g go}ï|iabq akok wqk hg ogxkhkekìbq ijck|obaikjbiq% oghibjxg }|âxiabq qkaikeñìabq rwgakjx|ilwgo b wob bo}eb aihbhbjib owjhibe*

\GCG\ÆJAIBQ

BHK\JK% Qé|ìk* ―Akjixwbeihbhg g sikeæjaib6 |gg~÷gq qkl|g b bjkoib jbakjxgo}k|bjgihbhg‟* Ij6 go}k Qkaibe % s* 2=% j¶ 2% }* 29/80% \gsiqxb hg Qkaikekìb hbWQ]* Qák ]bwek*



1<

BHK\JK% Qé|ìk* ―Sikeæjaib g Aisieivbàák‟* Ij6 BSB\GQ HKQ QBJKQ% F*S* #@W@EIBJK% B* .k|`q*)* B Qkaikekìb }b|b k Qéawek ^Î* ]gekxbq% GHWAB+QLQ%2999% }* 00/2=3*

BHK\JK% Qé|ìk* ―Hgqbflkq xgñ|iak akjxgo}k|ìjgkq hb Qkaikekìb Ebxijk/bog|iabjb‟*

Ij6 XBSB\GQ HKQ QBJXKQ% Fkqé Siagjxg .k|`*)* Owjhibeivbàák g Qkaikekìb A|ïxiab hb Boé|iab Ebxijb .^^S Akj`|gqqk hb BEBQ ‑ Bqqkaibàák Ebxijk/bog|iabjb hg Qkaikekìb%]k|xk Beg`|g% L|bqie% <==7)* ]k|xk Beg`|g% Ghixk|b hb WC\@Q% <==9% }* 201/293*

LB\\GI\B% Aéqb|* Akxihibjk hgq}ghbàbhk6 agjbq hg wob sikeæjaib hicwqb* Abo}ijbq%]kjxgq% <==>*

LBWOBJ% V* Akowjihbhg6 b lwqab }k| qg`w|bjàb jk owjhk bxwbe * \ik hg Fbjgi|k% Fk|`gVbnb|% <==1*

LBWOBJ% V* K obe/gqxb| hb }ñq/okhg|jihbhg * \ik hg Fbjgi|k% Fk|`g Vbnb|% 299>*

LBWOBJ% Vyòwjx* Eirwih Cgb| * Abol|ih`g% ]keixy% <==3*

LBWOBJ% Vyòwjx* Okhg|jihbhg Eïrwihb* \ik hg Fbjgi|k% Fk|`g Vbnb|% <==8*

LKW\HIGW% ]ig||g .gh*)* Eb Oiqé|g hw Okjhg * ]b|iq% Qgwie% 2991 .Gh* L|bqiegi|b6SKVGQ)*

LKW\HIGW% ]ig||g* Eb hkoijbxikj obqaweijg * ]b|iq% Qgwie% 299>*

LKW\HIGW% ]ig||g* Qw| eb xéeésiqikj* ]b|iq% Eilg|% 2993*

L\IAGÒK/EGÑJ% \klg|xk .k|`*)* Sikegjaib% Qkaighbh y Fwqxiaib gj Boé|iab Ebxijb*

Lwgjkq Bi|gq% AEBAQK% <==<*ABQGE% \klg|x* E¸ijqgaw|ixé qkaibeg * ]b|iq% Qgwie% <==1*

ANGQJBIQ% Fgbj Aebwhg* Niqxki|g hg eb sikegjag gj Kaaihgjx hg 2>== í jkq fkw|q * ]b|iq%Ebkjx% 29>2*

AKEEIJQ% \bjhbee* Sikegjag6 b oia|k/qkaikekìabe xngk|y * ]|ijagxkj% ]|ijagxkj Wjisg|qixy ]|gqq% <==>*

GEIBQ% Jk|lg|x* K }|kagqqk aisieivbhk| ‑ wob niqxñ|ib hkq akqxwogq * \ik hg Fbjgi|k% Fk|`gVbnb|% s* I% 299=*

GB@EGKJ% g||y* Qpggx Sikegjag6 xng ihgb kc xng x|bìa * K~ck|h% Lebadpgee% <==1*

GEIBQ% Jk|lg|x # HWJJIJ@% G|ia* Q}k|x gx aisieiqbxikj6 eb sikegjag obêx|iqég * ]b|iq6Cbyb|h% 29>3*

GEIBQ% Jk|lg|x* Kq begoágq6 b ewxb }gek }khg| g b gskewàák hk nblixwq jkq qéawekq ̂ I^ g ̂ ^ *\ik hg Fbjgi|k% Fk|`g Vbnb|% 2990*

CKWABWE% Oiange* Qw|sgieeg| gx ]wji| * ]b|iq% @beeiob|h% 2907*

@B\EBJH% Hbsih* Xg Awexw|g kc Akjx|ke * K~ck|h% K~ck|h Wjisg|qixy ]|gqq% <==2*

@KJVBEGV ABQBJKSB% ]blek* Ebq Jwgsbq Aigjaibq y ebq Nwobjihbhgq6 hg eb Babhgoib b eb ]keïxiab* Lb|agekjb% Bjxn|k}kq+WJBO% <==8*



11

@\KQ% C|éhé|ia* Gxbxq hg Sikegjag .gqqbi qw| eb flj hg eb `wg||g)* ]b|iq% @beeiob|h% <==3*

@\KQQI ]K\K% Ob|ib Qxgeb* ―]keïaib g Sikeæjaib6 |g}|gqgjxbà÷gq qkaibiq hg geixgq}keiaibiq hk Hiqx|ixk Cghg|be‟* Ij6 Qák ]bwek go ]g|q}gaxisb% CQGBHG% ske* 2>% j¶ 2%

fbj/ob|* <==8*

@\KQQI/]K\K% Ob|ib Qxgeb* ,Gegogjxkq }b|b wob |gg~ák qkl|g sikeæjaib jk L|bqiehkq Bjkq 9=,* Ij6 Ghwabàák g Qkaighbhg * Abo}ijbq% ^S% j¶ 8>% }* 1<3/110*

IBJJI% Kaxâsik* Ab}ixbeiqok% sikeæjaib g xg||k|iqok* \ik hg Fbjgi|k% Ais* L|bqiegi|b% <==8*

IBJJI% Kaxâsik* B G|b hk @eklbeiqok* \ik hg Fbjgi|k% Ais* L|bqiegi|b% 2993*

IBJJI% Kaxâsik* B Qkaighbhg @eklbe * \ik hg Fbjgi|k% Ais* L|bqiegi|b% 299<4

FKBQ% Nbjq* @wg||b y Okhg|jihbh * Lwgjkq Bi|gq% ]bihkq% <==7*

EGANJG\% Jk|lg|x* Ebq qkol|bq hge obòbjb .eb hiogjqiñj qwlfgxisb hb }keïxiab)*Qbjxib`k hg Anieg% EKO% <==<*

EGANJG\% Jk|lg|x* Ekq }bxikq ijxg|ik|gq hg eb hgoka|baib* Qbjxib`k hg Anieg%CEBAQK% 29>>*

EIOB% \gjbxk Q* hg # ]BWEB% Eibjb hg .k|`q*)* Qg`w|bjàb ]öleiab g Sikeæjaib6 k Gqxbhkgqxâ awo}|ijhk qgw }b}ge; Qák ]bwek% Akjxg~xk% <==3

EIOB% \gjbxk Qé|ìk hg* ―]|khwàák hb K}baihbhg6 Gqxbxïqxiabq A|ioijbiq g Qg`w|bjàb]öleiab jk L|bqie‟* L|bqïeib% Akegàák Qg`w|bjàb ako Aihbhbjib% QGJBQ]% s* <% }* 8>/2>=% <==9*

OBANBHK HB QIESB% Ewiv Bjxkjik .k|`*)* Sihb qkl ag|ak6 sikeæjaib g |kxijb jbq cbsgebq hk \ik hg Fbjgi|k* \ik hg Fbjgi|k% Jksb C|kjxgi|b% <==>*

OB\IJQ% Fkqé hg Qkwvb* K ]khg| hk Bx|bqk .gjqbikq hg Qkaikekìb hb Niqxñ|ib Egjxb)*Qák ]bwek% NWAIGA% 2998*

OG\KJ% \klg|x D* gk|ib y gqx|waxw|b qkaibegq * Oé~iak% CAG% 2938*

OIJBYK% Ob|ib A* Qkwvb* Sikeæjaib g Qböhg * \ik hg Fbjgi|k% CIKA\WV% <==3*

OIQQG% Oiange* A|iog g Sikeæjaib jk L|bqie Akjxgo}k|ìjgk* \ik hg Fbjgi|k% Eöogj Fö|iq% <==3*

OK\IJ% Gh`b|* Aiæjaib ako Akjqaiæjaib* ]k|xw`be6 Gw|k}b/Boé|iab% 2998*

OK\IJ% Gh`b|* Eb Oéxnkhg III6 Eb akjjbiqqbjag hg eb akjjbiqqbjag * ]b|iq6 Qgwie% 29>3*

]BIQ% Fkqé Obanbhk* @bjankq% xbankq g liqabxgq * ]k|xk% BOLB\% <==2*

]BSB\IJI% Obqqiok # ]G@K\B\K% Fwbj* Ge akjx|ke qkaibe gj ge flj hge qièk* Lwgjkq Bi|gq% WLB% 2997*

]GH\BVVIJI% Ysgq* B sikeæjaib hbq aihbhgq * ]gx|ñ}keiq% Skvgq% <==3*

]IJNGI\K% ]bwek Qg|ìk4 BEOGIHB% @wieng|og hg* Sikeæjaib W|lbjb* <¦ gh* Qák]bwek% Ckenb hg Q* ]bwek% <==>*



18

]IJNGI\K% ]bwek Qg|ìk4 OÉJHGV% Fwbj4 K’HKJJGEE% @* .k|`q*)* Hgoka|baib%sikeæjaib g Ijfwqxiàb* Qák ]bwek6 ]bv g g||b% <===*

QGJJG% \ianb|h* \gq}gax ij b Pk|eh kc Ijgrwbeixy* Jgp Yk|d% Jk|xkj% <==1*

QKCQDY% Pkec`bj`* |bixé hg eb Sikegjag * ]b|iq% @beeiob|h% 299>*QKJB@% Qwqbj* \g`b|hij` xng }bij kc kxng|q * Jgp Yk|d% ]iabhk|% <==1*

QKWQB QBJKQ% Lkbsgjxw|b hg # OGJGQGQ% Ob|ib ]bweb .k|`*)* G}iqxgokekìbq hkQwe * ]k|xk% Bc|kjxbogjxk% <==9*

QKWQB QBJKQ% Lkbsgjxw|b hg* B @|boâxiab hk xgo}k6 }b|b wob jksb awexw|b }keïxiab*]k|xk% Bc|kjxbogjxk% <==3*

QKWQB QBJKQ% Lkbsgjxw|b hg* Ge oieæjik nwé|cbjk ‑ Gjqbykq }b|b wob jwgsb awexw|b }keïxiab* Obh|ih% |kxxb% <==7*

QKWQB QBJKQ% Lkbsgjxw|b* B a|ïxiab hb |bvák ijhkegjxg6 akjx|b k hgq}g|hïaik hbg~}g|iæjaib* Qák ]bwek% Ak|xgv% <===*

QKWQB QBJKQ% Lkbsgjxw|b gx beii* Kq |ilwjbiq jbq Qkaighbhgq Akjxgo}k|ìjgbq6 kabqk hg ]k|xw`be * ]k|xk% Bc|kjxbogjxk% 2993*

BSB\GQ HKQ QBJKQ% Fkqé Siagjxg* Sikeæjaibq g Akjixwbeihbhgq * ]k|xk Beg`|g%KOK% <==9*

BSB\GQ HKQ QBJKQ% Fkqé Siagjxg .k|`*)* Owjhibeivbàák g Qkaikekìb A|ïxiab

hb Boé|iab Ebxijb* .^^S Akj`|gqqk hb BEBQ ‑ Bqqkaibàák Ebxijk/bog|iabjb hgQkaikekìb% ]k|xk Beg`|g% L|bqie% <==7)* ]k|xk Beg`|g% Ghixk|b hb WC\@Q% <==9*

BSB\GQ HKQ QBJKQ% Fkqé Siagjxg .k|`*)* Sikeæjaibq% Ewxbq Qkaibiq g Hgoka|baibjb Boé|iab Ebxijb* .^^S Akj`|gqqk hb BEBQ ‑ Bqqkaibàák Ebxijk/bog|iabjb hgQkaikekìb)* ]k|xk Beg`|g% Ghixk|b hb WC\@Q% <==9*

BSB\GQ HKQ QBJKQ% Fkqé Siagjxg* ―Xg Pk|eh ]keiag A|iqiq bjh xng Akjqx|waxikjkc Hgoka|bxia ]keiaij`‟* Ij6 Ijxg|jbxikjbe \gsigp kc Qkaikek`y* K~ck|hqni|g% Gjèbjh%byek| # C|bjaiq% ske* 28% j¶ 2% ob|an <==8% }* >9/2=3*

BSB\GQ HKQ QBJKQ% Fkqé Siagjxg* ―Xg Pk|ehivbxikj kc Sikegjag bjh Ijfwqxiag‟*Ij6 Aw||gjx Qkaikek`y* Ekjhkj% IQB ‑ Ijxg|jbxikjbe Qkaikekìabe Bqqkaibxikj + QB@G% s*7=% j¶ 2% Fbjwb|y <==<% }* 2<1/218*

BSB\GQ HKQ QBJKQ% Fkqé Siagjxg* Sikeæjaibq% Boé|iab Ebxijb6 b hiqqgoijbàákhg ck|obq hg sikeæjaib g kq gqxwhkq qkl|g akjixwbeihbhgq* Ij6 Qkaikekìbq% ]k|xk Beg`|g%bjk 8% j¶ >% fwe+hgv <==<% }* 23/1<*

BSB\GQ HKQ QBJKQ% Fkqé Siagjxg .k|`*)* Sikeæjaibq go xgo}k hg @eklbeivbàák*Qák ]bwek% NWAIGA% 2999*

BSB\GQ HKQ QBJKQ% F*S* # @W@EIBJK% B* .k|`q*)* B Qkaikekìb }b|b k Qéawek ^Î* ]gekxbq% GHWAB + QLQ% 2999*



17

BSB\GQ HKQ QBJKQ% Fkqé Siagjxg* Bq akjixwbeihbhgq akok wo }|klegobqkaikeñìak akjxgo}k|ìjgk* Ij6 \gsiqxb Qkaikekìbq ‑ Hkqqiæ ―Akjixwbeihbhgq‟* ]k|xk

Beg`|g% ]]@/Qkaikekìb hk ICAN / WC\@Q% ]k|xk Beg`|g% bjk 2% j¶ 2% fbjgi|k/fwjnkhg 2999% }* 2=/21*

BYEK\% Ibj* A|iog ij Akjxg~x * Abol|ih`g% ]keixy ]|gqq% 2999* PIGSIK\DB% Oiange* Eb Sikegjag6 ski~ gx |g`b|hq * ]b|iq% Lbeebjh% <==8*

PIGSIK\DB% Oiange* Jgwc egàkjq hg Qkaikekìg * ]b|iq% \klg|x Ebkjx% <==>*

YKWJ@% Fkad* Xg G~aewqisg Qkaigxy * Ekjhkj% Qb`g% 2999*

YKWJ@% Fkad* Xg Sg|xi`k kc Ebxg Okhg|jixy * Ekjhkj% QB@G% <==0*

VBEWB\% Belb* Ijxg`|bàák ]g|sg|qb6 }kl|gvb g x|âflak hg h|k`bq * \ik hg Fbjgi|k% Gh*Cwjhbàák @gxöeik Sb|`bq% <==8*

VIVGD% Qebskf* Sikegjag * Ekjhkj% ]|kfleg% <==>*

JKBQ

2 Bvgsghk% \kh|i`k @ni|ij`ngeei hg* Qkaighbhg% hi|gixk% fwqxiàb6 |gebà÷gq akjixwkqbq%|gebà÷gq nb|okjikqbq; Qkaikekìbq * ]k|xk Beg`|g% ]]@/Qkaikekìb hb WC\@Q% <==7% j¶21% }* 23/18*

<

Qbjxkq% Fkqé Siagjxg bsb|gq hkq* Hkqqiæ ―Sikeæjaibq% oghk g }|gsgjàák‟* Qkaikekìbq *]k|xk Beg`|g% ]]@/Qkaikekìb hb WC\@Q% <==>% j¶ <=% }* 28/2>*

1 bsb|gq hkq Qbjxkq% Fkqé Siagjxg* ―Bq akjixwbeihbhgq akok wo }|klegob qkaikeñìakakjxgo}k|ìjgk‟* Ij6 \gsiqxb Qkaikekìbq ‑ Hkqqiæ ―Akjixwbeihbhgq‟* ]k|xk Beg`|g%]]@/Qkaikekìb hk ICAN hb WC\@Q% ]k|xk Beg`|g% bjk 2% j¶ 2% fbjgi|k/fwjnk hg 2999%}* 2=/21*

8 Lkw|higw% ]ig||g .gh*)* Eb Oiqî|g hw Okjhg * ]b|iq% Qgwie% 2991 .Gh* L|bqiegi|b6 Skvgq)4Lkw|higw% ]ig||g* Eb hkoijbxikj obqaweijg* ]b|iq% Qgwie% 299>*

7 Nklqlbpo% G|ia* B G|b hkq G~x|gokq * \ik hg Fbjgi|k% \* F* ]bv g g||b% 29984 B ||i`ni%@iksbjji # Qiesg|% Lgsg|ey% F* Abkq g @ksg|jblieihbhg jk Okhg|jk Qiqxgob Owjhibe* \ik hg Fbjgi|k% Akjx|b}kjxk + Ghixk|b hb WC\F% <==24 Lbwobj% Vyòwjx* Go lwqab hb ]keïxiab*\ik hg Fbjgi|k% Fk|`g Vbnb|% <===4 Lbwobj% Vyòwjx* K obe/gqxb| hb }ñq/okhg|jihbhg *\ik hg Fbjgi|k% Fk|`g Vbnb|% 299>4 Abqxge% \* Eb Oéxbok|}nkqgq hg eb rwgqxikj qkaibeg*Cbyb|h* ]b|iq* 2997* .Gh* L|bqiegi|b6 Skvgq)4 Angqjbiq% Fgbj Aebwhg* Niqxki|g hg eb sikegjag gjKaaihgjx hg 2>== í jkq fkw|q * ]b|iq% Ebkjx% 29>24 @ihhgjq% Bjxnkjy* Bq akjqgrwæjaibq hbokhg|jihbhg * Qák ]bwek% Gh* hb WJGQ]% 29924 @ihhgjq% Bjxnkjy* Owjhk go hgqakjx|keg6k rwg b èklbeivbàák gqxâ cbvgjhk hg jñq * \ik hg Fbjgi|k% \gak|h% <===4 Ibjji% Kaxbsik* B

G|b hk @eklbeiqok* \ik hg Fbjgi|k% Aisieivbàák L|bqiegi|b% 29934 Ibjji% Kaxâsik* B Qkaighbhg @eklbe * \ik hg Fbjgi|k% Ais* L|bqiegi|b% 299<4 Fbogqkj% C|gh|ia* ]ñq/okhg|jiqok6 b eñìabawexw|be hk ab}ixbeiqok xb|hik* Qák ]bwek% Âxiab% 2993*



13

3 Bhk|jk% Qé|ìk* ―Akjixwbeihbhg g sikeæjaib6 |gg~÷gq qkl|g b bjkoib jbakjxgo}k|bjgihbhg*‟ go}k Qkaibe% \gsiqxb hg Qkaikekìb hb WQ]* Qák ]bwek% s* 2=% j¶2% }* 29/804 ]g`k|b|k% Fwbj* ―Ijqg`w|ihbh y sikegjaib gj ge ob|ak hge akjx|ke qkaibe‟* Ij6bsb|gq hkq Qbjxkq% Fkqé Siagjxg .gh*)* Sikeæjaibq go xgo}k hb èklbeivbàák* Qák ]bwek6

Nwaixga% 2999% }* <=2/<<>4 \ilgi|k% Iqgehb* ―Fwqxiàb* Nâ be`wob; Akjixwbeihbhg% fwqxiàbg }khg| go Oiange Ckwabwex‟* Ij6 \gsiqxb Qkaikekìbq* ]k|xk Beg`|g% ]]@/Qkaikekìb hkICAN ‑ WC\@Q% Jöog|k 2% qgxgol|k hg 2999% Hkqqiæ ―Akjixwbeihbhgq‟% }* 18=/1724 \kh|i`k @ni|ij`ngeei hg Bvgsghk ‑ ]ew|beiqok Fw|ïhiak g Hi|gixkq Nwobjkq6 Wobhicïaie g jgagqqâ|ib grwbàák jb x|bjqiàák }ñq/okhg|jb* Ij6 \gsiqxb Qkaikekìbq* ]k|xk

Beg`|g% ]]@/Qkaikekìb hk ICAN ‑ WC\@Q% Jöog|k 2% qgxgol|k hg 2999% Hkqqiæ―Akjixwbeihbhgq‟% }* 93/2<=4 Belg|xk \igeeb* Sikeæjaib y akjx|ke qkaibe6 ge hglieixboigjxkhge k|hgj qkaibe okhg|jk‟* Ij6 \gsiqxb Qkaikekìbq* ]k|xk Beg`|g% ]]@ ‑ Qkaikekìb hkICAN ‑ WC\@Q% Jöog|k 2% qgxgol|k hg 2999% Hkqqiæ ―Akjixwbeihbhgq‟% }* 2<</2874bsb|gq hkq Qbjxkq% Fkqé Siagjxg* ―Oiange Ckwabwex% wo }gjqbhk| hbq |ghgq hg }khg| g

hbq ewxbq qkaibiq‟* Ij6 \gsiqxb Ghwabàák% Qwlfgxisihbhg g ]khg|* ]k|xk Beg`|g% JGQ]G+]]@ ‑ Ghwabàák hb WC\@Q% Gh* WJIFWI% fbjgi|k/fwjnk hg 2993% j¶ 1% }* 0/23*

0 @jbaab|iji% Fkqé Aéqb|4 Okw|b% Ob|`b|ihb Ob|ib* Gqx|wxw|b b`|â|ib l|bqiegi|b6 }g|ob/jæjaib g hisg|qiflabàák hg wo hglbxg * LIL% \* F* % j¶ 7% }* 7/7<% 29>14 L|gxbq% Ob|akqEwiv* ―K A|iog jb Niqxk|ik`|bflb L|bqiegi|b‟* Ij6 LIL* \* F*% 1<% }* 89/32% 29924 Bhk|jk% Qé|ìk* ―B a|ioijbeihbhg w|lbjb sikegjxb6 wo |gak|xg xgoâxiak‟* Ij6 Lil*\* F*% BJ]KAQ% j¶ 17% 2991% }* 1/<8<4 Xbsb|gq hkq Qbjxkq% F*S* ‑ ―A|ïxiab hbQkaikekìb \w|be g b akjqx|wàák hg kwx|b qkaikekìb hkq }|kagqqkq qkaibiq b`|â|ikq‟*Ij6 Aiæjaibq Qkaibiq Nkfg* Q* ]*% BJ]KAQ+Sé|xiag% 2992% }* 21 /724 Vbewb|% Belb*―Sikeæjaib g A|iog‟* Ij6 Oiagei% Q* .k|`*)* K rwg eg| jb aiæjaib qkaibe l|bqiegi|b* Q*]*% BJ]KAQ+Qwob|é% 2999% }* 21/2=04 L|wog|% Bjixb # Xbsb|gq hkq Qbjxkq% F*S*―Gqxwhkq b`|â|ikq jk L|bqie6 okhg|jivbàák% sikeæjaib g ewxbq qkaibiq .hgqgjskesiogjxkg eioixgq hb Qkaikekìb \w|be jk fljbe hk Qéawek ^^) * Ij6 ]iòg|k% Hig`k .k|`*)* 1= Bòkq .bjkq) hg Qkaikek`ïb \w|be gj .jb) Boé|iab Ebxijb* Okjxgsihgk% W|w`wby% Bebq|w ‑ Bqkaibaiñj Ebxijkbog|iabjb hg Qkaikek`ïb \w|be + QLQ ‑ Qkaighbhg L|bqiegi|bhg Qkaikekìb% <*===% }* 11/3974 Dbjx hg Eiob% \klg|xk4 Oiqqg% Oiange4 Oi|bjhb% Bjb]bweb Ogjhgq* ―Sikeæjaib% A|ioijbeihbhg% Qg`w|bjàb ]öleiab g Fwqxiàb A|ioijbe jkL|bqie6 wob lileik`|bflb‟* Ij6 LIL ‑ \gsiqxb L|bqiegi|b hg Ijck|obàák Lileik`|âflab go

Aiæjaibq Qkaibiq* \* F*% j¶ 7=% <¶ qgogqx|g hg <*===% }* 87/2<14 Q}kqixk% Ob|ïeib ]kjxgq*―Wo l|gsg lbebjàk hb }gqrwiqb qkl|g sikeæjaib gqakeb| jk L|bqie‟* Ij6 \gsiqxb Ghwabàákg ]gqrwiqb* Q* ]* Cba* hg Ghwabàák hb WQ]% s* <0% j¶ 2% fbjgi|k/fwjnk hg <*==24 OgqrwixbJgxk% ]bwek hg* ―]gqrwiqb g }|âxiab }keiaibe jk L|bqie‟* Ij6 Qga|gxb|ib hb Fwqxiàb g hbQg`w|bjàb hk \ik @|bjhg Hk Qwe* Bq wjisg|qihbhgq g b akjqx|wàák hg jkskq okhgekq hg}keïaib* ]* B*6 AK\B@% <==<% }* 77/>2*

violência e cidadania: práticas sociológicas e compromissos sociais

Documents