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tvf-[rf;'kvdv’m[f? þpmtkyfudk ae&mwdkif;ü pm½Iolrsm;rS vG,f ulpGm 0,f,l &&SdEdkifayonf/ þwnf;jzwfxkwfa0rIwGif pma&;olrS ydkrdk aumif;rGefatmif jyefvnfpdppfwnf;jzwfxm;ayonf/

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Ustadh Muhammad Ibn ‘Abdul-Muhsin Al-Tuwaijri

Managing Director,

International Islamic Publishing House, IIPH

Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

15-Jun-2010

الحمد لله الواحد بأسمائه و صفاته و ألوهيته و ربوبيته و الصلاة و السلام على نبيه و رسوله الأمين المبعوث

رحمة للعالمين إمام الموحدين محمد بن عبد الله و على آله و صحبه الكرام و من إهتدي بهديه إلى يوم الدين

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هذا ... وفي الختام نسأل الله سبحانه و تعالى أن يرزقنا العلم النافع و العمل به على هدى الكتاب الكريم و

نعم المعين. السنة النبوية. أنه المولى و

a'gufwmvSvS0if;

B.A (Geo:), B.Ed, M.Ed, Ph.D (Edu:) University of Tsukuba, Japan

Diploma in Dai’ya, Al-Azhar, Yangon

Email: [email protected]

tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ aomifzD;ufpGrf;tm;ay;rIjzifh

[D*sf&Douú&mZf- 1431 ckESpf? &rfZmefvjrwf? 30 &uf? Mumoyaw;aeY?

c&pfouú&mZf- 2010 ckESpf? pufwifbmv? 9 &ufwGif

jrefrmbmomjyefqdk NyD;qkH;ygonf/

لحمد لله الذي هدانا للإسلام، وما كنا لنهتدي لولا أن هدانا الله، والصلاة والسلام على رسوله النبي ا

الأمي، الذي أرسله بالهدى ودين الحق، ليظهره على الدين كله، وعلى آله وصحابته، ومن سلك سبيلهم إلى

يوم الدين. أما بعد:

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Email: [email protected]

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rdpämt,l (t,ltqvGJrSm;jcif;)[k owfrSwfcJhonf/ wrefawmfjrwf

7 rk[r®'fAifeftvDAifeftm&ADonf c&pfouú&mZf 1165 CE wGif pydefü arG;zGm;cJhNyD; c&pfouú&mZf 1240 CE ckESpfwGif (,ckqD;&D;,m;EdkifiH) 'rpuwfNrdKUü uG,fvGef cJhonf/ olrS olonf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ tjrifhjrwfqkH;emrawmf (tdpfarhttf ZGmrf) todynmESifh twGif;ydkif;tvif;udk ydkifqdkifcJhonf[k a<u;aMumfcJhonf/ ol onf olYudk,fol eADwrefawmfjzpfjcif; (eA0of) xufjrifhjrwfaom tqifhtwef; &Sdonf[k tokH;cscJhaom 0dvm,ofac: olawmfpifjzpfjcif;\ aemufqkH;ydwfjzpf onf[k &nfñTef;cJhonf/ ¤if;uG,fvGefaoqkH;NyD;? aemuf&mpkESpfrsm;ü ol\ aemuf vdkufrsm;rS olYtm; olawmfpif[lonfh *kPfxl;udk csD;jr§ifhcJhNyD;? olYtm; t&Sf-½Idifckvf twfufA&f(tBuD;us,fqkH;aomq&mBuD;)[laombGJYudk ay;tyfcJhonf/ odkYaomf tpö vmrfhOya'odyÜHynm&SifBuD;trsm;pkrS olYtm; rdpäm'd|d[kowfrSwfcJhonf/ ol\tawG; tac: oabmw&m;rsm;udk ola&;om;jyKpkcJhonfh tvf-zkok [mok tvf-ruúD;,[f ESifh zkqlvf tvf-[duD;rfwGif awGYEdkifayonf/ ½I- H.A.R. Gibb, and J.H. Karmers,

Shorter Encyclopedia of Islam, Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1953, Pp.

146-7 8 0pD;vfAifeftwGfwGtfESifh tr&fAifeftkAkdif&fwdkYrS tkrdkif,mrif;qufumv (c&pf ouú&mZf 8 &mpktapmydkif;umv)wGif xlaxmifcJhonfh qifjcifwkHw&m; OD;pm;ay; onfh tawG;tac:'óeqdkif&mrZf[Af jzpfonf/ ¤if;t,ltqonf tAÁmppf EdkifiHawmfudk ESpfwpf&mausmfvTrf;rdk;NyD; 12 &mpkwdkif vTrf;rdk;cJhaom t,ltq jzpf onf/ ½I- Shorter Encyclopedia of Islam, Pp. 421-6

rk[r®'f ouf&Sd xif&Sm;&SdpOfumvrSpí ,ckacwfumvtxd rdpäm

t,l0g'udk ,kHMunfvGJrSm;oGm;Muaom *dkPf;*Ptrsm;pk\ vrf;vGJoGm;

Mu&onfh t"dutaMumif;t&if;rSm aomif[D;'fopömw&m;rS aoGznfcGJ

xGufoGm;&aom taMumif;t&if; jzpfonf/ tpövmrf\ tESpfom&?

tpövmrf\opömw&m;udk tm;xkwfMuukefaomvlrsm; tm;vkH;onf ¤if;

wdkY\aemufvdkufrsm;tm;vkH;udk aomif[D;'fopömw&m;\ tajccH tESpf

om& oabmw&m;rsm;udk tmedoifysufjy,fatmifjyKvkyfjcif;jzifh aomif

[D;'f NydKysufatmif tm;xkwfBudK;yrf;cJhMuonf/ tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf

aomif[D;'fw&m;onf &plvfeADwrefawmfrsm;tm;vkH;rS ,laqmifvmcJh

aom udk;uG,f&mt&SifxHrS xkwfjyefcsrSwfay;onfh 0[Dvrf;ñTefcsuf

rsm;\ tjrKawoabmw&m;jzpfaomaMumifhyif jzpfonf/ tm;vkH;aom

eADwrefawmfrsm;? &plvfwrefawmfrsm;onf tpövmrf\bufawmfom;

rsm; jzpfMuNyD;? ¤if;wdkYtm;vkH;rS tv’m[ft&Si fjrwfrSwyg; tjcm;aom?

vGJrSm;aomudk;uG,f&mrsm;udk z,f&Sm;NyD;? tv’m[fwpfyg;wnf;udk

om c0yfudk;uG,f0wfjyKMu&ef aomif[D;'f[laomtodonmudkom oif

Mum;vrf;ñTefay;cJhonf/ vlom;rsm;wGif udk;uG,f&mt&SifESifhywfoufí

t½dkif;tpdkif;rsm;\ tawG;tac:'óersm; 0ifa&mufvmonfESifhwNydKif

euf ¤if;wdkYtm; trsKd;rsKd;taxGaxGaom aoGznfvrf;rSm;onfh tawG;

tac:? t,ltqrsm;tm;vkH;udk vG,fulpGm a&m*gul;quf cHMu&NyD;?

ppfrSefaom? wpfqlwnf;? wpfyg;wnf;aomt&Sifudk ab;z,fxm;NyD;?

twkta,mif bk&m;rsm;udk udk;uG,f&mrsm;tjzpf vufcH udk;uG,fjcif;odkY

OD;wnfoGm;Muonf/

wrefawmfjrwfrk[r®'frS tm;vkH;aom rkpfvifrfrsm;tm; txif

t&Sm; owday;ajymMum;cJhonfrSm udk,fawmfjrwfvufxufrwdkifrD vGef

avNyD;aom eADwrefawmfrsm;vufxuf wdkif;a'otoD;oD;wGif aomif

[D;'fopömw&m;rS aoGznfoGm;cJhjcif;\Oyrmrsm;rSm txift&Sm; &SdcJh

aMumif;? xdkYaMumifh rkpfvifrfrsm;taeESifh rdrd\usifhokH;rI vrf;aMumif;

twdkif; teD;pyfqkH; z0g;ajcxyf vdkufemusifhokH;Mu&ef vrf;ñTefcJhonf/

wpfaeYaomtcgwGif wrefawmfjrwfBuD;rS rdrd\ qG[mA[fBuD;

rsm; ESifhtwlwuG xdkifaepOf wrefawmfjrwfrS ajrBuD;ay:wGif

rsOf; aMumif;wpfaMumif; qGJcJhonf/ xkdYaemuf xyfrHí ,if;rsOf;ajzmifhrS

tzufzufodkY cGJjzmxGufaeaom tjcm;rsOf;aMumif;rsm;udkvnf; qGJom;

avonf/ xkdtcg qG[mA[fBuD;rsm;rS xdkrsOf;aMumif;rsm;onf rnfodkY

aomteuft"dyÜg,f&Sdygoenf;? udk,fawmfjrwftaeESifh rnfonfh

t&mudk qdkvdkcsifygoenf;[k ar;jref;avQmufxm;cJhavonf/ xdktcg

wrefawmfjrwfBuD;rS vrf;cGJrsm;udk ñTefjyí ¤if;wdkYonf b0wGif

a&vdkufvGJolrsm;? vrf;vGJoGm;olrsm;? vrf;rSm;oGm;olrsm;\vrf;aMumif;

rsm;jzpfaMumif;? xdkvrf;cGJrsm; wpfckcsif;\xdyfwGif ½dIifoGmefwpfaumif

csif;onf xdkifaevQuf vlom;wdkYtm; vrf;rSm;odkY vdkufMu&ef aoG;

aqmifjzm;a,mif;vQuf&SdaMumif; &Sif;jycJhonf/ xdkYaemuf wrefawmfjrwf

BuD;rS tv,fwGif&Sdaom ajzmifhrwfonfh rsOf;aMumif;udk ñTefjy NyD;

þonf tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS vdkvm;ESpfoufaomvrf;aMumif; (0g)

tv’m[fhvrf;jzpfaMumif; &Sif;jycJhonf/ qG[mA[fBuD;rsm;rS qufvufí

&Sif;jy&efawmif;qdkaomtcg xdkvrf;onfyif rdrdwrefawmf\ vrf;

jzpfaMumif; atmufazmfjyyg usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef\tm,ofawmfudk ½Gwf

zwfo&ZÑm,fcJhonf/

[

]

]]xkdrSwyg; (toif ajymMum;ygav/) þonf ig\ ajzmifhrwf

rSefuefaom w&m;vrf;pOfaywnf;/ okdYjzpfay&m toifwkdYonf

xkd vrf;pOfukdom vkdufMuavukef/ xkdYjyif tjcm; tjcm;aom

vrf;pOfrsm;ukd rvkdufMuukefvifh/ tb,fhaMumifhqkdaomf ,if;

vrf;pOfrsm;onf toifwkdYtm; xkdt&Sifjrwf\ vrf;awmfrS

uGJuGmaprnf jzpfaomaMumifhyif/}}(usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 6;153)9

xdkYaMumifh uREkfyfwdkYrS ta&;BuD;qkH;? em;vnfxm;oifhonfhtcsufrSm

aomif[D;'fonf wrefawmfjrwf()rS oifMum;ay;cJhaom? udk,fawmf

jrwf\ qG[mA[fom0uBuD;rsm;u em;vnfoabmaygufcJhaom vrf;

aMumif;yif jzpfonf/ odkYr[kwfygu wpfOD;wpfa,mufonf aoGznf

vrf;rSm;oGm;cJhMuaom vrf;vGJolrsm;\vrf;odkY tvG,fwul usa&muf

oGm;EdkifonfrSm &Sif;vif;vSonfhtcsufyif jzpfonf/ xdkolwdkYonf rdrd

wdkYudk,fudk rdrdwdkY aomif[D;'fopömw&m;ay:wGif &yfwnfaeygonf?

qGvmof0wfjyKaeMuygvQuf? Zumof10ay;aqmifaeMuygvQuf? qGD,mrf

OykofaqmufwnfaeMuygvQuf? [*sfjyKygvQufESifh vrf;rSm;rsm;odkY

a&mufoGm;wwfMuygonf/ xdkYaMumifh teEÅÓPfawmf&Sif tv’m[f()

rS xdktcsif;t&mudk usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef\ atmufygtm,ofawmfwGif

twdtvif; ñTefjyxm;ygonf/

ا يؤمن أ كث رهم بالله]و [ م كون ر هم مش إلاو و

]]pifppfaomfum; ¤if;wdkYteuf rsm;pGmaom olwdkYonf tv’m[f

t&Sifjrwftm; wpfpHkwpf&mudk xkdt&SifjrwfESifh wGJzuf EIdif;,SOf

udk;uG,fjcif; rjyKbJ ouf0if,HkMunfMuonf r[kwfaywum;/}}

(usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 12; 106)

9 qG[mADBuD;tAfEkrwfptl;'frS qifhjyefcJhNyD; tDrmrfepmtD ? tDrmrf

t[fr'f ESifh tDrmrft'f-'g&DrD ocifrS pkpnf;wifjycJhí ½Idifcf tvf-tvfAm

eD ocifu ppfrSefaom['D;qfawmftjzpf owfrSwfcJhonf/ ½I- udomAf twfpf-pGEé[f? twGJ-1? pm-13? ['D;qftrSwf-17/ 10 wpfESpfvQif wpfBudrfrjzpfrae ay;aqmif&aom qG'u[ftvSL'ge/

rnfodkYqdkap? t*Fvdyfbmompum;jzifh pmzwfolwpfOD;onf t*F

vdyfbmompum;jzifh a&;om;xkwfa0xm;aom pmtkyfrsm;udk EdIif;,SOf

Munfhygu qGvmof? Zumof? qGD,mrfESifh [m*sf? tpövmrfhpD;yGm;a&;?

EdkifiHa&;wdkYESifh ywfoufonfh pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;rSm tajrmuftjrm;

xkwfa0xm;aomfvnf; aomif[D;'ftaMumif;a&;om;xm;aom pmtkyf[l

í vufurf;pmapmifESifh pmtkyfi,fwpftkyf? ESpftkyfrQom&SdaMumif;udk

awGY&ayonf/ xdkYaMumifh tpövmrfwGif aomif[D;'fopömw&m;\ ta&;

ygrI tcef;u@rSm enf;yg;oa,mif jzpfaeygonf/ þodkY a&;om;

wifjyrIrsm;onf vlom;wpfa,muftwGuf ¤if;a&SUqufzwf½Irnfh pm

tkyfpmwrf;rsm;tay:xm;&Sdonfh,lqcsuf oabmxm;tay:wGifyg vTrf;

rdk;rI&Sdaeayonf/ wpfpkHwpfa,muftaeESifh tpövmrfESifhywfoufaom

vltrsm;em;vnfvG,fonfh pmtkyfrsm;udkzwfvQif aomif[D;'ftaMumif;

udk pmrsufESmwpf0ufrQom a&;om;wifjyxm;NyD;? usefaom pmtkyfwpf

tkyfvkH;onf tpövmrf\tjcm;r@dKifrsm;taMumif;udk tao;pdwfcsJUí

&Sif;vif;wifjyxm;onfudk awGY&ayrnf/ trSefrSm aomif[D;'fonf

tpövmrf\t"dutusqkH; tajccHtkwfjrpfjzpfNyD;? tjcm;aom tpövmrfh

r@dKifrsm;rSm xdkaomif[D;'ftay:wGifrlwnfí wnfaqmufxm;jcif; jzpf

onf/ vlwpfa,mufonf ¤if;\aomif[D;'fopömw&m;tay: &yfwnfrI

rcdkifrmygu tjcm;r@dKifrsm;tay: &yfwnfrIonfvnf;tm; rawmifh

awmhyJ olonf vl½dkif;vlpdkif;rsm;uJhodkY ½dk;&m"avhxkH;pHrsm;\ vTrf;rdk;rIudk

jyif;xefpGmcH&ayvdrfhrnf/ rkpfvifrfESifh rkpfvifrfr[kwfolrsm;tMum;&Sd

vGJrSm;aom,kHMunfrI? aomif;usef;aeaom t,ltqtrSm;rsm;udk jyKjyif

Edkif&ef vrf;rSefjyay;Edkif&eftwGuf aomif[D;'fESifhywfoufaom pmtkyf

pmayrsm;udk ydkrdkjyKpk&ef? bmomjyef&ef vdktyfonfrSm oHo,jzpfzG,f

r&Sd/

,ck uREkfyf a&;om;jyKpkxm;aom þpmtkyfonf t*Fvdyfpmzwfy&d

owftwGuf aomif[D;'fopömw&m;qdkif&m tpövmrfhynm&yfe,fy,f

twGif;&Sd t"duusaom taMumif;t&mrsm;udk cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmem;vnfEdkif

&ef BudK;yrf;tm;xkwfxm;csufjzpfonf/ þpmtkyfonf aomif[D;'fynm

&yfqdkif&m *E¨0iftm&ADpmayvuf&mwpfckjzpfaom tvf-tuD;'[f toGf

-oG[m0D;,[f(العقيدة الطهاوية)11uJhodkYaompmtkyfrsm;udk csOf;uyfavhvmí

a&;om;jyKpkxm;aomfvnf; uREkfyfonf tpövmrfh *E¨0ifpmayvuf&mrsm;

twGif;yg&Sdaom bmoma&;qdkif&m tjiif;yGm;zG,fudpörsm;udk acwfopf

t*Fvdyfpmzwf y&dowfrsm;ESifh roifhavQmfygaomaMumifh txl; owdjyK

í a&Smif&Sm; a&;om;xm;ygonf/

,ckpmtkyfwGif yg&Sdaom taMumif;t&mrsm;onf t*Fvdyfbmom

pum;jzifhoifMum;aeonfh Manerat Ar-Riyadh English Medium Islamic School

wGif owÅrwef;rS 'Gg'órwef;txd ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;twGuf

uREkfyfrS jyifqif oifMum;ay;cJhaom oifcef;pmrsm;udk pkpnf;xm;onfh

taMumif;t&mrsm; jzpfygonf/ xdkYaMumifh þpmtkyftwGif; a&;om;

xm;aom t*Fvdyfpmtqifhtwef;rSm cufcJ½IyfaxG;onfh ta&;tom;rsKd;

r[kwfyg/ þaomif[D;'fqdkif&m oifcef;pmrsm;onf tar&duefjynf

axmifpkESifh taemuftdE´d,uRef;pka'owGif acwfpm;aeaom zdu[f

(tpövmrfhhw&m;Oya')qdkif&m oifcef;pmrsm;? ['D;qfESifh ozfpD;&fynm

&yfvm taMumif;t&macgif;pOfrsm; a'G;a&m,Sufwif qufEG,faeyg

onf/ ¤if;pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;udk aocsmpGm pdppfavhvmNyD;? tquftpyf

&Sdaom acgif;pOftcsKdUudk aygif;pyfjcif;tm;jzifh oifhawmf&mwdkYudk pkpnf;

NyD; pmtkyf\ acgif;pOfi,frsm;tjzpf pkpnf;cJhygonf/

tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS uREkfyf\tm;xkwfrItay: vufcHoabmwl

awmfrlNyD;? zwf½Iolrsm;tay: tusKd;cHpm;rI&&Sdygap&ef uREkfyf 'dktmjyKyg

onf/ atmifjrifrItm;vkH;onf t&Sifjrwf\ tvdkawmft&omjzpfNyD;?

11 tv’mr[f tdAfEk tAltdZfZ tvf-[ezD ? &S&f[f tvf-tuD'[f tofG-oG[m 0D,[fusrf;? AD½lofNrdKU? tvf-rufoAf? tvf-tpövmrD? tVrtBudrf? 1984/

t&Sifjrwf\ oabmwlESpfNrdKU vufcHjcif;onfomvQif uREkfyf\ vdkvm;

csuf jzpfygonf/ tmrD;ef

Dr. Abu Ameenah Bilal Philips

tcef; (1)

pmayoabmt& aomif[D;'f[laompum;vkH;\ t"dyÜg,frSm wpf

aygif; wpfpnf;xJjzpfjcif; (wpfpkHwpf&mudk wpfckwnf;jzpfatmif vkyf

jcif;) (0g) ]]wpfjzpfjcif;}}[k t"dyÜg,f&ygonf/ ¤if;aomif[D;'f (توحيد)

pum;vkH;\ &if;jrpfpum;vkH;rSm ]]0[f['}}(وحد) jzpfNyD;? pkpnf;jcif;?

pnf;vkH;jcif;? aoG;pnf;nDñGwfjcif;ponfjzifh teuf&onf/12 rnfodkYyif

qdkapumrl aomif[D;'f[laompum;vkH;udk tv’m[ftwGuf okH;EIef;

aomtcgwGif ¤if;onf aomif[D;'kv’m[f13 (توحيد الله)[k jzpfoGm;NyD; ,if;

\teuft"dyÜg,frSmvnf; vlom;\ jyKrlvIyf&Sm;rI[lorQonf xdkt&Sif

ESifh wdkuf½dkufjzpfap? oG,f0kdufíjzpfap qufEG,faeonf[k qdkvdkjcif;

jzpfonf/ ,if;rSm tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfonf t&f-½lAlAD;,[f ac: tEIdif;rJh

12 J.M. Cowan, The Hans Wehr Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, Spoken

Language Services Inc., New York, 3rd Edition, 1976, p: 1055. 13 aomif[D;'f[lonfhpum;vkH;onf usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefESifh wrefawmfjrwf\ ['D;qfusrf;*efrsm;ü rawGY&Sd&acs/ odkYaomf [pf*s&Douú&mZf (9)ckESpfü wref awmfjrwfrS rktmZfAifef*sAvfociftm; ,DrifEdkifiHodkY tkyfcsKyfol bk&ifcH tjzpf apvTwfcJhaomtcgwGif udk,fawmfjrwfrS rktmZfociftm; rdefYrSmawmf rlcJhonfrSm- ]]toifonf t[fvGwfvfudomAfac: c&pf,mefESifh *sL;rsm;xHodkY oGm; a&mufí tpövmrfhvrf;pOfokdY zdwfac:'tf0g[f jyKvkyf&rnf jzpf&m toifhtaeESifh yxrOD;qkH; ¤if;wdkYtm; ,k0[f[d'kvfvm[f(يوحد الله) ac: tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfonf wpfqlwnf;? wpfyg;wnf; wnf&SdaMumif;udk zdwfac:oifhayonf/ tAÁm;pf ocif\ qifhjyefcsufudk tDrmrfAkcg&D ocifu pkpnf;wifjycJhonf/ ½I-qG[D;[f

tvf-Akcg&Dusrf;? t&AD-t*Fvdyfbmomjyef? a'gufwmrk[r®'frk[fpifefcgef? &d,m'f NrdKUawmf? tvf-[m&dqmykHESdyfwdkuf? 1981? twGJ-9? pm-348-9? ['D;qftrSwf-469 ESifh qG[D;[frkpfvifrfusrf;? t&AD-t*Fvdyfbmomjyef? tAÁ'kvf [mrD;'fqGd'f'DuD? vm[dk&fNrdKU? ½Idifcfrk[r®'ft&Sf&zfykHESdyfwdkuf? 1987?twGJ-1? pm-14-15? ['D;qftrSwf-27/ ,if;['D;qfwGif wrefawmfjrwfrS aomif[D;'f (توحيد)

[lonfh emrfpum;vkH;rS qif;oufvmonfh ypöKyÜefumvjy Bud,mpum;vkH;jzpfaom ,k0[f[d'k(يوحد)qdkonfh pum;vkH;tm; okH;qGJcJhavonf/

udk;uG,f&mt&Sifjzpfonfvnf;aumif;?twfpfrmtf 0qGf-qGdzmof ac: xdk

t&Sifjrwf\ jzpfwnf&SdrIqdkif&m trnfemrawmfrsm;? *kPfawmfrsm;ESifh

ywfoufí wkEIdif;rJhudk;uG,f&mt&Siftjzpfvnf;aumif;? tkvl[D;,[f

tdAm'[fac: c0yfudk;uG,femcHwnfaqmufrI[lorQudk cH,lxdkuf&mwGif

tEIdif;rJh udk;uG,f&mt&Sifjzpfonf[kvnf;aumif;? ouf0if,kHMunfjcif;

jzpfonf/ þu@trsKd;tpm;(3)rsKd;onf aomif[D;'fynm&yf\ a&S;ol

awmfpifrsm;\tpOftvmt& cGJjcm;xm;jcif; jzpfonf/

txufazmfjyyg aomif[D;'ftrsKd;tpm; (3) ckrSm wpfckESifhwpfck wpf

pdwfwpfydkif;tm;jzifh xyfaeNyD; cGJxkwfí r&Edkifyg/ azmfjyyg trsKd;tpm;

rsm;teufrSwpfckckudk csefvSyfvdkufvQif aomif[D;'fopömw&m;\oabm

w&m;udk tjynfht0 azmfaqmifEdkifrnf r[kwfawmhacs/ aomif[D;'f

okH;rsKd;okH;pm;xJrS wpfpkHwpf&mudk csefvSyfjcif;onf (pmayoabmt&)

tv’m[ft&Sifjrwftm; tjcm;bk&m;rsm;ESifh pifNydKifxm;í wkyEIdif;,SOf

udk;uG,fjcif; (½kyfyGm;qif;wk udk;uG,fjcif;)uJhodkYyif &S&D;uf jzpfonf/

azmfjyyg aomif[D;'ftrsKd;tpm; (3) rsKd;udk atmufygtwdkif; acgif;pOf

ay;í &nfñTef;azmfjyEdkifonf/

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]]xdkt&SifjrwfESifh wlaomt&m[líum; rnfonfh wpfpkHwpf&m

rQyif r&SdNyD/}}35

qifjcifwkHw&m;udk tajccHaom pOf;pm;qifjcifjcif;jzifh &&Sdonfh

aemufqkH;&v'fonfum; udk;uG,f&mt&Sif (tv’m[ft& Sifjrwf) \

wnf&Sdaejcif;udk jiif;qefjcif;yif jzpfonf/ vlom;onf touf&Sif

&yfwnfaeMuonf/ tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrSvnf; rdrdonf &Sifoef &yfwnf

aeonf[k qdkonf/ odkY&mwGif &SifoefrI ykHo@mefonfum; rwlMu

acs/ txufazmfjyyg qifjcifwkH0g'Drsm;twGufrl tv’m[f t&Sifjrwf


onf &Sifoefjcif;vnf; r&SdouJhodkY? wnf&Sdjcif;vnf; r&Sdacs/ þae&m

wGif owdjyKoifhonfhtcsufrSm tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ *kPf&nfawmfESifh

vlom;\ t&nftaoG;rSm trnftm;jzifh wlaumif;wlrnf jzpfaomf

vnf;? t&nftaoG;\ 'D*&Dtqifhtwef;rSm rwlnDEdkifacs/ *kPf&nfrsm;

udk udk;uG,f&mt&SiftwGuf &nfñTef;aomtcgü vlom;\ tm;enf;

csKdU,Gif;rI? csKdUwJhrI? rjynfhpkHrIrsm; uif;vGwfí t<uif;rJh ykHo@meftjzpf

&nfñTef;onf[k em;vnf&ayrnf/ (rSwyg; tjcm;r&Sd/)

(2) aomif[D;'f tvf-twfpfrmtf 0qGf-qGdzm;of\ 'kwd,u@rSm

tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ emrawmfudk ac:a0:wo&mwGif emrnftopf?

*kPfawmftopfrsm;jzifh ac:a0:wojcif; rjyKtyfbJ? t&SifjrwfrS rdrd

udk,fudkrdrd &nfñTef;ac:a0:aom trnfemrrsm;ESifhom ac:a0:wooifh

onf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS rdrdonf a'goxGufwwf

onf[k rdefYMum;xm;aomfvnf; tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ emrawmftm;

a'goBuD;awmfrlaomt&Sif tvf-*g'GdAf (الغاضب) [laom *kPfawmfrsKd;

rwyfoifhacs/ xdkodkYaom trnfemrrsKd;jzifh rac:oifhacs/ taMumif;

rlum; tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfudk,fawmfwdkifESifh xdkt&Sif\ wrefawmfrsm;u

xdkuJhodkYaom trnfemrawmfrsKd;udk &nfñTef;ac:a0: tokH;jyKcJhbl;onf

r&SdcJhaomaMumifh jzpfonf/ azmfjyygtrnfonf (pmayoabmt&)

udkufnDaomtrnfjzpfaumif;jzpfEdkifaomfvnf; udk;uG,f&mt&Sif\ emr

awmfudk vGJrSm;aomenf;jzifh azmfjyjcif;rjyK&ef xdef;odrf;&rnf jzpfonf/

tb,faMumifhqdkaomf uefYowfcsuf&Sdaom vlom;rS uefYowfrJh teEÅ

bkef;awmf&Sif tv’m[ft&Sifjrwftm; ac:a0:owfrSwf&ef t&nftaoG;

r&Sd? rxdkufwefaomaMumifh jzpfayonf/

(3) aomif[D;'f tvf-twfpfrmtf 0qGf-qGdzmof\ wwd, trsKd;

tpm;rSm udk;uG,f&mt&Sif (tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf) tm; &nfñTef;wo&m

wGif xdkt&Sifjrwfu zefqif;xm;onfh tzefqif;cHrsm;\ t&nftaoG;

rsm;ESifh trnfrSnfhac: &nfñTef;worIudpö rjyKrd&ef jzpfygonf/ Oyrm

jyK&rnfqdkvQif or®musrf;ESifh aomif&ofusrf;wdkYwGif ]]tv’m[ft&Sif

jrwfonf yxr ]6} &ufwdwd pMu0VmBuD;udk zefqif;NyD;aemuf ]7}

&ufajrmufaomaeYwGif tdyfpuftem;,lawmfrlcJhonf}}36 [k azmfjyxm;

onf/ xdkYaMumifh *sL;ESifh c&pf,mefbmom0ifrsm;onf pae (0g) we*F

aEGaeYudk tm;vyf&uftjzpf owfrSwfí tem;,lMuonf/ taMumif;rl

um; xdkaeYwGif tvkyfvkyfygu tjypftukodkvfjzpfonf[k ,lqaom

aMumifh jzpfonf/ udk;uG,f&mt&Siftm; þodkY ajymqdk,lq owfrSwf

jcif;onf t&SifjrwfESifh tzefqif;cHrsm;udk pHcsdefn§djcif;jzpfonf/ vlom;

\ obm0rSm yifyifyef;yef; tvkyfvkyfNyD;aomtcgü acR;odyf tm;jznfh

&eftvdkYiSm tdyfpuftem;,l&ayonf/37 wzef or®musrf;ESifh aomif&of

usrf;rsm;wGif tv’m[ft&Sifjrwftm; vlom;ESifh ykHaqmifcdkif;EIdif;jyxm;

onf/ vlom;obm0 rdrdwdkY\ raumif;rIrsm;udk odjrifvmaomtcg

wGif aemifw&ouJhodkY udk;uG,f&mt&Sif (tv’m[f)rSvnf; rdrd\

raumif;aom BuHpnfvkyfaqmifrI trSm;rsm;twGuf aemifw&onf[k

azmfjyxm;onf/38 þonf vkH;0 rSm;,Gif;aom t,ltq jzpfonf/

xdkYtjyif udk;uG,f&mt&Siftm; ]]oefY&Sif;aom 0dnmOfawmf}}[k trnfay;

ac:a0:jcif;onfvnf;aumif;? udk;uG,f&mt&SifwGif 0dnmOf&Sdonf[k ,kH

Munfjcif;onfvnf;aumif; aomif[D;'ftvf-twfpfrmtf 0qGf-qGdzmof

udk vkH;0 zsufpD;vdkufjcif; jzpfonf/ usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefü rnfonfh

ae&mwGifrQ tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS rdrdudk,fudk rdrd ]]0dnmOf}} &Sdonf[k

vnf;aumif;? ]]oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmf}}[lívnf;aumif; azmfjyxm;

36 ]]bk&m;ocifonf zefqif;aomtrIudk vwfpowfawmfrlcJhNyD;onfjzpfí zefqif;orQaom trIt&mwdkYonf NyD;pD;NyD;rS xdkowÅraeYü Nidrf0yfpGmaeawmf rl\/}} (urÇmOD;usrf;? 2; 2) xm0&bk&m;\ or®musrf;? ,k'oef bmomjyef/ 37 qefYusifbuftm;jzifh tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfonf usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefü &Sif; vif;jywfom;pGm rdefYawmfrlxm;onfrSm ]]xdkt&Siftm; tdyfpufjcif;onfvnf;aumif;? idkufjrnf;jcif;onfvnf;aumif; rzdpD;Edkifacs/}} 38 ]]xm0&bk&m;onf rdrdvlwdkYtm; tjypfay;rnfhtBuHudk aemifw&awmfrl\/}} (xGufajrmuf&musrf;? 32; 14) xm0&bk&m;\ or®musrf;? ,k'oef bmomjyef/

jcif; r&SdouJho dkY? tv’m[fhwrefawmf rk[r®'f\ ['D;qfMo0g'awmf

rsm;wGifvnf; xdkodkY &nfñTef;ajymqdkrI vkH;0 r&Sdyg/ pifppf tv’m[f

t&SifjrwfrS ]0dnmOf}onf t&Sifjrwf\ zefqif;jcif;\ wpfpdwfwpfa'o

jzpfaMumif;om &nfñTef;xm;ygonf/39

tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ *kPfawmfrsm;ESifhywfoufí uREkfyfwdkYtm;vkH;rS

oabmaygufí vdkufemoifhonfh t"duoabmw&m;rSm usrf;jrwf uk&f

tmef\ atmufygtm,ofawmfwGif azmfjyxm;onfh oabmw&m; jzpf

onf/

[ ]

]]xdkt&SifjrwfESifh wlaomt&m[líum; rnfonfh wpfpkHwpf&mrQ

yif r&SdNyD/ xdkt&Sifjrwfonfyif t<uif;rJhMum;awmfrlaomt&Sif?

jrifawmfrlaom t&Sifjzpfawmfrl\/}}40

jrifjcif;ESihfMum;jcif;onf vlom;\ t&nftaoG;jzpfaomfvnf; ¤if;

jrifjcif;ESifh Mum;jcif;udk udk;uG,f&mt&Sif\ *kPfawmftjzpf &nfñTef;

aomtcgwGif udk;uG,f&mt&Sif\ wkEIdif;rJh jynhfpkHrIoabmw&m;aMumifh

vlom;rsm;\ Mum;jcif;? jrifjcif;ESifh tvsOf;rwlEdkifyg/ vlom;\ tjrif

ESifhtMum;tm½kHwdkYwGif uefYowfcsufrsm;&SdaeaomaMumifh jrifEdkif? Mum;

EdkifzdkY&m vlom;twGuf em;rsm;? rsufaphrsm;vdktyfaomfvnf; udk;uG,f&m

t&Sif tv’m[ft&SifjrwftwGufum; em;? rsu faphpaom vlom;\

cE¨mudk,ftpdwftydkif;rsm; rvdktyfay/

39 tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS &Sif;vif;jywfom;pGmjzi fh rdefYawmfrlxm;onfrSm ]]xdkolwdkY onf toifwrefawmf (rk[r®'f)tm; ½l[f0dnmOfESifh ywfoufí ar;jref;Mu avonf/ odkYjzpf&m tdk-eADwrefawmf xdkolwdkYtm; þokdY) ajymMum;ygav/ ½l[f0dnmOf[lonf igudk,fawmf\ &Aft&Sifjrwf\ trdefYawmfjzifh (wnf&Sdaejcif; jzpfayonf/ ñTef;-usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 17; 85 40 usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 42; 11/

tMuif vlom;rS ol\&Aft&Sifudk odem;vnfEkdifrIrSm tenf;i,frQ

om jzpfonf/ xdktenf;i,f[laom yrmPonfvnf; udk;uG,f&mt&Sif

rS ol\wrefawmfrsm;udk xkwfjyefydkYcsrIrSom jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh

vlom;onf xdkusOf;ajrmif;vSaom uefYowfrItwGif;ü r&Sdrae &Sdae

rnfom jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh vlom;onf ¤if;\todÓPfudk vGwf

vyfpGm appm;vdkufaomtcg udk;uG,f&mt&Sifudk ykHazmf&mwGif olonf

trSm;rsm;twGif;üom oufqif;&awmhonf/ vlom;taeESifh ¤if;\ zef

qif;&Sif(Creator)udk usOf;ajrmif;aom vlYtodÓPftwGif;rS tzefqif;

cHrsm; (Creature)ESifhom ykHazmfMunfhrdMuaomaMumifh jzpfonf/

ykHazmfjcif; (wpfpkHwpf&mudk ½kyfykHjzifh azmfjyjcif;) udk tvGefESpfouf

Muaom c&pf,mefomoem0ifrsm;onf vlom;ESifhtvGefqifwlaom

½kyfykHyef;csDrsm;? ½kyfyGm;rsm;? yef;yk½kyfvkH;½kyfxkrsm;udk jyKvkyfMuNyD; ¤if;wdkY

udk udk;uG,f&mt&Sif\ ykH&dyfrsm;[k ac:a0:aeMuonf/ þt,ltqrsm;

tm;vkH;u ¤if;wdkYtm; ]]a,½Ic&pfawmfonf bk&m;jzpfonf}}[laom ,kH

Munfcsufudk vrf;cif;ay;vdkufaom t"dutaMumif;t&if; jzpfonf/

xdkYaMumifh ¤if;wdkYtaeESifh udk;uG,f&mt&Sifudk vlom;uJhodkY cH,lonfh

todonmudk vufcHvdkufonfESifhwpfcgwnf; ]a,½Ic&pfawmf}tm; ]udk;

uG,f&mt&Sif}tjzpf vufcH,kHMunf&efrSm jyóem wpfpkHwpf&m r&Sdawmh

acs/ (bk&m;rS vlYZmwdcHonf[k ,lq,kHMunfjcif; taMumif;t&if;onf

bk&m;ocif (udk;uG,f&mt&Sif)tm; vlom;\toGifjzifh ykHazmfMunfhxm;

aomaMumifh jzpfonf/)

(4) aomif[D;'f tvf-twfpfrmtf 0qGf-qGdzmof\ pwkw¦ trsKd;

tpm;rSmum; vlom;tm; udk;uG,f&mt&Sif tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ *kPf

awmfrsm;tm; cGJa0ay;jcif;? trnfemray;jcif;? rSnfhac:jcif; rjyKtyf

aMumif; azmfjyonfh trsKd;tpm; jzpfonf/

Oyrmjy&aomf – or®musrf;ü &SifaygvkrS qmvif;rf\ bk&ifjzpfol

r,fvfcD Z,f'ufcf (Melchi -zedek) qdkonfh yk*¾dKvftm; aomif&ofusrf;

(Genesis 14: 18-20)rS ,lí wifjy&mwGif &SifaygvkrS a,½Ic&pfawmf

ESifh xdkr,fvfcDZ,f'ufcfwdkY ESpfOD;pvkH;tm; udk;uG,f&mt&Sif\

*kPfawmfwpfyg;jzpfonfh ]]tpr&Sd? tqkH;r&Sd}} [lonfh *kPfawmfudk ay;

í wifjyxm;onf/

]]qmvif;rf\ bk&ifjzpfol xm0&bk&m;\ w&m;awmfudk a[mMum;

awmfrlaom bkef;awmfBuD; (ykyf&[ef;)vnf;jzpfonfh r,fvfcDZ,f'ufcf

onf bk&ifrsm;\ om;owfyGJrS jyefvmaom tDA&m[ifrfESifh awGYqkH

aomtcg tDA&m[ifrfu r,fvfcDZ,f'ufcftm; aumif;csD;ay;NyD; ol\

ydkifqdkifrItm;vkH;\ q,fykHwpfykHudk cGJa0ay;cJhonf/ ol\trnfemrudk

teufjyef&vQif aumif;rI\bk&if? qmvif;rf\bk&ifjzpfouJhodkY Nidrf;

csrf;jcif;\ bk&ifvnf; jzpfonf/ olYwGif tazvnf; r&Sd? tarvnf;

r&Sd? rnfonfh om;tdrfwGifrS oaE¨rwnfcJh/ olonf arG;zGm;onfhaeY

r&SdouJhodkY ol\ b0oufwrf;onfvnf; tqkH;owfonf r[kwf/

olonf xm0&bk&m;\ om;awmfjzpfovdk xm0& w&m;a[mq&m

(&[ef;BuD;) tjzpf xm0& &Sdrnf/}}41

]]xdkenf;wl c&pfawmfonf ,Zfyka&m[dwfrif;t&mü rdrdudk,fudk rdrd

csD;ajr§mufonfr[kwf/ oifonf ighom;jzpf\/ ,aeYyif oifhudk NrdKU

jzpfoGm;apNyD[k rdefYawmfrlaomf olonf c&pfawmfudk csD;ajr§mufawmf

rl\/ xdkodkYESifhtnD usrf;pmwpfcsufvmonfum; oifonf r,fvfcD

Z,f'ufcfenf;wl xm0&,Zfya&m[dwfjzpfonf[kvmownf;/}}42

&SDtmrkpfvifrftkyfpk (,DrifEdkifiHrS Zdkif'DrZf[Af0ifrsm;rSvGJí) trsm;pk

onf ¤if;wdkY\ tDrmrfacgif;aqmifBuD; (12) yg;rSm trSm;uif;aom

41 Hebrews, 7: 1-3, Holy Bible, Revised Standard Version. 42 Hebrews, 5: 5-6, Holy Bible, Revised Standard Version.

rtfql;rfrsm;jzpfonf[k ,kHMunfvufcHMuonf/43 xdkYjyif xdktDrmrfBuD;

rsm;taeESifh twdwf? tem*wfESifh rjrif&aom (*dkufbf) tuG,fü

&Sdonfht&mrsm;udk odjrifEdkifpGrf;&SdNyD;? ¤if;wdkYtaeESifh vlyk*¾KdvfwpfOD;wpf

a,muf\ uHMur®m(Destiny)udk ajymif;vJEdkifpGrf;&Sdonf/44 ¤if;wdkY\ pGrf;

tm;onf jrLrIefcefYrQ&Sdonfh tzefqif;cHt&mrsm;udkyif vTrf;rdk; cs,f

vS,fEdkifaom pGrf;tm;&Sdonf[k ,kHMunfMuonf/45 xdk&SDtmrkpfvifrf

tkyfpktaeESifh ¤if;wdkY\ tDrmrfBuD;rsm;tay: tvGeftrif; MunfndK av;

pm;rIESifh tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfwpfyg;wnf;wGifom &SdEdkifaom *kPfawmfrsm;

43 rk[r®'f&doGm tvf-rkZzfz&f a&;om;jyKpkonfh ]]&SDtmtpövmrf\ ,kHMunfcsuf}} [l onfhpmtkyfwGif ¤if;u ]]uREkfyfwdkYtaeESifh tDrmrfBuD;rsm;onf eAD&plvfwrefawmf rsm;uJhodkY ¤if;wdkYarG;onfrSpí uG,fvGefaoqkH;onfhwdkifatmif &nf½G,fcsufjzifh jzpf ap? r&nf½G,fbJjzpfap? twGif;üjzpfap? tay:,Htm;jzifhjzpfap rSm;,Gif; cRwfacsmfrI [lorQrS uif;pifonfh rtfql;rfrsm;(tjypfuif;pifolrsm;) jzpfonf[k tDrmef,kHMunf Muacsonf/ taMumif;rlum; tDrmrfBuD;rsm;onf tpövmrfomoemudk xdef;odrf; apmifha&Smufolrsm;jzpfMuNyD; tpövmrfomoemonf ¤if;wdkY\ xdef;odrf; apmifha&Smuf rIatmufü &Sdayonf/}} See- “Faith of Shi’a Islam”, Muhammad Rida Al-Muzaffar,

USA, Muhammadi Trust of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, 2nd Edition, 1983, p.

32, See also: Islam, Syed Said Akhtar Rizvi, Tehran: A Group of Muslim Brothers,

1973, p. 35. 44 tvf-rkZzfz&fu qufvufazmfjycJhonfrSm ]]uREkfyfwdkYrS axmufcHonfrSm tDrmrf BuD;rsm;\ pGrf;tifonf Asm'dwf&&Sdjcif;jzifh taumif;qkH;aom tqifhtwef;odkY a&muf&SdcJhavonf/ xdkYaMumifh uREkfyfwdkYtaeESifh tDrmrfBuD;rsm;\ pGrf;tifonf aumif;uifrScsay;onfhpGrf;tif jzpfonf[k ajymEdkifonf/ þodkYjzifh tDrmrfBuD;rsm; onf rnfonfhae&m? rnfonfhtcsdefwGif&Sdonfh rnfonfh taMumif;t&m owif; tcsuftvufrsm;udkrqdk em;vnf od&SdEdkifayonf/ ,if;odkY em;vnfjcif;rSm tDrmrf onf q&mocifwpfOD;\ vrf;ñTefrI (0g) ,kwÅdaA'enf;usus awG;awm qifjcif jcif;rsm; ryg0ifbJ aumif;uifrS csay;onfh pGrf;tifaMumifhom em;vnfjcif; jzpfayonf/ ½I-“Faith of Shi’a Islam”, Muhammad Rida Al-Muzaffar, USA,

Muhammadi Trust of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, 2nd Edition, 1983, p. 32. 45 tvf-ckrdeDu azmfjycJhonfrSm ]]{ueftrSef tDrmrfBuD;rsm;onf *kPfodu©m tvGef jrifhrm;aom? jrifhjrwfaom tqifhtwef;wGif &Sdonf/ tzefqif;cHrsm;\ cvDz[f udk,fpm;vS,f jzpfonf/ xdkYjyif zefqif;cH tm;vkH;wdkYtay:0,f Edkifeif;vTrf;rdk; awmfrlaom? tcsKyftjcmtmPm ydkifqdkifawmfrlaomyk*¾Kdvfrsm;vnf; jzpfawmfrlay onf/}} ½I- Ayatullah Musavi Al-Khomeini, “Al-Hukoomah Al-Islamiyah”, Beirut:

At-Talee’ah Press, Arabic Edtion., 1979, p. 52

udk xdktDrmrfBuD;rsm;wGif&Sdonf[k omomxdk;xdk; ,kHMunfrIuyif ¤if;wdkY

tm; tv’m[ft&SifjrwfESifh wkbuf,SOfNydKif udk;uG,f&mbk&m;rsm;tjzpf

,kHMunfrdovdk jzpfoGm;aponf/

(5) zefqif;cHvlom;rsm;tm; udk;uG,f&mt&Sif (tv’m[f)\

trnfemrawmfrsm;ESifh rrSnfhac:oifhjcif;

tcsKdUaomxl;jcm;onfh trnfemrrsm;tm; ¤if;wdkY\ rwdusaomykHpH

jzifh (Oyrm - &tl;zf (0g) &[D;rf)ponfjzifh tv’m[fhwrefawmftwGuf

omru vlom;rsm;twGufvnf; okH;pGJcGifh&Sdaomfvnf; ¤if;trnfemrrsm;

a&SUwGif tAf'k&f (aus;uRef (0g)tapcH) [laompum;vkH;udk xnfhí

trnfrSnfhac:oifhayonf/ (Oyrm – tAf'k&f &tl;zf? tAf'k&f &[D;rf)

ponfwdkYjzifhom ac:a0:oifhayonf/)

[

]

]]{uefrvJG toifwkdYteufrSyif &plvfwrefawmfwpfyg;onf

toifwkdYxH a&muf&SdvmcJhacsNyD/ toifwkdY awGUBuHK&aom 'ku©

onf xkd&plvfwrefawmf\tay:ü tvGef 0efav;vSonf/

(¤if;jyif xkd&plvfwrefawmfonf) toifwkdYESifhywfoufí

aumif;&maumif;aMumif;rsm;ukdom tmomqE´ jyif;jypGm wyf

rufol jzpf\/ (xkdrSwpfyg;) ]rktfrifef} ouf0if,HkMunfol

wkdYESifh ywfoufí tvGefw&m El;nHhodrfarGUol? tvGefw&m

oem;MuifemolwpfOD;(vnf;) jzpfacsownf;/}}46


t&f-&tl;zf (tvGefw&m El;nhHodrfharGYaomol)ESifh t&f-&[D;rf

(tvGefw&m oem;Muifemaomol)[laom trnfemrrsm;rSm udk;uG,f&m

t&Sif\ tjrifhqkH;aom oem;MuifemrI'D*&Dudk azmfjyaom pum;vkH;rsm;

jzpfaejcif;aMumifh udk;uG,f&mt&SiftwGufom xdkufwefonf/ vlom;

ESifh rxdkufwefyg/ xdkudk;uG,f&mt&Sif\ *kPfawmfudk vlom;twGuf

tokH;jyKvkdaomtcgwGif tAf'k&f&tl;zf (0g) tAf'k&f&[D;rf[líom rSnfh

ac:oifhonf/ tvm;wl tAf'k&f&plvf (wrefawmfjrwf\uRef)? tAf'Gef

eAD (eADwrefawmf\uRef)ESifh tAf'kvf [lpdkif;ef ([lpdkifef\ uRef)

[laom trnfemrrsm;udkvnf; rrSnfhac:oifhyg/ aus;uReftapcH[l

aompum;vkH;rSm tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ emrawmfrsm;ESifhomwGJí rSnfh

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vlom;tm; rdrdxHodkY wdkuf½kduf c0yfudk;uG,f? qkawmif;yw¦emjyK&ef

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tjyeftvSefoabmt& aomif[D;'f tvf-tdAm'[f ac: c0yf

udk;uG,fjcif; cHxdkufrIwGif wpfyg;wnf;jzpfjcif;udk twnfjyK&eftwGuf

tm;vkH;aom Mum;cHrsm;? yGJpm;rsm;udk jiif;y,f&ef vdktyfonf/ qdkvdk

onfrSm tv’m[fESifh vlom;Mum;wGJzufEIdif;,SOf tultnD awmif;cH&

aom Mum;cHrsm;tm;vkH;udk vkH;0 jiif;y,f&efvdktyfonf/ tu,fí

tMuifol wpfOD;wpfa,mufonf uG,fvGefaoqkH;oGm;aom yk*¾dKvf

wpfOD;tm; ¤if;wdkY\ b0&SifoefaexdkifrItwGuf tultnDay;yg&ef qk

awmif;qk,l? udk;uG,fqnf;uyf? ylaZmfyojcif;onf tv’m[ft&Sif

jrwfESifh xdkuG,fvGefoludk EIdif;,SOfudk;uG,fjcif;rnf\/ tb,fhaMumifh

qdkaomf tdAm'[fac: c0yfudk;uG,frIudk zefqif;&Sif tv’m[fESifh

¤if;\ tzefqif;cHrsm;tMum;wGif &S,f,mcGJa0ay;jcif;aMumifh jzpfonf/

wrefawmfjrwfrS tjywfom;qkH;a0g[m&ESifh rdefYawmfrlcJhonfrSm


]]'ktm (qkawmif;yw¦emjyKjcif;) onf tdAm'[f (c0yfudk;uG,f

jcif;) rnf\/}}61

xdkYjyif tvGef jrifhjrwfpifMu,foefY&Sif;awmfrlaom tv’m[ft&Sif

jrwf rdefYawmfrlonfrSm

[ ]

]]odkYygvsuf toifwdkYonf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwftjyif tMuif

t&mudk c0yfudk;uG,fMuavoavm/ xdkt&monf toifwdkYtm;

vHk;0 tusdK;jzpfxGef;apEdkifonfvnf; r[kwfay/ toifwdkYtm;

tusKd;,kwfapEdkifonfvnf; r[kwfay/}}62

[ ]

]]{uefpifppf toifwdkYonf tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrSty [pfac:

(udk;uG,fqnf;uyf) Muukefaomt&mwdkYrSmvnf; toifwdkYuJh

odkYyif uRefrsm; (tzefqif;cHrsm;)omvQif jzpfMuukef\/}}63

tu,fí tMuifolwpfOD;wpfa,mufonf wrefawmfjrwf (0g)

tjcm; eAD&plvfwrefawmfwpfyg;yg;udkvnf;aumif;? *sifefrsm; udkaomf

vnf;aumif;? 0vDatmifvD,m olawmfpifBuD;rsm;udkaomfvnf; aumif;

[pfac:woí tultnDawmif;cHjcif; (0g) ¤if;wdkYtm; tv’m[f

t&Sifjrwf\xHawmfyg;wGif [pfac:woolrsm;u rdrdwdkY\ vdktifqE

61 tDrmrf tAl'g0l;'f ? pkeef tAl'g0l;'fusrf;? t[fr'f[mpef? t*Fvdyfbmomjyef? vm[dk&f NrdKU? ½Idifcfrk[r®'ft&Sf&zfykHESdyfwdkuf? 1984? yxrtBudrf? twGJ-1? pm-387? ['D;qftrSwf-1474/ 62 usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 21; 66/ 63 usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 7; 194/

rsm; jynfh0ap&ef tultnDawmif;cHay;yg&ef awmif;yef toem;cHjcif;

tm;vkH;wdkYonf &S&D;uf (wkyEIdif;,SOfudk;uG,fjcif;) jzpfonf/ a*guf

qkvfttfZGmrf ( ) [lonfh todonmrSm owduif;rJh vspfvsL½I

Muaom? vrf;vGJaeMuaomvlwpfpkrS ½IdifcftAÁ'kvfum'&f tvf-*sDvmeD

64qdkonfh yk*¾dKvfBuD;tm; *kPfjyKac:a0:onfh todonm jzpfonf/

þtodonmonf aomif[D;'f tvf-tdAm'[f trsKd;tpm;wGif yg0if

onfh tESpfom&oabmt& &SD;&fufjzpfonfudk awGYEdkifonf/ tb,f

aMumifhqdkaomf *sDvmeDocifBuD;tm; rSnfhac:aom txufyg trnfemr

jzpfonfh a*gufqkvfttfZGmrf*kPfyk'f\ pmayqdkif&mteuf t"dyÜg,frSm

]]u,fwifjcif;rsm;\ tBuD;tus,fqkH; t&if;tjrpf? ab;tEÅ&m,frsm;rS

u,fwifEdkifqkH;aomol (u,fwifjcif;\t&Sif)}}[k t"dyÜg,f&ygonf/

þodkYaom *kPfyk'frsm;udk ydkifpdk;aomt&SifrSm tv’m[ft&Sif wpfyg;

wnf;om jzpfaomaMumifhyif/ tu,fí wpfpkHwpfckaom raumif;onfh

64 ½IdifcftAÁ'kvfum'&f*sDvmeD (1077-1166) onf [efAvDrZf[Af Oya'

ausmif;BuD;ESifh b*f'g'fNrdKU&Sd &DAmofausmif;\ ausmif;tkyfBuD; jzpfcJhavonf/ ol\ a[mMum;csufrsm; (1302 ckESpfwGif udkif½dkNrdKUü xkwfa0cJhonfh ]]tvf-zof[f t&f-&AfAmeD}} qdkonfh pmtkyfwGif pkpnf; wifjycJhonf) ü olonf tvGef jyif;xefonfh a&S;½dk;pGJt,lrsm;ESifh usrf;jrwfuk&ftmeftm; '@m&Dqefqef? ykHjyif qefqef zGifhqdk &Sif;vif;cJhonf/ tdAfEkt&AD (arG;-1165 ckESpf)rS ½IdifcftAÁ'kvfum'&f *sDvmeD tm; olYacwf? olYumv\ ukoGAfjzpfaMumif; a<u;aMumfcJhonf/ xdkYjyif ½Idifcf

tAÁ'kvfum'd&f*sDvmeD ocifonf tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrSty tjcm; tzefqif;cH tm;vkH;wdkYxuf ydkjrifhjrwfonfhtqifhtwef;&Sdonf[k ¤if; (tdAfEkt&AD) u azmfjycJh

onf/ tvDAifef,lpGzf t&Sf-&Smofomaemf0D (uG,fvGef – 1314ckESpf)u A[f*smof tvf-twfpf&m&f (1304 ckESpfwGif udkif½dkNrdKUü xkwfa0cJhonf)[k trnf&onfhusrf; wpfapmiftm; jyKpkcJhonf/ xdkusrf;twGif;ü usrf;jyKolonf ½dIifcf tAÁ'kvf um'&f \ ajrmufjrm;pGmaom ud&mrofwefcdk;awmfrsm;udk a&;om; jzefYcsdcJhavonf/ um'&D,mo&Dum\ pdvfpdvmtpOftqufZ,m;onf ½dIifcftAÁ'kvfum'd&f xHodkY jyefvnf OD;wnfoGm;ouJhodkY um'&D,mo&Dum\ ½l[meD,of 0dnmOfa&;&musifhpOfrsm;ESifh enf;Oya'rsm;onf aemufqkH;tqifhwGif ½dIifcftAÁ'kvf um'd&f xHodkYom jyefvnf a&muf&SdoGm;ayonf/ ½I- Shorter Encyclopedia of

Islam, Pp. 5-7 and 202-205

uHMur®may:aygufvmaomtcg (tEÅ&m,fqdk;? ab;qdk; usa&mufaom

tcgrsKd;udk qdkvdkonf/) tcsKdUaomolrsm;u ½IdifcftAÁ'kvfum'&f *sDvmeD

ocifBuD;tm; azmfjyyg ]a*gufpkvfttfZGmrf} [lonfh ]]u,fwifjcif;

\ t&Sif}}[lonfh *kPfyk'fjzifh ocif\ trnfemrudk woNyD; ol\

ulnDapmifrjcif;? umuG,fapmifha&SmufrIudk awmif;cHwwfMuayonf/

tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefwGif

[ ]

]]¤if;jyif (tdk-vlom;) tu,fíom tv’m[ftoQifjrwfonf

toifhtm; (þrsufarSmuf avmuDb0üjzpfap? aemifwrvGef

b0üjzpfap) ab;tEÅ&m,f wpfpHkwpf&m oifhapawmfrlygvQif

xdktoQifjrwfrSwyg; ,if;ab;tEÅ&m,fudk uif;a0; yaysmufap

Edkifol[lí wpfOD;wpfa,mufrQ r&Sdacs/}}65

usrf;jrwfuk&ftmeft&? ½kyfyGm;qif;xkrsm;udk c0yfudk;uG,fqkawmif;

aeMuaomruú[fNrdKUom;rsm;tm; ¤if;wdkY\½kyfyGm;qif;xkrsm;udk tdAm'[f

c0yfudk;uG,frIjyKaeonfhtaMumif;udk ar;jcif;cH&aomtcg

[ ]

]]¤if;wkdYonf uREkfyfwkdYtm; tv’m[ft&SifjrwfxHawmfyg;okdY

eD;uyfapMu&efomvQif uREkfyfwkdYonf ¤if;wkdYtm; qnf;uyf

ukd;uG,fMuonf([k qkdMuukef\)/}}66

ruú[fNrdKUom; umzd&frsm;? rk&Sf&dufrsm;u xdk½kyfyGm;qif;xkrsm;udk

tv’m[ft&Sifjrwftm; qufoG,f&ef Mum;cHtjzpf tokH;jyKcJhonf[k qdk


Muonf/ xdkYaMumifh tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS xdkruúm[fNrdKUom; rk&Sf&D;ufrsm;

tm; bk&m;trsm;udk;uG,folrsm;? rdpäm'd|drsm;[k ac:a0:cJhjcif; jzpfonf/

rkpfvifrfrsm;teuf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwftjyif tjcm;aomt&m0w¦Krsm;?

vlom;rsm;xHyg;ü qkawmif;yw¦em jyKaeMuaomolrsm;onf txufyg

tcsufudk aumif;pGmqifjcifokH;oyfoifhonf/

wmqyfpfrS aqmvf (aemifwGif aygvf[ktrnfwGifol)\ oifMum;

ydkYcsjcif;? vTrf;rdk;jcif;cH&aom c&pf,mefbmom0ifrsm;onf ]a,½Ic&pf

awmf} wrefawmftDqmESifh ol\ rdcifrGef ]r&f,rf }tm; ewf

tjzpf udk;uG,fMuonf/ (tcsKdUu ½kyfxkoGef;vkyfí? tcsKdUu ½kyfxk

roGef;vkyfbJ)/ xdkYaemuf rdrdwdkY\ qkawmif;yw¦emrsm;udk xdk½kyfxk

a&SUwGif ½GwfqdkNyD; a,½Ic&pfawmfESifh r&f,rf ocifrwdkYudk

OD;wdkufí jyKvkyfMuonf/ c&pf,mefrsm;teuf uufovpfac: b&if*sD

bmom0ifrsm;wGif acwftcgudkvdkufí ay:xGef;vmaom olawmfpifrsm;

&SdNyD;? ¤if;wdkY\ c0yfudk;uG,f 'kdtmawmif;qkrsm;udk xdkolawmfpifrsm;odkY

OD;wnfí jyKvkyfMuonf/ ¤if;wdkY\ ,kHMunfcsufrSm xdkolawmfpif rsm;rS

vuf&SdavmuDurÇm\ ta&;udpörsm;udk vTrf;rdk;cs,fvS,fEdkifaom

pGrf;&nf&Sdonf[k ,kHMunfMuaomaMumifhjzpfonf/

uufovpfbmom0ifrsm;onf ¤if;wdkY\ bkef;awmfBuD;rsm;udk

tv’m[ft&SifjrwfESifh ¤if;wdkYtMum;&Sd Mum;cHay;aomt&mrsm;[k ,kH

Munf owfrSwfMuonf/ ¤if;wdkY\ vGJrSm;aomt,ltqrSm xdkbkef;awmf

BuD;rsm; (zcrnf;awmf? r,fawmf? tudkawmf? trawmfrsm;onf)

tdrfaxmif om;arG;rI rjyKjcif;? oefY&Sif;pifMu,frI? tjypfuif;pifrIaMumifh

¤if;wdkY\ pum;udk (awmif;qk 'kdtmrsm;udk) tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS ydkí

em;axmifvdkonf/ ¤if;wdkYawmif;aom'dktmonf ydkí jynfhrnf[k xif

jrif,lqaeMujcif; jzpfonf/ tvm;wlyif ajrmufjrm;vSpGmaom

&SDtmrsm;onf &ufowÅywfwGif tcsKdUaomaeYrsm;udk owfrSwfívnf;

aumif;? wzef wpfaeYwGif tcsKdUaom em&Drsm;udk tcsdefay;ívnf;

aumif; cvDz[fBuD; tvDocif? zmoGdr[f ocifr? tDrmrf

[mpefocif? tDrmrf[lpdkifefocif67wdkYtm; &nfpl;í qkawmif;

yw¦em jyKMuonf/ þonfrSm ¤if;wdkY\ vGJrSm;aom? ,dk,Gif;oGm;aom

,kHMunfcsufjzpfNyD;? txl;ojzifh ¤if;wdkY\trSm;rSm vlom;ESifh tv’m[f

t&SifjrwfMum;&Sd Mum;cHrsm;jyKvkyfxm;jcif;aMumifh jzpfonf/

tpövmrfhabmifwGif;rS tdAm'[f (c0yfudk;uG,fjcif;)onf qGD,mrf

Oykof oDvapmifhxdef;jcif;? Zum;of (qif;&Jom;'geaMu; ay;vSLjcif;)?

[*sf (ruúm[fNrdKUodkY oGm;a&mufí bk&m;zl;c&D;xGufjcif;)ESifh uk&fAmeD

(wd&dpämefom;aumifrsm;udk pnf;urf;enf;vrf;usus vSD;jzwfpGefYvSLjcif;)

ponfwdkYxufydkí omvGefygonf/ tdAm'[f[laomtodonmESifh

vkyfaqmifrItwGif; cspfcifjrwfEdk;jcif;? ouf0if,kHMunfjcif;? ,kHykHtyfESH

jcif;? taMumufw&m; ... ponfwdkYudk udk;uG,f&mt&Sifwpfyg;wnf;

xHodkYom OD;wnfaqmif½Gufoifhon f/ xdkcHpm;rIrsm;tm;vkH;udk tv’m[f

t&SifjrwfrSvGJí rnfolwpfOD;wpfa,muf? wpfpkHwpf&mudkrQ wef;wl

&nfwl tcspfxm;jcif;? tcspfydkjcif;? taMumufxm;jcif; rjyK&efudk

usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefwGif oifMum;xm;NyD; jzpfonf/

[

]

]]okdY&mwGif vlom;wd kYteufrS tcsdKUwdkYonf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf

ESifhNydKifqdkifí (rdrdwdkY\) OD;pD;em,ursm;ukd ukd;uG,fMuav

onf? ,if;olwdkYonf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwftm; cspfMunf jrwfEdk;

67 zmodGr[f ocifronf wrefawmfjrwfrk[r®'f\ taxG;qkH; orD;awmf jzpfonf/ xdkocifrBuD;onf wrefawmfjrwf\ nD0rf;uGJjzpfonfh tvD Aifef tADoGmvdAfESifh vufxyfxdrf;jrm;cJhonf/ tDrmrf[mpefESifh tDrmrf[lpdkifef rSm ¤if;wdkYZeD;armifESH\ om;awmfrsm; jzpfMuonf/

bdouJhokdYyif rdrdwdkY\ OD;pD;em,ursm;ukd cspfMunfjrwfEdk;Mu

ukef\/}}68

[

]

]] toifwdkYonf tMuiftrsKd;om;wdkYtm; tb,faMumifh rwdkuf

cdkufMuoenf;/ xdktrsKd;om;wdkYonf rdrdwdkY\uwdopömudk

vnf; azmufzsufcJhMuukef\/ xkdYjyif ¤if;wdkYonf wref

awmfjrwf (rk[r®'f) tm; (ruúmNrdKUrS) ESifxkwf&efvnf; oE¨d|mef

cscJhMuukef\/ xkdrSwyg; ¤if;wdkYonfyifvQif toifwdkYtm;

OD;pGmyxr pwifwdkufcdkufcJhMuukef\/ toifwdkYonf ¤if;wdkY

tm; aMumuf½GHUMuavoavm? pifppfwrlum; tu,fí toif

wdkYonf ]rktfrifef} ouf0if,HkMunfolrsm;jzpfMuvQif tv’m[f

t&Sifjrwftm; ydkrkdíyif aMumuf½GHUxdkufayownf;/}}69

[ ]

]]...¤if;jyif toifwdkYonf tu,fí ]rktfrifef} ouf0if,kHMunf

olrsm;jzpfMuygvQif? tv’m[ft&Sifjrwftay:üomvQif ,kHMunf

pdwfcs tm;xm;Muavukef/}}70

pifppf ]]tdAm'[f}} [lonfha0g[m&\ teuft"dyÜg,frSm emcH

wnfaqmufjcif;? ½dkusKd;vdkufemjcif; jzpfonf/ emcHwnfaqmufonf[k

qdk&mwGif tv’m[ft&Sifjrwftm; Oya'udk jyXmef;ay;aom t<uif;rJh

Oya'jyKaom t&Sifjrwftjzpf ,kHMunfí tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ Oya'

68 usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 2; 165/ 69 usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 9; 13/ 70 usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 5; 23/

(&S&Dt[f)twdkif; vdkufemusifhokH; emcHwnfaqmufjcif; jzpfonf/

avmuDb0wGif &S&Dt[fOya'tay:ü tajcrcHbJ rdrdwdkYESpfouf&m usifh

aqmifaernfqdkygu xdkusifhaqmifrIonfvnf; udk;uG,f&mt&Sif\

Oya'udk vspfvsL½I&mrnf\/ xdkodkY &S&Dt[f\ jyifywGif&Sdaom Oya'

rsm;udk vdkufemusifhokH;NyD;? xdkOya'pepfrsm;onf rSefuefonf[k ,kH

Munfaeygu ¤if;onfvnf; tv’m[ft&SifjrwfESifh tjcm;aom udk;uG,f

&mrsm;udk wGJzuf ,SOfzufudk;uG,faeouJhodkYjzpfNyD; &S&D;ufajrmufonf/

tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefwGif

[ ]

]]¤if;jyif rnfolrqdk tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf xkwfjyefcsrSwfawmf

rlonfh (trdefYawmf)twdkif; w&m;ppfaq; pD&ifqkH;jzwfjcif;udk

rjyKcJhrl? xdkuhJodkYaomolrsm;onf ]]umzd&f}} aoGznfjiif;y,faom

olrsm;yif jzpfMuayownf;/}}71

wpfcgaomf t'DtdAfaeY[moifrf[kac:onfh qG[mADBuD;onf

(xdkqG[mADBuD;rSm c&pf,mefomoemrS tpövmrfomoemodkY 0ifa&muf

vmcJhonfhyk*¾Kdvf jzpfonf/) wrefawmfjrwfBuD;rS atmufygtm,of

awmftm; ½Gwfzwfo&ZÑm,faeonfudk Mum;cJhonf/

[ ]

]]xkdolwdkYonf rdrdwkdY\ "r®q&mwdkYudkvnf;aumif;? bkef;BuD;

&[ef;wdkYudkvnf;aumif;? ]r&f,rf}\om;awmf ]rpD[f}udk vnf;


aumif;? tv’m[ft&Sifjrwftm; pGefYí (rdrdwdkY\) t&Sifocif

rsm; jyKvkyfxm;cJhMuavonf/}}72

xdktcgqG[mADBuD; tdAfEk[moifrfrS wrefawmfjrwftm;

]]trSefpifppf uREkfyfwdkY c&pf,mefrsm;onf xdkbkef;awmfBuD;rsm;ESifh w&m;

a[mq&mrsm;tm; c0yfudk;uG,f qnf;uyfjcif; rjyKvkyfMuyg}}[k

avQmufxm;cJhavonf/ xdktcg wrefawmfjrwfrS ]]xdkbkef;awmfBuD;

rsm;? w&m;a[mq&mrsm;onf tv’m[ft&Sifjrw frS w&m;0if cGifhjyKxm;

aomt&mrsm; ([vmvf) udk w&m;r0if cGifhjyKxm;jcif; r&Sdonfht&m

rsm; ([&mrf) tjzpf ajymif;vJMuonf/73 xdkYjyif w&m;r0ifcGifh rjyK

xm;aomt&mrsm; ([&mrf)udk w&m;0ifcGifhjyKxm;aomt&mrsm; ([

vmvf)tjzpf ajymif;vJcJhMuonf74 r[kwfygavm}}[k qG[mADBuD;

tdAfEk[mwifrftm; ar;cGef;xkwfcJh&m qG[mADBuD;rS ]]trSefyif/

uREkfyfwdkY xdktrIrsm;udk jyKvkyfcJhMuygonf}}[k wkHYjyefajzMum;cJhavonf/

xdktcg wrefawmfjrwfrS ]],if;uJhodkY tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ trdefY

awmfudk vspfvsL½INyD; xdkbkef;awmfBuD;rsm;\ jyifqifowfrSwfcsufrsm;

udk vdkufemusifhokH;jcif;onf xdkbkef;awmfBuD;rsm;? w&m;a[mq&mrsm;

udk toif vdkufem½dkusKd;? emcHwnfaqmufjcif; jzpfonf/ þonf

72 usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 9; 31/ 73 c&pf,mefw&m;a[mq&mrsm;onf wpfOD;xufydkí vufxyfxdrf;jrm;jcif;tm; wm;jrpfcJhavonf/ (wenf;tm;jzifh wpfvifwpfr,m;pepftm; jyXmef;cJh avonf/) xdkYjyif wpf0rf;uGJ nDtpfudkarmifESrrsm;ESifh vufxyfxdrf;jrm;jcif;rSvnf; wm;jrpf cJhavonf/ ½dkrefuovpfwdkYonf bkef;awmfBuD;rsm;tm; vufxyfxdrf;jrm;jcif;rS wm;jrpfcJhavonf/ xdkYjyif a,bk,stm;jzifh uGm&Sif;jywfpJjcif;rSvnf; wm;jrpfcJhav onf/ 74 c&pf,mefbk&m;&Sdcdk;ausmif;rsm;onf 0ufom;pm;okH;jcif;? aoG;pm;okH;jcif;? t&uf aomufjcif;wdkYudk [vmvf (w&m;0ifcGifhjyKxm;aomt&m)tjzpf jyKvkyfxm;av onf/ xdkYjyif ¤if;wdkYtwGif;rS tcsKdUaomolrsm;onf udk;uG,f&m t&Siftm; vlom; wpfOD;\ ykHo@mefjzifh wkyykHazmfí yef;csDqGJjcif;? ½kyfxk qif;xk jyKvkyfvkyfjcif;udk cGifhjyKcJhavonf/

xdkolrsm;udk &nfpl;aom oif\ tdAm'[f jzpfayonf}}[k rdefYMum;cJhav

onf/75

xdkYaMumifh aomif[D;'ftvf-tdAm'[f\ txl;xif&Sm;aom? tpdwf

tydkif;wpfckrSm &S&Dt[fw&m;Oya'udk taumiftxnfazmfjcif; jzpf

onf/ txl;ojzifh rkpfvifrfvlOD;a&trsm;pk&Sdonfh vlYtzGJYtpnf;rsm;wGif

usifhokH;&rnf jzpfonf/ ,cktcg rkpfvifrfEdkifiH[kac:aeMuonfh EdkifiH

rsm;wGif EdkifiHawmftpdk;&rsm;onf udk;uG,f&mt&SifrS jyXmef;ay;aom

w&m;Oya'(Divine Law) ac: &S&Dt[fw&m;Oya'udk vspfvsL½INyD;? tjcm;

EdkifiHrsm;rS wifoGif;xm;aom t&if;&SifpepfESifh uGefjrLepfpepfwdkY\ zGJY

pnf;ykHtajccHOya'rsm;? w&m;Oya'enf;pepfrsm;udk usifhokH;aeMuonf/

xdkrkpfvifrfEdkifiHtrsm;pkwGif &S&Dt[fw&m;Oya'udk acsmifxdk;xm;MuNyD;?

ta&;odyfrBuD;onfh tcef;u@tcsKdUtwGufom tokH;jyKusifhokH;aejcif;

aMumifh ¤if;\ tcef;u@rSmvnf; wjznf;jznf; arS;rSdefvmNyD; uG,f

aysmufvkeD;eD; jzpfaeonf/

tvm;wlyif tcsKdUaom rkpfvifrfEdkifiHrsm;wGif tpövmrfhOya'onf

pmtkyfrsm;twGif;üom &SdaeNyD;? avmuDOya'rsm;(vlvkyfOya'rsm;)udk

tm;ay;í usifhokH;aeMuonf/ odkYtwGuf &S&Dt[fOya'udk Oya'\

tcef;u@toD;oD;wGif touf0ifatmif usifhokH;&ef vdktyfayonf/

rkpfvifrfEdkifiHrsm;? rkpfvifrf ydkifeufe,fajrrsm;wGif &S&Dt[fOya'tpm;

tjcm; Oya'rsm;udk usifhokH;aejcif;onfvnf; &S&D;ufxdkufNyD; ukzf&f

jzpfapEdkifaom vkyfaqmifcsuf jzpfayonf/ xdkYaMumifh rkpfvifrfEdkifiHrsm;

&Sd rkpfvifrfrsm;taeESifh rdrdwdkYonf Oya'udk ajymif;vJusifhokH;&ef trdefY

tmPmay;Edkifaomae&mudk &xm;ol? tmPmyg0g&Sdolonf rdrdwdkY\

vuf&Sd usifhokH;aeaom Oya'udk y,fzsufí &S&Dtofw&m;Oya'udk

ajymif;vJusifhokH;&rnf jzpfonf/ xdkuJhodkYaomae&m? tmPmyg0g r&Sdol

75 tDrmrfod&frdZD ocifrS pkpnf;wifjycJhonf/

rsm;taeESifh rdrdwdkYtpdk;&rS usifhokH;aeonfh umzd&fOya'udk jypfwif ½IHYcs

NyD;? &S&DtofOya'usifhokH;&ef awmif;qdk taumiftxnfazmfoifhonf/

þodkY rjzpfEdkifvQifvnf; rkpfvifrfrsm;taeESifh aomif[D;'fopömw&m;

udk xdef;odrf;&ef? t&Sifjrwf ESpfoufrIudk &&Sd&ef &S&Dtof rusifhokH;aom?

tpövmrfryDoaomtpdk;&udk txiftjrifao; pufqkyf½GYH&Smoifhayonf/

tcef; (2)

aomif[D;'fopömw&m;udk avhvmjcif;twGuf aomif[D;'f\ qefY

usifbufjzpfaom ]&S&D;uf} (tv’m[ft&SifjrwfESifh wkyEIdif;,SOfudk;uG,f

jcif;)udk *½kwpdkuf? pepfwus ravhvmygu NyD;jynfhpkHaom avhvmjcif;

rrnfEdkifay/ ]&S&D;uf}ESifhywfoufonfh tcsKdUaom oabmw&m;rsm;ESifh

¤if;wdkYaMumifh aomif[D;'fopömw&m; rnfodkY ysufokOf;EdkifaMumif; Oyrm

tcsKdUudk tcef;(1)wGif wifjyNyD;jzpfygonf/ rnfodkYqdkapumrl þtcef;

wGif ]&S&D;uf}udk oD;oefYacgif;pOfwpfcktjzpf wifjyoGm;rnf jzpfygonf/

pm½Iolrsm; od&Sdxm;NyD;onfhtwdkif; ]&S&D;uf} rjyKvkyf&efrSm tvGef ta&;

BuD;aomaMumifh usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefwGif tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS tcdkiftrm

oufaotaxmuftxm;jyí ñTefjyxm;onfudk awGYEdkifonf/

[ ]

]]{uefpifppf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfonf ]&S&D;uf} wpfpHkwpf&mudk

rdrdESifh wGJbuf,SOfNydKif udk;uG,fjcif;udk vGwfNidrf;csrf;omcGifh

tvsif; ay;awmfrlrnf r[kwfay/ odkY&mwGif xdkwGJbuf,SOfNydKif

udk;uG,frI (&S&D;uf) rSwyg; tjcm;jypfrI'kp½dkufwdkYudkrlum; rdrd

tvdk&Sdawmfrlaomoltm; vGwfNidrf;csrf;omcGifh ay;oem;awmfrl

tHh/}}76

taMumif;rlum; ]&S&D;uf}onf vlom;tm; zefqif;&onfh &nf½G,f

csuf tppftrSefudk qefYusifaeaomaMumifh udk;uG,f&mt&Sif tv’m[f

t&Sifjrwf\ a&SUawmfarSmuf0,f tqdk;0g;qkH;? tjyif;xefqkH;ESifh cGifh

rvTwfEdkifqkH; tjypf*dke[f jzpfonf/ 76 usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 4; 48/

pmayoabmt& ]&S&D;uf}\ teuft"dyÜg,frSm ]]twlwGJzufjcif;?

a0pka0ykH cGJa0jcif;? rQ,ljcif;? wGJbufaygif;pnf;jcif;? qufpyfjcif;}}

ponfjzifh teuft"dyÜg,f zGifhqdkEdkifonf/77 tpövmrfhenf;us ]&S&D;uf}\

t"dyÜg,fudk zGifhqdk&aomf ]]tv’m[ft&SifjrwfESifh wef;wlwGJzufEIdif;,SOfí

ae&may;rI? c0yfudk;uG,frIqdkif&m tjyKtrlrSeforQudk ]&S&D;uf}}} [kac:

onf/ aomif[D;'fopömw&m;qdkif&m ynm&yfe,fy,ftwGif;ü ]&S&D;uf}udk

trsKd;tpm;(3)rsKd;cGJí us,fus,fjyefYjyefY avhvmqef;ppfEdkifayonf/ xdkY

twGuf yxrOD;qkH;taeESifh aomif[D;'f t&f-½lAlAD;,[f (udk;uG,f&m

t&Sifocifjzpfjcif;ü tEIdif;rJh ]wpf} jzpfjcif;)? aomif[D;'f tvf-twfpf

rmtf 0qGf-qGdzmof (udk;uG,f&mt&Sif\ *kPfawmfESifh emrawmfrsm;qdkif

&mwGif wpfaygif; wpfpnf;wnf;jzpfjcif;)ESifh aemufqkH;trsKd;tpm;

aomif[D;'f tvf-tdAm'[f (c0yfudk;uG,fjcif; cHxdkufrIwGif tEIdif;rJh

]wpf} jzpfjcif;)wdkY tusKH;0ifonf/

½lAlAD;,[ftodonmtwGif;&Sd &S&D;uftrsKd;tpm;rsm;

txufyg ]&S&D;uf}trsKd;tpm;wGif tv’m[ft&SifjrwfESifhwef;wl (0g)

wef;wleD;yg;xm;í t&Sifjrwf\ zefqif;cHwpfpkHwpf&mudk ,kHMunf udk;

uG,fjcif;ESifh zefqif;jcif;wpfckvkH;wGif t&Sifocif (zefqif;&Sif) vkH;0

r&Sd[k ,kHMunfjcif;wdkY yg0ifayonf/ urÇmay:&Sd bmoma&;pepfBuD;

rsm;teuf trsm;pkBuD;onf ½lAlAD;,[ftwGif;&Sd ]&S&D;uf}\ yxr trsKd;

tpm;wGif tusKH;0ifNyD; 'óetawG;tac:ynm&Sifrsm;ESifh ¤if;wdkY\

vlvkyf 'óersm;tm;vkH;onf azmfjyyg ]&S&D;uf}trsKd;tpm;\ 'kwd,

trsKd;tpm;twGif;ü tusKH;0ifayonf/

77 J.M. Cowan, The Hans Wehr Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, Spoken

Language Services Inc., New York, 3rd Edition, 1976, p: 468.

(1) wkyEIdif;,SOf? wGJzufEIdif;,SOf c0yfudk;uG,fjcif;qdkif&m &S&D;uftrsKd;tpm;

þ]&S&D;uf}trsKd;tpm;cGJwGif t"duusonfh tjrifhwumh tjrifhqkH;rSm

t<uif;rJhtmPmudk ydkifpdk;awmfrlaom udk;uG,f&mt&Sifudk vufcHonf? &Sd

onf[k ,kHMunfonf/ odkYaomf xdkudk;uG,f&mt&Sif\ t<uif;rJhtmPm

awmf? bkef;awmfydkifqdkifrIudk ¤if;xufpGrf;tm;yg0g edrfhusaom? tm;enf;

aom bk&m;i,frsm;? 0dnmOfrsm;? aorsKd;rsm; (aojcif;ESifhtqkH;owfaom

vltygt0if ouf&Sd owÅ0grsm;)? aumif;uif&Sd ae? v? eu©wf? Mu,f?

wm&m? Ouúmrsm; ... ponfjzifh rsufarSmufavmu&Sd t&m0w¦Krsm; ...

ponfwdkYrS tmPmcGJa0ydkifpdk;onf[k ,kHMunfjcif;jzpfonf/ azmfjyyg

,kHMunfrIpepfrsm;rSm bmoma&;ynm&Sifrsm;ESifh 'óeynm&Sifrsm;u

cGJjcm;owfrSwfxm;aom bmomt,l0g'?pepfBuD;rsm; jzpfonf/ ¤if;wdkYrS

wpfqlwnf;aombk&m;udk ,kHMunfaomt,l0g'udk wpfqlwnf;aom

0g' (Monotheism)[lívnf;aumif;? bk&m;trsm;udk ,kHMunfaom t,l

0g'udk A[kemx0g' (Polytheistic) bk&m;wpfqlxufydkí ,kHMunfaom

0g'[lívnf;aumif;? ydkif;jcm;owfrSwfMuonf/

odkYaomf tpövmrfomoem\ tvdkt& txufazmfjyyg t,ltq?

,kHMunfrItm;vkH;onf bk&m;trsm;udk ,kHMunfvufcHaom A[kemx0g'

twGif;ü tusKH;0ifayonf/ taMumif;rlum; bmomt,l0g' tm;vkH;

onf rlv t&if;tjrpfoabmtm;jzifh aomif[D;'fopömw&m;ay:wGif

tajccHí udk;uG,f&mt&SifrS xkwfjyef csrSwfjcif;cH&aom bmomw&m;rS

trsKd;rsKd;taxGaxG aoGznf,drf;,dkifNyD;? ¤if;aoGznfrI'D*&DtqifhqifhrS

jyefvnf ay:xGufvmaom? jzpfay:vmaom bmomw&m;rsm; jzpfaom

aMumifhyif/

[dE´dLt,l0g'wGif NA[®Ponf tjrifhqkH;tmPm&Sif bk&m;csKyfjzpf

NyD;? ¤if;onftpESifh tqkH;&Sdaom t&mtm;vkH;twGif;ü twGif;ydkif;qdkif

&m vrf;ñTefaomtiftm;[lívnf;aumif;? ae&mtESHY pdrfh0ifysHUESHYoGm;Edkif

onfh pGrf;tm;[lívnf;aumif;? rajymif;vJEdkifaom xm0&wnfNrJaom?

tm½kHig;yg;ESifh rcHpm;Edkifaom? yk*¾dKvfwpfOD;csif;pDudk oD;oefY ydkifpdk;Edkif

aom t<uif;rJhtmPmydkifbk&m;tjzpf [dE´Lbmom0ifrsm;u ouf0if

,kHMunfMuonf/ ]NA[®P}onf pMu0VmBuD;udk zefqif;aombk&m;jzpf

aomfvnf;? ¤if;onf rdrdtmPmudk cGJa0tkyfcsKyf&eftwGuf xdef;odrf;

apmifha&Smufaombk&m; ]AdóEdk;}ESifh zsufpD;aombk&m; ]oD0}wdkYudk zef

qif;í tmPmcGJa0 tkyfcsKyfapawmfrlcJhonf/78 xdkYaMumifh [dE´L0g'wGif

okH;yg;wpfql[lonfht,ltq&SdNyD;? ¤if;onf aomif[D;'frS ,drf;,dkif

vmaomt,ltq jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh [dE´L0g'\ ½lAlAD;,[ftwGif;rS

]&S&D;uf}onf udk;uG,f&mt&Sif\tmPmudk udk,fpm;vS,frsm;cGJí zefqif;

jcif;? xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smufjcif;ESifh zsufpD;,kwfodrf;jcif; tmPmrsm;udk

cGJa0wm0ef,lapaomtrsKd;tpm; jzpfonf/

c&pf,mef,kHMunfrIwGif udk;uG,f&mt&Sifonf rdrdudk,fudkrdrd yk*¾Kdvf

(3)yg;wGif udef;0yfonf[k qdkonf/ tzbk&m;ocif? om;awmf (a,½I

c&pf)ESifh oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmf[lí (3)yg;aygif;rS wpfql jzpfonf[k

,kHMunf\/ xdkokH;yg;aombk&m;wdkYrSm wpfckwnf;jzpfNyD;? tajctae

wpfckwnf;wGif (3)OD; wNydKifwnf; cGJa0ae&m,lxm;jcif; jzpfonf/79

wrefawmftDqmtm; udk;uG,f&mt&Sif\ nmbufwGif xdkifapjcif;

jzifh urÇmhta&;udpöt00udk qkH;jzwfpD&if&aom tmPm tyfESif;xm;NyD;

tDqmocif\ bk&m;ocifjzpfjcif;tqifhudk jr§ifhwif ay;xm;onf/

oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmf (Holy Spirit)[laom bk&m;rSm [D;b½l;or®m

usrf;pm ("r®a[mif;) t& udk;uG,f&mt&SifrS ¤if;\ zefqif;jcif;qdkif&m

pGrf;tm;udk udk,fpm;jyKaomt&m[k teufzGifhaomfvnf;? c&pf,mefrsm;

\ t,ltqwGifum; xdkoefY&Sif;aom 0dnmOfawmfonf udk;uG,f&m

78 W.L. Reese, Dictionary of Philosophy and Religion, New Jersey Humanities

Press, 1980, Pp. 66-67 and 586-7. See also John Hinnells, Dictionary of Religions,

England, Penguin Books, 1984, Pp. 67-8. 79 Dictionary of Religons, p. 337

t&Sif\ OD;acgif;jzpfonf[k ,kHMunfMuonf/ aemufydkif;wGif &Sifaygvk

(John Paul)rS xdkoefY&Sif;aom 0dnmOfawmftm;? a,½Ic&pfawmf\ ajymif;

vJoGm;aom rlvpdwf (Alter Ego of Chirst)? ajymif;vJaom0dnmOf xdk

0dnmOf\pGrf;tm;onf a,½lc&pfawmf ysHvGefawmfrlNyD; (uG,fvGef)

&ufaygif; 50 jynfhaomaeYwGif jyefvnf &Sifjyefxajrmufapjcif;tm;jzifh

pGrf;tm;udk xif&Sm;apNyD;? aemifwGif c&pf,mefrsm;tm; vrf;ñTefjyo

onf[k ykHazmf toufoGif;cJhonf/80

tusKd;quftm;jzifh c&pf,mef,kHMunfcsufü ½lAlAD;,[f todonm

twGif;rS ]&S&D;uf} ay:aygufvmjcif; jzpfonf/ a,½Ic&pfawmfESifh

oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmftm; xdkudk;uG,f&mt&Sif\ tmPmydkifpdk;rIwGif

tmPmcGJa0ay;NyD; pDrHtkyfcsKyfapjcif; jzpfonf/ ¤if;wdkY\ ,kHMunfcsuf

wGif a,½Ic&pfawmfrS urÇmhavmu\a&;&mtm;vkH;udk pD&if qkH;jzwfNyD;

¤if;c&pf,mefbmom0ifrsm;tm; b0aexdkifrItpkpktwGuf oefY&Sif;aom

0dnmOfawmfrS ulnDvrf;ñTefonf[k ,kHMunfMuonf/

Zdk½dktufpwD;&ef;ac: yg&Sef;vlrsKd;rsm;onf udkk;uG,f&mt&Sifudk t[l;

&m;rmZ'g (Ahura Mazda)[k ac:a0:orkwfMuNyD; xdkt&Sifonf c0yfudk;

uG,frItpkpkudk t<uif;rJhcH,lxdkufawmfrlaomt&Sif? aumif;aomt&mrsm;

tm;vkH;udk zefqif;awmfrlaomzefqif;&Siftjzpf vufcH ,kHMunfMuonf/

t[l;&m;rmZ'g\ zefqif;rIt&m (7)ckxJrS rD;onf wpfcktygt0if

jzpfNyD;? ¤if;onf t[l;&m;rmZ'g\ om;awmf (0g) udk,fpm;vS,fawmf

[k ,lqMuonf/ ¤if;wdkYonf udk;uG,f&mt&Sifudk ,kHMunfvufcHaomf

vnf; ½lAlAD;,mtodonm\twGif;rS ]&S&D;uf}udk usL;vGefMuonf/ ¤if;

wdkY\ ]&S&D;uf}jzpf&aomtaMumif;t&if;rSm raumif;aom tiftm;pkrsm;?

tMurf;zufrI? qdk;0g;rIESifh aojcif;w&m;ponfh ... raumif;aomt&m

tm;vkH;udk zefqif;aom tjcm;bk&m;wpfql&Sdonf[k ,kHMunfjcif;yif

80 Dictionary of Philosophy and Religion, p. 231.

jzpfonf/ ¤if;bk&m;rSm tef*&mrdefEsL (Angra Mainyu) jzpfí ¤if;rS

zefqif;pDrHuGyfuJonf[k ,kHMunfjcif;jzpfonf/ xdkbk&m;udk ]tarSmif}qdk

onfh oauFwjzifh udk,fpm;jyKonf/81 xdkYaMumifh ½lAlAD;,[fac: udk;

uG,f&mt&Sif\ tcsKyftjcm tmPmydkifpdk;jcif;onf udk;uG,f&mt&SifESifh

raumif;qdk;0g; ewfrdpämrsm;onf yg0gtmPmudk &S,f,mcGJa0,lae&

onf[kqdk&mMuayrnf/ þonfrSm raumif;aomvkyf&yfrsm;udk jyKvkyf

jcif;[laom *kPfawmfonf udk;uG,f&mt&SifESifh rxdkufwef? udk;uG,f&m

t&Sif\*kPfawmftjzpf vufrcHvdkaom vlom;\qE´aMumifh ay:ayguf

vm&aom ]bk&m;NydKif} jzpfonf/ wenf;qdkaomf udk;uG,f&mt&Sif\

tmPmudk ewfrdpämqdk;rsm;\tqifhESifh wef;wlESdrfhcsNyD; owfrSwfaom

aMumifh aomif[D;'f t&f-½lAlAD;,[foabmt& ]&S&D;uf} jyKvkyfjcif;yif

jzpfonf/

a,m½lbbmomw&m;(Yoruba Religion)onf tmz&duwdkuf taemuf

bufurf;ajca'orsm;&Sd vlrsKd;pkrsm;\ udk;uG,f&mbmomw&m; jzpf

onf/ þbmom0iftrsm;pkudk Edkif*sD;&D;,m;EdkifiHwGif awGYEdkifonf/ bm

om0ifOD;a&rSm (10)oef;ausmf&Sdonf/ xdkbmom0ifrsm;onf tdkvdk½l;rm

&,f (Olorumare) 0g tdkvdk&d,yfpf (aumif;uifbkH\ t&Sif)[k trnfwGif

aom udk;uG,f&mt&Sifudk ,kHMunfudk;uG,fMuonf/ rnfodkYyifqdkapum

rl acwfopf Orisha Worship ac: ewfa'0gwmrsm;udk &Sdcdk;ylaZmf yoaom

tavhtx&SdNyD;? ¤if;onf pnf;usrf;wif;usyfonfh wpfyg;ruaom

ewfbk&m;rsm;udk udk;uG,faom bmomw&m;toGifudk aqmifonf/82

tusKd;quftm;jzifh a,m½lbbmom0ifrsm;onf ½lAlAD;,[f todonm

twGif;rS udk;uG,f&mt&Sif\vkyfief;aqmifwm tm;vkH;udk ewfrsm;? rdpäm

rsm;? 0dnmOfrsm;udk tmPmcGJa0ay;xm;aomaMumifh ]&S&D;uf} jzpfayonf/

81 Dictionary of Religions, Pp. 361-2. 82 Dictionary of Religions, p. 358.

xdkYtwl awmiftmz&du&Sd ZlvlrsKd;EG,fpkrsm;onf wpfqlwnf;aom

udk;uG,f&mt&Sifudk ,kHMunfMuonf/ bk&m;\ bGJYawmfrSm tGefulvGef

ulvl (Unkulunkulu) jzpfNyD;? a&S;usaom yxrOD;qkH;jzpfaom? MunfndK

jrwfEdk;bG,f taumif;qkH;jzpfaomt&Sif[k t"dyÜg,f&onf/ txl;jyK ac:

a0:aom*kPfawmfESifh emrawmfrSm aumif;uifudk pdk;ydkifawmfrlaomt&Sif

(Nkosi Yaphezulu)ESifh yxrOD;qkH; jzpfay:awmfrlaomt&Sif (Muveling quan

-qi) jzpfonf/ ¤if;bk&m;\ BuD;us,frIudk aumif;uif(tzdk)ESifh urÇmajr

(tr)tjzpfvnf;aumif;? vlYavmurS txD;ESifhtr (tzdkESifhtr)

ykHo@mefjzifh udk,fpm;jyK azmfjyonf/

Zlvl;bmomw&m;wGif vQyfpD;vufjcif;ESifh rdk;BudK;ypfjcif;onf udk;

uG,f&mt&Sif\ vkyfaqmifrIrsm;jzpfNyD;? emrusef;rI? a&m*gb, jzpfyGm;

rIrsm;ESifh tjcm;aom ab;tEÅ&m,frsm;onf uG,fvGef aoqkH;oGm;cJhaom

bkd;bGm;bDbifrsm;\ Idlozi or Abaphansi (urÇmajrjyifatmufü &Sdonfh

t&mrsm;)\vkyf&yfrsm;jzpfonf[k ,kHMunfonf/ bkd;bGm;bDbifrsm;\

0dnmOfrsm;u touf&Sifoefaeaom vlom;rsm;\uHMur®mudk pdk;rdk;cs,f

vS,fonf[k ,kHMunfonf/

¤if;0dnmOfrsm;onf rdrdwdkYtm; tpm;tpmrsm; qufuyfjcif;? rd½dk;

zvmxkH;wrf;pOfvmrsm;udk vkyfaqmifjcif;? pGefYvTwf vSL'gef;rIjyKjcif;ESifh

tepfemcHjcif;wdkYudk ESpfoufauseyfNyD;? xdkvkyf&yfrsm;udk vkyfaqmifoludk

apmifrMunfh½Ionf/ ¤if;vkyf&yfrsm;udk rvkyfaomolrsm;udk tjypf'Pf

cwfonf[k ,kHMunfMuonf/ bdk;bGm;bDbif 0dnmOfrsm;\ tvdkqE´udk

tifef,ef* (Inyanga)ac: tMum;tjrif q&m (uHMur®ma[mMum;ol)rsm;

uwqifh odEdkifonf[k vufcH ,kHMunfonf/83 xdkYaMumifh Zlvl;bmom

w&m;twGif;&Sd ½lAlAD;,[ftodonmrS ]&S&D;uf}trsKd;tpm;onf vlY

avmuzefqif;jcif;[lonfh todonmwGif omru? vlYavmu\

83 Ibid, p. 363.

aumif;usKd;? qdk;usKd;udk csKyfudkifcs,fvS,fonf[laom*kPfawmfonf

uG,fvGef aoqkH;oGm;aom rdbbdk;bGm;rsm;\ 0dnmOfrsm;\ csKyfudkif

vTrf;rdk;rI &Sdaeonf[k ,kHMunfjcif;wdkYjzpfonf/

rkpfvifrfrsm;tMum;&Sd odomxif&Sm;aom ½lAlAD;,[ftodonmt

wGif;rS ]&S&D;uf}trsKd;tpm;rSm atmifvD,mac: 0vDolawmfpifBuD;rsm;\

0dnmOfrsm;ESifh rSefuefajzmifhrwfaom tusifhoDv&Sdonfh yk*¾dKvfrsm;\

0dnmOfrsm;u ouf&Sd&SifoefvQuf&Sdaom vlom;rsm;\ avmuDa&;&mudpö

rsm;omru tmcd&ofwrvGefa&;&m udpörsm;udkyg vTrf;rdk;oufa&mufEdkif

onf[k ,kHMunfjcif; jzpfonf/ azmfjyyg olawmfpifBuD;rsm;\ 0dnmOf

onf vlom;wpfOD;wpfa,muf\ vdktifqE´rsm;udk jznfhpGufay;Edkifonf

[lívnf;aumif;? ab;qdk;? uyfqdk;tEÅ&m,fqdk;rsm;udk z,f&Sm; ay;Edkif

onf[lívnf;aumif;? rnfolrqdk (rkpfvifrfjzpfap? rkpfvifrf r[kwf

aom tjcm;bmom0if^bmomrJhjzpfygap)? ¤if;wdkYtm; [pfac:wornf

qdkygu oufqdkif&m wrf;wolrsm;tm; tultnDay;onf[k ,kHMunf

Muavonf/

ocFsKdif;ylaZmfyoolrsm;? ocFsKdif;udk;uG,folrsm;u udk;uG,f &mt&Sif

tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf wpfyg;wnf;\ t&nftaoG;jzpfaom avmuD?

avmukwÅ&ma&;&mrsm;udk vTrf;rdk;cs,fvS,fEdkifpGrf;udk aoqkH;ol 0vD

atmifvD,molawmfpifrsm;\0dnmOfrS csKyfudkifcs,fvS,fEdkifpGrf;&Sdonf[k

,kHMunfNyD;? tdAm'wf (c0yfudk;uG,f ylaZmfyo)aeMujcif; jzpfonf/

qlzDtrsm;pk (rkpfvifrf*rÇD&"r®udk vdkufemusifhBuHolrsm;)taeESifh tuG,f

udk jrifEdkifaomolrsm; ( )84 \ ukokAf (Qutub)[kac:onfh

84 pmayoabmt& ]]tuG,frSt&mrsm;udk jrifEdkifaomolrsm;}}[kac:onf/ (¤if;wdkY\ tqdkt&) urÇmBuD;onf wdusaom ta&twGuf&Sdonfh olawmfpifBuD;rsm;\ xdef; odrf; apmifha&SmufrI\atmufwGif &Sdaeayonf/ olawmfpifBuD;wpfyg;yg; uG,fvGef aoqkH;oGm;aomtcg ,if;ae&mwGif tjcm;wpfyg;udk csufcsif; tpm;xdk;onf/ ½I-Shorter Encyclopedia of Islam, p. 582.

tqifhodkY a&muf&SdoGm;onfh qlzDBuD;u rdrdae&mpcef;XmerSaeí vuf&Sd

avmuDurÇm\ ta&;udpörsm;udk pDrHtkyfcsKyfvQuf&Sdonf[k ,kHMunfMu

avonf/85

(2) jiif;qefjcif;aMumifh &S&D;ufjzpfjcif;

þ&S&D;uftrsKd;tpm;wGif udk;uG,f&mt&Sif tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf wnf

&SdaeawmfrlaMumif;udk ajAmifususjzpfap? oG,f0kdufí (EIwfqdwfaejcif;

jzifh)jzpfap? jiif;qefaom'óetawG;tac:rsm;? t,ltqrsm; yg0ifay

onf/ tcsKdUaomudpö&yfrsm;wGif bk&m;ocif (udk;uG,f&mt&Sif) r&Sdjcif;

udk bk&m;rJh0g'(Atheism)[k ac:onf/ tcsKdUaomudpö&yfrsm;wGifum; udk;

uG,f&mt&Sif&SdaMumif;udk vufcHonf[k xkwfazmfajymqdkaomfvnf;?

udk;uG,f&mt&Sifudk vufcHudk;uG,frIoabmw&m;rS MunfhvQifum;? ¤if;

udk jiif;y,faeoa,mif&Sdaom? bk&m;trsm;udk wNydKifeufwnf; vufcH

udk;uG,f,kHMunfaom0g'(Pantheism) ykHpHjzifh awGY&onf/

tcsKdUaom a½S;a[mif;bmomw&m;rsm;wGif udk;uG,f&mt&Sif wnf&Sd

jcif;udk vufrcHyg/ ¤if;bmoma&;pepfrsm;twGif;wGif txif&Sm;qkH;

aom bmomw&m;rSm a*gwrAk'¨\ bmomw&m;jzpfonf/ Ak'¨0g'onf

[dE´L0g'\ Zmwfpepfudk y,fzsuf&eftm;xkwfaom jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;

vIyf&Sm;rIrS aygufzGm;vmNyD;? *sdef;0g'ESifh acwfNydKif bDpD ]6} &mpkwGif

ay:aygufcJhaom omoemjzpfonf/ bDpD ]3}&mpkwGif Ak'¨bmomonf

tdE´d,EdkifiH\ EdkifiHawmfbmom jzpfcJhonf/ Ak'¨0g'onf [dE´L0g'rS

qufEG,faygufzGm;vmcJhaomaMumifh Ak'¨udk,fawmfwdkif rdrdonf (udk;

uG,f&mt&Sif udk,fpm;? udk,fyGm;) 0ifpm;aom t0w&bk&m; (vl0if

pm;bk&m;) jzpfonf[k aMunmcJhonf/ xdkYaemuf Ak'¨0g'onf tdE´d,rS

aysmufuG,foGm;NyD; aemifwGif w½kwfjynf? tjcm;aom tm&Sta&SUzsm;

EdkifiHrsm; (*syef? udk;&D;,m;) okdYyg vTrf;rdk;oGm;onfudk awGY&\/

85 Shorter Encyclopedia of Islam, Pp. 55.

a*gwrAk'¨ y&dedAÁmefpHoGm;NyD;aemuf bDpD 400 rS 250 twGif;wGif [de

,eESifh r[m,e[laom Ak'¨bmom*dkPf;cGJBuD;ESpfck ay:xGef;vm cJhonf/

[de,e*dkPf;onf Ak'¨0g'twGif; tapmqkH;ESifh twif;usyfqkH; 0g'wpfck

jzpfonf/ ¤if;*kdPf;\t,l0g'rSm ]]udk;uG,f&mt&Sif}} [lonf r&Sd/ xdkY

aMumifh rdrd\ 'ku©qif;&Jrsm;udk uif;vGwfatmif? uRwfwef;0ifatmif

tm;xkwf&efrSm rdrd\ wm0efomjzpfonf}}86[laom tcsufudk &Sif;vif;

xif&Sm;apcJhonf/ xdkYaMumifh a&S;a[mif; Ak'¨0g'\ t"du tom;ay;

aom oifMum;rI? zdtm;ay; ,kHMunfaprIrSm ½lAlAD;,[ftodonmtwGif;

]&S&D;uf} jzpfonfh Oyrmwpf&yf jzpfonf/ tb,faMumifhqdkaomf ¤if;wdkY

onf udk;uG,f&mt&Sif (tv’m[f) wnf&Sdjcif;udk aNAmifusus vkH;0

jiif;qefjcif;aMumifh jzpfonf/

tvm;wlyif *sdef;0g'onf 0gZmrem (Vardhamana) ac: r[m0D&

(Mahavira) rS pepfwus pkpnf;wifjycJhaom t,l0g'wpf&yf jzpfonf/

¤if;\ oifMum;rIwGif udk;uG,f&mt&Sif[lír&Sd? vGwfvyfaom (vGwf

ajrmufaom) pdwf0dnmOfonf? bk&m;uJhodkY raojcif;? tvkH;pkHudk odjrif

Edkifaom oAÁnKwÓPfpOfudk &Edkifaomtqifhtwef;odkY a&muf&SdEdkif

onf/ xdkYaMumifh *sdef;bmomw&m;qdkif&m vlYtpkta0;rsm;u tuRwf

w&m; &oGm;aom? uRwfwef;0ifoGm;aom &[EÅmrsm;udk bk&m;[k owf

rSwfí? ¤if;&[EÅmrsm; ouf&Sdxif&Sm;&SdpOfumvwGif ½dkaoav;pm;rI jyK

ouJhodkY ¤if;wdkY uG,fvGefoGm;aomtcg ¤if;wdkY\ ½kyfxkBuD;rsm;udk

MunfndKav;pm; ½dkaoudkif;½Idif;Muonf/

tjcm;a&S;usaom jiif;y,fjcif;? jiif;qefjcif;qdkif&m &S&D;ufrSm wref

awmfrlpmvufxuf? zm½dkbk&if (zd&fatmifef)\ tjzpftysufü awGY

Edkifayonf/ tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS zd&fatmifonf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf

wnf&Sdjcif;udk jiif;qefcJhaMumif;? wrefawmfrlpmESifh tD*spfEdkifiHom;

86 Dictionary of Philosophy and Religion, p. 72.

rsm;tm; rdrdonfomvQif tm;vkH;aom zefqif;jcif;\ t&SifjzpfaMumif;

qdkcJhonf/ ¤if;tcsufudk usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefwGif tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS

zd&fatmif\ pum;&yfrsm;udk atmufygtwdkif; ñTefjyxm;onf/

[ ]

]]xdkzd&fatmifefu (tdk-rlpm?) trSefyif tu,fí toifonf

uREfkyfrSvJGí tjcm;aom udk;uG,f&mt&Sif wpfyg;yg;udk a½G;cs,f

cJhygvQif {uefrvJG uREkfyfonf toifhtm; tusOf;axmif

csxm;rnf[k ajymqdk usHK;0g;cJhav\/}}87

[ ]

]]xdkYaemuf ¤if;(zd&fatmifef)u ]]uREfkyfonfyif toifwdkY\ jrifh

jrwfqHk;aomt&Sifjzpfonf}}[k ajymqdk(aMunm)chJavonf/}}88

19 &mpkESifh 20&mpktwGif; Oa&my'óeynm&SiftcsKdUu udk;uG,f&m

t&Sifr&SdaMumif; aemifwGif ]]udk;uG,ft&Sif'óe\ aoqkH;rI}} (tqkH;

owfjcif;)[k a<u;aMumfcJhonf/ *smrmef'óeynm&Sif zDvpfyf rdef;vef;

'g; (Philipp Mainlander) (1841-1876)rS ¤if;\t"duusaom a&;om;

wifjyrIjzpfonfh “The Philosophy of Redemption, 1876}} (jyefvnf tzwf

q,fjcif;? a½G;Ekwfjcif;)[lonfh 'óewGif atmufygtwdkif; wifjyxm;

ygonf/

wenf;tm;jzifhqdkaomf ]]u,fwifjcif;'óe}}[kvnf; ac:qdkEdkifyg

onf/ ¤if;'óe\ tvdkt& udk;uG,f&mt&Sif&Sdonf[k ,kHMunfvufcH

jcif;rSm rdrdwdkY\ 'ku©yifv,fa0aeaom jrm;ajrmifvSonfh qif;&JrI?


cHpm;rIrsm;aMumifh aysmf½Tifjcif;[lonfr&Sd/ rdrdwdkY\ 'ku©rsm; uif;a0;ap

&ef tm;udk;&m? cdkvIH&mtjzpf udk;uG,f&mt&Sif[lonfh todonmudk

vufcH,kHMunfMujcif; jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh avmuD\ qif;&J'ku©

cHpm;rIrsm; r&Sdawmhygu udk;uG,f&mt&Sifonf vdktyfawmhrnf r[kwf

acs/ xdkYaMumifh udk;uG,f&mt&Sif r&Sdawmhygu qif;&J'ku©cHpm;&jcif;

[laom oabmw&m;vnf; r&Sdawmhacs/ aysmf½Tifjcif;om usef&pfrnf/

xdkYaMumifh udk;uG,f&mt&Sifudk jiif;qefjcif;onfom taumif;qkH;tajz

jzpfonf[k cH,laom'óe jzpfonf/89

y&yf&Sm;rS z½dkif;'&pfcsf eD;Zfacs; (Friedrich Nietzche (1844-1900) rS

txufazmfjyyg ]]udk;uG,f&mt&Sif\ aoqkH;jcif;}} 'óeudk axmufcH

cJh\/ ¤if;u wifjycJhonfhtqdkrSm ]]udk;uG,f&mt&Sif (bk&m;)}} [lonf

rSm vlom;rS rdrd\cufcJrI? qif;&J'ku©rsm;twGuf cHpm;&aom pdwfrouf

omrI? pdwfzdpD;rItwGuf ESpfodrfhrI&,lNyD; r[mvlom;tjzpf a&muf&SdvdkrI

twGuf ykHazmfxm;onfh ]ykH&dyf} «wenf;qdk&aomf ]todÓPfxJrS ykH&dyf}

(Mental Image)» wpfckom jzpfonf/ vlom;tqifhrS ]]r[mvlom;}}tjzpf

zefwD;&ef pdwful;wGif ykHazmfxm;aom ]Mum;cHaygif;ul;} wpfckom

jzpfonf/90

20 &mpk\ jypfopf'óeynm&SifwpfOD;jzpfonfh *sdef;aygvf qmw

&m,f (Jean Paul Sartre)rSvnf; ]udk;uG,f&mt&Sif aoqkH;jcif;}[lonfh

'óeudk axmufcHcJhonf/ ol\t,ltqt& udk;uG,f&mt&Sif[lonf

¤if;\ rl&if;a0g[m&rsm;ESifh qefYusifuGJjym;jcif;aMumifh trSefwu,f

rwnf&SdEdkif/ ]udk;uG,f&mt&Sif}[lonfht,ltqrSm vlom;taeESifh rdrd

89 Dictionary of Philosophy and Religion, p. 327. 90 Dictionary of Philosophy and Religion, p. 391.

\ jzpfwnfrI tajctaet& rjzpfrae rSef;qykHazmf&rnfh ]pdwful;ykHazmf

rI} wpfckom jzpfonf/91

'g0if\ 1882 ckESpfwGif a&;om;cJhonfh pmwrf;t& ]vlom;onf

wefcdk;BuD;aom vl0HwpfrsKd;om jzpfonf/} ol\t,ltqudk 19 &mpk\

vlrIa&;odyÜHynm&Sifrsm;ESifh 'óetawG;tac:ynm&Sifrsm;\ oDtdk&D

wGif vufcHxm;Muonf/ ,if;oDtdk&Drsm;rS ]udk;uG,f&mt&Sif rwnf&Sd

aMumif;} t,ltqtwGuf odyÜHenf;usaom tajccHoabmw&m;rsm;

csrSwfay;onf/ ¤if;wdkY\ t,ltqt& bmomw&m;[lonf udk;uG,f

&mr&Sdaom bk&m;rJh0g'rS udk;uG,f&mt&Sif wpfyg;wnf;udk udk;uG,faom

0g'odkY qifhuJajymif;vJ jzpfay:vmonf/ ,if;odkY bmomw&m;\

qifhuJajymif;vJjzpfay:vmjcif;onf vlom;\ qifhuJajymif;vJí jzpf

ay:aom vl0Hb0rS vlom;b0odkY a&muf&Sdjcif;? wzef vGwfvyfaom

wpfOD;csif;pDaeaom vlom;rS EdkifiHESifh aexdkifaom EdkifiHom;tqifhodkY

qifhuJajymif;vJjcif;wdkYESifh qufpyfaeonf[k qdkvdkjcif;jzpfonf/

qifhuJajymif;vJjcif;oDtdk&Dudk vufcHMuaomolrsm;onf ]zefqif;

jcif;} [lonfh oabmw&m;\ tESpfom&qdkif&m ar;cGef;rsm;udk a&Smif

MuOf&ef BudK;pm;onf/ txl;ojzifh ¤if;wdkYrS rajzray;Edkifao;aom

jyóemrSm t&Sifjrwf\ *kPfawmfwpfckjzpfaom ]r&Sd&mrS &Sd&modkY jzpf

ay:apjcif;} jzpfonf/ vuf&Sd jzpfwnfaeaom ½kyf? j'yftm;vkH;\

tponf rnfodkY pwifcJhNyD;? tb,faMumifh vuf&SdtajctaeodkY tqkH;

owfa&muf&Sdae onfudk tajzray;Edkifjcif; jzpfonf/ ,cktcg xdkt,l

tqudk vufcHxm;Muukefolrsm;onf um;vfrwfpfcf (Karl Marx)\

aemufvdkufaemufygrsm; jzpfonf/ um;vfrwfpfcfonf uGefjrLepf0g'D

wpfOD;jzpfovdk? ¤if;onf qdk&S,fvpf0g'D odyÜHynm&SifwpfOD;vnf; jzpf

onf/ ¤if;\ t,ltqt& ]]t&m0w¦Ktm;vkH;\ rlvtponf j'yfrsm;

91 Dictionary of Philosophy and Religion, Pp. 50-9.

\ a½GUvsm;rIESifhom oufqdkifonf/}} (j'yfrIefrsm; a½GUvsm;rIudk qdkvdk

onf/) rwfpfcf\ 0g't,ltqt& ]]udk;uG,f&mt&Sif (bk&m;)[lonf

vlom;\ pdwful;,Of ykHazmfrIwpf&yfom jzpfonf/ vlom;rsm; txl;

ojzifh tkyfcsKyfol vlwef;pm;rS tkyfcsKyfa&;tmPmudk tqifhqifh tarG

qufcH tkyfcsKyfEdkif&efESifh tkyfcsKyfcHvlwef;pm;trsm;pktm; ¤if;wdkYtrSef

wu,f &Sifoefae&aom b0tajctaerSefudk zkH;uG,fxm;&ef? vlxk

taeESifh tkyfcsKyfolvlwef;pm;\ zdESdyftkyfcsKyfrIudk tm½kHrpl;pdkufEdkifap&ef

zefwD; xm;aom wHwdkif; (tumtuG,f) wpfckjzpfonf/}}

rkpfvifrfrsm;wGif awGY&onfh jiif;qefjcif;jzifh jyKvkyfaom ]&S&D;uf}

twGuf Oyrmwpf&yfrSm tdAfEkt&ADuJhodkY qlzDrsm;rS t&mtm;vkH;onf

tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfjzpfí tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfonf tm;vkH;aomt&mwGi f

udef;0yfaeonf[k ,kHMunfjcif;jzpfonf/ ¤if;wdkY\ ,kHMunfcsuft&

tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ oD;jcm; &yfwnfEdkifpGrf; (Separate Identity)udk jiif;

qefjcif;jzifh tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ wnf&Sdjcif;udk jiif;qefvdkufjcif; jzpf

onf/ þt,ltqudk 17 &mpk\ 'wfcsfvlrsKd;? *sL;'óeynm&Sif bm

½l;csf pyDEdkZm (Baruch Spinoza) \ wifjyrIwGifvnf; awGY&SdEdkifonf/ ol\

t,ltqrSm udk;uG,f&mt&Sif[lonfrSm vlom;tygt0if pMu0Vm wpf

ckvkH;\ tpdwftydkif;rsm;tm;vkH;udk aygif;pnf;xm;aomt&m jzpfonf/

tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ emrawmf? *kPfawmfrsm;ESifh ywfoufí

jzpfay:wwfaom &S&D;uftrsKd;tpm;rsm;

þtrsKd;tpm; ]&S&D;uf}wGif tm&Aft½dkif;tpdkif;rsm;\ jyKvkyfavh&Sd

onfh tavhtusifhrsm; yg0ifonf/ ,if;tavhtxrsm;rSm tv’m[f

t&Sifjrwftm; ¤if;\ zefqif;cHrsm;\ *kPf&nfESifh trnfrSnfhac:jcif;?

wzef tzefqif;cHrsm;tm; tv’m[ft& Sifjrwf\ *kPfawmfrsm;? bGJYawmf

rsm; trnfay;í rSnfhac:jcif;wdkY ESpfrsKd;pvkH;yg0ifonf/

(1) vlom;tjzpf ykHazmfjcif;ESifhqdkifaom &S&D;uf

tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ emrawmf? *kPfawmfrsm;ESifh oufqdkifí jzpf

avhjzpfx&Sdaom ]&S&D;uf}trsKd;tpm;wGif tv’m[ft&Sifjrwftm; vlom;

ESifh wd&dpämefrsm;\ ykHyef;o@mef? t&nftaoG;rsm;jzifh ykHazmfjcif; jzpf

onf/ urÇmay:wGif vlom;\ wd&dpämefrsm;tay:vTrf;rdk;EdkifrI? BuD;us,f

jrifhjrwfrIudk taMumif;jyKí ½kyfxk½kyfyGm;jyKvkyfudk;uG,folrsm;rS udk;uG,f

&mt&Sif\ zefqif;jcif;udk azmfjy&ef? rsm;aomtm;jzifh vlom;\ toGif

o@mefudk okH;avh&Sdonf/ tusKd;quftm;jzifh zefqif;&Sif\ ykH&dyf

(ykHawmf)udk aq;jc,fjcif;? ykHoGif;jcif;? ykHazmfjcif;? yef;ykxkjcif;wdkY jyKvkyf

Muonf/ ,if;odkY ykHo@mefudk jyKvkyfykHoGif;&mwGif xdk½kyfxk? qif;xk?

½kyfyGm;awmfrsm;udk udk;uG,folrsm;ESifh ykHo@meftoGiftjyif vu©Pmrsm;

udk erlem,lí xkvkyfavh&SdMuonf/ Oyrmjy&vQif? [dE´LbmomESifh Ak'¨

bmom0ifrsm;onf tm&Swdkufom; a,musfm;rsm;\ ykHo@mefudk ½kyfyGm;

qif;xkrsm; tajrmuftjrm;xkvkyfí udk;uG,fylaZmfMuonf/ xdkodkY tm&S

wdkufom; a,musfm;rsm; (tdE´d,? jrefrm? w½kwf? udk;&D;,m;? *syef ...

ponfjzifh)\ ykHudk xGif;xkylaZmf&jcif;rSm xdkvlom;rsm;\ ykH&dyfrsm;onf

udk;uG,f&mt&Sif\ zefqif;jcif; o½kyfouefudk xif&Sm; &Sif;vif;pGm

xif[yfEdkifonf[k ,kHMunfMujcif;aMumifh jzpfonf/

acwfopf c&pf,mefbmom0ifrsm;taeESifh wrefawmftDqm

onf udk;uG,f&mt&SifrS vlYZmwdcHNyD; ]]vl0ifpm;bk&m;}} jzpfonf[k

,kHMunfMuonf/ wenf;qdkaomf zefqif;&Siftm; zefqif;cHb0odkY ouf

qif;apjcif; jzpfonf/ þonf udk;uG,f&mt&Siftm; vlom;toGif

oGwfoGif;jcif;qdkif&m ]&S&D;uf}\ xif&Sm;aomOyrmjzpfonf/ rdkufu,f

tdrf*sJvdk (Michaelangelo, 1565) uJhodkYaom xif&Sm;ausmfMum;onfh c&pf

,mefyef;csDynm&SifrS udk;uG,f&mt&Sif\ ykHawmfudk ykHqGJ&m? ykHazmf&mwGif

udk,fvkH;wD;jzpfaeaom Oa&myvltkdwpfa,muftjzpf ykHazmfcJhonf/ olY

wGif jzLazG;aom qHyif (aiGa&mifqHyif) rsm;ESifh rkwfqdwfarG;rsm;&SdNyD;?

AufwDuefausmif;awmf (AufwDuefNrdKU&Sd jrifhjrwfaom c&pf,mef bk&m;

&Sdcdk;ausmif;)\ rsufESmusufwGif ykHazmfxm;onfh ½kyfxk jzpfonf/

c&pf,mefurÇmwGif xkvkyfxm;onfh ½kyfyGm;rsm;teuf txufyg ykHawmf

onf taumif;qkH;? tjrifhqkH; bk&m;ocifudk udk,fpm;tjyKEdkifqkH;[k

,lqMuonf/

(2) vlom;\ tqifhudk udk;uG,f&mt&SifESifh wef;wlxm;jcif;jzifh jyKvkyfaom

&S&D;ufykHpH

tvf-twfpfrmtf 0qGf-qGdzmofwGifyg0ifonfh ]&S&D;uf}trsKd;tpm;

wpfckrSm vlom;rsm;ESifh vlom;wdkY zefwD;jyKvkyfxm;aomt&mrsm;udk

tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\emrawmfrsm;jzifh ac:a0:jcif;ESifh wzef xdkt&Sif\

*kPfawmfrsm;ESifh woac:a0:owfrSwfjcif;wdkY yg0ifonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh

qdk&aomf a&S;a[mif;tm&AfvlrsKd;rsm;onf ¤if;wdkY\ ewf½kyfrsm;? bk&m;

½kyfxkrsm;udk tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ emrawmfrsm;rS qif;ouf vmaom

trnfrsm;ESifh woac:a0:jcif; jzpfonf/ ¤if;wkdY\ ewfbk&m;rsm;teuf

ewfbk&m; 3 yg;tm; ac:a0:woaom? rSnfhac:xm;aom trnfemr

rsm;rSm tvf-vm;of (¤if;onf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ tv’m[fqdkonfh

*kPfawmfrS ,lxm;aomtrnf jzpfonf)? tvf-tkZfZm[f (¤if;onf

tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ tvf-tZD;Zfqdkonfh*kPfawmfrS ,lxm;aomtrnf

jzpfonf)? tvf-rkewfxf (¤if;onf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ tvf-rem;ef

qdkonfh*kPfawmfrS ,lxm;aomtrnf jzpfonf)wdkY jzpfMuonf/ wref

awmfjrwf oufawmfxif&Sm;&SdpOf umvtwGif;u tma&AswGif

wrefawmftwkwpfyg; ay:aygufcJhNyD;? xdk wrefawmftwk\ bGJYawmfrSm

,rm;r[f jzpfNyD;? ¤if;bGJYawmfonf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf wpfyg;wnf;ESifh

xdkufwefaom*kPfawmfjzpfonfh ]]&[frmef}}qdkonfhpum;vkH;rS qGJ,lxm;

aom pum;vkH;jzpfonf/

&DStm*dkPf;rsm;teuf txl;ojzifh qD;&D;,m;EdkifiH? Elqdkif&D;,m;a'o

&Sd &SDtmrsm;onf wrefawmfrk[r®'f\ wpf0rf;uGJnDawmfvnf;jzpf?

om;rufawmfvnf;jzpfol tAloGmvdAf\om;? cvDz[fBuD; tvD

ociftm; tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ udk,fyGm;[k ,kHMunfMuNyD;? ¤if;tm;

tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ *kPfawmfrsm;udkvnf; ay;xm;ayonf/ ¤if;&SDtm

tkyfpkrsm;teuf tdpfrmtDvD (Ismaillis)rsm;? ¤if;wdkYtm; t*g;cef;eD;pf

(Agha Khanees)rsm;[kvnf;ac:jcif;cHMu&aom tkyfpkwpfpk &Sdonf/ ¤if;

tkyfpk\ acgif;pOfwGif yg0ifonfh t*g;cef;tm;? ¤if;\ aemufvdkuf

rsm;u udk;uG,f&mt&Sif tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf 0ifpm;aomyk*¾dKvfjzpfonf[k

,kHMunfMuavonf/ þuJhodkYaom ,kHMunfrIrsKd;aMumifh ]&S&D;uf} jzpf

oGm;aomolrsm;wGif vbEGefEdkifiHrS '½l;ZD (Druze) rsKd;EG,frsm;vnf;

yg0ifMuonf/ ¤if;wdkYu zmwDrdk'f cvDz[ftvf-[muif;rfAd tr&D;

vm;vf (Fatimid Caliph Al-Hakim Bi Amrillah) tm; tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS

vlom;tjzpf udk,fpm;vS,fjyK xif&Sm;apaom vl0ifpm;bk&m;[k ,kH

MunfMujcif; jzpfonf/ qlzDrsm;teuf tvf-[vfvwf*sfuJhodkY qlzD

rsm;u a<u;aMumfMuonfrSm ¤if;wdkYonf tv’m[ft&SifjrwfESifh wpfxyf

wnf;usonf/ wpfxyfwnf; jzpfoGm;onf[kqdkMu\/ ,if;uJhodkY

zefqif;cHrsm;u zefqif;&Siftv’m[fESifh tqifhwljzpfoGm;onf[k ,kH

Munfjcif;rSmvnf; txufazmfjyyg tvf-twfpfrmtf 0qGf-qGdzmofqdkif

&m ]&S&D;uf}trsKd;tpm;wGif tusKH;0ifonf/

,ckacwftcgwGif rsm;pGmaom 0dnmOfa&;&mq&mrsm; (0dnmOfac:Edkif

ol? 0dnmOfpD;ol^yl;olrsm;)ESifh 0dnmOfavmuESifh vlYavmuMum;wGif

&yfwnf qufoG,fay;Edkifolrsm; (Oyrm- &SmvDrufuvdef;ESifh a*sZuf

Edkufxf (Shirley Maclaine and J.Z Knight) wdkYu rdrdwdkYudk,fudk rdrdwdkY jrifh

jrwfaom bk&m;ocifxHrS yg0g&&Sdxm;aomolrsm;[lívnf;aumif;? om

rmef vlom;rsm;[lívnf;aumif; a<u;aMumfavh&Sdonf/ ausmif;rsm;wGif

tdkif;pwdkif;\ &DavwDywDoDtdk&D (E=mc2 pGrf;tifonf j'yf\yrmPESifh

tvif;\ tjrefudk ESpfxyfwifxm;aomudef;\ ajr§mufv'fwefbkd;ESifh

nDonf)udk oifMum;jcif;onfvnf; tvf-twfpfrm;tf 0qGf-qGdzm;of

ESifhqdkifaom ]&S&D;uf}trsKd;tpm;wGif tusKH;0ifonf/ xdkoDtdk&Du qdkxm;

onfrSm tifem*sDudk zefwD;ívnf; r&? zsufpD;ívnf; r&/ pGrf;tifudk

ykHo@mefajymif;vJíom &onf/ ¤if;onf j'yf\ yrmPudk vdkufíom

ajymif;vJEdkifonf/ odkY&mwGif j'yfESifhpGrf;tif ESpfrsKd;pvkH;onf tv’m[f

t&SifjrwfrS zefqif;xm;aom t&mjzpfouJhodkY ¤if;wdkYudk t&SifjrwfrS

tcsdefra½G; zsufpD;vdku zsufpD;Edkifonf/ usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefwGif

tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS

[ ]

]]tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfonfyif t&m&mudk zefqif;awmfrlaomt&Sif

jzpfawmfrlonf/}} 92

[ ]

]] ,if;yx0Dajray:ü &SdorQwdkYonf (rNrJ) ysufpD;qdwfokOf;tHh

aomt&mrsm;yif jzpfukef\/}}93

tdkif;pwdkif;\ &DavwDAwDoDtdk&DrS ñTefjyonfrSm j'yfESifhpGrf;tifESpf

rsKd;pvkH;onf tpvnf; r&Sd? tqkH;vnf; r&Sd? ¤if;wdkYonf pMu0VmBuD;

wnfNrJaeonfh twdkif;twmtxd xm0& rysufrokOf;wnf&Sdaernf/

¤if;wdkYudk zsufpD;ívnf; r&/ ajymif;vJívnf; r&/ txufazmfjyyg

]]tpvnf; r&Sd? tqkH;vnf; r&Sd? zefwD;ívnf; r&/ ajymif;vJí


vnf;r&/ xm0& wnfaernf}}[laom *kPft*Fgt&nftaoG;rSm

tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf wpfyg;wnf;\ *kPfawmfjzpfonf/

'g0if\ qifhuJajymif;vJjcif;oDtdk&DwGif toufZD0ef\ qifhuJ

ajymif;vJ jzpfay:jcif;udk atmufygtwdkif; azmfjyxm;onf/ touf"gwf

onf oufrJht&m0w¦KrS udk;uG,f&mt&Sif\ 0ifa&muf pGufzufrI wpfpkH

wpf&mrygbJ jzpfay:vmonf[k qdkonf/ 'g0ifoDtdk&Dudk ouf0if

,kHMunfolacgif;aqmifwpfOD;jzpfol qmt,fvf'ghpf[wfpfav (Sir Aldous

Huxley)rS txufazmfjyyg t,ltqESifhywfoufí atmufygtwdkif;

azmfjyxm;onf/

]]'g0ifoDtdk&Donf aMumif;usKd;qufpyfqifjcif pOf;pm;a0zef aqG;

aEG;jcif;e,fy,frS udk;uG,f&mt&Siftm; owÅ0gcyfodrf;\ zefqif;&Sif

[laom t,ltqwpfckvkH;udk z,f&Sm;ypfvdkufonf/}}94

tdAm'[fc0yfudk;uG,frItwGif; jzpfay:aom &S&D;uf

þtrsKd;tpm; ]&S&D;uf}wGif udk;uG,f&mt&Siftjyif tjcm;aomt&m

rsm;udk OD;wdkufylaZmfyorI? c0yfudk;uG,frIjyKjcif;ESifh qkvmbfrsm;? aus;

Zl;awmfrsm;? apmifrrIrsm;udk zefqif;&Sifxuf zefqif;cH rsm;xHrS arQmfudk;

jcif;? &,lEdkifonf[k ,kHMunfjcif; jzpfonf/ þ]&S&D;uf}trsKd;tpm;wGif

trsKd;cGJ ESpfck yg0ifonf/

1/ &S&D;uftBuD;pm; (t"du&S&D;uf) (شرك الأكبر)

þuJhodkYaom ]&S&D;uf}trsKd;tpm;rSm wpfpkHwpfa,mufonf tv’m[f

t&SifjrwfrSvGJí tjcm;aom vlyk*¾dKvf? t&m0w¦Kwpfcktm; OD;wdkufí

c0yfudk;uG,f? ylaZmfyo? qkawmif;qk,ljyKaomtcgrsKd;wGif xdkufoifh

94 Quoted in Francis Hitching"s, TheNeck of the Giraffe, (New York: Ticknor and

Fields, 1982, p.254 from Tax and Callender, 1960, vol.III, p.45)

aom ]&S&D;uf} jzpfonf/ txl;ojzifh ½kyfyGm;qif;wkrsm; ylaZmfyojcif;

onf txif&Sm;qkH; Oyrm jzpfonf/ tv’m[frS eADwrefawmfrsm;

tm;vkH;tm; apvTwfí w&m;vrf;rSef ñTefjyap&onfh taMumif;t&if;

rSm vlom;rsm;tm; ½kyfyGm;qif;wkrsm; udk;uG,fyojcif;rS uif;a0;ap&ef

jzpfonf/ usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefwGif

[ ]

]]pifppfaomfum; {uefrvGJ igt&Sifjrwfonf vlrsKd;wkdif;wGif

&plvfwrefawmfwpfyg;udk apvTwfawmfrlNyD; ]]toifwdkYonf

tjcm;udk;uG,f&mrsm;udk pGefYvTwfy,f&Sm;í (wpfqlwnf;aom

tv’m[ft&Sifjrwftm;omvQif c0yfudk;uG,fMuavukef}} [k

(a[mMum; apawmfrlcJhavonf)/}}95

txufazmfjyyg tm,ofawmftwGif;yg0ifaom oGm*l;of (Taghut)

[laompum;\ t"dyÜg,frSm tv’m[ft&Sifjrwftjyif tjcm; udk;uG,f&m

wpfpkHwpf&mudk udk;uG,fjcif;ESifh tv’m[ft&SifjrwfESifh wpfpkHwpf&mudk

,SOfwGJudk;uG,fjcif;wdkY tusKH;0ifonf/ Oyrm- tcspf (cspfjcif;w&m;)

onf c0yfudk;uG,frI\ ykHo@mefwpfrsKd;jzpfí? NyD;jynfhpkHaomykHazmfrIwGif

¤if;tcspfw&m;onf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf wpfyg;wnf;xHodkYom &nfpll;

jyo&rnf/ tpövmrfwGif tv’m[ft&Sifjrwftm; cspfonf[kqdkvQif?

xdkt&Sifjrwftm; vkH;0emcH½dk;usKd; b0aqmufwnf&rnf/

xdkYaMumifh tv’m[ft&Sifjrwftay:wGifxm;&Sdaom tcspfw&m;onf

tzefqif;cHrsm;jzpfaom? rdrd\ rdbESpfyg;? om;orD;? ZeD;r,m;? tpm;

taomufponfwdkYtay:xm;aomtcspfESifh wef;wl r&Sdap&/ tu,fí

tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf tay:wGifxm;aomtcspfESifh tjcm;tzefqif;cHrsm;


tay:xm;onfh tcspfwef;wljzpfygu? t&Sifjrwf\ *kPfawmfudk edrfhus

aponfhtwGuf aomif[D;'f twfpfrmtf 0qGf-qGdzm;ofabmifwGif;rS

]&S&D;uf} xdkufonf/ xdkYaMumifh tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf wpfyg;wnf;xHodkY

om OD;wnfí rdrdcHpm;rIrsm;udk pkpnf;xm;&rnf/ usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef

wGif tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS wrefawmfjrwfrk[r®'ftm;

[ ]

]](tdk-eADwrefawmf) toifonf (vlcyif;wkdYtm; þodkY) ajym

Mum;ygav/ tu,fí toif wdkYonf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwftm;

cspfMunfjrwfEdk;Muygrl ig\trdefYMo0g'rsm;ukd tpOfwpkduf

vdkufemMuukef/ (odkYr SomvQif) toifwdkYtm; tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf

onf cspfMunf jrwfEdk;awmfrltHhh/}}96

wrefawmfjrwfBuD;rS ¤if;\qG[mA[fBuD;rsm;tm; rdefUrSmcJhonf

rSm-

]]toifwdkYonf oifwdkY\ om;orD;rsm;? toifwdkY\ zcifrsm;

ESifh vlom;rsKd;EG,ftm;vkH;xufydkí uREfkyftm; rcspfMunf rjrwf

Edk;oa½GUumvywfvkH; toifwdkYonf ppfrSefaom rktfrifef ouf

0if,kHMunfolrsm; jzpfEdkifMurnf r[kwfacs/}}97

wrefawmfjrwftm; cspfcifjrwfEdk;rIonf ¤if;\vlom;0g' (0g)

udk,f&nfudk,faoG;ay:wGif tajccHonfr[kwfbJ ¤if;\ udk;uG,f&m

t&SifxHrS &&Sdonfh owif;pum;ay:wGif tajccHonf/ xdkYaMumifh

96 usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 3; 31/ 97 tewfpfocifu qifhjyefcJhí tDrmrfAkcg&D ocifu pkpnf;wifjycJhonf/ ½I-qG[D;[f tvf-Akcg&Dusrf;? twGJ-1? pm-20? ['D;qftrSwf-13 ESifh qG[D;[f rkpfvifrfusrf;? twGJ-1? pm-31? ['D;qftrSwf-71/

tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfudk cspfaomtcspfuJhodkYyif udk,fawmfjrwftm; cspfcif

jrwfEdk;jcif;udkvnf; udk,fawmfjrwf\ rdefYrSmcsufrsm;udk tjynfht0

vdkufemusifhBuHemcHwnfaqmufjcif;jzifh cspfcifrIudk jyo&ef jzpfonf/

tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrSaemufqkH;xkwfjyefcsrSwfay;aom usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef

\ tm,ofawmfwGif

[ ]

]]rnfolrqdk &plvfwrefawmf\ trdefYawmfrsm;udk vdkufemyg

vQif? xdkolonf {uefpifppf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ trdefYawmf

rsm;udk vdkufemonfrnf\/}}98

xdkYjyif

[ ]

]]toifonf (,if;olwdkYtm;) ajymMum;ygav/ toifwdkYonf

tv’m,ft&Sifjrwf\ trdefYawmfrsm;udkvnf;aumif;? &plvfwref

awmf\trdefYawmfrsm;udkvnf;aumif;? vdkufemMuukef/}}99

tu,fí vlom;onf wpfpkHwpfa,muf (0g) wpfpkHwpf&mudk rdrdESifh

tv’m[ft&SifjrwfMum;wGif ,laqmifvmygu (qdkvdkonfrSm-tv’m[f

t&Sifjrwfxufydkí wpfOD;wpfa,muftm; wpfpkHwpf&mudk cspfjrwfEdk;cJhyg

vQif) xdkyk*¾dKvf (0g) xdkt&mtm; c0yfudk;uG,fjcif;rnf\/ xdkodkYqdkygu

aiGaMu;onf vlom;\ bk&m;jzpfvmEdkifonf/ (0g) wpfpkHwpfa,muf\

vkdtifqE´onf ]bk&m;} jzpfEdkifonf/ wrefawmfjrwfrS rdefYawmfrlcJh

onfrSm


]]'d&f[rf a½T'*Fg;jym;udk c0yfudk;uG,faomolonf tNrJwap

aMumufrufzG,f&m jzpfaeayrnf/}}100

xdkYjyif usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefü tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf rdefYawmfrlxm;onf

rSm

[ ]

]](tdk-eADwrefawmf?) rdrd\pdwftvdkqE´udk rdrd\ udk;uG,f&m

tjzpf jyKvkyfcJhaomol\ taMumif;udk toifonf odjrifcJhNyD

r[kwfavm/}}101

tdAm'[f (c0yfudk;uG,fjcif;) ESifhoufqdkifonfh ]&S&D;uf}vkyfjcif;\

qdk;usKd;rsm;udk trsm;qkH; ñTefjyxm;onf/ tb,faMumifhqdkaomf xdkodkY

bk&m;wk? bk&m;a,mifrsm;udk c0yfudk;uG,fjcif;onf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf

\ zefqif;jcif; &nf½G,fcsufESifh qefYusifaomoabmudkaqmifaom

aMumifh jzpfonf/ ¤if;udk tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS

[ ]

]]pifppfaomfum; igt&Sifjrwfonf *sifef owå0gwdkYtm;vnf;

aumif;? rEkó vlom;wdkYtm; vnf;aumif;? igt&Sifjrwftm;

qnf;uyf udk;uG,f Mu&efomvQif zefqif;awmfrlcJh\/}}102

t"du ]&S&D;uf} (&S&D;uftBuD;pm;) qdkonfrSm? pMu0Vmt&Siftm;

qefYusifykefuefaomtrIjzpfNyD;? ¤if;onf tBuD;qkH;? tqkH;pGefqkH; 100 tDrmrfAkcg&D rS qifhjyefcJhonf/ ½I-qG[D;[f tvf-Akcg&Dusrf;? t&AD-t*Fvdyf bmomjyef? twGJ-8? pm-296? ['D;qf trSwf-443/ 101 usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 25; 43/ 102 usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 51; 56/

qdk;0g;aomjypfrI jzpfonf/ þuJhodkYaomjypfrIonf tvGef BuD;rm;?

qdk;0g;vSjcif;aMumifh vlwpfOD;wpfa,muf\ aumif;rIvkyf&yftm;vkH;udk

y,fzsufjcif;cH&rnfjzpfNyD;? ¤if;yk*¾dKvftm; xm0&i&Jom;tjzpf pHjref;ae

xdkif&atmif jyifqifay;aom (0g) i&JtwGuf tmrcHcsufay;aomjypfrI

jzpfonf/ tusKd;quftm;jzifh rSm;,Gif;aom? vGJrSm;aombmomw&m;

onf þuJhodkYaom ]&S&D;uf}wGif tajccHwnfaqmufxm;onfudk awGY&

ayrnf/ vlvkyfbmomw&m;rsm;tm;vkH;onf wenf; (0g) tjcm;

wenf;jzifh zefqif;jcif;bufodkY zdwfac:í udk;uG,fqnf;uyfaponfudk

awGY&ayrnf/ c&pf,mefbmomwGif bmom0ifrsm;tm; a,½I[kac:wGif

aom bk&m;wpfjzpfvJ wrefawmf (wrefawmftDqm)tm; udk;uG,f

&mt&Sif 0ifpm;onf[k ,lqvQuf udk;uG,fqnf;uyfaponf/ c&pf

,mefrsm;teuf uufovpfbmom0ifrsm;onf ar&D (r&f,rfocifr

tm;) bk&m;\ r,fawmftjzpf? tcspfxm;NyD; udk;uG,fqnf;uyfMuukef

\/ rDumtD;vfac: rvmtdum[fwpfyg;udk tav;tjrwfxm;NyD;

pufwifbm 29 &ufaeYudk pdefYrdkufu,fvfaeYtjzpf owfrSwfí yGJawmf

usif;yMuonf/ ¤if;wdkYtaeESifh olawmfpifrsm;tm; ouf&Sdxif&Sm;&Sdaom

vl jzpfap? ykHazmfykHoGif;xm;NyD;aomt&mudkjzpfap (olawmfpif\ ½kyfykHudk

ykHazmfjcif;) udk;uG,fqnf;uyfMuukef\/103

txufazmfjyyg ]&S&D;uf}trsKd;tpm;udk usL;vGefMuaom rkpfvifrfrsm;

rSm wrefawmfjrwfrk[r®'ftm; c0yf udk;uG,fMuolrsm;ESifh qlzD

olawmfpifrsm;\ u&mrof ac: yg0gpGrf;tm;udk (tvGeftuRH) ,kHMunf

MuNyD;? xdkolawmfpifrsm;rS ¤if;wdkY\ 'ktm (qkawmif; yw¦emrsm;udk)

tajzay;Edkifonf[k ,kHMunfjcif;? xdkolawmfpifBuD;rsm;udk tpOftquf

tvdkuf,kHMunfjcif;rsm; tusKH;0ifonf/usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefwGif tv’m[f

t&SifjrwfrS atmufygtwdkif; rdefYawmfrlxm;avonf/

103 William Halsey (ed), Colliers Encyclopedia, USA, Crowell-Collier Educational

Foundation, 1970, Vol. 16. p.110.

[

]

]](tdk-eADwrefawmf) toifonf (xdkolwdkYtm; þodkY) ajymqdk

ygav/ toifwdkY ajymjyMuukef? tu,fí tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\

jypf'Pfonf toifwdkY\tay:ü usa&mufvmcJhonf &Sdaomf?

odkYwnf;r[kwf ]]ud,mrwf}} (&SifjyefxrnfhaeY) onf toifwdkY

xH qdkufa&mufvmcJhonf&Sdaomf (xdkuJhodkYaom tcsdefumvrsKd;ü

vnf;) toifwdkYonf tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrSwyg; (rdrdwdkY udk,f

wdkif bk&m;tjzpf jyKvkyfudk;uG,fMuukefaom) tjcm;t&mrsm;udk

yif [pfac:Murnfavm/ toifwdkY rSefuefaomolrsm; jzpfMuyg

vQif (xdkodkYaomtcsdefrsKd;wGifvnf; tv’m[ft&Sifjrwftm; pGefY

vTwfí rdrdwdkY\ udk;uG,f&mrsm;udkom [pfac:oifhayonf/)104

(2) &S&D;ufti,fpm; (شرك الاصغر)

r[frl;'ftdAfaeYvkAdkif'frS qifhjyefxm;onf/ wrefawmfjrwf rk[

r®'f rS rdefYawmfrlonfrSm-

]]uREkfyf wrefawmfrS toifwdkYESifh ywfoufí ydkNyD; pdk;&drfaom

jypfrIrSm ]&S&D;uftqGf*&f} ac: ]&S&D;ufti,fpm;rsm;} jyKvkyfrnf

udk pdk;&drfonf/ xdktcg azmfjyygqG[mADrS wrefawmfjrwf

tm; ]tdk-tv’m[fh wrefawmf? ]&S&D;ufti,fpm;} (0g) &S&D;uf

tao;pm;[lonfrSm tb,fuJhodkYaom ]&S&D;uf}trsKd;tpm;?

rnfuJhodkYaom tjyKtrlrsm;udk qdkvdkygoenf;} [k ar;jref;

avQmufxm;cJhonf/ xdktcg tv’m[fhwrefawmfrS ]t&f-&d,m

ac: jypm;rI jzpfonf/ xdkolrsm;twGuf ud,mrofaeYwGif


tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS rdefYawmfrlonfrSm ]toifwdkYonf ½kyfypönf;

(½kyfavmu)&Sd toifwdkY &nfpl;jyocJhaom olrsm;xHrS oifwdkY\

aumif;aomvkyf&yfrsm;\ tpm;ay;rI (qkvmbf) udk &,lMu

ukefavmh} [k rdefYawmfrlcJhavonf/105

r[frl;'ftdAfaeYvkAdkif'focifu qufvufajymjycJhonfrSm wrefawmf

jrwfonf xGufvmcJh NyD;aemuf rdefYMum;awmfrlcJhonfrSm

]]tdk-vlom;wdkY? toifwdkYonf vQKdU0SufpGmjyKvkyfMuaom

]&S&D;uf}rsm;udk owdxm;Muavukef/ xdktcg vlom;rsm;u ]tdk-

tv’m[fh&plvf wrefawmf? ]vQKdU0Sufaom&S&D;uf}[lonf tb,f

enf;}[k ar;jref;avQmufxm;Muonf/ xdktcg wrefawmfjrwf

u ]vlwpfa,mufonf qGvmof0wfjyK&ef tdyf&mrS Edk;x

aomtcg vlodatmifjyKvkyfjcif;? wzef qGvmof0wfjyKaeonf

udk vltrsm;u Munfh½IaeaomtcgwGif qGvmof0wfjyKrIudk

tvGefvSypGm aqmufwnf&ef BudK;pm;tm;xkwfjcif; (0g) rdrd

qGvmof0wfjyKonfudk olwyg;odatmif jyKvkyfjcif;wdkY jzpfay

onf}[k rdefYawmfrlcJhavonf/106

t&f-&d,m (jypm;rI)

&d,m[lonfrSm c0yfudk;uG,fqnf;uyfjcif;qdkif&m vkyf&yfrsm;udk jyK

vkyfawmhrnf[kqdkvQif ywf0ef;usif&Sd vltrsm;\ csD;rGrf;rI? txifBuD;

av;pm;rIudk &,l&ef BudK;pm;tm;xkwfrIudk qdkvdkonf/ þuJhodkYaom

105 tDrmrft[fr'f ? tDrmrftoGf-oGAf&meD ESifh tDrmrftvf-Akdif[uD

ocifrS rdrda&;om;onf tZf-Zk[l'fusrf;wdkYwGif toD;oD;wifjycJhonf/ ½I-odkifpD;&f tvf-tZD;Zf tvf-[rD;'fusrf;? tv’mr[f pkvdkifrmef tdAfaeY tAÁ'kvf 0[f[Af ? AD½l'fNrdKU? tvf-rufoAf tvf-tpövmrDykHESdyfwdkuf? 'kwd,tBudrf? 1970? pm-118/ 106 tDrmrftdAfEkckZdkifr[f rS pkpnf;wifjycJhonf/

&d,mjypm;rI\ tukodkvfrSm? xdkyk*¾dKvf\ aumif;aomvkyf&yfaMumifh &&Sd

vmrnfh tusKd;p0gAftm;vkH;udk zsufpD;ypfonfhtjyif þodkY &d,m

jypm;jcif;aMumifh xdkyk*¾dKvftm; jyif;xefaom jypf'Pfudk &&Sdaponf/ þ

uJhodkYaom tjyKtrlrsKd;onf vlom;twGuf tEÅ&m,fBuD;rm;onf/

taMumif;rlum; vlom;\ obm0? rdrdywf0ef;usif&Sd vlom;wdkYrS rdrd\

aumif;rItwGuf csD;usL;cHvdkaomaMumifh jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh xdkuJhodkY

&d,mjypm;jcif;trIudk vlom;onf owdrxm;rdyJ usL;vGefrdavh&SdMu

onf/ þuJhodkYaom &S&D;ufjyKvkyfjcif;tEÅ&m,fonf ,kHMunfolrsm;

twGuf trSefyif pdk;&drfbG,f&maumif;aom jypfrIrsKd; jzpfonf/ xdkY

aMumifh c0yfudk;uG,f? ylaZmfqnf;uyfrI tm;vkH;twGuf OD;wnf&monf

udk;uG,f&mt&Sif tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfwpfyg;wnf;twGufom jzpf&rnf/

trSefrSm todynmjynfhpkHaom ,kHMunfolrsm;rS ]&S&D;uf}tBuD;pm;udk

jyKvkyfMuonfrSm tvGef enf;yg;onf/ tb,faMumifhqdkaomf ¤if;jypfrI

BuD;rSm BuD;rm;xif&Sm;aom ab;&eftjzpf ,kHMunfolwdkif;u owdjyKí

a&Smif&Sm;MuaomaMumifh jzpfonf/ odkYaomf omrmefvlom;rsm;uJhodkY ppf

rSefaom rktfrifefrsm;taeESifh &d,mjypm;rI[laom jypfrIudk usL;vGef&ef

rSm vG,fulonf/ taMumif;rlum; ¤if;jypfrIudk jyKvkyf&ef wdkufwGef;

csufrSm twGif;pdwfrS jzpfay:NyD;? ykef;uG,faeaom? rxif&Sm;aomaMumifh

jzpfonf/ ¤if;jypfrIonf vlwpfa,muf\ &nf½G,fcsufudk vkyfaqmif

csufwpfckjzifhvnf; vrf;aMumif; (OD;wnfcsuf) ajymif;vJoGm;apEdkifaom

aMumifh jzpfonf/ &d,mjypm;rIudk jzpfapaom aphaqmfwdkufwGef;rIonf

vlom;\ twGif;ydkif;qdkif&m emhzfaphtr&m ac: wdkufwGef; EdI;aqmfaom

pdwfjzifhvmaomaMumifh zkH;uG,faeaomfvnf; wGef;tm;BuD;rm;vSaom

aMumifh ydkí aMumufrufzG,faumif;aom]&S&D;uf} jypfrIrsKd;jzpfonf/ &d,m

\ tjzpfrSefoabmw&m;udk (ozfpD;&fyg&*lBuD;rsm;\ t"dywdjzpfaom)

tdAfEktAÁm;pfocifrS oG,f0dkufí ñTef;qdk qifhjyefcJhonfrSm-

]]&S&D;ufonf vuG,fn oef;acgif,HtcsdefwGif ausmufeufwkH;

ay:wGif y½Gufqdwfteufwpfaumif wGm;oGm;aeouJhodkY? rxif

&Sm;? rjrifom? zkH;uG,faeonfht&m jzpfonf/}}107

xdkYaMumifh vlwpfa,mufonf aumif;rIjyKaomtcgwGif rdrd\ &nf

½G,fcsufudk jzLjzLpifpifxm;&Sd&efESifh xdkaumif;rIjyKNyD;aomtcgwGifvnf;

pdwfukd oefYoefY&Sif;&Sif;xm;&Sd&ef vdktyfonf/ þodkY jzLpifjcif;o'¨g

w&m;xm;&ef? jzLpifjcif;o'¨gw&m;&&Sd&eftwGuf taumif;qkH;aom

enf;vrf;rSm rnfonfhaumif;rIudkrqdk rjyKvkyfrDtvsi f tv’m[ft&Sif

jrwf\ emrawmfESifh tpjyK&ef vdktyfonf/ vlom;wdkY aeYw"l0 rjzpf

rae jyKvkyf&ef vdktyfonfh pm;jcif;? aomufjcif;? tdyfjcif;? arxkefrSD0J

jcif;? aemufqkH; tdrfomoGm;jcif; ponfh udpötoD;oD;wGif wrefawmf

jrwfrS jyXmef;cJhonfh 'ktmrsm;udk ½Gwfqdkjcif;jzifh rkpfvifrfrsm;wGif

aeYpOfaeYwdkif; tusifhtrIrsm;onf tdAm'ofykHpH jzpfay:wdk;wuf zGYHNzdK;

vmap&efESifh tv’m[ft&Sifjrwftm; cspfaMumuf ½dkaocefYjim;wwfap

&ef jzpfayonf/ ouú0g (\tpdwftydkif;jzpfonfh) tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf

tm; cspfaMumuf½dkaocefYjim;jcif;onf rkpfvifrfrsm;ü zGHYNzdK;&Sifoefvm

jcif;jzifh ¤if;wdkY\ &nfpl;csufrsm;? vkyf&yfrsm;tm;vkH;onf jzLpifjcif;

o'¨gw&m; (tdcfvm;qGf) &Sdvmayvdrfhrnf/

wrefawmfjrwfonf rvdkvm;tyfonfh ]&S&D;uf} jyKrlaqmif½Gufrl

rsm;rS umuG,fEdkif&ef tcsdeftcgra½G; ½GwfqdkEdkifonfh wdusaom 'dktm

qkawmif;yw¦emrsm;udk oifMum;axmufyhHay;cJhavonf/ tAlrlpmrS

qifhjyefcJhrSm-

]]wpfaeYaomtcgü tv’m[fh&plvfwrefawmfrS w&m;a'óem

wpfcktwGif;ü a[mMum;cJhonfrSm ]tdk-vlom;wdkY yk½Gufqdwf

107 tdAfEktAD[mwifrfrS qifhjyefcJhNyD; odkifpD;&f tvf-tZD;Zf tvf-[rD;'fusrf; wGif udk;um;wifjycJhonf/ pm-587/

wpfaumif oGm;aeonfudk rjrifEdkifouJhodkY xdkYxufydkí zkH;uG,f

aeonfh ]&S&D;uf}udk aMumuf½GYHa&Smif&Sm;Muavmh/ xdktcg qG[m

A[frsm;u wrefawmfjrwftm; ]]tdk- tv’m[fh &plvf

wrefawmf? xdkuJhodkYaom yk½Gufqdwfwpfaumif oGm;aeonf

xufydkí zkH;uG,faeonfh ]&S&D;uf}rsKd;rS a&Smif&Sm;&ef uREkfyfwdkY

onf tb,fuJhodkYvkyf&ygrnfenf;}[k ar;jref;avQmufxm;Mu

&m? udk,fawmfjrwfrS toifwdkYonf atmufyg'dktmudk ½Gwf

zwfavmh[k rdefYMum;awmfrlcJhygonf/

ك شيئا نعلمه و نستغفرك الل ا نعوذ بك أن نش لا نعلمه لا هم إن

toHxGuf / / tv’m[f[Grfr tifem etl;Zk Adu tef Ek&Sf&du

½Idif;tef etfvrk[f 0 ewfpfw*fzd½ku vdrm vm etfvrk[f

t"dyÜg,f/ / ]]tdk-tv’m[ft&Sif? uRefawmfrsKd;wdkYonf odvQuf

ESifh t&SifjrwfESifh wpfpkHwpf&mudk EIdif;,SOfí ]&S&D;uf}jyKvkyfjcif;

rsm;rS uif;a0;ap&ef t&Sifjrwf\xHawmfyg;wGif cdkvIHyg\/ xdkY

jyif uRefawmfrsKd;wdkYonf xdkt&mudk rodbJvQuf jyKvkyfrdjcif;

twGuf t&Sifjrwf\ vGwfNidrf;csrf;omcGifh&&Sd&ef awmif;cHyg

\/}}108

aemufazmfjyrnfh tcef;u@rsm;ü aomif[D;'ftrsKd;tpm; (3) rsKd;

wGif rnfonfhu@rsm;ü rnfodkYaom ]&S&D;uf}rsm; jzpfavh&Sdonfudk

(tif&Smtv’m[f) tao;pdwf wifjyoGm;rnfjzpfygonf/

108 tDrmrft[fr'f ESifh tDrmrftoGf-oGAf&meD ocifwdkYrS pkpnf;wifjycJh onf/

tcef; (3)

A&fZm;cf

tpövmrfü [dE´Lbmom\ ,kHMunfrIjzpfaom aoqkH;ol\ 0dnmOfrS

aoNyD;aemuf cE¨mopfodkY ul;ajymif;í 0ifpm;jcif; (0g) b0oHo&mvnf

jcif;[laom t,ltqrsKd;udk vkH;0 raxmufcHyg/109 þodkY 0dnmOfrsm;rS

cE¨mudk,ful;ajymif;í 0ifpm;jcif;udk tcsKdUaomolrsm;u uHr® (0g) uH[k

ac:onf/ ]]uH}}[lonfhoabmw&m;rSm vlyk*¾Kdvfwpfa,muf\ vuf&Sd

b0rS vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;onf xdkolaoqkH;NyD; aemufwpfBudrf xyfrH

arG;zGm;vmaomtcsdefü jzpfay:rnfhb0tajctaeudk qkH;jzwfay;onf

[k,kHMunfjcif; jzpfonf/110 tu,fí vlwpfa,mufonf qdk;oGrf;aom

oljzpfygu xdkolonf vlYtzGJYtpnf;twGif; Zmwftqifhtwef;edrfhaom

trsKd;orD;0rf;AkdufwGif jyefvnf oaE¨wnf arG;zGm;rnfjzpfNyD;? xdkyk*¾Kdvf

taeESifh aumif;aomvkyf&yfrsm;udk usifhaqmifjcif;tm;jzifh jrifhrm;aom

tqifhtwef;wGif&Sdonfh trsKd;orD;\ 0rf;AkdufwGif jyefvnf oaE¨wnf

109 þ,kHMunfcsuftm; qD;&D;,m;EdkifiHrS Ekqdkif½dkuf (tmvm0Drsm;)ESifh vAfEGefEdkifiHrS '½lZDrsm;uJhodkYaom rdpäm'd|d tdpfrmtdvD&SDtdkuf*kdPf;rsm;u arG;pm;cJhMu avonf/ ½I- Shorter Encyclopedia of Islam, Pp. 94-5, 454-4 110 uH[laompum;vkH;\ rl&if;t"dyÜg,frSm jyKvkyfrI? vkyfaqmifcsuf (0g) vkyf&yf[k t"dyÜg,f&onf/ ¤if;\aemufqufwGJ t"dyÜg,frSm uH\tusKd;[k jrefrma0g[m&jzifh ac:aeonfh vkyf&yf\ &v'f (0g) twdwfrS vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;tm;vkH;\ tusKd; oufa&mufrI[k zGifhqdkEdkifonf/ (rSwfcsuf / / uH uH\ tusKd;[laomt,ltq jzpfonf/) Chandogya Upanishad [kac:aom a0'usrf;\ tvdkt& twdwfb0wGif jyKvkyfcJhaom aumif;aomvkyf&yfrsm;ESifh aumif;aomqE´aZmrsm;u vlwpfa,muf tm; ¤if;aoNyD;onfhaemufwGif NA[®PtrsKd;orD;\ 0rf;AdkufwGif jyefvnfoaE¨wnf arG;zGm;onf[k zGifhqdkxm;onf/ qefYusif bufoabmtm;jzifh aoqkH;olonf ¤if;\ tukodkvf tusKd;rsm;ESifh raumif;aomqE´aZmrsm;aMumifh Zmwftqifhtwef; edrfhusaom trsKd;orD;\ 0rf;AdkufwGif jyefvnfoaE¨wnf arG;zGm;&onf[k zGifhqdk Muonf/ ½I- Dictionary of Religions, p.180

arG;zGm;rnf jzpfonf/ qefYusifzufoabmtm;jzifh xdkol onf

vlaumif;wpfa,mufjzpfygu ¤if;onf Zmwftqifhtwef; jrifhrm; onfh

trsKd;orD;\ 0rf;AdkufwGif jrifhjrwfaom? bmomw&m; ½dkao udkif;

½Idif;oltjzpf jyefvnf arG;zGm;rnfjzpfNyD;? xdkolonf þenf;tm;jzifh

qufwdkuf b0tqufquf yg&rDqufjcif;tm;jzifh olonf ydkí jrifhrm;

aom Zmwftqifh&Sd trsKd;orD;0rf;AkdufwGif oaE¨wnfcGifh &&Sdrnf jzpfNyD;

aemufqkH;tqifhwGif olonf NA[®PtEG,f0iftjzpfodkY a&muf&SdEdkifonf

[k ,kHMunfjcif; jzpfonf/ þenf;jzifh xdkyk*¾dKvfonf yg&rDjynfhoGm;

aomtcg ¤if;oHo&mvnfjcif;onf tqkH;owfoGm;NyD;? ¤if;\ cE¨mul;

ajymif; 0ifpm;aeaom 0dnmOfrSmvnf; zsufodrf;jcif;cH&NyD; (uRwfwrf;

0ifoGm;NyD;) urÇmajrwGif cE¨mcsvdkufjcif;tm;jzifh xdkjzpfpOfudk edAÁmef

(Nirvana)udk rsufarSmuf jyKonf? edAÁmefodkY 0ifonf[k ,kHMunfMuonf/

tpövmrftygt0if tjcm;aomaumif;uifususrf;rsm;udk &&Sdaom

bmomw&m;rsm; tm;vkH;wGif vlyk*¾dKvfwpfa,mufonf urÇmajrjyifwGif

aoqkH;oGm;ygu ud,mrofaemufqkH;aeYwdkifatmif jyefvnfí topf

wzef arG;zGm;rnfr[kwf[k ,kHMunfonf/ ud,mrofjzpfNyD;aomtcgwGif

vlom;rsKd;EG,ftm;vkH;onf ao&mrS jyefvnf &SifjyefxajrmufMu&rnf

jzpfNyD;? wpfqlwnf;? wpfyg;wnf;jzpfaomrlaom? c0yfudk;uG,f qnf;

uyfjcif;[lorQudk cH,lxdkufawmfrlaom tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ w&m;pD&if

qkH;jzwfrIudk cHMu&rnfjzpfonf/ vlwpfa,muf aoqkH;oGm;aom tcsdef

rSpí ¤if;jyefvnf&Sifjyefxajrmuf&rnfhaeYrwdkifrcsif;? xdkolonf t&AD

a0g[m&ESifh A&fZm;cf (Barzakh)[kac:onfh qdkif;iHhxm;aom? apmifhqdkif;

ae&aomtajctaewpf&yfwGif &Sdaernf jzpfonf/111þudpöESifhywfouf

111 pmayoabmt& tumtqD;[k teuft"dyÜg,f&onf/ tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf rdefY awmfrlxm;onfrSm ]](xdkumzd&fwdkYonf aemifw&Murnfhol r[kwfay?) aemufqHk; wGif ¤if;wdkYteuf wpfOD;wpfa,muf\xHodkY r&Paojcif;w&m;onf a&muf&Sd vmaomtcg? xdkolonf (þodkY)avQmufxm;av\/ ]]tdk-uRefawmfrsKd;tm; zefqif; arG;jrLawmfrlaomt&Sifjrwf? t&Sifjrwfonf uRefawmfrsKd;tm; jyefvTwfawmfrlyg/

í a&S;ESpfaxmifaygif;rsm;pGmu aoqkH;cJhaom vlwpfa,mufonf

¤if;tm; jyefvnf &SifjyefxajrmufaprnfhaeYwdkifatmif ESpfaxmifaygif;

rsm;pGm xyfí apmifhqdkif;&jcif;udk xl;qef;tHhMozG,f&m[k r,lqoifhyg/

wrefawmfjrwfrk[r®'frS rdefYawmfrlcJhonfrSm ]vlwdkif;\ aoqkH;jcif;

onf ¤if;\ &Sifjyefxajrmufjcif;\ tpomjzpfonf/} tcsdef[lonfrSm

urÇmwGif aexdkifonfholrsm;twGufom&Sdaom todonm jzpfonf/ vl

wpfa,muf aoqkH;oGm;onfESifhwNydKifeuf xdkolonf tcsdef twdkif;

twm (Time Zone) [lonfhabmifrS ausmfvGefoGm;NyD;? ESpfwpfaxmifonf

rsufpdwpfrSdwfESifh nDoGm;ayvdrfhrnf/ xdkoabmw&m;ESifhpyfvsOf;í

tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfonf ½Gmwpf½Gmtm; ysufpD;apNyD;onfhaemuf jyefvnf

wnfapEdkifrI? vlwpfOD;tm; aoqkH;apNyD;onfhaemuf tb,fuJhodkY jyef

vnf &SifjyefxajrmufEdkifrnfenf;[lonfh tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ tEIdif;rJh

*kPfawmftm; oHo,&SdaomolwpfOD;\ tjzpftysufudk pl&[fAu&[f

wGif wifjyxm;onf/ xdktjzpftysufwGif tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS xdkuJhodkY

t&Sifjrwf\ tEIdif;rJh*kPfawmftm; oHo,&Sdonfholtm; ESpfaygif;wpf

&m aoapNyD;? ¤if;tm; jyefvnf&Sifjyefxajrmufapí xdkoltm; ¤if;

tdyfaysmfcJhaomtcsdefumv rnfrQ MumcJhoenf;[laom ar;cGef;udk ar;

jref;&m xdkolrS atmufygtwdkif; tv’m[ft&Sifjrwftm; jyefvnf ajz

Mum;cJhayonf/

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aecJhygonf}[k avQmufxm;cJhavonf/}}112

tvm;wlyif tcsKdUaomolrsm;onf Comas ac: owdvpfarhajrmjcif;

a&m*gcHpm;ae&olrsm;onf ¤if;wdkYowd&aomtcsdefü ¤if;wdkY owdvpf

tdyfaysmfcJhaomumvonf tvGefwdk;awmif;vSaomtcsdef jzpfonf/ (0g)

vkH;0 tdyfaysmfcJhonfh tcsdefr&Sd[k xifjrifwwfMuonf/ wpfcgwpf&H

uREkfyfwdkY vlom;rsm;onf em&Daygif;rsm;pGm tdyfaysmfaecJhaomfvnf;

tdyf&mrS Edk;xvmaomtcg wcPrQom arS;vdkufonf[k xifjrifwwf

Muonf/ xdkYaMumifh A&fZm;cfumvtwGif;ü &mpkESpfaygif;rsm;pGm apmifh

qdkif;ae&ef rvdktyfacs/ taMumif;rlum; xdktajctaewGif tcsdefumv

onf uefYowfabmiftjyifbufodkY a&muf&SdaeaomaMumifh jzpfonf/

tBuKd zefqif;jcif;

tpövmrfrS 0dnmOfonf tqufrjywf jyefvnf arG;zGm;onf[laom

t,ltqudk jiif;y,faomfvnf; uav;wdkif;? uav;wdkif;onf ¤if;wdkY

udk þurÇmavmutwGif;ü arG;zGm;jcif; rwdkifrDuwnf;u ¤if;wdkY\

0dnmOfrsm;onf wnf&SdNyD;om;jzpfonf[laom t,ltqudk todtrSwf

jyKonf/ þtaMumif;ESifh ywfoufí wrefawmfjrwfrS rdefYawmf

rlcJhonfrSm

]]tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfonf tm'rftm;zefqif;NyD;onfhaemuf

tm&zwfaeY113ü etfrmef[kac:wGifaomae&mwGif tm'rf

xHawmfrS y#dnmOf0efcHcsufudk ,lawmfrlcJhonf/ xdktcsdefwGif

tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS ud,mrofaeYrwdkifrDtxd acwfwdkif;? acwf

wdkif;wGif arG;zGm;vmrnfh tm'rf\ rsKd;qufrsm;tm;vkH;udk

112 usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 2; 259/ 113 tm&zwfaeYqdkonfrSm [d*sf&Douú&mZf\ 12 vajrmufjzpfonfh Zkvf[d*sf*s[fv \ udk;&ufajrmufaeY jzpfonf/

t&Sifjrwf\a&SUawmfarSmufü pk½kH;a&muf&SdapawmfrlNyD;? xdkolrsm;

xHrSvnf; y#dnmOf0efcHcsufudk ,lawmfrlcJhonf/ tv’m[ft&Sif

jrwfrS xdkolrsm;ESifh rsufESmcsif;qdkifí rdefYawmfrlcJhonfrSm ]ig

t&Sifonf toifwdkYtm;vkH;wdkY\ &Aft&Sif r[kwfygoavm}[k

ar;jref;&m? xdkolwdkYtm;vkH;rS jyefvnfajzMum;onfrSm ]rSefyg

onf/ tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfonf uRefawmfrsKd;wdkY\ &Aft&Sifocif

jzpfawmfrlaMumif;udk oufaocHyg\}[k wkYHjyefajzMum;cJhMuav

onf/ tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfu ]igt&Sifonf ¤if;wdkY\ zefqif;&Sif?

ppfrSefaom? wpfyg;wnf;aom udk;uG,f&mt&SifjzpfaMumif;ukd

¤if;wdkYtm; tb,fhaMumifh oufaocHcdkif;cJh&onfh taMumif;

t&if;udk qufvuf &Sif;jyawmfrlavonf/} t&SifjrwfrS rdefY

awmfrlonfrSm ud,mrof w&m;pD&ifrnfhaeYü xdkvlom;wdkYu

]uRefawmfrsKd;wdkYonf xdktaMumif;t&mudk rod&SdcJhMuyg/ t&Sif

jrwfonf uRefawmfrsKd;wdkY\ udk;uG,f&mt&Sif tppftrSef jzpf

onfqdkaom taMumif;t&mESifhpyfvsOf;í uRefawmfrsKd;wdkYwGif

todynm r&SdcJhMuyg/ xdkYjyif rnfol wpfOD;wpfa,mufurQ

tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf wpfqlwnf;? wpfyg;wnf;udkomvQif udk;

uG,f qnf;uyfoifhonf[k rajymqdkcJhMuyg/ tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf

rS qufvufí &Sif;jyonfrSm tu,fí tcsKdUaomolrsm;u

]uRefawmfrsKd;wdkY\ bdk;? bGm;? bD? bifrsm;onf t&SifjrwfESifh

wGJzuf wkyEIdif;,SOfí tjcm;aom udk;uG,f&mtwkrsm;udk udk;

uG,fcJhjcif;aMumifh uRefawmfrsKd;wdkYrS vdkufí udk;uG,fcJhjcif; jzpf

ygonf/ xdkvlvdrfrsm;\ vkyf&yftwGuf uRefawmfrsKd;wdkYtm;

zsufpD;awmhrnfvm;[k taMumif;jyvmvQif oufaojy&ef tvdkY

iSm jzpfonf/}}114

114 (usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef?7; 172-173)/ þ['D;qfonf qG[mADBuD; tdAfEktAÁm;pf ocifqifhjyefcJhonfh cdkifvkHonfh ['D;awmfjzpfNyD; tDrmrft[fr'f rS pkpnf;

txufazmfjyyg['D;qfawmfonf atmufazmfjyyg tm,ofawmf

rsm;udk wrefawmfjrwfrS zGifhqdk&Sif;jycJhonfh ozfpD;&fyif jzpfyg

onf/ tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf rdefYawmfrlxm;onfrSm

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]]xdkrSwyg; (tdk-eADwrefawmf toifonf jyefvnfatmufarh

owd&ygav/) tcgwyg;wGif toifhtm; zefqif;arG;jrLawmfrl

aom t&Sifjrwfonf tm'rf\om;ajr;wdkY\ ausmufukef;rS

¤if;wdkY\ om;ajr;wdkYudk xkwfaqmifawmfrlcJhavonf/ xdkYaemuf

xdkt&Sifjrwfonf ¤if;wdkYudkyif ¤if;wdkYtay:ü oufaoxm;

awmfrlí ]]igt&Sifjrwfonf toifwdkYtm; zefqif;awmfrl aom

t&Sifjrwfyif r[kwfygavm}} [k rdefYMum;awmfrlcJhavonf/ xdk

tcg ¤if;wdkYu ]]trSefyif [kwfygonf? uRefawmfrsdK;wdkY udk,f

wdkifoufaocHMuygonf}} [k avQmufxm; (0efcH) cJhMuukef\/

(,if;odkY oufaoxm;awmfrlcJhjcif;rSm) toifwdkYonf ud,m

rwfac: &SifjyefxrnfhaeYwGif ]]uRefawmfrsdK;wdkYonf þonfudk

rodcJhMuyg}}[k rajymMu&efyif jzpfonf/ odkYwnf;r[kwf toif

wdkYonf ]]uRefawmfrsdK;wdkY\b? bdk;ab;bDbifwdkYrSm a&S;OD;rqG

wifjy cJhonf/ ½I-½Idifcftvf-tvfAmeD \ pdvfpdv[f tvf-t[m'D;qf tqGf-qG[D;[[f? ul0dwfEdkifiH&Sd t'f-'g½kpfpvzD,[fykHESdyfwdkufESifh trmrfNrdKU&Sd tvf-rufoA[f tvf-tpövmrD,[fykHESdyfwdkuf? 'kwd,tBudrfajrmuf? 1983? wGJ-4? pm-158? ['D;qftrSwf-1623/

uyif tjcm;t&mrsm;udk tv’m[ft&SifjrwfESifh wGJzuf udk;uG,f

cJhMuygonfomwnf;/ uRefawmfrsdK;wdkYrSmrlum; ¤if;wdkY\aemuf

wGif (arG;zGm;vmaom ¤if;wdkY\) om;ajr;rsm;om jzpfMuyg

onf/ odkYjzpf&m t&Sifjrwfonf (a&S;OD;rqGu) r[kwfrrSef

jyKvkyfcJhMuaomolwdkYaMumifh uRefawmfrsdK;wdkYtm; ysufpD;apawmf

rlygrnfavm}}[k ajymqdkMuvwåH/}}115

txufazmfjyyg tm,ofawmfrsm;ESifh wrefawmfjrwf\ zGifhqdk

&Sif;jycsufrsm;rS tcdkiftrm axmufjyaeonfhtcsufrSm vlom;wdkif;onf

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rwfaeYwGif rnfonfh taMumif;jycsufudkrQ vufcHrnf r[kwfaMumif;

jzpfonf/vlom;wdkif;wGif udk;uG,f&mt&Siftm; ,kHMunf&ef[laom tod

onf ¤if;\0dnmOftwGif;ü pGJxifaeaomtodonmjzpfNyD;? tv’m[f

t&SifjrwfrS ½kyfxkudk;uG,faomolrsm;tm;vkH;udk ¤if;wdkY\ b0oufwrf;

twGif; ¤if;wdkYudk;uG,fcJhaom ½kyfxkrsm;udk jyoNyD; xdk½kyfxkrsm;onf

udk;uG,f&mt&Sif r[kwfaMumif; rsuf0g;xifxif jrifaprnf jzpfonf/

xdkYaMumifh todÓPfrSefaom vlom;wdkif;onf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\

zefqif;jcif;udk cH&aomaMumifh ppfrSefaom udk;uG,f&mt&Sifudk c0yf

udk;uG,f&ef vdktyfjcif;rSm odomxif&Sm;onfhtcsuf jzpfonf/ wref

awmfjrwfrS qufí rdefYawmfrlonfrSm

]]tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfonf vlwdkif;vlwdkif;\ (tDrmef ouf0if ,kH

MunfrI) El;&ftvif;wef;udk ¤if;wdkY\ rsufvkH;ESpfvkH;pyfMum;

wGif xm;&Sdawmfrl\/ xdkYaemuf xdkt&Sifjrwfonf xdkvlom;

wdkYudk tm'rftm; jyoawmfrl\/ xdktcg tm'rfu

tv’m[ft&Sifjrwftm; avQmufxm;ar;jref;onfrSm ]tdk-t&Sif?

xdkolrsm;onf rnfolrsm; jzpfMuoenf;/} tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS

115 usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 7; 172? 173/

]xdkolrsm;onf toif\ om;orD;rsm; (rsKd;qufrsm;)om jzpf

onf}[k rdefYawmfrlonf/ xdktcg zcifBuD;tm'rfonf xdk

om;orD;rsm;teuf wpfOD;wpfa,mufudk jrifrd\/ xdkol\ rsuf

vkH;ESpfvkH;Mum;&Sd vif;0if;awmufyrIudk txl; tHhMord\/ xdkt

cg zcifBuD; tm'rfu- ]]t&Sifjrwf? þolum; rnfol

enf;}}[k avQmufxm;&m? tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfu ]]þonf 'g0l;'f

jzpfonf}}[k ajzMum;awmfrlvdkuf\/ zcifBuD; tm'rf

u ]]t&Sifjrwfonf þol\ oufwrf;udk rnfa½GUrnfrQ

owfrSwfxm;awmfrlygoenf;}}[k avQmufxm;&m tv’m[ft&Sif

jrwfu ]]þol\ oufwrf;rSm tESpf (60) jzpfonf}}[k ajz

Mum;awmfrl\/ xdktcg zcifBuD;tm'rfu ]]tdk-t&Sifjrwf?

þol\ oufwrf;wGif uRefawmfrsKd;\oufwrf;rS tESpf (40)

udk jznfhay;awmfrlyg}}[k avQmufxm;cJhonf/ wrefawmfjrwf

rS rdefYMum;awmfrlonfrSm- zcifBuD;tm'rf\ ouf

wrf;teuf tESpf (40) om usefawmhonfhtcg aorif;onf

zcifBuD; tm'rfxHodkY a&muf&Sdvmawmh\/ xdktcg zcif

BuD; tm'rfu ]]uREkfyf\ oufwrf;wGif tESpf (40) usef&Sd

ao;onf r[kwfygavm}}[k ajym&m? aorif;u ]]toifonf xdk

tESpf (40)udk rdrd\om; 'g0l;'ftm; ay;cJhNyD; r[kwfygavm}}[k

ar;jref;&m zcifBuD;tm'rfonf jiif;vdkufavonf/ odkYjzpf

&m zcifBuD; tm'rf\ om;orD;rsm;onfvnf; jiif;Mu

avonf/ zcifBuD; tm'rfonf arhí (wm;jrpfxm;aom)

tyifrS toD;udk pm;okH;rdcJh\/ odkYjzpf&m zcifBuD;tm'rf\

om;orD;rsm;onfvnf; arhMuavonf/ zcifBuD;tm'rf

onf rSm;cJhrd\/ odkYjzpfay&m zcifBuD;tm'rf\ om;

orD;rsm;onfvnf; rSm;Muavonf/116

116 qG[mADBuD;tAl[k½dkif&[focifu qifhjyefcJhonfh qG[D;[f ppfrSef cdkifvkHonfh

tm'rfonf ½IdifoGmef\ aoG;aqmifjzm;a,mif;rIaMumifh rdrdrS

tv’m[ftm; ay;cJhonfh uwdudk arhavsmhcJhNyD;? tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf

wm;jrpfxm;aomtyifrS toD;udk pm;okH;cJhonf/ tvm;wl rsm;pGmaom

vlom;rsKd;qufrsm;onf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfwpfyg;wnf;? wpfqlwnf;

tm; ,kHMunf&efESifh c0yfudk;uG,f&ef[laom ¤if;wdkY\ wm0ef0wÅ&m;

(uwdopöm)udk arhavsmhNyD;? xdkt&Sifjrwf\ zefqif;cHt&mrsm;tm; rSm;

,Gif; udk;uG,frdavh&Sdonf/

tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS tm'rfxHrS xkwf,lcJhaomrsKd;qufrsm; ESifh

¤if;wdkY\ om;orD;rsm;udk ñTefjyawmfrlNyD; rdefYawmfrlcJhonfrSm ]]ig

t&Sifjrwfonf þvlrsm;udk *sEéoftrwokcbkHom;rsm;tjzpf jyKvkyf

awmfrlcJJhNyD;? xdkolrsm;onf *sEéofoDrsm;twGuf cdofrof (aumif;aom

tvkyfrsm;jyK vkyfí tvkyftauR;jyKjcif;) jyK&rnf/}} xdkYaemuf tjcm;

usef&Sdaom vlom;rsm;tm; ñTefjyNyD; ]igt&Sifjrwfonf xdkvlrsm;udk

*s[EérfrDrsm; (i&JbkHom;rsm;)tjzpf jyKvkyfawmfrlNyD;? xdkolrsm;onf i&J

om;rsm;\ wm0ef0wÅ&m;rsm;udk ulnDxrf;aqmif&if; i&JbkHom;rsm;

tjzpf aoqkH;&rnf/}} xdktcg wrefawmfjrwf\ qG[mADwpfOD;u

]]tdk-tv’m[fh&plvfwrefawmf? uREkfyfwdkYrS aumif;aomvkyf&yfrsm; usifh

BuHtm;xkwfjcif;onf rnfodkY taMumif;xl;rnfenf;/ rnfodkYaom

tusKd;&SdEdkifygrnfenf;}}[k avsmufxm;ar;jref;cJhonf/ wrefawmfjrwf

rS ]trSefyif? tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfonf ol\ AE´[faus;uRefwpfOD;

udk *sEéofoD (okcbkHom;) tjzpf zefqif;awmfrlcJhygvQif? xdkoltm;

*sEéofom;rsm;\ aumif;usKd;csrf;omtwGuf ¤if;aoqkH;onfhtcsdefwdkif

atmif vkyfaqmifay;Edkif&ef ulnDay;onf/ xdkYaemuf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf

rS xdkyk*¾dKvftm; ¤if;\ jyKrlvkyfaqmifcsufaMumifhyif *sEéofokcbkHwGif

['D;qfawmfjzpfNyD; tDrmrfod&frdZD rS pkpnf;wifjycJhonf/ ½I-tDrmrf tvf-tvfAmeD ocif wnf;jzwfcJhonfh tvf-tuD'[f toGf-oG[m0D,[fusrf;? atmufajcrSwf-221? pm- 241? tVrtBudrf? 1984/

ae&mcsxm;ay;rnf jzpfonf/ tu,fí t&Sifjrwfonf vlom;wpf

a,muftm; i&JrD;twGuf zefqif;cJhygu ¤if;tm; aoqkH;onfhwdkifatmif

i&Jom;rsm;twGuf tvkyftauR;jyKaprnf/ wzef xdkvkyf&yfrsm;aMumifh

yif ¤if;yk*¾dKvftm; i&JrD; (i&JbkH) twGif;odkY 0ifa&mufaprnfjzpfonf}[k

rdefYMum;awmfrlcJhonf/117

txufazmfjyyg wrefawmfjrwfBuD;\ rdefYMum;csuft& vlom;

wGif aumif;jcif;? qdk;jcif;? aumif;aomvkyf&yf (ukodkvf)? raumif;aom

vkyf&yf (tukodkvf)twGuf a½G;cs,f&ef vGwfvyfaomqE´ (Free Will)

(0g) vGwfvyfaom a½G;cs,frI (Free of Choice) r&Sd[k rqdkvdkyg/ tu,f

í vlwGif vGwfvyfaomqE´^a½G;cs,frIr&Sdygu ud,mrofaeY w&m;

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t"dyÜg,fuif;rJhoGm;rnf jzpfonf/ tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS *sEéofoD trw

okcbkHom;rsm;tjzpf zefqif;jcif;rSm t&Sifjrwfonf ¤if;tm; rzefqif;

cifuwnf;u xdkolonf aumif;jrwfaomopömw&m;? rSefuefaom udk;

uG,f,kHMunfrIudkjyKNyD;? tukodkvfudk a&Smifí ukodkvfjyKvkyf&ef a½G;cs,f

rnfudk t<uif;rJhod&SdaomaMumifh ¤if;tm; *sEéofokcbkHom;rsm;teufrS

wpfOD;tjzpf zefqif;awmfrlcJhjcif; jzpfonf/ *s[Eér®D i&JbkHom;rsm;tjzpf

zefqif;jcif; onfvnf; oabmw&m; twlwlyif jzpfonf/

tu,fí tMuifolwpfOD;wpfa,mufonf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwftm;

udk;uG,f&mt&Siftjzpf ,kHMunfNyD;? aumif;aomvkyf&yfrsm;udk jyKvkyfrnf

qdkygu tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS ol\ ,kHMunfcsufrsm;udk wdk;yGm;vm&efESifh

117 cvDz[fBuD;tkr&ftdAfaeYcofGoGmAfocifrS qifhjyefcJhonf rSefuefcdkifvkHonfh ['D;qfawmfjzpfNyD; tDrmrftAl'g0l;'f ocif? tDrmrfod&frdZD ocifESifh tDrmrf

t[fr'f ocifwdkYrS pkpnf;wifjycJhonf/ ½I-pkeeftAl'g0l'f? t*Fvdyfbmomjyef?

twGJ-3? pm-1318? ['D;qftrSwf-4686/ tDrmrf tvf-tvfAmeD ocif wnf; jzwfcJhonfhtvf-tuD'[f toGf-oG[m0D;,[fusrf;? atmufajcrSwf-220? pm-240? tVrtBudrf? 1984/

aumif;aomvkyf&yfrsm; vkyf&ef tcGifhtvrf;rsm; ay;vdrfhrnf jzpfonf/

tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfonf rnfonfh ½dk;om;jzLpifaom,kHMunfrIudkrQ tv

[ó? tcsnf;tESD; jzpfaprnfr[kwf/ tu,fí xdk,kHMunfoltaeESifh

trSm;t,Gif;rsm;jyKvkyfrdvQif (vrf;rSefrS vGJacsmf)oGm;vQifawmifrS? ¤if;

tm; vrf;vGJroGm;atmif?vrf;rSm;rS vrf;rSefodkY jyefa&mufEdkifap&ef ulnD

vrf;ñTefay;rnf jzpfonf/ tu,fí xdkolonf vrf;vGJNyD;? raumif;rI

rsm; jyKvkyfrdvQif t&SifjrwfrS ¤if;\trSm;twGuf avmuDwGifyif tjypf

ay;rnfjzpfonf/ ¤if;tm; rdef;armaeaom todÓPfrS Ekd;xaprnf/

trSm;rS trSefodkY jyifqifvrf;wnfhay;rnf/ olonf trSm;wpfck usL;

vGefrdonfESifh wNydKifeuf tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS ¤if;tm; xdktrSm;twGuf

tjypfay;rnfjzpfNyD;? rdrdtrSm;udk rdrdbmom owdjyKapNyD;? aemufxyf

rusL;vGefrdatmif owday;rnfjzpfonf/ pifppf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfonf

tvGefw&m oem;Muifemn§mwmawmfrlaom teEÅu½kPmawmf&Sif jzpf

awmfrlonf/ ½dk;om;jzLpifaom ,kHMunfolrsm;\ toufZD0efrsm;udk xdk

olwdkY aumif;aomvkyf&yfrsm; vkyfaepOfumvwGif toufEkwfodrf;awmf

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aoqkH;&rnfjzpfNyD;? ol\ raumif;rIaMumifhyif xm0&i&JrD;wGif xm0&

aexdkifoGm;&rnfjzpfonf/

vlom;\ tajccHobm0 - zdoGf&[f

tm'rftm; zefqif;NyD;aomtcsdefwGif tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfonf

rdrdtxHawmfrS ½l[f0dnmOfudk vlom;\cE¨mudk,ftwGif;odkY rIwfoGif;

awmfrlcJhjcif;aMumifhh xdky#dnmOf (opömw&m;) onf vlom;\ 0dnmOf

wGif ykHESdyfxm;bdouJhodkY pGJxifxm;NyD; jzpfonf/ þodkYaom jzpfpOf

onf oufqdkif&m vlom;uav;i,ftm; oaE¨aqmifpOf ]5} vajrmuf

t½G,fuwnf;uyif jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh uav;wpfa,muf arG;zGm;

vdkufaomtcg ¤if;uav;onf obm0t& tv’m[ft&Sifjrwftm; ,kH

Munfrnfjzpfonf/ þodkY obm0w&m;t& udk;uG,f&mt&Sif tv’m[f

tm; ,kHMunfudk;pm;jcif;udk tm&ADbmompum;wGif zdoGf&[f

kac:onf/ tu,fí uav;i,fudk ywf0ef;usifrS rnfonfh] 118(فطرة)

pGufzufrIrsKd;rygbJ BuD;jyif;apygu xdkuav;onf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf

ESifh xdkt&Sifjrwf\wnf&Sdjcif;udk aumif;pGmoabmayguf? vufc

,kHMunfrnfrSm obm0 jzpfonf/ odkYaomf arG;zGm;vmaom uav;wdkif;

onf ¤if;rdom;pk (rdb)todkif;t0dkif;\ ykHoGif; vTrf;rdk;cs,fvS,frI?

jyKjyifpD&ifrIudk wdkuf½dkufaomfvnf;aumif;?oG,f0dkufíaomfvnf;aumif;

cHMu&ayonf/ wrefawmfjrwfrSwqifh rdefYawmfrlcJhonfrSm-

]]tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS rdefYawmfrlonfrSm ]igt&Sifjrwfonf ig\

aus;uRefAE´[frsm;tm; rSefuefaomomoem (,kHMunf udk;uG,f

rI)twGif; zefqif;cJhawmfrlaomfvnf;? ½IdifoGmefrdpämaumifrS xdk

olwdkYtm; vrf;vGJapawmfrlcJhavonf/ (vrf;rSm;odkY a&mufap

awmfrlcJhonf/)}}}119

xdkYjyif wrefawmfjrwfocif rdefYawmfrlcJhonfrSm –

118 tvf-tuD'[f toGf-oG[m0D;,[fusrf;? tXrtBudrf? pm-245/ 119 qG[D;[f rkpfvifrfusrf;? twGJ-4? pm-1488? ['D;qftrSwf-6853/

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onf/ odkYaomf ¤if;\ rdbrsm;u xdkuav;tm; *sL;? c&pf,mef

... jzpfapcJhjcif; jzpfonf/ þodkY rdbaMumifh om;orD;rsm; tarG

qufcHjcif;rSm? wd&dpämefrsm;rS ¤if;wdkY\ om;? orD;i,frsm;udk

arG;zGm;ouJhodkY jzpfonf/ toifwdkYonf toifwdkYrS ajcvuf

jzwfawmufjcif; rjyKrD ajcvufjywfvQuf arG;zGm;vmaom

wd&dpämefrsm;udk jrifawGYowdxm;rdcJhygovm;/}}120

uav;i,f\ ½kyfydkif;qdkif&m cE¨mudk,fonf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf zef

qif;ay;xm;onfh obm0twdkif; ½kyfydkif;qdkif&m obm0Oya'orsm;udk

vdkufem&rnfjzpfonf/ xdkenf;wl uav;i,f\ 0dnmOfrSmvnf; 0dnmOf

\rlvtpwGif,lcJhaom y#dnmOfpGJxifrIaMumifh tv’m[ftm; ¤if;\

zefqif;&Sif(&Af)tjzpf ,kHMunfvufcH&rnf jzpfonf/ rdbrsm;onf

uav;oli,frsm;udk ¤if;wdkY\enf;vrf;twdkif; vdkufemusifhokH;apaom

aMumifh uav;rsm;onf i,fpOfawmifaus;uav;b0wGif tm;enf;csdeJY

Mujcif;aMumifh ¤if;wdkYrSm rdbrsm;udk rqefYusifEdkifcJhMubJ olwdkY\ rdb

rsm; jyKorQ EkcJhMu&onf/ xdkYaMumifh þtqifhwGif uav;rsm;\

bmomw&m;qdkif&m udk;uG,f,kHMunfrIonf "avhxkH;pHESifh xdef;ausmif;

oGefoifrIt&jzpfvmaom? wenf;qdkaomf rd½dk;zvmtpOftvmwpf&yf

omjzpfí ¤if;wdkY\ ,kHMunfrIqdkif&m rSm;,Gif;rItwGuf tjypfr,lay/

xdkuav;i,fonf vli,fvl½G,fb0odkYa&mufí pOf;pm;? awG;awm

qifjcifEdkifaomtajctaeodkY a&muf&SdvmcsdefwGif ¤if;vufcH vdkufemae

aom bmomw&m;rsm;\ rSm;,Gif;onfhtcsufrsm;udk oufao tcdkif

trm? taxmuftxm; tjynfhtpkHESifh jyoEdkifygu ¤if;onf rdrd\ rSm;

,Gif;aeaom ,kHMunfrIrsm;udk pGefYvTwfí todÓPfqifjcifwkHw&m;ESifh

120 qG[D;[f tvf-Akcg&Dusrf;? t&AD-t*Fvdyfbmomjyef? twGJ-8? pm-389-90? ['D;qftrSwf-597 ESifh qG[D;[frkpfvifrfusrf;? t&AD-t*Fvdyfbmomjyef? twGJ-4? pm-1398? ['D;qftrSwf-6423/

todynmt& vufcHEdkifaom (ppfrSefonfh) bmomw&m;aemufodkY

vdkufemusifhBuHaqmif½GufMuayrnf/121 þtqifhwGif ½dIifoGmefrdpämonf

oufqdkif&myk*¾dKvftm; rdrd\vuf&Sd bmomw&m;wGifae&efESifh trSef

w&m; (aomif[D;'fopömw&m;)rS ydkí ydkí vrf;vGJoGm;atmif taumif;

qkH; BudK;yrf;tm;xkwfayrnf/

½IdifoGmefrS raumif;rI'kp½dkufrsm;udk jyKrl&ef aoG;aqmifjzm;a,mif;

jcif;jzifh ¤if;tm; raumif;rItukodkvfwGif aysmfydkufatmif enf;aygif;pkH

jzifh jrLqG,fMuvdrfhrnf/ aysmf½Tifatmif jyKvkyfMuvdrfhrnf/ xdktcg ol

onf raumif;rI'kp½dkuftwGif;rS ½kef;rxGufvdkjcif;ESifh trSefw&m;odkY

ul;ajymif;vdkjcif; ESpfcktMum;wGif pdwf'ku©rsm; vGefqGJaernf/ tu,fí

olonf ol\rlv (zdoGf&[f)udk a½G;cs,fcJhrnfqdkvQif tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf

rS olYtm; qE´qdk;rsm;rS vGwfajrmuf&ef ulnDay;vdrfhrnf/ xdkYaMumifh

rsm;pGmaomolrsm;onf trSefw&m;udk odjrifMuí apmpD;pGm trSefw&m;

buf (udk;uG,f&mt&SifbufodkY vSnfh&ef) BudK;pm;tm;xkwfMuaomf

vnf; ratmifjrifMuacs/ ¤if;wdkY\ touft½G,fBuD;&ifhvmaom tcsdef

(vlBuD;jzpfvmaomtcg) usrSomvQif tpövmrfodkY 0ifa&mufvmMujcif;

jzpfonf/

þodkY vlom;\obm0(zdoGf&[f)tm; qefYusifwdkufcdkufonfh tif

tm;onf BuD;rm;vGef;onfjzpfí tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS ajzmifhrwf rSefuef

onfh r[mvlom;BuD;rsm;udk a½G;cs,fum xdkolwdkYxHodkY 0[DAsm'dwfawmf

rsm; xkwfjyefydkYaqmifjcif;jzifh þrSufarSmufavmuDb0wGif rSefuef

wnfhrwfonfhvrf;pOfudk &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;? jywfjywfom;om; jyoawmf

rlcJhavonf/ xdkajzmifhrwfrSefuefonfh r[mvlom;BuD;rsm;udk uREkfyfwdkY

onf wrefawmfrsm;[kac:qdkí ¤if;wdkYonf uREkfyfwdkYtm; uREkfyfwdkY\

121 tv’mr[f tdAfEk tAltdZfZ tvf-[ezD ? &S&f[f tvf-tuD'[f tofG-oG[m 0D,[fusrf;? pm-273/

obm0 (zdoGf&[f)rS ¤if;\&efolrsm;udk wGef;vSef wdkufcdkuf&mwGif ulnD

&eftwGuf apvTwfawmfrljcif; cHcJh&avonf/ ,aeY rsufarSmufurÇm\

vltzGJYtpnf;tm;vkH;ü&Sdonfh trSefw&m;ESifh rGefjrwfoefY&Sif;aom

tusifhoDvrsm;tm;vkH;onf xdkwrefawmfrsm;\ oifMum;rIrsm;om jzpf

onf/ tu,fí xdkwrefawmfBuD;rsm;\ oifMum;rIrsm;om r&SdcJhvQif

þurÇmavmuü wnfNidrfat;csrf;jcif;ESifh vkHNcKHrI &Sdvdrfhrnf r[kwfacs/

Oyrm- taemufEdkifiHwdkif;jynfrsm;teufrS trsm;pkBuD;onf bmoma&;

vTrf;rdk;rIrS uif;a0;í avmuDa&;oufoufom usifhokH;aom tpdk;&rsm;

[k trnfwyfxm;aomfvnf; vufawGYwGif wrefawmfrlpmrS ,l

aqmifoifMum;ay;cJhonfh ynwfawmf(10)yg; (Ten Commandments)udk

tajccHí wnfaqmufusifhokH;aeMuonfudk awGY&ayrnf/ ,if;ynwf

awmfrsm;rSm ]olwyg;\ Opömypönf;udk rcdk;&}? ]olwyg; toufudk

rowf&} ... ponfwdkY jzpfonf/

xdkYaMumifh vlom;\wm0efrSm eAD? &plvfwrefawmfBuD;rsm;\

vrf;pOftwdkif; vdkufem&ayrnf/ taMumif;rlum; xdkvrf;pOfonfom

ol\ obm0w&m;ESifh udkufnDaomaMumifh jzpfonf/ olYtaeESifh ol\

rdb? bdk;bGm;rsm;vkyfaomt&mrsm;udk vdkufrvkyf&ef jzpfonf/ txl;

ojzifh ¤if;\xHodkY aomif[D;'fopömw&m;ESifh ywfoufonfhtrSefw&m;

rsm; a&muf&SdvmaomtcsdefwGif xdkrd½dk;zvm udk;uG,f,kHMunfrIrsm;?

tavhtusifhrsm;? "avhxkH;pHrsm;onf rSm;,Gif;aMumif; od&SdoGm;ayrnf/

trSefw&m;odkY rvdkufemygu xdkolonf usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefü tv’m[f

t&Sifjrwf rdefYawmfrlxm;onfh vrf;rSm;vdkufaeaomol? vrf;vGJaeaom

ol jzpfvdrfhrnf/ usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefwGif tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf rdefYawmfrl

xm;onfrSm-

[

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]]¤if;jyif (tajrmftjrifr&Sdaom) xdkolwdkYukd wOD;wa,mufu

([,f-tcsif;wdkY) toifwdkYonf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf xkwfjyef

csrSwf ay;oem;awmfrlaom w&m;a'oemrsm;ukd vkdufem

Muygukef[k ajymqdkygvQif ,if;olwdkYu ajymqdkMuonfrSm

xdkokdYtvsif;r[kwf? pifppfrSmum; tMuifw&m;vrf;pOfay:ü

tuREfkyfwdkYonf rdrdwdkY\ bdk;?ab;?bD?bifrsm;ukd awGY&\/ xdk

w&m;vrf;pOfukdomvQif uREfkyfwdkYonf vdkufemMutHh[k wkYHjyef

ajymqdkMuukefonf/ ¤if;wdkY\ bdk;? ab;? bD? bifwdkYonf

wpkHw&mukdrQ rqifjcifEkdifMuonfhjyif? w&m;vrf;rSefukd r&&SdMu

aomfvnf; (¤if;wdkYonf xdkokdYaom bdk;? ab;wdkY\ vrf;pOfukd

yif vkdufemMurnfavm)/}}122

trSefpifppf tv’m[frS rdbrsm;u uREkfyfwdkYtm; wrefawmfrsm;

\vrf;pOfESifh qefYusifí olwdkYvkyfapcsifonfh t&mrsm;udk vkyfcdkif;ygu

xdkrdbwdkY\trdefYudk qefYusif&ef (vdkufemjcif; rjyK&ef) wm;jrpfxm;NyD;

jzpfonf/ tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf rdefYawmfrlxm;onfrSm-

[

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]]trSefpifppf igt&Sifjrwfonf vlom;tm; (þodkY) trdefYay;

awmfrl\/ toifonf rdrd\ rdbESpfyg;wdkYtm; aumif;pGm jyKpk&

rnf/ odkY&mwGif tu,fí toifü todynm (oufao

taxmuftxm;) rnfonfh wpfpkHwpf&mrQ r&Sdaomt&mudk

toifhtm; igt&SifjrwfESifh wJGzuf EdIif;,SOfudk;uG,f&ef xdkrdb

ESpfyg;u BudK;yrf;tm;xkwfcJhMuvQif toifonf (,if;wJGzuf


udk; uG,frIESifhpyfvsOf;í) xdkrdbESpfyg;\ pum;udk rvdkufem

avESifh/ toifwdkYtm;vkH;onf igt&SifjrwftxHawmfodkY jyefvm

Mu&ayrnf/ xkdtcg igt&Sifjrwfonf toifwdkYtm; toifwdkY

jyKrlvsuf&SdcJhMuukefaom trIudpö(tvkH;pkH)wdkYESifhpyfvsOf;í tod

ay;awmfrlrnf/}}123

arG;&myg rGwfpvifrfrsm;

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aom arG;&mygrkpfvifrfrsm;taeESifh owdBuD;pGmxm;&rnfhtcsufrSm rdrd

wdkYonf *sEéoftrwokcbkHodkY tvdktavQmuf 0ifa&muf&rnfh tmrcH

csuf &&SdNyD;om;[k rrSwf,loifhyg/ wrefawmfjrwfrS ]]rsm;pGmaom

rkpfvifrfrsm; (rkpfvifrftkr®of)onf *sL;rsm;ESifh c&pf,mefrsm;aemufodkY

vdkufMuayvdrfhrnf/ xdkodkY *sL;rsm;ESifh c&pf,mefrsm;ESifh eD;eD;uyfuyf

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rnf}}[k owday;pum;ajymMum;cJhonf/124 xdkYjyif wrefawmfjrwfrS

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rSwfaeMuygonf/ odkYaomf xdkolwdkYwGif rkpfvifrfemrnf&Sd,kHrQESifh ud,m

rofaeYü rnfodkYrQ tusKd;xl;oufa&mufrI r&Sdyg/ þonf rnfodkYaom

rkpfvifrfrsm;ygenf;/ xdkolrsm;rSm atmufygvkyf&yfrsm;? jyKrlusifhokH;rI

rsm;udk jyKvkyfaeaomolrsm;jzpfygonf/

,cktcg urÇmwpf0Srf;&Sd rsm;pGmaom rkpfvifrfrsm;onf aoolrsm;udk

ocFsKdif;*l('&f*g)rsm; jyKvkyfNyD;? wzef ¤if;ocFsKdif;*ludk tajccHí (ocFsKdif;

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uG,frIrsm; jyKaeMuonf/ qdkvdkonfrSm- 0vDolawmfpifBuD;rsm;[k

trnfwwfí ¤if;bmbmBuD;rsm;tm; ylaZmfyorIrsm; ¤if;wdkYtwGuf &nf

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tpOftvmrsm;udk jyKvkyfaeMujcif; jzpfonf/ xdkenf;wl rdrdwdkYudk,fudk

rdrdwdkY rkpfvifrf[k ajymMum;NyD; tvDtm; tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf[k

oabmxm; udk;uG,folrsm;vnf; &Sdygonf/126 tcsKdUaomolrsm;rSm

vnf; usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef\tm,ofawmfrsm;udk tEÅ&m,fuif; taqmif

rsm;? vufzGJYrsm; jyKvkyfí uHaumif;ap&ef ¤if;wdkY\vnfyif;wGif csdwfpGJ

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aom rkpfvifrfjzpfovm; (0g) rdrdwdkYudk,fwdkif tpövmrfudk ESpfoufí

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pGm pOf;pm; qifjcifoifhygonf/

126 qD;&D;,m;EdkifiHwGif aexdkifonfh Elpdkif&D;pfrsm;ESifh ygvufpwdkif;EdkifiHESifh vbEGef EdkifiHwdkYwGif&Sdaom '½kZDrsm; jzpfMuonf/

¤if;wdkYtaeESifh tpövmrfonf rdrdwdkY\ rdb? bkd;? ab;? bD?bifrsm;?

rsKd;EG,frsm;? EdkifiHrsm;u vkyfcJhonfh tpOftvmrsm; (rd½dk;zvm"avhxkH;pH

ESifh udk;uG,f,kHMunfrIrsm;udk qdkvdkonf) vdkufvkyfcdkif;onfh bmom

vm;? usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? wrefawmfjrwfESifh udk,fawmfjrwf\

qG[mA[f om0uBuD;rsm;ocifBuD;rsm; jyKusifhcJhonfhtwdkif; jyKrl

usifhBuH&rnfh omoemvm;qdkonfudk pOf;pm;oifhygonf/

y#dnmOf (w&m;0ifqdkcJhaomopöm)

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rnf/ tv’m[frS rdefYawmfrlxm;onfrSm-

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vnf;aumif; jyKvkyfxm;awmfrl\/...}}173

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172 usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 72; 14-15/ 173 usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 6; 112/

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onf/}}174

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[ ]

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[ … ]

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yg? {uefpifppf t&Sifjrwfonf vGefpGm &ufa&mpGm ay;urf;

awmfrlaomt&Sifyif jzpfawmfrlygonf/}}177 178

xdkYaMumifh wrefawmfpkvdkifrefrSvGJí vlom;rsm;wGif *sifefrsm;

udk ydkifpdk; vTrf;rdk;EdkifpGrf; r&Sday/ þonf wrefawmfpkvdkifreftay:

wGif tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS ay;oem;csD;jr§ifhxm;aom txl; rktf*sdZm[f

176 oefrmaom (0g) cGef;tm;pGrf;tif&Sdaom raumif;qdk;0g;*sifef? ½I- E.W. Lane,

Arabic-English Lexicon, Cambridge, England, Islamic Texts Society, 1984, Vol.2,

p. 2089. 177 usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 38; 35/ 178 tDrmrfAkcg&D ocifESifh tDrmrfrkpfvifrf ocifwdkYrS pkpnf;wifjycJhonf/ ½I-qG[D;[f tvf-Akcg&Dusrf;? twGJ-1? pm-268? ['D;qftrSwf-75 ESifh qG[D;[f rkpfvifrfusrf;? twGJ-1? pm-273? ['D;qftrSwf-1104/

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wrefawmfjrwfudk,fawmfwdkifyif yg0ifaMumif; twdtvif; &Sif;jy

xm;NyD; jzpfonf/

[ … ]

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vHk;wGif) rnfonfh qif;&J'ku©rQ oufa&mufrnfvnf; r[kwf

ay/}}197

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12 &moDcGifMunfhjcif;? ZD0ur®qdkif&m uGefysLwmtpDtpOfMunfhjcif;ESifh

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[

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t<uif;rJh Mum;odawmfrlaomt&Sif jzpfawmfrlayownf;/}}199

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rav; arG;zGm;Edkifygonf[lí ajym&rnf jzpfygonf/


tcef; (6)

vGefavNyD;aomumv (twdwfacwf)wGif rkpfvifrfynm&Sifrsm;u

ae? v? N*dKvf? eu©wfwm&mrsm; vSnfhywfoGm;vmaejcif;udk avhvm

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pdwfjzm avhvmoGm;rnf jzpfonf/

(1) yxrtrsKd;tpm;rSm urÇmay:&Sd ouf&SdowÅ0grsm;ESifh tjcm;

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jzpfonf/200

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onf/ ,if;ynm&yf\ rlvtpudk avhvmMunfhygu vGefcJhaom ESpf

aygif; 5000 ausmf (BC 3000 ausmf)cefYu rufqdkydkaw;rD;,m;a'owGif

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arG;pm;í zGHYNzdK;wdk;wufapcJhonf/

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tvGef ta&;ygaomynm&yf jzpfcJhonf/ yk@m;rsm;? [l;&m;rsm;onf

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ru? eef;awmf\ jyify? omrmefvlrsm;twGufyg tokH;0ifatmif BudK;pm;

tm;xkwfcJhjcif;aMumifh jzpfonf/201

ESpfaygif;(2000)ausmfMumNyD;aemuf eu©wfaA'ifynm&yfonf us,f

ysHUoxuf us,fysHUzGHYNzdK;vmNyD;? bmoma&;? 'óeduynmESifh rdpäm'd|d

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\ Oa&my'óeduynm&Sifrsm;jzpfaom 'efwD (Dante)ESifh pdefYaomrwf

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eu©wÅqdkif&m taMumif;w&m;rsm;udk toD;oD;tou vufcHcJhMuonf/

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\ tem*wfuHMur®mudk vTrf;rdk;Edkifonf[laom t,ltqudk wrefawmf

201 William D. Halsey (ed.), Collier’s Encyclopedia, USA, Crowell-Collier

Educational Corporation, 1970, Vol. 3, p. 103.

tDA&m[ifrf\ rsKd;EG,frsm;jzpfMuonfh qmAD;,ef;rsm;wGifvnf;

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tcsufrSm tv’m[f wpfqlwnf;? wpfyg;wnf;uom wdkif;wm

owfrSwfEdkifaom u'&fac: uHMur®mouú'D;&fudk xdkaumif;uifbkH&Sd

t&mrsm;u csKyfudkif jc,fvS,fEdkifonf[laom ,kHMunfcsuf jzpfonf/

xdkYaMumifh eu©wfaA'ifynm&yfudk avhvmvdkufpm;ol? vdkufem

usifhokH;olonf umzd&f (aoGznfjiif;qef remcHaomol) jzpfonf/

tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfwpfyg;wnf;uom odjrifEdkif

aomuHMur®mudk ¤if;wdkYu BudKwifodjrifEdkifonf[k ,kHMunfajymqdkaeMu

jcif;aMumifh jzpfonf/ xdkodkY tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfwp fyg;wnf;om ydkifqdkif

202 ½I- odkifpD;&f tvf-tZD;Zf tvf-[rD;'fusrf;? pm-441/

xm;aom *kPf&nfESifhtodudk rdrdwdkYudk,fudk rdrdwdkYay;NyD;? vlom;wdkYtm;

tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS wdkif;wmowfrSwfxm;onfh ouú'D;&fudk jc,fvS,f

NyD; (tEÅ&m,frS uif;a0;atmifvkyfjcif;? aumif;aomuHMur®m? qkvmbf

udk&&SdatmifjyKvkyfjcif;)onf vGJrSm;aomvkyf&yf jzpfonf/ eu©wfaA'if

ynmonf qG[mADBuD; tdAfEktAÁm;pfocif qifhjyefcJhonfh ['D;qf

awmft& [&mrf wm;jrpfydwfyifxm;aomt&m jzpfonf/ wrefawmf

jrwfrS rdefYawmfrlxm;onfrSm

]]rnfolrqdk eu©wfaA'ifynm\ rnfonfhudkif;cGJ? ynm&yfcGJudk

rqdk avhvmqnf;yl;&&Sdolonf arSmftwwfynm\ udkif;cGJ?

ynm&yfcGJwpfckudk avhvmqnf;yl;&&SdonfESifh oabmtwlwlyif

jzpfonf/ xdkolonf ¤if;ynm&yftm; ydkí wwfajrmufavav

*dkem[ftukodkvf'kp½dkuf ydkí rsm;vmavav jzpfonf/}}203

(2) eu©wfaA'ifynm&yf\ 'kwd,trsKd;tpm;rSm atmufyg,kHMunf

olrsm;ESifh oufqdkifygonf/ ¤if;wdkYu ,kHMunfaeMuonfrSm aumif;uif

bkH&Sd ae? v? Mu,f? eu©wfwm&mrsm;\ ykHyef;o@mefESifh ¤if;wdkY\

a½GUvsm;oGm;vmrIonf tv’m[f\ qE´awmftwdkif; jzpfay:ae&NyD;?

¤if;wdkYonf urÇmN*dKvf&Sd vlESifh tjcm; ouf&Sd? oufrJht&m0w¦KwdkY\

uHMur®mudk jc,fvS,fxif[yfaeonf[laom ,kHMunfrI jzpfonf/204 þ

tqdkonf abbDvdkeD;,ef; eu©wfaA'ifynmudk avhvmqnf;yl;cJhonfh

rkpfvifrfynm&SifwdkY\tqdk jzpfonf/ tdkrdkif,mrif;quf\ aemufqkH;

ydkif;&Sd cvDz[ftkyfcsKyfolbk&ifrsm; vufxufü eu©wfaA'ifynmudk eef;

awmf\ vTwfawmfw&m;½kH;odkY pwif wifoGif;oifMum;cJhonfudk awGY&

\/ xdkumvwGif cvDz[f rif;qufwpfOD;csif;pDwGif ¤if;\ aeYw"l0

rif;a&;rif;&mrsm;udk tBuHay;rnfh wzef usa&mufvmrnfh ab;qdk;?

203 tDrmrftAl'g0l;'f ocifrS pkpnf;wifjycJhonf/ ½I- pkeeftAl'g0l;'fusrf;? twGJ-3? pm-1095? ['D;qftrSwf-3986 ESifh tdAfEkrm*s[fusrf;/ 204 ½I- odkifpD;&f tvf-tZD;Zf tvf-[rD;'fusrf;? pm-442/

Mur®mqdk;rsm;udk a[mMum;ay;rnfh oD;oefYaA'ifq&m (yk@m;uJhodkYaom

olrsm;)wpfOD;pD &SdMuonf/

rkpfvifrftrsm;pkrS vufcH,kHMunfxm;MuonfrSm eu©wfaA'ifynm

onf ukzf&f (aoGznf jiif;qefremcHjcif;) jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh eu©wf

aA'if ynmudk rlvykHo@meftm;jzifhqdkvQif rkpfvifrfwdkif;rS umzd&f

(aoGznf jiif;qefremcHol) tjzpf wGef;ydkYay;EdkifaMumif; ¤if;wdkYu od&Sd

aeMuojzifh? ¤if;eu©wfaA'ifynm&yfudk vufcHusifhokH;vdkolrsm;rS tpö

vmrfrS vufcHEdkifaom ykHo@mefjzpfatmif jyKvkyfí usifhokH;aeMujcif;

jzpfonf/ tusKd;qufrSm eu©wfaA'ifqdkif&m BudKwifcefYrSef;csufrsm;udk

tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ qE´awmftjzpf ykHazmfjcif; jzpfonf/ rnfodkYqdkap?

þodkYaom eu©wfaA'ifrsKd; onfvnf; [&mrf (wm;jrpfxm;aomt&m)

jzpfonf/ ¤if;udk vufcHusifhokH;ol? ,kHMunfvdkufemolonfvnf; um

zd&f (trSefw&m;udk aoGznfjiif;qef remcHaomol) jzpfonf/ þodkY

aom ,kHMunfcsufrsm;onf tpövmrfray:xGef;rD trdkufarSmifacwfrS

vlom;wdkY\ ,kHMunfcsufESifh rnfodkYrQ uGJjym;jcm;em;jcif; r&Sdacs/

tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ tmPmawmfudk aumif;uifbkH&Sd ae? v? Mu,f?

eu©wfwm&mponfwdkYudk cGJa0ay;í ¤if; ae? v? Mu,f? eu©wfwm&mwdkY

\ oGm;vmaeykH? jzpfay:aeaom ykHyef;o@mefrsm;onf tv’m[ft&Sif

jrwf\ qE´awmfrsm;t& jzpfay:aejcif;jzpfNyD;? ¤if;wdkY\ teuft"dyÜg,f

udk teufaumuf? t"dyÜg,fazmfolrsm;u tv’m[ft&Sif jrwfwpfyg;

wnf;uom odEdkifpGrf;&Sdaom tem*wfudk BudKwif a[mMum;aeMujcif;

jzpfonf/ wenf;qdkaomf rdrdwdkYbmom tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ tmPm

awmfESifhae&mudk twif;0if,laejcif; jzpfonf/ aESmif;ydkif;ynm&Sifrsm;

onf eu©wfaA'ifMunfhjcif;(tem*wfa[mjcif;)ESifhywfoufaom &S&D

tofpnf;rsOf;Oya'orsm;udk vufawGY taumiftxnfazmfrI r&SdcJhaom

aMumifh rodvdkufbmomESifh eu©wfaA'ifynm (aA'ifa[mjcif;?

vu©PmMunfhjcif;? tem*wf uHMur®mudk BudKwifcefYrSef;jcif;) udk cGifhjyK

vmcJhMuonf/ xdkYaMumifh rkpfvifrftrsm;pktMum;wGif eu©wfaA'ifESifh

ywfoufaom ,kHMunfcsufrsm; ysHUyGm;vmcJhonf/

(3) eu©wfaA'ifynm&yf\ wwd,ykHpHrSm oabFmom;rsm; (a&

aMumif;wGif oGm;vmvIyf&Sm;olrsm;)ESifh oJuEÅm&twGif; c&D;oGm;rsm;ESifh

awmifolv,form;rsm;rS ¤if;wdkY\ c&D;oGm;vma&;ESifh v,f,mpdkufysKd;

a&;twGuf &moDOwk BudKwifcefYrSef;&eftwGuf aumif;uif&Sd ae? v?

Mu,f? eu©wfwm&mrsm;\ ykHo@mefudk Munfh½IcefYrSef; wGufcsufjcif;

jzpfonf/205 usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefESifh pGEé[ft& azmfjyyg enf;vrf;rsm;

twGuf usifhokH;jcif;? tjcm;tvm;wludpörsm;twGuf usifhokH;jcif;onf

tpövmrfhw&m;awmft& [vmvf (cGifhjyKxm;aomt&m) jzpfonf/ þ

odkY usifhokH;Edkifonf[k cRif;csuftaejzifh owfrSwf&jcif;\ taxmuf

txm;rSm atmufazmfjyyg usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef\tm,ofawmft& jzpf

onf/

[ ]

]]¤if;jyif xdkt&SifjrwfonfyifvQif tMuif t&Sifjrwfjzpfawmf

rl\/ xdkt&Sifjrwfonf toifwdkYtbdkY eu©wfwm&mrsm;udk

ukef;ajrESif ork'´&myifv,f\tarSmifrsm;wGif vrf;rSef&apjcif;

iSm jyKvkyfawmfrlcJhavonf/}}206

ynm&SdokcrdefBuD; uom'[f207 \tqdkudk tDrmrfAkcg&D rS

qifhjyefcJhonfrSm ]]trSefyif tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfonf Mu,fwm&mrsm;udk

vrf;jyrsm;tjzpfvnf;aumif;? ½IdifoGmefrdpämaumiftm; ypfayguf&efvnf;

205 ½I- odkifpD;&f tvf-tZD;Zf tvf-[rD;'fusrf;? pm-447-8/ 206 usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 6; 97/ 207 wrefawmfjrwf\ qG[mA[fom0uBuD;rsm;xHwGif ynmoif,l qnf;yl;cJhMu onfh yk*¾dKvfrsm;twGif;rS xif&Sm;ausmfMum;onfh ynm&SifBuD; jzpfonf/

aumif; zefqif; pD&ifxm;ayonf/ xdkYtjyif Mu,frsm;udk tjcm;aom

&nf½G,fcsufrsm;ESihf &SmazGMunfh½I cefYrSef;wGufcsufMuvQif xdkolonf

qkH;½IH;epfemolom jzpfayvdrfhrnf/ xdkolonf rdrd wwfodem;vnfrI r&Sd

aomt&mudk ,kHMunfrdaomaMumifh aumif;aomb0 (wrvGef)\

aumif;aom &S,f,ma0pka0ykHudk qkH;½IH;&ma&mufayrnf/ xdkodkY jyKvkyf

aomol? ,kHMunfaomol? vdkufemusifhokH;aomolrsm;onf tv’m[f

t&Sifjrwf\ trdefYawmfudk vspfvsL½I&ma&muf\/ ¤if;wdkYonf Mu,f

rsm;? eu©wfrsm;tm; bk&m;ocifuJhodkY yg0g pGrf;tm;ay;NyD;? þN*dKvfcGif?

þeu©wfwGif vufxyfxdrf;jrm;aomolonf þodkYjzpfrnf? xdkokdY

jzpfrnf[kvnf;aumif;? þN*dKvf? þeu©wfay:aomtcsdefwGif c&D;oGm;

ygu þodkYtjzpfESifh BuKH&rnf? xdkokdYjzpfrnf? þMu,ftwdkif;vdkufygu

rdrdvdkcsifaomt&mudk &SmazGawGY&Sdrnf ponfjzifh rdrdwdkYbmom rdrdwdkY

owfrSwf ,kHMunfMuonf/

uREkfyf\ b0tawGYtBuKHt& Mu,fwdkif;onf eDaom? eufaom? &Snfaom? wdkaom? ½kyfqdk;aom? cspfp&m aumif;aom wd&dpämefrsm; toGifjzifh jzpfay:vmonf/ trSefpifppf Mu,f? eu©wfrsm;? iSufrsm;? owÅ0grsm;onf rjrifEdkifaomtem*wfudk BudKwif rodEdkifMuyg/ tu,fí vlom;wdkif;udk odapvdkygu tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS tm'rf tm; oifMum;ay;cJhrnfjzpfonf/ wzef tm'rfrS vlom;rsKd; EG,frsm;tm; qufvuf oifMum;ay;ayrnf/ tb,faMumifhqdkaomf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfonf rdrdvufawmfjzifh tm'rftm; zefqif;awmf rlcJhNyD;? rvmtdu[faumif;uifwrefrsm;udk OD;csapcJhonf/ xdkYjyif t&Sif jrwfonf tm'rftm; avmu&Sdt&mtm;vkH;\ trnfemrrsm;udk oifMum;ay;cJhonfht&Sif jzpfawmfrlonf/}}

ynm&SdokcrdefBuD; uom'[f rS tokH;jyKxm;onfh ]Mu,frsm;}[l onfh pum;vkH;twGuf t"dyÜg,fuefYowfcsufrSm txufwGif azmfjycJh aom pl&[f tvf-teftmrf\ tm,ofawmf (97) t& jzpfonf/ azmfjy yg,lqcsufonf atmufygusrf;ydk'frsm;udkvnf; tajccHaeayonf/

[ ]

]]xkdrSwpfyg; {uefrvJG igt&Sifjrwfonf teD;qHk; (atmufqHk;)

jzpfaom rkd;aumif;uifukd rD;tdrfrsm;jzifh wifhw,fokdufNrdKufpGm

qif,ifxm;awmfrlonfhjyif igt&Sifjrwfonf ,if;rD;tdrfrsm;ukd

]]½IdifoGmef}} rdpämaumifrsm;tm; ypfcwf&ef vufeufud&d,mrsm;

tjzpf jyKvkyfawmfrlcJh\/}}208

wrefawmfjrwfrS &Sif;jycJhonfhtwdkif; *sifefrsm;onf aumif;uif

bkH\ tedrfhqkH;tydkif;txd c&D;ESifMuNyD;? rvmtdu[f aumif;uifwref

rsm;rS urÇmajray:wGif jzpfay:vmrnfh taMumif;t&mrsm;ESifhywfoufí

tcsif;csif; ajymqdkaqG;aEG;csufrsm;udk acsmif;ajrmif;em;axmifMuonf/

xdk*sifefrsm;onf urÇmajray:odkY jyefvmMuNyD; rdrdwdkY Mum;odvmcJhonfh

owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk tem*wftm; cefYrSef;jcif;? BudKwif ajym

Mum;jcif;wGif yg0ifywfoufaeolrsm;udk owif;ay;Muonf/ xdkYjyif

wrefawmfjrwfrS qufvuf&Sif;jyonfrSm? usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefwGif

tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS rdefYawmfrlxm;onfrSm ]Mu,fa<ursm;? wenf;tm;

jzifh OuúmcJrsm;? Mu,fwm&mrsm; a<uusjcif;onf tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS

rvmtdu[f aumif;uifwrefrsm;\ pum;rsm;udk acsmif;ajrmif; em;

axmif&ef vmonfh *sifefrsm;udk ypfaygufqkH;rjcif; jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh

tvGef &Sm;yg;vSonfhtcGifhtvrf;rSvGJí ¤if;*sifefrsm;rS (vGwfvGwfvyf

vyf) cdk;í em;axmifEdkifjcif; r&Sdawmhacs/ xdkYjyif wrefawmfjrwfrS

rdefYawmfrlonfrSm xdktem*wfa[maA'ifvu©Pmq&mrsm;onf tenf;

i,frQaomtjzpftysuftrSefrsm;ESifh vdrfvnfNzD;zsef;rIrsm;pGmudk a&maESm


í a[majymaeMujcif;jzpfonf/209 xdkYaMumifh rkpfvifrfrsm;taeESifh

tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS cGifhjyKxm;onfh udpö&yfrsm;twGufrSvGJí tjcm;

aom &nf½G,fcsufjzifh eu©wfwm&mrsm;tm; Munhf½Iavhvmjcif;udk rjzpf

rae a&SmifMuOf&ayrnf/ ¤if;rSm usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef\ ñTefjycsuft&

a&aMumif;? ukef;aMumif; (oJuEÅm&twGif;) c&D;oGm;jcif;rsm;twGuf

vrf;ñTeftjzpf okH;jcif;? wzef ¤if;wdkYESifhqufEG,faomudpö&yfrsm;rSvGJí

tjcm;udpö&yfrsm;twGuf tokH;rjyK&/

rkpfvifrfaA'ifeu©wfq&mrsm;\ ckcHajymqdkcsufrsm;

eu©wfaA'ifynm&yftwGif; yg0ifywfoufaeMuaom ynm&Sifrsm;?

aA'ifeu©wfMunfhq&mrsm;u usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef\ tcsKdUaom tm,of

awmfrsm;udk udk;um;í ¤if;wdkY\ vkyf&yfrsm; rSefuefaMumif; oufaojy

tajzñSdMuonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh ,ckacwftcgor,wGif pl&[f tvf-

Al½l;*sfudk t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh Zodiacal Signs (12&moDcGif) [k bmomjyef

qdkaeMuonf/210 ¤if;pl&[ftvf-Al½l;*sf\ yxrtm,ofawmfü tv’m[f

t&Sifjrwfonf ]12&moDcGif} (12vtwGif; vnfywfajymif;vJ wwfaom

&moDpuf0ef;)udk wdkifwnfusdefqdkí ajymaMumif; azmfjyxm;onf/ þ

onfrSm tvf-Ak½l;*sf (البروج)[kac:aom tm&ADa0g[m&udk ]Zodiacal Signs}

(12 &moDcGif)[k qGJ,lbmomjyefqdkjcif;rSm rSm;,Gif;aeygonf/ xdktvf-

Ak½l;*sf (البروج) [kac:aom tm&ADa0g[m&\ t"dyÜg,frSefrSm ]Mu,frsm;\

tpDtpOf? ykHyef;o@mef? taetxm;zGJYpnf;ykH}om jzpfNyD; ]12&moDcGif

ykHo@mefrsm;}[k t"dyÜg,fr&yg/

209 tDrmrfAkcg&D ocifrS pkpnf;wifjycJhonf/ ½I-qG[D;[f tvf-Akcg&Dusrf;? tm&AD-t*Fvdyfbmomjyef? twGJ-7? pm-439? ['D;qftrSwf-657 ESifh qG[D;[f rkpfvifrfusrf;? t*Fvdyfbmomjyef? twGJ-4? pm-1209? ['D;qftrSwf-5535/ 210 ½I- Abdullah Yusuf Ali, The Holy Qur’an, English Translation, Beirut, Dar Al-

Quran Al-Karim, p. 1714.

,cktcg urÇmay:wGif vlom;rsm;odaeMuonfh ]12 &moDcGif}[l

aom todonmrSm a&S;a[mif; abbDvdkeD;,ef;ESifh *&dvlrsKd;rsm;\

Mu,frsm;yg0ifaom eu©wf (&moDtvdkuf? vtvdkuf ay:vGif xif&Sm;

vmonf) rsm;? Mu,ftpkta0;rsm; yg0ifaom Mu,frsm;\tpDtpOf?

txm;todkudk Munfhí wd&dpämefrsm;? vlom;rsm;toGif ykHazmfxm;jcif;om

jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh azmfjyyg tm,ofawmfudk Mu,fwm&mrsm;tm;

&Sdcdk;ylaZmfaomolrsm;\ vkyf&yfrsm; rSefuefaMumif;udk taxmuftxm;

tjzpf tokH;jyK&ef taMumif;r&Sday/ ¤if;wdkY\ ½kyfykHrsm;jzifh ykHazmfxm;

jcif;onf ¤if;wdkY\pdwful;pdwfoef;ESifh ykHazmfjcif;omjzpfNyD;? Mu,frsm;\

tpDtpOf? txm;todk? taetxm;? ykHyef;o@mefESifh rnfodkYrQ rouf

qdkifay/ þrQomruao;? tmumoaumif;uiftwGif;wGif ¤if;Mu,f

rsm;\ a½GUvsm;rIaMumifh ajymif;vJjzpfay:vmaom ykHyef;o@mefrsm;onf

tcsdefumvt& (12&moD ajymif;vJrI? 12 vajymif;vJrI) jzpfay:vm

aom ykHyef;o@mefrsm;om jzpfonf/

a&S;tcgu atmufazmfjyyg usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef\ tm,ofawmfudk

eu©wfaA'ifq&mrsm;u cvDz[frif;rsm;\ vTwf½kH;wGif rdrdwdkY\

vkyf&yfrSefuefaMumif; oufaojycJhMuonf/ ¤if; tm,ofawmfrSm

[ ]

]]¤if;jyif trSwfonm rSwfwkdifrsm;ukdvnf; (jyKvkyfawmfrlcJh\)/

xkdYjyif Mu,feu©wfrsm;jzifhvnf; (vlwkdYonf) vrf;rsm;ukd &Sm

awGUMuukef\/}}211

rkpfvifrfeu©wfaA'ifq&mrsm;rS ajymcJhonfrSm ]þtm,ofawmf

onf ]Mu,frsm;ESifh ¤if;wdkY\ ykHyef;o@mef? vu©Pm&yfrsm;u rjrif&


aom? rjrifEdkifaomuHMur®m? tem*wfwGif jzpfay:rnfht&mrsm;udk xkwf

jyef ajymMum;aejcif; jzpfonf/ ¤if;wdkYudk odem;vnfjcif;jzifh vlom;rsm;

tm; tem*wfwGif rnfodkY aexdkifjyKrloifhaMumif; vrf;ñTefay;Edkifonf

[k ajymMum;cJhonf/212 wrefawmfjrwfrS usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef\#Dum

ynm&Sif (ترجمان القرآن) [k ac:qdkcJhonfh ynm&Sif qG[mADBuD; tdAfEktAÁm;pf

ocifrS ]þusrf;jrwfuk&ftmef\ (16;16) tm,ofawmfwGif yg0if

onfh trSwfonmrSwfwdkifrsm;(Sign)[lonf ]aeYtcsdeftcgwGif awGYjrif

Edkifaomvrf;aMumif;rsm;? xif&Sm;aom ajrjyifo@mef trSwftom;rsm;}

udk qdkvdkjcif; jzpfonf/ ¤if;pum;vkH;rS ]Mu,frsm;om}[lí &nfñTef;xm;

jcif; vkH;0 r[kwf/ uREkfyfwdkYrS qufíajymMum;rnfhpum;rSm Mu,frsm;

ESifhtwl ¤if;wdkdYonf rSefuefpGm vrf;ñTefjcif;cH&ayvdrfhrnf/} qdkvdk&if;

rSm ¤if;wdkYonf (vlom;rsm;onf) ntcgwGif Mu,frsm;\ tvif;a&mif

jzifh ¤if;wdkYoGm;vm&m yifv,fa&aMumif;? ukef;aMumif;c&D;rsm;udk rSef

uefpGm vrf;ñTefjcif; cH&ayvdrfhrnf/213 wenf;tm;jzifhqdkaomf azmfjyyg

tm,ofawmf (16; 16) \teuf t"dyÜg,fonf pl&[ftvf-teftmrfrS

tm,ofawmf (98)ESifh twlwlyif jzpfonf/

rnfonfhudpöwGifrqdk txufazmfjyyg tm,ofawmfrsm;ESifh tjcm;

aom usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef\ tm,ofawmfrsm;udk eu©wfaA'ynmqdkif&m

odyÜHynm\ odyÜHtwktjzpf tokH;jyKcJhMujcif; jzpfonf/ trSefrSm xdkodkY

tokH;csjcif;onf vkH;0 rcdkifvkHay/ þodkY usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef\ azmfjyyg

tm,ofawmfrsm;udk tokH;jyKjcif;onf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf wpfyg;wnf;

uom tem*wfudk odjrifEdkifonf[laom usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef\ tjcm;

aomtm,ofawmfrsm;ESifh qefYusifaeayonf/ tvm;wl wrefawmfjrwf

212 ½I- odkifpD;&f tvf-tZD;Zf tvf-[rD;'fusrf;? pm-444/ 213 tDrmrftoGf-oGAf&D ocifrS ¤if;jyKpkcJhonfh ozfpD;&f(usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef tvif;jyusrf;) wGif pkpnf; wifjycJhonf/ ½I-*smrdtf tvf-A,mef otf0D;vf tvf-uk&ftmefusrf;? tD*spfEdkifiH? tvf-[vmADykHESdyfwdkuf? wwd,tBudrf? 1968? twGJ-14? pm-91/

rS rdefYawmfrlcJhonfh eu©wfaA'ifynmESifh qufEG,faeaom odyÜHynm

twkrsm;udk avhvmvdkufpm;jcif;? oif,ljcif;? usifhokH;jcif;? ,kHMunfjcif;

wdkYudk rjyK&[lonfh ['D;qfawmfrsm;udkvnf; qefYusif&m a&mufay

onf/ Oyrm- wrefawmfjrwf\ atmufyg['D;qfawmfjrwfudk

qG[mADom0uBuD; tdAfEktAÁm;pfocifrS qifhjyefwifjycJhonf/

wrefawmfjrwfrS rdefYawmfrlcJhonfrSm-

]]Mu,frsm;ESifhywfoufaom txl;ojzifh Mu,frsm;\ ykHyef;

o@mef? tpDtpOf? tpkta0;rsm;ESifhywfoufonfh rnfodkYaom

ynm&yfe,fy,f cGJrsm;udkrqdk oif,ljcif;onf arSmftwwfynm

\ tpdwftydkif;wpfckudk oif,ljcif; jzpfonf/}}214

xdkYtwl tAlr[f*smrfocifrSvnf; qifhjyefcJhonf/ wrefawmf

jrwf rdefYawmfrlcJhonfrSm

]]uREkfyf tv’m[ft&SifjrwftrdefYawmfcH,lNyD;? uREkfyfr&Sdawmhonfh

tcsdef wGif uREkfyf\tGr®of aemufvdkufrsm;twGuf uREkfyf tpdk;

&drfqkH;? taMumufqkH;(udpörsm;)rSm ]tkyfcsKyfolrsm;rS w&m;rQwrI

r&SdbJ pD&iftkyfcsKyfrnfhudpö? Mu,frsm;udk ,kHMunfouf0ifjcif;

trIESifh tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS owfrSwfjyXmef;xm;awmfrlonfh

u'&fac: uHMur®mudk jiif;y,fjcif;udpöwdkY jzpfonf/}}215

xdkYaMumifh eu©wfaA'ifynm&yfESifh ywfoufaom,kHMunfrI? vdkufem

usifhokH;rIonf tpövmrfü tajctjrpfr&Sdaom ,kHMunfcsufESifh vkyf&yf

jzpfonf/ trSefpifppf rnfolrqdk bmoma&;qdkif&m usrf;*efvmpum;

214 tDrmrftAl'g0l'f rS pkpnf;wifjycJhonf/ ½I- pkeeftAl'g0l;'fusrf;? twGJ-3? pm-1095? ['D;qftrSwf-3896 ESifh tdAfEkrm*s[fusrf;/ 215 ynm&SifBuD;tDrmrftdAfEktqmud&f rS pkpnf;wifjycJhNyD; ynm&SifBuD; tDrmrf twfpf-pl,lwGD rS ,if;['D;qfawmftm; cdkifrmrSefuefaumif;rGefonfh['D;qfawmf tjzpf owfrSwfcJhonf/ 215 ½I- odkifpD;&f tvf-tZD;Zf tvf-[rD;'fusrf;? pm-445/

rsm;wGif rdrdwdkY\t,ltq? tawG;tac:? ,kHMunfcsufrsm;udk aygif;pyf

í rdrdwdkYvdkovdk qGJ,lykHazmfcJhygu ,if;odkY ykHazmfjcif;onf *sL;vlrsKd;

rsm;\p½dkufvu©PmESifh qifwl jzpfonf/ *sL;vlrsKd;rsm;onf aomif&of

usrf;awmf\ rlvusrf;ydk'frsm;udk ,lNyD; ¤if;wkdYvdkvm;onfh pum;rsm;?

t,ltqrsm;udk w&m;r0ifrSef; odvQufESifh xnfhí ajymif;vJjcif;onf

,cifuwnf;u &SdcJhonfh xif&Sm;aom tusifhp½dkufvu©Pm\ om"u

wpfck jzpfonf/216

aA'ifvu©Pm? a[mpmwrf;rsm; zwf½Iavhvmjcif;ESifhqdkifaom

tpövmrf\ owfrSwfjyXmef;csufrsm;

txufwGif azmfjyxm;cJhonfhtwdkif; eu©wfaA'ifMunfhjcif;onfom

[&mrf (wm;jrpfxm;aomt&m) r[kwf? aA'ifq&mxHodkY vnfywfjcif;?

¤if;a[mMum;csufrsm;udk em;axmifjcif; (aA'ifar;jcif;)? eu©wfaA'if

ynmqdkif&m pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm; 0,f,lavhvmjcif; (aA'ifpmtkyf?

vu©Pmpmtkyfrsm; 0,f iSm;zwfjcif;)? aA'ifa[mpmwrf;rsm; zwfjcif;

tm;vkH;onfvnf; [&mrf (wm;jrpfydwfyifxm;aomt&m)rsm; jzpfonf/

eu©wfaA'ifynmonf txl;ojzifh tem*wfudk cefYrSef;&mwGifokH;onfh

ynm&yfjzpfaomaMumifh ¤if;ynm&yfudk avhvmvdkufpm;ol? vdkufem

usifhokH;olrsm;onf tem*wfa[mudef;xkwfaomolrsm;[k owfrSwf

onf/ wpfpkHwpfa,mufonf Horoscopes ac: arG;aeY? arG;vay:rlwnf

í a[mudef;xkwfaom? aA'ifa[mpmwrf;? vu©Pma[mpmwrf;rsm;udk

Munfhol? zwfol? vdkufem usifhokH;olESifh ywfoufí atmufazmfjyyg

wrefawmfjrwf \ ['D;qfawmfrS xGufay:vmonfh jyXmef;csuft&

qkH;jzwfayrnf/

]]rnfolrqdk aA'ifq&m? vu©Pmq&m (tem*wfa[mudef;

xkwfol wpfOD;OD;)xHodkY csOf;uyfNyD;? wpfpkHwpf&mudk ar;jref;yg

216 ½I- pl&[f tef-edpm[f? 4;47ESifh pl&[ftvf-rmtd'[f? 5;13 ESifh 5;41/

u xdkol\ qGvmof0wfjyKwnfaqmufrIudk aeYaygif; 40

wdwdESifh naygif; (40) tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS vufcHrnf r[kwf

acs/}}217

NyD;cJhonfhtcef;wGif azmfjycJhonfhtwdkif; txufyg ['D;qfawmfrS

azmfjyaomtjypf'PfrSm wpfpkHwpfa,mufonf aA'ifeu©wfq&m wpf

OD;OD;tm; csOf;uyfí rdrdodvdkonfh udpöwpfckckudk ar;jref;NyD;? xdkol\

a[mMum;csufonf [kwfavoavm[laom oHo,rsKd;a&mufonfh ½dk;

&Sif;vSaomudpöudk azmfñTef;aeonf/ tu,fí wpfOD;wpfa,mufonf

aA'ifvu©Pmqdkif&m a[mMum;csufESifh ywfoufí tem*wfwGif rSef

rnfavm? rrSefrnfavm (jzpfrnfavm? rjzpfrnfavm) [lonfhoHo,

&SdolwpfOD;onf tv’m[frSvGJí wpfOD;wpfa,mufonf *dkufbf

(rjrifEdkifaomt&m)udk BudKwif odEdkifpGrf;&Sdonf[k ,kHrSm;jcif; jzpfonf/

þonf &S&D;ufykHpHwpfrsKd; jzpfonf/ tv’m[frS usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef

wGif xif&Sm;&Sif;vif;pGm rdefYawmfrlxm;onfrSm-

[ … ]

]]¤if;jyif xkdt&SifjrwftxHawmfwGif tuG,fü&Sdaomt&mrsm;\

(aomhrsm;onf&Sd\)/ (wenf;) b@mawmfrsm;onf&Sd\/ ,if;

(aomhrsm;-b@mawmfrsm;ukd) xkdt&SifjrwfrSwyg; rnfolrQ

rodacs/}}218

[ …]

217 tDrmrfrkpfvifrf ocifrS pkpnf; wifjycJhonf/ ½I - qG[D;[f rkpfvifrfusrf;? twGJ-4? pm-1211? ['D;qftrSwf-5540/ 218 usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 6; 59/

]]toifonf ajymMum;ygav/ (tcsif;wdkY) tuG,fü&Sdaomt&m

rsm;udk tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrSwyg;? rdk;aumif;uifü&SdolwdkYonf

vnf;aumif;? yx0Dajrü&SdolwkdYonfvnf;aumif;?rnfol wpfOD;

wpfa,mufrQyif rodacs/}}219

vlwpfOD;wpfa,mufonf ,kHMunfpGmjzifh aA'ifeu©wf? vu©Pm

q&mwpfOD;OD;\ a[mudef;? a[mpmwrf;ESifh a[majymcsufudk em;axmif

onfjzpfap? a&;om;csufudk zwf½Ionfjzpfap? ¤if;onf umzd&f (r,kH

Munfol)tjzpf usa&mufoGm;ayrnf/ atmufyg['D;qfawmfwGif wref

awmfjrwfrS rdefYawmfrlcJhonfrSm-

]]rnfolrqkd aA'ifq&m (tem*wfa[mq&m)wpfOD;\ teD;odkY

csOf;uyfí wpfpkHwpf&mudk ar;jref;NyD;? xdkaA'ifq&m\ a[m

Mum;csufudk ,kHMunfygu wrefawmfjrwfrk[r®'f\tay:

wGif tv’m[f\ xkwfjyefcsrSwfay;aomt&m (usrf;jrwf

uk&ftmef)udk r,kHMunfjcif;yif jzpfonf/}}220

,cifazmfjycJhaom ['D;qfawmfjrwfuJhodkYyif þ['D;qfawmfonf

vnf; pmayoabmt& tem*wf a[mudef;xkwfol[k &nfñTef;xm;jcif;

jzpfonf/ odkYaomf þa0g[m& ]tem*wfa[mudef;xkwfol}onf aA'if

vu©Pm? eu©wf[kom tokH;jyKoifhonf/ þolESpfOD;pvkH;onf tem

*wfudk BudKwifa[maomol jzpfonf/ aA'ifvu©Pmq&monfvnf;

tem*wfudk a[mudef;xkwfaomoluJhodkYyif aomif[D;'fudk qefYusif

aomol jzpfonf/ tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf xdkaA'if? vu©Pmq&mrS

vlom;rsm;\ udk,f&nfudk,faoG;rsm;onf Mu,feu©wfwm&mrsm;\ qkH;

219 usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 27; 65/ 220 qG[mADBuD;tAl[kd½dkif&[frS qifhjyefcJhNyD; tDrmrft[fr'f ocifESifh tDrmrf tAl'g0l;'f wdkYrS pkpnf;wifjycJhonf/ ½I-pkeeftAl'g0l;'fusrf;? twGJ-3? pm-1095? ['D;qftrSwf-3895 ESifh Adkif[uDusrf;/

jzwfrIt& jzpfay:aeonf/ ¤if;vlom;wdkY\ tem*wfuHMur®m (tem*wf

wGif jzpfay:vmrnfhtjzpftysufrsm;? vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;)onf Mu,frsm;\

ykHyef;o@mefwGif a&;om;xm;NyD;jzpfonf[k a&½GwfajymMum;aom

aMumifh jzpfonf/ omrmef tem*wfa[mudef;xkwfaomolrS ajymMum;

onfrSm cGufwpfck\ tajcwGifuyfí usef&pfaom vbufajcmuf½Guf

(zwf)rsm;\ ykHyef;o@mef? vufwGif&Sdaom vu©Pm ta&;taMumif;

rsm;rSvnf; tvm;wl tem*wf tjzpftysufrsm;udk &nfñTef;onf/

rnfonfhudpöwGifrqdk? tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ tzefqif;cH t&mrsm;rS

½kyfydkif;qdkif&m ykHyef;o@mefjzpfay:rItwGuf rjrifEdkifaom (*dkufbf) \

todynm&Sdonf[k qdkvdk&if; jzpfonf/

eu©wfaA'ifynmudk vdkufpm;jcif;ESifh aA'if? vu©Pma[mpmwrf;

rsm;udk zwf½Iavhvmjcif;onf tpövmrf\ tESpfom&ESifh tpövmrfh pdwf

"mwf vkH;0r&Sdaom? tpövmrfhjyXmef;csufrsm;udk &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;BuD;

qefYusifjcif; jzpfonf/ xdkolonf bmrQ tESpfom&r&Sdaom 0dnmOf?

ppfrSefaom ,kHMunfcsuf tDrmef\ csKdNrdefaomt&omudk Nrnf;prf;cGifh

r&aom oem;p&maumif;aom 0dnmOfudk ydkifqdkifonfhowÅ0gom jzpf

onf/ xdkYaMumifhom xdkolonf xdkuJhodkYaom vrf;aMumif;rsm;? enf;

vrf;rsm;jzifh rdrdudk,fudkrdrd ajzodrfh&ef BudK;pm;jcif;jzpfonf/ trSefpifppf

þodkYaomvrf;aMumif;rsm; r&Sdrjzpf &SmazG&jcif;\ t"du taMumif;

t&if;rSm wdkif;wmowfrSwfxm;onfh uHMur®m (u'&f)rS vGwfajrmuf&ef

tm;xkwfjcif; jzpfonf/ þodkY vrf;vGJaeaomolrsm;\ vGJrSm;aom ,kH

MunfcsufrSm tu,fí olwdkYonf reufjzefwGifjzpfrnfh udpö&yfrsm;udk

BudKwifí od&Sdygu? ,aeYrSpí BudKwifjyifqifEdkifonf[k cH,lxm;jcif;

jzpfonf/ þenf;tm;jzifh olwdkYonf raumif;aomuHMur®mrsm;udk BudK

wif a&Smif&Sm;EdkifNyD;? aumif;aomt&mrsm;udk aoaocsmcsm trdt&

jyKvkyfMurnf jzpfonf/ rnfodkYqdkap? tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS tv’m[fh

&plvf wrefawmftm; atmufygtwdkif; ajymMum;apcJhonf/

[

]

]]tu,fíom igonf rsufuG,fü &SdonfwdkYudkod&Sdygrl tusdK;

aus;Zl;rsm;pGmudk trSefyif &,lcJhNyD; jzpftHh/ ¤if;jyif igü (rdrd

toufwrf;wavQmufvHk;wGif) rnfonfh qif;&J'ku©rQ ouf

a&mufrnfvnf;r[kwfay/ igonf ouf0if,HkMunfaomolwdkY

tzdkY owday;EdI;aqmfolESifh 0rf;ajrmufzG,f&m owif;ajymMum;

olrQom jzpfacsownf;/}}221

xdkYaMumifh ppfrSefaomrkpfvifrfrsm;taeESifh þpufuGif;rsm;rS uif;

a0;atmif usihfBuHaexdkif&rnf jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh wpfpkHwpfa,muf

onf ¤if;wdkYudk r,kHMunfvQifawmif 12 &moDcGifwGif yg0ifaom

wd&dpämefrsm;ESifh tjcm;aomykHo@mefrsm;yg0ifaom? vufpGyfrsm;? qGJBudK;

rsm;? [rf;csdef;rsm; r0wfqif&/ ¤if;wdkYonf umzd&frsm;tm; ,kHMunf

ouf0ifatmif 0g'jzefY vkyfBuHajymqdkaom wDxGifzefwD;xm;onfh

,kHMunfrIpepf\ tpdwftydkif;rsm;?vufaqmifygq,frsm;jzpfaomaMumifh

rkpfvifrfrsm;rS vkH;0 a&SmifMuOf&rnf jzpfonf/ ,kHMunfol rnfonfh

rkpfvifrfrqdk rdrdwdkY\ arG;zGm;&m &moDcGif\ ykHo@mefudk tjcm;aom

olrsm;tm; ar;jref;jcif;? cefYrSef;ap cdkif;jcif; rjyKvkyf&/ ol olrwpfOD;

taeESifh owif;pm? *sme,f? r*¾Zif;? tifwmeufwGifygaom aA'if

vu©Pm a[mpmwrf;rsm;udk rzwf½I&/ em;rqif&/ rnfonfh rkpfvifrf

rqdk aA'if? vu©Pmq&mpaom eu©wfaA'ifynmqdkif&m q&m

wpfOD;OD;xHwGif rdrd\vkyf&yfrsm;ESifh ywfoufaom ar;jref;jcif;? BudKwif

cefYrSef;csufrsm; ajymapjcif;wdkYudk jyKvkyfrdygu xdkolonf tv’m[ft&Sif

jrwfxHawmfyg;ü aomifA[f (trSm;0efcH awmif;yefí trSefodkY jyefvSnfh


jcif;) jyKvkyfí rdrd\tpövmrfudk topfwzef jyefvnf qef;opfapoifh

onf/

tcef; (7)

arSmftwwf[lonfrSm rsufvSnfhtwwf[kqdkygu rrSm;Edkifacs/

wenf;qdk&aomf vlom;wdkY\ tjriftm½kHudk vSnfhpm;jcif;[kvnf; ajym

Edkifonf/ ¤if;rsufvSnfhtwwfudk obm0vGef udk,fpm;vS,frsm;tm;

½dk;&m xkH;wrf;pOfvmenf;vrf;rsm;jzifh yifhzdwf? wdkifwnfjcif;tm;jzifh

vlom;ESifh obm0vGefukd,fpm;vS,frsm;\ yg0gpGrf;tm;rsm; aygif;pnf;

oGm;onf[laom ,kHMunfrIrsm; jzpfonf/ rsm;aomtm;jzifh xdkuJhodkY

aom arSmfpD&ifrI? rsufvSnfhjyjcif;wdkYudk ½dk;&mtcrf;tem;rsm;ESifh vlrsKd;

tvdkuf cH,lxm;aom ½dk;&mtpOftvmenf;vrf;rsm;? jyKrlrIrsm;ESifh jyK

vkyfavh&Sdonf/ (ewfq&m? ewf0ifonf? arSmfq&m? rsufvSnfhq&m

ponfh yk*¾dKvfrsm;rS ¤if;tjyKtrlrsm;udk aqmif½Gufavh&SdMuonf/)222

taemufwdkif;vlYtzGJUtpnf;wGif ½dk;&mxkH;wrf;pOfvmt& arSmftjzL

ac: obm0arSmfynmac: txufvrf;ynm (obm0\ tjcif;t&mrsm;?

jzpfpOfrsm;udk avhvmaomynm)onf ,cktcg acwfopf obm0odyÜH

ynm&yftjzpf zGHYNzdK;wdk;wufvmcJhonf/ þynmonf Black Magic ac:

arSmftrJynmrS rwlcGJjcm;í avhvmjcif; jzpfonf/ arSmftrJynmwGif

arSmfynmtrsKd;rsKd; yg0ifonf/ ¤if;ynm\ t"du&nf½G,fcsufrSm yk*¾dKvf

a&;&m 'ku©ay;&efjzpfNyD;? oufqdkif&m atmufvrf;q&m? arSmfq&mrS

obm0vGefpGrf;tm;rsm;udk yifhzdwfqkawmif;jcif;jzifh pD&ifonfudk awGY&

\/

pkef;ua0twwf? *rÇD&ynm? atmufvrf;paom a0g[m&rsm;rSm

arSmftwwfynmESifh ¤if;udk vufawGYusifhokH;olrsm;tMum;wGif a,bk,s

222 Reader’s Digest Great Encyclopedic Dictionary, New York: Fund & Wagnalls

Publishing Co., 10th Edition, 1975, p.813.

okH;pGJaeMuaompum;vkH;rsm; jzpfonf/ pkef;ua0twwf[lonfrSm

trsKd;orD;wpfOD;OD;rS jyKvkyfavh&Sdaom atmufvrf;arSmfynmjzpfNyD; xdk

trsKd;orD;wGif rSifpm? oapä? o&JbDvl;uJhodkY raumif;qdkk;0g; wpfrsKd;rsKd;

udk ydkifqdkifxm;onfudk awGY&onf/ *rÇD&twwfynm[lonfrSm obm0

vGefpGrf;tm;pk\ yg0gpGrf;tm;udk &,lNyD;? tem*gwfwGif jzpfysufrnfh

udpörsm;udk xdk;xGif;odjrifatmif jyKvkyfjcif;jzpfonf/ atmufvrf;ynm

qdkonfrSm uG,fvGefaoqkH;NyD;aom vlrsm;\0dnmOf rsm;ESifh qufoG,fí

a[majymjcif; jzpfonf/ ¤if;onfvnf; *rÇD&ynm \ tpdwftydkif;wpfck

jzpfonf/

t&ADpmaywGif pd[f&f (سحر) ac:onfh arSmftwwfynmwGif txuf

vrf;? atmufvrf;? pkef;ua0? *rÇD&twwfponfjzifh trsKd;tpm;

cGJjcm;owfrSwfrIr&Sdacs/ xdkYaMumifh tm&ADa0g[m& pd[f&f (سحر)wGif arSmf?

pkef;ua0? *rÇD&? atmufvrf; ...tm;vkH;yg0ifonf/ tm&ADa0g[m&

pd[f&f(سحر)wGif zkH;uG,fxm;aom? rjrifEdkifonfhtiftm;rsm;\ odrfarGY

aom? xdk;xGifodjrifaom rnfonfhudpö&yfrqdk tusKH;0ifonf/223

Oyrm- wrefawmfjrwfrS rdefYawmfrlcJhonfh atmufyg['D;qfawmft&

]]trSefyif tcsKdUaompum;rsm;\ ykHo@mefonf arSmfynmt&

ajymaompum;rsm; jzpfonf/}}224

tvGeftajymaumif;aom? MoZmwduúdrESifhjynfhpkHaomolwpfOD;rS udpö

wpfck\ trSefudk trSm;jzpfatmif? trSm;udk trSefjzpfatmif ajymEdkifpGrf;&Sd

onf/ xdkYaMumifh wrefawmfjrwfrS xdkuJhodkYaom ajymenf;rsm;?

223 Arabic-English Lexicon, Vol.1, Pp. 1316-7. 224 tDrmrfAkcg&D ocifrS pkpnf;wifjycJhonf/ ½I - qG[D;[f tvf-Akcg&Dusrf;? twGJ-7? pm-445? ['D;qftrSwf-662 ESifh qG[D;[ftvf-rkpfvifrfusrf;/ tDrmrf tAl'g0l;'f ? pkeeftAl'g0l;'fusrf;? twGJ-3? pm-1393? ['D;qftrSwf-4989 ESifh od&frdZDusrf;/

ajymykHtcef;u@rsm;udk arSmfuJhodkY? rsufvSnfhuJhodkYjzpfonf[k &nfñTef;

cJhjcif;jzpfonf/ tpövmrfomoemü &rfZefvjrwfwGif aerxGufrD

pm;aomtpmudk (pd[f&fqdkonfh rl&if;pum;vkH;rS qif;oufvmonfh)

pm[d&f (0g) pk[l&f[k ac:onf/225 xdktcsdefrSm tarSmifzkH;vTrf;xm;aom

tcsdef jzpfaeao;NyD;? n\tqkH;ydkif;tcsdef jzpfaeaomaMumifh jzpf

onf/226

arSmftwwfynm\ yuwdw&m; (trSefwu,f wnf&SdrI)

,ckacwftcgwGif rsufvSnfhtwwf? arSmftwwfynmonf trSef

wu,f&Sdygonf[laomtcsufudk jiif;y,fjcif;? vkH;0 vufrcHjcif;onf

xif&Sm;vmonf/ rsufvSnfh (0g) arSmftwwfESifhoufqdkifaom xif&Sm;

ausmfMum;onfh ykHjyifrsm;udk &Sif;vif;jy&mwGif aemufqkH;&v'frSm [Dp

wD;&D;,m; (Hysteria) a&m*guJhodkY vlom;wdkY\ pdwfydkif;qdkif&m azmufjyef

rIaMumifh jzpfay:onf[laom tajzomxGufonfudk awGYEdkifonf/ xdkY

aMumifh rsufvSnfh (0g) arSmftwwfonf ,kHMunfolrsm;twGufom ouf

a&mufrI &Sdonf[laomtcsufodkY a&muf&Sdvmonf/227 rsufvSnfh (0g)

arSmfqdkif&m jyuGufrsm;onf vlwdkY\ tawGrSm;? t,kHrSm;? tpGJrSm;wdkY

jzpfpOfudk vSnfhuGufvkyfjcif;? vSnfhpm;jcif;jzifhom ykHazmfxm;onfudk

awGY& ayonf/

tpövmrfrS vufzGJYrsm;? taqmifypönf;rsm;onf raumif;aom ab;

qdk;? Mur®mqdk;rsm;udk umuG,fEdkifonf[laom t,ltqESifh ¤if;ypönf;

225 See. Arabic-English Lexicon, Vol.1, Pp. 1317. 226 ½I- odkifpD;&f tvf-tZD;Zf tvf-[rD;'fusrf;? pm-382/ 227 t&Sft&DrZf[Af\ ynm&SifwpfOD;jzpfol tv’mr[fzwfcf½Gwf'D;ef&mZD (uG,f vGef-1210 CE)rS ¤if;\ pl&[fAu&[f\ tm,ofawmf (102)tm; ozfpD;&ftus,f zGifhqdk&Sif;vif;rIwGif ,if;tawG;tac:udk wifjycJhonf/ xdkYaemuf ordkif;ynm&Sif tv’mr[ftdAfEkcvf'Gef;\ udk;um;wifjyrIaMumifh ¤if;tawG;tac:onf ydkrdkzGYHNzdK; wdk; wufcJhonf/

rsm;rS aumif;aomuHMur®mqkvmbfrsm;udk &,lEdkifonf[laom t,l

tqudk jiif;qefaomfvnf; arSmftwwf (0g) rsufvSnfhtwwfynm\

tcsKdU aomu@rsm;? tpdwftydkif;rsm;onf tppftrSefjzpfonf[laom

tcsufudk vufcHonf/ ,ckacwftcgwGif uREkffyfwdkY awGYBuKHod&Sdaeaom

rsufvSnfh(0g) arSmftwwfynmqdkif&m vkyf&yfrsm;onf Munfh½Ioly&d

owfrsm;udk t,ltrSm;? tawG;trSm;rsm;jzpfap&ef? ud&d,mwefqmyvm?

ypönf;ypö,rsm;okH;í vSnfhpm;xm;aomvSnfhuGufrsm;ESifhom jynfhESufae

onfrSm rSefygonf/

urÇmw0Srf;&Sd uHMur®ma[mudef;xkwfaomolrsm;teuf tcsKdUrSm

Magic ac: arSmftwwf? rsufvSnfhtwwfudk &S,moGD;efac: *sifef½dIifoGmef

rsm;ESifh qufoG,fí tokH;jyKa[mMum;aeonfudk awGY&onf/ *sifefrsm;

ESifh ¤if;wdkY\ t&nftaoG;rsm;udk ravhvmrD? arSmftwwfynm\

tcsKdUaomo½kyfouefrsm;udk tppftrSef[k tpövmrfrS vufcH&onfh

taMumif;udk usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefESifh pGEé[fvrf;pOfwGif azmfjyxm;onfh

taxmuftxm;rsm;udk avhvmMunfhMuygpdkY/ tpövmrfwGif trSefESifh

trSm;\ pHcsdef? pHñTef;jzpfaom usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefESifh ['D;qfawmfrsm;udk

avhvmqef;ppfjcif;onf vlom;tay: tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ vrf;ñTef

xkwfjyefcsrSwfrIrsm;udk avhvmjcif;jzpfí r&Sdrjzpf ta&;BuD;aom? vdktyf

aomudpövnf; jzpfonf/ arSmftwwfynmESifhywfoufaom tpövmrf\

tajccHtjrifESifhywfoufí usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefwGif tv’m[frS

atmufygtwdkif; &Sif;jyxm;onf/

[

]

]]wzef (xkduJhokdYyif) ,if;(,[l'D bmom0if) rsm;xHokdY

tv’m[ft&SifjrwftxHawmfrS xkdolwkdYxHü &SdESifhNyD;jzpfaom

(aomif&mwf)usrf;jrwfukd axmufcHaom eADwrefawmf (rk[r®'f

) <ua&mufvmonfhtcg xkdusrf;&vlrsKd;wkdYteufrSyif

vlwpfpkonf rodMuouJhokdY tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ usrf;jrwf

(aomif&mwf)ukdyif rdrdwkdY\ ausmaemufokdY ypfy,fxm;Muav

onf/}}228

¤if;wdkYxHapvTwfcJhonfh wrefawmfrsm;ESifhywfoufí *sL;rsm;\

edzmufac: ta,mifaqmifrIudk axmufjyNyD;aemuf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf

onf eADwrefawmfpkvdkifrefESifhywfoufonfh ¤if;wdkY\ vdrfvnf

vSnfhjzm;rIrsm;udk azmfxkwfjycJhonf/

[

]

]]xkdrQru (todtvdr®m uif;rJhMuukefaom ,if;,[l'Dbmom

0ifwkdYonf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ "r®a'oemawmfukd rvkdufem

MubJvsuf) eADwrefawmfpkvkdifrmef() pkd;rkd;tkyfcsKyf rif;jyK

vkyfaeaomtcg0,f ½dIifoGmefrsm; &Gwfbwfo&ZÑm,fMuav


aom pkef;ya,m*twwfukdom qnf;yl;vkdufpm;Muukef\/

«þwGifrQruao;? tcsKdUaom vlYAmvwkdYonf eADwrefawmf

pkvkdifrmef()ukdyif rdpäm'd|dt,lukdvkdufpm;onf[k pGyfpJGMu

onf/» pifppfwrlum; eADwrefawmf pkvkdifrmef()onf

rnfonfhtcgrQ rdpäm'd|dt,lukd vkdufpm;cJhonf r[kwfacs? okdY

&mwGif xkd½dIifoGmefwkdYomvQif rdpäm'd|dt,lukd vkdufpm;MucJh\/

,if;½dIifoGmefwkdYonfyifvQif pkef;ya,m*twwfukd vlwkdYtm;

oifMum;jyoay;Muavonf/ xkdYjyifw0 (,if;,[l'Dbmom

0ifwkdYonf) AmAdvHkNrdKU&Sd tyg;awmfapwref ESpfyg;jzpfaom

[m½lwfESifh rm½lwfwkdYtay:0,f usa&mufonfh pkef;ya,m*

twwfukdvnf; vkdufem qnf;yl;Muavonf/ xkdtyg;awmf

apwrefESpfyg;wkdYonf (rdrdwkdYxHusa&mufaom pkef;ya,m*

twwfrsm;ukd) rnfolwpfOD;ukdrQ oifMum;ay;avh r&Sd/ (oif

Mum;ykdYcsay;yg&ef awmif;qkdavQmufxm;vmolwkdYukd tkd-tcsif;

wkdY) tuREkfyfwkdYonf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\txHawmfrS (toif

wkdYtbkdY) tprf;toyfwpf&yftjzpfESifhomvQif qif;ouf a&muf

&SdvmMuonf/ toifwkdYonf (þ pkef;ya,m*twwfukd

qnf;yl;avhvmNyD;) rdpäm'd|dt,lukd rvkdufpm;Mu ukefvifh ([k

oGefoifqHk;rí jrpfwm;Muavonf)/ xdkokdY jrpfwm;jim;aomf

vnf; ,if;olwkdYonf xkdtyg;awmf apwrefESpfyg;wkdYxHrS ZeD;

armifESHESpfOD;ukd jywfpJapaomtwwfukd enf;cH oif,lMuukef

\/ pifppfqkdaomf xkdolwkdYonf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ tvkd

awmf r&SdbJvsufESifh rnfolwpfOD;wpfa,mufukdrQ xkdtwwfjzifh

ab;tEÅ&m,f rjyKEkdifMuacs? trSefaomfum; ,if;olwkdYonf rdrd

wkdYtm; tusKd;aus;Zl;rjzpf xGef;apbJ tusKd;,kwf epfemapwwf

aom pkef;ya,m*twwfukdom enf;cHoif,lMuavonf/

pifppftm;jzifh (xkduJhokdY) tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ usrf;jrwfa'o

emawmfukd ypfy,fí pkef;ya,m*twwfukd avhvmqnf;yl;ol

rsm;tbkdYt&m aemifwrvGefb0wGif ukokdvftusKd; a0pka0yHk

r&&SdEkdifaMumif;ukdvnf; ,if;,[l'Dbmom0ifwkdYonf todyif

jzpfMuonf/ xkd,[l'Drsm;onf rdrdwkdYtoufESifhyif vJvS,fí

avhvm vkdufpm;qnf;yl;xm;aom xkdpkef;ya,m*twwfrsm;

onf qkd;,kwfodrfzsif;vSpGmwum;? xkdolwkdYonf (rdrdwkdY\b0

jzpftifukd) odMuygvQif aumif;avpG/}}229

*sL;vlrsKd;rsm;u ¤if;wdkY\ pkef;ya,m*twwfqdkif&m tavhtusifh

rsm;udk uAfvm (Cabala) [kac:wGif cJhonf/ ,if;onf pdwfwefcdk;udk

tajccHxm;aom eufeJonfh ÓPftjrifqdkif&m enf;pepf[k owfrSwf

cJhMuonf/ xdkuAfvmynmudk wrefawmfBuD; pkvdkifrmefxHrS oif

,lcJhonf[kvnf; qdkcJhMuonf/ xdkudpöESifhywfoufí *sL;vlrsKd;rsm;\

vkyf&yftrSefudk tv’m[frS &Sif;jycJhonf/ tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS xkwf

jyefcsrSwfcJhaom usrf;pmrsm;ESifh a&maESm arTaESmufNyD;? *sL;wdkYonf

aemufqkH;wrefawmfrk[r®'ftm; jiif;y,fcJhonf/ xdkYaemuf ¤if;wdkY

onf raumif;qdk;0g; *sif½dIifoGmefrsm;rS oifMum;ay;cJhonfh pkef;ya,m*

twwfynmqdkif&m enf;vrf;rsm;udk vdkufemaqmif½Guf&ef a½G;cs,fcJhMu

onf/ xdkraumif;qdk;0g;rdpämrsm;onf xdkpkef;ya,m* twwfynmrsm;udk

oifMum;jcif;tm;jzifh r,kHMunfrIudk 0efcHcJhMuonf/ xdkraumif;qdk;0g;

rdpämrsm;rS eu©wfaA'if[kac:aom pkef;ya,m*twwfudkvnf; oifMum;

ay;cJhMuonf/ a&S;tcgu xdkeu©wfaA'ifynm&yfudk abbDvkHEdkifiH&Sd

vlom;rsm;tm; prf;oyfppfaq;&ef apvTwfjcif;cH&aom [m½lwfESifh

rm½lwfaumif;uifwrefESpfyg;xHrS oifMum;cJhjcif; jzpfonf/

[m½lwfESifh rm½lwfwdkYrS abbDvkH&Sd vlrsm;udk pkef;ya,m*twwf

ynmudk oif,ljcif;tm;jzifh udk;uG,f&mt&Siftv’m[ftm; r,kHMunf

rI(ukzf&f) rjyKMu&ef? pkef;ya,m*twwfynmrsm;udk roifay;rD owd


ay;rI jyKcJhMuavonf/ odkYaomf ¤if;wdkY\ owday;ajymMum;csufudk

tav;rrl *½krpdkufcJhMuacs/

¤if;wdkYonf eu©wfaA'if(Astrology)ynmrS vlESpfOD;tMum; &efyGm;

atmif &efwdkufenf;? vifr,m;ESpfa,mufudk cGJenf;wdkYudk txl;jyKí

oif,lcJhMuonf/ xdkodkYaomenf;vrf;rsm;udk wpfpkHwpfckaom twdkif;

twmtxd wwfajrmufjcif;tm;jzifh vlom;wdkYteuf rnfolrqdk rdrdwdkY

ESpfoufaomol\ tvdkt&? wzufom;\ xdcdkufrI? epfemrIudk xnfh

oGif;pOf;pm;rIrjyKbJ jyKvkyfay;Muonf/ þenf;jzifh ¤if;wdkYonf vlom;

wdkYtm; 'ku©ay;Muonf/ ¤if;wdkYu rdrdwdkYudk,fudk 'ku©ay;Edkifol[k xif

rSwfaeMuaomfvnf; trSefpifppf wzufvltm; xdcdkufepfemapjcif;?

repfemapjcif;trIudk qkH;jzwfaomolrSm tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfom jzpfonf/

xdkvlom;rsm;\ txufazmfjyyg vlwdkYudk xdcdkufepfemapEdkifaom tod

ynmrSm olwdkYtwGuf ppfrSefaomtusKd; r&Sdacs/ xdkynmudk oif,l

wwfajrmufjcif;onf ¤if;wdkYbmom xdcdkufepfemapjcif; jzpfonf/ xdkY

aMumifh ppfrSefaom pkef;ya&m*twwfudk vdkufemusifhokH;jcif;\ r&Sdrjzpf

vdktyfaom vkyfaqmifcsufrSm tv’m[ft&Sifjrwftm; r,kHMunf jcif;?

jiif;qefjcif;om jzpfonf/ pkef;ya&m*twwfudk jyKvkyfjcif;? vdkufem

usifhokH;jcif;? vdkufpm;jcif;onf olwdkYudk,fudkolwdkY *s[Eérf i&JbkHodkY

vm;&ef wdusaom tmrcHcsuf jyKvkyfjcif;jzifh xdcdkufepfemapjcif; jzpf

onf/

txufazmfjyyg pkef;ya&m*twwfESifh eu©wfaA'ifrsm;udk oif,lcJh

Muaom *sL;vlrsKd;rsm;onf xdkynmoif,ljcif;jzifh tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\

vtfeof (usdefqJrI) usa&mufrnfudk odMuonf/ tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf

¤if;wdkY\ usrf;pmaomif&ofusrf;wGif xdkvkyf&yftm; twdtvif; wm;

jrpfxm;cJhonf/ ,cktcsdefwGif *sL;vlrsKd;rsm; zwf½Gwfo&ZÑm,faeMu

aom aomif&ofusrf;\ atmufygusrf;ydk'frsm;wGif xdktcsufudk awGY&Sd

Edkifonf/

]]toifwdkYonf oifwdkY\t&Sif (tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf)rS ay;oem;xm;

aomajr (bk&m;ocifrS ay;oem;xm;aomajr[lonf bk&m;ocifEdkifiH

awmf[k ¤if;wdkY ,ckokH;pGJaeaomae&m jzpfonf/) twGif;odkY 0ifa&muf

aomtcg? xdkEdkifiHrsm; (ysufokOf;oGm;NyD;jzpfaomEdkifiHrsm;) wGif tqdk;0g;

qkH;jzpfaom vkyf&yfrsm;udk roif,loifh/ rusifhokH;oifhacs/ oifwdkY

txJwGif rdrdwdkY\ tjypf*kdem[f tukodkvf'kp½dkufrsm;pifMu,fap&ef rdrd

wdkY\om; (0g) orD;rsm;udk rD;½IdUowfjzwf&ef vSLzG,fypönf;tjzpf ay;

urf;vSL'gef;ol r&Sdap&/ xdkYtwl *rÇD&twwf? [l;&m;tjzpf aqmif½Guf

jcif;? (tem*gwfa[mMum;ol)? edrdwfzwfol (edrdwfaumufol)? arSmfq&m

(0g) taqmif? vufzGJUjyKvkyfol? Mum;cHtjzpf aqmif½Gufol (vlESifh

*dkufbf&Sd t&mrsm;tMum;wGif udk,fpm;vS,fMum;cHtjzpf aqmif½Gufol)?

0dZÆm (arSmfq&m? pkef;xD;)? atmufvrf;q&mwdkY rjzpfap&/ rnfolrqdk

azmfjyyg vkyf&yfrsm;udk jyKvkyfaomolonf oif\t&Sif tv’m[hf

a&SUawmfarSmufwGif tvGef qdk;0g;aomvkyf&yf jzpfonf/ þqdk;0g;aom

vkyf&yfrsm;? usifhokH;rIrsm; jyKvkyfygu oifwdkY\t&Sif tv’m[ft&Sif

jrwfonf oifwdkYtm; armif;ESifxkwfrnf jzpfonf/}}230

aomif&ofusrf;awmfwGif txufazmfjyygtwdkif; azmfjyxm;aomf

vnf; xdkolwdkYonf tav;wrl *½kwpdkuf rjyKbJ? ¤if;wdkYonf xdkae&m

wGif r&SdcJhovdk [efaqmifaeMuonf/ aomif&ofusrf;awmfwGifvnf;

pkef;ya,m*? arSmftwwfynmudk yg0ifqifETJolonf rnfolrqdk i&JrD;

wGif aexdkif&rnf/ *sEéofokcbkH\ aumif;jrwfaomqkvmbfrsm;tm;vkH;

udk jzwfawmufNyD;? xm0&i&JbkHwGif aexdkif&rnf[k twdtvif; ñTefjy

xm;onf/ odkYaomf *sL;vlrsKd;rsm;onf txufazmfjyyg usrf;ydk'frsm;udk

aomif&ofusrf;rS z,f&Sm;NyD;? pkef;ya,m*twwf? arSmftwwfqdkif&m

ynm&yftrsKd;rsKd;udk vkdufpm;avhvmusifhokH;cJhMuonf/

230 Deuteronomy 18: 9-12.

tv’m[frS *sL;vlrsKd;rsm;\ pdk;&drfbG,ftajctaeudk odom xif

&Sm;ap&ef txufygusrf;ydk'frsm;udk ydwfvdkufNyD;jzpfaomfvnf; oem;u½k

Pmoufaomtm;jzifh rSwfpkwdkozG,f owday;csufudkom vuf&Sdusrf;

wGif usef&pfaponf/ tu,fí *sL;vlrsKd;rsm;onf aemifwrvGefb0\

aMumufrufzG,faumif;aom tjypf'Pfudk trSefwu,f od&Sdem;vnf

oabmaygufygu vuf&Sdwdkawmif;aomb0twGif;? ¤if;wdkY\ 0dnmOf\

tem*gwfuHMur®mudk tvGef aps;aygvSaom y&d,m,fvSnfhuGuf tcsKdU

tm;jzifh a&mif;pm;aeMuonfhjzpftifudk aumif;pGm aemifw&vdrfhrnf

jzpfonf/

þusrf;jrwfuk&ftmef\ tm,wfawmft& pkef;ya,m*twwf? arSmf

twwfonf wm;jrpfydwfyifxm;aomt&m ([&mrf) jzpfaMumif;udk

atmufazmfjyyg pum;pkt& odEdkifonf/

[ ]

]]pifppftm;jzifh (xkduJhokdY)tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ usrf;jrwf a'o

emawmfukd ypfy,fí pkef;ya,m*twwfukd avhvmqnf;yl;ol

rsm;tbkdYt&m aemifwrvGefb0wGif ukokdvftusKd; a0pka0yHk

r&&SdEkdifaMumif;ukdvnf; ,if;,[l'Dbmom0ifwkdYonf todyif

jzpfMuonf/}}231

i&JrD;wGif xm0&aexdkif&aomolonf ¤if;\[&mrf vkyf&yfrsm;t

wGuf tvGeftrif; qdk;0g;aom? tqrwef jyif;xefaom tjypf'Pf jzpf

onf/ txufazmfjyyg tm,ofawmfrS oufaojyonfh tjcm;tcsuf

wpfckrSm arSmfq&m? arSmfynm&Sif (arSmftwwfudk oifMum;ay;ol? oif

,lol ESpfOD;pvkH;onf) umzd&f (r,kHMunfjiif;y,faomol)rsm; jzpfonf/


txufygtm,ofawmfwGif rnfolrqdk avhvmqnf;yl;olrsm;[lonf

rSm &,laomol? wwfajrmufaomol[k qdkvdkonf/ tv’m[frS arSmf

twwfudk vkdufpm;oltm; umzd&f (r,kHMunfol)[k &nfñTef;xm;ay

onf/

a&SUwGif azmfjycJhNyD;jzpfaom tcsdKUaomusrf;ydk'frsm;rS oufaojyxm;

onfhtcsufrSm tcsKdUaom arSmftwwfrsm;onf tppftrSefjzpfonf[l

aomtcsufjzpfonf/ qG[D;[f tvf-Akcg&Dusrf;ESifh tjcm;aom['D;qf

usrf;rsm;rS azmfjyaomtcsufwpfckrSm wrefawmfjrwf udk,fawmfwdkif

yif arSmftwwf? pkef;ya&m*twwfynm\ tcsKdUaom tusKd;ouf

a&mufrI (jyKpm;rI)udk cHcJh&onf [laomtcsuf jzpfonf/

Zdkuf'ftdAfaeYt&furfrSqifhjyefcJhonfrSm ]vbD;bftdAfaeYtmpif;rf

[kac:aom *sL;wpfa,mufonf wrefawmfjrwftay:odkY arSmft

wwfqdkif&mpD&ifrI (0g) pkef;ya&m*twwfjzifh jyKpm;rIudk jyKvkyfcJhjcif;

aMumifh wrefawmfjrwfonf xdkpkef;ya&m* jyKpm;rIudk cHcJJh&onf/

xdkodkY wrefawmfjrwfrS *sL;vlrsKd;\ pkef;ya&mtwwfynmjzifh

jyKpm;rI\ tusKd;qufjzpfaom a0'emudk cHpm;&aomtcsdefü aumif;uif

wref *sDA&mtD;vfonf rkatmif0Zodkif;ef[kac:onfh pl&[f tvf-

zvm;ufESifh pl&[f tef-em;pfwdkYudk ,laqmifvmí xkwfjyefydkYcsay;

cJhonf/ *sDA&mtD;vfrS wrefawmfjrwftm; atmufygtwdkif;

ajymMum;cJhonf/

]*sL;vlrsKd;rS udk,fawmfhtm; pkef;ya,m*twwfynmjzifh jyKpm;rIjyKcJh

onfrSm trSefyif/ xdkpkef;ya,m*twwfynmjzifh pD&ifxm;onfh

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onf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh-

الله أبي هريرة عن ل عنه رضي فظي زكاةي عليهي وسلم صلى الله نيي رسول اللهي قال وك بيحي

ن الطعا يثو رمضان فأتاني آت فجعل سولي رفعنك إيلى ر لأ مي فأخذته وقلت واللهيمي

يدة قال فخليت عنه عليهي وسلم صلى الله اللهي يال ولي حاجة شدي قال إيني متاج وعل عي

يرك أبا هريرة يا عليهي وسلم صلى الله قال النبيي فأصبحت ف حة ما فعل أسي قال الباري

ه قد قلت يا رسول اللهي ته فخليت سبييله قال أما إين يالاش فرمي يدةش وعي شاا حاجةش شدي

ه ه إين عليهي وسلم صلى الله سيعود ليقولي رسولي اللهي كذبك وسيعود فعرفت أن

عامي فأخذته فقلت لأ يثو فجاء فرصدته سيعود ن الط صلى رفعنك إيلى رسولي اللهي مي

م الله ته فخليت س عليهي وسل يال لا أعود فرمي بييله قال دعنيي فإيني متاج وعل عي

يرك قلت يا ما فعل أ أبا هريرة يا عليهي وسلم صلى الله اللهي فأصبحت فقال لي رسول سي

ه قد ك رسول اللهي ته فخليت سبييله قال أما إين يالاش فرمي يدةش وعي ذبك شاا حاجةش شدي

ن الطعامي فأخذته فقلت لأ يثو الثاليثة فجاء فرصدته وسيعود رفعنك إيلى رسولي اللهي مي

ات أنك تزعم لا تعود ثم تعود قال دعنيي أعلي ر ثلاثي مر ينفعك مك كليمت وهذا آخي

ك فاق الله ا قلت ما هو قال إياا أويت إيلى فيراشي ي هي لا إيله إيلا هو الحي الله رأ آية الارسي

تيم الية فإينك القيوم ن اللهي حتى ت شيطان حتى حافيظ ولا يقربنك لن يزال عليك مي

يرك عليهي وسلم صلى الله بحت فقال لي رسول اللهي تصبيح فخليت سبييله فأص ما فعل أسي

233 ½I- tem*gwfuHMur®mudk a[mudef;xkwfolrsm;taMumif;a&;om;xm;onfh tcef; (5) wGif ¤if;twGuf taxmuftxm;udk Munfh½IMuygukef/

حة قلت يا رسول اللهيالب ه يعليم اري ي نيي كليمت ينفعنيي الله زعم أن ا فخل ت سبييله قال ما هي

ا ح لهي ن أو ي ميك فاقرأ آية الارسي ي قلت قال لي إياا أويت إيلى فيراشي تيم الية هي لا الله تى ت

ن اللهي وقال لي إيله إيلا هو الحي القيوم ولا يقربك شيطان حتى حافيظ لن يزال عليك مي

على اليري ف ء ه قد عليهي وسلم صلى الله قال النبيي تصبيح وكانوا أحرص ش أما إين

قال لا قال ااك أبا هريرة صدقك وهو كذوب تعلم من تاطيب منذ ثلاثي ليال يا

شيطان

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[k tajzay;cJhygonf/234

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jcif;cH&aom tzefqif;cHrsm;jzpfaomaMumifhyif/

*sifefrsm;onf tvGefa0;uGmaomae&mESpfcktMum; wNydKifeufvdkvdk

vQifjrefpGm vIyf&Sm;oGm;vmEdkifonf/ rjrif&aom *sifefrsm;onf ¤if;wdkY

\tazmf? tjcm; *sifefrsm;ESifhqufoG,fí rdrd wdkYvdkcsifaom? odcsifaom

owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk &,lEdkifonf/ xdkenf;vnf;aumif; oGm;vdk

aomc&D;udkvnf; tazmf*sifefrsm;u o,f,lydkYaqmifay;Edkifonf/ ¤if;wdkY

\ykHyef;o@mefudk rsufjrifxif&Sm;jyEdkifonf/ xdkenf;wl avxktwGif;rS

tpm;tpmrsm;ESifh aiGaMu;rsm;udk &,lay;jcif;rsm;rSmvnf; rjrifEdkifaom

*sifefrsm;\ tvGef vQifjrefaomvIyf&Sm;rIrsm;ESifh ulnDrIrsm;aMumifh jzpf

onf/235

tvGeftHhMop&maumif;vSaom xif&Sm;vSonfh vl0ifpm;rlrsm;rS

vnf; *sifefrsm;\ yl;uyfrIaMumifh jzpfonf/ tvGef ausmfMum;vSonfh

Oyrmwpf&yfrSm tdE´d,EdkifiHrS touf 7 ESpft½G,fom&Sdonfh &SefwDa'0D

jzpfonf/ xdkoli,fruav;onf olr\twdwfb0rS tjzpftysufrsm;

udk xif&Sm;&Sif;vif;pGmESifh tao;pdwfjyefajymEdkifonf/ olronf vuf&Sd

b0ü aexdkifaomtdrfrS tvGefa0;uGmaomjynfe,fwpfck&Sd rkwÅ&NrdKUrS

twdwfb0u aexdkifcJhaomtdrfudk twdtus ajymjycJhonf/ vlwdkYu

olr\ajymqdkrI rSef? rrSefudk ppfaq;&ef vdkufMunfhaomtcgwGif xdkNrdKU

rS vlrsm;u wpfcsdefu &SefwDa'0D aecJhonfqdkaom tdrf&SdcJhaMumif;

twnfjyKay;cJhonf/ xdkYtjyif xdkolrsm;rS &SefwDa'0Dtvsif b0(twdwf

b0)rS jzpf&yftao;pdwfrsm;udkvnf; twnfjyKEdkifcJhonf/ ,if;uav;r

235 See: Ibn Taymeeyah’s Essay on the Jinn, Pp. 47-59, for numerous accounts of

such incidences.

av;\ rodpdwfxJodkY *sifefrS tqdkygtcsuftvufrsm;udk ajymay;jcif;

jzpfonf/236

þuJhodkYaom tjcif;t&mESifhywfoufí wrefawmfjrwfrk[r®'f

rS atmufygtwdkif; ajymMum;cJhygonf/

]]trSefyif? vlom;\ jrifrufaom tdyfrufwGif okH;rsKd;okH;pm; cGJjcm;

Edkifonf/ wpfckrSm t&f-&[frmefac: tv’m[ft&SifjrwfxHawmfrSjzpfNyD;?

0rf;enf;aMuuGJbG,f&maumif;aom tdyfrufrsm;rSm ½dIifoGmefxHrS jzpf

onf/ tjcm;wpfrsdK;rSm rodpdwfwGifjzpfay:aom tdyfrufrsm; jzpf

onf/}}237

*sifefrsm;onf vlom;\ pdwftwGif;odkY 0ifa&mufEdkifonfomru

udk,fcE¨mtwGif;odkYvnf; 0ifa&mufEdkifonf[laomtcsufrSm oHo,jzpf

bG,f r&Sdacs/ xdkuJhodkY *sifefyl;jcif;ESifhywfoufonfh tjzpftysufrsm;rSm

ra&wGufEdkifatmif rsm;jym;vSonfh Oyrmrsm; &SdcJhonf/ c&pf,mefrsm;ESifh

bmomrJht½dkif;tpdkif;rsm;wGif a&S;tcsdefumvu *sifefrS vlom;\udk,f

cE¨mtwGif; acwÅ0ifa&mufjcif;? xdkodkY 0ifa&mufrIaMumifh pdwfa&mudk,f

yg xdef;rEdkifodrf;r&jzpfNyD;? aoG;½l;aoG;wef;jzpfjcif;? owdvuf vGwf

tajctaeodkYa&muf&SdNyD;? EdkifiHjcm;bmompum;rsm;udk ajymjcif;rsm; jyK

vkyfavh&Sdonf/ xdkuJhodkYaom tjcif;t&mrsm;udk tcsKdUaom qlzDrsm;238

\ Zdud&f239(bm0emyGm;rsm;aomtcsdef)twGif;wGif jyKvkyfavh&SdaMumif;

236 Colin Wilson, The Occult, New York: Random House, 1971, Pp. 514-515. 237 qG[mADBuD;tAl[l½dkif&[f ocifrS qifhjyefchJNyD; tDrmrftAl'g0l;'f rS pkpnf; wifjycJhonf/ ½I- pkeef tAl'g0l;'fusrf;? t*Fvdyfbmomjyef? twGJ-3? pm-1395? ['D;qftrSwf-5001/ pdvfpdv[f tvf-t[m'D;qf tqGf-qG[D;[[f? twGJ-4? pm-487? ['D;qftrSwf-1870/ 238 rkpfvifrftkr®oftwGif;ü zGYHNzdK;wdk;wufcJhonfh qlzD0g' jzpfonf/ 239 udk;uG,f&mt&Sif\ trnfemrawmfrsm;udk pOfqufrjywf xyfzefwvJvJ ½Gwfqdk jcif; jzpfonf/ xdkYjyif rMumcP twD;trIwfjzifh cE¨mudk,frsm;udk ,drf;,dkifjcif; (odkY) ujcif;jyKvkyfMuavonf/

rSwfwrf;rsm;wGif awGU&onf/ tu,fí *sifefonf vl\cE¨mudk,f

twGif;odkY 0ifa&mufjcif;rSm umv&SnfMumoGm;ygu xdkvlom;\ t"du

udk,f&nfudk,faoG;yg ajymif;vJoGm;Ekdifonf/ 0ifa&mufaeaom *sifefrS

wpfcgwpf&H ,kwdÅrwefaom r[mvlom;\ pGrf;tm;rsm;udk jyoEdkif

onf/ odkYr[kwf 0ifa&mufaeaom *sifefrS ykHrSeftajccHudk tokH;jyKí

vlwdkYtm; vufawGYusus pum;ajymjcif;udkvnf; jyKvkyfavh&Sdonf/

tpGJcRwfjcif; (raumif;qdk;0g; ESifjcif;)240onf Oa&mywdkufwGif

tv,facwfu us,fysHUpGm usifhokH;cJhaom tavhtxwpf&yf jzpfonf/

c&pf,mefbmom0ifrsm;\ tpGJcRwfjcif;onf tif*sD;vfusrf;twGif; yg

0ifaom ra&wGufEdkifatmif rsm;jym;vSonfh a,½IocifrS tpGJ

cRwfay;cJhaomolrsm;udk taMumif;cHí ay:aygufvmonf/ or®musrf;

vm a*;&mqif;euf (Gerasenes) [laomEdkifiHodkY a,½IESifhaemufvdkufrsm;

a&muf&Sd oGm;aomtcg raumif;qdk;0g;uyfaeaom vlwpfOD;ESifh awGYqkH

cJhonf/ a,½IocifrS xdkolYtm; uyfaeaom raumif;qdk;0g;aumif

rsm; (*sifef½IdifoGmefrsm;) udk xdkolYxHrS xGufcGmoGm;&ef trdefYay;aom

tcg xdk½dIifoGmefrdpämrsm;onf olYxHrS xGufcGmcJhavonf/ xdkYaemuf

teD;tem;&Sd awmifukef;i,fwGif tpmpm;aeaom 0uftkyfwpftkyftwGif;

odkY 0ifa&mufoGm;cJhonf/ xdk0uftkyfonf awmifapmif;twdkif; w[kef

xdk; ajy;qif;oGm;NyD;? awmifajc&SdueftwGif; ESpfjr§KyfoGm;cJhMuonf

[l\/241 þtjzpftysufonf 1970 ckESpfESifh 1980 ckESpfrsm;twGif;

rsm;pGmaom ½kyf&SifZmwfum;rsm;\ acgif;pOfjzpfcJhonf/ Oyrm- tpGJcRwf

ol- ½kdUpfrm&Duav;ruav; (‘The Exorcism’ ‘Rosemary’s Baby) uJhodkYaom

Zmwfvrf;rsm; jzpfonf/

240 raumif;qdk;0g;uyfaeonfhyk*¾dKvfrsm; (0g) ae&mrsm;rS raumif;qdk;0g; *sifef ½dIifoGmefrsm;udk xkwfjcif;? ESifjcif; jzpfonf/ 241 See: Matthew, 8: 28-34, Mark 5: 1-20 and Luke 8: 26-39.

½kyf0g'udkvufcHMuaom taemufwdkif;0g'Drsm;\ a,bk,s oabm

xm;rSm obm0vGefpGrf;tm;rsm;? tiftm;pkrsm;tm;vkH;udk vufrcHMuyg/

xdkYaMumifh tpGJcRwfjcif;? raumif;qdk;0g;ESifjcif;onf taemufwdkif;om;

rsm;twGuf ,kwÅdrwefaom?aMumif;usKd;qifjcifí r&Edkifaom taMumif;

w&m;jzpfí ¤if;vkyf&yfudk t,lonf;jcif;\ aemufqufwGJ&vm'f[k

½IjrifMuonf/ þt,ltqonf tv,facwf (tarSmifacwf) twGif;

us,fus,fjyefYjyefY vufcH,kHMunfcJhMuaom pkef;ua0rsm;udk awmxkwf

jcif; (pkef;ua0rsm;udk ESifxkwfjcif;)ESifh rD;½IdUowfjzwfjcif; "avhrS

ajymif;vJjzpfay:vmonf/ odkYaomf tpövmrfwGifrl raumif;qdk;0g;

ESifjcif; (tpGJcRwfjcif;)udk usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefESifh pGEé[ftay: twnfjyK

xm;aomenf;vrf;rsm;t& trSefwu,f raumif;qdk;0g; uyf&Sm;aeonfh

olxHrS raumif;qdk;0g;udk armif;ESifxkwfonfh enf;vrf;rsm;udkom

vufcHonf/ usifhokH;onf/ ¤if;enf;vrf;rsm;onfomvQif ppfrSefaom

enf;vrf;rsm; jzpfonf/

*sifef (0g) raumif;qdk;0g;½IdifoGmefuyfaeaomoltm; *sifefudk xdk

yk*¾dKvfxHrS z,f&Sm;enf;rSm (3) enf;om &Sdonf/ yxrenf;vrf;rSm

uyfaeaom*sifeftm; tjcm;*sifefwpfaumiftm;jzifh qifhac:apjcif;jzifh

z,f&Sm;enf;jzpfonf/ tpövmrfwGif ,if;yxrenf;vrf;udk wm;jrpfxm;

ayonf/ taMumif;rSm *sifefudk ac:,ljcif;? qifhac:jcif;wGif bmoma&;

qdkif&m apmfum;armfum;jyKjcif; (0g) rav;rcefYjyKjcif; tjyKtrlrsm;

yg0ifaewwfjcif;aMumifh jzpfonf/ tpövmrfbmomudk ouf0if,kHMunf

aomolrsm;taeESifh *sifefrsm;udk vuf,yfac:jcif;onf tpövmrfh,kHMunf

csufudk rav;rcefY jyK&ma&mufonf/ þenf;vrf;onf arSmfq&m (0g)

pkef;rwpfOD;rS vlwpfOD;wpfa,mufay:wGif usa&mufaeaom usdefpm

(0g) jyKpm;jcif;udk z,f&Sm;&ef tm;xkwfaomenf;vrf;jzpfonf/

'kwd,enf;vrf;rSm &S&D;ufjyKvkyfí *sifef(0g)raumif;qdk;0g;½dIifoGmef

udk z,f&Sm;jcif; jzpfonf/ *sifefonf tpGJcRwfaomolrS c,awmif;yef

toem;cHí ukzf&fjyKvkyfjcif;udk oabmusvufcHaomtcgwGif ¤if;onf

uyf&Sm;aeaomolxHrS z,f&Sm;ay;rnf/ xdkokdY tpGJcRwfenf;onf udk;

uG,f&mt&Sif tv’m[ft&Sifjrwftm; ukzf&f (jiif;qefjcif;) jzpfonf/

xdkodkYjyKjcif;jzifh wpfOD;wpfa,muftaeESifh ,if;tpGJcRwfol\ vkyf&yfESifh

,kHMunfcsufonf rSefuefonf[k xifjrif,lqoGm;Edkifonf/ c&pf,mef

bkef;BuD;rsm;onf ¤if;wdkY tpGJcRwfaomtcg a,½Iociftm; yifhzdwfí

¤if;\ vuf0g;uyfwdkifudk tokH;jyKum ½IdifoGmeftm; ESifxkwfavh&Sdonf/

þonfrSm ¤if;wdkY a&S;tvsifu &SdcJhaom vl½dkif;vlpdkif;rsm;vufxuf

ewfbk&m;rsm;udk yifhzdwfí ESifaomenf;ESifh twlwlyif jzpfonf/

wwd,enf;vrf;rSm *sifef (0g) raumif;qdk;0g;½dIifoGmeftm; usrf;

jrwfuk&ftmef\ tm,ofawmfrsm;udk ½Gwfzwfo&ZÑm,fjcif;jzifh tv’m[f

t&SifjrwfxHawmfyg;wGif cdkvIH&ef tm;xkwfjcif; jzpfonf/ usrf;jrwf

uk&ftmefvm tm,ofawmfrsm;\ jrifhjrwfaomusrf;pum;vkH;rsm;u

*sifefuyfaeaomol\ ywf0ef;usifavxktwGif;&Sdaeaom tajctaersm;

udk ajymif;vJaprnf jzpfonf/ xdkYaemuf uyfaeaom*sifefudk uk&ftmef

tm,ofawmftm; ½Gwfzwfo&ZÑm,fxm;aom ol\ trdefY? wzef xdk

olrS ref;rIwfay;jcif;jzifh ½IdifoGmefonf ¤if;uyfaeaomol\ udk,fcE¨mrS

z,fcGmoGm;rnf jzpfonf/ odkYaomf þodkY ½Gwfzwfo&ZÑm,fí *sifeftm;

ESifxkwfjcif;trIonf omrmefvlwpfa,mufrS jyKrlygu rnfodkYrQ t&m

xifrnf r[kwfay/ tDrmef,kHMunfrI cdkifrmNyD;? aumif;jrwfaom tusifh

oDv&Sdol? tv’m[ft&Sifjrwftm; ouú0g242w&m;&Sdol rkofouúD olawmf

aumif;rsm;rSom þodkYaomtrIjzifh *sifefudk armif;ESifxkwfEdkifayrnf/

242 tv’m[ft&Sifjrwftm; cspfaMumuf½dkao cefYjim;NyD;oumv tv’m[f t&SifjrwfrS wm;jrpfxm;aomt&mrsm;rS a&SmifMuOfí tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS vdkufusifhokH;yGm;rsm;&ef trdefYay;xm;aomt&mrsm;udk vdkufemusifhBuH tm;xkwfjcif; jzpfonf/ jrefrmpmayü ]ouú0g}qdkonfh tm&ADpum;vkH;ESifh t"dyÜg,fwlnDaom pum;vkH;r&SdaomaMumifh

odkYaomf ,ckacwftcgwGif taemufwdkif;\ avmuDa&;&mrsm;\

vTrf;rdk;rlaMumifh tcsKdUaom rkpfvifrfrsm;onf *sifefpD;jcif;? *sifefuyfjcif;

udk ajymifajymifwif;wif; jiif;qefMuonfhtjyif wcsKdUrSm *sifefavmu\

wnf&SdrI? *sifefrsm;&SdaerIudkyif r,kHMunfawmh? vufrcHMuawmhay/

odkYaomf *sifefavmu\ wnf&SdrI? *sifefrsm; pD;jcif;? yl;jcif;? uyfjcif;

oabmw&m;rsm;udk usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefESifh pGEé[fESpfckpvkH;wGif twd

tvif; ñTefjyxm;ayonf/ ppfrSefaom ['D;qfawmfrsm;yg taxmuf

txm;rsm;t& wrefawmfjrwfrS vlom;wdkYtm; *sifefrsm; pD;aerIudk

tpGJcRwfjcif;? raumif;qdk;0g;ESifxkwfjcif;wdkYudk jyKvkyfcJhonfudk twd

tvif; awGYEdkifayonf/ xdkYtwl wrefawmfjrwf\ qG[mA[fBuD;

rsm; vufxufwGifvnf; wrefawmfjrwf\ cGifhjyKcsufjzifh tpGJcRwf

jcif;rsm; jyKvkyfcJhaMumif; cdkifvkHaomtaxmuftxm;rsm;t& odEdkifonf/

atmufwGif enf;vrf; (3) ckqdkif&m? qifhjyefcsufrsm;udk awGYEdkifyg

onf/ qG[mADBuD; ,tfvm tdAfaeY r&f&[focifu qifhjyefcJhonf

rSm-

]]wpfcgu uREkfyfESifh wrefawmfjrwfwdkYonf c&D;wpfckudkoGm;ae

pOf vrf;ab;ü uav;i,fwpfa,mufESifhtwl xdkifaeaom trsKd;orD;

wpfOD;\ teD;udk jzwfoGm;cJhMuonf/ olru wrefawmfjrwftm;

]tdk-tv’m[fh&plvfwrefawmf? þuav; (uRefr\om;av;) onf

wpfaeYvQif tBudrf rnfrQwdkifatmif usdefpmwdkufcHae&onfudk uRefr

rodyg/ þuav;onf a&m*ga0'emcHpm;ae&NyD; uRefrwdkYtm; 'ku©

a&mufapygonf}[k avQmufxm;cJhonf/ xdktcg wrefawmfjrwfrS

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uav;i,ftm; csDajr§mufí wrefawmfjrwfxHodkY urf;ay;aomtcg

wrefawmfjrwfrS uav;tm; rdrda&SU&Sd ukvm;tkyf\ ukef;ESD;\ tm&ADpum;vkH;rl&if;twdkif; ]ouú0g}[líom jyefqdk&jcif;jzpfonf/ (bmomjyef qdkol)

tv,fwGif xnfhvdkufonf/ xdkYaemuf wrefawmfjrwfrS uav;

i,f\ yg;pyfudk zGifhvQuf okH;Budrfwdkifwdkif rIwfoGif;vdkufonf/243

xdkodkY rIwfoGif;&mwGif EIwfrSvnf; ]]Adpördv’m[f (tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\

emr awmfjzifh tpjyKyg\/) uREkfyfonf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ aus;uRef

jzpfygonf/ xdkYaMumifh tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ &efol? toifonf

uav;\ cE¨mudk,frS xGufygav}[k ajymqdkcJhonf/ xdkYaemuf uav;

i,ftm; trsKd;orD;xHodkY jyefí urf;ay;vdkufygonf/ xdkYaemuf uREkfyf

wdkYonf ,if;vrf;odkY (aemufwpfBudrf) jyefa&mufaomtcg rnfodkY

jzpfysufonfudk tusKd;taMumif; &Sif;jyygav}[k rSmMum;cJhonf/ xdkY

aemuf uREkfyfwdkY tjyefc&D;wGif olrtm; xdkae&mwGif jyefawGYcJhygonf/

olronf odk;okH;aumifESifhtwl awGY&aomaMumifh wrefawmfjrwfrS

]oifr\ om;uav; tajctae rnfodkY &SdygovJ}[k ar;jref;&m? xdk

trsKd;orD;rS ]udk,fawmfjrwftm; trSefw&m;ESifhwuG apvTwfawmfrl

cJhaom tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\uprf? udk,fawmfjrwf ref;rIwfay;NyD;

onfh tcsdefrSpí xdkuav;i,fwGif wpfpkHwpf&m a&m*ga0'em cHpm;&rI

r&Sdawmhonfudk uRefrwdkY owdjyKrdMuygonf/ xdkYaMumifh udk,fawmf

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jyefvnf avQmufxm;cJhonf/ xdktcg wrefawmfjrwfrS uREkfyftm;

]xdkodk;okH;aumifxJrS wpfaumifudk qGJ,lcJhyg/ usefaom ESpf aumifudk

olrtm; jyefay;vdkufyg}[k rdefYawmfrlcJhonf/244 tGrfarhtAef Aifefaoh

tvf-0gZDrS qifhjyefcJhonfrSm

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tzGJYrsm;ESifhtwl tv’m[fh&plvfwrefawmftm; awGYqkH&efoGm;aom

243 tm&ADbmompum; ]]ezo}}onf vQmxdyfudk ESpfcrf;ESpfvTmMum;odkYxnfhí rIwf jcif;jzpfonf/ þonf rIwfjcif;ESifh wHawG;tenf;i,fxkwfjcif; (wzv) ESpfckaygif; í xGufvmaomtajctaejzpfonf/ jrefrmpum;wGif ref;rIwfonf[k ajymavh&Sd onf/ 244 tDrmrft[fr'f rS pkpnf;wifjycJhonf/

tcg olonf pdwfaemufaeaom ol\om;udkyg olESifhtwl ac:aqmif

oGm;cJhavonf/ wrefawmfjrwf &Sd&mae&modkY a&mufaomtcg ]uRef

awmfESifhtwl pdwfaemufaeaom (½l;oGyfaeaom) om;wpfa,mufyg

&Sdygonf/ uRefawmfonf olYtm; ac:aqmifvm&jcif;rSm udk,fawmfjrwf

rS olYtwGuf a&m*gaysmufap&ef 'dktm qkawmif;yw¦emjyKay;yg&ef

arwÅm&yfcHygonf}[k avQmufxm;&m wrefawmfjrwfrS ]xdkom;

jzpfoltm; ac:aqmifvmapvdkufonf/} xdktcg Zm&Donf om;jzpfol

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0wfqifapí wrefawmfjrwf\ a&SUawmfarSmufodkY ac:aqmifvmcJh

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'dktm NyD;qkH;oGm;aomtcg xdkuav;onf usef;rmyuwd csrf;ompGm

&SdcJhNyD;? Zm&D\ udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJUwGif xdkuav;i,favmuf usef;rm

aomol r&Sdacs/}}245

cg&d*sm[ftdAfaeYtqf-qmhvfxfrSajymcJhonf/ ol\ OD;av;jzpfolrS

ajymcJhonfrSm

245 Collected by Imam Ahmad and Abu Dawud at-Tayalasi from Matar ibn ‘Abd

Ar-Rahman, Usud Al-Ghabah, Vol.2, p.145. Ibn Hajar rated Umm Aban as an

acceptable narrator.

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tvif; wm;jrpfxm;onf/

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wjcm;pD jzwfxm;cdkuf y&dowfBuD;onf tHhtm;oifhojzifh [ifueJ?

252 Leviticus 20:27.

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tvf-tlvl;(علو)jzpfNyD; t*Fvdyfbmompum;jzifh zGifhqdkaomf Highness or

Transcendence (tEIdif;rJhxG#fjrwfBuD;Mu,frI? jrifhjrwfrI)[k teuft"dyÜg,f

&ygonf/

txufyg*kPfawmfjzpfaom xG#fjrwfBuD;Mu,frIudk tv’m[ft&Sif

jrwftwGuf okH;aomtcg tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfonf ¤if;\ zefqif;jcif;

ESifh zefqif;cHrsm;tm;vkH;udk vGefajrmufí tm;vkH;\ txufwGif &Sdonf

[laomtcsufudk azmfñTef;onf/ xdkt&Sifonf ¤if;\zefqif;jcif; t0ef;

t0dkif;twGif;wGif yg0ifaejcif;r&Sdovdk rnfonfh tzefqif;cHrsm;twGif;

rS tpdwftydkif;vnf; r[kwf/ zefqif;cHavmuonf xdkt&Sifjrwf\

tpdwftydkif;wpfckjzpfaomfvnf; xdkt&Sifjrwfonf zefqif;cHavmu\

tpdwftydkif;wpfck r[kwfacs/ trSefrSm xdkt&Sifjrwf jzpfwnfjcif;onf

t&Sifjrwf\ zefqif;jcif;ESifh zefqif;cHavmurS vGefajrmufí vkH;0

oD;oefY xifxif&Sm;&Sm; wnf&Sdaejcif; jzpfonf/ zefqif;cHavmuESifh

254 ½I- ½dIifcfemqGd&f ½l'f'D;eftvf-tvfAmeD( )? rkcfoqGd&f tvf-tlvl? ab½l'fNrdKU awmf? tvf-rufoAf tvf-tpövmrDpmtkyfwdkuf? yxrtBudrf? 1981? pm-23/

rnfodkYrQ ywfouf'GefwGJaerI r&Sdacs/ xdkt&Sifonf pMu0VmteEÅ\

zefqif;&SifjzpfNyD;? r[mpMu0VmBuD;twGif;&Sd t&m0w¦K (ouf&Sd? oufrJh

... t&mtm;vkH;) onf t&Sifjrwf\ zefqif;jcif;\ tpdwftydkif;

wpfckom jzpfonf/ rnfodkYqdkapumrl t&Sifjrwf\ *kPfawmfrsm;onf

¤if;\ zefqif;jcif;trIwGif uefYowfcsufuif;rJhpGm vkyfaqmifEdkifpGrf; &Sd

onf/ xdkt&Sifonf t&mcyfodrf;udk t<uif;rJh jrifEdkifpGrf;? Mum;EdkifpGrf;?

odEdkifpGrf; &Sdawmfrlaomt&Sif jzpfonf/ xdkt&Sifonf zefqif;jcif;ESifh

zefqif;cHrsm;\avmucyfodrf;twGuf yxrOD;qkH;jzpfawmfrlaom? rlv

blw taMumif;w&m; jzpfonf/

þpMu0VmtwGif;&Sd t&mcyfodrf;onf xdkt&Sifjrwf\qE´awmf r&Sd

bJ rnfonfht&mrQ jzpfysufvIyf&Sm;Edkifjcif; r&Sdacs/ tusKd;quftm;jzifh

tpövmrfhtodonmwGif tv’m[ft&SifjrwfESifh ¤if;\zefqif;jcif; (zef

qif;cHavmu)\ qufEG,frIonf tNrJwrf; 'GefwGJaeaom qufEG,frI

jzpfonf/ odkYaomf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf wpfyg;wnf;ESifh qufEG,frI (0g)

t&Sifjrwf\ zefqif;jcif;ESifh qufEG,frIonf udk;uG,f&mt&Sif wpfql

wnf;ESifhqdkifaomudpö jzpfonf/ oabmw&m;tm;jzifh 'GefwGJaeaom

'Gdvu©Pmaqmifaeonf/ tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfonf tv’m[fjzpfí zef

qif;jcif;onf zefqif;jcif;jzpfonf[laom oabm aqmifaeaomfvnf;

,if;onf vkH;0 wpfxyfwnf;jzpfaeaom tjcif;t&m jzpfonf/ uGJjym;

jcm;em;aom,lepf ESpfck jzpfonf/ zefqif;&SifESifh zefqif;cH? uefYowfrJh

(t<uif;rJh)ESifh uefYowf&Sd (t<uif;&Sd) ,lepfESpfck jzpfonf/ ESpfckpvkH;

onf wpfxyfwnf; rusovdk wpfckwnf;vnf; r[kwfacs/

wcsdefwnf;üyif tv’m[ft&SifjrwfESifhywfoufonfh tpövmrfhtod

onmrSm okH;yg;wpfql0g'udk jiif;y,fí wpfqlwnf;aom udk;uG,f&m

t&Sifudk udk;uG,f,kHMunfjcif;jzpfNyD;? ¤if;rSm vkH;0 avQmhay;ír&aom

todonm jzpfonf/ oabmw&m;tm;jzifh tv’m[ft&SifjrwfESifhywf

oufaom tpövmrfh,kHMunfcsufrSm tv’m[ft&SifjrwfwGif rdbvnf;

r&Sd? om;orD;vnf; r&Sd? wGJzuftazmfvnf; r&Sd? vkH;0 wpfyg;wnf;

&Sdaom t<uif;rJh ]1} ydkif&Sif jzpfonf/ tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ udk;uG,f&m

t&SifjzpfrIwGif wpfpkHwpf&mqifwlaomt&m[lí r&Sd?tEIdif;rJh udk;uG,f&m

t&Sif? oD;oefY&Sdaeaomt&Sif jzpfonf/ xdkt&Sifonf pMu0VmwpfckvkH;

\ wpfckwnf;aom t&if;tjrpfjzpfNyD;? pMu0VmtwGif;&Sd t&m0w¦K

wdkif; (ouf&Sd? oufrJhwdkif;) onf xdkt&Siftm; rSDwnfí jzpfay: wnf&Sd

ae&onf/ xdkenf;wlpGm aomif[D;'fopömw&m;onf zefqif;cHrsm;ESifh

qufEG,faeayonf/ tb,faMumifhqdkaomf pMu0VmtwGif;&Sd ouf&Sd?

oufrJh tzefqif;cH tm;vkH;onf wpfqlwnf;? wpfyg;wnf;jzpfaom

t&Sifjrwf\zefqif;rIaMumifh jzpfay:vm&jcif; jzpfonf/ tzefqif;cH

tm;vkH;ESifh ¤if;wdkY\ oD;jcm;jzpfay:aeaom tajctae? tjcif;t&mrsm;

tm;vkH;onf zefqif;&Sif tv’m[f\tzefqif;cHrsm;om jzpfMu

onf/ xdkouf&Sd? oufrJh tzefqif;cHrsm;tm;vkH;\ t&nftaoG;rsm;?

tjcif;t&mrsm;tm;vkH;onf ]obm0w&m;}wnf;[laom tajccH wnf

aqmufrIbavmhcfrsm;ESifh wlnDaomobm0tm;rsm;\ tajctaersm;

tay:wGif rlwnfí wnfaqmufxm;Mujcif; jzpfonf/

udk;uG,f&mt&Sif\ xif&Sm;xl;jcm;rI

vlom;rsm;twGuf ¤if;wdkY\ udk;uG,f&mt&Siftm; c0yfudk;uG,f

qnf;uyfylaZmfyo&mü xG#fjrwfjcif;[laom *kPft*Fgt&nftaoG;onf

txl;wvnf oD;jcm;ta&;ygaom *kPf&nfwpf&yf jzpfonf/ tpövmrf

onf ¤if;\ aemufqkH;toGifo@mef (vuf&Sd usifhokH;aeaom tpövmrf

\ykHo@mef) ra&muf&SdrD tcsdefwGif? txufyg jrifhjrwfaom*kPfawmfudk

vufawGYtoufoGif; ykHazmfMu&mü rl&if;oabmw&m;rS aoGznfvGJacsmf

jcif;odkY a&muf&SdcJhMu\/

c&pf,mefbmom0ifwdkY ajymqdkMuonfrSm tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfonf

urÇmN*dKvfay:odkY <uvmNyD;? vlom;\ tom;ESifh aoG;udk toGif,lí

wrefawmftDqmtjzpf vlYZmwdcHonf[k qdkMuonf/ c&pf,mefbmom

0ifwdkY\tqdkt& wrefawmftDqm (a,½Iocif)[lonf vuf0g;

uyfwdkifwGif um;pifwifjcif;cHcJh&aomyk*¾dKvfjzpfonf/ ¤if;wdkYrwdkifcif

*sL;vlrsKd;rsm;uvnf; vlYtoGifaqmifxm;aom bk&m;ocifonf wref

awmf ,tfulAfESifh ,SOfNydKifaomeyef;yGJü ½IH;edrfhoGm;onf[k qdkjyef

onf/255 yg&Sef;vlrsKd;rsm; (,cktcgtD&efEdkifiHESifh teD;ywf0ef;usifa'o

rsm;wGif aexdkifMuaomvlrsKd;rsm;)onf ¤if;wdkY\bk&ifrsm;udk ewfbk&m;

rsm;[k owfrSwfí tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ *kPfawmfrsm;udk tyfESif;um

¤if;wdkY\bk&m;rsm;tjzpf wdkuf½dkuf udk;uG,fcJhMuonf/

[dE´Lbmom0ifrsm;onf ¤if;wdkY\ tjrifhjrwfqkH;jzpfaom A&[rf

ac: NA[®Ptm; bk&m;tjzpf ,kHMunfMuonf/ xdkNA[®Prsm;onf

t&mwdkif;wGif udef;0yfaeouJhodkY ae&mwdkif;wGifvnf; udef;0yfwnf&Sdae

onf[k ,kHMunfjcif;aMumifh ra&wGufEdkifavmufatmif rsm;jym;vSonfh

½kyfxkrsm;? vlom;rsm;ESifh wd&dpämefrsm;udk NA[®Prsm;tjzpf cdkif;EIdif;

wifpm;í c0yfudk;uG,frI jyKMuonf/256 þodkY ,kHMunfrIonf [dE´L

bmom0ifrsm;tm; ¤if;wdkY\ jrifhjrwfaome,fajr bmem&mhpfNrdKUawmfodkY

oGm;a&mufbk&m;zl;Muaomtcg rdrdwdkYbmomrdrdwdkY r,kHMunfEdkifavmuf

aom tajctaeESifh BuKHawGYMu&onf/ ¤if;jrifhjrwfaomNrdKUawmf bmem

&mhpfwGif &SDAm (oD0ewf)udk ukd,fpm;jyKxm;aomt&mrSm axmifaeaom

a,musfm;\ vdifwHtjzpf xkvkyfxm;NyD; ¤if;udk cspfpEdk;jzifh ]vif;ef*efrf}

[k ac:qdkMuonf/257

255 Genesis 32: 24-30 256 John R. Hinnells, Dictionary of Religions, England: Penguin Books, 1984, Pp.

67-8. 257 Collier’s Encyclopedia, Vol.12, p.130. See: Santha Rama Rau’s article ‘Banaras:

India’s City of Light’, National Geographic, February 1986, p.235, “A dual natured

deity, Siva destroys but also creates. Lingams, usually shaped from stone, are

phallic symbols representing the god’s regenerative powers. Huge Lingams are a

common feature of temples. The Limgam typically appears on a circular base,

[dE´Lrsm;\t,ltqt& A&[rf(NA[®P)onf ae&mwdkif;wGif &Sd

onf/ aemufydkif; ,if;t,ltqonf c&pf,mefbmom0ifrsm;\ ,kH

MunfrIpepfwGif wpdwfwydkif;jzpfvmcJhNyD; wrefawmfjrwfrk[r®'f\

aemufydkif;rsKd;qufrsm;&Sd rsm;pGmaomrkpfvifrfrsm;tMum;wGifyif xdk,lq

csufrSm acwfpm;vmcJhonf/ tAÁmpd'ftifyg,m\ a½TacwfumvtwGif;

tdE´d,? yg&Sm;ESifh *&dvlrsKd;rsm;\ 'óeduusrf;rsm;udk t&ADbmom

pum;jzifh bmomjyefqdka&;om;cJhMuonf/ ,if;bmomjyefusrf;rsm;wGif

tv’m[ft&SifjrwfESifhqdkifaom todonmudk zGifhqdk&mü tv’m[ft&Sif

jrwfonf ae&mwdkif;? t&m0w¦Kwdkif;ü&Sdonf/ xdkt,ltqonf 'óe

qdkif&m avmuwGif wifjyjcif;cH&NyD;? ¤if;onf qlzDrsm;\ xl;jcm;tHhzG,f

pGrf;&nfrsm;ESifh pGrf;aqmifrIrsm;twGuf bmoma&;qdkif&m ,kHMunf ouf

0ifrIu@rsm;\ tajccHusaom oabmw&m;vnf; jzpfvmcJh\/

aemufqkH;wGif txufyg'óeonf rktfoZDvD (qifjcifwkH0g'Drsm;)

ausmif;awmf0g'\ 'óet,ltqESifhtwl wjznf;jznf; aoGznf ,drf;

,dkifvmonf/ txufygt,ltqudk vufcHaom aemufvdkufrsm;onf

tAÁmpD'fcvDz[frtfrl;ef (c&pfouú&mZf 813-832ckESpf) vufxufwGif

ta&;ygaomae&m (&mxl;rsm;) qufcHvmcJhMuonf/ cvDz[frsm;\

rsufESmomay;rIaMumifh xdkrktfoZDvm*dkPf;\ aemufvdkufaemufygrsm;

onf ¤if;wdkY\ ausmif;awmf0g'ESifh tjcm; ,dk,Gif;ysufpD;vmaom t,l

tqrsm;? Oyrm- tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfonf ae&mwdkif;? t&m0w¦Kwdkif;wGif

udef;0yfawmfrl\[laomt,ltqudk ajymifajymifwif;wif; 0g'jzefYvmcJh

Muonf/ pkHprf;ppfaq;a&;qdkif&m ckH½kH;rsm;udk tifyg,mwvTm;ü xl

axmifcJhNyD; rktfoZDvm*dkPf;om;rsm; t,ltqESifh qefYusifonfh rsm;pGm

called a Yoni (female organ), that represents Shakti, the god’s female half and a

source of divine energy. In the broadest sense, the Lingam symbolizes the entirely

of the Hindu universe…. In a common Hindu cremony, a priest bedecks a Lingam

with flowers, anoints it with clarified butter, and washes it with milk and water!”

aom ynm&Sifrsm;onf uGyfrsufowfjzwfjcif;? axmifoGif; tusOf;cs

xm;jcif;ESifh ESdyfpufn§if;yrf;jcif; cHcJhMu&onf/

þodkY rktfoZDvm*dkPf;\BuD;pdk;rI vIdif;vkH;BuD;onf tDrmrft[fr'f

Aifef [efA,fvf ocif (c&pfouú&mZf-778-855ckESpf)rS a&S;OD; rkpf

vifrf ynm&SifBuD;rsm;ESifh qG[mA[fBuD;rsm;\t,ltqudk aemufcH

jyKí (taxmuftxm;jyí) ckcHumuG,f acsyajymqdkaom tcsdefwGif

ajymif;jyefvSefvdkufouJhodkY wajz;ajz; tajymif;tvJBuD; ajymif;vJoGm;

cJh\/ cvDz[frko0uúD;vf (c&pfouú&mZf- 847-861) vufxuf wGif

rktfoZDvm'óeynm&Sifrsm;udk tvGefta&;ygaom tpdk;&tkyfcsKyfrIydkif;

qdkif&mae&mrsm;rS z,f&Sm;jcif;jyKcJhNyD;? ¤if;wdkY\ 'óetawG;tac:rsm;

rSmvnf; jypfwifa0zef½IHUcsjcif; cHcJh&onf/ tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfonf

ae&mwdkif;wGif&Sdonf (tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ Zmofawmfonf t&mwdkif;

wGif rlvuwnf;u udef;0yfaeonf)[laom t,ltqrSmvnf; tcsdefrD

aysmufuG,foGm;cJh\/odkYaomf xdkt,ltqrSm t&Sft&DrZf[Afudk vdkufem

usifhokH;aomolrsm;Mum;wGif ,aeYwdkifatmif usef&Sdaeao;ayonf/258

258 þ(t&Sft&DrZf[Af)\ trnfemrrSm (tD&wfEdkifiH) AqGf&[fNrdKUwGif arG;zGm;cJhaom

bmoma&;ynm&Sif tv’mr[ftAl[peftvD tvft&Sft&D (c&pfouú&mZf

873-935 ckESpf)\trnfrS ,lxm;jcif; jzpfonf/ ¤if;onf rktfwZDvm bmoma&; ynm&Sif tvf-*sdKAdkif;&fxHwGif toufav;q,fxdwdkifatmif ynmoifMum;cJhonfh xif&Sm;vSaomwynfhBuD; jzpfonf/ ¤if;onf ['D;qfynmudk oif,l qnf;yl;NyD; onfhaemuf tpövmrfhrl&if;w&m;ESifh rktfwZDvmwdkY\tMum; 0da&m"djzpfaeonfh tcsufrsm;udk qef;ppfcJh&m olonf pvfzf tqGf-qGmvd[if;efrsm; (tpövmrfha&S;OD; ynm&SifBuD;rsm;? olrGefoljrwfrsm;)\ ½IjrifokH;oyfrI t,ltqrsm;ESifhywfoufí csefyD,Hwpfql jzpfvmcJhonf/ olonf uvmrfynm&yf\ wnfaxmifoltjzpf ,lqjcif; cH&ol jzpfonf/ ocif jyKpkcJhonfh xif&Sm;aomusrf;rsm;rSm tvf-tdAm e[f tef-tlpl;vf twf'f-'DeD;,[f (translated by W. C. Klein, New Haven, 1940) ESifh rumvmof tvf-tpövmrD;,D;ef (Cairo, Maktabah An-Nahdah Al-Misreeyah,

2nd ed., 1969)wdkY jzpfonf/ tDrmrftvf-t&Sft&D onf olYb0\ae0ifcsdefwGif

uvmrfynm&yfrsm;udk pGefYvTwfcJhNyD; ['D;qftay:üom vkH;0wnfrSDcJhonf/ odkYaomf ¤if;\ a&S;OD;ydkif; t,ltqrsm;udk tjcm; bmoma&;ynm&Sifrsm; txl;ojzifh

þrZf[AfrSm rktfoZDvm'óeudk pGefUcGmcJhaomynm&Sifrsm;u xlaxmif

cJhNyD;? ¤if;wdkYonf rktfoZdvmwdkY\ 'óetaMumif;&if;w&m;wdkYudk vGef

vGefuJuJ vufcHjcif;tm; acsyjiif;qdk&ef BudK;pm;cJhMuonf/

udk;uG,f&mt&Sif tv’m[fh"gwf udef;atmif;jcif; todonm\ tEÅ&m,f

tv’m[fh "mwfudef;atmif;jcif; (udk;uG,f&mt&Sif\ Zmofawmfonf

ae&mwdkif;wGif udef;0yfonf[laom ,kHMunfrI? udk;uG,f&mt&Sifonf

ae&mwdkif;wGif&Sdonf[k ,kHMunfjcif;) [laom vGJrSm;aom t,ltq

tay:wGif tajccHí tcsKdUaomvlrsm;u qdkMuonfrSm ]]udk;uG,f&mt&Sif

onf wd&pämefrsm;? tyifrsm;? "gwfowÅKrsm;ponfwdkYxuf vlom;wGif

ydkí udef;atmif;onf[k ,kHMunfMuonf/ tcsKdUuvnf; udk;uG,f&m

t&Sifonf tjcm;olrsm;xuf rdrdwdkYtxJwGif ydkí udef;atmif;onf}} qdk

\/ ¤if;a<u;aMumfcsufrSm [lvl;vf (tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfonf vlom;wGif

udef;0yfjcif;? udef;atmifjcif;) (0g) tdpfwd[m;'f (tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\

0dnmOfawmfESifh vlom;\0dnmOfwdkY vkH;0 aygif;pnf;jcif;)rsm;u txuf

ygtwdkif; rdrdwdkYudk,fudkrdrdwdkY cH,la<u;aMumfcJhMuonf/

(9)&mpkESpftwGif;&SdcJhonfh rkpfvifrfrsm;teuf rdrdudk,fudkrdrd ol

awmfpif[k cH,lcJhaom pdwfazmufjyefaeonfh tvf-[vfv*sf (c&pf

ouú&mZf 858-992 ckESpf)rS rdrdESifh tv’m[fonf wpfxyfwnf; jzpf

&SmzDtDrZf[Af\ynm&Sifrsm;rS arG;pm;cJhMuonf/ xdkYjyif t&Sft&Drsm;rSvnf; rZf[Af wpfcktjzpf xdef;odrf;apmifha&SmufcJhMuonf/ tDrmrftvf-AmudvmeD (uG,f vGef- c&pfouú&mZf 1013)onf tvf-t&Sft&DrZf[Af0ifrsm;\ pepfwpfckodkY Niif;y,frIrsm;udk avQmhcscJhNyD; todÓPfay:wGif tajccHonfh acsycsufrsm;udk wnf aqmufcJhonf/ tvf-t&Sft&DrZf[AftwGif;rS tDrmrftvf-t&Sft&D\aemufodkY vdkuf

cJhonfh xif&Sm;aom ynm&Sifrsm;rSm tDrmrftvf-[m&mrdkif;ef (tvf-*sKd0dkifeD?

uG,fvGef-1086)? tDrmrftvf-*ZmvD (uG,fvGef-1112)? tDrmrft&f-&mZD

(uG,fvGef- 1210)? (Shorter Encyclopedia of Islam, Pp. 46-7 and Pp. 210-

15)

onf[k ajymifajymifwif;wif; aMunmcJhonf/259 10&mpkESpftwGif;

&SDtm*dkPf;rS cGJxGufcJhonfh Ekpdkif;&D;*dkPf;rSvnf; wrefawmfjrwf\

orufawmf? qG[mADBuD;tvDAifeftADoGmvdAfonf tv’m[ft&Sif

jrwf\ udk,fyGm;jzpfonf[k qdkMujyefonf/260 (11) &mpkESpftwGif; ay:

aygufcJhonfh &SDtm*dkPf;rS cGJxGufcJhonfh '½kZDrsm;rSvnf; ]zmodrdkuf&SDtm

\ cvDz[fjzpfonfh tvf-[muif;rf Aifef trf;&dv’m[f (c&pfouú&mZf

996-1021ckESpf)tm; udk;uG,f&mt&Sif\ Zmofawmfudef;0yfaeonfh

aemufqkH;vlom;jzpfonf}[k a<u;aMumfcJhavonf/261 (12)&mpkESpf\

qlzDolawmfpifBuD;tjzpf ac:qdkjcif;cH&aom tdAfEkt&AD (c&pfouú&mZf

1165-1240 ckESpf)rS vnf; ¤if;\ aemufvdkufrsm;tm; rdrdwdkYudk,fudk

om rdrdwdkY tdAm'of c0yfudk;uG,fqnf;uyfrIjyKMu&efESifh tjcm;t&mrsm;

udk tdAm'ofrvkyfMu&ef ¤if;uAsmtwGif;ü aoG;aqmifzsm;a,mif; a&;

om;xm;ayonf/ taMumif;rlum; ,if;tdAfEkt&AD\ ,kHMunfcsufrSm

udk;uG,f&mt&Sifonf vlom;\twGif;üom&Sdaejcif;aMumifh jzpfonf/262

xdkoDtdk&Donf tDvD*smrk[r®'f (uG,fvGef- 1975)\ t"dut,ltq

tESpfom&tjzpf tar&duefjynfaxmifpkwGif wzef ay:vmjyefonf/ ol

onf ]]vlrJrsm;onf tv’m[f-udk;uG,f&mt&Sifrsm;jzpfNyD;? ol\ vrf;

ñTefq&m zm;'frk[r®'fonf tjrifhqkH; tv’m[fcsKyf jzpfonf}}[k a<u;

aMumfcJhonf/263

259 A.J. Arberry, Muslim Saints and Mystics, London: Rouledge and Kegan Paul,

1976, Pp. 266 -71. 260 Shorter Encyclopedia of Islam, Pp. 454-55. 261 Ibid, Pp. 94-5. 262 Ibn ‘Arabi described Allah as follows, “Glory be to He, who made all things

appear while being their essence.” (See: Ibn ‘Arabi, Al-Futoohat Al-Makkiyah,

Vol.2, p.604), quoted in Hadhihee Heya As-Soofeeyah by ‘Abdur-Rahman Al-

Wakeel, Makkah: Dar Al- Kutub Al-Ilmeeyah, 3rd ed., 1979, p.35. 263 Elijah Muhammad, Our Saviour Has Arrived, Chicago, Muhammad’s Temple

of Islam, No.2, 1974, Pp. 25, 56-7 and 39-46.

&DAm&if*sif;rf*sK;efonf rdrdudk,fudk rdrdowfaocJhol jzpfonf/ ¤if;

wGif aemufvdkuf 900 &SdNyD;? *dkif,memEdkifiHwGif 1979 ckESpfü acwfpm;cJh

aom tzGJYonfvnf; vlom;rS bk&m;jzpfonf[k a<u;aMumfaeMuaom

acwfopfOyrmwpf&yf jzpfonf/ ¤if;t,ltqudk tcsKdUaomvlrsm;u

vufcHcJhMuonf/ trSefpifppf *sif;rf*sL;efonf ¤if;\ 'óeESifh pdwf

ynmqdkif&m enf;vrf;rsm;udk ]bk&m;\zcif (0g) tzbk&m;qkdaom vl

yk*¾dKvfxHrS oif,lcJhonf/ ¤if;\ &nf½G,fcsufrSm tjypfrJhjynfolrsm;udk

vG,fulpGm udkifwG,fxdef;csKyf&ef jzpfonf/ tqdkyg zmom'DAdkif;efqdk

ol\ trnf&if;rSm a*smhcsfabumjzpfNyD;? pD;yGm;a&;uyfqkdufaeaom

1920 ESpfrsm;wGif ay:aygufvmNyD;? qif;&Jom;rsm;twGuf pm;aomuf

qdkifrsm;udk zGifhay;cJhol jzpfonf/ qif;&Jom;rsm;\0rf;Adkufudk tpm;tpm

jzifh odrf;ydkufNyD;aomtcgolu xdkqif;&Jom;rsm;tay: ]rdrdonf bk&m;

ocif 0ifpm;aom? vl0ifpm;bk&m;jzpfonf}[k 0g'jzefYaoG;aqmif ,kH

MunfapcJh\/ xdktcsdeftawmtwGif;ü olonf uae'gvlrsKd;? trsKd;

orD;wpfa,mufudk vufxyf,lcJhNyD; xdkrdef;rudk ]bk&m;tar (0g) trd

bk&m;ocif}[k ac:apjyefonf/ 1930 ckESpfrsm;\ tv,favmufwGif

¤if;\ aemufvdkufrsm;ta&twGuf wdk;yGm;oxuf wdk;yGm;vmNyD;? tar&d

uefjynfaxmifpkwvTm;ESifh Oa&mywdkufwGifyg ,kHMunfolrsm;&SdNyD;? vlOD;

a&oef;csDí&SdaMumif; od&onf/264

xdkaMumifh bk&m;jzpfjcif;ESifhqdkifaom xkwfazmfa<u;aMumfrIrsm;onf

vlrsKd;? ae&m? a'o? bmom0iftkyfpk[lí twdtusajymí r&bJ?

tkyfpktoD;oD;rS a<u;aMumfazmfxkwfcJhMuonfudk awGY&\/ ¤if;wdkYonf

ajrMoZmaumif;&ma'owGif tjrpfwG,ftyifaygufMuonfudk awGYEdkif

onf/ xdkYaMumifh vlom;wdkY\ pdwf0dnmOfrsm;onf udk;uG,f&mt&Sif

tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\Zmofawmfonf zefqif;cHrsm;ü udef;0yfwnf&Sdonf

264 E.U., Essien-Udom, Black Nationalism, Chicago, University of Chicago Press,

1962, p.32.

[k,kHMunfxm;ygu vlom;bk&m; (rEkóbk&m;) todonmudk vufcH

&ef tqifoifh jzpfaeonf/ xdkokdYaom vlyk*¾dKvfrsm;twGuf aemufvdkuf

aemufyg &SmazG&efrSm cJ,Of;aomtvkyfvnf; r[kwfyg/

]]tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfonf ae&mwdkif;wGif (Zmofawmft&) &Sdonf}}[l

aom ,kHMunfcsufonf tvGefw&m tEÅ&m,fBuD;aom ,kHMunfcsuf jzpf

onf[k aumufcsufcsEdkifonf/ tb,faMumifhqdkaomf ,if;,kHMunfrI

onf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ tjrifwGif tBuD;rm;qkH;aomjypfrI jzpfonf/

tb,faMumifhqdkaomf ¤if;,kHMunfcsufonf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\tpm;

t&Sifjrwf\ zefqif;cHrsm;udk ,kHMunfudk;uG,fatmif tm;ay;tm;ajr§muf

jyKjcif;? ckcHumuG,fjcif;? awG;xifqifjcifokH;oyfapjcif;aMumifh jzpf

onf/ þonf aomif[D;'f tvf-twfpfrmtf 0qGf-qGzm;ofudk csKd;

azmufapaom&S&D;uf jzpfonf/ tb,faMumifhqdkaomf tv’m[ft&Sif

jrwf\*kPfawmfudk tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ zefqif;cHrsm;tm; wyfqifay;

aomaMumifh jzpfonf/ usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef\ rnfonfhtm,ofawmfwGif

rQ azmfjyyg*kPfawmfudk wifjyrxm;ovdk wrefawmfjrwf\ a½TEIwf

awmfrSvnf; wpfvkH;wpfyg'rQ >rufMum;cJhjcif; r&Sdyg/ trSefrSm usrf;

jrwfuk&ftmefESifh pGEéofawmfrS txufazmfjyyg*kPfawmfESifh ¤if;ESifh ywf

oufaom,kHMunfcsufrsm; rSm;,Gif;aeaMumif; qefYusifaeaMumif;udkom

wifjyxm;onf/

&Sif;vif;xif&Sm;aom oufaojycsufrsm;

tv’m[f\a&SUawmfarSmufwGif tBuD;qkH;jypfrIrSm ¤if;tm; rudk;

uG,fbJ? ¤if;\tjyif tjcm;aomt&mrsm;udk c0yfudk;uG,fjcif;? wzef

¤if;wdkYtm; t&SifjrwfESifhwGJzufEIdif;,SOf udk;uG,fjcif;wdkY jzpfonf/ ¤if;

tjyif tjcm;aom udk;uG,f&mt&SifqdkonfrSm xdkt&Sifjrwf\ zefqif;cH

(zefqif;cHavmu\ t&mrsm;)udk c0yfudk;uG,fjcif;udk qdkvdkonf/ tpö

vmrfh,kHMunfcsuf\ tESpfom& oabmw&m;rSm zefqif;cHrsm;tm; c0yf

udk;uG,fjcif;udk wdkuf½dkufaomf¤if;? oG,f0dkufíaomf¤if; vkH;0 OókH

qefYusifonf/ tpövmrf\ tajccHtusqkH;aom ouf0if,kHMunfrI\

tESpfom&wGif zefqif;&SifESifh zefqif;cH (xdkzefqif;&Sifu jyKvkyfxm;

aom t&m0w¦Krsm;)udk xifxif&Sm;&Sm; &Sif;vif;jywfom;pGm cGJjcm;

,kHMunfaponf/

tpövmrfbmoma&;qdkif&m ,kHMunfrIrsm;\ r&Sdrjzpf ta&;tBuD;qkH;

jzpfaom tjcif;t&mrsm;wGif tajccHxm;onfh oufaojycsufrsm; txl;

ojzifh a&S;OD;acwfumv&Sd tpövmrfhbmoma&;ynm&Sifrsm;[kac:Muaom

pvfzf tqGf-qGmvd[if;ef(سلف الصالحين)rsm;tm; &nfñTef;wifjyxm;onfh

oufaojycsufrsm;u ]tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfonf ¤if;\tzefqif;cHavmu

twGif;&Sd zefqif;cHrsm;rS vkH;0 uif;vGwfí oD;oefY wnf&SdaMumif;ESifh

xdkt&Sifonf zefqif;jcif;avmu\ txufwGifwnf &SdaMumif;? twnf

jyK azmfjyxm;onf/} atmufwGif ¤if;oufaojycsufrsm;teufrS ckESpfck

udk a½G;cs,fwifjyoGm;ygonf/

1/ obm0w&m;ESifhqdkifaomoufao

tpövmrfh½IaxmifhrSMunfhhvQif vlom;onf ¤if;\ywf0ef;usifrS arG;

xkwfvdkufaomt&m r[kwfacs/ obm0udkif;ñTwfrIrsm;ESifh arG;zGm;vm

onfh ouf&SdowÅ0g jzpfonf/ þtcsufudk tm'rftm; tv’m[f

rS zefqif;aom usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef\ usrf;ydk'fawmfrS oufaojy

aeayonf/ xdktm,ofawmfwGif tv’m[frS tm;vkH;aom tm'rf

\ rsKd;qufrsm;udk tm'rfociftm; zefqif;csdefüyif ¤if;rS xkwf,l

cJhaMumif; &Sif;jyxm;onf/ þonfyif xdkt&Sifjrwf\ oD;jcm;wnf&SdrI?

tjcm;aomt&mrsm;rS oD;oefYwnf&SdrIudk oufaojyKaeayonf/265 þ

tqkdudk wrefawmfjrwf\ rdefYqdkcsufrsm;rS axmufcHaeayonf/

wrefawmfjrwfrS rdefYawmfrlcJhonfrSm-


]]arG;zGm;vmaom uav;i,fwdkif;wGif tv’m[ftm; c0yf udk;

uG,fvdkaom vdktif yg&SdvmcJhonf/ odkYaomf ¤if;wdkY\rdbrsm;rS uav;

rsm;udk *sL;? c&pf,mef (0g) ½kyfxkudk;uG,folrsm;tjzpf ykHoGif;vdkufjcif;

jzpfonf/}}266

xdkYaMumifh vlom;\ obm0wkefYjyefrIwGif ]bk&m;ocifonf ae&m

wdkif;ü &Sdonf}[laom ,kHMunfcsuf\ *,uf½dkufrIaMumifh tenf;ESifh

trsm;qdkovdk xdk,lqcsufudk vufcH,kHMunf&ef tajctaeay;vQuf

&Sdonf/ tu,fí tv’m[fonf ae&mwdkif;wGif&Sdygu xdkYtjyif

t&m0w¦Kwdkif;wGif udef;0yfwnf&Sdaeygu xdkt&Sifjrwf\ tESpfom&

oabmw&m;onf tnpftaMu;ESifh npfax;aomae&mrsm;udk awGY&rnf

rSm rvGJraoG jzpf&rnf/ þodkYaom,lqcsufESifh oG,f0dkufywfoufjcif;

ESifh &ifqdkif&aomtcg vlom;trsm;pkrS udk;uG,f&mt&Sifonf npfax;

aomae&mwGif &Sdonf/ tnpftaMu;wGif &Sdonf[laom t,ltq\

wGef;vSefwdkufcdkufjcif;udk cH&ayrnf/ vlom;\ arG;&myg ADZ oabm

w&m;t& udk;uG,f&mt&Sif tv’m[fonf pMu0Vm\ zefqif;&Sif

jzpfygvQuf xdkt&Sifonf vlom;\ rpiftnpftaMu;wGif &Sdonf?

wzef tjcm;aomt&m0w¦Krsm;? t&Sifjrwf\tEIdif;rJh BuD;Mu,fjrifhjrwf

rIESifh roifhavQmfaomae&mrsm;wGif &Sdjcif;onf t&SifjrwfESifh rnfokdYrQ

ravsmfuefroifhjrwf[k awG;awmMurnf jzpfonf/

xdkYaMumifh tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS ay;xm;xm;onf h ADZobm0t&yif

vlom;onf ]tv’m[ft&SifrS ae&mwdkif;wGif &Sdonf}[laom ajymqdk

,lqcsufudk y,fcsrnfjzpfNyD;? þ,lqcsufonf rSefonf[k vufcH&ef

tvGef rESpfNrdKUbG,f&m tajctae jzpfonf/ xdkYtwl udk;uG,f&mt&Sif

onf ae&mwdkif;wGif&Sdonf[laom ,kHMunfcsufudk pGefYvTwfvdkpdwf r&Sd

266 qG[mADBuD;tAl[l½dkif&[frS qifhjyefcJhonf/ ½I- qG[D;[f tvf-Akcg&Dusrf;? twGJ-8? pm-369-90? ['D;qftrSwf-597 ESifh qG[D;[frkpfvifrfusrf;? twGJ-4? pm-1399? ['D;qftrSwf-6429/

aomolrsm;onf ¤if;wdkY\ arG;&mygADZobm0u xdk,lqcsufudk

vufrcH wGef;vSefvdkrnfrSm trSefyif/ odkYaomf ¤if;wdkY\ arG;zGm;BuD;jyif;

jyKpkysKd;axmifjcif; tajctaeaMumifhom ¤if;t,ltqudk qGJudkifxm;jcif;

jzpfonf/ ¤if;\vlYADZoabmt& vufcHjcif; r[kwfacs/ ,ckacwf

tcsdeftcgü tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfonf ae&mwdkif;wGif &Sdonf[laom t,l

tqudk av;av;eufeuf qifjcifpOf;pm;Munfhjcif;aMumifh vli,ftrsm;pk

onf txufazmfjyyg,lqcsufudk wGefYqkwf? qdkifiHhjcif;? csDwkHcswkHjzpf

jcif; r&SdbJ? atmfwdkrufwpf jiif;y,fvdkufMuonfudk awGY&\/

2/ 0wfjyKjcif;qdkif&m oufao

tpövmrfrS owfrSwfjyXmef;xm;aom t"du c0yfudk;uG,fylaZmf&Sdcdk;

jcif; (qGvmof0wfjyKjcif;)qdkif&m pnf;rsOf;Oya'orsm;t&? qGvm;of

0wfjyK&m ae&mrsm;wGif ½kyfxk½kyfyGm;rsm; r&Sd&/ xdkYtwl udk;uG,f&mt&Sif

(tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf)udk udk,fpm;jyK ½kyfvkH;azmfxm;onfh ½kyfykH? "gwfykHrsm;

vnf; r&Sdap&/ wzef xkdt&Sifjrwf\ zefqif;cHrsm; (vl? owÅ0g? tjcm;

oufrJht&m0w¦Krsm; ...)\ ½kyfxk? ½kyfvkH;? ½kyfyGm;rsm;? "gwfykH? ½kyfykHrsm;?

oauFwrsm; vkH;0 r&Sdap&/ xdkYtjyif udk;uG,f&mt&Siftm; 0wfjyK ylaZmf

jcif;taetxm;wGifvnf; t&Sifjrwftm; p*sD'[fOD;csjcif;? ½lulOD;ñTwf

jcif;rSvGJí tjcm;ouf&SdoufrJht&mwdkYtm; OD;wdkuf0wfjyK OD;csjcif;? &Sdcdk;

jcif;? OD;ñTwfjcif;rjyK&ef wm;jrpfxm;onf/ tu,fíom tv’m[f

t&Sifjrwfonf ae&mwdkif;? t&m0w¦Kwdkif;? vlyk*¾dKvfwpfOD;csif;wdkif;wGif

&Sdygu vlom;tcsif;csif; wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; OD;wdkuf&Sdcdk;jcif;? 0wfjyK

udk;uG,fjcif;udk vufcHcGifhjyKxm;ayrnf/ xdkYjyif ausmfMum;vSaom qlzD

BuD; ]tdAfEkt&AD}u ¤if;\ uAsmvuFmrsm;wGif tBuHjyKxm;ovdk tjcm;

jyifyt&mrsm;udk c0yfudk;uG,f&ef rvdkbJ? rdrdwdkYbmom rdrdwdkY c0yf

ylaZmfjcif;? tdAm'ofjyKjcif;jzifh vkHavmufayrnf/

xdkYaMumifh ½kyfyGg;qif;xkrsm;udk &Sdcdk;ylaZmfol (0g) opfyifrsm;udk

ylaZmfyool (0g) wd&pämefrsm; &Sdcdk;olrsm;udk vufcH,kHMunf&ef rjzpf

Edkifaom? ,kwdÅrwefaomudpö jzpfonf/ xdkodkY &Sdcdk;ylaZmfjcif;? 0wfjyK

wnfaqmufjcif; enf;vrf;onfvnf; rSm;,Gif;aom 0wfjyKylaZmfrIjzpfNyD;

olYtaeESifh tjcm; rnfonfht&mwdkYESifhrQ EIdif;,SOf? 'GefwGJudk;uG,frI

rjyKbJ? rjrif&aom udk;uG,f&mt&Sif tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfwpfyg;wnf;udk

omvQif c0yfudk;uG,frIjyKoifhonf/ ½kyfyGm;qif;xk udk;uG,fyoolrsm;

u ajymMuygvdrfhrnf/ rdrdwdkYonf oufqdkif&m ½kyf0w¦Kypönf;rsm;

oufoufudk ylaZmfyojcif;? &Sdcdk;0wfjyKjcif; r[kwfyg/ rdrdwdkYonf xdk

t&m0w¦Krsm;wGif udef;atmif;aeaom bk&m;ocif\"gwf ("gwfawmf?

a&mifjcnfawmf) udk &Sdcdk;ylaZmfjcif; jzpfonf/ bk&m;ocifonf vlom;

(0g) wd&pämefrsm;wGif 0ifpm;rIjyKonfh (ZmwdcHonfh) twGuf vl0ifpm;

bk&m;? wd&pämef0ifpm;bk&m;udk &Sdcdk;ylaZmfjcif; jzpfonf/ þodkY jyKrlae

aomolrsm;tm;vkH;udk ¤if;wdkY jyKrl&onfh taMumif;t&if;udk ppfaq;

a0zefqef;ppfrIrjyKbJ tm;vkH;udk umzd&f (r,kHMunfolrsm;)[k owfrSwf

onf/ taMumif;rSm xdkyk*¾dKvfwpfOD;csif;onf tv’m[ft&Sif\ zefqif;

jcif; (zefqif;cHrsm;)udk tdAm'ofjyKaeaomaMumihf jzpfonf/ tpövmrfrS

vlom;rsm;tm; rdrdwdkY vlom;tcsif;csif;udk udk;uG,fjcif; (rEkóbk&m;?

vlom;bk&m;)rsm;tm; &Sdcdk;jcif;ESifh tjcm; tzefqif;cH t&m0w¦Krsm;udk

c0yfudk;uG,fjcif;rS uif;a0;apNyD;? zefqif;&Sif tv’m[ft&Sifjrwftm;om

vQif c0yfudk;uG,f&ef oifMum;ay;onf/ vrf;jy OD;aqmifay;onf/ xdkY

aMumifh tpövmrfhynwfcsufrsm;wGif tv’m[ftm; tdAm'of c0yf

udk;uG,fjcif;onf tjcm; rnfonfh zefqif;cHrsKd;wGifrQ r&Sdap&/ t&Sif

jrwfonf t&Sifjrwf\ tjcm;aom tzefqif;cHrsm;rS vkH;0 oD;jcm;

wnfaeawmfrlaom? udk;uG,frItpkpkudk cHxdkufawmfrlaom t&SifomvQif

jzpfonf/ t&Sifjrwf\&yfwnfrItaetxm;udk &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; od&Sd

ap&ef t<uif;rJh udk;uG,f&mt&Siftm;om c0yfudk;uG,f&rnf[k w&m;0if

trdefYawmfxkwfjyefxm;jcif; jzpfonf/ t&Sifjrwf\½kyfydkif;qdkif&m ykHazmf

rIrsm;udk tjcm; ouf&Sdrsm;jzpfaom vlom;ESifh wd&pämefurÇm\ oauFw

ykHyef;o@mefjzifh ykHazmfjcif;udk wm;jrpfxm;NyD;? zefqif;cHrsm;rS vkH;0

uif;vGwfí &yfwnfaeaom t<uif;rJh udk;uG,f&mt&Siftm; ykHo@mefrJh

tjzpf ykHazmfxm;onf/

3/ arhtf&m;*sfoufao

wrefawmfjrwfrk[r®'frS r'De[fNrdKUawmfodkY [d*sf&ofajymif;a½TU

aexdkifjcif;rjyKrD ESpfESpftvdkwGif wrefawmfjrwfonf ruú[fNrdKU

awmfrS a*s½kpvifNrdKUodkY tHhzG,fnaumif;uifc&D;(tpö&mhtf)oGm;cJhonf/

,if;rSwqifh wrefawmfjrwfonf tv’m[f\ zefqif;jcif;\

txG#ftxdyf aumif;uif]7}xyfudk jzwfausmfí tjrifhqkH;aumif;uifbkH

odkY arhtf&mh*sf267ac: aumif;uifbkHc&D; <ujref;cJhonf/ þtHhMozG,f&m

aumif;uifc&D;onf tv’m[frS wrefawmfjrwftay: txl;

csD;jr§ifhay;oem;awmfrlcJhaom tcGifhta&;jzpfNyD;? wrefawmfjrwfonf

tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ a&SUawmfarSmufü wnf&SdcJhonf/ wrefawmfjrwf

qdkufa&mufcJhaomae&mrsm;rSm aumif;uifbkH\tay:qkH; txyf]7}

xyfajrmuf rdk;aumif;uif jzpfygonf/

xdkarhtf&mh*sfc&D;rStjyefwGif ,aeY uREkfyfwdkYtay: wpfaeYwmtwGif;

rjyKrae& owfrSwfxm;aom ]ig;BudrfqGvmof}udk w&m;0if owfrSwf

jyXmef;ay;aom trdefYawmf&&SdcJhonfh nvnf; jzpfonf/ tv’m[f

onf wrefawmfjrwftm; wdkuf½dkuf pum;ajymawmfrlcJhonf/ þ

267 trSefpifppf arhtf&m;*sf (pmayt"dyÜg,ft& avScg;xpfrsm;)[lonfh emrfpum;vkH; onf wrefawmfjrwftm; rdk;aumif;uifodkY o,faqmifcJhonfh,mOf jzpfonf/ odkYaomf ¤if;pum;vkH;onf a,bk,stm;jzifh jyefvnf qif;oufjcif;udkvnf; &nf ñTef; azmfjyjcif; cH&onf/

tjzpftysufudk usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef\ pl&[fAu&[f\ aemufqkH; tm

,ofawmfwGif twdtvif; xkwfjyefxm;onfudk awGY&ayonf/268

tu,fíom tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfonf ae&mwdkif;wGif&Sdonf[kqdkyg

vQif wrefawmfjrwftm; wrifoufouf aumif;uif]7}xyfodkY <u

jref;apawmfrnf r[kwfacs/ wrefawmfBuD;taeESifh ¤if;\ tdrf&Sd&m

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]]aumif;uifbkHrsm;ESifh urÇmN*dKvfrS tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfudk r&Edkifyg/

r&SdEdkifyg/ odkYaomf ppfrSefaom ,kHMunfol\ ESvkH;om;uomvQif

tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf &Edkifygonf/ ,kHMunfaom pdwfESvkH;twGif;üom

tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf &SdEdkifygonf/}}

þonfrSm trSefyif jzpfygonf/ odkYaomf oifonf ¤if;udk

rsufESmpmwefbdk;t&om cHpm;MunfhrnfqdkvQif ,kwÅdqefaom? ,kwÅd

aA'enf;ususpOf;pm;aom vlom;onf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwftm; vlom;

tjzpf jrifí pOf;pm;qifjcifrnfjzpfonf/ tu,fí ,kHMunfolwpfOD;\

ESvkH;om;wGif pmayoabm (tESpfom&oabm? pdwf0dnmOfoabm) t&

tv’m[f&Sdaeygu xdkol\ ESvkH;om;onf aumif;uifbkHrsm;ESifh

urÇmN*dKvfudkvnf; &Edkifrnf jzpfonf/ xdkYaemuf xdkaumif;uifbkHrsm;

ESifh urÇmN*dKvfrSwqifh tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfudk cHpm;em;vnfEdkifrnf

jzpfonf/ tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf ,kwÅdaA'oabmw&m;t& A onf B

twGif;ü &Sdonf/ A onf C twGif;ü&SdonfqdkvQif A onfvnf; C

twGif;rSmyif &Sd&rnfjzpfonf/

xdkYaMumifh usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefESifh pGEé[ft& ppfrSefí *E¨0ifajrmuf

aom tpövmrfhtjrift& ]tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfonf pMu0Vm\ txuf

wGif &Sdonf/ pMu0VmtwGif;&Sdaom t&mcyfodrf;onf xdkt&Sifjrwf\

301 ½I-tDrmrft[fr'f Aifef tvf-[kpdkif;ef tvf-Adkif[uD a&;om;onfh udomAf tvf-twfpfrmtf 0qGf-qGdzmof? AD½l'f? 'g½kvfukokAf tvf-ukolAf tvf-tdvfrD,[fpmtkyfwdkuf? yxrtBudrf? 1984? pm-541-2/

xG#fjrwfrI*kPfawmft& t&SifjrwfESifhwGJzuf &Sdp&m rvdkacs/ t&SifjrwfrS

vnf; udef;atmif;aep&m rvdkacs/ xdkzefqif;cHavmuonfvnf; t&Sif

jrwftwGif; usa&mufaep&m rvdkacs/ odkYaomf xdkt&Sifjrwf\ wdus

aom? NyD;jynfhpkHaom odjcif;? u½kPmoem; Muifemjcif;? teEÅ pGrf;tm;

(bkef;awmf) wdkYonf rnfonfht&m? rnfonfhudpötwGufrqdk taESmifh

t,Suf t[efYtwm;r&Sd? ao;i,fvSonfh trIefuav; wpfrIefudkyif

vTrf;rdk; jc,fvS,fEdkifayonf/ vTrf;NcKHEdkifonf/ pdk;ydkifEdkifonf/302

302 ½I-tvf-tuD'[f zdvfvm[f? a'gufwmtkdr&ftwf&Sfu&f? ul0d'f? rwfufoA[f tvf-zv[fpmtkyfwdkuf? 'kwd,tBudrf? 1979? pm-171/

tcef; (9)

tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ ykHawmf (udk;uG,f&mt&Sif\ykH&dyf)

txufwGifwifjyNyD;cJhonfhtwdkif; vlom;\pdwfESvkH;rSm uefYowfrI

&Sdaomt&mjzpfNyD;? tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfonf uefYow frJh teEÅbkef;awmf

&Sifjzpfjcif;aMumifh tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS a½G;cs,fxkwfjyef csrSwfay;aom

¤if;\ *kPfawmfrSvGJí tjcm;aom t&Sifjrwf\*kPfawmf t&nftaoG;

wpfpkHwpf&mudkrQ vlom;taeESifh em;vnfEdkifpGrf;&Sdvdrfhrnfr[kwfacs/

vlom;taeESifh t&Sifjrwf\ykHawmfudk ykHazmfMunfhygu tm;vkH;onf

vrf;vGJoGm;ayvdrfhrnf/ rSm;,Gif;oGm;ygvdrfhrnf/ tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf

tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfonf vlom;rS pdwful;ESifh BuHpnfpdwful;Edkifjcif;ESifh

uGJjym;jcm;em;í vlom;\ pdwful;ESifh ykHazmfEdkifpGrf;udk vGefajrmufae

jcif;aMumifh jzpfygonf/

tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ ykHawmfudk vlom;rS rdrd\pdwftwGif; ykHazmf

wnfaqmufMunfhaomtcg ¤if;rS odjrifavhvmbl;aom t&Sifjrwf\

zefqif;jcif;\ tcsKdUaomtpdwftydkif;rsm; yg0ifaeayvdrfhrnf/ (0g)

t&SifjrwfrS trsKd;rsKd;pDrH jyKvkyfzefqif;xm;aom zefqif;cHrsm;xJrS

wpfckckESifhoGm;í wlaeayvdrfhrnf/ xdkYaMumifh vlom;onf tv’m[f

t&Sifjrwftm; rdrd\pdwfxJwGif ykHazmfygu olonf xdkt&Sifjrwf\

zefqif;jcif;*kPft*Fg t&nftaoG;udk t&Sifjrwftm; ay; jcif;ESifhyif

tqkH;owfayvdrfhrnf/ qdkvdkonfrSm (zefqif;cHrsm;\ *kPf&nfESifh t&Sif

jrwftm; csdefxdk;Munfhrdayvdrfhrnf/) rnfodkYqdkap vlom;onf ol\

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aMumifh t&Sifjrwfonf ¤if;\*kPfawmfrsm;xJrS tcsKdUudk vlom;tm;

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&[frmef (r[mu½kPmawmf&Sif)/ ¤if;\teufrSm t&Sifjrwf\ zefqif;

cHrsm;teuf ¤if;wdkYonf u½kPmESifh xdkufwefonfjzpfap? rxdkufwef

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onfht&m[lí r&Sdacs/ azmfjyyg *kPfawmfrsm;udk cHpm;em;vnf&efrSm

rnfonfh ykHazmfpdwful;rIrsKd;rS rvdktyfyg/ þonfrSm rSefuefaom vrf;

aMumif;jzpfNyD;? vlom;taeESifh tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ *kPfawmftm;jzifh

tv’m[ft&Sifudk rSefuefpGm cHpm;em;vnfEdkifayrnf/ tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf

tm; ykHazmfMunfhrIrsm;teuf vlom;\ abmifuefYowfrI&Sdonfh pdwful;

pdwfoef;aMumifh tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ *kPf&nfrsm;rS aoGznfvGJacsmfrI

rsm; jzpfoGm;Edkifonf/ Oyrm- þodkYaom vGJacsmfrIrsm;udk *&dESifh a&mr

acwf&Sd a&S;OD;c&pf,mefbmom0ifrsm;rS pwifcJhonfudk awGY&ayrnf/

¤if;wdkY\ tv’m[ft&Sifjrwftm; ykHazmfrIrSm wrefawmftDqm\

rSefuefaom oifMum;rIrS vkH;0 vrf;vGJoGm;cJhMuonf/

c&pf,mefbmomudk vufcH,kHMunfMuaom Oa&mywdkufom;rsm;

onf ¤if;wdkY\ c&pf,mefbk&m;&Sdcdk;ausmif;rsm;ESifh ewfuGef;rsm;wGif udk;

uG,f&mt&Sif\ykHawmfrsm;? ½kyfxkrsm;udk MunfndKav;pm;bG,f c&pf,mef

omoem0if b&if*sD*dkPf;\ tqifhjrifh *dkPf;tkyfbkef;awmfBuD;toGifjzifh

ykHazmfxkvkyfa&;qGJxm;onfudk awGY&ayrnf/ xdkYaMumifh bk&m;\toGif

rSm rkwfqdwfarG;jzLESifh qH&SnfESifh awGYEdkifayonf/ ygvufpwdkif;&Sd

*sL;aemufcHrSvmMuaom a&S;OD;c&pf,mefbmom0ifrsm;onf zefqif;&Sif

\ ½kyfykHudk ykHazmfudk,fpm;jyKwifjyjcif;udk jyif;jyif;xefxef [efYwm;cJh

Muonf/ aemufydkif;wGif txufyg zefqif;&Sifudk ykHazmfjcif;udk rjyK&[l

aom pnf;urf;rS aoGznfcJhMuonf/ taMumif;rSm Oa&myom;rsm;wGif

¤if;wdkY\ ewfbk&m;rsm;udk vlom;toGif ykHazmf½kyfvkH;oGif;jcif;qdkif&m

&Snfvsm;aom ordkif;aMumif;tpOftvmaMumifh xdkodkY jzpf&jcif;jzpfonf/

xdkYtjyif ¤if;wdkY\bmoma&;qdkif&m vrf;ñTeftjzpf ykHo@mef ysuf,Gif;

aeaom *sL;vlrsKd;rsm;\ usrf;*efrsm;udk tokH;jyKcJhjcif;aMumifhvnf; jzpf

onf/ aomif&ofusrf;vm urÇmOD;usrf;wGif vlom;tm; zefqif;jcif;ESifh

ywfoufí atmufygtwdkif; ykHazmfcJhMuonf/

]]xdkYaemuf bk&m;ocif (udk;uG,f&mt&Sif^zefqif;&Sif)rS rdefYawmfrlcJh

onf/ igt&Sifonf igESifh toGifwlaom? ig\ykHyef;o@mefjzifh vlom;

udk jyKvkyftHh/ xdkYaemuf bk&m;ocifonf vlom;udk ¤if;\toGif

o@mefjzifh zefqif;cJhonf/ bk&m;ocif\ykHawmfjzifh vlom;udk zefqif;

cJhonf/}} (1; 26-27)

azmfjyyg usrf;ydk'fuJhodkY tvm;wltjcm;aomusrf;ydk'frsm;udkMunfhí

Oa&myom;c&pf,mefbmom0ifrsm;rS ]usrf;pmrsm;\ vrf;ñTefoifMum;rI

rsm;rSm bk&m;ocifonf vlESifhtwlwlyif jzpfonf[k aumufcsufqGJ

vdkufMuNyD;? ¤if;wdkY\'@m&Dvm ewfbk&m;rsm;udk vlom;rsm;toGif

o½kyfaqmif azmfjyvdkufMuonf/ tusKd;quftm;jzifh ¤if;wdkYonf olwdkY

\ OpämaiGaMu;csrf;omjcif;? tcsdef&jcif;? pGrf;tm;&Sdjcif; (twwfynm

&Sdjcif;) wdkYESifhtwl bk&m;ocifudk vlom;ykHo@mefESifh ½kyfyGm;? ½kyfxkrsm;

ESifh yef;csDum;csyfrsm;jzifh ykHazmf xdef;odrf;vmcJhMuonf/

bk&m;ocifudk vlom;toGifESifh ykHazmfvmMujcif;udk wjznf;jznf;

us,fysHUpGm vufcH ykHazmfvmMuonf/ udk;uG,f&mt&Sif\ oifMum;rIjzpf

aom ]zefqif;&Siftv’m[fonf ¤if;\zefqif;jcif;ESifh zefqif;cHavmurS

t&mrsm;ESifhrwl jcm;em;\}}[laom oifMum;jcif;ESifh uif;uGmvmaom

tcg vlom;onf rdrd\ c0yfudk;uG,fjcif;udk zefqif;cHrsm;odkY OD;wnf

vmcJhMuonf/ þodkYjyK&mwGif vlom;onf bk&m;ocifudk udk,fpm;jyK

ykHazmf&eftwGuf urÇmajray:&Sd ouf&Sifaexdkifaom ouf&Sdrsm;teuf

tBuD;tus,fqkH;[k xifjrifaom ]vl}udkyif a½G;cs,fcJhMuonf/ Oyrm

tm;jzifh acsmifrif;quf (bDpD1027-402ckESpf) w½kwfEdkifiH\ EdkifiHawmf

bmom (0g) w&m;0iftodtrSwfjyKxm;aom omoemrSm wd,ifhac:

aumif;uifbkH[k teuft"dyÜg,f&aom pdwfESifhom ykHazmfí&aom

]]Abstract Diety” bk&m;udk vlom;ykHo@mefoGif;í ,k[ef(Yu Hang)[k

trnfay;NyD;? ausmufpdrf;{u&mZf? tjrifhjrwfqkH;t&Sif? aumif;uifbkH&Sd

w&m;½kH;awmfudk tkyfcsKyfawmfrlaomt&Sifponfjzifh ,kHMunfudk;uG,fcJh

Muonf/303

usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefwGif tv’m[frS t&SifjrwfESifhwlaom ykHyef;

o@mef? ouf&Sd? oufrJht&m wpfpkHwpf&mrQ r&SdaMumif; atmufyg

twdkif; ñTefjyxm;onf/

[ ]

]]xdkt&SifjrwfESifh wlaomt&m[líum; rnfonfh wpfpkHwpf&m

rQyif r&SdNyD/}}304

[ ]

]]xkdrSwyg; xkdt&Sifjrwfü *kPf&nfwlol[lívnf; wpfOD;

wpfa,mufrQyif r&Sday/}}305

wrefawmfrlpm rS tv’m[ft&Sifjrwftm; zl;arQmf&ef awmif;qkdjcif;

tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS rdrdonf rdrd\tzefqif;cHrsm;ESifh rwlaMumif;

&Sif;vif;pGm ñTefjyNyD;aemuf uREkfyfwdkY vlom;rsm;\ pu©K(tjrif) tm½kH

303 Dictionary of Religion, p.85 304 usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 42; 11/ 305 usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 112; 4/

onf t&Sifjrwftm; rzl;jrifEdkifaMumif;udk qufvufí wifjyxm;onf/

tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS rdefYawmfrlonfrSm

[ … ]

]](rHo)pu©Krsm;onf xdkt&Sifjrwftm; (pdwfiHk) rdEdkifonf

r[kwfay/ odkY&mwGif xkdt&SifjrwfrSmum; (rHo)pu©Krsm;udk

(pdwfiHk) iHkrdvsuf &Sdawmfrlacsonf/}}306

txufygtv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS xkwfjyefcsrSwfay;aomtqdkrS vlom;

onf udk;uG,f&mt&Sif tv’m[ft&Sifudk zl;jrifEdkifpGrf;r&SdaMumif; axmuf

jyaeayonf/

txufygtcsufudk txl;jyKaxmufjy&eftvdkYiSm tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf

onf wrefawmfrlpm\ tx¦KywÅdrS oufqdkif&mtjzpftysufwpfck

udk usrf;jrwfuk&ftmeftwGif;rSmyif qufpyf wifjyxm;onf/

[

]

]]¤if;jyif (eADwrefawmf)rlpmonf igt&Sifjrwf owfrSwfawmfrl

aomtcsdefü a&muf&SdvmcJhí xdk(eADwrefawmf)rlpm\ t&Sifjrwf

onf xdk(eADwrefawmf)rlpmESifh pum;ajymqdkawmfrlaomtcg

306 usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 6;103/

xdk(eADwrefawmf) rlpmu ]]tdk-uRefawmfrsKd;\t&Sif? t&Sifjrwf

onf uRefawmfrsKd;tm; (rdrdudk) jyoawmfrlyg/ uRefawmfrsKd;

onf t&Sifjrwftm; zl;arQmfyg&ap}}[k avQmufxm;yefMum;av

onf/ xdktcg t&Sifjrwfu ]](tdk-rlpm) toifonf (þavmu

wGif) igt&Sifjrwftm; tvsif; zl;jrifEdkifrnf r[kwfay/ odkY&m

wGif toifonf (þ)awmifudk Munfhaeygav/ tu,fí

xdkawmifonf rdrdae&mwGif wnfNidrfpGm&SdaecJhygrl toifonf

vnf; igt&Sifjrwftm; trSefyif rl;arQmfEdkifayrnf}}[k rdefYMum;

awmfrlavonf/ xdkYaemuf xdk(eADwrefawmf) rlpm\t&Sifonf

awmifay:odkY (rdrd)bkef;awmfudk xif&Sm;apawmfrlvdkufonfhtcg

xdkbkef;awmfonf ,if;awmifudk tpdwfpdwf jzpfcJhavonf/ ¤if;

jyif (eADwrefawmf) rlpmonfvnf; owdvpfí vJusoGm;av

onf/ wzef xdk(eADwrefawmf) rlpmonf owdjyefvnfí &&Sd

vmaomtcg (þodkY) avQmufxm;avonf/ (tdk-t&Sifjrwf)

t&Sifjrwfonf (þvlUavmuwGif rHopu©Kjzifh zl;jrif&awmfrl

jcif;rS) oefY&Sif;pifMu,fawmfrlyg\/ uRefawmfrsKd;onf t&Sif

jrwftxHawmfü (,ckuJhodkY avQmufxm;rdaomaMumifh) 0efcs

awmif;yefyg\/ ¤if;jyif uRefawmfrsKd;onf (t&Sifjrwftm; þ

avmuwGif rnfolrQ rjrifEdkifaMumif;) yxrOD;qHk; ,HkMunfol

jzpfygonf/ (wenf;) ¤if;jyif uRefawmfrsKd;onf ]]toifonf

igt&Sifjrwftm; (þypöKyÜKefb0wGif) tvsif; zl;arQmfEdkifrnf

r[kwf}}[laom rku©ygXfawmfudk yxrOD;qHk; ,HkMunfol jzpfyg

onf/}}307

wrefawmfrlpmrS xdkacwfxdktcsdefumv&Sd? urÇmwvTm;&Sd vl

om;rsm;teufrS rdrdtm; tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfu wrefawmftjzpf t&Sif

jrwf\aumif;jcif;owif;udk vlom;rsm;tm; ajymMum;&ef a½G;cs,fcJho


jzifh rdrdtm; t&SifjrwfrS zl;ajrmfcGifh ay;aumif;ay;vdrfhrnf[k ,lqcJh

onf/308 odkYaomf tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS rdrdtm; zl;awGY&efrSm wrefawmf

rlpmrSr[kwf? rnfonfhvlom;twGufrQ rjzpfEdkifaMumif; xif&Sm;

pGm jyovdkufjcif; jzpfonf/309

tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfonf t<uif;rJhbkef;awmf&Sifjzpfjcif;aMumifh rnf

onfh vlom;wGifrQ t&Sifjrwftm; zl;jrifEdkifpGrf;r&SdaMumif; txufyg

usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef\ usrf;ydk'fawmfrS oufaojyaeayonf/ ol;&f

awmifBuD; ESpfjcrf;uGJoGm;aomtcg wrefawmfrlpmrS cGifhrjyKxm;

aomudpöudk awmif;cHrdaom rdrd\trSm;udk odjrifoGm;NyD;? t&SifjrwfxH

wGif cGifhvTwfyg&ef aomifAm[f0efcsawmif;yefcJhonf/

wrefawmfjrwfrk[r ⁄'frS tv’m[ft&Sifjrwftm; zl;jrifEdkifcJhygovm;/

tcsKdUaom rkpfvifrfrsm;rS uREkffyfwdkY\ aemufqkH;wrefawmfrk[r®'f

twGuf cRif;csuf&Sdonf[k cHpm;em;vnfcJhMuonf/ tv’m[ft&Sif

jrwfrS wrefawmfjrwftm; nOfhaumif;uifc&D; <ujref;apcJhNyD; xdk

c&D;wGif rvmtdu[faumif;uifwrefrsm; oGm;cGifhr&Sdonfhae&mudk ausmf

vGefí oGm;cGifhjyKcJhonfhtwGufaMumifh wrefawmfjrwfrS tv’m[f

t&Sifjrwftm; zl;jrifcGifh&cJhonf[k ,lqcJhMuonf/ odkYaomf wrefawmf

jrwfBuD;\ZeD;Muif,mawmf rdcifrGeftmtd&Sm[f ocifrBuD;tm;

omAdtlef;310xJrSwpfOD;jzpfonfh rwfpf½lufocifrS ]wrefawmfjrwf

onf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwftm; (rdtf&mh*sfc&D;ü) zl;jrifcJhygovm;}[k

ar;jref;cJh&m ocifrBuD;rS atmufygtwdkif; wkefYjyef ajzMum;cJhonf/

308 usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 7; 144 309 tvf-tuD;'[f tofG-oG[m0D,[fusrf;? pm-191/ 310 aemufvdkufrsm;-wrefawmfjrwf\ qG[mA[fom0uBuD;rsm;\ aemufvdkuf wynfhrsm;

]]toifar;aomar;cGef;aMumifh uREkfyf\ qHyifarT;rsm;yif axmifoGm;

cJhygonf/ wrefawmfjrwf rS tv’m[ftm; zl;jrifcJhygonf[k

oifhudk rnfolu ajymygoenf;/ rnfolyifjzpfap? xdkpum;udk ajymaom

olonf vlvdrfyif jzpfayonf/}}311

qG[mA[fBuD;tAlZ&focifrS wrefawmfjrwfrk[r®'ftm;

]udk,fawmfonf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwftm; zl;jrifcJh&ovm;}[k ar;jref;&m?

wrefawmfjrwfrS ]tvif;a&mifcsnf;om jzpfaeygonf/ uREkfyfrS

tv’m[ft&Sifjrwftm; tb,fuJhodkY jrifEdkifygrnfenf;}[k jyefMum; rdefY

qdkawmfrlcJhonf/312

tjcm;aomae&mwpfckwGif tvif;a&mif\xl;jcm;rIESifh xdktvif;

a&mifonf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfr[kwfaMumif; atmufygtwdkif; &Sif;vif;

jycJhonf/

]]trSefyif tv’m[fonf tdyfpuftem;,ljcif;r&Sdyg/ tdyfpuf

tem;,ljcif;onf tv’m[ftzdkY rvdktyfyg/ xdkt&SifESifh rtyfpyfyg/

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vnf &Sifjyefxajrmuf&rnfh (ud,mrofaemufqkH;urÇmhw&m;pD&ifrnfh

aeY)taMumif;udk wifjy&mwGif

[ ]

]]xkdaeYwGif rsm;pGmaom rsufESmwkdYrSm &Tifvef;vsuf &SdMuayrnf/

rdrdwkdYukd zefqif; arG;jrLawmfrlaomt&Sifjrwftm; zl;ajrmfvsuf

&SdMuayrnf/}}323

wrefawmfjrwfrS ,if;tjzpftysufBuD;ESifhywfoufí ydkí

tao;pdwf &Sif;vif;xm;ayonf/ qG[mA[fBuD;rsm;rS wrefawmf

jrwftm; ]uRefawmfwdkYonf ud,mrofaeYwGif uRefawmfwdkY\t&Sif

(tv’m[f)tm; zl;jrifEdkifygrnfvm;}[k ar;jref;cJh&m ][kwfayonf/

uREfkyfwdkYtm;vkH; ud,mrofaeYü tv’m[ftm; zl;jrif&ayvdrfh

rnf}[k wkefYjyef ajzMum;cJhonf/ xdkrSwzef ]oifwdkYonf vjynfhnü

aomfwm vrif;tm; Munfhaomtcg rsufvkH;rsm; xdcdkufepfempl;&SrI

&Sdygovm;}[k ar;jref;&m qG[mA[fom0uBuD;rsm;u ]rpl;&Syg}[k ajz

Mum;cJhonf/ xdkYaemuf wrefawmfjrwfrS qufvufí rdefYawmfrl

onfrSm ]oifwdkYonf trSefyif vrif;udk Munfhaomtcg rsufvkH;

at;jrouJhodkY tvm;wl tv’m[ft&Sifjrwftm; zl;awGYEdkifMurnf/}}324

tjcm;aom['D;qfawmfwpfckwGif

]]trSefyif toifwdkYwpfOD;csif;onf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwftm; {uef

rvGJ zl;jrif&rnf/ oifwdkYESifh tv’m[ft&SifjrwfMum;wGif rnfonfh y&f'g

323 usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 75;22-23/ 324 tAl[l½dkif&[focifrS qifhjyefcJhNyD;? tDrmrfAkcg&D rS pkpnf;wifjycJhonf/ ½I-qG[D;[ftvf-Akcg&Dusrf;? twGJ-9? pm-390-1? ['D;qftrSwf-532 ESifh qG[D;[f rkpfvifrfusrf;? twGJ-1? pm-115? ['D;qftrSwf-349/

(tumtuG,f)rS &Sdrnfr[kwfouJhodkY rnfonfh Mum;cH bmomjyefol

rQvnf; vdktyfvdrfhrnf r[kwfyg/325

wrefawmfjrwf\ rdefYawmfrlcsufudk tAÁ'kv’m[fAifeftkr&f rS

qifhjyefcJhonfrSm

]]wzef jyefvnf&Sifoefxajrmuf&rnfh ud,mrofaeYonf tBuD;

us,f tjrifhjrwfqkH;jzpfawmfrlaom tv’m[ft&Sifjrwftm; yxrOD;qkH;

zl;jrif&rnfhaeY jzpfygonf/}}326

tv’m[ft&Sifjrwftm; zl;awGY&jcif;onf *sEéoftrwokcbkHom;rsm;

twGuf txl;ay;oem; xm;awmfrlaom? txl;tcGifhta&; (aus;Zl;

awmf) jzpfonf/ þtydkaqmif;ay;xm;onfh t&Sifjrwf\ csD;jr§ifhrIonf

*sEéoftrwokcbkHom;rsm;twGuf tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS jyifqif jyKvkyf

ay;xm;aom tjcm;? tjcm;aom om,mESpfoufzG,f&mrsm;xufydkí

omvGefaom txl; u½kPmawmf jzpfonf/ tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ þ

tydkaqmif;ay;xm;aom ESpfoufzG,f&m aysmf½TifESpfodrfhrIudk atmufyg

twdkif; usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefwGif &nfñTef;xm;ygonf/

[ ]

]]¤if;wdkYtzdkY ,if;]*sEéof}okcbkHü ¤if;wdkYtvdk&SdMuaomt&m[lí

&Sd,kHrQru igt&Sifjrwf txHawmfü (xdkxuf) tydk aus;Zl;awmf

rsm;vnf; &Sdacsownf;/}}327 325 tADtdAfaeY[mwifrfrS qifhjyefcJhNyD;? tDrmrfAkcg&D rS pkpnf;wifjycJhonf/

½I-qG[D;[f tvf-Akcg&Dusrf;? twGJ-9? pm-403? ['D;qftrSwf-535/ 326 tDrmrft'f-'g&ukoGfeD rS pkpnf;wifjycJhonfh ppfrSefaom ['D;qfawmf jzpf

onf/ xdkYjyif tDrmrft'f-'g&drD ocifwdkYrS ¤if;\ *s[frD,mwdkYtm; acsycsuf usrf;wGif udk;um;wifjycJhonf/ ½I- t&f-&wf'f tvm tvf-*s[frD,[f? AD½l'fNrdKU? tvf-rwfufoAf tvf-tpövmrD? pm-57/

wrefawmfjrwfBuD;\ txifu& qG[mA[fBuD;ESpfyg;jzpfonfh

tvDAifeftADoGmvdAfESifh tewfpfocifwdkYtm; ]txufazmfjyyg

tm,ofawmfrS ]tydkaus;Zl;awmfrsm;}[lonf rnfonfht&mjzpfonfudk

ar;jref;&m ¤if;qG[mA[fBuD;ESpfOD;pvkH;rS ]tv’m[ft&Sifjrwftm; zl;jrif&

jcif;}[k &Sif;vif;rdefYMum;cJhonf/328 qG[mADBuD;½IdtdkufAfrSvnf;

wrefawmfjrwfrk[r®'frS atmufazmfjyyg tm,ofawmfudk ½Gwfzwf

o&ZÑm,faMumif; qifhjyefcJhygonf/

[ ...]

]]aumif;rIudk jyKcJhMuaomolwdkYtzdkY aumif;jrwfaomtusKd; (0g)

]*sEéwf}okcbHk&Sdonfhjyif tydk(qkvmbfrsm;)vnf; &Sdacsonf/}}329

*sEéoftrwokcbkHESifhxdkufwefaomolrsm;u *sEéoftwGif;odkY 0if

a&mufMuNyD;? i&JbkHESifh xdkufwefaomolrsm;u i&JtwGif;odkY 0ifa&muf

aomtcsdefwGiftoHwpfckrSac:rnfrSm ]tdk-*sEéofokcbkHom;wdkY? tv’m[f

t&SifjrwfrS rdrdqE´awmfjynhfap&ef oifwdkYtwGuf uwdawmfxm;cJhyg

onf/ xdktcg *sEéofom;wdkYrS xdkt&monf rnfonfht&m jzpfygrnf

enf;/ rDZmefcsdefcGifü uREkfyfwdkY\aumif;jrwfaomvkyf&yfrsm;udk ydkav;ap

rnf/ uREkfyfwdkY\ rsufESmrsm;tm; xGef;vif;awmufyaprnf/ i&JrS pGJ

xkwfNyD;? *sEéoftwGif;odkY0ifaprnf r[kwfygavm/ xdkYaemuf Mum;vTm

(y&f'g)onf z,f&Sm;jcif;cH&NyD; ¤if;vlom;wdkYonf t&Sifjrwftm;

ai;pdkufaeMurnf/ t&SifjrwfrS vlom;tm; ay;oem;xm;aom rnfonfh

327 usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 50;35/ 328 tDrmrftoGf-oGAf&D rS pkpnf;wifjycJhonf/ ½I-tvf-tuD;'[f tofG-oG[m0D ,[fusrf;? pm-190/ 329 usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 10; 26/

t&murQ t&Sifjrwftm; zl;awGY&jcif;xuf omvGefrnfr[kwf/ ¤if;onf

txl;ay;oem;aom qkvmbfwpfpkHwpf&myif jzpfygonf/330

txufwGifazmfjyNyD;jzpfaom usrf;ydk'fawmft& ]rsufvkH;rsm;onf

xdkt&Siftm; NcKHikHEdkifpGrf; r&Sd/ odkYaomf xdkt&Sifonf tm;vkH;aomrsufvkH;

(pu©Ktm½kH)rsm;udk ikHrdEdkifpGrf; (vTrf;rdk;) &Sdonf/ þqdkvdkcsufrSm vuf&Sd

rsufarSmufavmuDb0wGif tv’m[ft&Sifjrwftm; uREkfyfwdkY vlom;

rsm;\ A[dE¨rsufvkH;rsm;jzifh jrifEdkifpGrf;&Sdonf[laomtcsufudkom jiif;

qdkjcif; jzpfonf/ wrvGefb0wGif jrifEdkifjcif;udk rjiif;qefyg/ xdkYtjyif

t&Sifjrwf\ rlvtoGifwpfckvkH;udk NcKHikHjrifEdkifpGrf;r&SdaMumif;udkom &nf

ñTef;\/ aumif;jrwfaom tusifhoDv&Sdaomol (qGmav[D;ef olawmf

pOf olawmfaumif;rsm;)taeESifh tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ toGifo@meftm;

t<uif;rJh wpfckvkH; jrifEdkifpGrf;r&Sdaomfjim;vnf; tpdwftydkif;wpfck

udkawmh jrifEdkifygonf/ uREfkyfwdkY\ uefYowfcsuf&Sdaom zefqif;cH

rsm;\ pu©Ktm½kHonf uefYowfrJhzefqif;&Siftm; jrifEdkif? odEdkif pGrf;r&Sd

onfrSm obm0usygonf/uREfkyfwdkY\t&Sif tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrSmrlum;

t&mcyfodrf;udk puúefYrvyf odEdkif? jrifEdkifpGrf;&Sdaom teEÅbkef;awmf&Sif

jzpfygonf/331 r,kHMunfolrsm;taeESifh aemifwrvGefb0wGif tv’m[f

t&Sifjrwftm; zl;jrifEdkifcGifh&rnfr[kwf/ xdktjzpfaMumifh ¤if;wdkYonf

ylaqG;0rf;enf; pdwfysuftm;avQmh aemifwBuD;pGm&Murnf jzpfonf/

usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefwGif tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS atmufygtwdkif; ñTefjy

xm;\/

[ ]

330 tDrmrfod&frdZD ? tDrmrftdAfaeYrm*s[f ESifh tDrmrft[fr'f ocif wdkYrS pkpnf;wifjycJhonf/ 331 ½I-tvf-tuD;'[f tofG-oG[m0D,[fusrf;? pm-188? 193? 198/ See also

Surah Taha 20: 110 where Allah, the Exalted says, “They [man] cannot encompass

Him with [their] knowledge.”

]]tvQif;r[kwf? {uefrvGJ ¤if;wdkYonf xdkaeYwGif rdrdwdkYtm;

zefqif;arG;jrLawmfrlaomt&Sifjrwf(tm;zl;arQmfjcif;)rS umuG,f

jcif;udk cHMu&rnfholrsm;yif jzpfMuayonf/}}332

wrefawmfjrwfrk[r ⁄'fociftm; jrifEdkifjcif;

wrefawmfjrwftm; awGYjrif&jcif;onf rkpfvifrfrsm;tMum;

tenf;ESifh trsm;qdkovdk ¤if;wdkYtm; tjiif;yGm;apaom? ½IwfaxG;ap

aomprf;oyfrI\t&if;tjrpf e,fy,fwpfck jzpfavonf/ tcsKdUaomol

rsm;onf ¤if;wdkYrS wrefawmfjrwftm; awGYjrif&NyD;? þonf ¤if;wdkY

twGuf wrefawmfjrwfxHrS txl;vrf;ñTefrI&&Sdjcif; jzpfonf[k

qdkMu\/ tcsKdUaomolrsm;u ¤if;wdkYonf wrefawmfjrwftm;

tdyfruftwGif; jrifrufjcif;jzpfNyD;? tcsKdUu ¤if;wdkYonf Edk;aepOftcsdef

twGif; rsuf0g; xifxifjrif&jcif;[kqdkonf/ þodkY a&½GwfajymqdkrIrsm;

jyKvkyfMuonfholrsm;onf wrefawmfjrwftm; tvGef MunfndK

jrwfEdk;vGef;olrsm; jzpfavh&Sd\/ xdkolwdkYyif bmoma&;qdkif&m topfwD

xGifrI (Ad'gtofrsm;)udk pwifusifhokH;í tjcm;olrsm;udk usifhokH;&ef

rdwfqufay;olrsm;vnf; jzpfMuonf/ wzufwGif ¤if;wdkYonfyifvQif

wrefawmfjrwftm; *kPfawmftopf (*kPf&nftopf)rsm; ay;wwf

Muolrsm;jzpf\/ þodkY a&½GwfajymqdkrIrsm;\ t"du tajccHtaMumif;

t&if;rSm qG[mADom0uBuD;tAl[l½dkif&[f? tAluom'[fESifh

*smAd&ftdAfaeYtAÁ'kv’m[focifwdkYrS qifhjyefcJhaom atmufazmfjyyg

['D;qfawmfaMumifh jzpfonf/

]]rnfolrqdk igwrefawmfjrwftm; tdyfrufwGif jrifrufrl?

trSefyif ,if;onf uREkfyf wrefawmfjrwfyif jzpfonf/ taMumif;


rlum; ½IdifoGmefrm&femwfonf igwrefawmf\ ½kyfoGifudk raqmif

Edkifay/}}333

txufazmfjyyg ['D;qfawmfonf qGd[D;[f-ppfrSefcdkifvkHaom

['D;qfjzpfjcif;aMumifh rSm;onf[k jiif;qefí r&yg/ r,kHMunfívnf;

r&yg/ odkYaomf txufazmfjyyg ['D;qfawmfESifh ywfoufí owdcsyf

oifhaom tcsuftvuftcsKdU &Sdygonf/

txufyg ['D;qfawmft& ½dIifoGmefonf tdyfrufwGif ykHo@mef

rsKd;pkHESifh ay:vmEdkifNyD; vlom;tm; vrf;rSm;odkY zdwfac:Edkifonf/

['D;qfawmft& ½IdifoGmefonf wrefawmfjrwf\ ykHo@mef

toGiftppftrSefudk ta,mifaqmifí r&acs/

['D;qfawmft& wrefawmfjrwf\ toGifo@mefudk tdyfruf

twGif; jrifrufEdkifonf/

wrefawmfjrwfrS txufyg['D;qfMo0g'awmfudk ajymMum;cJh

jcif;rSm ¤if;ESifh&if;ESD;uRrf;0ifaom qG[mA[fom0uBuD;rsm;twGuf jzpf

onf/ xdkYaMumifh ¤if;tqdkrS twnfjyKay;onfhtcsufrS wpfpkHwpf

a,mufonf wrefawmfjrwfrk[r®'f\ ykHyef;o@meftppftrSefudk

od&SdNyD;? ¤if;ykHo@mefudk tdyfruftwGif; jrifrufygu olYtaeESifh

tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS wrefawmfjrwftm; tdyfrufwGif zl;jrifcGifhay;

onf[k ,lqEdkifonf/ tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfonf

½IdifoGmefrm&fewftm; wrefawmfjrwfrk[r®'f\ ykHo@mefaqmifEdkif

cGifh ay;rxm;aomaMumifh jzpfonf/ tvm;wl ¤if;['D;qfawmft&

aumufcsufqGJEdkifonfh tjcm;tcsufrSm ]wrefawmfjrwftm; awGY

jrifbl;jcif; r&SdcJhaom vlwpfa,muftm; ½IdifoGmefrS ykHo@mef wpfck,lí

333 tDrmrfAkcg&D rS pkpnf;wifjycJhonf/ ½I-qG[D;[f tvf-Akcg&Dusrf;? twGJ-9? pm-109? ['D;qftrSwf-123 ESifh qG[D;[f rkpfvifrfusrf;? twGJ-4? pm-1225? ['D;qftrSwf-5635 ESifh pm-1226? ['D;qftrSwf-5639/

olonf wrefawmfjrwfrk[r®'fyg[k ajymaumif;ajymEdkifonf[laom

tcsuf jzpf onf/ ½IdifoGmefonf rdrdudk,fudk wrefawmfyg[k ajymNyD;

tdyfruf rufoltm; tdyfruftwGif; bmoma&;qdkif&m aA'gtof (w&m;

opf wDxGifrI)rsm;udk ay;Edkifonf/ Oyrm- olYudk,fol ]r[f'D} (uREkfyfwdkY

apmifharQmfaeaom tDrmrfr[f'D) [lívnf;aumif;? ¤if;onf ud,mrof

w&m; pD&ifrnfhaeYrwdkifrD urÇmodkY jyefvnf<uvmrnfh wrefawmftDqm

[lí vnf;aumif; ajymEdkifonf/ ajrmufrsm;pGmaom vlrsm;onf

azmfjyyg tdyfrufrsm;udk tajcjyKNyD;? bmoma&;qdkif&m topfwDxGifrI

(Ad'gtofrsm;)jyKcJhMuonfrSm ra&wGufEdkifatmif rsm;jym;pGm&SdcJh\/ om

rmefvlxky&dowftaeESifh txufazmfjyyg['D;qfawmf\t"duqdkvdk&if;

oabmw&m;udk em;rvnfEdkifMuaomaMumifhvnf;aumif;? em;vnfrI

vGJrSm;jcif;aMumifhvnf;aumif;? ¤if;wdkYonf Ad'gtof (w&m;awmfwGif

enf;vrf;opfwDxGifjcif;)rsm;udk jyKvkyfMuonfudk awGY&\/ &S&Dtof

(tpövmrfhw&m;Oya')rSm NyD;jynfhpkHoGm;NyD;jzpfaomaMumifh wrefawmf

jrwfBuD;udk tdyfruftwGif; jrifrufí w&m;awmfwGif enf;vrf;

opfrsm;udk (oifMum;jyoay;onf)[laomtcsufrSm rSm;,Gif;ygonf/

wrefawmfjrwfBuD;tm; tdyfrufwGif jrifrufonf[k ajymqdkMuol

rsm;\ a&½GwfrIwGif atmufazmfjyygtcsufESpfcsufudk awGYEdkifonf/

1/ wrefawmfjrwfBuD; rk[r®'fonf ¤if;ouf&Sdxif&Sm; &SdpOf

umvtwGif; ¤if;\ omoemjyKwm0efudk rauscJhoa,mifa&mufonf/

(0g)

2/ tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfonf rkpfvifrftkr®of\ tem*gwfudk BudKwif

rodjrifEdkifjcif;aMumifh? vdktyfaom w&m;0iftrdefYawmfrsm;udk wrefawmf

jrwf\ ouf&Sdxif&Sm;&SdpOfumvtwGif; rxkwfjyef? rowfrSwf

rjyXmef;EdkifcJh[k t"dyÜg,fa&mufoGm;onf/

txufazmfjyyg qdkvdkcsufESpfckpvkH;onf tpövmrf\tajccHoabm

w&m;rsm;ESifh vkH;0 vkH;0 qefYusifaeayonf/

wrefawmfjrwfrk[r®'ftm; Edk;Mum;aepOf jrifawGY&jcif;onf

wrefawmfjrwf\ azmfjyyg['D;qfawmf\abmiftjyifbufudk ausmf

oGm;ayonf/ xdkYaMumifh ¤if;rSm rjzpfEdkifyg/ þuJhodkY Edk;aepOfumv

twGif; wrefawmfjrwfyg[kajymaom ½kyfoGifudk jrif&ygu ¤if;\

tusKd;&vm'frSmxnfhoGif;pOf;pm;p&mrvdkatmif &Sif;vif;vSaom½dIifoGmef

\ xl;qef;axGvm½kyfaqmifjyrIom jzpfonf/

wrefawmfjrwf\ arhtf&mh*sf (naumif;uifc&D;) <ujref;pOf

umvtwGif; tv’m[frS t&Sifjrwf\ bkef;wefcdk;awmftm;jzifh vGef

avNyD;aom eADwrefawmfrsm;ESifh wrefawmfjrwftm; qkHawGYí

qufoG,frIjyKapcJhNyD; jzpfonf/ wrefawmfjrwftm; Edk;xaepOf

awGYjrif&ygonf[k a&½Gwfa<u;aMumfaeolrsm;onf pifppf ¤if;wdkYudk,f

udk ¤if;wdkY xdkwrefawmfrsm;ESifh tqifhwloa,mifa,mif tqifhjr§ifh

ajymMum;aejcif; jzpfonf/ tpövmrfomoemtwGif; xdkuJhodkYaom Ad'g

t'f'D (w&m;awmfwGif enf;vrf;opfwDxGifolrsm;) onf wrefawmf

jrwftm; zl;jrif&íjzpfap? tjcm;enf;vrf;tm;jzifhjzpfap? rnfodkY

aomtaMumif;jzifhjzpfap omoemwGif enf;vrf;topfwDxGifjcif;onf

vkH;0 vufcHEdkifp&m r&Sdyg/ þonf uREkfyfwdkY\ cspfvSpGmaom wref

awmfjrwfBuD;\ oGefoifwm;jrpfcsufrsm;aMumifh jzpfonf/ Oyrm-

rdcifrGeftmtd&Sm[f ocifrBuD;rS atmufyg['D;qfawmfudk qifhjyef

cJhonf/ wrefawmfjrwfrS rdefYawmfrlcJhonfrSm

]]rnfolrqdk uREkfyfwdkY\ ta&;udpörsm; (qdkvdkonfrSm tpövmrfhomoem

a&;qdkif&mudpörsm;)ESifh roufqdkifonfhudpö? tjcif;t&mwpfckudk ,l

aqmifvmygu ¤if;udk jiif;y,fypf&rnf/}}334

334 tDrmrfAkcg&D rS pkpnf;wifjycJhonf/ ½I-qG[D;[ftvf-Akcg&Dusrf;? twGJ-3? pm-535? ['D;qftrSwf-861 ESifh qG[D;[f rkpfvifrfusrf;? twGJ-3? pm-931? ['D;qftrSwf-4266ESifh tDrmrftAl'g0l;'f ? pkeeftAl'g0l;'fusrf;? twGJ-3? pm- 1294? ['D;qftrSwf-4589/

tcef; (10)

tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ csD;jr§ifhrI

vlonf tcsKdUaom vlom;rsm;tm; rdrdwdkYxufydkíomaom tqifh

twef;wGif xm;wwfMuonfrSm vlYobm0 jzpfonf/ vlonf rdrd

bmom qkH;jzwfcsufcs&rnfhtpm; rdrdtxifBuD;av;pm;? MunfndK&aom

olrsm;aemufodkYvdkuf&ef? xdkolrsm;\ vrf;ñTefrItwdkif; jyKvkyf&ef ESpf

oufwwfMuonf/ þonf tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS xdkokdYaom vlom;rsm;

tay: txl;ay;oem;xm;aom csD;jr§ifhrI\ wdkuf½dkuf&v'f jzpfonf/

tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS tcsKdUaomvlom;rsm;udk ykHpHtrsKd;rsKd;? tajctae

trsKd;rsKd;jzifh tjcm;aom vlom;rsm;tm; vTrf;rdk;Edkif&ef tcGifhta&; ay;

xm;onf/ vlrIa&;t& a,musfm;rsm;tm; rdef;rrsm;tay:wGif tqifh

omvGefrI ay;xm;onf/

[ … ]

]]tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfonf (a,musfm;ESifh rdef;rwdkYteuf) tcsKdUudk

(a,musfm;rsm;udk) tcsKdUxuf (rdef;rrsm;xuf)yif t&nftjcif;?

tqifhtwef;? omvGefapawmfrlcJYaomaMumifhvnf;aumif;? ...}}

335

[ ]


]] okdYyifwap vifa,mufsm;wkdY tbkdYrSmum; xkdZeD;rdef;rrsm;

tay:0,f omvGefjcif;wpf&yf &Sdayonf/ ...}}336

tcsKdUaom a,musfm;rsm;tm; tjcm;aom a,musfm;om;rsm;tay:

wGif pD;yGm;a&;t& omvGefrI ay;xm;onf/

[ … ]

]]pifppfaomfum; tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfonfyif toifwdkYteuf

tcsdKUudk tcsdKUxuf pm;eyf&du©m wdk;jr§ifhay;oem;awmfrlcJh

\/...}}337

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xufydkí omvGefNyD; csD;jr§ifhcJhrI&Sdonfudk atmufyg usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef\

tm,ofawmfrS ñTefjyaeonf/

[

]

]]tkd-tpö&mtDvf\rsKd;EG,ftaygif;wkdY? toifwkdYtm; igt&Sif

ay;oem;awmfrlaom okccsrf;om*kPfaus;Zl;awmfrsm;ukd vnf;

aumif;? igt&Sifonf toifwkdYtm; (txl;xl;aom *kPfxl;

0daoorsm;jzifh) pMu0Vmtaygif;xuf xl;uJpGm csD;jr§ifhawmfrlcJh

onfukdvnf;aumif;? atmufarhowd&Muukef/}}338

336 usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef?2; 228/ 337 usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 16; 71/ 338 usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 2; 47/

0[DxkwfjyefcsrSwfjcif;wGif vlom;tm;vkH;xufydkí eADwrefawmf

rsm;udk omvGefrI ay;xm;onf/ xdkYtwl t&Sifjrwf\ vrf;ñTefrItwGuf

eADwrefawmfrsm;teuf tcsKdUudk tcsKdUxuf (qdkvdkonfrSm tcsKdUaom

eADwrefawmfrsm;udk tcsKdUaom eADwrefawmfrsm;xuf) ydkí omvGefrI

ay;xm;ayonf/

[ …]

]]tcsdKUaom wrefawmfrsm;ukd tcsdKUaom wrefawmfrsm;xuf ykdrdk

*kPfj'Af csD;jr§ifhawmfrlcJhavjyD/.....}}339

xdkYtwl tv’m[frS tcsKdUaomvlom;rsm;tay: ydkí omvGefrI

ay;xm;aomt&mrsm;ESifh ywfoufí (rw&m;) &,lvdkrI avmbw&m;udk

tmomirf;irf; rxm;Mu&ef atmufygtwdkif; EId;aqmfvrf;ñTefxm;onf/

[ … ]

]]xdkrSwyg;wHk tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfonf toifwdkYteuf tcsdKUudk

tcsKdUxuf (t&nftcsif; -tqifhtwef;) omvGefapawmfrlcJY

onfudk toifwkdYonf tmomirf;irf; avmb r&SdMuukef

vifh/.....}}340

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rsm;jzpfjcif;aMumifh ¤if;wdkYudk &&SdrIESifhtwl wm0efBuD;av;rI&SdaomaMumifh

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BudK;pm;tm;xkwfrI&v'fr[kwfaomaMumifh xdkomvGefrIrsm;aMumifh *kPf

rarmufoifhay/ xdkodkY t&SifjrwfxHrS&&Sdonfh tcGifhta&;ay;rIrsm;aMumifh


uREkfyfwdkYonf qkvmbfcsD;jr§ifhjcif; cH&rnfr[kwf/ ¤if;wddkYudk rnfuJhodkY

tokH;jyKcJhonfhudpöESifhywfoufí ajz&Sif;&rnf jzpfonf/ tv’m[f

\ wrefawmfjrwfrk[r®'frS uREfkyfwdkYtm; ñTefMum;cJhonfrSm

]]toifwdkYonf oifwdkYxuf edrfhyg;aomolrsm;udk Munfhavmh/

oifwdkYxuf omvGefaomolrsm;udk rMunfhavESifh/ ,if;odkY jyKrl

jcif;onf toifwdkYtzdkY aumif;onf/ xdkodkY rdrdxuf edrfhyg;

aomoludk Munfhjcif;jzifh toifwdkYtay:xm;&Sdonfh (ay;oem;

xm;onfh) tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ aus;Zl;awmfudk (edtfrof)udk

em;vnfEdkifayrnf/}}341

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&mwGif omvGefapNyD;? xdkomvGefrIESifhywfoufívnf; oufqdkif&m vl

yk*¾dKvfwGif wm0ef&Sdayonf/ wrefawmfjrwfocifrS rdefYawmfrlcJhonf

rSm

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ü oifwdkY\ odk;tkyftwGif;&Sd odk;wdkif;twGuf wm0ef&Sdonf/}}342

þwm0ef0wÅ&m;onf vuf&Sd 'GEéD,mavmu\ prf;oyfrIrsm;\

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jcif;udk aus;Zl;wifoifhonf/ tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ rsufESmomay;rI

tay: aus;Zl;wifonfqdkygu uREkfyfwdkYtaeESifh ¤if;wdkYudk w&m;rQwpGm

tokH;csMu&rnf jzpfonf/ xdkodkY w&m;rQwpGm tokH;jyKEdkifonfqdkygu

341 tDrmrfAkdcg&D ESifh tDrmrfrkpfvifrf wdkYrS pkpnf;wifjycJhonf/ ½I-qG[D;[f tvf-Akcg&Dusrf;? twGJ-8? pm-328? ['D;qftrSwf-497 ESifh qG[D;[frkpfvifrfusrf;? twGJ-4? pm-1530? ['D;qftrSwf-7070/ 342 tDrmrfAkdcg&D ESifh tDrmrfrkpfvifrf wdkYrS pkpnf;wifjycJhonf/ ½I-qG[D;[f tvf-Akcg&Dusrf;? twGJ-3? pm-438? ['D;qftrSwf-730 ESifh qG[D;[frkpfvifrf usrf;? twGJ-3? pm-1017? ['D;qftrSwf-4496/

uREkfyfwdkYonf atmifjrifaomolrsm; jzpfMurnfjzpfNyD;? xdkodkY tokH;

rcsEdkifygu qkH;½IH;aomolrsm; jzpfMuayrnf/ tv’m[fonf rdrd\

zefqif;cHrsm;teuf vlom;udk tjrifhrm;qkH; tqifhtwef;udk ay;xm;

jcif;rSmvnf; t&Sifjrwf\ tBuD;us,fqkH;aom prf;oyfrI jzpfEdkifonf/

t&Sifjrwf\ rsufESmomay;rIudk tcdkiftrm oufaojyKaomtcsufudk

]t&SifjrwfrS rvmtdu[f aumif;uifwrefrsm;tm; tm'rfudk

p*sd'[fOD;csapaom trdefYawmfrS twnfjyKay;cJhonf/ xdkYaMumifh vlom;

wdkif;wGif wm0efESpf&yf &Sdonf/ ¤if;rSm

1. wpfOD;csif;? wpfOD;csif; tpövmrfudk vufcHusifhokH;jcif;jzifh

tv’m[ft&Sifjrwftm; vkH;0emcH wnfaqmufjcif;/

2. wzef rkpfvifrftGr®ofwpfckvkH;twGuf t&Sifjrwf\ Oya'

oudk urÇmajrwcGifwGif &SifoefusifhokH;Edkifap&ef uwd

opömcH,lí b0wnfaqmufjcif;/

xdkYaMumifh tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\a&SUawmfarSmuf0,f ouf0if,kHMunf

ol rktfrifefrsm;? rkpfvifrfrsm;onf ¤if;wdkY\wm0ef0wÅ&m;rsm;udk vufcH

aqmif½GufrIaMumifh umzd&fr,kHMunfaomolrsm;xuf vkH;0 omvGef

jrifhrm;ayonf/ tv’m[frS rdefYawmfrlxm;onfrSm

[

… ]

]](tdk-rkpfvifrftaygif;wdkY) toifwdkYonf vlcyif;wdkYtbdkY (w

&m;"r® ñTefMum;&eftvdkYiSm) xGufay:vmMuukefaom taumif;

qkH;aom omoem0if vlpkyifwnf;/ (taMumif;rlum;) toif

wdkYonf aumif;jrwfaomudpörsm;udk (jyKvkyfMu&ef) ñTefMum;Mu

onfhjyif pufqkyf ½GHU&SmbG,f&mrsm;rSvnf; jrpfwm;Muukef\/

xdkrSwyg; toifwdkYonf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfudkvnf; ,kHMunf

Muukef\/ }}343

ouú0g 344

ouf0if,kHMunfMuaom rktfrifef vlYtpkta0;twGif;ü tcsKdUonf

tcsKdUxufydkí omvGef jrifhrm;aomtqifhtwef;rsm; &SdMuonf/ ¤if;

tqifhtwef;jrifhrm;rIonf xdkolwdkY\ BudK;yrf;tm;xkwfrI\ wdkuf½dkuf

tusKd;qufjzpfonf/ ¤if;onf tDrmefouf0if,kHMunfrI\ tqifhjrifh

rm;rI(twuf? tus)ESifh wdkuf½dkufqufEG,fvQuf&Sdonf/ tDrmef twuf

tus[lonfrSm ouf0if,kHMunfrI\twdkif;twmeufeJrIESifh 'D*&Dtm;

jyif;rIudk qdkvdkonf/ &Sifoefaeaom,kHMunfrI (tDrmefouf0if,kHMunf

rI)onf ¤if;udk ydkifqdkifxm;aom vlom;tm; tv’m[f\ rESpfouf

aomt&mrsm;rS 'dkif;ozG,fum&Hay;xm;aomt&m jzpfonf/ ¤if;'dkif;udk

tm&ADbmompum;jzifh ]ouú0g}[k ac:onf/ ]ouú0g}[laompum;

vkH;udk ]tv’m[ft&Sifjrwftm; aMumuf½GHUjcif;}? ]bmomw&m;½dkao udkif;

½Idif;jcif;}ESifh ]tv’m[ft&SifjrwfESifhywfoufaom todw&m;tm; ESvkH;

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Muonf/ ]ouú0g}[laompum;vkH;onf azmfjyygteuft"dyÜg,frsm;

tm;vkH;udk azmfaqmifEdkifonfhtjyif ¤if;wdkYxufydkíomvGefaom teuf

t"dyÜg,frsm;udkvnf; azmfñTef;ay;Edkifonf/ tv’m[ frS ouú0g

w&m;\ tqifhjrifhrm;rIudk atmufygtwdkif; azmfñTef;xm;ayonf/

[ … ]

343 usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 3; 110/ 344 ]]ouú0g}}\teuft"dyÜg,frSm tv’m[ft&Sifjrwftm; cspfaMumuf½dkao cefYjim; NyD; tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf rdefYawmfrlxm;aom t&mrsm;udk vdkufemusifhBuHtm;xkwfí tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf wm;jrpfxm;aomt&mrsm;rS a&SmifMuOfjcif; jzpfayonf/

]]{uefpifppf toifwdkYtwGif;ü ouú0gw&m;t&SdqkH;aomol

omvQif tjrifhjrwfqkH; jzpfonf/}}345

txufazmfjyygtm,ofawmfwGif tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS &Sif;vif;pGm

axmufjyxm;onfhtcsufrSm ,kHMunfol trsKd;orD; (0g) trsKd;om;wpf

a,muftm; tjcm;aom ,kHMunfouf0ifolrsm;xuf omvGef jrifhjrwfap

onfhtcsufrSm ouú0gomvQif jzpfonf/ ouú0gtqifhtwef;onfom

vQif vlwpfOD;rS tjcm;vlwpfOD;xuf tqifhtwef;jrifhrm;apjcif; jzpf

onf/ ,if;rSm bmomw&m; ½dkaoudkif;½dIif;rI (,kHMunfrIo'¨gw&m;&Sd

jcif;)? (0g) tv’m[ft&Sifjrwftm; cspfaMumuf½dkaocefYjim;jcif;jzpfNyD;?

vlom;tm; urÇmN*dKvf\udk,fpm;vS,f[laom*kPfyk'fudk ydkifqdkifxm;

onfh ]pOf;pm;awG;awmwwfaom owå0g}[laom tqifhxuf ydkí jrifh

rm;aponf/ rkpfvifrfwpfOD;\b0wnfaqmufrIwGif tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf

tm; cspfaMumuf ½dkaocHhjim;jcif;tay: tav;teuf rxm;í r&ay/

tb,fhaMumifhqkdaomf tv’m[fonf usrf;jrwfuk&ftmeftwGif;

ouú0g[laom rl&if;yk'fESifhteufwlyk'frsm;udk ]26} Budrfwdwd azmfjy

xm;NyD;? ouú0g[lonf &Sifoefaeaom,kHMunfcsufrS aygufzGm;vmonfh

tiftm;? wGef;tm;wpf&yfjzpfaMumif; xif&Sm;odomapjcif;aMumifh jzpf

onf/ ouú0guif;rJhaom,kHMunfcsufonf t"dyÜg,fuif;rJhaom?

tvGwfusufxm;onfh royfr&yfjzpfaeaompum;vkH;rsm;pka0;xm;onfh

pmydk'fwpfcktqifhwGifom&Sdonf/ xdkYtwl aumif;jrwfaomtusifhoDv

rsm;onfvnf; jypm;rIESifh ta,mifaqmifrIwnf;[laom tcGHtwGif;rS

jypm;rIvkyf&yfrsm;om jzpfoGm;ayvdrfhrnf/ tusKd;quftm;jzifh ouú0g

w&m;onf b0\pDrHaqmif½Gufcsufrsm; tm;vkH;twGuf tvsifqkH;xm;

oifhaom? xnfhoGif; pOf;pm;oifhaomt&mwpfck jzpfonf/ tv’m[fh

&plvfwrefawmfrS rdefYawmfrlonfrSm


]]trsKd;orD;wpfOD;udk vufxyfaomtcg taMumif;w&m; (4)ck

ESifh csifhcsdefEIdif;q vufxyfoifhonf/ ¤if;wdkYrSm olr\ <u,f0

csrf;omrI? olr\ pdwfoabmxm;BuD;jrifhjrwfrI? olr\ vSy

wifhw,frIESifh olr\ bmomw&m; ½dkaoudkif;½dIif;rI jzpfonf/

¤if;t&nftaoG;wdkYteuf bmomw&m;udkif;½dIif;ol? ouú0g

w&m; &Sdoludkom OD;pm;ay;oifhonf/ xdkolonfomvQif atmif

jrifaomol jzpfayrnf/}}346

trsKd;orD;wpfOD;onf rnfrQyif vSyonfjzpfap? csrf;om<u,f0

onf jzpfap? rnfrQyif vdrfrma&;jcm;&Sdatmif jyKpk ysKd;axmifxm;onf

jzpfap? olronf bmoma&; rudkif;½dIif;ygvQif xdkolronf t½kyfqdk;

aom? qif;&Jaom? *kPfr&Sdaom rdom;pkrS aygufzGm;vmonfh bmoma&;

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ayvdrfhrnf/ ¤if;\ tjyeftvSefoabm (a,musfm;av;wpfa,mufudk

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wrefawmfjrwfrk[r®'frS rdefYawmfrlcJhonfrSm

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emusifhBuHolwpfa,mufNzpfNyD;? xdkolonf oifhtm; ESpfouf

auseyf oabmusapaomoljzpfygvQif? ¤if;a,musfm;uav;udk

rdrd\orD;ESifh vufxyfxdrf;jrm;ay;&ef awmif;qdkvmvQif ¤if;

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ay;oifhygonf/ odkYr[kwfygu oifwdkY\ urÇmajray:wGif

azmufjyefjcif; jzpfvdrfhrnf/}}347

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BuD;Advmvf ociftm; ]tom;rJtrsKd;orD;\om;} [k ac:cJhonfudk

½IHUcscJhonf/ xdkYaemuf udk,fawmfjrwfrS rdefYawmfrlcJhonfrSm

]]*½kwpdkuf em;qifavmh/ oifonf rnfonfh vlndKwpfa,muf

(0g) vlrnf;wpfa,mufxufrQ romvGefyg/ oifonf xdk

olwdkYxuf omvGefEdkifonfht&mrSm xdkolrsm;xufydkí tv’m[f

t&Sifjrwftm; aMumuf½GYH½dkaocHhjim;jcif; (ouú0gw&m;&Sdjcif;)

om jzpfonf/}}348

,if;ouú0gw&m;xm;&Sda&;ESifhywfoufí wrefawmfjrwfonf

tBudrfBudrf owday; EId;aqmfawmfrlcJhonfudk awGY&ayrnf/ wrefawmf

jrwfBuD; 0gzm;of (tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf trdefYawmfcH,ljcif;) rjzpfrD

tvGefwdkawmif;aom umvuav;twGif;üyif [*sfa*sUa0h'gac: cGJcGm

cgeD;jyKvkyfcJhonfh[*sfwGif wrefawmfjrwfBuD;rS vlom;rsm;udk EIwf

qufrdefYcGef; ajymMum;cJhonf/ ¤if;rdefYcGef;wGif vlom;tcsif;csif;? vlrsKd;

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onf/

ouú0gw&m;t&SdqkH;aomoludk tv’m[ft&SifjrwfomvQif todqkH;

jzpfayonf/ tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf ouú0gw&m;\ yifv,fonf ESvkH;

om; jzpfaomaMumifhyif/ vlom;rsm;taeESifh wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; tjyifyef;

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347 qG[mADBuD;tAl[l½dkif&[frS qifhjyefcJhNyD; tDrmrfod&frdZD ocifrS pkpnf; wifjycJhonf/ 348 om0uBuD; tAÁ'kv’m[fAifeftr&focifrS qifhjyefcJhNyD;? tDrmrft[fr'f ocifrS pkpnf;wifjycJhonf/

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atmufazmfjyyg tm,ofawmftwGif;ü tv’m[frS vkH;0 &Sif;&Sif;

vif;vif;? vkHavmufpGm &Sif;vif;jyxm;ayonf/

[

]

]] xdkYjyifw0? vlwdkYteuftcsKdY þokdYvnf; &Sd\/ avmuDa&;ESifh

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pum;rsm; (rSefuefaMumif;)ESifh pyfvsOf;í tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf

ukdyif oufaoxm;\/ trSefaomfum; xdkolonf &efolrsm;

teuf ykdrdkvGefuJaom &efolBuD;yif jzpfayonf/}}349

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349 usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 2;204/ 350 xdkolrsm;teufrS qG[mADBuD; (10) OD;rSm txl; xif&Sm;onf/ ¤if;wdkYrSm [Z&of tAlAu&f? [Z&oftkdr&f? [Z&oftGqfref;? [Z&oftvD? [Z&of oGmvf[m? [Z&of ZdkAdkif;&f? [Z&ofpt'fAifeftAD0um;qGf ? [Z&of ptD;'fAifefZdkif;'f? [Z&of tAÁ'k&f&[frmefAifefatmifzf? [Z&of tAl tdkAdkif 'kv’m[fAifef tvf-*s&f&[fwdkY jzpfonf/ ½I- tvf-tuD'[f toGf-oG[m0D ,[fusrf;? pm-485-7/

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rdefYawmfrlcJhonf/

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rQ i&JrD;twGif;odkY 0ifa&muf&vdrfhrnf r[kwfacs/}}351

azmfjyyg['D;qfawmfü wrefawmfjrwfrS usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef\

atmufygtm,ofawmfudk twnfjyK ajymMum;cJhjcif; jzpfonf/

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yifatmufwGif toifESifh ]Adkiftwf}jyKaeMupOftcgü {uefrvJG

tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfonf ¤if;wdkYtay:0,f auseyfawmfrlcJh\/

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tvm;wl wrefawmfjrwfBuD;rS *sEéoftrwokcbkHodkY 0ifa&muf

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tvm;wl wrefawmfjrwfrS qkH;jzwfajymMum;cJhonfrSm ]tcsKdU

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tAÁm;pfocifrS qifhjyefcJhonfrSm tkdr&ftdAfaeYtvf-coGfoGmAfrS

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tdk-tdAfEk coGfoGmAf? toifonf vlom;wdkYtm; oGm;aMujimavmh/

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rsm;u xdkol\ emrfydkif;qdkif&m tqifhtwef;udk azmfjyaeonf/ þodkY

tqifhtwef;rsm; ac:a0:owfrSwfjcif;aMumifh vlxktm; ¤if;wdkYtm; ewf

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rsm;ESifhqefYusifí wrefawmfjrwfudkyif tvGeftusL; csD;usL; axm

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tvGeftusL; csD;usL;jcif;? csD;rGrf;jcif; rjyKMuukefvifh/ uREkfyf

onf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ aus;uRefjzpfaomaMumifh uREkfyftm;

tv’m[fh &plvfwrefawmf? tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\aus;uRef[kom

ac:qdkMuavmh/}}354

0vD(olawmfpif)

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onf/

[ … ]

]]tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfonf ,kHMunfjcif; o'¨gw&m;xm;&Sdol

taygif;wdkUukd (txl; Munfh½Iapmifrawmfrlaom) taqGcifyGef;

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[laom)tvif;a&mifokdY xkwf,l ykdUaqmifawmfrlavonf/...}}355

[.... ]

]]...tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfonf (rSefuefpGm) ,HkMunfjcif;o'¨gw&m;

xm;&Sdaom ]]rktfrifef}}rsm;ukd apmifha&Smufawmfrlaomt&Sif jzpf

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[.... … ]

]]...trSefpifppfaomfum; tv’m[ft&SifjrwfonfomvQif ]0vD}

jzpfawmfrl\/...}} 357


[.... ]

]]...trSefpifppf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfonf rkofouD (ouú0gw&m;

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rm&fewftwGufvnf; tokH;jyKxm;onfudk atmufazmfjyygtm,ofawmf

rsm;t& odEdkifayonf/

[... ]

]]trSefpifppfaomfum; rnfolrqdk tv’m[f toQifjrwf\tpm;

]]½dIifoGmef}}udk taqGcifyGef; ]0vD} jyKvkyfthH/ xdkolonf rvGJ

{uef tvGef(BuD;av;) xif½Sm;vSpGmaom epfemqkH;½IH;rIudk cHpm;

&vwåHU/....}}359

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]] ...{uefrvGJ igt&Sifjrwfonf ½IdifoGmefrdpämaumifwkdYukd tDrmef

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vD,m) tjzpf jyKvkyfawmfrlcJhavownf;/}}360

[... …]


]]...tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf ¤if;wdkYonf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwftm;

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]]...pifppfaomfum; rw&m;ojzifh owfjzwfjcif; cH&aomol\

ajyma&;qdkcGifh&Sdaom tarGpm; tarGcH (0vD) tm; {uefpifppf

igt&Sifjrwfonf tcGifhtmPmudk csD;jr§ifhí xm;awmfrlcJhav

onf/ odkY&mwGif ,if;tarGpm; tarGcH(0vD)onf owfjzwfrIESifh

pyfvsOf;í pnf;urf;udk rusL;vGef&acs/...}}362

xdkYjyif ,if;a0g[m&udkyif vlom;rsm;tMum; tvGef &if;ESD;uRrf;0if

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]],kHMunfjcif;o'¨gw&m;xm;&SdMuukefaom rktfrifefwdkYonf rktf

rifefrsm;ukd ypfy,fausmfvGefí (tv’m[ft&Sifjrwftm;) aoGznf

jiif;y,fMuukefaomumzd&fwdkYukd taqGcifyGef;rsm;(atmifvD,m)

tjzpf rjyKtyfMuay/....}}363

[ … ]


]]tMuif (]rkemzpfuf} ta,mifaqmif rkpfvifrf) wdkYonf ]rktf

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vD,m) jyKvkyfMuavonf/...}}364

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onfudk awGYEdkifonf/

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xdkYjyif pl&[f,lElwfpfwGif

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tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS ]0vDjzpfjcif;}twGuf ]u&mrof} wefcdk;jy&rnf[l

aom owfrSwfcsuf (vdktyfcsuf) udk rnfonfhae&mwGifrQ owfrSwf

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rlxm;ayonf/

[ …]

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taygif;wdkUukd (txl; Munfh½Iapmifrawmfrlaom) taqGcifyGef;

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(]]ukzf&f}}wnf;[laom) trdkufarSmifrsm;twGif;rS (tpövmrfwnf;

[laom)tvif;a&mifokdY xkwf,l ykdUaqmifawmfrlavonf/...}}372

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(a½G;cs,f jcif;cH&aomol)? ta&twGuftm;jzifh 300 &Sdonf/ tAf'vf

(tpm;xdk;jcif;cH&aomol)? ta&twGuftm;jzifh 40 &Sdonf/ tAf&m;&f

(oDvpifMu,fol)? ta&twGuftm;jzifh 7 OD;&Sdonf/ atmifom;'f


(ikwfwdkifrsm;)? ta&twGuftm;jzifh 4 OD;&Sdonf/ EkumAm (apmifhMunf

ol)? ta& twGuftm;jzifh 3 OD;&Sdonf/ ukokAfwpfOD; (wdkif) oufqdkif

&mtcsdefumvtwGuf tBuD;us,fqkH;olawmfpifBuD;[lí cGJjcm;xm;onf

udk awGY&\/ tm;vkH;\txufwGif a*gufpf (ulnDol? qufcHol) ol

awmfpifrsm;xJrS tcsKyf&Sdonf/ tcsKdUaomtodkif;t0dkif;wGif xdkolawmf

pifrSm ¤if;\ykckH;ESpfzufjzifh ,kHMunfaomolrsm;\ tukodkvf 'kp½dkufudk

jypf'Pfrsm;udk tpm;cHay;Edkifonf[k ,kHMunfMuonf/

pdwf0dnmOfcHpm;csuft& zefqif;&SifESifh wdkuf½dkufqufEG,fEdkifonf

[laom ,kHMunfcsuft&? olawmfpifrsm;teuf txufydkif;&Sd okH;rsKd;

okH;pm;aom olawmfpifrsm;onf ruú[fNrdKU&Sd utfA[fausmif;awmfwGif

qGvmof0wfjyKcsdefwGif rsufpdESifh rjrif&aomfvnf; ¤if;wdkY&Sdaeonf[k

,kHMunfMuonf/ a*gufpftqifh&Sd olawmfpifuG,fvGefaoqkH;aomtcg

ukokAfrS ¤if;\ae&mudk tpm;xdk;0if,lrnf jzpfonf/ þenf;twdkif;

olawmfpifrsm;\ pD;&D;tpOftqufonf tpDtpOftvdkuf wjznf;jznf;

wqifhrS wqifhodkY tpm;xdk;ae&m,loGm;rnf jzpfonf/ olawmfpifrsm;

\tqifhtwef;tvdkuf wpfqifhcsif;&Sd toefYpifqkH;0dnmOfonf ¤if;

xufydkí tqifhtwef;jrifhaom olawmfpifae&modkY jrifhwuf tpm;xdk;

0ifa&mufoGm;rnfjzpfonf/373 þ,kHwrf;pum;onf c&pf,mefomoem

0ifwdkYxHrS acs;iSm;,lxm;aomt,ltq ,kHwrf;pum; jzpfonf/ c&pf

,mefrsm;\ pdwfykwD;pdwfjcif;udk twk,lí Zdud&fjyKvkyf&ef pdwfykwD;rsm;

jyKvkyfjcif;? c&pf,mefrsm;rS c&pfprwfyGJawmf usif;yonfudk twk,lí

armfvl;'fyGJrsm;usif;yjcif;wdkYESifh tvm;wlaom udpörsKd;jzpfonf/

373 tpövmrfhpG,fpkHusrf;? pm-629/ tvm;wl ½I-tvDtdAfaeY tkqfref; tvf-[*sf0D&D? ]]u&Sfzf tvf-r[f*sL;Af}}? edudkvfpef bmomjyef? vef'efNrdKUawmf? 1976? pm-214/

zem - vlom;ESifh udk;uG,f&mt&Sif wpfaygif;wnf;jzpfoGm;jcif;

0vDolawmfpif[kajymaeMuaomolrsm; trsKd;rsKd;&SdonfhtxJrS tvGef

xif&Sm;aom txif&Sm;qkH;olrsm;udk eD;eD;uyfuyfavhvmygu tvf-

[vfv*sf[kac:aom yk*¾dKvftrnfudk awGY&ayrnf/ xdkyk*¾dKvfrSm rdrd

udk,fudkrdrd temh tvf-[wfuf (انا الحق) (igonf trSefopömw&m;

wnf;)[k aMujimNyD; rdrdonf udk;uG,f&mt&SifESifh aygif;pnf;rIwGif

qkH;cef;wdkifonfhtqifhodkY a&muf&SdoGm;cJhol[k w&m;0ifaMujimcJhNyD; tpö

vmrfhjyifya&mufoGm;cJhol (rk&f'ofjzpfoGm;cJhol)jzpfaomaMumifh vlYbkH

tv,fwGif uGyfrsufowfjzwfjcif;cHcJh&ol jzpfonf/ tevf-[wfuf

[laompum;\t"dyÜg,frSm]igonf trSefopömw&m;jzpfonf/} tv’m[f

rS rdefYawmfrlonfrSm

[ …]

]]þonfwdkY jzpf&jcif;taMumif;um; {uefpifppf tv’m[ft&Sif

jrwfonfomvQif tvf-[wfuf(trSefopömw&m;) jzpfawmfrl

jcif;aMumifhvnf;aumif;? {ueftrSef xdkt&Sifjrwfonfyif

aooltaygif;udk &Sifapawmfrlrnfht&Sif jzpfawmfrljcif;aMumifh

vnf;aumif;?.....}}374

pdwfazmufjyefaeaomolwpfOD;rS þuJhodkY w&m;0ifxkwfjyefaMujim

csufrsKd;udk jyKvkyfap&ef OD;aqmifoGm;aomt&mrSm tb,fenf;/ xdkol\

,kHMunfcsufaMumifh jzpfonf/ ol\,kHMunfcsufrSm Ak'¨0g'D (Ak'¨bmom

0ifrsm;)\ ,kHMunfcsufoabmw&m;jzpfaom ]edAÁmef}[laomoabm

w&m;ESifhqifwlonf/375 Ak'¨bmom*dkPf;cGJwpfck\ t,ltqt& þ

374 usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 22; 6/ 375 ouú#bmompum;\pum;vkH;jzpfNyD; ,if;\teuft"dyÜg,frSm ]]rIwfxkwfonf}} (blown out) [kteuf&í ,if;onf avmuDa&;&m qE´rsm;tm;vkH;rS vGwfajrmufí

tajctaersKd;wGif vl\todpdwfonf aysmufoGm;NyD; vlom;\0dnmOf

ESifh owd(odpdwf)wdkY uGJxGufoGm;aomtajctaeudk edAÁmefudk rsufarSmuf

jyKonf? uRwfwef;0ifonf[k teufaumufonf/

txufazmfjyyg todonmonf ]*rÇD&"r®}[kac:aom bk&m;ocif

ESifh vlom;\0dnmOfwdkY aygif;pnf;oGm;onf[k ,kHMunfjcif;0g'\

t"du'óe jzpfonf/376 pdwf0dnmOf\ tawGYtBuKHudk &SmazGjcif;[l

aomt,ltqwGif vlom;\t"du&nf½G,fcsufrSm bk&m;ocif\0dnmOf

ESifh vlom;\0dnmOf wpfaygif;wpnf;wnf;jzpf&ef[laom &nf½G,fcsuf

udkomxm;&Sdjcif; jzpfonf/ xdkbk&m;ocifESifh vlom;\0dnmOfwdkY aygif;

pnf;oGm;jcif;[laom t,ltq\ rlvtp oabmw&m;rsm;udk a&S;

a[mif; *&dacwf'óetawG;tac:ynm&Sifrsm;jzpfonfh yavwdk\

pnf;a0;yGJ (Plato’s Symposium)[laompmtkyfrsm;wGif awGY&\/ ¤if;pmtkyf

wGif vlom;\0dnmOfESifh bk&m;ocif\0dnmOf raygif;pnf;rSD trsKd;rsKd;

aom uGJjym;jcm;em;onfh avSum;xpfrsm;? tqifhrsm; wufvSrf;&ef vdk

tyfonf/ ¤if;tqifhrsm;wGif euf½dIif;aom? cufcJaomtqifhrsm; ausmf

vTm;NyD;rS aemuftqifhwGifrS bk&m;ocifESifh vlom;\0dnmOfwdkY aygif;

pnf;oGm;jcif; jzpfonf/377

u,fwifjcif; (salvation) cH&onf[laom teuft"dyÜg,fudk azmfñTef;ygonf/ ,if; pum;vkH;onf rlvZpfjrpfoabmt& a0't,ltq (b*¾0'f*DwESifh a0'usrf;rsm;)rS qif;oufvmaomfvnf; rMumcPqdkovdk Ak'¨0g'ESifhvnf; ESD;EG,fywfoufavh &Sd onf/ [dem,eAk'¨bmom*dkPf;\tqdkt& uRwfwrf;0ifjcif;? vGwfajrmufjcif;ESifh nDrQaomfvnf; r[m,eAk'¨bmom*dkPf;ürl ,if;pum;vkH;onf twdoku© csrf;ajrh aysmf½TifrI (bliss) &onfhtajctaeyif jzpfonf/ ½I- W.L. Resse, Dictionary of

Philosophy and Religion, New Jersey: Humanities Press, 1980, p. 393. 376 ½I- W.L. Resse, Dictionary of Philosophy and Religion, New Jersey: Humanities Press,

1980, p. 72. 377 *&dpum;vkH; ]rdkufpf}(Mystes)rS qif;oufvmNyD; t"dyÜg,frSm ]*rÇD&"r®ESifh qufEG,faeaomol} jzpfonf/ ,if;pum;vkH;onf *&d*rÇD&bmomw&m;rS qif;ouf vmcJhNyD; ,if;onf ]*rÇD&"r®}qdkonfhtrnfudk arG;pm;okH;EIef;cJhonf/

tvm;wl ,if;todonmudk [dE´Lt,ltqwGifvnf; awGYEdkifonf/

tmh(wf)rac:vlom;\0dnmOfESifh A&[frac: tyk*¾vt<uif;rJh0dnmOfwdkY

yl;aygif;jcif;? aygif;pnf;jcif;udk qdkvdkonf/ ¤if;onf vuf&Sd ypöKyÜef

avmu\jzpfwnfjcif;ESifh wzef jyefvnfarG;zGm;jcif;[laomoHo&mrS

vGwfajrmufjcif;twGufxm;&SdaomtEÅdryef;wdkifudktodtrSwfjyKonf/378

*&drsm;\ bk&m;ocifESifh vlom;\0dnmOfaygif;pnf;jcif; t,l0g'onf

c&pfouú&mZf 140 ckESpf Amvif;efwD;eyfpf (Valentinus-140 CE)\vuf

xufwGif EdkYpfwpfc&pf,mef (Gnostic Christian)rsm;\ vIyf&Sm;rIESifhtwl

c&pfouú&mZf 2 &mpkwGif txG#ftxdyfa&mufcJhonf/ þtawG;tac:

vrf;aMumif;onf tD*spf? a&mr'óeynm&Sif yvdkwD;eyfpf (Plotinus- 205-

270 CE) vufxuf? c&pfouú&mZf 3 &mpkESpftwGif; aygif;pnf;jcif;cHcJh

&\/ xdktawG;tac:rsm; aygif;pnf;oGm;cJhNyD; acwfopfyavwdk0g'

(Neo- Platonism)[kac:aom bmoma&;'óewpfckudk azmfxkwfcJhonf/

c&pf,mefbmom0ifrsm;wGif &aoh? &[ef;rsm;ay:aygufvmonf/

wenf;qdkaomf okH;&mpkESpftwGif;ü c&pf,mefavmuwGif bkef;awmfBuD;

0g'ESifh ausmif;xdkifjcif;[laom tavhtxwpf&yfudkvnf; tD*spf oJ

uEÅm&a'otwGif; xdk;azmufvQuf yvdkwD;eyfpfrS wnfaxmifcJhonf/

rdrdcE¨mtwGif;&Sdaom ezfpfpdwfqE´\tvdkudk jiif;qefí w&m;bm0em

yGm;rsm;jcif;? w&m;usifhjcif;? 0dnmOf\ tqifhtwef; jrifhwufaponf[l

aom abmiftwGif; vlom;\0dnmOfESifh bk&m;ocifwdkY aygif;pnf;jcif;

[laom t,ltqudk eD,dkyavwdkepf (acwfopfyavwdk0g') tawG;

tac: ykHo@mefjzifh vlxkodkY wifjycJhjcif; jzpfonf/ pdefYycsKdrD;,yfpf (St.

Pachomius-290-346CE) onf c&pf,mefbkef;BuD;ausmif;0g'\ yxrOD;qkH;

pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm; csrSwfcJholjzpfouJhodkY tD*spfoJuEÅm&a'otwGif;

c&pf,mefbkef;awmfBuD;ausmif; 9 ausmif;udk xlaxmifcJholvnf; jzpf

onf/ El&fpD;,m;rS pdefYbDeD'pf (St. Benedict of Nursia-480-547CE)onf

378 Colliers Encyclopedia, vol. 17, p. 114.

rGefwDumqDEdkt&yfü c&pf,mefbkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;rsm;twGuf bkef;BuD;

(0g) oDv&Sifrsm;ESifhqdkifaom pnf;rsOf;Oya'orsm;udk zGHYNzdK;wdk;wufapcJh

aomol jzpfonf/ xdkpdefYbDeD'pfudk taemufwdkif;bkef;awmfBuD;rsm;qdkif

&mtrdefYOya'udk xlaxmifcJholtppftjzpf vltrsm;rS vufcHMuonf/379

vlom;\0dnmOfESifh bk&m;ocifaygif;pnf;onf[laom tpOftvm

udk c&pf,mefavmutwGif;odkY wifjyvmrIrSm 8 &mpktwGif;wGif jzpfcJh

onf/ xdktcsdefumvonf tpövmrfhEdkifiHawmf us,fysHUBuD;xGm;vmcJh

aomtcsdef\ ESpfwpf&mcefYtMumwGifjzpfNyD;? tpövmrfhtifyg,mtwGif;

tD*spfESifh qD;&D;,m;a'owdkY yg0ifvmaomumvjzpfonf/380 ¤if;a'o

ESpfckonf bkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;0g'\ A[dkcsufra'ovnf; jzpfvmcJh

onf/ rkpfvifrfrsm;teuf &S&Dtmac: tpövmrfhw&m;Oya'udk rauseyf?

rESpfoufaomolwpfpkrS &S&DtmESifhtvm;wl pepfwpf&yfudk xlaxmif&ef

BudK;yrf;cJhMuNyD;? ¤if;udk oG&Dumvrf;pOf[k ac:a0:orkwfcJhMuonf/

[dE´Lrsm;\ tEÅdryef;wdkifjzpfaom avmuD\ 0dnmOfaygif;pnf; nDñGwf

379 ½I- W.L. Resse, Dictionary of Philosophy and Religion, New Jersey: Humanities Press,

1980, Pp. 365-6 and 374. 380 tpövmrfh*rÇD&"r®ESifhywfoufí a&;om;jyKpkMuonfh usrf;jyKolrsm;? pma&;q&m rsm;onf rMumcPqdkovdk qlzD0g'&Sd zemysufokOf;jcif; oabmw&m;udk Ak'¨0g'&Sd edAÁmeqdkonfhoabmw&m;ESifh EIdif;,SOfí azmfjywwfMuonf/ odkYaomf tjcm;olrsm; \tqdkt& ,if;odkY EIdif;,SOfwifjyjcif;onf avsmfuefrI r&Sdacs/ zemysufokOf;jcif; ESifhoufqdkifaom Ak'¨0g'oabmw&m;rSm udk;uG,f&mt&Sifoabmw&m;ESifh rnfodkYrQ qufEG,fywfoufrI r&Sdacs/ ,if;wGif 0dnmOfrsm;ul;ajymif;jcif; (oHo&mvnfjcif;) oabmw&m; yg0ifonf/ ,if;oHo&mvnfjcif;onf edAÁmeftm; rsufarSmufjyKjcif; wGif tqkH;owfonf/ tjcm;wpfzufürl rkpfvifrf*rÇD&"r®wGif aoNyD;aemuf vlom; \0dnmOfonf tjcm; cE¨mopfxJodkY ajymif;a½TU0ifa&mufjcif;qdkonfh oabmw&m; r&Sdacs/ vlwdkif;\0dnmOftm; udk;uG,f&mt&Sifu BudKwifzefqif;xm;onf[k ,kH Munfonf/ rkpfvifrfrsm;\ zemysufokOf;jcif;oabmw&m;rSm c&pf,meft,l0g'rS acs;iSm;okH;pGJcJhjcif; jzpfwef&monf/ ,if;oabmw&m;rSm vlwdkkif;\ zemysufokOf; jcif;onf bk&m;ocif\qE´awmf a&SUawmfarSmufodkYa&muf&SdrnfjzpfNyD;? ,if;oabm w&m;rSm c&pf,mef *rÇD&"r®\ A[dktcsuftjcmyif jzpfayonf/ ½I- Shorter Encyclo -

pedia of Islam, p. 98.

jcif;ESifh c&pf,mefrsm;\ bk&m;ocifESifh vlom;0dnmOfwdkY aygif;pnf;

jcif;uJhodkYyif tpövmrfhavmutwGif;ü oG&Dumtkyfpkrsm;\ &nf½G,fcsuf

rSmvnf; ]zem} jzpfonf/ ]zem}[lonfrSm vuf&Sd rsufarSmufb0wGifyif

vlom;\ twÅpdwfaysmufuG,foGm;NyD;? ]0lqlvf}ac: tv’m[ft&Sif

jrwftm; awGYqkHaygif;pnf;oGm;jcif; jzpfonf/ xdkodkY zemjzpf&eftwGuf

rlvausmfjzwf&rnfhtqifhrsm;onf pD;&D;tvdkuf? tpDtpOftwdkif;&SdNyD;?

rnfonfhtqifhwGif rnfodkYaomtajctae&Sd&rnfudk pepfwus owf

rSwfxm;NyD; jzpfonf/

xdktqifhrsm;udk rumrwfac: pcef;rsm;ESifh [mvwfac: tajctae

rsm;[k owfrSwfonf/ awGYqkHjcif;[laomtqifhudk a&muf&Sd&eftwGuf

0dnmOfydkif;qdkif&m avhusifhcef;rsm; (w&m;bm0emyGm;jcif; pepf) vnf;

owfrSwfxm;Muonf/ Zdud&f381[kac:aomavhusifhcef;rsm;wGif acgif;ESifh

cE¨mudk,f\vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;yg0ifNyD;? wpfcgwpf&H vufrsm;a0SY,rf;í uckef

jcif;rsm; yg0ifwwfonf/ acwftqufqufuGif;qufrsm; (pdvfpdvm)

jzifh wrefawmfjrwftm; &nfñTef;í ¤if;wdkY\usifhokH;rI rSefuef

aMumif; oufaotaxmuftxm;jycJhMuonf/ odkYaomf ppfrSefaom

['D;qfusrf;rsm;wGif ¤if;wdkY\usifhokH;rI rSefuefaMumif; oufao

taxmuftxm; wpfpkHwpf&m rawGY&acs/ ¤if;wdkY\*dkPf;rsm;udk

c&pf,mefbkef;BuD;rsm;uJhodkY pwifxlaxmifol[k ¤if;wdkY,kd;pGyfaomyk*¾dKvf

rsm;\ trnfemrrsm;jzifh um'&D(Qadiri)? uspf&SfoD(Chishti)? ewfcf&SmAef'D

(Naqshabandi)? oD*smeD (Teejani) ponfjzifh tpOfvdkuf trnfay;xm;

onf/ azmfjyyg*dkPf;q&mrsm;ESifh ¤if;wdkY\ pdvfpdvmtwGif;&Sd bmbm

BuD;rsm;(ocifBuD;rsm;)ESifhywfoufaom '@m&DykHjyifrsm;? taMumif;t&m

rsm;rSmvnf; tpOftquf rSwfwrf;rsm;&SdcJhonf/ c&pf,mefESifh [dE´L

381 ]Zdud&f}[lonfrSm *rÇD&"r®pcef;rsm;ü omrmeftm;jzifh udk;uG,f&mt&Sif\ emr awmfrsm;ESifh *kPfawmfrsm;tm; BudrfzefwvJvJ ½Gwfzwfo&ZÑm,fjcif;jzifh udk;uG,f&m t&Siftm; owd&wrf;wjcif;tm; ac:qdkonf/

bkef;awmfBuD;rsm;u ausmif;ouFef;rsm;aqmufwnfí ausmif;xdkif oD

wif;okH;ouJhodkY qlzDrsm;uvnf;? tpOftquftvdkuf ausmif;ouFef;

qefqef Zm0D,m[kac:aomtdrfawmfrsm;udk wnfaqmufcJhMuonf/ Zm0D

,m[laompum;vkH;\teuft"dyÜg,frSm]axmifhpGef;ae&mrsm;}[kt"dyÜg,f

&onf/

xdkuJhodkY ,kHMunfouf0ifrIrsm;onf wjznf;jznf; zGHYNzdK;wdk;wufvm

NyD;? wcsdefwGif vlom;\0dnmOfESifh bk&m;ocifaygif;pnf;jcif;udk vufcH

,kHMunfrIonf wjznf;jznf; t&Sdefjrifhvmonf/ Oyrm- txufazmfjyyg

qlzD*dkPf;rsm;\ qlzDBuD;rsm;\ajymqdkcsuft& ]0lqlvf}[kac:aom tajc

taeodkY qdkufa&mufvmcsdefwGif tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfudk zl;awGYjrifEdkif

onf[k qdkonf/

rktfrifefwdkY\ rdcifrGefBuD; tmtd&Sm[f rS wrefawmfjrwf

tm; udk,fawmfjrwfonf arhtf&mh*sfnaumif;uifc&D;wGif tv’m[f

tm; zl;awGYcJh&ygovm;[k ar;jref;cJh&m? wrefawmfjrwfBuD;rS

rzl;jrifcJh&aMumif; wkefYjyefajzMum;cJhonf/382 wrefawmfrlpmrS

vnf; ¤if;omvQifr[kwf rnfonfhvlom;rQ þrsufarSmufavmuwGif

tv’m[ftm; zl;jrifEdkifpGrf; r&SdaMumif;udk tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS

wrefawmfrlpmtm; ydkYcsaevsif; wrefawmfrlpm &yfaecJhaom

awmif(ol;&fawmif)BuD; NydKusvGifhpifoGm;&onfhjzpftifudk usrf;awmf

jrwfuk&ftmefwGif awGYjrif&NyD; jzpfonf/383

tcsKdUaomqlzDrsm;u qdkMuonfrSm tu,fí]0lqlvf}ac: tajctae?

tqifhtwef;odkY a&muf&Sdaomtcg &S&Dtofac: tpövmrfhw&m;Oya'?

usifh0wfusifhxkH;rsm;rSm ¤if;wdkYtwGuf vdkufemp&mrvdkawmhacs/ Oyrm-

382 tDrmrfrkpfvifrf rS pkpnf; wifjycJhonf/ ½I-qG[D;[frkpfvifrfusrf;? twGJ-1? pm-111-12? ['D;qftrSwf-3337? 3339 ESifh pm-113? ['D;qftrSwf-341/ 383 usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 7; 34/

aeYpOfwnfaqmuf&aom ig;BudrfqGvmofuJhodkYt&mrsKd;onf qlzDwdkYt

wGuf ysif;&dzG,f&m? pdwf0ifpm;p&m raumif;aomt&mrsm; jzpfoGm;ay&m?

rjzpfrae wnfaqmufp&mrvdk[k qdkMuukef\/ ¤if;qlzDtrsm;pku owf

rSwfjyXmef;MuonfrSm tv’m[ft&Sifjrwftm; &nfpl;í wnfaqmufaom

qGvmoftm;vkH;? 'kdtmqkawmif;yw¦emrsm;tm;vkH;udk wrefawmfjrwf

tm;taMumif;cHí wzef ¤if;wdkYu 0vDolawmfpifBuD;rsm;[k owf

rSwfxm;Muaom trnfemrrsm;tm;jzifh (0pDvmjyKí) qkawmif;arwÅm

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onf rdrd*kPftoa&udk apmifhpnf;xdef;odrf;cJhav\/ odkYjzpf

ay&m igt&Sifjrwfonf xdk(trsdK;orD;)ü rdrdtxHawmfrS touf

ZD0defudk rIwfoGif;awmfrlcJh\/.....}}392

xdkYaMumifh vlom;\0dnmOfESifh udk;uG,f&mt&Sif aygif;pnf;oGm;jcif;

[laom *rÇD&"r®,kHMunfcsufudk vufudkifxm;Muolrsm;\ cH,lcsufrSm

vlom;\ 0dnmOfonf rdrd\ rlvtp? rdrdvmcJhaom udk;uG,f&mt&Sif\

0dnmOfawmfudk jyefvnfaygif;pnf;&ef wrf;wrf;ww &Sdaeonf[k

qdk\/ rnfodkYqdkap þtcsufonf pOf;pm;p&mudpör[kwfyg/ t*Fvdyf

bmompum;uJhodkYyif tm&ADbmompum;wGifvnf; ydkifqdkifrIudk jyaom

emrfpm;rsm;jzpfonfh (my, your, his, her, our) wdkYonf a,bk,stm;jzifh

tokH;jyKcH&aom taMumif;t&mtay:rlwnfí t"dyÜg,fESpfrsKd; &Sdonf/

¤if;emrfpm;pum;vkH;rsm;onf *kPft*Fgt&nftaoG;udk azmfjy jcif;vnf;

jzpfaumif;jzpfEdkifonf/ odkYwnf;r[kwf ¤if;wdkYudk ydkifqdkifaomydkif&Sif\

tpdwftydkif;tjzpf tokH;jyKonfrsKd;vnf; &SdEdkifonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh

wrefawmfrlpmociftm; ay;cJhaom tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ trdefY

awmfwGif

[ …]

392 usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 21; 91? 66; 12/

]]xdkYjyif toifonf rdrd(,mbuf)vufukd rdrd (0Jbuf) csdKif;

Mum;wGif oGif;av? ,if;vufrSm tjypftemtqm vkH;0 r&SdbJ?

vif;0if; xGef;awmufvsuf xGufay:í vmayrnf/...}}393

txufyg tm,ofawmfwGif yg0ifaom ]vuf}ESifh ]tusÐ}[laom

pum;vkH;ESpfvkH;onf ol\ tpdwftydkif;rsm; jzpfonf/ ol\ vufonf

olYudk,fcE¨m\ tpdwftydkif; jzpfaomfvnf; ol\ tusÐonf ol\

cE¨mudk,f\ tpdwftydkif; r[kwfay/ udk;uG,f&mt&Sif\ ydkifqdkifrIESifh

ywfoufí a&;om;aomtcgwGifvnf; tvm;wlyif jzpfonf/ t&Sif

jrwf\ *kPfawmfrsm;ESifh ¤if;\ zefqif;jcif;twGufvnf; txufyg

ydkifqdkifrIoabmw&m;ESifh twlwlyif jzpfonf/394

Oyrmtm;jzifh t&Sifjrwf\ teEÅu½kPmawmf (r[mu½kPmawmf)

ESifh ywfoufí tv’m[frS rdefYawmfrl&mwGif

[.... …]

]]...tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfonf rdrd ESpfvkdawmfrlaomolrsm;ukd (om

vQif) rdrdu½kPmawmfjrwf (oufa&mufapawmfrl&ef) oD;oefY

jcm;em;a&G;aumufawmfrlavonf/...}}395

tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\u½kPmawmfonf t&Sifjrwf\ *kPfawmfwpfck

jzpfNyD; ¤if;onf t&Sifjrwf\ zefqif;rItpdwftydkif;wpfck r[kwfay/

tjcm;wpfzufwGif tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfonf zefqif;xm;aomt&m 0w¦K

rsm;twGuf ]ol\}[laom ydkifqdkifrIjyyk'fESifhwGJí azmfjyxm;onf/ ¤if;rSm

xdkt&Sifjrwf\ zefqif;cH[laomtcsufudk ay:vGifapvdkaomaMumifh jzpf

393 usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 20; 22/ 394 ½I- odkifpD;&f tvf-tZD;Zf tvf-[rD;'fusrf;? pm-84-5/ 395 usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef; 2; 105/

onf/ rSefygonf/ tjcm;aomt&mrsm;udk ]ol\}[laom pum;ESifhwGJí

azmfjyjcif;onf txl;*kPfay;í jrifaomtjrifjzifh azmfjyjcif;jzpfonf/

Oyrmtm;jzifh wrefawmfqGmav\ aemufvdkufrsm;jzpfonfh prl;'f

trsKd;om;rsm;udk prf;oyfcsuftjzpf ukvm;tkwfrudk apvTwfaomtcsdef

wGif tv’m[frS eADwrefawmf qGmavtm;

[.... .…]

]] ... þonf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ ukvm;tkwfryif jzpfonf/

toifwkdYtzdkY vu©Pmw&yftjzpf (apvTwfawmfrl\/) okdYjzpf

&m toifwdkYonf xdkukvm;tkwfrukd tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\

yx0Dajrjyif0,f pm;aomuf(oGm;vm)&ef vTwfxm;Muav

ukef/...}}396

þukvm;tkwfronf prl;'ftrsKd;om;wdkYtwGuf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf

\ oufaovu©Pmwpf&yftjzpf apvTwfxm;aom ukvm;tkwfrjzpf

aomaMumifh xdkukvm;tkwfrudk pm;usufwGif vTwfausmif;xm;jcif;udk

rjiif;y,f&ef ñTefMum;xm;jcif; jzpfonf/ tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf þ

urÇmajronf tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS zefqif;pDrH jyKvkyfawmfxm;awmfrl

aomaMumifh jzpfonf/ tvm;wl utfA[fausmif;awmfESifhywfoufí

rdefYawmfrl&mwGifvnf; þausmif;awmfonf wrefawmftDA&m[ifrf

ESifh wrefawmftpörmtD;vfom;tzESpfOD;xHrS y#dnmOf jyKvkyf

awmfrlcJhonf/

[.... ]


]].....igt&Sifjrwf\ (utfA[f) ausmif;awmfjrwfukd vSnfhywf

zl;arQmfMuolwkdYtbkdYt&mvnf;aumif;? w&m;ukdESpfoufí xkd

ausmif;awmfü wpfukd,fwpfum,wnf; tdtfodumzf jyKvkyf

oDwif;oHk; aexkdifMuolwdkYtbkdYt&mvnf;aumif;? OD;ñTwf

½kdusKd;aomoltaygif;wkdY tbkdYt&mvnf;aumif;? ysyf0yfOD;cs

aomoltaygif;wkdYtbkdYt&mvnf;aumif;? þ ig\ tdrfawmfukd

(½kyfyGm;qif;wk? tnpftaMu;? tp&SdonfwkdYrS) &Sif;vif;xm;

Mu&rnf[k trdefYawmfukd csrSwfawmf rlcJhavownf;/}}397

xdkYtwl ud,mrofaemufqkH;aeYwGif rktfrifefouf0if,kHMunfolrsm;

teuf rSefuefaom? aumif;jrwfaom tusifhoDv&Sdaomolrsm;ESifhywf

oufí trwokcbkH (*sEéof)odkY 0ifa&muf&ef trdefYay;awmfrltcgwGif

vnf; tv’m[frS ]uREkfyf\*sEéof trwokcbkH O,smOfeef;odkY 0if

a&mufavmh}[k rdefYawmfrlxm;avonf/ xdkYaMumifh ud,mrof urÇmysuf

okOf;aemufqkH;aeYwGif tusifhoDvaumif;jrwfaom qGmav[D;ef olrGef

oljrwfrsm;omvQif tv’m[f\ ]igtv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ *sEéof

trwO,smOfbkHodkY 0ifa&mufMuavmh}[k zdwfac:jcif; cH&ayrnf/398

½l[f0dnmOfESifhywfoufí ajymEdkifonfhtcsufrSm ¤if;onf tv’m[f

t&Sifjrwf\ tzefqif;cHrsm;teufrS tzefqif;cHwpfck jzpfonf/ usrf;

jrwfuk&ftmefwGif tv’m[frS rdefYawmfrlxm;onfrSm-

[

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]]pifppf ¤if;wdkYonf toifhtm; ]½l[f} toufZD0defESifhpyfvsOf;í

ar;jref;Muukef\/ toifonf (¤if;wkdYtm; þodkY) ajymMum;

ygav/ (tcsif;wdkY) toufZD0defonf ightm; zefqif;arG;jrL

awmfrlaomt&Sifjrwf\ trdefYawmftwkdif; jzpfvmonf/ pifppf

toifwkdYonf tenf;i,frQaomtodynmudkom csD;jr§ifhay;

oem;awmfrljcif;cHcJhMu&ukefownf;/}}399

usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef\ tjcm;aomae&mrsm;wGifvnf; ½l[f0dnmOfESifh

ywfoufí azmfjyrIrsm; &Sdonf/

[.... ]

]] xkdt&Sifjrwfonf wpkHwckaom ta&;udpöukd pD&ifjy|mef;

awmfrlaomtcg xdkta&;udpöukd jzpfap[lí rdefYMum;awmfrl

½kHrQjzifh xdkta&;udpöonf (wrk[kwfjcif;yif) jzpfvmavo

wnf;/}}400

xdkYjyif t&SifjrwfrdefYawmfrlxm;onfrSm

[.... ]

]].....(OD;pGmyXr) xkd (eADwrefawmftm'rf)tm; ajrBuD;jzifh

zefqif;awmfrlcJhavonf? NyD;aemuf xkdt&Sifjrwfonf xkd(wref

awmftm'rf\ yHkoP²mef)ukd jzpfap[k rdefYMum;awmfrlcJh&m


xkd (wrefawmftm'rf\yHkoP²mef)onf (toufxif&Sm;

&Sdaom vlowå0g) jzpfvmcJh&avownf;/}}401

þae&mwGif ]jzpfap}[laom trdefYawmfonf tm;vkH;aom zefqif;

rIrsm;twGuf jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh ]0dnmOf}onf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\

trdefYawmft& jzpfay:vmaomt&m jzpfonf/ tv ’m[ft&Sifjrwf\

zefqif;jcif;cH&aom t&mwpfrsKd;omjzpfonf/ c&pf,mefbmomuJhodkY

aom t,l0g'rsKd;wGif bk&m;ocif (udk;uG,f&mt&Sif)tm; N'yfrJh0dnmOf[k

,lqaomfvnf; tpövmrfwGif xdkodkY rpOf;pm;ay/ t&Sifjrwfonf N'yfrJh

0dnmOfudef;atmifaeaom ½kyfcE¨m r[kwfouJhodkY ykHo@mefuif;rJhaom

0dnmOfvnf; r[kwfacs/ t&SifjrwfwGif t&Sifjrwf\ bkef;orÇmESifh

vdkufavsmnDaxGaom tqif;o@mef &Sdayrnf/ rnfol wpfOD;wpf

a,mufrQ jrifbl;? awGYbl;jcif; r&Sdao;onfho@mef jzpfonf/ xdkt&Sif

onfum; avmuDvlom;\ uefYowfcsuf&Sdaom jrifEdkifpGrf;udk vGef

ajrmufí *sEéoftrwokcbkHom;rsm;uomvQif jrifEdkifpGrf;&Sdaomt&Sif

jzpfonf/402 tusKd;quftm;jzifh tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfonf rdrdxHawmfrS

0dnmOfudk tm'rfESifh tDqmocifwdkYtm; rIwfoGif;onf[kqdk

&mü wrefawmftm'rfocif\taetxm;ESifh usef&Sdaom vlom;

rsKd;qufrsm;tm;vkH;twGuft&SifjrwfrS zefqif;pDrHjyKvkyfxm;aom0dnmOf

[k txl;*kPfxl;0daoojyKxm;ayonf/ xdkYtwl tysKdpifr&f,rfocifr

rS arG;zGm;vmaom wrefawmftDqmjzpfay:vmjcif;udkvnf;

&Sif;vif;apvdkaomaMumifh jzpfonf/ tv’m[frS rdrd\txHawmfrS

0dnmOfawmfudk rIwfoGif;awmfrlonf[k*kPf&nfudk azmfñTef;&mwGif pifppf

t&Sifjrwf\qE´awmfESifh ¤if;\tjrifhqkH;bkef;orÇmawmfudk &nfñTef;jcif;

jzpfNyD;? vlom;\cE¨mudk,ftwGif; 0dnmOfudk xnfhoGif;jcif;? Ekwfodrf;

401 usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 3; 59/ 402 ,if;tcsufywfoufonfh tus,fw0ifh&Sif;vif;csufrsm;udk tcef; (9)? tv’m[f t&Sifjrwftm; zl;ajrmfjcif;tcef;u@wGif ½IMuygukef/

jcif;trIudk trSefwu,f aqmif½Gufolrsm;rSm rvmtdu[faumif;uif

wrefrsm; jzpfonf/ þtcsufudk atmufazmfjyygqG[mADBuD; tAÁ'k

v’m[fAifefrwfpftl;'focif qifhjyefcJhonfh wrefawmfjrwf\

['D;qfawmfwGif

]]trSefyif? toifhtm; zefqif;jcif;onf oif\rdcif0rf;AdkufESifh

qufpyfí &ufaygif; 40 [laom tcsdefumvtwGif; tqDyg

aomt&nf (t&nfyspfyspf)? xdkrSwqifh arQmhuJhodkYaom aoG;cJ

tqifh? xdkrSwqifh tom;wkH;tqifh tqifhqifhtajctae

ajymif;vJoGm;cJhonf/ xdkYaemuf rvmtdu[faumif;uifwref

wpfyg;tm; toifhcE¨mudk,ftwGif;odkY 0dnmOfudk rIwfoGif;ap

cJhonf/}}403

xdkYaMumifh tv’m[fxHawmfwGif vlom;wdkif;twGuf ol\ rvm

tdu[faumif;uifwrefwpfyg;qDESifh rIwfoGif;apaom 0dnmOf&Sd&ay

rnf/ ]xkdt&SifrS rIwfoGif;onf}[k qdkxm;jcif;rSm t&Sifjrwfonf zef

qif;jcif;udkjzpfapaom rlvtaMumif;w&m;jzpfaMumif;udk wifjyxm;jcif;

jzpfonf/

[ ]

]]pifppfaomfum; tv’m[ft&SifjrwfonfomvQif toifwkdYtm;

vnf;aumif;? toifwkdY jyKvkyfusifhrlMuaom t&m0w¬Krsm;

ukdvnf;aumif;? (tm;vHk;ukdyif) zefqif;awmfrlcJh\/}}404

403 ½I- qG[D;[f tvf-Akcg&Dusrf;? twGJ-4? pm-290-1? ['D;qftrSwf-430 ESifh qG[D;[frkpfvifrfusrf;? twGJ-4? pm-1391? ['D;qftrSwf-6390/ 404 usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 37; 96/

A'&fppfyGJü wrefawmfjrwfrk[r®'frS oJwpfqkyfudk vufwGif

qkyfudkifí &efolbufodkY ypfaygufvdkuf&m udkufaygif;&mcsD a0;uGm

aeaom &efolYwyfodkY xdkoJrsm;a&muf&SdoGm;csdefü tv’m[f\ bkef;

awmftm;jzifh ¤if;zkefrIefY? oJrIefYrsm;onf &efolwdkY\ rsufaphtwGif;0,f

0ifa&mufapvdkufaom jzpfpOfESifhywfoufí usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefwGif

[ …]

]]xdkenf;wlpGm (tdk-eADwrefawmf) toifonf (¤if;wdkYtm;)

(oJrsm;jzifh) yufcJhpOfuvnf; toifyufcJhonf r[kwfNyD/

pifppfrSmrlum; tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfyif yufawmfrlcJhavonf/}}405

xdkYaMumifh tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS rdrd0dnmOf[k udk,fpm;jyKazmfjy&mwGif

rdrdzefqif;xm;awmfrlaom 0dnmOftajrmuftjrm;xJrS 0dnmOfwpfckudk

txl;*kPfjyKazmfjyjcif;omjzpfNyD;? rdrdudk,fawmfwdkif\0dnmOfawmf[k rqdk

vdkyg/ vltrsm;,lqaeouJhodkY tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS rdrd0dnmOfawmfudk

wrefawmftm'rfESifh wrefawmftDqmocifwdkY\ udk,fcE¨m

rsm;twGif;odkY rIwfoGif;jcif;[k rqdkvdkay/ þtcsufudk xyfrH tav;

teuf wifjy&aomf tv’m[frS rdrd\ rvmtdu[faumif;uifwref

tm; r&f,rfocifrxHapvTwf&mwGif ]ol\0dnmOfawmf}[k okH;EIef;

xm;onfudk awGY&ayrnf/

[ ]

]].....xkdYaemuf igt&Sifjrwfonf ,if;r&f,rf\xHokdY rdrd\

txl;aumif;uifwrefukd apvTwfawmfrlcJhavonf/ xkdtcg


,if;aumif;uifwrefonf xkdr&f,rf\ta&SU0,f yuwdvlom;

wpfa,muf\toGifjzifh ukd,fxifjycJh\/}}406

usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefonf tjzpftysufwpfckvkH;udk NcKHikHajymqdkaejcif;

jzpfonf/ ¤if;\ usrf;ydk'frsm;ESifh wrefawmfjrwf\ Mo0g'awmfrsm;

(['D;qfawmfrsm;)ESifh wrefawmfjrwf\ vufawGYvdkufem usifhokH;rI

rsm;rS ¤if;usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef\ qdkvdk&if;teuft"dyÜg,fudk &Sif;vif;

wifjyoGm;jcif; jzpfonf/ usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef\ usrf;ydk'fawmfrsm;udk

¤if;\aemufcH taMumif;w&m;rsm; z,fxkwfí? wpfckcsif; xkwfEkwf

t"dyÜg,faumufygu rl&if;teuft"dyÜg,frSm csKdU,Gif;oGm;Edkifonf/ Oy

rmtm;jzifh pl&[ftvf-rmtl;ef\ tm,ofawmf (4) wGif

[ ]

]] okdYjzpfay&m (tMuifokdYaom) qGvmwf 0wfjyKolwkdYü tBuD;

tus,f ysufpD;jcif;onf&Sd\/}}407

þtm,ofawmftm; (wpftm,ofwnf; teuft"dyÜg,f aumuf

,lrnfqdkygvQif) usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef\ usefaom tm,ofawmfrsm;ESifh

tpövmrfhhowfrSwfcsufrsm;ESifh qefYusifaeaomoabmaqmifaeayonf/

qGvmofonf usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefwpftkyfvkH;wGif rjyKrae&wm0eftjzpf

owfrSwfxm;onfudk awGY&ayrnf/ tv’m[frS rdefYawmfrlonfrSm

[ ]

]]{ueftrSef igt&SifjrwfonfyifvQif tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf jzpf

awmfrlayonf/ igt&SifjrwfrSwpfyg; c0yfukd;uG,f&mt&Sif[lí

406 usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 19; 17/ 407 usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 107;4/

tvQif;r&SdNyD/ odkYjzpfay&m toifonf igt&Sifjrwftm;om

vQif c0yfukd;uG,fygav/ xkdYjyif toifonf igt&Sifjrwftm;

owd&jcif;iSm qGvmof0wfjyKrIukd aqmufwnfygav/}}408

txufygusrf;ydk'fawmf(107;4)wGif qGvmof 0wfjyKwnfaqmuf

aomolrsm;tay:wGif usdefqdkxm;ygonf/ odkYapumrl pl&[frmtl;ef\

,if; (107;4)\ aemufrS qufí vdkufygvmaom tm,ofawmfrsm;u

¤if;tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ usdefqJrIonf rnfolrsm;twGuf jzpfonfudk

qufvuf&Sif;jyxm;ayonf/

[

]

]]xkdokdYaomolwkdYonf rdrdwkdY\ qGvmof0wfjyKrI(wm0ef)ukdyif

arhavsmhxm;Muukef\/ tMuif (qGvmwf0wfjyK)olwkdYonf

(rdrdwkdY\ qGvmwf0wfjyKrIpaom aumif;rIrsm;ukd) jypm;Mu

ukef\/ xkdrSwyg; ¤if;wkdYonf tao;tzJG toHk;taqmif

ypönf;rsm;ukdyif (olwpfyg;wkdYtm; iSm;&rf;jcif; rjyK&ef) ydwfyif

wm;jrpfMuukefownf;/}}409

xdkYaMumifh tv’m[f\ usdefqdkrI? usdefqJrIonf rkemzD;uf

ta,mifaqmifolrsm;\ qGvmof0wfjyKwnfaqmufjcif;tay: usdefqJ

xm;jcif; jzpfonf/ tv’m[ft&Sifjrwftm; ,kHMunfouf0ifaomol

rsm;\ wnfaqmufaomqGvmofrsm;udk rqdkvdkay/

408 usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 20; 14/ 409 usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? 107; 5-7/

atmufyg tm,ofawmftwGuf ydkí teuft"dyÜg,fay:vGifapaom?

aumif;rGefaom bmomjyefcsufudk azmfjyygrnf/

]]xdkYaemuf xdkt&Sifonf tm'rftm; ykHoGif;awmfrlNyD;? rdrd

txHawmfrS toufZD0ef (0dnmOf)udk rIwfoGif;awmfrl cJhonf}}[laom

tm,ofawmftm; ]xdkYaemuf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfonf tm'rfociftm;

ykHoGif;awmfrlNyD;? ¤if;txHawmfodkY rdrdzefqif;xm;awmfrlaom jrifhjrwf

aom0dnmOfrsm;teufrS 0dnmOfwpfckudk tm'rfocif\ udk,fcE¨mtwGif;

odkY 0ifa&mufapawmfrlcJhonf}[k teufaumuf bmomjyefqdkoifhonf/

tusKd;quftm;jzifh tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS xkwfjyefcsrSwfay;aom usrf;

jrwfuk&ftmefwGif 0dnmOfa&;&mrsm;udk ,kHMunfMuaomolrsm;\ t,l

tqjzpfaom? zefqif;jcif;cH&aom vlom;\0dnmOfrS ol\ rlvblw

jzpfaom 0dnmOfjzpfonfh udk;uG,f&mt&Sif\ 0dnmOfESifh aygif;pnf;&ef

a&mf&rf;wrf;waeygonf[laom t,ltqtwGuf cdkifvkHaom tajccH

wpfckwpfavrQ r&Sdacs/ tpövmrfwGif tm&ADa0g[m&jzpfaom ½l[f

0dnmOf (trsm;udef;-t&f0g) [laompum;vkH;ESifh emhzfpf410 (trsm;udef;-

tef;zkpf)[laom pum;vkH;ESpfcktMum;wGif cGJjcm;rI r&Sdyg/ emhzfpf[laom

pum;vkH;udk vlom;twGufokH;EIef;aomtcgrsKd;wGif txl;ojzifh udk,f

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38.

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416 The World Book Encyclopedia, Chicago: World Book., 1987, Vol. 1, p. 509. 417 The World Book Encyclopedia, Chicago: World Book., 1987, Vol. 11, p. 146.

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418 The World Book Encyclopedia, Chicago: World Book., 1987, Vol. 3, p. 417.

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rsm;cHpm;cJhMu&onf/ xdkcHpm;rIrsm;tay: aMumufvefYrIrsm;udk ESpfodrfh&ef

obm0vGeft&mrsm;udk rdrdwdkYbmomrdrdwdkY zefwD;jyKvkyfcJhMuonf/

tusKd;quftm;jzifh ¤if;obm0vGeft&mrsm;udk ESpfodrfhaprnfhenf;vrf;

rsm;udk ¤if;wdkY\acgif;aqmifrsm; (0g) ydkí tiftm;BuD;aomrsKd;EG,frsm;

\tultnDjzifh qufcHaqmifusOf;vmcJhMuonf/ þenf;tm;jzifh tapm

ydkif;umv\ udk;uG,fyorI? &Sdcdk;ylaZmfrIenf;pepfrsm;? xkH;wrf;rsm; (Oy

rm-&Sdcdk;ylaZmfenf;?,dZfylaZmfyoenf;)ponfwdkYonfvnf; wjznf;jznf;

zGHYNzdK; wdk;wufvmcJhMuonf/ ajrmuftar&duwdkuf\ tdE´d,ef;vlrsKd;rsm;

onf jrpfrsm;\ ewfa'0wmrsm;? opfawmapmifhewfrsm; ... ponfwdkYudk

ylaZmfyocJhMuNyD;? Animism [kac:aom obm0pGrf;tm;rsm;udk udk;uG,f

&mtjzpf owfrSwfonfh bmomw&m; ay:aygufvmcJhonf/430 þonf

bmoma&;\ qifhuJhajymif;vJjzpfay:rI\ tapmydkif;tajctaersm;\

Oyrmrsm;tjzpf wifjyjcif;cHcJh&onf/

obm0tjcif;t&mrsm;\ ewfbk&m;rsm;udk udk;uG,faomtqifhwGif

vlwpfOD;wpfa,mufcsif;pDü ¤if;wdkY\ yk*¾dKvfa&;qdkif&m ewfbk&m;rsm;

tpktzGJY&SdcJhMuonf[k qifhuJajymif;vJrIudk vufcHMuonfh 'g0if0g'D

rsm;u qdkMuonf/ vlY,Ofaus;rIwdk;wufvmrI vu©Pmwpfckjzpfaom

rdom;pkrsm;tjzpf zGHYNzdK;wdk;wufvmaomtcg yk*¾dKvfa&;qdkif&m ewfbk&m;

rsm;udk rdom;pkewfbk&m;rsm;u tpm;xdk; 0ifa&mufvmcJhonf/ A[kemx

0g'ac: bk&m;trsm;udk udk;uG,faomtajctaersm;teuf tdE´d,EdkifiH\

[dE´Lrsm;udk avhvmygu rdom;pkwdkif;wGif ¤if;wdkY\qdkif&m? qdkif&m

430 Dictionary of Philosophy and Religion, Pp. 16, 193.

yk*¾dKvfa&;qdkif&m ewfbk&m;rsm;&SdMuNyD;? obm0tjcif;t&m\ ewfbk&m;

rsm;udk udk;uG,frIpepf\ rdom;pktqifh udk;uG,frItajctaeudk xif[yf

azmfjyonf/ pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m vdktyfcsufrsm;ESifh ouf&Sif&yfwnfa&;

qdkif&m ½kef;uefrIrsm;u rdom;pkrsm;tMum; qufEG,frI cdkifrmvmaom

tcg ]rsKd;EG,fpkrsm;}tjzpf qifhuJwdk;wufvmcJhMuonf/ xdktcg a[mif;

EGrf;tdkrif;oGm;NyDjzpfaom ewfbk&m;rsm;udk rsKd;EG,fpkewfbk&m;rsm;u

wjznf;jznf; tpm;xdk; 0ifa&mufcJh\/ rsKd;½dk;pOfqufvdkuf qufcHvm

aom rsKd;EG,fpkrsm; wjznf;jznf; BuD;oxufBuD;vmaomtcg ewfbk&m;

rsm; ta&twGufrSm wjznf;jznf; enf;enf;vmcJh\/ þenf;tm;jzifh

]bk&m;ESpfql0g'}udk ay:xGufvmapcJhonf/ bk&m;ESpfql0g'\ oabm

w&m;t& tm;vkH;aom obmvGef pGrf;tm;rsm;udk t"du bk&m;ESpfyg;

tjzpf cGJjcm;vdkufNyD;? aumif;jcif;\bk&m;ESifh raumif;rI'kp½dkufrsm;udk

jzpfapaom raumif;jcif;\bk&m;[lí ESpfql cGJjcm;vdkuf\/

qifhuJajymif;vJjcif;qdkif&m 'g0if0g'udk vufcHMuaom 'g0if0g'D

rsm;\ tqdkt& bk&m;ESpfyg; cGJjcm;jcif;tqifh\ Oyrmudk yg&Sm;EdkifiH

(,ck tD&efEdkifiH)\ Zdk½dktufpxD;,ef;bmomwGif awGY&onf[k qdk\/

yg&Sef; vlrsKd;? jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;orm; Zdk½dktufpx&m (*&d- Zdk½dkpfxm)

ray:aygufrD tcsdefumvu yg&Sm;vlrsKd;rsm;onf obm0ewfa'0wm

rsm;udk ,kHMunfouf0ifcJhMuonf[k ,lqEdkifonf/ ¤if;wdkYwGif rsKd;EG,fpk

ewfbk&m;rsm;? rdom;pkewfbk&m;rsm;[lí &SdcJhMuonf/ rEkóaA'

ynm&Sifrsm;\ &SmazGavhvmawGY&Sdcsufrsm;ESifh ¤if;ynm&Sifrsm;\ teuf

aumuf,lcsufrsm;t& Zdk½dktufpx&m\acwfumvwGif yg;&Sm;vlrsKd;

rsm;\ rsKd;EG,fpkqdkif&m ewfbk&m;rsm;udk ESpfcktxd a&SmhcscJhonf[kqdk\/

¤if;wdkYt,ltqt& ]t[l;&m;rmZ'g} (Ahura Mazda)onf urÇmay:&Sd

aumif;aomt&mtm;vkH;udk zefqif;aombk&m;jzpfNyD;? tef*&mref,k

(Angra Manyu) onf raumif;aomt&mtm;vkH;udk zefqif;aombk&m;

jzpfonf/431 vlrsKd;EG,fpkrsm; aygif;pnf;í EdkifiHawmftqifhodkY a&mufvm

aomtcg? ¤if;wdkY\ rsKd;EG,fpk ewfbk&m;rsm;rS ESpfyg;aomewfbk&m;?

wzef ¤if;udk EdkifiHvkH;qdkif&m bk&m;BuD;tjzpf ajymif;vJvdkufMuNyD;?

Monotheism ac: wpfyg;wnf;aombk&m;tm; udk;uG,fjcif;onf arG;zGm;

ay:aygufvmcJhonf[k qdkMuonf/

tpöa&;wdkY\bk&m;udk or®musrf;a[mif;xJwGif EdkifiHawmfqdkif&m

trSefwu,f &Sifoefaeonfh bk&m;tjzpf ykHazmfxm;NyD;? ¤if;wdkY\udk,f

pm; &efolrsm;udk wdkufcdkufay;onf/ wzeftpöa&; vlrsKd;rsm;tm;vnf;

bk&m;ocifrS ]a½G;cs,fxm;aom uav;oli,frsm;^om;orD;rsm;}tjzpf

wifjyxm;onf/ BC 14 &mpkESpfwGif tD*spfEdkifiH\ tkyfcsKyfol tcD

emwef(Akhenaten) (¤if;tm; trif;ef[dkwufyf (Amenhotep IV)[kvnf;

ac:wGifcJhonf)tm; qifhuJajymif;vJrI0g'qdkif&m bmoma&; tod

onm\ oufaowpf&yftjzpf udk;um;cJhMuonf/ xdktcsdefumvwGif

tcDemwefrSm wpfyg;wnf;qdkif&m udk;uG,frIoabmw&m;wpf&yfudk

pwif tqdkjyK wifjycJhonf/ ¤if;\t,ltqwGif &m ]Ra}[kac:aom

bk&m;udk c0yfudk;uG,fapNyD;?¤if;onf aerif;\tvif;a&mifjcnfpuf0dkif;

udk udk,fpm;jyKxm;onf/432

xdkYaMumifh vlrIa&;odyÜHynm&Sifrsm;ESifh rEkóaA'ynm&Sifrsm;\tvdk

t& bmoma&;wGif bk&m;ocif (aumif;uifbkHESifhqdkifaom bk&m;

ocif)\ rlvblwoabmw&m; vkH;0r&Sdacs/ bmoma&;[laom tod

onmonf a&S;acwfvlom;rsm;rS ¤if;wdkY\ odyÜHynmqdkif&m todynm

uif;rJhrIaMumifh jzpfay:vmaom t,lonf;rI? taMumufvGefuJrIrS

qifhuJajymif;vJvmonfh tawG;tac:t,ltqwpf&yfom jzpfonf/

xdkvlrIa&;odyÜHynm&Sifrsm;ESifh rEkóaA'ynm&Sifrsm;u awG;xif,lq

MuonfrSm xdkacwf? xdktcsdef? xdkumvu odyÜHynm&yf xGef;um;NyD; 431 Dictionary of Religions, Pp. 28 & 42. 432 Dictionary of Philosophy and Religion, p. 143.

jzpfygu tcsdeftcgtavQmuf jzpfay:vmaomobm0\ vQdKU0Sufcsuf

rsm;udk azmfxkwfEdkifrnfqdkygu bmomw&m;[laom todonmonf

ay:xGef;vmp&m taMumif;r&Sd[k qdkMuonf/

,dk,Gif;qkwf,kwfvmaom bmoma&;\ykHpH

bmoma&;ESifhywfoufí tpövmrf\todonm? ¤if;todonm\

zGHYNzdK;wdk;wufvmrIonf txufazmfjyygtjrifoabmw&m;ESifh vkH;0

qefYusifvQuf &Sdygonf/ ¤if;onf ,dk,Gif;ysufpD; qkwf,kwfvmjcif;ESifh

wzef jyefvnf oefpGrf;wdk;yGm;vmaomjzpfpOfjzpfNyD;? ¤if;onf qifhuJ

ajymif;vJwdk;wufjcif; r[kwfyg/ vlom;onf wpfyg;wnf;aom

udk;uG,f&mt&Sifudk udk;uG,foltjzpfrS acwfumvtoD;oD;wGif tcsdef

twdkif;twmt& wjznf;jznf; ,dk,Gif;ysufpD;oGm;NyD;? ¤if;onf bk&m;

trsm;udk;uG,f&m0g'tjzpfodkY ajymif;vJoGm;cJhjcif; jzpfonf/

wpfcgwpf&Hü ¤if;udk;uG,frIysuf,Gif;vmaomykHpHonf bk&m;ESpfql

0g'? wpfcgwpf&HwGif bk&m; okH;ql0g'? wpfcgwpf&HwGif bk&m;trsm;udk

twl,SOfwGJudk;uG,fjcif;tjzpfodkY a&muf&SdcJhonf/ eADwrefawmfrsm;tm;

acwftvdkuf? EdkifiHtvdkuf? vlrsKd;tvdkuf urÇmha'otoD;oD;odkY

apvTwfí wpfyg;wnf;aom udk;uG,f&mt&Siftm; udk;uG,f&ef ajzmifh

rwfrSefuefaom vrf;pOfudk jyefvnf usifhokH;&ef (tpövmrfudk usifhokH;

&ef) vrf;ñTef oifMum;apcJhonf/ tcsdefumv a½GUavsmvmonfESifhtrQ

vlom;wdkYonf wrefawmfrsm;\ oifMum;ydkYcsrIrsm;rS vGJacsmfvmMuNyD;?

wpfqlwnf;aombk&m;tm; udk;uG,fqnf;uyfjcif;rS aoGznfí rlv

rSefuefaomvrf;pOfESifh usifhokH;rIrsm;tm; wjznf;jznf; ajymif;vJvmMu

onf/ wpfcsKdUrSmum; vrf;vkH;0 aysmufoGm;Muonfvnf; &Sdonf/

þodkY vlom;rsm;rS rdrdwdkY\ udk;uG,f&mt&Sifudk qnf;uyfudk;uG,f

jcif;rSwjznf;jznf; aoGznf,drf;,dkifvmcJhaMumif;oufaoudk a&S;a[mif;

vlrsKd;pkrsm; tm;vkH;rS tjrifhqkH;? tBuD;qkH;aomudk;uG,f&mt&Sifudk ,kH

MunfcJhonf[laom taxmuftxm;rsm;rS oufaocHvQuf &Sdonf/

qifhuJajymif;vJjcif;qdkif&m 'g0if0g'DwdkY\t,ltqt& bmoma&;\

zGHYNzdK;wdk;wufrItqifhrsm; rnfokdYyif&Sdaeapumrl? ¤if;onf ta&;BuD;

aomtcsuf r[kwfyg/ ta&;BuD;aomtcsufrSm urÇmhhvlom;rsKd;EG,frsm;

teuf trsm;pkrSm udk;uG,f&mt&SiftcsKyfudk tjcm;aom ewfbk&m;rsm;

xufydkí ,kHMunfudk;uG,fcJhMuonfhtcsufuomvQif ta&;BuD;qkH;aom

tcsuf jzpfayonf/

A[dktar&dua'o&Sd rm,mvlrsKd;rsm;\ zefqif;&Sifewfbk&m; twfZ

rmefem (Atzmna)rSpí qDtm&mvDtGef;EdkifiH&Sd ref;'D;vlrsKd;rsm;\ i,f0l

(Ngewo)[kac:aom pMu0Vmrsm;ESifh 0dnmOfrsm;\ zefqif;&Sif?433 [dE´L

t,l0g'rS NA[®P434 (t<uif;rJhOókHvlyk*¾dKvfr[kwfaomt&Sif)? abbD

vkHNrdKUa[mif;rS rm&f'kcf(Marduk)[kac:aombk&m;? yefoDtGef (Pantheon)

wdkY\ tjrifhqkH;bk&m;435 ponfh bk&m;rsm;tm;vkH;onf tjrifhqkH;

udk;uG,f&mt&Sifudk vlom;wdkY udk;uG,fcJhMuonfh oufao vu©Pmrsm;

jzpfonf/ bk&m;ESpfql0g'jzpfaom Zdk½dktufpxD;,ef; bmomwGifyifvQif

t[l;&m;rmZ'g (aumif;jcif;rsm;\bk&m;)onf qdk;0g;jcif;\ zefqif;&Sif

tef*&m ref,kxufydkí omvGefonfudk awGYEdkif\/ ¤if;wdkY\ ,kHMunfrI

t& ud,mrof (aemufqkH; w&m;pD&if rnfhaeY) wGif t[l;&mrmZ'gonf

ref,ktm; tEdkif&oGm;ayrnf/ atmifEdkifoGm;ayrnfqdkvQif t[l;&m;

rmZ'gonf ¤if;wdkY\ tjrifhqkH; udk;uG,f&mt&Sif jzpfoGm;ayrnf/436

qifhuJajymif;vJjcif;qdkif&mykHpHt& uefYowfrI&Sdaom A[kemx0g'rS

tjrifhqkH;aom udk;uG,f&mt&Siftm; ,kHMunfrIay:xGef;vmonf[kqdk

vQif ¤if;tjrifhqkH;aom udk;uG,f&mt&Siftm; ,kHMunfrIonf obm0

433 Dictionary of Religions, p. 93. 434 Ibid., p. 210. 435 Ibid., p. 68. 436 Ibid., p.28

w&m;\ ewfbk&m;rsm;udk ,kHMunfjcif;ESifh twlwGJí r&SdEdkifacs/

rnfodkYyifqdkapumrl wpfyg;wnf;aom tjrifhjrwfqkH;aomt&Sif[laom

todonmonf tm;vkH;aom bmomw&m;rsm;wGif usef&Sdaeaom

aMumifh vlom;trsm;pkonf eAD? wrefawmf rsm;\ oifMum;rIjzpfaom?

wpfqlwnf;aomudk;uG,f&mt&Siftm; ,kHMunfudk;uG,frIrS wjznf;jznf;

vGJacsmfoGm;cJhaMumif; oufaotjzpf awGY&\/ ,if;odkY vrf;vGJrI? wdrf;

apmif;rI? aoGznfrIrsm;udk cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmavhvmMunfhygu tcsKdUonf

udk;uG,f&mt&Sif\ *kPfawmf (*kPf&nfrsm;)udk xdkt&Sif\ tjcm;

tzefqif;cHrsm;ESifh zefqif;jcif;\ tcef;u@rsm;odkY ay;rdcJhMujcif;

aMumifh jzpfonf/ þenf;vrf;rsm;wGif *kPft&nftaoG;rsm; cGJa0,l

xm;aom tenf;i,frQaom ta&twGuf&Sdonfh ewfbk&m;rsm;tjzpfodkY

a&muf&SdvmNyD;? tcsKdUaom tajctaersm;wGif ¤if;ewfbk&m;rsm;u

vlom;ESifh udk;uG,f&mt&SiftMum; Mum;0iftoem;cH ay;aom? Mum;

yGJpm;rsm;tjzpfodkY a&muf&SdoGm;cJhjcif;om jzpfonf/

bmomw&m;rsm; ,dk,Gif;ysufpD;qkwf,kwfvmjcif; rSefuefaMumif;

tjcm; oufaowpf&yfudk ordkif;qdkif&m bmoma&;ul;ajymif;rIwpfck jzpf

onfh wpfyg;wnf;aom udk;uG,f&mt&Sifudk ,kHMunfonfh *sL;0g'rS

bk&m;trsm;udk vufcH,kHMunfaeaom c&pf,mef0g'udk ul;ajymif;cJhonfh

jzpf&yfwGif awGYEdkifonf/ wrefawmftDqmrS vrf;ñTefoifMum;cJh

aom wpfyg;wnf;udk;uG,faom0g'rS bk&m;ESpfyg;udk;uG,faom0g'odkY

yxrOD;pGm ajymif;vJoGm;cJh\/ ¤if;wdkY\t,ltqt& El;tl;pf(Nous)ESifh

vdk;a*ghpf(Logos)[laom bk&m;ESpfyg;&Sdonf/ El;tl;pf(Nous)onf pMu0Vm

udk EId;qGaeaom ½kyfr[kwfonfh tajccHoabmjzpfNyD;? vdk;a*ghpf(Logos)rSm

½kyftjzpfxif&Sm;vmaom o½kyfouef jzpfonf/437 xdkodkY ESpfyg;aom

437 xdktawG;tac:'óeynm&Sifrsm;\ t,ltqt& Nous onf pMu0Vm\ tajccHoabmw&m;udk EId;qGaeaom ½kyfr[kwfonfh tajccHoabmw&m;jzpfNyD;? Logos onf ½kyftjzpfxif&Sm;vmaom o½kyfouef jzpfonf/ ½I- Dictionary of

Philosophy and Religion, p.314.

bk&m;udk udk;uG,frIrSwqifh a&mracwfodkY a&mufaomtcgwGif bk&m;

okH;qludk;uG,fjcif;0g'odkY ,dk,Gif;vmcJhonf/438 a&mrvlrsKd;rsm;onf

udk;uG,f&mt&Sifonf wpfyg;wnf;jzpfaomfvnf; jyifyA[dE¨ tajctae

wGif yk*¾dKvfokH;yg;tjzpf &yfwnfwnf&Sdaeonf/ ¤if;rSm tzbk&m;ocif?

om;awmfESifh oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmfwdkY jzpfonf/ aemufqkH;tqifhü

½dkrmefuufovpf ausmif;awmfrsm;wGif A[kemx0g'ac: bk&m;trsm;

vufcHudk;uG,f,kHMunfjcif;udk tjynfht0usifhokH;aeonfudk awGYEdkif

onf/ xdkuufovpfausmif;awmfrsm;wGif ar&DESifh olawmfpif[kac:cH&

aomyk*¾dKvfrsm;tm; tpOftquftvdkuf pGrf;tm;rsm;ay;í Mum;0ifto

em;cHay;rnfhol?umuG,fapmifha&Smufolrsm;tjzpf jyKay;xm;onfudk awGY

Edkif\/

tvm;wlyif uREkfyfwdkYtaeESifh wrefawmfjrwfrk[r®'frS ,l

aqmifvmcJhonfh tpövmrf\ aemufqkH;ESifhoefYpifaom aumif;csD;

owif;ESifh ,aeYrkpfvifrfrsm;tMum;&Sd ,kHMunfouf0ifrIrsm;? usifhokH;rI

rsm;udk EdIif;,SOfavhvmMunfhygu ,kHMunfrIrsm;? usifhokH;rIrsm;onf rlv

tajctaerS wjznf;jznf; ,dk,Gif;qkwf,kwfvmonfudk awGY&ayrnf/

tpövmrf ay:xGef;ump tcsdefu &SdcJhaom oefYpifonfh wpfqlwnf;?

wpfyg;wnf;aom udk;uG,f&mt&Siftm; udk;uG,f,kHMunfrIonf acwf

umvtoD;oD;udk jzwfausmfvmaomtcg rlv aomif[D;'fopömw&m;rS

wjznf;jznf; qkwf,kwfysuf,Gif;vmcJhonf/ bmoma&;avmuwGif

*kdPf;*Prsm;? tkyfpkrsm; toD;oD;tou ay:aygufvmNyD; aemufydkif;

rsKd;qufrsm;twGif;rS ¤if;wdkY\ bmoma&;,kHMunfrIrsm;ü wrefawmf

jrwf? udk,fawmfjrwf\ tEG,fawmfrsm;? ouú0gw&m;&Sdaomol

438 uyfyg½dkpD,efrsm;rS zefwD;cJhonfh okH;wpfql0g'udk c&pfouú&mZf (381) ckESpf wGif uGefpwefwDEdky,f\ a&mraumifpDrS aemufqkH;ü vufcH twnfjyK ay;cJhonf/ ,if;okH;yg;wpfql0g'rSm bk&m;ocifonf wpfqlwnf;aom udk;uG,f&mt&SifjzpfNyD;? zcrnf;awmf? om;awmf? oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmfwdkYü udef;0yfaeonf/ ½I- Diction -

ary of Philosophy and Religion, p. 586.

rsm;? wzef ouú0gw&m; r&Sdaomolrsm;tm; olawmfpifrsm;[k owfrSwf

NyD;? tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ *kPfawmfrsm;udk wyfqifay;NyD;? rsKd;quf

tvdkuf udk;uG,fusifhokH;vQuf&Sdonfudk awGY&ayrnf/

'g0if0g'\ todonmoabmt& atmf*JepfqifhuJajymif;vJjcif;

onf ,aeYjzpfay:wnf&Sdaeaom ouf&Sdrsm;tm;vkH;\ rlvtponf

qJvf wpfckxJom&Sdaom trD;bm;ESifho@mefwlonfh ouf&Sd tPkZD0

½kyfypönf;rsm;rS tpjyKcJhonf[k qdk\/ þuJhodkY qJvfac: ½kyfuvyfpnf;

wpfck&Sdaomouf&Sdrsm;onf ¤if;wdkYtouf&Sifoef&yfwnfrItwGuf vIyf

&Sm;½kef;uef&if; ½IyfaxG;aomykHo@meftjzpf zGJYpnf;xm;onfh tqifhjrifh

ouf&SdtPkZD0 ½kyfypönf;rsm;tqifhodkY qifhuJajymif;vJwdk;wufvmonf

[kqdk\/ 'g0ifoDtdk&Dt& ouf&Sdrsm;onf ½dk;&Sif;aomtajctaerS

tqifhjrifh½IwfaxG;aomtajctaeodkY qifhuJhajymif;vJonfhoabmw&m;

udk omoema&;twGuf wdkuf½dkuftokH;csvdkufaomtcg qkwf,kwf ,dk

,Gif;vmaomykHpHudk taxmuftuljyKoGm;ayonf/ ¤if;oabmt&

bmomw&m;rsm;onf tvGef½dk;&Sif;aomykHpHESifhpwifcJhNyD;? ¤if;rSm wpfyg;

wnf;aomudk;uG,f&mt&Sifudk c0yfudk;uG,fonfhykHpH jzpfonf/ xdkrSw

qifh ¤if;oefYpif&Sif;vif;rIudk qkH;½IH;oGm;NyD; bk&m;ESpfql0g'? bk&m;

okH;ql0g'? bk&m;trsm;udk udk;uG,faom0g'? wzef ... ,SOfwGJ udk;uG,f

aom0g'rsm;tjzpf ay:xGef;vmcJhjcif; jzpfonf/ ¤if;bmomw&m;rsm;\

qifhuJajymif;vJrIonf trsKd;rsKd;aoma'orsm;ay:rlwnfí vnf;aumif;?

xdkt&yfa'owGif BuD;pdk;vTrf;rdk;aeaom vlrIpD;yGm;a&; tajctaersm;ay:

rlwnfívnf;aumif;? ykHo@mefwpfckESifhwpfck rwlay/ aemufqkH;wGif

½kyfyGm;½kyfxkrsm;udk &Sdcdk;ylaZmfonfh ykHo@meftjzpf a&muf&SdoGm;av

onf/

&S&D;ufac: wkyEIdif;,SOfudk;uG,fjcif;\tp

wrefawmfjrwfonf wrefawmftm'rfocifvufxufrS

pwifcJhonfh wpfqlwnf;aom udk;uG,f&mt&Sifudk c0yfudk;uG,fjcif;rS

A[kemx bk&m;trsm;udk;uG,fjcif;odkY urÇmhacwfumvtvdkuf rnfodkY

ajymif;vJoGm;aMumif;udk txift&Sm; tao;pdwf &Sif;jycJhonf/ wref

awmfjrwf\ qGm[mA[fBuD;rsm;rS xdkjzpf&yfjrifuGif;udk uREkfyfwdkY

tm; pl&[fEl;[f? tm,ofawmf (23) ü tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS wrefawmf

El;[focifonf ¤if;\vlxktm; tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf wpfyg;wnf;

udk c0yfudk;uG,ftdAm'ofjyK&ef zdwfac:cJhaomtcg ¤if;\trsKd;om;

rsm;u rnfokdY wkHYjyefcJhykHESifhywfoufí ¤if;tm,wfawmf\ozfpD;&fudk

atmufygtwdkif; &Sif;jycJhonf/

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]]¤if;jyif xkduRefawmfrsKd;\trsKd;om;wkdYonf (vufatmufi,f

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toifwkdYonf rdrdwkdY\ ukd;uG,f&mrsm;ukd pGefYy,fí tvQif;

rxm;Muukefvifh/ ¤if;jyif toifwkdYonf ]]0'´f}} qif;wkukdvnf;

tvQif; rpGefYy,fMuukefvifh? ]]qk0gtf}} qif;wkukdvnf;

pGefYy,fjcif; rjyKMuukefvifh? xkdrSwpfyg; ]],*lqf}} qif;wkukd

vnf;aumif;? ]],tluf}} qif;wkukdvnf;aumif;? ]]ewfpf&f}}

qif;wkukd vnf;aumif;? pGefYy,fjcif;ukd rjyKMuukefvifh/}}439


qG[mADBuD; tAÁ'kv’m[ftdAfaeYtAÁm;pfocifrS txufyg usrf;

jrwfuk&ftmef\tm,ofawmfESifhywfoufí atmufygtwdkif; tus,f

zGifhqkd &Sif;vif;jycJh\/

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rsm;ukd ukd;uG,fvmcJhMuayonf/ ]0'´f}onf a'gifrokvf *sef'vfa'o½Sd

uvfAf rsKd;EG,f0ifrsm; c0yfudk;uG,fonfh bk&m;qif;xk jzpfvmonf/

]pk0gtf}onf [dkZdkif,D;vfrsKd;EG,f0ifrsm;rSvnf;aumif;? ],*lqf}onf &SDAm

EdkifiHteD;&Sd *sK&fzfa'orS *kodGKif;,D;zfrsKd;EG,frsm;rS vnf;aumif;? ],tluf}

onf [rf'ef;rsKd;EG,f0ifrsm;rSvnf;aumif; toD;oD;arG;pm;í ,if;qif;

xkawmfrsm;udk c0yfudk;uG,fcJhMuonf/ xdkYjyif ]ewfpf&f}onf [difrf,m;&f

rsKd;EG,f\ Zkvfumvm440rsKd;EG,fpdwfrS udk;uG,fonfh bk&m;qif;xk jzpf

vmonf/ xdk½kyfyGm;qif;xkrsm;\ trnfrsm;rSm wrefawmfEl;[f\

tGr®oftkyfpktwGif;rS ajzmifhrwfrSefuefaomopöm0g'DBuD;rsm;\trnfrsm;

udk ay;cJhMujcif; jzpfonf/ xdkajzmifhrwfrSefuefaom opöm0g'DBuD;rsm;

aoqkH;oGm;NyD;onfhaemuf ½IdifoGmefrm&fewfonf usef&pfaomvlwdkYtm;

¤if;wdkY\ ykHyef;o@mefudk qif;xktjzpf xkvkyfapNyD;? ¤if;qif;xkrsm;udk

xdkopöm0g'DBuD;rsm;\ trnfemrrsm;jzifh rSnfhac:&ef pdwful; pdwfoef;

xnfhoGif;ay;cJhonf/ xdkqif;xkrsm;wnf&Sdonfhae&mtm; rsKd;EG,fpktoD;

oD;\ ta&;BuD;aomtpnf;ta0;rsm; jyKvkyf&mae&mrsm;tjzpf jyKvkyf

xm;NyD;?aumif;jrwfonfhtusifhoDvrsm; jyKrlusifhBuH&eftwGuf owday;

EId;aqmfonfh txdrf;trSwftjzpfom tokH;jyKcJhMuonf/ ¤if;wdkYrsKd;EG,fxJ

rS rnfolwpfOD;wpfa,mufrQ ,if;olawmfpifopöm0g'DBuD;rsm;twGuf

440 ,DrifEdkifiH\ [ifrf,m&D,mbk&ifrif;jrwf/ ½I-rk[r®'ftdAfaeYrefZl;&f ? vdpmef tvf-tm&Af? AD½l'fNrdKU? 'g&f qG'D;&fykHESdyfwdkuf? twGJ-8? pm-313/

txdrf;trSwftjzpf jyKvkyfxm;onfh qif;xkrsm;udk rc0yf? rudk;uG,fcJh?

&Sdckd;ylaZmfyojcif; r&SdcJhacs/ rnfodkYqdkapumrl?xdk½kyfxkrsm;udk xkvkyfcJhMu

onfh rsKd;qufrsm; uG,fvGefaoqkH;oGm;Muaomtcg aemufrsKd;qufrsm;

rS xdk½kyfxkqif;xkrsm;udk jyKvkyfwnfxm;cJhMuonfh &nf½G,fcsufudk arh

avQmhoGm;cJhMuonf/ ¤if;½kyfxkqif;xkrsm;udk xkvkyfcJhMuaomrsKd;EG,frsm;

\ aemufrsKd;qufopftm; ¤if;wdkY\ a&S;,cifrsKd;qufrsm; (bdk;? bGm;?

bD?bifrsm;)onf xdk½kyfxkqif;xkrsm;udk xkxm;udk;uG,fcJhaMumif;? xdkodkY

udk;uG,fylaZmfcJhjcif;aMumifh? rdk;rsm;½GmoGef;í (pm;eyf&du©mayg<u,f0)cJh

aMumif;udk ½IdifoGmefrm&femwfrS ajymMum;cJhonf/ xdktcg aemufrsKd;quf

opfrsm;onf ½IdifoGmefrm&femwf\pum;udk t[kwfrSwfí ¤if;½kyfxkrsm;

udk ½kyfyGm;qif;xkrsm;tjzpf rGrf;rHcs,foí &Sdcdk;ylaZmfyoudk;uG,fcJhMu

avonf/441 ,if;tpOftvmudk cH,lí aemufqufcHvmaom rsKd;quf

opfrsm;onfvnf; ¤if;bk&m;qif;xkrsm;udk qufíqufí &Sdcdk;ylaZmfcJhMu

onf/442

txufazmfjyyg usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef\ tm,ofawmf (71; 23)udk

wrefawmfjrwf\ qG[mA[fBuD;rsm;rS ykHazmfwifjyay;aom? tus,f

zGifhqdk &Sif;vif;csuft& vlYordkif;wGif vlom;wdkYonf ½kyfyGm;½kyfxk udk;

uG,fjcif;ESifh A[kemxbk&m;trsm;udk &Sdcdk;ylaZmfyo udk;uG,fjcif;[laom

jzpfpOfESpf&yfonf rnfodkY jzpfay:vmcJhaMumif;ESifh uREkfyfwdkY\ bdk;bGm;

bDbif tpOftquf vufcH ,kHMunfudk;uG,fcJhaom ]wpfqlwnf; wpf

yg;wnf;aom udk;uG,f&mt&Sifudk c0yfudk;uG,fqnf;uyfjcif;[lonfh

,kHMunfrIpepf ysufjym;oGm;cJh&ykHudk azmfjyxm;cJh\/ þtm,ofawmfrS

bmoma&;\ ,dk,Gif;qkwf,kwfvmaomykHpHudk rSefuefaMumif; twnfjyK

ay;cJhonfhtjyif ]bdk;bGm;bDbifrsm;udk pOfquftvdkuf ylaZmfyo}onfh

441 qG[mADrk[r®'fAifefudkufpfrS qifhjyefcJhNyD; tDrmrftoGf-oGAf&D rS pkpnf; wifjycJhonf/ 442 ½I-qG[D;[ftvf-Akcg&Dusrf;? twGJ-6? pm-414-5? ['D;qftrSwf-442/

ordkif;aemufcHtaMumif;w&m;udkvnf; xif[yfazmfjyaeayonf/ xdkYjyif

tpövmrfrS vlom;ESifh wd&dpämefwdkY\½kyfykHyef;csDrsm;udk o½kyfazmf a&;qGJ

jcif;? rSwfwrf;wifjcif;? ¤if;wdkY\½kyfxk½kyfvkH;rsm;? yef;csD½kyfykHrsm; a&;qGJ

jcif;udk cdkifcdkifrmrm tb,fhaMumifh qefYusifcJhaMumif;udkvnf; xif[yf

azmfjyaeayonf/ ½kyfykHyef;csDrsm;? ½kyfyGm;½kyfxkrsm;jyKvkyfjcif;? ¤if;wdkYudk

ylaZmfyojcif;udk wm;jrpfydwfyifcJhaMumif;udk wrefawmfrlpmvuf

xuf? ¤if;tm; xkwfjyefcsrSwfay;aom]ynwfawmf(10)yg;}wGif yg0if

aMumif;? or®musrf;a[mif;wGif atmufygtwdkif; azmfjyxm;ayonf/

]]toifonf oifhudk,foif aoqkH;ol\ ½kyfvkH;? ½kyfxktjzpf rjyK

vkyfoifh/ tvm;wl txufrdk;aumif;uif&Sdt&mrsm;? rdk;atmufajrjyif&Sd

t&m0w¦Krsm;? urÇmajrBuD;\ twGif;ajratmuftwGif;&Sd t&m0w¦Krsm;?

a&twGif;&Sd t&m0w¦rsm;\½kyfykH? ½kyfxk? ½kyfyGm;rsm;udkvnf; rjyKvkyf

&/}}443

tapmydkif; c&pf,mefomoem0ifrsm;onf txufazmfjyyg ñTefMum;

csufrsm;twdkif; vdkufemusifhokH;cJhaomfvnf;? *&,fudk-a&mrtawG;

tac:rsm; 0ifa&mufvmaomtcgwGif a,½Ic&pfawmf\ oifMum;

csufrsm;? vrf;ñTefcsufrsm;udk vkH;vkH;vsm;vsm; ,dk,Gif;ysufpD; oGm;apcJh

onf/ ,if;ajymif;vJrIrS arG;zGm;ay;vdkufaom tarGtESpfwpf&yfrSm

½kyfvkH;½kyfxkrsm; jyKvkyf csef&pfapjcif; jzpfonf/ txl;ojzifh ¤if;wdkY\

ol&Jaumif;rsm;? tmZmenfrsm;? olawmfpifrsm;? wrefawmfrsm;? ar&DESifh

a,½Ic&pfawmf? aemufqkH; tzbk&m;ocifac: ]udk;uG,f&mt&Sif}\

ykHawmfrsm;udkyg ykHazmfa&;qGJcJhMuonf/444

443 Exodus, 20:4. 444 EdkifpD,m(787 CE)\ 'kwd,aumifpDrS vl0ifpm;jcif;tm; ouf0if,kHMunfrI\ vu©Pm&yftjzpf oauFwrsm;udk w&m;0if owfrSwfay;cJhonf/ ¤if;wdkYtqdkt& Logos (udk;uG,f&mt&Sif\pum;awmf)onf a,½Ic&pfawmfuJhodkY vlpifppfjzpfvmcJh onf/ ½I- Dictionary of Religions, p. 159.

wpfzufwGif uREkfyfwdkY\ aemufqkH;eADwrefawmf wrefawmfcsKyf

rk[r®'frS ½kyfykHa&;qGJolrsm;? ½kyfyGm;? ½kyfxk? ½kyfvkH;rsm;jyKvkyfolrsm;?

¤if;wdkYudk csdwfqGJjcif;? jyojcif;ponfwdkYudk jyKvkyfolrsm;tm; tv’m[f

rS xdkolwdkYaoNyD; uA&focFsKdif;twGif;ü tjypf'Pfay;rnfjzpf

aMumif; owday;ajymMum;cJhonf/ rktfrifefwdkY\ rdcifrGef tmtd&Sm[f

Aif;efaohtAlAu&frS qifhjyefcJhonfrSm

]]tcgwpfyg;wGif wrefawmfjrwfonf uRefrtm; awGYqkH&efvm

aomtcg uRefronf teD;qkH;ae&m&Sd awmifyHygaom jrif;½kyfrsm; yg0if

onfh uefYvefYumwpfckaemufwGif 0ifí uG,faerdygonf/ wrefawmf

jrwfonf xdkuefYvefYumudk jrifaomtcg udk,fawmfjrwf \

rsufESmawmfrSm ta&mifajymif;oGm;cJhygonf/ ]tdk-tmtd&Sm[f ?

ud,mrofw&m;pD&ifrnfhaeYwGif tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ zefqif;jcif; tjyK

trlESifh tvm;wljzpfaom xdkvkyf&yfonf tjyif;xefqkH; jypf'Pfudk

cH&rnfht&m jzpfonf/ xdkt&mudk jyKvkyfaomoltm; ¤if;zefwD;xm;

aomt&mudk toufoGif;cdkif;rnf jzpfonf/ wrefawmfjrwfrS

qufvufí rdefYawmfrlonfrSm rvmtdum[f aumif;uifwrefrsm;

onfvnf; xdk½kyfyGm;½kyfxk? ½kyfykHrsm;&Sdaomae&modkY vmrnf r[kwfacs/}}

xdkYaemuftmtd&Sm[f ocifrrS qufvufí ajymjycJhonfrSm ]xdkY

aMumifh uRefronf uefYvefYumudk tydkif;ydkif;jzwfí acgif;tkH;wpfvkH;

(0g) ESpfvkH; jyKvkyfcJhyg onf/}}445

ajzmifhrwfrSefuefaomolawmfpifrsm;tm; tvGeftusL; csD;rGrf;jcif;

txufwGifazmfjycJhaom tjzpftysuftaMumif;t&monf wrefawmf

El;[f\vufxuf ¤if;\aemufvdkufaemufygrsm;u ¤if;wdkY\ ol

445 ½I-qG[D;[f tvf-Akcg&Dusrf;? twGJ-7? pm-542? ['D;qftrSwf-838 ESifh pm-545-6? ['D;qftrSwf-844? qG[D;[frkpfvifrfusrf;? twGJ-3? pm-1158? ['D;qf trSwf-5254/

awmfpifrsm;tay: tvGeftusL;cspfcifjcif;? tvGeftusL; csD;rGrf;jcif;rsm;

aMumifh ½kyfxk½kyfyGm;jyKvkyfudk;uG,fjcif;[laom tajccHoabmw&m; ay:

aygufvmEdkifaMumif;? ¤if;onf &S&D;uf\tpyifjzpfaMumif;udk ñTefjyae

ayonf/446 Ak'¨0g'ü Ak'¨½kyfyGm;awmf? ½kyfxkrsm;udk &Sdcdk;ylaZmfjcif;? c&pf

,mef0g'ü c&pfawmf\½kyfyGm;awmf? ½kyfxkrsm;udk xkvkyfqnf;uyfylaZmf

&Sdcdk;jcif;onf olrGefoljrwfrsm;tay: tcspfvGefuJrI? xdkolrGefoljrwfrsm;

tm; vGefusL;aom csD;rGrf;axmyemjyKjcif;wdkYaMumifh ay:aygufvmaom

acwfNydKif½kyfxkudk;uG,frI\ Oyrmrsm; jzpfonf/ xdkodkY vGefuJaomtcspf

ESifh vGefusL;pGm csD;rGrf;axmyemjyKjcif;wdkYaMumifh wrefawmfjrwfrS

qG[mA[fom0uBuD;rsm;ESifh rkpfvifrfrsm;tm;vkH;udk a,bk ,stm;jzifh

rdrdtm; vdkonfxufydkí rcsD;usL;&ef ñTefMum;cJhonf/ xdktaMumif;ESifh

ywfoufí wrefawmfjrwf\ rdefYMum;csufudk tkr&f tdAfaeY tvf-

coGfoGmAfrS qifhjyefcJhonfrSm

r&f,rf \om;awmftm; c&pf,mefrsm; tvGeftuRH csD;rGrf;Mu

ouJhodkY uREkfyftm; tvGeftuRHcsD;rGrf;jcif; rjyKavESifh/ trSefyif uREkfyf

onf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ tapawmfaus;uRefom jzpfonf/ xdkYtwGuf

uREkfyftm; tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\aus;uRef (tAÁ'kv’m[f)ESifh tv’m[fh

&plvfwrefawmf(&plvfvkv’m[f)[kom ac:Muavukef/}}447

c&pf,mefrsm;? *sL;rsm;onf xdkacwfumvrsm;uwnf;u wrefawmf

rsm;ESifh olawmfpifrsm;\ ocFsKdif;tkwf*lrsm; wnf&Sdonfhae&mrsm;ü &Sdcdk;

ylaZmfqnf;uyf&ef ae&mrsm;wnfaqmufcJhMuNyD;? uREkfyfwdkY ,aeYacwf

vlom;rsm;tm; c0yfudk;uG,fylaZmfyotyfonfht&mrsm;[k xifrSwf ,kH

MunfapcJhMuonf/ xdkYodkY txdrf;trSwf ocFsKdif;tkwf*lrsm; wnfaqmuf

í &Sdcdk;ylaZmfudk;uG,fqnf;uyfjcif;"avhudk wrefawmfjrwfBuD;rS usdefqJ 446 ½I- odkifpD;&f tvf-tZD;Zf tvf-[rD;'fusrf;? pm-311/ 447 tDrmrfAkdcg&D ESifh tDrmrfrkpfvifrf ESpfOD;pvkH;rS pkpnf;wifjycJhMu onf/ ½I-qG[D;[ftvf-Akcg&Dusrf;? twGJ-4? pm-435? ['D;qftrSwf-654/

cJhonf/ wrefawmfjrwfrS aemiftem*gwfwGif xdkuJhodkYaom vkyf&yf

rsKd;? tavhtusifhrsKd;udkvkyfrnfh rnfolYudkrqdk usdefqJcJhonf/ þodkY

usdefqJ&jcif; taMumif;t&if;rSm tpövmrfonf ½kyfxk½kyfyGm;rsm; xkvkyf

udk;uG,fqnf;uyfjcif;udk vkH;0 qefYusifaMumif; odomap&ef jzpfonfh

tjyif vlom;rsm;udk olrGefoljrwfrsm;tm; tvGeftusL; csD;usL;jcif;

onf tvGef tEÅ&m,fBuD;rm;aMumif;udk owdjyKrdap&ef jzpfonf/

wrefawmfjrwf\ZeD;rktfrifefwdkY\rdcifrGef?tGar®Upvfr[f

ocifrBuD;448rS qifhjyefcJhonf/ ]]wpfcgu uRefronf wrefawmfjrwf

tm; tDoD,kd;yD;,m;EdkifiHü c&pf,mefbk&m;&Sdcdk;ausmif;wpfcktwGif;

&Sd eH&Hrsm;ü ½kyfykHrsm;&Sdonfudk jrifawGYcJh&aMumif; ajymjycJhonf/ udk,f

awmfjrwfrS rdefYawmfrlcJhonfrSm-

]]tu,fí ¤if;wdkYteufrS olrGefoljrwfwpfOD; uG,fvGefaoqkH;oGm;

ygu ¤if;wdkYonf xdkolrGefoljrwf\ uA&focFsKdif;ay:wGif tdAm'of

0wfjyK&eftwGuf ae&mwpfckudk wnfaqmufMuonfhjyif ,if;udk aq;

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479 tDrmrfAkcg&D rSpkpnf;wifjycJhonf/ ½I-qG[D;[f tvf-Akcg&Dusrf;? twGJ-3? pm-61-2? ['D;qftrSwf-112? qG[D;[frkpfvifrfusrf;? twGJ-2? pm-696? ['D;qf trSwf-3204/ 480 ½I- o[fZD;&f twfpf-pm*sd'fusrf;? pm-196-200/

tv’m[frS vufcHaom? rSefuefaom tDrmef,kHMunfcsuf[lonf

rSm þpmtkyf\ a&SUydkif;tcef;rsm;wGif tao;pdwf wifjyxm;cJhonfh

twdkif; usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefESifh wrefawmfjrwf\ ['D;qfawmfrsm;

t& tajccHcs ykHazmfay;onfh &S&D;ufrS vkH;0uif;pifaom? oefYpifonfh

aomif[D;'fopömw&m;tay:wGif tajccHonfhtDrmef,kHMunfrIrsKd;yif jzpf

onf/ vlom;wdkYtaeESifh cGifhrjyKxm;aom? cGifhjyKcsufr&Sdaom bmom

a&;tusifhp½dkufwpfckonf ½kyfxkqif;xk udk;uG,fjcif;ESifh aomif[D;'f

opömw&m;rS vGJrSm;aom t,ltqwpfckckjzpfaeygu? olwdkYtaeESifh

olwdkYonf udk;uG,f&mt&Sif tv’m[ft&Sifjrwftm; rnfrQ ,HkMunfyg

onf? ¤if;wdkY\bmoma&; usifhokH;rIrSm rnfrQ aMumif;usKd;cdkifvkHygonf

[k uRrf;usifydkifEdkifpGm oufaojyaomfvnf; vufcHEdkifbG,f vkH;0 r&Sd

acs/ tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ wpfyg;wnf;wnf&Sdjcif;[laom aomif[D;'f

opömw&m;udk emrfydkif;qdkif&m ,kHMunfcsuft&aomfvnf;aumif;? tod

ÓPfydkif;qdkif&m ,kHMunfcsuft&aomfvnf;aumif;? vufawGYusifhokH;rI

t&aomfvnf;aumif;? vlom;\ b0wnfaqmufrIvrf;pOftwGif; xdef;

odrf;vdkufem&ef vdktyfonf/

þonf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ auseyfESpfoufrIudk &&SdEdkifaom vrf;

pOfvnf; jzpfonf/ wpfqlwnf;wpfyg;wnf;aom tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf

tm; c0yfudk;uG,fjcif;onf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ eADwrefawmfrsm;

tm;vkH;rS o,faqmifvmcJhaom opömw&m;jzpfNyD;? ¤if;onf 'óedu

oabmw&m;t& vufcHem;vnftyfaom oDtdk&Doabmw&m;oufouf

omr[kwfouJhodkY pdwfvIyf&Sm;rIudk xdef;csKyfrIay;Edkifaom csefyD,H&onfh

t,ltqwpf&yfvnf; r[kwfacs/ ¤if;onf vlom;\ b0wnfaqmuf

rIESifh vlom;tjzpf &yfwnfwnf&SdrItwGuf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ tvdk

awmfESifhudkufnDatmif rdrdudk,fudkrdrday;qyfwnfaqmuf&rnfh vufawGY

usifhokH;&rnfh vlYb0\b0wnfaqmufrI ykHpHi,fjzpfonf/ þtcsuf

onf tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS vlom;tm; zefqif;&jcif; taMumif;t&if;\

txl;jcm;qkH; tjcif;t&m jzpfonf/

[ ]

]]pifppfaomfum; igt&Sifjrwfonf *sifefowå0gwdkYtm; vnf;

aumif;? rEkó vlom;wdkYtm; vnf;aumif;? igt&Sifjrwftm;

qnf;uyf udk;uG,fMu&efomvQif zefqif;awmfrlcJh\/}}481

rnfodkYyifjzpfap? vlom;tm; zefqif;jcif;onf tv’m[ft& Sifjrwf

\ NyD;jynfpkHaom*kPfawmfudk xifxif&Sm;&Sm; oufaojyaeaom o½kyf

ouef jzpfonf/ tv’m[fonf zefqif;&SifjzpfNyD;? xdkt&SifaMumifh

vlom;onf r&SdaomtajctaerS &Sdaomtajctae wenf;tm;jzifh

r&Sd&mrS &Sd&modkY jzpfay:a&muf&SdvmcJhonf/ xdkt&Sifjrwfonf tMuifem

toem;EdkifqkH;aomt&Sif jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh þavmuDurÇm\ aysmf

½TifESpfoufrItm;vkH;onf xdkt&Sifjrwf\vuf0,fwGif&Sdonf/ xdkt&SifrS

tm;vkH;aom avmuDurÇm\ aumif;jcif;tpkpkudk tmrcHcsufay;xm;av

onf/ xdkYtwl xdkt&Sifonf tvf-[muif;rf (teEÅÓPfawmft&Sif)

vnf; jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh t&Sifjrwfonf vlom;tm; xdcdkufepfem

'ku© a&mufaprnfh tajctaersm;? vkyfaqmifrIrsm; tm;vkH;udk wm;jrpf

ydwfyifxm;ovdk vlom;tm; xdcdkufepfemrlrjzpfapaom tajctaersm;

ESifh vkyf&yfrsm;tm;vkH;udk cGifhjyKxm;ayonf/ xdkYtwl xdkt&Sifonf

tvf-*zl;&f (cGifhvTwfawmfrl aomt&Sif)vnf; jzpfonf/ xdkt&Sifonf

rdrdtxHawmfwGif ½dk;om;pGm aemifw&NyD;? jyefvnf 0efcsawmif;yefaom

olrsm; tm;vkH;udk cGifhvTwfawmfrlaomt&Sif jzpfonf/


qG[mADBuD; tAltdkif,lAfESifh qG[mADBuD; tAl[l½dlif&[fESpfOD;pvkH;rS

wrefawmfjrwf\ rdefYawmfcsufudk atmufygtwdkif; qifhjyefcJhMu

onf/

]]tu,fí toifwdkYonf tjypf*dkemrsm;udk rusL;vGefcJhygu

tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfonf oifwkdY\wnf&SdrI^&yfwnfrIudk z,f&Sm;

xkwfypfvdkufNyD;? toifwdkY\ae&mwGif tjypfrsm;udk usL;vGefNyD;?

aemifw&í tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ cGifhvTwfrIudk toem;cHawmif;

yefonfh vlrsKd;rsm;ESifh tpm;xdk;ypfvdkufayvdrfhrnf/ xdkolwdkY\

tjypf*dkemrsm;tm;vkH;udkvnf; cGifhvTwfay;vdkufrnf/}}482

tvm;wl tjcm;aomudk;uG,f&mt&Sif\ *kPfawmfrsm;tm;vkH;udk

tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ tvdkawmftm;jzifh vlom;wdkY\ zefwD;rI? wDxGifrI

wdkYwGif awGYjrifEdkifonf/

tjcm;wpfzufwGif vlom;wdkYrS udk;uG,f&mt&Sif tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf

tm; c0yfudk;uG,f0wfjyK wnfaqmufjcif;onf ¤if;\vdkvm;awmifhw

csuf? vdktyfcsufrsm;udk jznfhpGrf;ay;&ef ¤if;wdkY\tusKd;twGufom jzpf

onf/ udk;uG,f&mt&Sifjzpfonfh tv’m[ft&SifjrwftwGufrlum; vdkvm;

awmifhwcsuf r&Sday/ udk;uG,f&mt&Sif tv’m[ft&Sifjrwftm; c0yf

udk;uG,f 0wfjyKwnfaqmufjcif;tm;jzifh vlom;taeESifh ol\ ½kyfydkif;

b0? pdwfydkif;(emrfydkif;)qdkif&m pGrf;&nfrsm;\ aumif;usKd;csrf;omt00

udk odjrifem;vnfvmEdkifNyD;? xdkrSwqifh tvGef wdkawmif;vSonfh rNrJ

aom vuf&Sd 'GEéD,mavmuDb0\ c&D;tqkH;wGif&Sdonfh tNrJxm0&

wnf&Sdaernfjzpfaom csrf;ajrhaysmf½TifrIrsm;? twdokccHpm;&rnfh ae&m

XmeodkY pHjref;cGifhvnf; &&SdEdkifayrnf/ tusKd;quftm;jzifh udk;uG,f&m

t&Sif tvdkt& b0wnfaqmufrIvrf;pOfjzpfaom tpövmrfonf jrif

482 tDrmrfrkpfvifrf rS pkpnf;wifjycJhonf/ ½I- qG[D;[f rkpfvifrfusrf;? tm&AD-t*Fvdyfbmomjyef? twGJ-4? pm-1436-7? ['D;qftrSwf-6620-2/

awGY&aom t&mtm;vkH;onf rnfodkYrQ xl;jcm;rIr&Sdaom aeYw"l0vlom;

\jyKrlaqmif½GufrItm;vkH;udk tdAm'ofc0yfudk;uG,f? 0wfjyKwnfaqmuf

jcif;tjzpf ajymif;vJypfEdkifonf/ xdkokdY vlom;\ omrnaeYw"l0 b0

&Sifoefa&;jzpfpOfudk tv’m[ft&Sifjrwftm; c0yfudk;uG,fb0 emcHonfh

jzpfpOfodkY ajymif;vJ&ef atmufygtajctaeESpf&yfESifh jynfhpkH&ef vdktyf

ayonf/

(1) vlom;\ jyKrlaqmif½Gufcsuftm;vkH;udk tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf

wpfyg; wnf;\ ESpfoufvdkvm;rItwGuf owdxm;í (pdwfESvkH;oGif;í)

aqmif½Guf&rnf jzpfonf/

(2) ¤if;vkyf&yftoD;oD;onf tv’m[fh&plvf wrefawmfjrwf\

pGEé[fvrf;pOfESifhudkufnD&ayrnf/

vlom;\ b0wnfaqmufrIwpfckvkH;onf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfwpf

yg;wnf;tm; tdAm'of (b0emcHwnfaqmuf tvkyftauR;) jyKtyf

onfh tajctaeodkY vkH;vkH;vsm;vsm;0ifa&muf&ef tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrS

vrf;ñTefxm;\/

[ ]

]](tkd-eADwrefawmf) toifonf (¤if;wkdYtm; wzef þokdY)

ajymMum;ygOD;av/ (tcsif;wkdY) ig\ ]]qGvmwf}} 0wfjyKrIonf

vnf;aumif;? ig\ (tjcm; tjcm;aom) c0yfukd;uG,frI (t

aygif;)wkdYonfvnf;aumif;? ig\ touf&Sifjcif;onfvnf;

aumif;? ig\ toufaojcif;onfvnf;aumif;? pMu0Vm

cyfodrf;ukd zefqif;arG;jrLawmfrlaomt&Sifjrwf ESpfoufawmfrl

&efomvQif jzpfonf/}}483

rnfodkYqdkap? txufygtajctaeESifh udkufnDí xdkodkYjynfh0aom

tdAm'ofjyKjcif;onf aomif[D;'fopömw&m;qdkif&m todynmESifh ouf

qdkifygonf/ vlwpfa,mufonf aomif[D;'fopömw&m;udk tajccHusus

em;vnfoabmaygufNyD;? ¤if;opömw&m;udk todw&m;ESifh,SOfNyD;?

aemufqkH;wrefawmfcsKyf rk[r®'fAifeftAÁ'kv’m[f\jyoaom enf;

pepft& z0g;ajcxyfvdkufemusifhokH;EdkifygrS jynfh0aomtdAm'ofudk jyK

vkyfEdkifrnf jzpfonf/

xdkYaMumifh udk;uG,f&mt&Sif tv’m[ft&Sifjrwftm; trSefwu,f

½dkom;jzLpifpGm ,kHMunfouf0ifolrSefygu xdk,kHMunfoltaeESifh rdrdwdkY

\ ,Ofaus;rItawGYtBuKH rdom;pkrS qufcHvmaom pdwfydkif;qdkif&m

qufEG,frI? rdrdwdkY\rsKd;EG,f? EdkifiHwdkY\tpGJtvrf;udk ab;csdwfí tDrmef

,kHMunfjcif;\ tajccHoabmw&m;jzpfonfh aomif[D;'fwpfyg;wnf;

aom tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ emcHwnfaqmuf jcif;[lonfh opömw&m;udk

vufudkifxm;í b0udk wnfaqmufoGm; &ayvdrfhrnf/ þopömw&m;

\ tajccHoabmudk vufawGY taumiftxnf azmfusifhokH;olomvQif

udk;uG,f&mt&Sif tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ u,fwifapmifha&SmufrIudk cH,lEdkif

ayrnf/

jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;tjyif aexdkifvQuf&Sdaom jrefrmjynf

zGm; rkpfvifrf? rktfrifef nDtpfudk armifESrrsm;tm;vkH; aMumufrufzG,f

aumif;aom &S&D;ufa&m*gqdk;BuD;udk owdxm;í a&SmifMuOfEdkifNyD;? jzLpif

oefY&Sif;vSyaom aomif[D;'fopömw&m;udk vufudkifxm;NyD;? tv’m[f

t&Sifjrwf\ u,fwifapmifha&Smufjcif;cH,lEdkifaom? rkpfvifrf? rktfrifef

tppftrSefrsm;tjzpfodkY a&Smuf&SdEdkifygap/ ......... a'gufwmvSvS0if;


a0g[m&pm&if;

tm,ofokvfuk&fpD (آية الكرسي) pl&[fAu&[f? tm,ofawmf (255)?

¤if;tm,ofawmfonf aomif[D;'fopöm

w&m;ESifhywfoufí tvGef em;vnf

vG,fulaom tm,ofawmf jzpfonf/

tv’m[f wpfyg;wnf; wnf&Sdawmfrl

aMumif;ESifh xdkt&Sif\ tajccHusaom

*kPfawmfrsm;udk azmfñTef;xm;onf/

tAf'f (عبد) aus;uRef? tapcH/

tv’m[f[ktuúA&f (الله الكبر) tv’m[ft&SifjrwfonfomvQif tBuD;

us,fqkH; jzpfawmfrlonf/

tvf-um'd&f (القادر) pGrf;tm;rsm; tm;vkH;\ txufwGif&Sd

aom pGrf;tm;&Sif? tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\

*kPfawmfwpfck/

t&z[f(عرفة) Zkvf[d*sf*sm[fv\ (9) &ufajrmufaeY/

xdkaeYwGif [m*sf jyKvkyfolrsm;onf tm&

zofvGifjyif (ruúmNrdKU&Sdae&mwpfck) udk

jzwfausmf&rnfhaeY&uf/

t&f-&[frmef (الرحمان) teEÅu½kPmawmf&Sif/ tv’m[ft&Sif

jrwf\ *kPfawmfwpfck/

t&f-&tl;zf(الرؤف) arwÅmw&m; BuD;rm;awmfrlaomt&Sif/

tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ *kPfawmfwpfyg;

jzpfonf/

t&f-&d,mtf(الرياء) jypm;jcif;/ tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ auseyf

ESpfNrdKUrItwGuf jyKvkyf&rnfhtpm;? vl

om;rsm; od&ef? rdrd\ aumif;csufrsm;?

jyKrIcsufrsm;udk jyKvkyfjcif;? (rdrd\

aumif;rIrsm;udk <um;0gjcif;onf þvkyf

&yfxJrS wpfrsKd; jzpfonf/)

twfpfrmtf 0qGf-qGdzmof tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ emrawmfrsm;ESifh

*kPfawmfrsm;/ t&Sifjrwf\ *kPfawmf

rsm;jzifh t&nftaoG;? tESpfom&oabm

rsm;udk wifjyaompum;vkH;rsm;/

tqGf&f (عصر) naecif;? naecif;wGif 0wfjyK&aom

qGvmoftrnf? usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef\

tcef;u@wpfck/

A&fZcf (برزخ) pmayteuft"dyÜg,ft& Mum;ae&m?Mum;?

twm;tqD;? ¤if;\rl&if;teufudk ao

jcif;w&m;ESifh ud,mrof jyefvnf &Sifjyef

xajrmuf&rnfhaeY Mum;umv? Mum;

tajctaeudk qdkvdkonf/

Ad'ft[f(بدعة) topfwDxGifrI? &S&Dtofw&m;awmfwGif

enf;vrf;opfrsm;? topfwDxGifrIrsm;udk

pwifrdwfqufay;jcif;/ usrf;jrwf uk&f

tmefESifh pGEé[fw&m;awmf (wrefawmf

jrwf\ usifhokH;rIvrff;pOf) wdkY\

oifMum;rIrS vGJacsmf? aoGznfNyD; vrf;

opfwDxGifrI tpövmrfrS vufcHxm;

onfudk ausmfvGefí rdrdwdkY,kHMunfrIudk

omoem twGif; xnfhoGif;usifhokH;jcif;/

'GtD;zf (ضعيف) pmayteuft&-tm;enf;aom? ['D;qf

a0g[m&wGif wrefawmf\ Mo0g'

)أسماء و الصفات(

awmfrsm; (0g) usifhokH;rIrsm;udk wifjy&m

ü qifhjyefol\ uGif;qufudk azmfjy&m

wGif pmusef? tusrsm; &Sdaejcif;udk &nf

ñTef;aom azmfjycsuf/

Zduf&f (ذكر) pmayteuf- owd&wrf;wonf/ bm0

empD;jzef;jcif;? pdwfykwD;pdwfjcif;/ tpö

vmrfhha0g[m&wGif tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\

emrawmfESifh *kPfawmfrsm;udk ESvkH;oGif;

½Gwfqdkjcif;? usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefudk zwf

½Gwfo&ZÑm,fjcif; ponfwdkYESifhqdkifaom

a0g[m&/

'd&f[rf (درهم) tpövmrfhay:OD;ptcsdefumvwGif tokH;jyK

cJhaom aiGaMu;,lepfwpfrsKd;/ ,cktcg

tD&wf? ul0dwf? vpfAsm;? armf½dkudk?

wleD;&Sm;? ,lattD;paom EdkifiHrsm;wGif

vuf&Sd okH;pGJaeaom aiGaMu;pepf/

'dktm (دعاء) 'dktmjyKjcif;? 'dktmawmif;jcif;? qkawmif;

yw¦emjyKjcif;? arwÅmydkYojcif;? rdrdwdkY\

vdktifqE´udk udk;uG,f&mt&SifxH zGifh[

wifjytoem;cHjcif;/

tDrmef (ايمان) ,kHMunfcsuf? ,kHMunfouf0ifjcif;/

z*sf&f (فجر) tm½kPfOD;/ usrf;jrwfuk&ftmeftwGif; yg

&Sdonfh pl&[fu@wpfck\ trnf/ ae

rxGufrD0wfjyK&aom qGvmof/ tm½kPf

BudKqGvmof/

zmvf (فال) aumif;aomtaqmifvufzGJY/ tcsKdUaom

vlrsm;onf aumif;aomtaqmifvufzGJU

udk wpfckaomt&mESifhtwl ,laqmifoGm;

avh&Sdaom tavhtx/

z&foGf (فرض) rjyKrae& wm0ef/

zdoGf&[f (فطرة) vlom;\ obm0/ obm0ADZoabm/

vlom;\ arG;&myg obm0? obm0/

[mvmof (حالات) tajctae/ qlzD0g'wGif qlzDrsm;onf

¤if;wdkY\ b0em pD;jzef;aecsdeftwGif;

tqifhqifh wufvSrf;&aom tajctae

rsm;? pcef;pOfrsm;/

['D;qf (حديث) aemufqkH;wrefawmfcsKyf\ Mo0g'?

ajymMum;csufrsm;? vufawGYusifhokH;rIESifh

usifhxkH;rsm;/

[*sf (حج) tpövmrf\yÍörr@dKif/

wwfEdkifpGrf;aomolrsm;twGuf(a,musfm;

?rdef;r) b0oufwrf;wGif tenf;qkH;

wpfBudrf ruúm[fNrdKUawmfodkY oGm;a&muf

í tv’m[ft& Sifjrwf\ tdrfawmf

utfAmausmif;awmfwGif tpövmrfhjyu©

'defwpfESpfwm\ 12 vajrmufjzpfaom

Zkvf[d*sf*sm[fv wGif txl;

owfrSwfxm;onfh bmoma&;qdkif&m

usifhpOfrsm; oGm;a&mufaqmif½Gufjcif;/

[vmvf (حلال) tpövmrfh&S&Dtofw&m;Oya't& w&m;

0if cGifhjyKxm;aomt&mrsm;/

[&mrf (حرام) tpövmrfh&S&Dtofw&m;Oya't& wm;jrpf

xm;aomt&mrsm;/

tdAm'[f (عبادة) tv’m[ft&Sifjrwftm; emcH½dkusKd;rIESifh

b0 wnfaqmufjcif;/ tpövmrfhw&m;

awmfESifhtnD udk;uG,f&m t&Siftm;

0wfjyK&Sdcdk; qkawmif;qk,ljcif;/

tdAfvD;pf (ابليس) ½IdifoGmef/ tdAfvD;pf[k trnfay;jcif;cH&

aom *sifefowÅ0g/

tpö&mhtf (إسراء) aemufqkH;wrefawmfjrwf()\ ruú[f

NrdKUawmfrS a*s½kpvifNrdKUawmfodkY oGm;

a&mufcJhNyD;? xdkrSwqifh aumif;uifbkHodkY

qefwufoGm;cJhaom nOfhaumif;uifc&D;/

*sifef (جن) vlom;r[kwfaom? rD;jzifhjyKvkyfxm;

aom rjrifEdkifonfh tzefqif;cHwpfrsKd;?

¤if;wdkYwGifvnf; ¤if;wdkY\ aumif;^qdk;

vkyf&yfrsm;twGuf wm0ef&Sdaeaom

owÅ0gwpfrsKd;/ ½dIifoGmefonf *sifef

rsKd;EG,fxJrS wpfa,muf jzpfonf/

u&mrof (كرامات) ouú0g&Sdaom rkpfvifrfwpfa,mufrS rdrd

onf udk;uG,f&mt&Sif\ axmufyHh

ulnDrI &&SdaMumif;jyoonfh obm0

vGef pGrf;&nf? vkyfaqmifcsuf? pGrf;

aqmifrI? vlrpGrf; tHhzG,f/

cvDz[f (خلفية) pmayteuf- 'kwd,? bk&ifcH? udk,fpm;

vS,f cvD;zf? tapmydkif; rkpfvifrf tkyf

csKyfolrsm;\ bGJU? aemufqkH; wrefawmf

jrwf\ t½dkuft&mudk qufcHol/

cdkif;oGf (خيط) csnfuwÅDygBudK;? vufaumuf^ BudK;p?

BudK;vkH;ESifh vkyfxm;aom vufaumuf?

vufpnf;? vufMuyf/

ukzfzm&f (كفار) wpfckudef;-umzd&f? r,kHMunfol? jiif;

qefol? tpövmrfh0g'a&;&m ,kHMunfrIudk

vufrcHol? jiif;y,fol? aoGznfjiif;qef

ykefuefol/

ukzf&f (كفر) jiif;y,fjcif;? aoGznfjiif;qef ykefuef

jcif;/

rumrmof (مقامات) pcef;rsm;/ qlzD0g'\ a0g[m&pum;

vkH; jzpfonf/ tv’m[ft&Si fjrwf\

aus;uRefwpfa,muftaeESifh w&m;xdkif

jcif;? tqifhtrsKd;rsKd;aom bm0em pD;

jzef;jcif;jzifh a&muf&Sd jzwfausmf&aom

ÓPfpOfpcef;rsm;/

rwfpf*sd'f (مسجد) AvD0wfausmif;awmf/ rkpfvifrfrsm;tae

ESifh wpfOD;csif;jzpfap? tkyfpkvdkufpk½kH;í

jzpfap twlwuGpk½kH;NyD; 0wfjyK&aom

ae&mXme? oD;oefYbk&m;&Sdcdk; 0wfjyK

qkawmif;jcif; jyKvkyf&ef owfrSwfxm;

aomae&m/

rdtf&mh*sf (معراج) qefwufjcif;/ [d*sf&ofrjyKrD wrefawmf

jrwf\ aumif;uifbkHrsm;ESifh &ifoyf

½IarmzG,f&m tm&wf&Sfyv’ifawmf&Sd&m

ae&modkY <ujref;cJhaom nOfhc&D;? (&nf

ñTef; - uk&ftmef? 17;1 ESifh pGEém[f

vrf;pOfpmtkyfrsm;Munfh) rdtf&mh*sfc&D;pOf

twGif; rjyKrae& wm0eftjzpf (5) Budrf

qGvmofudk rkpfvifrfrsm;twGuf owf

rSwfay;cJhonf/

rkatmif0Zomef (مؤذتان) usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef\ aemufqkH; pl&[f

ESpfyk'f (pl&[fzvm;ufESifh pl&[fem;pf)/

þodkY trnfay;&jcif; taMumif;t&if;

rSm tv’m[ft&SifjrwfxHawmfyg;wGif

cdkvIHcGifh &&Sd&ef ½Gwfzwfo&ZÑm,f&aom

pl&[frsm;jzpfaomaMumifhyif/

rktf*sdZmof (معجزات) xl;qef;axGvm wef;cdk;jym#d[m? wefcdk;

jym#d[m? wrefawmfjzpfjcif;udk oufao

xl&ef taxmuftxm;tjzpf jyKvkyfjy

aom obm0vGef pGrf;aqmifcsuf? vl

rpGrf; tHhzG,f/ (Oyrm- wrefawmfrlqm

\ awmifa0S;rS a>re*g;BuD; jzpf

oGm;jcif;/)

rk&Sf&dul;ef (مشركون) wpfckudef;- rk&Sf&D;uf/ vlom;rsm;tm;

bk&m;tjzpf rSwf,laomolrsm;? tv’m[f

t&SifjrwfrSvGJí tjcm; ouf&Sd oufrJh

rsm;udk udk;uG,f&mt&Siftjzpf vufcH

ouf0if,kHMunfolrsm;/

rktfoZdv[f (معتزلة) rktfoZdvm*dkPf;om;rsm;/*&d'óetawG;

tac:udk jyif;xefpGm ,kHMunfvufcHNyD;?

usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefESifh pGEé[fvrf;pOfudk

¤if;wdkY\tawG;tac:rsm;rSefuefaMumif;?

usKd;aMumif;oufaoxl&ef BudK;pm; tm;

xkwfol vlwpfpk (*dkPf;om;rsm;)/

ezfpf (نفس) 0dnmOf

u'&f(قدر) uHw&m;? b0? uHMur®m? b0jzpfpOf?

ezl;pm/

u&D;ef (قرين) vlom;wdkif;twGuf wm0efay;cefYtyf

xm;aom *sifef/

ud,m;pf (قياس) aMumif;usKd;qifjcif aumufcsufqGJjcif;?

tajctaeopfwpf&yfwGif aumufcsufcs

tokH;jyKEdkifonfh tpövmrfhw&m;Oya'\

tajccHoabmw&m;/

&Af (رب) ¤if;\t"dyÜg,fudk 1/ t&Sifocif?

2/ xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smufol? jznfhpGuf

ay;ol? axmufyHay;urf;ol? t[m&

auR;arG;olESifh BuD;MuyfuGyfuJ xdef;odrf;

ol/ 3/ tcsKyftjcm tmPmydkif? tkyfcsKyf

ol? t&mcyfodrf;udk vTrf;rdk; cs,fvS,f?

ñTefMum;pDrHol[k cGJjcm;í owfrSwfEdkif

onf/

&[D;rf (رحيم) tMuifemqkH;? toem;qkH;aom r[mu½k

Pmawmf&Sif? tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ *kPf

awmfwpfyg;

&[frmef (رحمان) arwÅm tBuD;rm;qkH;aomt&Sif? arwÅm

w&m;? u½kPmw&m; t&SdqkH;aomt&Sif/

tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ *kPfawmfwpfyg;/

&d*smvf tvf-*dkif;Af (رجال الغيب) vlom;ESifh bk&m;ocif\ 0dnmOfyl;aygif;

jcif;udk ,kHMunfaomolrsm;ESifh ywfouf

aoma0g[m&/ qlzDavmu\ a0g[m&

avmuDurÇm\ta&;t&m[lorQudk udk;

uG,f&mt&Siftm; udk,fpm;jyKí xdef;csKyf

apmifha&Smuf aeMuolrsm;[k owfrSwf

jcif;? ,kHMunfjcif;cH&aomolrsm;/

½l[f (روح) 0dnmOf? emrf? pdwf

½lAlAD,m;[f (ربوبية) tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ pdk;rdk;tkyfcsKyfrI?

tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ tcsKyftjcm tm

Pmydkifjcif;\ e,ferdwf? tus,ft0ef;/

qG[mA[f (صحابة) wpfckudef;-qG[mAD? aemufqkH;wref

awmfjrwfESifhwdkuf½dkuf awGYcGifh&Sdaom

wynfh? om0u? aemufvdkufrsm;/ wref

awmfjrwf\tazmf? taygif;toif;?

om0uBuD;rsm;? rdwfaqGoli,fcsif;rsm;/

qGvm[f ( صلوة صلاة ) tpövmrf\'kwd,r@dKif/ rjzpfrae^

rvkyfrae&? wm0ef&Sdaom 0wfjyKwnf

aqmufjcif; (z&foGf)? rdrdqE´tavsmuf

0wfjyKwnfaqmufjcif; (ezdvf)? to

em;cH avsmufxm;jcif;? qkawmif; qk,l

rIjyKjcif;? qkyeftoem;cHjcif;/

pvmrf (سلام) tpövmrf\EIwfqufjcif;? Nidrf;csrf;om

,mrI&&Sdap&ef qkawmif;arwÅmydkYojcif;/

aqmifrf (صوم) tpövmrf\wwd,r@dKif/ t½G,fa&muf

aom usm;^rtm;vkH;twGuf rvkyfrae&

OykofoDvapmifhwnfjcif; wm0ef/ [d*sf&D

ouú&mZf(9)vajrmuf &rf'GgefvjrwfwGif

usef;rmaomrkpfvifrfwdkif; wnfaqmuf

&ef wm0ef&Sdonf/

&S[m'g[f (شهادة) tv’m[ft&SifjrwfrSvGJí c0yf udk;uG,f

&mt&Sif r&Sd/ rk[r®'fonf xdkt&Sif

\ &plvfwrefawmfjrwf jzpfaMumif;udk

rdrdrS ESvkH;om;ESifh ouf0if,kHMunf

aMumif;? zGifh[a<u;aMumfcsuf/

&S&Dt[f (شريعة) tpövmrfhtajccHw&m;Oya'/

½IdifoGmef (شيطان) ½IdifoGmef? rm&femwf? raumif;qdk;0g;/

&Sd&fuf (شرك) tv’m[ft&Sifjrwftjyif xdkkt&SifESifh vl

yk*¾dKvf^t&m0w¦Kwpfckckudk wky EIdif;,SOf

wGJzuf udk;uG,fjcif;/

qGdzmof ?;kPfawmfrsm;/ *kPft*Fgt&nftcsif;rsm* (ضفات)

*kPft&nftaoG;rsm;/

pd[f&f (سحر) pkef;ya,m*twwfynm? yÍövuftwwf

ynm? arSmftwwf? rsufvSnfh vufvSnfh

ynm&yf/

qlzD (صوفي) vlom;\0dnmOfESifh udk;uG,f&mt&Sif\

0dnmOf aygif;pnf;oGm;onf[k ,kHMunf

aom tawG;tac:udk vufcHonfh vl

tkyfpk? txl;ojzifh xdkyk*¾dKvfrsm;onf

¤if;wdkY\ emhzfpf0dnmOf oefY&Sif;pifMu,f

apa&;twGuf rsm;pGmaomxkH;wrf;pOfvm

tjyKtrl?tusifhp½dkufrsm;udk usifhBuH tm;

xkwfaomolrsm;/

pl*sL;'f(سجود) 0wfjyKqkawmif;&mwGif tv’m[ft&Sif

jrwftm; ezl; ajrcs ysyf0yfí OD;cs&Sdcdk;

jcif;/

omAdtl;ef (تابعون) aemufvdkufrsm;? wrefawmfjrwf\

qG[mA[fom0uBuD;rsm;ESifh wdkuf½dkuf

awGYqkHcGifh&vdkufaom wynfhrsm;? aemuf

vdkkufrsm;/

oGm*l;of(طاغوت) pmayteuf- owfrSwfxm;aom pnf;

urf;abmif e,ferdwfudk usL;vGefol?

csKd;azmufol? oDvysufol? avmuxkH;

wrf; Oya'udk rvdkufemol/ udk;uG,f&m

t&Sif\ tyfESif;xm;aom tcGifhta&;

xuf ausmfvGefí rdrdwdkY pdwfBudKuf

vdkufí rdrdqE´twdkif; vkyfcsif&mvkyfae

aom oDvr&Sdol? oDvusKd;aygufol/

ozfpD;&f (تفسير) #DumzGifhjcif;? tzGifh#Dum? usrf;jrwf

uk&ftmef\ teuft"dyÜg,fudk tus,f

&Sif;vif; zGifhqdkaom twwfynm/

orD;rm[f (تميمة) vufzGJY? taqmif/

ouú0g(تقوي) bmomw&m; ½dkaoudkif;½Idif;rI? tv’m[f

t&Sifjrwftm; cspfaMumuf ½GHUaocefYjim;

jcif;/

oG&Du[f (طريقة) pmayteuf-enf;vrf;? vrf;pOf/ tpö

vmrfh qlzD*dkPf;udkvnf; udk,fpm;jyK

onf/

o0g;zf (تواف) wpfpkHwpf&mudk A[dkjyKí vSnfhywfjcif;?

utfA[fausmif;awmfudk A[dkjyKí vuf0J

&pf vSnfhywfjcif;? [*sfESifh tGr®&[f jyK&m

ü rjzpfraejyKvkyf&aom xkH;wrf;pOfvm/

o0uúKvf (توكل) t&mtm;vkH;twGuf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf

tm; ,kHykHtyfESHxm;jcif;/

aomif[D;'f (توحيد) tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf wpfyg;wnf;omvQif

udk;uG,fjcif;cHxdkufaomt&SifjzpfaMumif;

,kHMunfjcif;/

oGd,m&[f (طيرة) iSufrsm;ysHoef;rIESifh tjcm;t&m0w¦Krsm;?

t&mrsm;udk Munfhí twdwfedrdwfaumuf

jcif;/

tkvl[D;,m[f(الوهية) tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\ udk;uG,f&mt&Sif

jzpfrIwGif udk;uG,fjcif;cHxkdufrItwGuf

t<uif;rJhwpfyg;wnf; jzpfjcif;/

0vD (ولي) trsm;udef;-atmifvD,m/ olawmfpif?

olrGefoljrwf? tvGef ouú0gw&m;&Sdaom

rkpfvifrf/

0kqlvf (وصول) a&muf&Sdjcif;? qdkufa&mufjcif;/ qlzD0g'

wGif olawmfpif0vD\0dnmOfESifhtv’m[f

t&Sifjrwf\ tuefYtowfrJh 0dnmOf

awmfwdkY aygif;qkHjcif;tajctae/

Zum[f ( زكوة زكاة ) wpfESpfwmtwGuf owfrSwfxm;aom

'geaMu;(0g qif;&Jom;'geaMu;)? txl;

ojzifh Zum;ofwm0efonf aiGaMu;

<u,f0csrf;omolrsm;? ukefonfrsm;? pdkuf

ysKd;a&;xGufukefrsm;? arG;jrLa&; xGufukef

rsm;ESifh a&mif;0,fazmufum;aom ypönf;

rsm;ay:rlwnfí ¤if;wdkYudk vkyfaqmifae

aom rkpfvifrfrsm;rS qif;&Jom;rsm;t

wGufay;&aom 'geaMu;/ ¤if;udk edqGmAf

[kac:aom tajccH ,lepfay:rlwnfí

wGufcsufavh&Sdonf/ tpövmrf\ pwkw¦

ajrmufr@dKifvnf; jzpfonf/ ay;aqmif

&aom'geaMu;onf ydkifqdkifaomypönf;

trsKd;tpm;ay:rlwnfonf/ (tao;pdwf

udk zdu[fpmtkyfrsm;wGif awGYEdkifonf/)

ZumofaMu;aiG cGJa0jcif;enf;pepfudk

usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef 9;60 wGif awGYEdkif

onf/

usrf;udk;pm&if;

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