Tengiz simaSvili

Ppolitikuri (saidumlo) policia da

revolucionerebi

saqarTveloSi 1894 - 1908 wlebSi

(agenturis gamoyenebis meTodebi da xerxebi teroris winaaRmdeg)

Telavi

2003

- 2 -

S e s a v a l i

meoce saukunis pirveli aTwleuli msoflios mraval

qveyanaSi aRiniSna sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis gaaqtiurebiT.

erovnuli TviTgamorkvevis, socialuri samarTlianobis

lozungebiT SeiaraRebulma adamianebma, sul male daiwyes

fizikuri angariSsworebebi mowinaaRmdege jgufebTan, arsebuli

sistemis oficialur warmomadgenlebTan. isargebles ra

xelisuflebis sisustiT, zogierT qveyanaSi revolucionerebis

mier mowyobili SeTqmulebebi, ajanyebebi, calkeuli

teroristuli aqtebi, gadaizarda mosaxleobis masobriv

gamosvlebSi, revoluciebSi. yvelaze metad es procesi sagrZnobi

gaxda ruseTSi, sadac 1904-1905 wlebis ruseT-iaponiis omma,

carizmis mowinaaRmdege politikur Zalebs daanaxa imperiis

sisuste. maT mier organizebul mSvidobian mitingebs,

demonstraciebs, gaficvebs, moyva xelisuflebis mcdeloba,

Sesabamisi gamocdilebis da saSualebebis uqonlobis gamo

CaexSo masobrivi gamosvlebi Zalismieri meTodebiT. 1905 wlis 9

ianvris tragedia kargad gamoiyenes revolucionerebma da

totaluri propagandis meSveobiT SeZles mosaxleobis

egzaltacia, daiwyo revolucia.

1905-1907 wlebis ruseTis pirveli burJuaziul-

demokratiuli revolucia sami weli grZeldeboda. moicva

imperiis mTeli teritoria 160 milioniani mosaxleobiT.

revoluciuri brZolis ukiduresma gamovlinebebma _

SeiaraRebulma ajanyebebma, terorma, apogeas miaRwia imperiis

erovnuli umciresobebiT dasaxlebul mxareebSi. Tavis mxriv,

xelisuflebam saSineli sisastikiT CaaxSo revoluciuri

gamosvlebi poloneTSi, fineTSi da gansakuTrebiT kavkasiaSi.

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revolucionerebis da xelisuflebis orTabrZolas asiaTasobiT

adamianis sicocxle Seewira. zogi teroristuli aqtis

msxverpli gaxda, zogma ki, saxrCobelaze daamTavra Tavisi

sicocxle.

revoluciam Searyia imperiis safuZvlebi da ara marto

ruseTis istoriaze, aramed msoflio istoriis Semdgomi

ganviTarebis proceszec moaxdina didi gavlena.

faqtiurad igi revoluciuri partiebisaTvis iqca

generalur repeticiad carizmis damxobisaTvis brZolaSi.

sxvadasxva juris partiebma ganaviTares ra evropuli qveynebis

revolucionerTa gamocdileba (gansakuTrebiT mecxramete

saukunis 80-90-ian wlebSi moqmedi frangi anarqistebis),

praqtikaSi Seamowmes da daxvewes revoluciuri brZolis

meTodebi da xerxebi. kerZod, teroris gamoyeneba xelisuflebis

warmomadgenlebis winaaRmdeg. italieli da frangi anarqistebis

mier gamoyenebuli individualuri teroris ganviTarebad 1905-

1907 wlebSi, iqca teroris ganxorcieleba partizanuli razmebis

meSveobiT, romelsac saqarTveloSi eweodnen e.w. wiTeli razmebi.

problemiT Cveni daintereseba gamoiwvia uaxloes warsulSi

msoflioSi mimdinare procesebma. 1960-1990-ian wlebSi msoflios

mraval qveyanas gadauara, sxvadasxva Seferilobis

teroristulma talRebma: laTinuri amerikis qveynebSi, sabWoTa

specsamsaxurebis mier finansuri da materialuri daxmarebiT

gaZlierebulma, marqsistuli ideologiis matarebelma jgufebma

daiwyes teroristuli aqtebis seriebi e.w. `saqalaqo gerilia~.

memarcxene ideologiis matarebelma `wiTelma brigadebma”

italiaSi, `aqcion direqtma~ safrangeTSi, da maTma

mowinaaRmdege memarjvene teroristulma organizaciebma, xSir

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SemTxvevaSi, yovelgvar adamianur logikas moklebuli sisxliani

teraqtebiT, sakmaod SeaSfoTes im periodis msoflio

sazogadoebrioba. korsikaze, irlandiaSi da espaneTSi moqmedi

separatistulad ganwyobili teroristuli organizaciebi ki

dResac axseneben Tavs am qveynebs.

bolo periodis movlenebma: israel-palestinis konfliqtma,

sadac teroristi kamikaZeebis moqmedebebi scildeba yovelgvar

zRvars, muslimani religiuri eqstremistebis mier mowyobilma

teroristulma Tavdasxmebma msoflios sxvadasxva qveyanaSi, 2001

wlis 11 seqtembers, amerikis istoriaSi yvelaze saSinelma

teroristulma aqtma, ruseTSi `nord-ostis~ saxelwodebiT

cnobilma xocva-Jletam, kvlav Seaxsena msoflios, Tu ra

saSinelebebi moaqvs religiur, separatistul terorizms.

amasTan, Tu 1960-1990 wlebSi memarcxene, Tu memarjvene

teroristebis samizne iyvnen calkeuli pirebi an adamianTa

jgufebi, axla terorizmma miiRo globaluri masStabebi.

msoflio aSkarad imyofeba ekologiuri, biologiu-ri, qimiuri,

atomuri teroris safrTxis qveS. amitom, Cveni erT-erTi mizani

kvlevis procesSi iyo, meoce saukunis dasawyisSi teroristuli

aqtebiT yvelaze metad dazaralebuli, carizmis

xelisuflebisgan gamoyenebuli kontrzomebis Seswavla da dRis

sinaTleze gamotana. miT umetes, rom swored rusma

revolucionerebma misces saboloo saxe teroristuli

organizaciis struqturis Seqmnis, axali wevrebis gadabirebis,

teroristTa fsiqologiuri momzadebis, teroris warmoebis

meTodebis, xerxebis zogad principebs.

revoluciuri partiebis mier gamoyenebuli teroristuli

taqtikis winaaRmdeg ruseTis politikuri policiam Tavis mxriv

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isargebla saf-rangeTis policiis gamocdilebiT. es ukanaskneli

farTod iyenebda revoluciur wreebSi agenturis Segzavnis

meTods. rogorc Cven gamovarkvieT, ruseTis politikurma

policiam ganaviTara agenturis gamoyenebis meTodika, daxvewa

winamorbedebisgan gamoyenebuli xerxebi. metic, Cven pirvelebma

gamovitaneT daskvna da vasabuTebT, rom ruseTis politikurma

policiam 1905-1907 wlebis revoluciis periodSi SeimuSava da

ganaviTara agenturis gamoyenebis sakmaod daxvewili strategia

da taqtika. didi wvlili Seitana revoluciuri moZraobis

CaxSobis saqmeSi imiT, rom SeZlo agenturis meSveobiT,

gansakuTrebiT revoluciis damamTavrebel etapze, politikuri

partiebis marTva.

amasTan, swored am wlebSi, revoluciuri partiebis da

politikuri policiis orTabrZolis Sedegad, dasrulebuli

saxe miiRo, rogorc erTis, ise meoris organizaciulma

agebulebam, struqturam, daixvewa maTi meTodebi, xerxebi.

carizmis politikuri policiis didi gamocdileba 1917

wlis oqtombris gadatrialebis Semdeg, kargad gamoiyena

axalgazrda sabWoTa saxelmwifom. bolSevikebma `oxrankis“ mier

damuSavebuli meTodebi da xerxebi aiRes Cekas SeiaraRebaSi,

gaaerTianes Tavis konspiraciul gamocdilebasTan memarcxene

socialist-revolucionerebis teroristuli praqtika da SeZles

mokle xanSi Ceka Zlier specsamsaxurad eqciaT. politikuri

policiis TanamSromlebis nawili zogi konsultantad, zogic

pirdapir sxvadasxva Tanamdebobebze daniSnes. aRsaniSnavia, rom

aseT kadrs iyenebda l. beriac. sabWoTa agenturam SeZlo, ocian

wlebSi sazRvargareT moqmed TeTrgvardiul legalur da

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naxevradlegalur organizaciebSi, emigraciis mier gamocemul

gazeTebis, Jurnalebis redaqciebSi SeRweva.

jer kidev 1922 wels sabWoTa specsamsaxurebma

TeTrgvardiuli emigraciis winaaRmdeg Caatares operacia,

romelic `oxrankis“ taqtikis ganviTarebas da axalgazrda

saxelmwifos specsamsaxurebisTvis Tavisebur Sedevrs

warmoadgenda. ruseTis did centralur qalaqebSi Seqmnes,

viTomda konspiraciuli, saidumlo organizacia e.w.

`tresti“,romlis meSveobiT 1924-1926 wlebSi xelSi Caigdes,

TeTrgvardielTa antisabWoTa organizaciebis aralegaluri

kavSirebi. maT aseve ganaviTares 1906-1908 wlebSi carizmis

politikuri policiis mier gamoyenebuli taqtika _ agenturis

meSveobiT gaeTiSaT da emarTaT partiebi. SeZles kidec _ Cekas

agentebma samSoblodan gadaxvewil aTasi juris partiis wevrebs

Soris daZabes urTierTobebi da daSales. emigraciam, mTeli

Semdgomi periodis manZilze ver moaxerxa, Tundac simboluri

gaerTianeba.

metic, Cekam da misma memkvidre ogpu-m moaxerxa

sazRvargareT arsebuli carizmis sadazvervo qselis, aseve

politikuri policiis agenturis gadabireba. maTi rigebi Seavso

revoluciur brZolebSi gamowrTobili pirebiT da

teroristuli aqtebis seriebi ganaxorciela TeTrgvardiuli

emigraciis TvalsaCino warmomadgenlebze. ar indobdnen arc

yofil Tanapartielebs. l. trockis mkvleloba sadRac Sors

meqsikaSi sabWoTa agenturis mier, trockisTan Segzavnili

agentis meSveobiT, romelsac trockis mdivnis adgilis

dasakaveblad, es adgili gauTavisufles winamorbedis

- 7 -

mkvlelobiT, sabWoTa specsamsaxurebis mier agenturis

gamoyenebis taqtikis ganviTarebis klasikuri magaliTia.

1930-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi berias agenturam SeZlo

qarTuli emigraciis gaTiSvac da iTamaSa katalizatoris roli,

im periodSi emigraciis SigniT dawyebul sisxlian

angariSsworebebSi. yvelaze cnobili figura, vinc am dros

qarTvelebmave mokles, iyo noe ramiSvili _ n. Jordanias

uaxloesi TanamebrZoli, mtkice nebisyofis mqone lideri. igi

qarTul emigraciasTan, berias uwyebis mier dawyebul kontaqtebs

ewinaaRmdegeboda. sxvaTa Soris, qarTveli emigranti social-

demokratebi aSkarad gamovidnen meore msoflio omis dros

germaniis winaaRmdeg, maSin roca, emigrantTa nawili _

ZiriTadad erovnul-demokratebi Cadgnen germanelebis

samsaxurSi. gaxdnen germaniis armiis SemadgenlobaSi Seqmnili

qarTuli batalionebis sulisCamdgmelebi.

sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis procesis dros da Semdgom

periodSi ganviTarebuli movlenebi amierkavkasiaSi, konkretulad

saqarTveloSi miuTiTebs, rom TemaSi asaxuli politikuri

procesebis marTvis teqnika, carizmis politikuri policiis

meTodebi da xerxebi rCeba dRevandeli ruseTis specsamsaxurebis

SeiaraRebaSi. Jurnal-gazeTebSi aqa-iq gaielvebs xolme fsb-s Tu

gru-s im oficrebis gvarebi, vinc aqezebdnen, xels uwyobdnen

separatistul reJimebs gamarjvebaSi, kavSirebi hqondaT CvenSi

moqmed partiebTan. gasakviri araa, dRes saqarTveloSi, partiebs

Soris urTierTobebis daZabva, TviTon partiebs SigniT arsebuli

ganxeTqilebebi, politikur moRvaweTa mkvlelobebi, qarTul

SeiaraRebul ZalebSi dawyebuli mRelvarebebi, amboxebebi, xSir

- 8 -

SemTxvevaSi saeWvod emTxveva ruseTis mier saqarTvelos

winaaRmdeg dawyebul kampaniebs.

Cven, xom saqarTvelos geopolitikuri mdebareobidan

gamomdinare varT, ori udidesi zesaxelmwifos amerikis da

ruseTis interesTa Tanxvedris gzajvaredinze. dRevandeli

ruseTi ki, aris ra bunebrivi memkvidre sabWoTa da aseve

carizmis ruseTis, misi interesebic saqarTvelos mimarT

kvlavindeburad Zvelia. ruseTs awyobs ara Zlieri, aramed

susti, marTvadi saqarTvelo da am mizniT iyenebs rogorc

ekonomikur, ise politikur berketebs. cxadia, ruseTis

specsamsaxurebic sakmaod aqtiurad muSaoben, CvenSi mimdinare

politikuri procesebis marTvis sadaveebis xelSi Cagdebis

mizniT. saqarTvelos ukanaskneli aTwleulis istoria _ ubralo

TvalisTvisac ki SesamCnevi, garkveuli Zalebis mier garedan

marTuli procesebi, mowinaaRmdege klanebis da partiebis mier

Zalauflebis xelSi Casagdebad, sazogadoebis dasaSineblad

gamoyenebuli teroristuli aqtebi _ miuTiTebs Cvens mier

gamokvleuli sakiTxis aqtualurobaze. miT umetes, rom dRes

arsebuli cxeli wertilebi _ afxazeTi, samaCablo, pankisis

xeoba, sadac Tavmoyrilia didi raodenobiT ukontrolo iaraRi,

SeiaraRebuli pirebi, aseTi safrTxis gaZlierebis noyieri

niadagia.

Cveni naSromi, romelic Seicavs saqarTvelos istoriis

umniSvnelovanes periods, SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas umaRlesi

saswavleblebis saleqcio kursis, saseminaro masalebis Tu

speckursebis mosamzadeblad, igi daexmareba sakiTxiT

dainteresebul specialistebs.

T a v i I

- 9 -

politikuri policiis organoebis

warmoSoba ruseTis imperiaSi

carizmis politikuri(saidumlo) policiis istoria iwyeba

1826 wels, imperatoris kancelariis mesame ganyofilebis

CamoyalibebiT. masze, rogorc saxelmwifo da politikur

danaSaulze Ziebis da angariSsworebis organoze dakisrebuli

movaleobebi gayofili iyo xuT eqspediciad (ganyofilebad).

droTa ganmavlobaSi isini gadanawilda da 1870-iani wlebisTvis I

eqspedicia awarmoebda saqmeebs, romelic exeboda mefis da misi

ojaxis wevrebis Seuracxyofas; II eqspedicia ganagebda mesame

ganyofilebis StatSi miRebas, aseve agrovebda cnobebs religiur

seqtebze, kulturul-saganmanaTleblo, ekonomikur

sazogadoebebze, mokled im organizaciebze da saqmeebze,

romelTac politikuri xasiaTi ar hqondaT; III eqspedicia

xelmZRvanelobda damsjel RonisZiebebs mzardi opoziciuri,

erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis, aseve glexobis

antisaxelmwifoeb- rivi gamosvlebis winaaRmdeg; iZleoda

gankargulebebs politikuri damnaSaveebis dasasjelad da

sasjelis ama Tu im zomis gansazRvris Sesaxeb. krebda masalas

adgilebidan guberniebSi mimdinare sazogadoebriv-politikur

cxovrebaze, ris mixedviTac Semdgom adgenda moxsenebebs

imperiis politikuri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb imperatorisadmi

warsadgenad; IV eqspedicia agrovebda cnobebs mosaxleobis

ekonomiur mdgomareobaze, aRricxavda qalaqebSi ekonomiuri

xasiaTis danaSauls, qurdobebs, mkvlelobebs, xanZrebs. amasTan

krebda makompromitirebel masalas adgilobrivi administraciis

kanonsawinaaRmdego moqmedebebze; V eqspedicia 1865 wlamde

- 10 -

ganagebda cenzuras. am wels misi saqme gadaeca Sinagan saqmeTa

saministros beWvdiTi saqmeebis mTavar sammarTvelos, Tumca

male mesame ganyofilebaSi Seiqmna e.w. sagazeTo nawili,

romelic presaze meTvalyureobasTan erTad eweoda

`patriotuli~ literaturis gamocemas.

amrigad, imperatoris kancelariis mesame ganyofileba Tavis

TavSi aerTianebda imperiis socialur - politikuri

mdgomareobis Sesaxeb ase Tu ise mTlian informacias.

aRsaniSnavia, rom mesame ganyofilebis Cinovnikebs xSirad

saidumlod gzavnidnen guberniebSi reviziebis Casatareblad.

saTanado masala guberniis Cinovnikebis danaSaulebebze,

guberniis ekonomikur da politikur mdgomareobaze ivseboda

JandarmTa sagubernio sammarTveloebidan miRebuli informaciiT

da moxsenebebis saxiT egzavneboda umaRles xelisufals _

imperators.

1827 wels mesame ganyofilebis aRmasrulebel organod

Seiqmna JandarmTa calke korpusi. igi warmoadgenda samxedro

Cinebis gaerTianebas. mas gaaCnda sammarTvelo (korpusis Stabi).

1866 wlisTvis imperiis mTeli teritoria rva saJandarmo olqad

iyo dayofili _ peterburgis, moskovis, varSavis, vilenskis,

odesis, kavkasiis, yazanis da cimbiris. JandarmTa korpusSi

Sedioda aseve leib-gvardiis JandarmTa naxevrad eskadroni,

naxevrad eskadroni varSavis samxedro olqis StabTan da sami

saJandarmo komanda samxedro olqebis StabebTan, romlebic

asrulebdnen samxedro policiis funqciebs gvardiaSi da

armiaSi, rogorc mSvidobianobis, aseve omis dros. 1866 wlidan

JandarmTa korpusis ganmgeblobaSi gadavida policiis

sammarTvelo rkinigzis mTavar magistralebze. ori saJandarmo

- 11 -

olqi _ varSavis da kavkasiis imyofeboda gansakuTrebul

mdgomareobaSi. maTi meTauri generlebi 1867 wlamde

emorCilebodnen adgilobriv mefisnacvalebs.

1860-iani wlebis dasawyisSi batonymobis gauqmebasTan erTad

imperiaSi Zveli sistemis msxvrevas moyva politikuri da

socialuri moZraobebis gaZliereba. Jandarmeriis Zveli qseli

gaerTianebul did olqebSi moqnili da Sedegiani ar aRmoCnda.

1867 wlis 9 seqtembers miRebul iqna JandarmTa korpusis axali

debuleba (1). debulebiT guberniebSi Seiqmna sagubernio

JandarmTa sammarTveloebi. isini erT an ramdenime gubernias

aerTianebda. saolqo sistema SenarCunebul iqna imperiis

ganapira mxareebSi, kerZod, kavkasiaSi. kavkasiis saJandarmo

olqi mefisnacvalis daqvemdebarebidan gamovida da daumorCilda

JandarmTa korpuss. 1870-iani wlebisTvis kavkasiaSi moqmedi

mmarTvelobiTi sistema nel-nela dauaxlovda ruseTis imperiis

centralur teritoriebze arsebuls. amierkavkasia gaiyo xuT

guberniad, guberniebi _ mazrebad. Sedegad gauqmda kavkasiis

saJandarmo olqi da 1870 wels Camoyalibda sagubernio

JandarmTa sammarTveloebi, maT Soris Tbilisis da quTaisis.

cvlileba ganicada JandarmTa korpusis saxelmac. 1874 wlidan

ewoda JandarmTa calke korpusi. oficrebad ZiriTadad iRebdnen

samxedro pirebs, samoqalaqoebs gamonaklis SemTxvevebSi.

JandarmTa calke korpusSi samsaxuris dasawyebad umTavresi

kriteriumi iyo politikuri saimedooba. umcros samxedro Cinebs

iRebdnen sagamocdo vadiT 2-dan 4 Tvemde. am xnis ganmavlobaSi

mowmdeboda maTi codna, gonebrivi monacemebi, moraluri

Tvisebebi saJandarmo saqmianobisaTvis. yuradReba eqceoda

fizikur monacemebsac. kerZod misaRebi kandidatebi unda

- 12 -

yofiliyvnen warmosadegi garegnobis, fizikurad Zlieri. ar

iRebdnen 25 wlamde axalgazrdebs. akrZaluli iyo garkveuli

socialuri fenebis da erovnebebis _ ebraelebis, kaTolikuri

sarwmunoebis an kaTolikeebze daqorwinebulebis miReba.

JandarmTa sagubernio sammarTvelos aparats

xelmZRvanelobda wodebiT generali an polkovniki. aparati

iyofoda ramodenime ganyofilebad, romelsac teritoriuli

xasiaTi hqonda. erTi ganyofileba saTaveSi erTi Stabs-oficriT

ganagebda guberniis erT an ramdenime mazras. sagubernio

sammarTvelos gaaCnda kancelaria. igi iyofoda ramodenime

nawilad _ saerTo xelmZRvanelobis, Ziebis, Zebnis, politikuri

keTilsaimedoobis da saxazino-sameurneo ganyofilebebad.

sagubernio sammarTvelos generlebis da Stabs-oficrebis

xelmZRvanelobis qveS imyofebodnen Jandarmeriis dabali Cinis

umcrosi oficrebi (unter-oficrebi). maT moyavdaT sisruleSi

kanonebi da sasamarTlos mier gamotanili sasjeli; gzavnidnen

qurdebis, yaCaRebis sadevnelad, akrZaluli Tavyrilobebis

gasafantavad, gansakuTrebiT saSiSi damnaSaveebis da

dapatimrebulebis etapirebisaTvis. isini cixeebSi darajobdnen

politikur tusaRebs. anxorcielebdnen zedamxedvelobas

sazogadoebrivi TavSeyris adgilebze _ saeklesio

dResaswaulebebze, bazrobebze, saxalxo seirnobebze,

Teatralur warmodgenebze da sxv.

1867 weli, romlis drosac moxda gardamtexi cvlilebebi

JandarmTa korpusis organizaciul agebulebaSi, mniSvnelovani

iyo imiTac, rom miRebuli iqna Jandarmeriis oficrebis

saqmianobis damaregulirebeli ori axa-li instruqcia erTi

oficialuri da meore saidumlo (2). maT mcireodeni

- 13 -

saxecvlilebiT iarsebes 1917 wlamde. oficialuri instruqciiT

JandarmTa calke korpusi daarsda im mizniT, rom daecva

saxelmwifoSi mcxovrebi yvela mosaxlis simSvide da

keTildReoba qonebrivi mdgomareobis, warmoSobis da erovnebis

ganurCevlad. JandarmTa calke korpusis oficrebs unda gaewiaT

meTvalyureoba, rom ar momxdariyo areulobebi da sxva saxis

kanonsawinaaRmdego moqmedebebi. sxvadasxva saxis politikuri Tu

kriminaluri danaSauli unda aRmoefxvraT piradi gavleniT.

oficrebs instruqciiT sastikad hqondaT akrZaluli

sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli organoebis, sazogadoebrivi

organizaciebis da kerZo pirebis saqmianobaSi Careva. saidumlo

instruqciiT ki sastiki saidumloebis dacviT unda ewarmoebinaT

meTvalyureoba imperiis mTel mosaxleobaze da calkeul

fenebze, sxvadasxva religiuri mimarTulebebis, politikuri

ideebis gavrcelebaze, sasamarTlo da sxva saxelmwifo

dawesebulebebis saqmianobaze, daepatimrebinaT mTavrobis

sawinaaRmdego gamosvlebSi monawileebi. mokled rom vTqvaT, es

ori instruqcia warmoadgenda urTierT gamomricxav dokumentebs.

im xanad kavkasiis mefisnacvalis kancelariis ufrosi baroni a.p.

nikolai aRSfoTebuli werda: `Jandarmeriis oficrebisaTvis

gankuTvnili instruqcia maT aqcevs yvela piris mosamarTled da

ganmkarguleblad, aZlevs uflebas Caerivnen yvelaferSi. roca

kiTxulob oficialur in-struqcias, rom Jandarmebs ufleba ar

aqvT Caerivnen sasamarTlos saqmeebSi da saidumloSi weria maT

amisi ufleba aqvT, xolo orive instruqcia damtkicebulia

umaRlesi xelisuflebis mier, ifiqreb ruseTi aris bednieri

medrovis xelSi~ (3). bednier medroved igulisxmeboda im dros

JandarmTa Sefi da mesame ganyofilebis ufrosi mezencevi.

- 14 -

1870-ian wlebamde Jandarmerias faqtiurad evaleboda

dambezReblis, momxdari danaSaulebrivi faqtis Semtyobineblis

roli. 1871 wels 19 maiss miRebul iqna kanoni `danaSaulis

Ziebisas JandarmTa korpusis Cinebis moqmedebis wesis Sesaxeb~. es

kanoni erTis mxriv aZlevda uflebas sasamarTlo organoebs

ewarmoebinaT zedamxedveloba `saxelmwifo danaSaulze~ Ziebis

warmoebisas, romelsac uSualod Jandarmeriis Cinebi iwyebdnen,

magram sinamdvileSi sasamarTlo organoebis da kerZod

prokuraturis zedamxedveloba gadaqceuli iyo Jandarmeriaze

fiqtiur kontrolad, radgan prokuraturas gaaCnda mxolod

ufleba saCivari waredgina Jandarmebis araswor moqmedebaze

Jandarmebis xelmZRvanelobisaTvis. amitom, Jandarmeriis Cinebi

faqtiurad Tavisufali iyvnen zedamxedvelobisagan politikuri

danaSaulis aRmoCenis da Ziebis procesis dros.

politikuri danaSaulis aRmosaCenad Jandarmeria im

periodSi iyenebda saidumlo zedamxedvelobis dawesebis

praqtikas politikurad `arakeTilsaimedo~ pirebze. maTTan

erTad amgvar zedamxedvelobas awarmoebdnen saerTo policiis

adgilobrivi organoebic. isini periodulad gzavnidnen mesame

ganyofilebaSi angariSs im pirTa cxovrebis wesis, saqmianobis

Sesaxeb, viszec zedamxedveloba iyo dawesebuli. aseTi meTodi

gamoiyeneboda im adamianebze meTvalyureobisaTvis, visac ar

daumtkicda danaSauli, magram iyo eWvmitanili. Ziebis dros

Segrovebuli masala, Tuki Seicavda mniSvnelovan faqtebs

moqalaqis danaSaulebriv saqmianobaze, igzavneboda

prokurorTan, romelic Tavis mxriv gzavnida iusticiis

ministris saxelze Setyobinebas. es ukanaskneli JandarmTa

korpusis SefTan molaparakebis Semdeg iZleoda gankargulebas

- 15 -

Ziebis Sewyvetis, an gagrZelebis Sesaxeb, ris Semdeg damnaSaves

an asaxlebdnen administraciuli wesiT Soreul guberniaSi

saidumlo Tu oficialuri zedamxedvelobis qveS, an

apatimrebdnen da gzavnidnen cixeSi, katorRaSi, saxrCobelaze.

1860-1970 wlebSi Jandarmeriis saqmianobaSi Cndeba

politikuri Zebnis elementebi. politikuri policiis

mxedvelobis areSi moxvedril pirze, an pirTa jgufze iwyeba e.w.

`Sinagani meTvalyureobis~ daweseba am ukanasknelebTan

daaxloebuli adamianebis gamokiTxviT, gadmobirebiT, risTvisac

maT uwevdnen garkveuli saxis samsaxurs, anda aSinebdnen. am

adamianebs, Tuki isinic iRebdnen monawileobas mTavrobis

sawinaaRmdego saqmianobaSi, danaSaulis gaxsnis Semdeg ar

sjidnen. am wlebSive daiwyes gamoyeneba e.w. `garegani

meTvalyureobis~, romelsac awarmoebdnen Jandarmeriis dabali

Cinebi unter-oficrebi. isini meTvalyureobdnen,

uTvalTvalebdnen, dayvebodnen fexdafex Jandarmeriis

mxedvelobis areSi moqceul moqalaqeebs. magram politikuri

Zebna ruseTis imperiaSi am xanebSi jer kidev CanasaxSi

imyofeboda. politikur policias `saidumlo TanamSromlebi~ _

agentebi Zalian mcire raodenobiT yavda da isini Tavmoyrili

iyvnen mesame ganyofilebaSi, imperiis politikuri policiis

centralur organoSi.

1870-iani wlebis bolos gamomJRavnda mesame ganyofilebis

da Jandarmeriis uunaroba mzardi revoluciuri da

sazogadoebrivi moZraobis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. es

gansakuTrebiT igrZnoboda imperiis centrSi. `narodnaia volias~

teroristuli aqtebiT dabneuli da daSinebuli politikuri

policia mTeli ZalRoniT muSaobda, magram Sedegi ar Canda.

- 16 -

moxda mTeli rigi Tavdasxmebi saxelmwifo moxeleebze da

politikuri policiis Cinebze _ TviT JandarmTa Sefi mezencevi

moklul iqna revolucioner kravCinskis mier. aRsaniSnavia, rom

politikur saqmeebze, politikuri policiis garda Ziebas

awarmoebdnen saerTo policiis Cinebi. marTalia, sasamarTlo,

prokuratura, saxalxo ganaTlebis sistema da cenzura Tavis

mxriv muSaobda mTavrobis sawinaaRmdego, sazogadoebrivi da

erovnuli moZraobis winaaRmdeg, magram isini saerTo

dabneulobas da qaoss ufro uwyobdnen xels. politikuri

policiis xelmZRvanelobis azriT xalxis Wkua-gonebis

momwavleli bacila ruseTSi vrceldeboda ucxoeTSi

mogzaurobiT, ucxouri wignebis SemotaniT da iq ganaTlebis

miRebiT. 1873 wlis 12 da 26 noembers mesame ganyofilebam

specialuri cirkularebiT JandarmTa sagubernio

sammarTveloebs daavala fxizeli meTvalyureoba gaewia

pedagogiur saswavleblebSi swavlebis procesis mimdinareobaze

(4). am mizniT unda SeegrovebinaT monacemebi saxalxo

saswavleblebSi da soflis skolebSi momuSave maswavleblebis

vinaobis Sesaxeb, daedginaT maTi keTilsaimedooba. is

informacia, risi Segrovebac oficialurad SeiZleboda,

grovdeboda, magram iatakqveS momuSave revolucionerebis

saqmianobaSi garkveva, politikuri policiis mTliani aparatis

ZalRonis daZabvis miuxedavad, TiTqmis SeuZlebeli aRmoCnda.

revoluciuri organizaciebis saidumlo saqmianobis kursSi

yofnis mizniT ruseTis imperiis xelisuflebam scada calkeuli

dawsebulebebis saqmianobis gaerTianeba. saxelmwifo sakuTrebis

ministris xelmZRvanelobiT Seiqmna `gansakuTrebuli saTaTbiro

ruseTis imperiaSi simSvidisa da uSiSroebis ukeT dacvis

- 17 -

zomebis mosaZieblad~. saTaTbiroSi Sevidnen JandarmTa

korpusis Sefi, Sinagan saqmeTa, iusticiis da samxedro

ministrebi. am organom SeimuSava farTo programa saerTo da

politikuri policiis aparatis gaZlierebis, aseve presaze,

universitetebze, skolebze zedamxedvelobis gazrdis mizniT,

magram Sedegi kvlav ar Canda. 1880 wlis 5 Tebervals moxda

afeTqeba zamTris sasaxleSi. xelisuflebam saswrafod Seqmna

e.w. `umaRlesi ganmkargulebeli komisia saxelmwifo wesrigis da

sazogadoebrivi simSvidis dacvis mizniT~ general loris-

meliqoviT saTaveSi. mas droebiT daumorCilda mesame

ganyofileba da JandarmTa calke korpusi. imperiis centrSi

aRZrul politikur danaSaulze warmoebuli yvela saqme da

mTel teritoriaze warmoebuli politikuri saqmeebis Zieba

moeqca zemoaRniSnuli komisiis xelSi. 1880 wlis 6 agvistos ki

Sinagan saqmeTa saministroSi Seiqmna saxelmwifo policiis

departamenti. daixura `umaRlesi ganmkargulebeli komisia~. misi

saqmeebi, mesame ganyofilebis saqmeebTan erTad, gadavida

policiis departamentis xelSi. policiis departaments

dauqvemdebarda saerTo policiac. riTac faqtobrivad dasrulda

policiis departamentis Camoyalibeba. policiis departamentis

roli politikuri Ziebis saqmeSi gaizarda 1882 wels, roca mis

xelmZRvanelad dainiSna Sinagan saqmeTa ministris is moadgile,

romelic amave dros iyo JandarmTa calke korpusis meTauri.

Sinagan saqmeTa saministros SemadgenlobaSi Sevida aseve

JandarmTa calke korpusis aparatic. ase damTavrda politikuri

Ziebis organoebis daaxloeba saerTo policiasTan.

policiis departamentSi garkveuli cvlilebebis Semdeg XX

saukunis dasawyisSi Camoyalibda Semdegi ganyofilebebi: I _

- 18 -

piradi Semadgenlobis; II _ policiis dacvis (`straJa~),

departamentis dadgenilebebi, brZanebebi; III _ fuladi; IV _

sazogadoebrivi moZraobebi; V _ administraciuli gasaxleba; VI

_ gansakuTrebuli (politikuri) ganyofileba; VII _ kanon-

proeqtebi; VIII _ sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulebebi; IX _ omTan

dakavSirebuli saqmeebi, registraciis ganyofileba, saxazino

nawili (5).

uSualod politikur Ziebas da Zebnas awarmoebda 1898 wels

Camoyalibebuli policiis departamentis gansakuTrebuli

ganyofileba (6). gansakuTrebuli ganyofileba iyofoda Tavis

mxriv calke ganyofilebebad: I _ saerTo xasiaTis mimowera; II _

socialist-revolucionerebi; III _ social-demokratebi; IV _

imperiaSi Semaval mxareebSi arsebuli erovnuli revoluciuri

organizaciebi; V _ Sifrebis garCeva; VI _ politikuri Ziebis,

romelic Semdeg SeurTda V ganyofilebas. VII _ cnobebi

moqalaqeebis keTilsaimedoobis Sesaxeb (yofili VI

ganyofileba). amasTan erTad arsebobda specialuri e.w.

`sastikad saidumlo ganyofileba~, romelSic Tavs iyrida

Jandarmeriis da `oxrankis~ ganyofilebebidan saidumlo

TanamSromlebze Semosuli cnobebi (7).

policiis departamentis `gansakuTrebuli ganyofilebis~

Stati dakompleqtebuli iyo ganaTlebuli, politikuri Zebnis

saqmeSi gamocdili da adre sasamarTlo sferoSi momuSave

pirebiT. am ukanasknelebis mozidviT policiis departamenti

cdilobda gaeumjobesebina politikuri Ziebis samarTlebrivi

mxare. policiis departamentis direqtorebma plevem da

durnovom `gansakuTrebul ganyofilebaSi~ Tavi mouyares

prokuraturis yofil muSakebTan erTad umaRlesi ganaTlebis

- 19 -

mqone inteligentebs, profesorebs, romlebsac iyenebdnen

saidumlo werilebis gaSifvraSi (8). am adamianebTan erTad

gansakuTrebul ganyofilebaSi muSaobdnen umaRlesi ganaTlebis

armqone, magram politikuri Ziebis da Zebnis saqmeSi

praqtikulad gamocdili pirebi, yofili saidumlo

TanamSromlebi _ agentebi anebebdnen ra Tavs samsaxurs

gamJRavnebis (`Cavardnis~), anda sxva mizezebis gamo, `saqmis~

codnidan gamomdinare muSaobas mainc agrZelebdnen policiis

departamentSi, sadac ikavebdnen kidec maRal Tanamdebobebs.

magaliTad, p. raC-kovski _ policiis departamentis

`gansakuTrebuli ganyofilebis~ ufrosi 1905-1906 wlebSi, i.

zubatovi _ policiis departamentis `gansakuTrebuli

ganyofilebis~ ufrosi 1902-1903 wlebSi, a. gerasimovi _

petrogradis `oxrankis~ ganyofilebis ufrosi 1906-1909 wlebSi,

guroviCi _ policiis departamentis `gansakuTrebuli

ganyofilebis~ Cinovniki 1902-1907 wlebSi axalgazrdobisas

revoluciur organizaciebSi iricxebodnen, dapatimrebis Semdeg

ki, gasces ra amxanagebi, isini samuSaod gadavidnen politikur

policiaSi oficialur TanamSromlebad.

1890-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi naTeli gaxda, rom mxolod

warmoSobis da xelisuflebis maRal eSelonebSi kavSirebis

qonis gamo daniSnuli Jandarmeriis oficrebi ver asrulebdnen

Tavis movaleobas. politikur Zebnas da Ziebas sWirdeboda

saTanado niWi da unari. amasTan isini saerTod ar icnobdnen

revoluciur garemos da masSi mimdinare procesebs ver

aanalizebdnen. xelisufleba mixvda, rom politikuri Zebnis

process kargad warmarTavdnen revoluciur organizaciebTan

praqtikulad dakavSirebuli pirebi da, rogorc zemoT

- 20 -

aRvniSneT, am adamianebs farTod gauxsna gza politikur

policiaSi samuSaod. policiis departamentis Semsrulebel

organod XX saukunis dasawyisisTvis kvlav adgilobrivi

JandarmTa sagubernio sammarTveloebi warmoadgenda.

Tavi II

politikuri policiis adgilobrivi organoebi

saqarTveloSi 1894-1900 – ian wlebSi

$1. JandarmTa sagubernio sammarTveloebi

saqarTveloSi 1894-1901 wlebSi

XIX da XX saukunis mijnaze saqarTveloSi kvlav

JandarmTa ori sagubernio sammarTvelo arsebobda _ Tbilisis

da quTaisis. wamyvani roli miniWebuli hqonda Tbilisis

JandarmTa sagubernio sammarTvelos. igi mdebareobda TbilisSi,

dRevandeli rusTavelis gamzirze, qaSueTis eklesiis gverdiT

Camaval quCaze. mas saTaveSi edga sammarTvelos ufrosi _ CiniT

polkovniki. StatSi Sediodnen sammarTvelos ufrosis adiutanti

(Stabs-rotmistri), sammarTvelos Tarjimani, mwerlebi. 1903

wlisTvis hyavdaT sami mwerali. sammarTvelos ufross hyavda

TanaSemweebi, romlebic ganagebdnen erT an ramodenime mazras.

pirveli TanaSemwe ganagebda Tbilisis, meore _ Telavis da

siRnaRis, mesame _ axalcixis, axalqalaqis da goris mazrebs,

meoTxe _ elizavetopolis gubernias (9). Tbilisis JandarmTa

sagubernio sammarTvelos StatSi Sediodnen aseve sammarTvelos

Tarjimani da Tarjimnebi axalcixis, axal-qalaqis da goris

mazrebSi, aseve Tarjimani elizavetipolis guberniaSi. 1902

- 21 -

wlisTvis Tbilisis guberniis JandarmTa sammarTvelos StatSi

hyavda 31 unter-oficeri da 3 vaxmistri.

zemoT CamoTvlili ufrosi Cinis oficrebi,

elizavetopolis guber-niaSi daniSnuli TanaSemwis garda,

imyofebodnen TbilisSi. JandarmTa sagubernio sammarTvelos

dabali Cinebi ki ase iyo gadanawilebuli punqtebze _ TbilisSi

2 vaxmistri da 20 unter-oficeri, elizavetopolis guberniaSi 1

vaxmistri da 3 unter-oficeri, TelavSi, siRnaRSi, axalcixeSi,

zaqaTalaSi, nuxaSi, gorSi, axalqalaqSi, suramSi TiTo unter-

oficeri da SuSaSi 2 unter-oficeri (10). 1902-1904 wlebSi

dasawyisSi sammarTvelos ufross revoluciuri moZraobis

zrdasTan dakavSirebiT dauniSnes axali TanaSemwe qalaq

TbilisSi. mimdinareobda mimowera axalcixeSi gansaxlebuli

somxebis antisaxelmwifoebriv gamosvlebTan dakavSirebiT

axalcixeSi TanaSemwis daniSvnis Sesaxeb, rac ar ganxorcielda.

1907 wlisTvis unter-oficrebis ricxvi avida 45-mde. saerTod ki

saStato ganrigiT Tbilisis sagubernio sammarTvelos ZiriTadi

Stati Sedgeboda sammarTvelos ufrosis, adiutantis, mwerlis, 1

vaxmistris da 8 unter-oficris, samwyobro movaleobis

Semsrulebli 2 unter-oficrisgan. damatebiTi Statis Cinebi ki

iyvnen sammarTvelos ufrosis 5-ve TanaSemwe, 3 vaxmistri da 31

unter-oficeri (11). rac Seexeba quTaisis JandarTa sagubernio

sammarTvelos, misi arqivis droTa ganmavlobaSi ganadgurebis

gamo, dRes sakmaod mwiri masala mogvepoveba am organos

saqmianobis Sesaxeb. quTaisis JandarmTa sagubernio

sammarTvelos Stati Semdegnairad iyo dakompleqtebuli.

sammarTvelos saTaveSi edga ufrosi _ CiniT polkovniki. StatSi

Sediodnen _ adiutanti, Tarjimani, 1 vaxmistri, 4 unter-oficeri

- 22 -

da ori mwerali (12). sammarTvelos ufrosis TanaSemwe _ CiniT

podpolkovniki ganagebda baTumis olqs. aRniSnuli

ganyofilebis StatSi Sedioda 1 vaxmistri, 12 unter-oficeri da

Tarjimani (13). baTumSive iyo ganlagebuli mixailovskis cixis

JandarmTa razmi meTauris _ podpolkovnikis, 1 vaxmistris da 10

unter-oficris SemadgenlobiT. quTaisis JandarmTa sagubernio

sammarTvelos ufross TanaSemwe yavda aseve soxumis olqSi _

CiniT rotmistri. StatSi Sedioda 4 unter-oficeri da 4

vaxmistri. am ganyofilebis JandarmTa Cinebs, imasTan

dakavSirebiT, rom soxumi warmoadgenda saporto qalaqs,

damatebiT evalebodaT sabaJoze meTvalyureoba.

qalaq TbilisSi imyofeboda amierkavkasiis JandarmTa

policiis rkinigzis sammarTvelo. mas meTaurobda sammarTvelos

ufrosi CiniT pol-kovniki. StatSi Sediodnen adiutanti _ CiniT

rotmistri da 2 mwerali. sammarTvelo dayofili iyo

ganyofilebebad. ganyofilebebi mdebareobda mniSvnelovan

sarkinigzo sakvanZo punqtebSi. baTumSi ganyofilebas

meTaurobda CiniT polkovniki, StatSi Sediodnen 1 vaxmistri da

33 unter-oficeri. quTaisis ganyofilebas meTaurobda –

polkovniki, StatSi Se-diodnen 1 vaxmistri da 32 unter-oficri.

goris ganyofilebas meTaurobda podpolkovniki, StatSi

Sediodnen 1 vaxmistri da 33 unter-oficeri. TbilisSi calke iyo

ganyofileba da mis saTaveSi idga oficeri _ rotmistri. StatSi

Sediodnen erTi vaxmistri da 46 unter-oficeri. ganyofilebebi

mdebareobda aseve elizavetopolSi, baqoSi, aleqsandrovkaSi da

naxiWevanSi (14).

amrigad, rogorc vnaxeT ricxobrivad rkinigzis policiis

JandarmTa sammarTvelo bevrad Warbobda, Tbilisis da quTaisis

- 23 -

sagubernio JandarmTa sammarTveloebis Stats, romelTa ricxvi

TiTqmis ucvleli darCa 1894-dan 1910 wlamde (Tu ar CavTvliT,

rogorc zemoT avRniSneT TbilisSi TanaSemwis daniSvnas da 10

unter-oficris damatebas). raodenob-rivi simciris miuxedavad,

mzardi revoluciuri moZraobis periodSi, JandarmTa sagubernio

sammarTveloebi ase Tu ise arTmevdnen Tavs dakisrebul

movaleobebs.

JandarmTa sagubernio sammarTvelos maRali Cinis

oficrebis movaleoba da saqmianoba gansazRvruli iyo mTeli

rigi instruqciebiT da cirkularebiT. maT Soris umTavress

warmoadgenda 1867 wels miRebuli `JandarmTa calke korpusis

debuleba~. man mcireodeni cvlilebebiT da damatebebiT iarseba

1917 wlamde (15). `narodnaia volias~ teroristuli aqtebiT

SeSinebulma ruseTis xelisuflebam 1881 wlis 14 agvistos

daamtkica `debuleba saxelmwifo wesrigis da sazogadoebrivi

simSvidis dacvis zomebis Sesaxeb“. misi SemoReba xdeboda iq,

sadac danaSaulebrivi moqmedebebi saxelmwifo wesrigis da

sazogadoebrivi simSvidis dacvis mimarT iRebda iseT xasiaTs,

rom arsebuli kanonebi arasakmariss warmoadgenda mis

aRmosafxvrelad. igi or nawilad iyofoda: pirveli _

`gaZlierebuli dacva“ da meore `gansakuTrebuli dacva~

(miRebuli zomebis mixedviT) (16). am debulebas ruseTis

xelisufleba xelaxla amtkicebda yoveli sami wlis gasvlis

Semdeg, misi arsebobis bolo wlamde. zemoaRniSnuli debuleba

policiis departamentis yofili direqtoris lopuxinis azriT

ruseTis mTel mosaxleobas ayenebda politikuri policiis

Cinebis pirad Sexedulebaze damokidebulad, radgan Jandarmeriis

oficrebs miecaT yvela `dasabuTebulad eWvmitanili~ piris

- 24 -

dapatimrebis ufleba (17). praqtikaSi es niSnavda, rom

Jandarmeriis Cinebs SeeZloT nebismieri piri daepatimrebinaT,

Tu igi maTi azriT kavSirSi iyo antisaxelmwifoeb-riv

sazogadoebebTan, an saxelmwifo danaSaulis Camden pirebTan.

lopuxini wers: dapatimrebisaTvis sakmarisi iyo obieqturi

monacemebis magivrad Jandarmeriis Cinebis subieqturi

Sexeduleba, radgan debulebis mixedviT Jandarmeriis Cinebs

SeeZloT Cxrekis Catareba nebismier dros da nebismier SenobaSi

(18).

`saxelmwifoSi simSvidis da wesrigis dacva~ niSnavda

saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSaulis aRmosafxvrelad

brZolas. pirvel rigSi saxelmwifo danaSaulad iTvleboda

umaRlesi xelisufalis imperatoris sicocxlis, janmrTelobis,

Tavisuflebis xelyofa, arsebuli wyobilebis winaaRmdeg

nebismieri formiT gamosvla, ruseTis imperiisgan misi romelime

nawilis _ kavkasiis, yirimis, poloneTis, fineTis gamoyofis

mcdeloba (19). Sesabamisad farTo iyo am danaSaulis Camden

pirTa ricxvi, radgan SemTxveviT xelSi moxvedrili akrZaluli

wigni an broSura, antisaxel-mwifoebrivi mimarTulebis krebaze

daswreba, mitingze mayureblad yofna, megobarTan werilSi raime

`antisaxelmwifoebrivi~ azris gamoTqma da sxva kanonis mixedviT

ukve saxelmwifo danaSauls warmoadgenda. am saxis danaSaulis

dasadgenad Jandarmeria iwyebda muSaobas: an awesebda

araoficialur meTvalyureobas, an iwyebda e.w. formalur

mokvlevas _ faqtebis, cnobebis moZiebas saxelmwifo danaSaulis

Cadenis Sesaxeb. mokvlevis warmoebis dawyeba Jandarmeriis Cinebs

unda ecnobebinaT prokuraturisaTvis, magram ruseTis imperiis

sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 1035 muxlis (1904 wlis redaqciis)

- 25 -

mixedviT prokuraturis warmomadgenlis daswreba Jandarmeriis

mier politikur danaSaulze mokvlevis dawyebis, Cxrekis an

dapatimrebis dros savaldebulo aRar iyo. praqtikaSi mas moyva,

Jandarmeriis oficrebis mier aramarto formaluri mokvlevis

dasawyisSi prokuraturis kontrolis arideba, aramed mTeli

formaluri mokvlevis procesSi misi sruli ignorireba (20).

aRsaniSnavia, rom sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 1035 muxlis

mixedviT saxelmwifo danaSaulze formaluri mokvlevis

warmoebis ufleba hqondaT aseve sasamarTlo gamomZieblebsac.

saxelmwifo danaSaulis aRmoCenis da Ziebis ukeT warmarTvis

mizniT 1881 wlis 1 marts miRebul iqna `debuleba policiis

faruli zedamxedvelobis Sesaxeb~. masac yovel sam weliwadSi

anaxlebdnen. aRniSnuli „debuleba“ warmoadgenda erT-erT sa-

Sualebas saxelmwifo danaSaulis momzadebis aRmosaCenad

politikurad arakeTilsaimedo pirebze faruli

zedamxedvelobis meSveobiT. praqtikaSi mas anxorcielebdnen

rogorc saerTo policiis, aseve JandarmTa sagubernio

sammarTvelos Cinebi. am debulebiT adgilobriv rusul

administracias ufleba hqonda nebismier saeWvo pirze

daewesebina saidumlo meTval-yureoba. 1904 wlis ianvarSi

Sinagan saqmeTa ministris pleves brZanebiT saidumlo

meTvalyureoba daevalaT mxolod politikuri policiis

warmomadgenlebs _ Jandarmeriis da `oxrankis~ Cinebs, radgan

`saerTo policia ver arTmevda mas Tavs~ (21).

saxelmwifo danaSaulma nel-nela miiRo politikuri

danaSaulis klasifikacia. masze Ziebas awarmoebdnen

Jandarmeriis sammarTvelos ufrosi Cinis oficrebi. isini

xelmZRvanelobdnen Tavis saqmianobaSi zemoT aRniSnuli

- 26 -

debulebebiT, instruqciebiT da cirkularebiT, romlebsac

policiis departamenti da JandarmTa korpusis Stabi ugzavnida.

imis gamo, rom 1867 wlis debulebiT kanoniT dadgenili

sasamarTlo warmoebis wesebTan erTad Jandarmeriis Cinebs unda

exelmZRvanelaT saxelmwifo danaSaulis Ziebis procesSi Tavisi

ufrosebis miTiTebebiT da axsna-ganmartebiT, praqtikaSi

ufrosis brZaneba cxadia kanonze maRla idga. amasTan, policiis

departamentidan da JandarmTa korpusis Stabidan xSirad

modioda iseTi instruqciebi da cirkularebi, romelSic

miTiTebuli iyo kanonebis Semovlis gzebi, raTa saxelmwifo

danaSaulis Ziebis procesi warmarTuliyo ise, rogorc

politikuri policiis xelmZRvanelobas surda. marTalia,

policiis departamenti iTvleboda Jandarmeris adgilobrivi

organoebis saqmianobis warmmarTvelad, magram JandarmTa

korpusis Stabi mainc ereoda Tavisi adgilobrivi organoebis

ara marto samxedro-samwyobro, sakadro, aramed saxelmwifo

danaSaulis Ziebis saqmeSic. lopuxinis azriT, romelsac Tavisi

muSaobis praqtikidan gamomdinare policiis departamentis

ufrosad am azris gamosatanad sakmao masala gaaCnda: `sakmarisi

iyo JandarmTa korpusis meTauris an Stabis ufrosis sityva

Tavis xelqveiTebTan, rom policiis departamentis nebismieri

gankarguleba Seusrulebli rCeboda~ (22). rogorc zemoT

avRniSneT es gamowveuli iyo erTis mxriv JandarmTa korpusis

Stabisadmi Jandarmeriis Cinebis damokidebulebiT samxedro,

disciplinaruli, Tanamdebobrivi dawinaurebis da dajildoebis

sferoSi, meores mxriv ki policiis departaments mxolod

moTxovnebis wayenebis ufleba hqonda, amitom adgilebze

JandarmTa sagubernio sammarTveloebi minimalurad

- 27 -

emorCilebodnen gubernatorebs, xSirad srul ignorirebas

ukeTebdnen maT miTiTebebs. kavkasiaSi 1881 wlidan

mTavarmmarTvelobis SemoRebis Semdeg ki JandarmTa sagubernio

sammarTvelos ufrosebi mxolod JandarmTa korpusis Stabze

aRmoCndnen damokidebuli. mdgomareoba am mxriv didad ar

Secvlila kavkasiaSi mTavarmarTebelze meti uflebebis mqone

mefisnacvalis Tanamdebobis SemoRebis Semdegac 1905 wlidan.

JandarmTa sagubernio sammarTvelos ufrosebi adgendnen ra

guberniis politikuri da ekonomiuri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb

moxsenebebs korpusis StabSi gasagzavnad, 1890-1900-ian wlebSi

masSi kvlav aTavsebdnen adgilobrivi Cinovnikebis da TviT

gubernatorebis mier Tanamdebobis borotad gamoyenebis faqtebs

(23). ufro metic, sistematurad mimdinareobda TviT

mefisnacvalTan daaxloebuli pirebis werilebis perlustracia

da amonawerebis gakeTeba.

policiis departamenti amaod sTxovda Jandarmeriis

adgilobrivi organoebis xelmZRvanelebs saxelmwifo

danaSaulze mokvlevis gamo dasakiTxad an mowmed mxolod

ukidures SemTxvevaSi gamoeZaxaT saxelmwifo samsaxurSi myofi

pirebi, aucileblad gaeTvaliswinebinaT maTi sazoga-doebrivi

mdgomareoba. JandarmTa korpusis Stabi mainc iTxovda cnobebs

adgilobrivi Cinovnikebis mier Tanamdebobis borotad

gamoyenebis Sesaxeb. am moTxovnas Tan sdevda JandarmTa

sagubernio sammarTvelos ufrosebis mier Tavisi

uflebamosilebis xSiri gadaWarbeba. policiis departamenti 1903

wels afrTxilebda Tbilisis sagubernio JandarmTa

sammarTvelos ufross, rom mas ufleba ar hqonda gaeca

mowmobebi ama Tu im piris keTilsaimedoobis Sesaxeb, rac

- 28 -

gubernatoris prerogativa iyo. dawvrilebiT uxsnida, rom

`JandarmTa sagubernio sammarTvelos ufross mxolod

ganyofilebaSi arsebuli masala unda miewodebina

gubernatorebisaTvis, raTa mis safuZvelze gadaewyvita mowmobis

gacemis sakiTxi~ (24). Tumca, sagubernio da saolqo JandarmTa

sammarTveloebis ufrosebisadmi gagzavnil 1901 wlis policiis

departamentis cirkularSi aRniSnulia Semdegi: `marTalia,

gubernators misi moTxovnis pasuxad unda gaugzavnoT

moTxovnili masala, magram cnobebi, romlebic gubernatorebis

pasuxSi ar unda CaerTos, unda aucileblad gamogzavnoT

policiis departamentSi~ (25).

aseTi saxis kanonis darRvevebi, uflebebis gadameteba,

gansakuTrebiT damaxasiaTebeli gaxda Jandarmeriis Cinebis

saqmianobisaTvis 1900-1908 wlebSi. Jandarmeriis oficrebi

warmarTavdnen oficialur mokvlevas, gascemdnen dapatimrebis,

Tu Cxrekis brZanebas. aseTi saxis Sav samuSaos ki ZiriTadad

asrulebdnen unter-oficrebi. maTi saqmianoba gansazRvruli iyo

1868 wels miRebuli Suvaliovis mier Sedgenili instruqciiT,

romelmac garkveuli cvlilebebi ganicada momdevno periodSi.

1881 wlis 14 agvistos miRebul iqna `Tbilisis sagubernio

JandarmTa sammarTvelos unter-oficrebis instruqcia~ (26).

(aRsaniSnavia, rom zustad am dRes miiRes zemoT moyvanili

`debuleba sazogadoebrivi wesrigis da sazogadoebrivi

simSvidis dacvis zomebis~ Sesaxeb“). instruqcia warmoadgens

kiTxva-pasuxis meTodiT agebul sakmaod did Jurnalis tipis

krebuls. igi unter-oficrebs zepirad unda scodnodaT.

JandarmTa sagubernio sammarTveloebis reviziisas amowmebdnen

- 29 -

unter-oficrebs ramdenad kargad hqondaT daxsomebuli

instruqciis calkeuli punqtebi.

instruqciis SesavalSi mocemulia JandarmTa calke

korpusis, sagubernio sammarTveloebis Statis dakompleqtebis

procesSi gasaTvaliswinebeli aucilebeli pirobebi. aRniSnulia,

rom JandarmTa sagubernio da saolqo, aseve JandarmTa policiis

rkinigzis sammarTveloebi kompleqtdeboda im unter-

oficrebisagan, vinc imsaxures jarSi, gavidnen TadarigSi, anda

datoves armia. rogorc zeviT avRniSneT, masSi ar iRebdnen 25

welze nakleb axalgazrdebs. Tbilisis sagubernio JandarmTa

sammarTvelos unter-oficrebis piradi saqmeebidan irkveva, rom

ZiriTadad msaxurobdnen 35-dan 50 wlamde asakis pirebi. iseve

rogorc 1890-ian wlebSi, momdevno aTwleulSic StatSi

miRebisas yuradReba eqceoda misaRebi kandidatis warmosadeg

garegnobas, gonebriv monacemebs, saerTo ganaTlebas da unaklo

yofaqcevas. Tumca 1870-ian wlebSi quTaisis JandarmTa

sagubernio sammarTvelos ufrosis azriT, Jandarmeriis unter-

oficerTa umravlesoba Znelad wers da kiTxulobs (27). igive

kvlav meordeba 1913 wels. axalcixis, axalqalaqis da goris

mazrebSi Tbilisis sagubernio JandarmTa sammarTvelos ufrosis

moadgilis gacemul brZanebaSi pirdapir miTiTebulia, rom

punqtis unter-oficrebs aucileblad unda eswavlaT wera-

kiTxva da Tavisufal dros ekiTxaT gazeTebi da wignebi (28).

unter-oficeri, gamosacdeli vadis damTavrebis Semdeg, debda

xelSekrulebas 5 wlis vadiT, rom imsaxurebda JandarmTa calke

korpusSi. aRniSnuli vadis gasvlis Semdeg SeeZlo eTxova an

samsaxuridan ganTavisufleba, anda samsaxurSi datoveba. am

sakiTxs ki wyvetda misi uSualo ufrosi. samsaxurSi datovebis

- 30 -

Semdeg ukve yovel wels saWiro iyo xelSekrulebis xelaxali

ganaxleba, rac saSualebas aZlevda Jandarmerias Tavidan

moeSorebina yovelgvari garTulebis gareSe misTvis

arasasurveli TanamSromeli.

rogorc avRniSneT, sagubernio sammarTveloebis unter-

oficrebi iyvnen ZiriTadi da damatebiTi Statis. ZiriTadi

Statis unter-oficrebis nawili msaxurobda kancelariaSi,

mimagrebuli iyvnen sammarTvelos ufros-Tan an mis

TanaSemweebTan, morigeobdnen werilebis miRebis an Cabarebis

dros, acilebdnen patimrebs, Tan axldnen policiis Cinebs

sasamarTlos gamomZieblis an Jandarmeriis oficrebis brZanebis

Sesabamisad Cxrekisa da dapatimrebebis dros, ganawilebuli

iyvnen punqtebSi. 1902 wlisTvis Tbilisis JandarmTa sagubernio

sammarTvelos 13 unter-oficeri ganawilebuli iyo punqtebSi. 3

mudmivad imyofeboda sammarTvelos kancelariaSi, 4 unter-

oficeri ki eweoda sameTvalyureo-saidumlo samsaxurs, anu

uTvalTvalebdnen revolucionerebs (29). maT mxolod im

SemTxvevaSi SeeZloT damnaSavis dapatimreba, Tu piradad

Seeswrebodnen danaSaulis Cadenas. sisxlis samarTlis

danaSaulze damoukideblad Ziebis warmoeba SeeZloT im

SemTxvevaSi, rodisac prokuratura daavalebdaT, an saerTo

policiis Cini ar imyofeboda danaSaulis adgilze da damnaSaves

SeeZlo mimaluliyo. politikur danaSaulze Ziebis

damoukideblad warmarTvis ufleba ki saerTod ar gaaCndaT (30).

damatebiTi Statis unter-oficrebi 1900 wlidan

gamoiyenebodnen drois Sesaferisad axali moTxovnebis

Sesasruleblad. isini meTvalyureobas uwevdnen mosaxleobis

ganwyobas da saerTod sazogadoebriv cxovrebas; eZebdnen

- 31 -

saxelmwifo damnaSaveebs, anxorcielebdnen sxvadasxva

RonisZiebebs politikur danaSaulis momzadebis aRmoCenis da

SemdgomSi Ziebis ukeT Catarebis mizniT; uTvalTvalebdnen

politikurad arakeTilsaimedo pirebs; meTvalyureobdnen

politikur damnaSaveebs patimrobis adgilze; amowmebdnen

portebSi (soxumSi, baTumSi) da sasazRvro punqtebze pasportebs,

tvirTebs. adgilobriv rusul administracias, kerZod

gubernatorebs, ufleba hqondaT JandarmTa sagubernio da

saolqo sammarTveloebis unter-oficrebi gamoeyenebinaT

areulobebis dros wesrigis dasamyareblad, rogorc samxedro

Zala. baTumSi arsebuli mixailovskis cixis unter-oficerTa

razmi baTumis olqSi asrulebda aseve samxedro policiis

movaleobebs.

ruseTis imperiis xelisuflebas surda maTi saxiT yoloda

erTguli, brZanebisadmi brmad morCili SeiaraRebuli Zala.

instruqcia unter-oficrebisagan iTxovda, rom isini ar

moqceuliyvnen megobris, ojaxis wevrebis gavlenis qveS. amitom

maTi ojaxis wevrebs ekrZalebodaT saqmianoba kerZo biznesSi da

qrTamis saxiT saCuqrebis, e.w. `sadResaswauloebis~ miReba.

sifxizle, uangaroba, ufrosebisadmi pativiscema, simarTlis

Tqma _ aseTi iyo instruqciis moTxovna. rCevis micema, gasaWirSi

kanonis farglebSi daxmareba, xalxSi Tavis daWera

warmoadgenda im safuZvels, riTac unter-oficrobas unda

moepovebinaT ndoba sazogadoebaSi. `sxvanairad _ naTqvamia

instruqciaSi _ isini ver moipovebdnen mosaxleobis mxardaWeras

iseTi politikuri danaSaulis aRkveTis saqmeSi, rogoricaa

mosaxleobaSi revoluciuri agitacia-propaganda,

- 32 -

antisaxelmwifoebrivi Tavyrilobebis faruli gamarTva da sxva~

(31).

adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan meti daaxloebis mizniT 1898

wels punqtis unter-oficrebs daevalaT adgilobrivi

mosaxleobis enebis Seswavla. Tbilisis JandarmTa sagubernio

sammarTvelos ufrosma 1910 wels gamosca brZaneba, rom punqtis

unter-oficrebi movaleni iyvnen scodnodaT adgilobrivi

mosaxleobis ganwyoba, magram isini ar flobdnen adgilobrivi

mosaxleobis enas, ris gamoc SeuZlebeli iyo maTgan

aucilebeli cnobebis Sekreba da avalebda maT SeeZinaT

adgilobrivi enebis TviTmaswavli lite-ratura (32). 1913 wels

igi ukve kategoriulad moiTxovda punqtis unter-oficrebisagan

1914 wlis 1 aprilamde SeeswavlaT maTi samsaxuris adgilze

yvelaze ufro gavrcelebuli enebi: qarTuli, somxuri da

azerbaijanuli. brZanebis Seusruleblobis SemTxvevaSi maT

emuqreboda samsaxuridan gaTavisufleba (33).

punqtebze myofi unter-oficrebi movaleni iyvnen SeekribaT

sazogadoeb-riv cxovrebaSi momxdari yvela faqti da movlena.

monacemebi ki unda mieRoT mosaxleobaze faruli dazvervisa da

meTvalyureobis gziT. igi gamoixateboda adgilobrivi

mcxovreblebis frTxil gamokiTxvaSi ama Tu im maTTvis

saintereso sakiTxze. evalebodaT gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis

gamaxvileba proklamaciebis, agitaciuri xasiaTis broSurebis,

gazeTebis gavrcelebaze. maT unda eTvalTvalaT wignebis

gamyidveli wvrili, moxetiale vaWrebisaTvis rogorc qalaqad,

aseve soflad. instruqciaSi aris mocemuli miTiTeba, rogor

unda daeyoliebinaT adamiani cnobebis misawodeblad da rogor

unda mopyrobodnen SemdgomSi mas, raTa kvlav mieRoT misgan

- 33 -

saintereso informacia. unter-oficrebs aseve evalebodaT

Semovlebis Catareba maT samoqmedo teritoriaze. isini

meTvalyureobis mizniT unda daswrebodnen bazrobebs, saeklesio

dResaswaulebs da sxva xalxmraval Sekrebebs.

punqtis unter-oficrebs am saqmianobis ganxorcieleba

evalebodaT ara marto wesrigis dacvis mizniT, aramed imitomac,

rom aRmoeCinaT maT-Tvis nacnobi politikuri damnaSaveebi. maT

evalebodaT saxeze scodnodaT politikurad arakeTilsaimedo

pirebi, romlebic aRricxuli yavda adgi-lobriv Jandarmerias da

idgnen policiis zedamxedvelobis qveS. unda eTvalTvalaT

maTTvis, raTa gamoerkviaT visTan hqondaT maT urTierToba.

instruqciis boloSi mocemulia im pirTa sia, vinc

garegnulad unda scodnoda saxeze. kerZod, umaRlesi

xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi _ gubernatori, sasamarTlo

palatis, saolqo sasamarTlos, prokuraturis, fostis

Cinovnikebi, saswavleblebis xelmZRvanelebi. miTiTebulia

rogori xerxebiT emuSavaT meTvalyureebis gawevisas. aqve

dawvrilebiT gaSifrulia, iTvaliswinebdnen ra maT gonebriv

monacemebs, ra saxis danaSaulze awarmoebda Ziebas Jandarmeria,

romeli sasamarTlo organo arCevda samoqalaqo, sisxlis

samarTlis da politikur danaSauls, rogori iyo sasamarTlos

dawesebulebebis ierarqia, Sinagan saqmeTa da iusticiis

saministros agebuleba, kavkasiis mxaris administraciuli

mowyoba da sxva.

am krebulSi moTavsebulia im dros imperiaSi moqmedi

aralegaluri partiebis sia, maTi programebiT, miznebiT da

miznis misaRwevad gamosayenebeli saSualebebiT.

- 34 -

1900-iani wlebidan mkveTrad Seicvala unter-oficrebis

movaleobebi. maTi saqmianobis sfero sakmaod gafarTovda da

politikuri Zebnis elementebi unter-oficrebis praqtikul

saqmianobaSi farTod iqna gamoyenebuli. amierkavkasiis rkinigzis JandarmT policiis sammarTvelos saqmianoba

Jandarmeriis sistemaSi Semavali amierkavkasiis rkinigzis

Jandarmeriis policiis sammarTvelos Cinebis movaleoba

gansazRvruli iyo 1885 wels gamosuli ruseTis imperiis

rkinigzis wesdebiT. am wesdebis mixedviT rkinigzis JandarmTa

policiis oficrebi ganlagebuli iyvnen rkinigzis sadgurebze.

maT unda aRekveTaT rkinigzaze momxdari yvela saxis danaSauli.

1900-iani wlebidan ukve daevalaT winaswari zomebis miRebiT

gamoekvliaT danaSaulis momzadeba. rac Seexeba am

dawesebulebis unter-oficrebs, maTi saqmianoba gansazRvruli

iyo e.w. `rkinigzis Jandarmeriis policiis sammarTvelos unter-

oficrebTan muSaobis programiT~ (34). am programis mixedviT

unter-oficrebs TiTqmis igive movaleobebi hqondaT

dakisrebuli, rac JandarmTa sagubernio da saolqo

sammarTveloebis unter-oficrebs, mxolod masSi

gaTvaliswinebuli iyo rkinigzis specifika. maTve evalebodaT

rkinigzis magistralebis dacva imperatoris matareblis

gavlisas. am sakiTxs aregulirebda 1903 wels JandarmTa calke

korpusis tipografiaSi gamocemuli broSura, sadac

CamoTvlilia maTi movaleobebi aseTi gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevis

dros. 1905 wlidan rkinigzis JandarmTa policiis

sammarTveloebs daevalaT saerTo-policiuri xasiaTis

saqmianobis ganxorcielebasTan erTad politikuri Ziebis

warmoebac, Tumca manamdec rkinigzis JandarmTa policiis

sammarTveloebSi midioda cirkularebi ama Tu im saxis

- 35 -

politikur Ziebis zomebis gansaxorcieleblad. 1903 wels

JandarmTa calke korpusis Stabis ufrosis brZanebiT neba

miecaT rkinigzis JandarmTa policiis sammarTvelos ufrosebs

Stabidan mosuli brZanebis gareSe AaRmoeCinaT daxmareba

JandarmTa sagubernio sammarTvelos CinebisaTvis, ramac gaaiola

maTi saqmianoba politikuri damnaSaveebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi

(35).

$2. policiis departamentis adgilobrivi

organoebi 1894-1901 wlebSi

1890-1902 wlebSi

ruseTis imperiaSi 1890-ian wlebSi da 1900-iani wlebis

dasawyisSi saxelmwifo danaSaulze mokvlevis warmoeba da

Zieba sakmaod dabal doneze idga. 1890-ian wlebSi revoluciuri

da sazogadoebrivi moZraobebis Sesustebis fonze policiis

departamenti kardinalur RonisZiebebs ar mimarTavda imperiis

SigniT politikuri Zebnis sistemis gasaumjobeseblad. igi

ifarglebda mxolod droebiTi xasiaTis RonisZiebebiT da

politikuri policiis susti muSaobis mizezad Tvlida sxva

samarTaldamcav organoebs. departamentis Cinovnikebis azriT,

saerTo policia ver uwevda saTanado daxmarebas JandarmTa

sagubernio sammarTveloebs politikur danaSaulze Zebnili

pirebis aRmoCenaSi da dakavebaSi. saerTo policiis Cinebi

marTlac dainteresebuli ar iyvnen politikur saqmeebze

Zebnilebis dakavebiT. es pirebi dakavebis Semdeg unda gadaecaT

Jandarmeriis adgilobrivi sammarTveloebisaTvis. jildoebsac

da waxalisebasac Jandarmebi iRebdnen. amitom, xSirad,

- 36 -

politikuri damnaSaveebis Sesaxeb miRebul cirkularebs

agzavnidnen arqivSi. miuTiTebda ra amdagvar mdgomareobaze,

policiis departamenti adanaSaulebda saerTo policiis Cinebs

umoqmedobaSi. policiis departamenti Tavis xelqveiTebs werda,

rom xSirad politikur danaSaulze Zebnili pirebi Tavisi

namdvili gvariT da saxeliTac ki ewyobian samsaxurSi did

administraciul Tanamdebobebze da moyavda magaliTebi (36).

marto saerTo policia rodi scodavda. politikuri Zebnilebis

dakavebaSi gamoCenili umoqmedoba damaxasiaTebeli iyo aseve

adgilobrivi JandarmTa sagubernio sammarTveloebis

CinebisaTvis. es gamowveuli iyo imiT, rom maT ar gaaCndaT

politikuri Zebnis da ZiebisaTvis saWiro fsiqologiuri da

teqnikuri momzadeba. xandazmuli, samxedro wvrTna gavlili,

sxvisi brZanebebis Sesrulebas daCveuli, damoukidebeli

moqmedebis unaris ar mqone Jandarmeriis ufrosi da umcrosi

Cinis oficrebi, bunebrivia, ar flobdnen politikuri Zebnis

xerxebs da, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, bevrma maTganma ar icoda

kavkasiis adgilobrivi mosaxleobis ena da tradiciebi, rac

cxadia uaryofiTad moqmedebda maT mier politikuri Zebnis

warmoebis procesze.

policiis departamenti im wlebSi iTxovda

policmeisterebis da samazro policiis ufrosebisagan, rom maT

piradad aexsnaT da gaecnoT saerTo policiis CinebisaTvis

politikuri Zebnis xerxebi. rogorc Cans, departamentis

Cinovnikebi ar iyvnen darwmunebulni imaSi, flobdnen Tu ara

adgilobrivi policiis mesveurebi aseT xerxebs da erTob

primitiuli xasiaTis miTiTebs ugzavnida _ rom aucilebeli iyo

meTvalyureobis daweseba politikuri Zebnilis amxanagebze,

- 37 -

naTesavebze, axlobel adamianebze, aseve samoqmedo teritoriaze

gamoCenili ucnobi pirebis dokumentaciis Semowmebis

aucileblobaze. moiTxovda gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis

gamaxvilebas sazRvargareTidan Camosul moswavle-

axalgazrdobaze (37). im wlebSi igive saxis miTiTebebi

egzavneboda JandarmTa sagubernio sammarTveloebsac.

policiis departamenti, rogorc cirkularebidan Cans,

sakmarisad aRar Tvlida provinciebSi mxolod policiis

zedamxedvelobis dawesebas politikurad arakeTilsaimedo

pirebze. 1897 wlamde policiis zedamxedvelobis qveS myof pirTa

sia imyofebida saerTo policiis sammarTveloebSi (38). cxadia,

Jandarmeriis adgilobrivi organoebi saerTo policiis Cinebis

umoqmedobis gamo ar iyvnen zedamxedvelobis qveS myofi

politikur danaSaulSi eWvmitanilebis saqmianobis kursSi.

am periodSi ruseTis imperiaSi nel-nela matulobs

sazRvargareTidan aralegaluri revoluciuri literaturis

Semotana. sazRvargareT mowyobil stambebSi dabeWdili wignebi,

broSurebi, proklamaciebi sxvadasxva xerxiT didi raodenobiT

iwyebs Semosvlas ruseTis imperiis mTel teritoriaze.

aralegaluri literaturis Semotanis erT-erTi gza kavkasiaze

gadioda. am periodSi imisaTvis, rom gaeadvilebina

JandarmebisaTvis aralegaluri literaturis aRmoCena da

dakaveba, policiis departamenti xSirad acnobebda maT misTvis

cnobil literaturis Semotanis saSualebebs da xerxebs (39).

aralegaluri literatura ibeWdeboda imperiis teritoria-zec.

revolucionerebi maT xandaxan oficialurad gamosuli wignebis

Sesa-xedaobas aZlevdnen _ revoluciuri Sinaarsis literaturas

aTavsebdnen stambidan gamosuli romelime oficialuri wignis

- 38 -

ydaSi. departamenti daJinebiT iTxovda gansakuTrebuli

yuradRebis gamaxvilebas tipografiebidan Sriftis dakargvis

SemTxvevebze, miuTiTebda, rom revolucionerebi xSirad

oficialurad savaWro kompaniebis meSveobiT yidulobdnen

stambisaTvis saWiro mowyobilobebs da iTxovda am sakiTxisadmi

meti yuradRebis miqcevas (40). marTalia, sakvirao skolebSi

farTod gaSlil saagitacio muSaobas muSaTa Soris kargad

xedavda, magram maswavleblad miwveuli pirebze

keTilsaimedoobis cnobis gacemaze, adgilobrivi rusuli

administraciidan kontrolis dawesebaze meti RonisZiebebis

gatarebas ar iTxovda (41). aRsaniSnavia, rom policiis

departamenti social-demokratebis mier kavkasiaSi da

centralur ruseTSi oficialur presaSic ki farTod gaSlili

propagandis winaaRmdeg araviTari zomebis miRebas ar iTxovda.

policiis departamentis amdagvari saqcielis mizezebs Cven

kvlav davub-rundebiT. mxolod avRniSnavT, rom im wlebSi

policiis departamenti cdilobda Jandarmeriis Cinebs daecvaT

elementaruli kanoniereba politikuri Ziebis warmoebis

procesSi (42). magaliTad, 1900 wlis oqtomberSi Tbilisis

JandarmTa sagubernio sammarTvelos ufrosi departamentma

gaafrTxila, rom `marTalia, Tqven moqmedebdiT gimnaziis

moswavleebis da aRsazrdelebis mimarT kanonis zusti dacviT,

magram Ziebis procesSi gamoiCineT arasakmarisi sifrTxile da

yuradReba, radgan gimnaziis moswavleebis dakiTxva kanoniT unda

momxdariyo ara sagubernio JandarmTa sammarTveloSi, aramed

Jandarmeriis Cini piradad unda gamocxadebuliyo saswavlebelSi

da iq daekiTxa (43). Cans sagubernio sammarTvelos ufrosisadmi

gankuTvnili miTiTeba gaxda im cirkularis sababi da safuZveli,

- 39 -

romelic 1900 wlis 2 noembers daegzavnaT Jandarmeriis

adgilobriv organoebs. masSi miTiTebulia faqtebi _ gimnaziis

moswavleebis dakaveba arasakmarisi mizeziT, aseve gimnaziis

moswavle gogonebis gamoZaxeba Jandarmeriis sammarTveloSi.

aRniSnulia, rom gimnazieli gogonebis gamoZaxeba moxda

saswavlo saaTebSi da isini iq miiyvanes policielebis

TanxlebiT. departamenti urCevda, rom sagubernio JandarmTa

sammarTveloebis ufrosebs didi sifrTxile da windaxeduleba

gamoeCinaT saswavleblebSi Cxrekis da moswavleebis dakavebis

dros.

saerTod, es wlebi (1895-1901) mTlianobaSi xasiaTdeba

Jandarmeriis da policiis Cinebis mier politikuri

damnaSaveebisadmi SedarebiT normaluri mopyrobiT.

revoluciuri moZraobis erT-erT warmomadgenlis g.CxeiZis

mogonebebSi (1901 weli) aRniSnulia, rom man dapatimrebis pirvel

dRes saWmeli ar SeWama. ubnis zedamxedvels egona, rom igi

gaifica da `jer sTxova mieRo saWmeli, Semdeg ki boqauli

moiyvana da SesCivla arafers ar Wamso~. g. CxeiZis sityvebiTve

`es damaxasiaTebelia, Tu rogor ep-yrobodnen maSin

politikurebs~ (44). im periodSi JandarmTa korpusis Stabis mier

gagzavnil specialur cirkularSi Jandarmeriis adgilobrivi

organoebisadmi miTiTebulia, rom politikuri patimrebze, Tuki

isini saWmlis miRebaze uars ganacxadebdnen, araviTari

ZaldatanebiTi RonisZieba ar gaetarebinaT, saWmeli Cveulebriv

dros mietanaT sakanSi da daetovebinaT, mxolod grZelvadiani

SimSilobis dros mierTmiaT maTTvis gansakuTrebulad

gemrielad momzadebuli saWmeli, gaeTvaliswinebinaT

- 40 -

moSimSilis erovneba da religia, raTa `SimSils gaeRviZebina

moSimSilisTvis Wamis survili~ (45).

am periodSi policiis departamenti iTxovda, rom

safabriko areulobebis, mRelvarebebis dros daepatimrebinaT

`mTavari wamqezeblebi~, riTac danaSauli dasawyisSive

aRikveTeboda. meores mxriv ki sazRvarze aralegalurad

gadmosuli pirebi, an areulobebSi sxvas ayoliebuli adamianebi

SeeZloT Tavisuflad daetovebinaT (46). amrigad, Zalian Zneli

gasarCevi iyo visi dapatimreba iyo aucilebeli da visi ara.

amasTan erTad, es cirkulari Jandarmeriis Cinebs aZlevda

saSualebas saxelmwifo danaSaulis Camdeni nebismieri pirovneba

mieCniaT nakleb saSiSad, Tu ra Tqma unda iseTi xelSesaxebi

faqtebi ar arsebobda, rogoricaa aralegaluri lite-raturis,

iaraRis qona da gaenTavisuflebinaT Sesabamisi gasamrjelos

(qrTamis) aRebis fasad.

1902-1903 wlebSi policiis departamentis direqtorad

lopuxnis daniSvnis Semdeg, gansakuTrebiT imravla miTiTebebma

JandarmTa korpusis adgilobrivi organoebis misamarTiT

daecvaT kanoniereba da ar gadaeWarbebinaT Tavisi

uflebebisaTvis. igi cdilobda Caetarebina politikuri

policiis reforma, daexvewa departamentis adgilobrivi

organoebis muSaoba.

XIX saukunis bolos da XX saukunis dasawyisSi

amierkavkasiaSi moxda policiis organoebis gaZliereba e.w.

`straJnikebis~ (dacvis razmebis) daarsebiT. amierkavkasiis

policiis straJnikebis saqmianobis, movaleobis gansazmRvreli

debuleba damtkicebul iqna 1899 wels. straJnikebi warmoadgenen

realur Zalas, radgan gaaCndaT im periodisaTvis kargi

- 41 -

SeiaraReba (SaSxanebi) da gadaadgilebis saSualebad iyenebdnen

cxenebs. xelisuflebam izruna imazed, rom maTi saxiT yoloda

carizmis interesebis damcveli Zala. debulebaSi pirdapiraa

miTiTebuli, rom Stat-Si miRebisas upiratesoba miecaT rusi

erovnebis pirebisaTvis, xolo sxva eris warmomadgenlebi mieRoT

mcire raodenobiT. amasTan, akrZala adgilobrivi mosaxleobis

miReba samsaxurSi, maTsave sacxovrebel teritoriaze, rac

sxvaTa Soris ruseTis xelisuflebis erT-erTi gonivruli

nabiji aRmoCnda revoluciuri moZraobis warmomadgenlebis

devnis procesSi (47).

did qalaqebSi TbilisSi da quTaisSi policiis dabal

Cinebs, `gorodovoebs~, romlebsac ekavaT postebi qalaqis

sxvadasxva ubnebSi, am periodSi daevalaT ara marto wesrigis

da simSvidis dacva qalaqis quCebSi, aramed meTvalyureoba

politikuri saqmianobiT dakavebul saeWvo pirebze.

amave wlebSi TbilisSi SemoRebuli iqna saxlis meezoveebis

da Ramis yaraulebis samsaxuri. ra Tqma unda, am profesiis

adamianebi adrec arsebobdnen, magram XIX saukunis bolodan

aRricxul iqnen saerTo policiaSi. maT aZlevdnen xelfass da

evalebodaT yuradRebis miqceva nebadaurTveli gancxadebebis,

afiSebis an sxva qaRaldebis gamkvrelebze. movaleni iyvnen

SeesrulebinaT policiis nebismieri Cinis moTxovna damnaSave

piris devnis an daWeris dros.

saxlis meezoves unda scodnoda saxeze binis yvela

mcxovrebi. amasTan gaewia meTvalyureoba saxlis binadrebze, rom

maT ar SeefarebinaT politikurad devnili, an ar CaetarebinaT

aralegaluri krebebi. saxlSi momxdari yvela SemTxvevis,

policiisagan nebadaurTveli Sekrebebis, quCaSi mimdinare

- 42 -

mitingebis, Tu moqalaqeebis sxva kanonsawinaaRmdego moqmedebis

Sesaxeb unda ecnobebinaT policiisaTvis.

$3. politikuri policia revoluciuri da

erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis winaaRmdeg

saqarTveloSi 1890-1901 wlebSi

1880-iani wlebis dasawyisSi policiis departamentma,

ruseTis imperiis politikuri Zebnis da Ziebis mTavarma organom

SeZlo `narodnia volias~ ganadgureba. 1880-iani wlebis bolos

arsebuli xalxosnuri organizaciebis sisustem daarwmuna

xelisufleba, rom revoluciuri moZraoba imperiaSi TiTqmis

moispo. aleqsandre III-is mmarTveloba, romelic Tavisi mefobis

dasawyisSi cdilobda molaparakebis gamarTvasac ki ukve

ganadgurebul `narodnaia volias~-Tan, samagierod periferiebSi

aviwroebda dapyrobil mosaxleobas (48). saxeldobr

saqarTveloSi iwyeba qarTuli kulturis rbeva. saswavleblebis

programebidan iReben qarTuli enis swavlebas. paralelurad

`dayavi da ibatones~ principis ganxorcielebis mizniT daiwyo

`megruli~ da `svanuri~ anbanis Seqmna. kavkasiis xelisuflebam

regionSi Tavis dasayrdenad airCia somxebis mdidari zedafena.

maT miecaT mTeli rigi SeRavaTebi. amasTan, saqarTvelos

teritoriaze mkvidri mosaxleobis procentuli raodenobis

Semcirebis mizniT Camoasaxles ramdenime aTasi rusi kolonisti.

rogorc cnobilia, mowinave qarTulma inteligenciam didi

brZola gaaCaRa erovnul TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebis mizniT,

magram 1890-iani wlebis dasawyisSi maT rigebSi ganxeTqileba

moxda. xelisuflebam Tavisda moulodnelad SesaniSnavi

- 43 -

saCuqari miiRo e.w. `bankobiadiT~. inteligenciis didi nawili

`maCablistebi~ da ilias momxreebi erTmaneTTan qiSpobiT

aRmoCndnen dakavebuli. albaT, amitomac werda policiis

departaments saqarTveloSi politikuri Ziebis mTavari organos

Tbilisis JandarmTa sagubernio sammarTvelos ufrosi: `1889

welma saqarTvelosTvis iseve ukvalod ganvlo, rogorc wina

wlebma. ar yofila araviTari faqti, romelsac miepyros

adgilobrivi mosaxleobis yuradReba da Seecvala cxovrebis

apaTiuri dineba. saerTod, ki adgilobrivi mosaxleobis masas

odnavadac ar ainteresebs politika, araviTari warmodgena ara

aqvs masze~ (49).

marTlac, am dros Zlieri xalxosnuri revoluciuri

organizaciebi saqarTveloSi ar iyo, Tumca xelisuflebas kvlav

erovnuli moZraobis gaZlierebis eSinoda. mTavarmmarTebeli

kavkasiis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb 1889-1890-ian wlebSi mefes

moaxsenebda: `saqarTveloSi zogierT wreSi mainc sufevs

separatistuli suliskveTeba. amitom, saWiroa gansakuTrebuli

zomebis SemoReba, damnaSaveTa gadasaxleba ara cimbirSi,

saidanac xSirad iparebian, aramed saxalinis kunZulze~ da rac

mTavaria, igi iTxovda `administraciaSi da kerZod policiaSi

rusi elementis gaZlierebas, radgan adgilobrivi elementebi

saimedoni ar arian~ (50).

policiis departamenti Semdgom wlebSi Tavis adgilobriv

organoebs yuradRebis gamaxvilebas ukve erovnul moZraobaze

sTxovda. 1894 wlis martSi Tbilisis JandarmTa sammarTvelos

ufrosi xelmZRvanelobas acnobebda: `Tqvens mowerilobaze

pativi maqvs movaxseno policiis departaments, rom me ar maqvs

faqtebi da sabuTebi qarTveli xalxis dasadanaSauleblad

- 44 -

separatizmisadmi midrekilebaSi, magram eWvs gareSea aseTi

midrekilebis arseboba. amas mimtkicebs me is xmebi, romlebic

ndobisa da dajerebis Rirsia~. magaliTad: `qarTvelebi amboben

saqarTvelo qarTvelebisaTvis, es ar aris mxolod Cemi piradi

Sexeduleba, igi dafuZnebulia TbilisSi mcxovrebi yvela rusis

mosazrebaze~ (51).

imave wlis maisSi gagzavnil moxsenebaSi ki aRniSnuli

moxele saqarTveloSi erovnuli moZraobis arsebobas ukve

danamdvilebiT adasturebda (52). aseTi kardinaluri cvlileba

saqarTveloSi erovnuli moZraobis arsebobaze gamoiwvia

politikuri policiis mier `saqarTvelos Tavisuflebis ligis~

organizaciis aRmoCenam varSavaSi 1893 wlis maisSi. `liga~

Seqmnes peterburgis, varSavis, odesis, xarkovis, kievis da sxva

qalaqebis umaRlesi saswavleblebis qarTvelma studentebma. maT

1892-1893 wlebSi jer quTaisSi da Semdeg TbilisSi Caatares ori

yriloba (53).

sxvadasxva dros am organizaciasTan dakavSirebuli da misi

namdvili wevrebi iyvnen m. xelTuflisaSvili, g. dekanoziSvili,

T. saxokia, i. fan-cxava, a. jorjaZe, S. dedabriSvili, f. maxaraZe,

n. Jordania da sxvebi. `ligis~ wevrTa didi nawili organizaciis

ganadgurebis Semdeg saqarTveloSi arsebuli erovnuli suliT

gaJRenTili `socialist-federalisturi~ da `erovnul-

demokratiuli~ partiebis Semqmneli da wam-yvani wevrebi gaxdnen.

mcire nawili marqsizmis poziciaze gadavida.

`ligis~ saqmis Zieba varSavaSi daiwyo. aq politikur

policias xelSi Cauvarda organizaciis arqivi. f. maxaraZis

sityvebiT `specialurad mouwveviaT mTargmnelebi da profesori

n. mari CamouyvaniaT peterburgidan varSavaSi. uTargmniaT mTeli

- 45 -

masala~ (54). `ligis~ saqmianobis ukeT gamoZiebis mizniT varSavis

JandarmTa sagubernio sammarTvelodan quTaisSi JandarmTa

sammarTvelos ufrosad gadmoiyvanes polkovniki debili (55).

xelisuflebis aseTi didi dainteresebis mizezi iyo am

organizaciis mizani, romelic quTaisis damfuZnebelma yrilobam

ase gansazRvra _ `axalgazrdobis saboloo mizans Seadgens

samSoblos samsaxuri, romelic unda gamoixatos saqarTvelos

ganTavisuflebaSi ruseTis batonobisagan~ (56).

aRsaniSnavia, rom `ligis~ yrilobebze saqarTvelos

ganTavisuflebis sxvadasxva saSualebebis garCevisas,

organizaciis wevrebi uaryofdnen rus revolucionerebTan

kavSirs, radgan `rusebs ar uyvarT sxva erovnebis xalxebi, maT

Soris qarTvelebic, amitom Cven saerTo araferi gvaqvs maTTan

da arc SeiZleba gvqondes~.

profesor al. bendianiSvilis azriT `am faruli

organizaciis prog-ramis analizs da misi wevrebis saqmianobis

xasiaTze dakvirvebas im daskvnamde mivyavarT, rom `saqarTvelos

Tavisuflebis liga~ iyo erovnul-revoluciuri partiis

Canasaxi~ (57).

misi erT-erTi wevri f. maxaraZe `ligas~ wminda

`patriotul-nacionalisturi~ xasiaTis organizaciad miiCnevda.

magram is da n. Jordania masSi monawileobas Semdgom wlebSi

afiSirebas ar ukeTebdnen. Cans social-demokratisTvis

Seufereblad Tvlidnen `nacionalisturi~ xasiaTis

organizaciis rigebSi yofnas.

saqarTveloSi XIX saukunis bolos politikuri policiis

adgilob-riv organoTa didi yuradReba erovnuli moZraobis

mimarT gamokveTilia `ligis~ saqmis dasawyisSive arsebul

- 46 -

masalaSi. pirvelive furcelze aris Tbilisis gubernatoris

mier gagzavnili werili Tbilisis JandarmTa sagubernio

sammarTvelos ufrosTan, romelSic acnobebs konstantinepolSi

`erTi qarTvelis mcdelobas mieRo nebarTva Jurnalis

gamosacemad, romelic moamzadebda kavkasiis ganTavisuflebas.~

`ligis~ saqmeSia aseve cnobebi qarTvel TavadaznaurTa Soris

faruli erovnuli organizaciis `damoukidebelTa sazogadoebis~

arsebobis Sesaxeb (58).

1893 wels polkovnikma debilma `ligis~ wevrebTan

dakavSirebiT daiwyo i. laRiaSvilis mier 1886 wels Tbilisis

seminariis reqtor Cudeckis mkvlelobis saqmis amoqeqva. igi

aRniSnavda, rom S. dedabriSvils da organizaciis sxva wevrebs

mimowera aqvT laRiaSvilTan, romelic axla amerikaSi

imyofebao. debils gansakuTrebiT ainteresebda ara miwer-

moweris Sinaarsi, aramed _ `seminariis reqtoris mkvleloba iyo

Tu ara rusi eri-sadmi qarTveli eris siZulvilis gamovlena.~

polkovniki debili 1890-iani wlebis bolos gadaiyvanes

Tbilisis JandarmTa sagubernio sammarTvelos ufrosad.

marTalia, policiis departamenti XIX da XX saukunis mijnaze

JandarmTa sagubernio sammarTveloebs sTxovda meti yuradRebis

gamaxvilebas soflad nel-nela mzardi xalxosnuri agitaciis

winaaRmdeg, debili kvlav erovnuli moZraobis Sesaxeb awvdida

masalas. magaliTad, 1900 wlis dasawyisSi igi departaments

acnobebda `goris mazris sofel TerZmisSi mimdinareobs

erovnuli xasiaTis agitacia, rac gamoixateba imaSi, rom soflis

ramodenime glexi Tanasoflelebs eubnebian isini qarTvelebi

arian da ar unda surdeT rusi mefe~ (59).

- 47 -

`ligis~ saqmis damTavrebis Semdeg didxans grZeldeboda

meTvalyureoba mis yofil wevrebze. debili 1901 wels `ligis~

erT-erTi wevris n. jayelis Sesaxeb Tavis TanaSemwes avalebda

meti dakvirveba ewarmoebina am piris cxovrebaze `imis gamo, rom

jayeli aris erT-erTi qarTveli patrioti~ (60).

`ligasTan~ kavSiris gamo 1896 wels dawesda da

grZeldeboda 1903 wlamde faruli zedamxedveloba s.

RambaSiZeze. masze Segrovebul cnobebSi xazgasmulia am

ukanasknelis didi nacnoboba akaki wereTelTan (61).

UXIX s-nis bolos politikuri Ziebis adgilobrivi

organoebis saTaveSi idgnen polkovnik debilis msgavsi asakiani,

carizmis winaSe damsaxurebuli generlebi da polkovnikebi,

aRzrdilebi JandarmTa korpusis Zvel tradiciebze (62). isini

cxovrobdnen `narodnaia volias~ tipis SeTqmulebiTi

organizaciis mogonebebiT da ver amCnevdnen arsebuli

politikuri situaciis Secvlas. xalxosnuri ideologiis

matarebeli revolucionerebi da asparezze axladgamosuli

social-demokratebi farTod Slidnen agitacia-propagandas.

1891-1892 wlebSi ruseTis 20 guberniaSi dawyebulma SimSilobam

da misgan gamowveulma qoleris epidemiam ganapiroba

axalgazrdebis masiuri wasvla soflad moSimSileTa dasaxmareb-

lad. xalxis gaWirvebis TvalnaTliv danaxvam ganapiroba maTi

mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis survili, rasac moyva revoluciuri

agitaciis gaZliereba da revoluciuri ideebis axali ZaliT

gavrceleba moswavle-axalgazrdobaSi (63). marTalia, am dros

represiebs gadarCenili revoluciuri organizaciebi Zalian

susti iyo da misi wevrebi ufro metad Teoretikosobdnen, vidre

praqtikul muSaobas eweodnen, ruseTis xelisufleba sakmaod

- 48 -

sustad iqceoda: igi Tavisi daufiqrebeli damokidebulebiT

revoluciuri ideologiis gavlenis qveS moqceuli moswavle-

axalgazrdobis mimarT anxorcielebda, SeiZleba iTqvas, maTi

bunebrivi gadarCevis process. politikur danaSaulSi mxolod

eWvmitanilebsac ki umaRlesi da saSualo saswavleblebidan

ricxavdnen, apatimrebdnen, asaxlebdnen imperiis Soreul

mxareebSi. maT Soris sustebi Sordebodnen revoluciur

moZraobas, samagie-rod sulierad Zlierebi, iZendnen ra

gamocdilebas politikur policiasTan brZolaSi, axali

energiiT agrZelebdnen revoluciur moRvaweobas.

1902 wlis 14 ianvars policiis departamenti JandarmTa

sagubernio sammarTveloebs acnobebda `sauniversiteto

qalaqebSi momxdari areulobebis monawile pirebi, umaRlesi

saswavleblebis moswavleebi, romlebic gaZevebulni iqnen

qalaqidan, xSirad uaxlovdebian adgilobriv moswavle-

axalgazrdobas, acnoben maT mTavrobis sawinaaRmdego azrebs da

saerTod maTze axdenen mavne gavlenas, amzadeben momavali

sarevolucio moRvaweobisaTvis~ (64). swored 1890-1899 wlebSi

umaRlesi saswavleblebidan garicxuli axalgazrdoba

`amovardnili cxovrebis Cveulebrivi ritmidan~ gaxda 1905-1907

wlebis revoluciis wamyvani Zala.

sazRvargareT saswavleblad wasuli axalgazrdobac

swrafad moeqca represiebs garidebuli politikuri emigraciis

_ xalxosnuri ideologiis mimdevari da axlad warmoSobili

social-demokratiuli moZraobis meTaurebis gavlenis qveS. ukve

1894 wlis dasawyisSi policiis departamenti sTxovda imperiis

guberniebSi arsebul yvela Zalismier struqturas ar gaeSva

- 49 -

mxedvelobis aredan sazRvargareTis umaRlesi saswavleblebidan

samSobloSi ardadagebze Camosuli studentebi (65).

1895-1898 wlebSi emigraciaSi myof revolucionerebSi

pesimisturi ganwyobileba Seicvala aqtiuri muSaobis surviliT.

gaZlierda ruseTis imperiaSi maTi emisrebis, aralegaluri

literaturis Segzavna, daiwyo Zveli kavSirebis aRdgena

TanamoazreebTan da daqsaqsul revoluciur organizaciebTan.

gamococxlda liberaluri Cinovnikoba, erobebis moRvaweebma

daiwyes mcdelobebi gaerTianebisaken, raTa axali moTxovnebi

waeyenebinaT da waeglijaT meti uflebebi xelisuflebisaTvis.

Jandarmeriis oficrebi aseT situaciaSi kmayofildebodnen

mosaxleobaze meTvalyureobiT, xmebis, Worebis SegrovebiT,

adgilobrivi mniSvnelobis movlenebis aRricxviT. awarmoebdnen

ukve momxdar politikur danaSaulze Ziebas. Jandarmerias

politikuri Zebnis warmoeba, ese igi danaSaulis moxdenamde misi

aRmoCena ar SeeZlo saTanado gamocdilebis da saSualebebis

arqonis gamo. JandarmTa sagubernio sammarTvelobs ar hyavdaT

arc saidumlo agentebi, arc meTvalyure agentebi _ filerebi.

isini Tavmoyrili iyvnen imperiis centrSi policiis

departamentSi da moskovis `oxrankaSi~. filerul saqmianobas

guberniebSi ukidures SemTxvevaSi anxorcielebdnen samoqalaqo

tansacmelSi gadacmuli Jandarmeriis unter-oficrebi,

romlebsac Tanamedrovis mogonebiT `xandaxan aviwydebodaT

Ceqmebze dezebis moxsna~ (66).

aseT situaciaSi saqarTveloSi 1893 wels aRmocenebuli

pirveli marqsistuli organizacia swrafad Slida muSaobas.

ukve 1895-1896 wlebSi marto rkinigzis muSaTa Soris iTvleboda

- 50 -

5 social-demokratiuli wre, xolo 1898 wlis damdegs maTma

ricxvma 25-s miaRwia (67).

qarTveli social-demokratebi 1894-1901 wlebSi TiTqmis

daubrkoleblad eweodnen agitacia-propagandas TbilisSi,

quTaisSi da mTlianad saqarTveloSi (68). n. Jordania wers: `im

dros `kvalSi~ yvela Cvens azrs, garda pirdapiri mowodebisa

Tavisuflad vbeWdavdiT~. am garemoebas igi ori mizeziT xsnida:

pirveli _ sacenzuro komitets peterburgidan miRebuli hqonda

specialuri cirkulari romliTac unda yuradReba

gaemaxvilebinaT erovnuli xasiaTis propagandaze. am komitets

`patriotuli leqsebi ufro afrTxobda, vinem ekonomiuri

sakiTxebi~ da meore _ `cenzori iyo axalgazrda kaci g. Juruli,

rigiani xasiaTis da liberalurad ganwyobili, marqsizmis ara

icoda ra da cirkularis farglebSi rCeboda~ (69).

marqsizmis arcodna social-demokratebisaTvis Jandarmeriis

da cenzuris mier mwvane gzis micemaSi arafer SuaSi iyo. am

SemTxvevaSi mTavar rols TamaSobda policiis departamentis

miTiTebebi politikuri Zebnis adgilobrivi organoebisaTvis.

- 51 -

Tavi III

imperiis politikuri mdgomareoba da politikuri

policia 1902-1908 wlebSi

$1 revoluciuri terori da politikuri Zebnis

organoebis daarseba ruseTis imperiaSi

1860-wlebSi arsebuli revoluciuri organizaciis

`narodnaia raspravas~ Semqmnelis neCaevis sityvebi: `Tu Tqven

gsurT Cveni studentobisgan SeqmnaT namdvili revolucionerebi,

ecadeT saqme waiyvanoT ise, rom mTavrobam rac SeiZleba bevri

maTgani Casvas cixeebSi, saswavleblebidan garicxos,

gadasaxlebaSi gaagzavnos, cxovrebis Cveulebrivi ritmidan

amoagdos, mxolod maSin gamoiwrTobian isini siZulvilSi

arsebuli xelisuflebisadmi~ anderZad iqca momdevno periodis

revolucionerebisaTvis (70).

v. figneris mogonebebSi aRniSnulia, rom `zemlia i

volias~ prog-ramis moTxovna organizaciis wevrebs SeeRwiaT

armiaSi, administraciaSi, erobebSi, raTa es adamianebi

`aRegznoT~ yvelanairi saprotesto gamosvlebisaTvis

xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg 1880-iani wlebis bolos

xalxosnebisgan praqtikulad xorcieldeboda. igi wers: `yazanis

demonstracia wamowyebuli iyo saxeldobr am mizniT. aseT

mizans man miaRwia, magram zogierTi wreebi peterburgSi

ukmayofiloni iyvnen, rom demonstraciis monawileebma

mayurebeli gamoiyenes Tavis iaraRad. amnair politikas da

demonstraciebs unda gamoewvia ukmayofileba sazogadoebaSi da

yoloda igi agznebul mdgomareobaSi, amasTan Caenerga

- 52 -

SeSfoTeba xelisuflebisaTvis~ (71). amrigad, xalxosnebis azriT,

gaficvebs, demonstraciebs sazogadoebis `garevolucionirebis~

saqmeSi didi roli eniWeboda. magram, maT kargad dainaxes, rom

yvelaze metad xelisufleba daaSina da sazogadoebis yvela

fenaSi farTo rezonansi moyva politikuri policiis

warmomadgenlebis winaaRmdeg mimarTul teroristul aqtebs.

imperator aleqsandre II-is mkvlelobam ki xelisuflebis

droebiTi paralizeba gamoiwvia.

1870-1890-iani wlebi evropisaTvis warmoadgenda teqnikis

swrafi ganviTarebis xanas. mis ganviTarebas adamianis goneba ver

miyveboda. teqnikis prioriteti aSkara iyo. Sesabamisad teqnikuri

miRwevebis gamoyenebiT politikuri reJimebis Secvla evropis

qveynebis revolucionerebs SesaZleblad miaCndaT. 1881 wels

anarqistebma londonSi gamarTul kongresze teroristuli

taqtika gamoacxades pirveli rigis amocanad. kongresis am

gadawyvetilebas moyva 20 wliani, evropis zog qveyanaSi ki 30

wliani teroristuli kampaniis periodi. marto 1892 wels

evropaSi mTlianad moxda 1000-ze meti teroristuli aqti,

ganxorcielebuli dinamitiani bombebis saSualebiT.

teroristebis umravlesoba italiaSi, safrangeTsa da germaniaSi

`moRvaweobdnen~. 1896 wels maT TviT safrangeTis prezidenti

karno mokles (72).

sazRvargareT myofma rusma revolucionerebma kargad

dainaxes dinamitis Zala xelisuflebis dezorganizaciis saqmeSi.

Tu 1870-1880-ian wlebSi xalxosnebis mier Cadenili teroristuli

aqtebi atarebda TavdacviT xasiaTs da warmoadgenda

`SurisZiebis~ iaraRs, 1890-iani wlebis bolos, evropeli

revolucionerebis, kerZod frangi anarqistebis `gamocdilebis~

- 53 -

analizis safuZvelze SeimuSava momavali socialist-

revolucionerebis partiis erT-erTma liderma v. Cernovma

teroris e.w. `samebis~ koncefcia. am koncefciis mixedviT

terors gaaCnia sami funqcia. pirveli _ xelisuflebis

dezorganimzebeli, meore _ xalxis `aRmgznebi~, mesame _

agitaciuri mniSvneloba (73).

swored, bombebi airCies teroris warmoebisaTvis Tavis

umTavres iaraRad 1901 wels Camoyalibebuli ruseTis

socialist-revoluciuri partiis wevrebma. socialist-

revolucionerebis azriT `ruseTSi politikuri cvlilebebi

damokidebuli iyo ministrebis Secvlaze~. es Secvla ki

`Cqardeboda bombebiT~. marTalia, bombebis gamoyenebiT teroris

ganxorcielebis dros izrdeboda udanaSaulo adamianebis

sikvdilianobis albaToba, magram es iaraRi, Zlier damangrevel

ZalasTan erTad, didi xmauriT gamoirCeoda da Sesabamisad

brwyinvale `saagitacio~ saSualebas warmoadgenda mosaxleobis

`revolucionizirebisaTvis~.

1901 wels, jer arc ki iyo damTavrebuli partiis

Camoyalibeba, rom socialist-revolucionerebma maRali rangis

Tanamdebobis pirebis winaaRmdeg `centraluri teroris~

warmoebisaTvis Seqmnes `sabrZolo organizacia~. socialist-

revolucionerebis partiul organo `revoluciuri ruseTis~ me-

7 nomerSi xmamaRla gamocxadda, rom: `Tanaxmad partiis

gadawyvetilebisa, misgan gamoyofil iqna specialuri `sabrZolo

organizacia~, romelic iRebs Tavis Tavze mkacri konspiraciis

da Sromis ganawilebis safuZvelze, mxolod teroristuli da

dezorganizaciuli saqmianobis warmoebas. igi dakavSirebulia

- 54 -

marto partiis centrTan daAsavsebiT gancalkevebulia

adgilobrivi komitetebisagan~(74).

1902 wlis 2 aprils moxda misi pirveli gamosvla.

organizaciis wevrma balmaSevma mokla Sinagan saqmeTa ministri

sipiagini. imperiis xelisuflebisaTvis aRniSnuli teroristuli

aqti moulodneli aRmoCnda. Jandarmeriis generlis spiridoniCis

sityvebiT: `aravin icoda saidan. rogor, ratom, risTvis

ganxorcielda aseTi sastiki dartyma~. saqme imaSi iyo, rom

rogorc avRniSneT, politikuri Zebnis organoebi provinciebSi

ar funqcionirebdnen. guberniebSi arsebobda mxolod politikur

danaSaulze mokvlevis _ politikuri Ziebis organoebi,

JandarmTa sagubernio sammarTveloebis saxiT, romlis

xelmZRvanelebi, Sesabamisi gamocdilebis da saSua-lebis

uqonlobis gamo, ver amCnevdnen aRniSnul periodSi socialist-

revolucionerebis da social-demokratebis mier propaganda-

agitaciis farTod gaSlas (75).

aRniSnul periodSi (1894-1901 wlebSi) politikuri Zebnis

organoebi mxolod peterburgSi, moskovsa da varSavaSi

arsebobda `oxrankis~ ganyofilebebis saxiT. `oxrankis~

ganyofilebebis istoria, ufro zustad `sazogadoebrivi

wesrigis da simSvidis dacvis ganyofilebebisa~ iwyeba 1866 wels

peterburgSi `dacvis razmis~ daarsebiT (76). Tavdapirvelad mas

evaleboda mefis da misi ojaxis wevrebis dacva. `narodnaia

volias~ teroristuli aqtebis momzadebis aRmoCenis mizniT 1880

wels am saxelwodebis ganyofileba daarsda moskovSi, cota xnis

Semdeg, poloneTSi erovnuli moZraobis gaZlierebis gamo,

varSavaSi. maT daevalaT arsebuli reJimis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli

politikuri danaSaulis momzadebis aRmoCena _ politikuri

- 55 -

Zebnis warmoeba. am saqmianobas isini eweodnen ZiriTadad

meTvalyure agentebis meSveobiT. SesaZleblobis farglebSi

iyenebdnen Sinagan agenturas _ saidumlo TanamSromlebs, anu

agentebs. am ukanasknelTa gamoyenebis Sesaxeb mefis

xelisuflebam jer kidev 1878 wels gamoitana daskvna:

`revoluciasTan brZola SeuZlebelia mTlad Tavisufali kerZo

pirebis daxmarebis gareSe, romlebic trialeben sazogadoebriv

garemoSi~ (77).

1890-iani wlebis Sua xanebSi moskovis `oxrankis~ saTaveSi

daniSnul iqna i. zubatovi. misi moskovis `oxrankis~ saTaveSi

yofnis wlebi faqtobrivad iyo politikuri Zebnis umTavresi

organos _ `oxrankis~ reformaciis periodi. zubatovma SemoiRo

yvela dapatimrebulis fotografireba, SemoiRo da pirvelma

gamoiyena daqtiloskopia (TiTebidan anabeWdis aReba), daamuSava

Sinagani agenturis _ saidumlo TanamSromlebis gamoyenebis

meTodika. pirvelad ruseTis imperiaSi Seqmna meTvalyure

agentebis _ filerTa kargi kadri (78).

moskovis `oxrankasTan~ Camoyalibda filerebis 30 kaciani

,,mfrinavi razmi~. maT gzavnidnen imperiis im adgilebSi, sadac

revoluciuri moZraoba iwyebda aRmavlobas. policiis

departaments Sesabamisad, vrceli masaliT imperiaSi mimdinare

revoluciuri Tu erovnuli moZraobis Sesaxeb amaragebda,

swored moskovis `oxranka~. am garemoebis wyalobiT igi

policiis departamentisTvis gadaiqca politikuri Zebnis

centralur organod (79).

zubatovis saxelTan aris dakavSirebuli 1895-1902 wlebSi

policiis departamentis mier garkveuli taqtikuri xazis

gatareba. misi azriT, politikuri policiis mTavari amocana

- 56 -

iyo mowinaaRmdegis rigebSi _ revoluciur inteligenciasa da

muSaTa Soris ganxeTqilebis Setana. im mizniT, rom 1890-iani

wlebis bolos muSaTa nel-nela mzardi moZraoba revoluciur

moZraobaSi ar gadazrdiliyo, saWiro iyo muSebisaTvis

legaluri organizaciebis Seqmnis saSualeba miecaT (80).

zubatovis gavleniT politikuri policiis mesveurebi Tvlidnen,

rom am dros asparezze axladgamosuli social-demokratebi

dakavebulni iyvnen, muSebSi mxolod ekonomikuri xasiaTis

propagandiT da maTTvis kulturul-saganmanaTleblo sakiTxebis

mogvarebiT.

rogorc revolucioneri-istorikosi vl. burcevi wers:

`policiis departamenti ara marto ar apatimrebda muSebSi

social-demokrat propagandistebs, aramed maT saSualebas

aZlevda ewarmoebinaT aseTi propaganda~. metic, departamenti

xels uwyobda emigraciaSi wasasvlelad gadasaxlebidan

gamoqceul im revolucionerebs, vinc maTi azriT muSaTa

legaluri moZraobis ganviTarebaSi miiRebda monawileobas (81).

piradad zubatovma gaaTavisufla socialist-revoluciuri

partiis `sabrZolo organizaciis~ momavali organizatori

gerSuni, radgan misi azriT es ukanaskneli monawileobas

miiRebda muSaTa legalur moZraobaSi. amasTan, policiis

departamentis SexedulebiT, aseTi taqtikiT SeZlebdnen

profesiul-teroristuli moZraobis winaaRmdeg specialuri

profesiul muSaTa moZraobis Seqmnas da revolucionerebis

gavlenisgan CamoaSorebdnen muSebs (82).

meores mxriv, zubatovs surda im dros sul ufro da ufro

mzard Zalas _ socialist-revolucionerebs daewyoT aqtiuri

moqmedebebi, gamoe-yenebinaT terori. misi azriT terori da

- 57 -

masTan dakavSirebuli uxvad daRvrili sisxli gaxrwnida

revolucionerebs da moxdeboda sazogadoebasa da

revolucionerebs Soris ganxeTqileba (83). amasTan,

revolucionerebis mier brZolis ukiduresi formebis gamoyeneba

xelisuflebas miscemda saSualebas revolucionerebi daesaja

sasamarTlos meSveobiT. saqme imaSia, rom sakanonmdeblo bazis

arasrulyofilebis gamo gamoaSkaravebuli socialist-

revolucionerebi xSirad dausjelni rCebodnen.

Tanamedrovis mogonebiT: `im dros saqarTveloSi

Jamdarmeriis da policiis Zili raRac saarakos warmoadgenda.

wreebi sokoebiviT izrdeboda, agitacia-agitaciaze xdeboda, dRe

da Rame gasworebuli iyo. yovel kuTxeSi, sadac ki muSa

budobda, gacxovelebuli mecadineoba da mzadeba iyo. marto 1900

wlis zafxulSi momxdarma gaficvam moiyvana gons mTavroba (84).

samagierod, xelisuflebam muSaobis dawyebac ki ar acala,

ise gaanadgura 1897-1898 wlebSi rus marqsistTa Tbilisis da

baTumis jgufebi (85). saqarTveloSi rusi social-demokratebis

gansakuTrebuli devna gamowveuli iyo mTavrobis surviliT rusi

muSebi gamoeyenebina kavkasiaSi Tavis dasayrdenad. am periodSi

moRvawe erT-erTi social-demokrati Tavis mogonebaSi wers: `im

dros rusi muSebis didi umravlesoba nacionalisturi

azrovnebiT iyo gamsWvaluli. aq isini gabatonebuli eris

warmomadgenlad Tvlidnen Tavs da amitom maTTan daaxloeba,

rogorc politikurad, ise konspiraciulad Zneli iyo~ (86).

rogorc cnobilia, 1890-1901 wlebSi kavkasiaSi ar arsebobda

mZlavri xalxosnuri tipis organizaciebi, ar arsebobda muSaTa

didi moZraobac. serTod muSaTa klasi saqarTveloSi

mcirericxovani iyo. amitom, politikuri policiis mier

- 58 -

qarTveli social-demokratebisTvis Tavisufali propaganda-

agitaciis micemis mizezebi sxva iyo, vidre imperiis centrSi.

pirveli is, rom xelisuflebas `patriotuli leqsebi~

ufro afrTxobda da meore _ CvenSi axalgazrda marqsistebma

asparezze gamosvlisTanave Tavis mowinaaRmdeged airCies is

Zala, romelsac im dros qarTveli sazogadoebis didi nawili

uWerda mxars. politikuri policiis SexedulebiT XIX saukunis

bolos aseT Zalas saqarTveloSi arsebuli farTo erovnuli

moZraoba warmoadgenda. maTi azri daemTxva qarTveli social-

demokratebis Sexedulebas. am ukanasknelebma erovnuli

moZraobis warmomadgenlebis winaaRmdeg gaaCaRes farTo kampania.

maT partiul gazeT `kvalSi~ ekonomikuri xasiaTis statiebTan

erTad xSirad ibeWdeboda uxeSi gamoxtomebiT savse werilebi

erovnuli moZraobis moRvaweebis misamarTiT. `Cvens~ social-

demokratebs miaCndaT, rom `erovnuli principis Sinaarsi im

dros Caladac aRar Rirda~ (87).

qarTveli marqsistebi rusi Tanamoazreebis msgavsad,

romlebsac buneb-rivia es sakiTxi ar ainteresebdaT,

sazogadoebis yuradRebis mTavar sagnad pirvel rigSi socialur

da ara erovnul sakiTxs ayenebdnen. isini pirdapir acxadebdnen

Tavs _ `axlandeli Cveni inteligent-meTaurebis mtrad~. mavned

miaCndaT maTi saqmianoba erovnuli sakiTxis win wamowevis gamo.

aseTi dapirispireba ki pasuxobda politikuri policiis

interesebs saqarTveloSi.

n. Jordanias naqebi cenzoris g. Jurulis Sesaxeb qarTveli

mamuliSvili s. fircxalava werda: `saqmes odnavadac ar

Sveloda is garemoeba, rom qarTul gamocemas qarTveli

cenzorobda. g. Jurulis dros metismetad Seviwroebuli viyaviT,

- 59 -

Cveni azris gatarebas moklebuli viyaviT da suls viTqvamdiT,

roca xandaxan g. Juruli SvebulebaSi wavidoda~ (88).

marTalia, politikuri policia zogjer represiebs

mimarTavda calkeuli social-demokratebis mimarT, magram

xanmokle dapatimreba an gadasaxleba maT ufro metad matebda

`xalxis saqmisaTvis wamebulis~ Saravandeds. im xanad policiis

departamentis gansakuTrebuli ganyofilebis ufrosis l.

rataevis sityvebiT: '`1901 wlamde gadasaxleba arsebobda

mxolod qaRaldze. maSindeli cixis reJimSi moqceuli

revolucioneri daubrkolebliv agrZelebda Tavis muSaobas~ (89).

1902 wels teroristis xeliT mokluli sipiaginis magivrad

axal Sinagan saqmeTa ministrad nikoloz II pleve daniSna. igi

1881-1884 wlebSi xelmZRvanelobda policiis departaments. mis

saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli `narodnaia volias~ narCenebis

ganadgureba. pleves miaCnda, rom qveyanaSi mimdinare

sazogadoebrivi moZraoba warmoadgenda calkeuli energiuli

revolucionerebis saqmianobis Sedegs. amitom, mis CasaxSobad

sakmarisi iyo policiuri xasiaTis zomebi.

pleve Tvlida, rom policiis departamenti da misi

adgilobrivi politikuri Ziebis organoebi Jandarmeriis

sagubernio sammarTveloebi CamorCnen mimdinare movlenebs,

muSaobdnen Zveli meTodebiT da xerxebiT. meTvalyureoba

vagzlebze, xalxis TavSeyris adgilebze, meezoveebis gamokiTxva

saeWvo binadrebis Sesaxeb, masiuri Cxrekebi da dapatimrebebi

axlad Seqmnili, kargad konspirirebuli teroristuli

organizaciebis winaaRmdeg aRar amarTlebda. man politikuri

policiis organoebis TanamSromelTa didi nawili, ZiriTadad

- 60 -

JandarmTa sagubernio sammarTvelos xelmZRvaneloba

samsaxuridan gaaTavisufla. Sinagan saqmeTa saministroSic

axali xalxi Semoikriba (90). policiis departamentis

direqtorad daniSna a. lopuxini, sasamarTlos yofili

prokurori. masze daamyara imedi, rogorc policiis mTliani

reorganizaciis Camtarebelze. lopuxinma Tavis mxriv policiis

departamentSi politikuri Zebnis da Ziebis xelmZRvaneli

gansakuTrebuli ganyofilebis ufrosad gadaiyvana zubatovi,

moskovis `oxrankis~ yofili ufrosi 1894-1902 wlebSi uaxloes

TanamSromlebTan erTad (91).

revoluciurma gamosvlebma 1902 wels mkveTrad imata

ruseTis bevr guberniaSi. maT Soris amierkavkasiaSic. Tbilisis

JandarmTa sagubernio sammarTvelo policiis departaments

werda: `amierkavkasiaSi, konkretulad TbilisSi, revoluciurma

moZraobam imdenad saSiSi xasiaTi miiRo, rom masTan brZola

Cveulebrivi saSualebebiT SeuZlebelia da saWiroa

gansakuTrebuli xasiaTis zomebis miReba~ (92).

1902 wels imdenad farTod gaiSala agitacia-propaganda

moswavle-axalgazrdobaSi da gaxSirda maTi gamosvlebi,

aRarafers vambobT muSebze da glexobaze, rom Sinagan saqmeTa

ministrma, radgan represiuli zomebi aRar Wrida, 1903 wels

gansakuTrebuli cirkulari gamosca, romliTac saSualo

saswavleblebSi, saswavlo dawesebulebebis pedagogebs

Sesabamisi zneobrivi gavleniT unda daeSoSminebinaT

moswavleebi (93).

daiwyo da gaZlierda aseve teroric. 1902-1903 wlebSi

yvelaze met materialur saSualebas axmarda terors da

qadagebda mis farTod gaSlas masebSi socialist-

- 61 -

revolucionerebis partia. Tumca, am periodidan saqar-TveloSi

terors ZiriTadad social-demokratebi mimarTavdnen.

swored mTeli imperiis masStabiT dawyebuli teroris da

sxva saxis revoluciuri gamosvlebis winaaRmdeg gezi aiRo

carizmma saidumlo TanamSromlebis farTod gamoyenebis

praqtikaze. saidumlo TanamSromlebis e.i. revoluciur

organizaciebSi momuSave policiis agentebis meSveobiT

teroristebis winaaRmdeg brZola evropis qveynebis saidumlo

policias, gansakuTrebiT safrangeTisas, romelTanac ruseTs am

periodSi mWidro kavSiri gaaCnda, praqtikaSi didi xnis

miRebuli hqonda. ruseTis imperiis policiis departamentis

xelmZRvanelobac mivida azramde, rom `Tu romelime wyobas surs

daicvas Tavisi arseboba, amas ver SeZlebs saidumlo

TanamSromlebis gamoyenebis gareSe~. risi magaliTic iyo

safrangeTi, sadac `im dros iseve rogorc ruseTSi arsebobs

dilema _ an terors unda mivceT farTo gza, raTa marjvniv da

marcxniv xdebodes mkvlelobebi, anda vebrZoloT im xerxebiT,

romlebic dawesebulia saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi. Tuki aris

mowinaaRmdege, romelsac surs arsebuli wyobilebis Camogdeba

iatakqveSidan, farulad, saidumlod, masTan pirdapiri brZola

uSedegoa. Tuki pirdapiri gza ar aris, unda gamoviyenoT is

xerxebi, romelic pasuxobs revoluciuri saqmianobis Sinaarss.

SeiZleba ki Ria brZola antisaxelmwifoebriv moZraobasTan an

mimdinareobasTan?~ svamdnen kiTxvas policiis departamentis

xelmZRvanelebi da pasuxobdnen erTmniSvnelovnad: mxolod

saidumlo TanamSromlebis _ agentebis meSveobiT (94).

zubatovis mosvlas policiis departamentSi mohyva imperiis

maStabiT politikuri Zebnis organoebis daarseba. 1902 wels

- 62 -

pleves brZanebiT provinciebSi `Zebnis ganyofilebebi~ Seiqmna.

debulebiT `Zebnis ganyofilebebis Sesaxeb~ am organoebs

daevalaT politikuri Zebnis warmoeba (95). masSi, imis gamo, rom

politikuri Zebna iwyeba ara danaSaulis aRmoCenis, aramed

danaSaulis aRmoCenamde, politikuri Zebnis warmoeba

gansazRvruli iyo rogorc `gare meTvalyureobis~ da `saidumlo

TanamSromlebis~ saqmianobis erTianobad (96). am ganyofilebebs

1903 wels gadaerqva saxeli `dacvis” anu, rogorc maT ixsenieben

istoriul literaturaSi, `oxrankis” ganyofilebebad. 1903 da

1907 wlebis axali debulebebiT `oxrankis” gan-yofilebebze da

1907 wels stolipinis mier damtkicebul instruqciebSi #120

`saidumlo TanamSromlebis” da #140 `meTvalyure agentebis”

Sesa-xeb, politikuri Zebnis erTaderT safuZvlad gamocxadda:

`Sida meTvalyureobis” warmoeba `Sinagani, savsebiT saidumlo

agentebis – saidumlo TanamSromlebis meSveobiT”. amave dros,

maTve unda aerCiaT da `aRezardaT” meTvalyure agentebi _

filerebi (97).

am ganyofilebebis daarsebiT policiis departamentma scada

politikuri policiis adgilobrivi organoebis gaerTianebac.

`oxrankis” ganyofilebis ufrosebs sityvierad unda gaecnoT

JandarmTa sagubernio sammar-Tvelos ufrosebisaTvis

meTvalyureobis da politikuri Zebnis Sedegebi. Tavis mxriv

`oxrankis” Cinebs SeeZloT esargeblaT JandarmTa sagubernio

sammarTveloSi warmoebuli yvela saqmis masaliT. Tumca mainc

movaleni iyvnen JandarmTa sagubernio sammarTveloSi gaegzavnaT

politikur ZebnasTan dakavSirebuli cnobebi.

politikuri policiis adgilobrivi organoebis saqmianobis

gaerTianebasTan erTad imperiaSi politikuri Zebnis

- 63 -

centralizaciis mizniT `oxrankis” ganyofilebebs daevalaT

departamentSi dauyonebliv gadaegzavnaT maTTan Sesuli yvela

agenturuli cnoba, e.i. saidumlo TanamSromlebis mier miwvdili

informacia da gare meTvalyureobis monacemebi.

SeZlebisdagvarad winaswar, SeeTanxmebinaT ama Tu im piris

gaCxreka an dapatimreba, aReniSnaT dapatimrebis, Cxrekis

gamomwvevi mizezebi (98). am monacemebis safuZvelze ki

departamenti Sesabamis miwerilobas ugzavnida adgilobriv

JandarmTa sagubernio sammarTveloebs. es ukanaskneli

awarmoebda ukve Cxrekas da aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi

dapatimrebas `oxrankis” ganyofilebis ufrosis uSualo

monawileobiT da miTiTebis Tanaxmad.

debulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli iyo isic, rom Tuki

`oxrankas” am saxis gadaudebeli zomebis miReba dasWirdeboda,

sagamoZiebo saqmianobis CatarebaSi daxmareba unda eTxova

JandarmTa sagubernio sammarTvelos ufrosebisaTvis. aseTi saxis

moTxovna JandarmTa sagubernio sammarTvelos ufrosisaTvis

savaldebulos warmoadgenda.

Cxrekis damTavrebis Semdeg nivTmtkicebebi gadaecemoda

JandarmTa sagubernio sammarTvelos ufross, romelic aRZravda

am saqmeze mokvlevas _ iwyebda gamoZiebas (99). amrigad,

`oxrankis~ ganyofilebebis xelSi mxolod politikuri Zebna _

danaSaulis momzadebis aRmoCena iyo. politikuri danaSaulis

faqtis gamoZieba da dadgena ki JandarmTa sagubernio

sammarTvelos funqcias warmoadgenda. JandarmTa sagubernio

sammarTveloebs politikuri policiis sistemaSi darCaT

meorexarisxovani roli. aRsaniSnavia, rom `oxrankis”

ganyofilebebis saxiT policiis departamentma miiRo sakuTari

- 64 -

adgilobrivi organoebi, JandarmTa korpusis Stabis gverdis

avliT. maTi saSualebiT igi pirdapir ixedeboda imperiis mTel

teritoriaze adgilobrivi mosaxleobis politikur da pirad

cxovrebaSi, SeZlebisdagvarad amyarebda kontrols imperiis

masStabiT politikuri Zebnis warmoebaze.

`oxrankis” ganyofilebebis ufrosebad iniSnebodnen

policiis departamentis direqtoris SerCeviT JandarmTa calke

korpusis oficrebi. isini iTvlebodnen mivlinebulad

adgilobriv JandarmTa sagubernio sammarTveloebSi da

emorCilebodnen mis ufrosebs samwyobro damokidebulebiT.

magram praqtikaSi kuriozuli situacia Seiqmna, radgan

`oxrankis” ganyofilebis ufrosebs SeeZloT da iTxovdnen kidec

Jandarmeriisagan daxmarebas, sxvadasxva saxis monacemebs da maTi

miTiTebiT atarebda Jandarmeria Cxrekas. faqtobrivad ufro

dabali Cinis mqone oficeri rotmistri aZlevda brZanebas

polkovniks an generals.

aseT situaciaSi, roca Jandarmerias daekisra

meorexarisxovani roli yvelanairi politikuri saqmeebis

warmoebis dros, radgan JandarmTa sagubernio sammarTvelos

oficrebi moqmedebdnen rogorc sasamarTlos gamom-Zieblebi da

JandarmTa korpusis Stabs darCa mxolod samxedro da

disciplinaruli xasiaTis moTxovnebis wayenebis ufleba Tavisi

adgilobrivi organoebisaTvis, Tavi iCina JandarmTa korpusis

Stabis survilma kvlav yofiliyo adgilobrivi sazogadoebis

politikuri da piradi cxovrebis kursSi. 1904 wlis Sua xanebSi

gagzavnil cirkularSi JandarmTa sagubernio sammarTvelos

ufrosebisadmi naTqvamia, rom yovelwliuri werilobiTi

moxsenebebi did danaSaulebebze, sxvadasxva SemTxvevebze,

- 65 -

sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis gansakuTrebul movlenebze da

Tanamdebobrivi pirebis danaSaulebriv saqmianobaze unda

gaegzavnaT mxolod JandarmTa korpusis Sefis saxelze e.i.

Sinagan saqmeTa ministris misamarTiT, asli ki arc policiis

departamentSi da arc korpusis StabSi (100). konvertebi unda

gagzavniliyo JandarmTa korpusis misamarTiT da Tu

gaviTvaliswinebT imas, rom, im periodSi yvela werili Tu

banderoli misuli JandarmTa korpusis StabSi gadioda

perlustracias – ikiTxeboda cenzorebis mier (metic, cenzori

amowmebda policiis departamentis saxelze Semosul nebismier

qa-Ralds. lopuxinma gvianRa gaigo, rom mis pirad mimowerasac

ki departamentis direqtorad yofnis periodSi kiTxulobdnen da

asls iRebdnen Sinagan saqmeTa ministris pleves brZanebiT),

naTelia, rom JandarmTa korpusis Stabi sakmaod kargad iyo

informirebuli. swored lopuxini Tvlida, rom JandarmTa

korpusis debulebis 671 muxli iTxovda ra JandarmTa korpusis

Stabis ufross hqonoda yvela monacemi, rac aucilebeli iyo

korpusis meTaurisaTvis, aiZulebda Jandarmeriis adgilobriv

Cinebs kvlavindeburad miewodebinaT JandarmTa korpusis

xelmZRvanelobisaTvis maTTvis saintereso cnobebi.

rac Seexeba policiis departaments, politikuri Zebna

mTlianad moeqca misi gansakuTrebuli ganyofilebis xelSi. 1902

wlidan es ganyofileba faqtobrivad gadaiqca departamentad

departamentSi (101). gaizarda misi Stati. gansakuTrebul

ganyofilebaSi Seiqmna zesaidumlo ganyofileba, romelic

asrulebda gansakuTrebuli ganyofilebis saqmianobis

wammarTvelis rols. saqme imaSia, rom aq momuSave Cinovnikebis

xelSi iyo moqceuli politikuri Zebnis xelmZRvaneloba.

- 66 -

politikuri Zebnis teqnikisa da xerxebis instruqciebi

muSavdeboda am ganyofilebis mier da egzavneboda `oxrankis~

ganyofilebebs (102), aq iyo dakonspirirebuli da uwevdnen

xelmZRvanelobas `centralur agenturas~ anu gansakuTrebiT

mniSvnelovan saidumlo TanamSromlebs, visac ekavaT wamyvani

xelmZRvaneli adgilebi partiebSi – e. azefi, z. zuCenko, m.

malinovski da sxvebi.

am wlebSi moxda policiis departamentSi kontrdazvervis

ganyofilebis Camoyalibeba. 1904 wlamde ucxo qveynebis agentebze

meTval-yureoba atarebda erTeul, iSviaT xasiaTs. am wlidan ki

policiis departamentSi Seiqmna specialuri gasaidumlebuli

biuro, romelsac evaleboda ucxo qveynebis saelCoebze

meTvalyureoba _ saidumlo qaRaldebis, dokumentaciis, Sifrebis

mopoveba, gadamuSaveba (103). Aamrigad, policiis departamenti

sabolood gadaiqca saerTo policiis, politikuri policiisa

da kontrdazvervis organoebis gamaerTianebel organod.

$2. `oxrankis~ ganyofilebis Seqmna saqarTveloSi.

saidumlo agenturis gamoyenebis meTodebi da xerxebi

1902 wlis 12 agvistos debulebiT `Zebnis ganyofilebebis

Sesaxeb~ yvela did qalaqSi, maT Soris TbilisSic

policmeisteris kancelariasTan moxda maTi daarseba. 1903 wels

gamovida ra axali `droebiTi debuleba dacvis (oxrankis)

ganyofilebebze”, faqtobrivad `Zebnis ganyofilebebs” SeecvalaT

mxolod saxelwodeba da daixvewa debulebis zogierTi muxli

(104).

- 67 -

1902-1903 wlebSi TbilisSi `Zebnis ganyofilebis“ arsebobis

Sesaxeb saTanado vrceli masala ar moipoveba. mxolod

`oxrankis” saqmeebSi arsebuli erT-erTi saqme daTariRebulia

1902 wliT, magram gaurkvevelia 1902 wels es dawesebuleba

arsebobda Tu ara. arc 1903 wels dasturdeba `oxrankis”

ganyofilebis arseboba. Cven mivakvlieT am wliT daTariRebul

policiis departamentis cirkulars Tbilisis JandarmTa

sagubernio sammarTvelos ufrosisadmi da dokuments agentTa

Sesaxeb. cirkularSi saubaria, rom `oxrankis” saidumlo

TanamSromlis dakiTxva ar unda moxdes JandarmTa sagubernio

sammarTveloSi. dokumentSi ki revolucionerebis mier

gamomJRavnebul agentTa Soris moxseniebulia vinme abulaZe,

romelic `oxrankis” gviandeli periodis cnobiT 1903 wlidan iyo

`oxrankis” ganyofilebis agenti.

danamdvilebiT ki Tbilisis `oxrankis” ganyofilebis

arsebobaze mogviTxrobs 1904 wlis 1 ianvriT daTariRebuli

dokumenti, saidanac irkveva, rom am wlidan `oxrankis”

ganyofileba ukve funqcionirebda TbilisSi, xolo baTumsa da

baqoSi ki `oxrankis” punqtebi, rogorc Tbilisis `oxrankis~

ganyofilebis qvemdebare dawesebulebebi.

1904 wlis dasawyisSi Tbilisis `oxrankis” StatSi

Sediodnen Semdegi Cinis oficrebi: `oxrankis” ganyofilebis

ufrosi – rotmistri, romelic piradad xelmZRvanelobda

agenturas; moadgile – rotmistri, romelic xel-mZRvanelobda

gare meTvalyure agentebs – filerebs; erTi saqmis mwarmoebeli

da mwerali. StatSi Sediodnen aseve policiis zedamxedvelebi.

baTumis `oxrankis” punqts xelmZRvanelobda ufrosi –

rotmistri, romelsac StatSi hyavda ori fileri unter-oficeri.

- 68 -

maT ricxvs 1905 wels daumates ori policiis zedamxedveli

fileruli samsaxuris sawarmoeblad.

1907 wlisaTvis nel-nela gaizarda Tbilisis `oxrankis~

Stati, gafarTovda misi struqturac. am periodidan `oxrankis”

ganyofilebis struqturul qveganyofilebebad Camoyalibda

saerTo kancelaria, gare meTvalyureobis ganyofileba da Sida

meTvalyureobis (agenturuli) ganyofileba. swored Sida

meTvalyureobis ganyofileba iyo `oxrankis” ZiriTadi organo. aq

muSavdeboda, analizdeboda mTeli mopovebuli masala da

faqtobrivad warmoadgenda erTgvar analitikur centrs, radgan

gare meTvalyurebis ganyofilebac emorCileboda Sida

meTvalyureobis ganyofilebis gamges, `oxrankis” ufross,

romelic amave dros xelmZRvanelobda Sida agenturul qsels _

saidumlo TanamSromlebs. swored mis xelSi iyrida saidumlo

da gare meTvalyureobis agentebis mier mopovebuli informacia.

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, iatakqveS saidumlod momuSave

revolucionerebis winaaRmdeg pirdapiri brZolis xerxebi

departaments ar gaaCnda da man 1905-1907 wlebis revoluciis

dros saidumlo TanamSromlebis farTo gamoyeneba daiwyo,

radgan igi pasuxobda revolu-ciuri saqmianobis xasiaTs. kerZod,

praqtikaSi arsebuli SpionaJi, revolu-ciuri organizaciebis

Sesaxeb informaciis mopoveba maTSi Segzavnili policiis

agentebis meSveobiT ayvanil iqna sistemaSi da politikur Zebnis

mTavar, erTaderT safuZvlad gamocxadda `Sinagani, savsebiT

saidumlo da mudmivi agentura” (105).

rogorc zemoT SevniSneT 1907 wels stolipinis mier

damtkicebul iqna debuleba `oxrankis” ganyofilebebze da #120

- 69 -

instruqcia `Sinagani agenturis organizaciaze da wayvanaze”

(106). igi 5 Tavisagan Sedgeboda:

1. agenturis Semadgenloba;

2. agenturis SeZena;

3. agenturis xelmZRvaneloba;

4. konspiraciuli binebis gamoyeneba;

5. zrunva saidumlo TanamSromlis pirovnebaze (107).

am instruqciam ucvlelad iarseba 1914 wlamde, roca moxda

Zvelisagan naklebad gansxvavebuli axali instruqciis miReba.

igi `oxrankis” gan-yofilebis ufrosebs zepirad unda

scodnodaT (108). amasTan, `oxrankis” ufrosi yovelwliurad

waradgenda centrSi angariSs misi aTvisebis Sesaxeb qvemdebare

ganyofilebis Cinebis mier. instruqciaSi dawvrilebiT aris

damuSavebuli politikuri Zebnis xerxebi. instruqciiT

saidumlo TanamSromlis amocana mdgomareobda revoluciuri

sazogadoebis gamokvlevaSi samxilis mosapoveblad, raTa misi

wevrebi gaesamarTlebinaT (109). am pirebs `oxrankis~

ganyofilebis oficrebi `TanamSromlebs” uwodebdnen, radgan

gaweuli samsaxurisaTvis iRebdnen yovelTviur xelfass an

erTjerad daxmarebas, an fulad jildos `waxalisebis~ mizniT

(110).

yvelaze metad fasobdnen saidumlo TanamSromlebi

`gamosakvlevi garemodan~, e.i. politikuri organizaciebis,

akrZaluli sazogadoebebis wevrebi. instruqciebSi `oxrankis~

ganyofilebebis oficrebs sTxovdnen ZiriTadad gamoCenili

partiuli muSakis, partiuli organizaciis wamyvani, gavleniani

wevris gadmobireba-daagenturebas (111). Tumca Tvldnen, rom:

`gamosakvlev garemoSi momuSave susti partiuli TanamSromeli

- 70 -

iZleoda ufro mets, vidre informaciis Segrovebis sxva

saSualebebi~ (112).

saidumlo TanamSromlebis nawils `zrdida~ politikuri

policiis adgilobrivi ganyofilebis oficeri, aswavlida

politikuri Zebnis xerxebs da `gayavda~ partiaSi (113). aseTi

adamianebis `TanamSromlad~ momzadeba da revoluciur

organizaciaSi Segzavna Zalian rTuli iyo. amitom `oxrankis~

ganyofilebis saidumlo TanamSromlebad ZiriTadad muSaobdnen

`SeZenili~ pirebi, maT visac gadmoibirebdnen politikuri

saqmeebis Ziebis procesSi.

amdagvari `TanamSromlebis~ SeZenis process, rogorc zemoT

avRniSneT, ewodeboda `daagentureba~. 1914 wlis instruqciaSi

`agentebis SeZenis~ xerxebi ukve fsiqologiuri momentebis

gaTvaliswinebiT iyo damuSavebuli da dasabuTebuli (114). Tumca

manamdec politikuri policiis xelmZRvaneloba Zvel

debulebebSi rekomendacias uwevda gaeTvaliswinebinaT

gadasabireblad arCeuli piris xasiaTis zogierTi

gansakuTrebuli Tviseba. sainteresoa am mxriv social-demokrati

revolucioneris vinme n. WumburiZis Sesaxeb mimowera

saqarTveloSi politikuri policiis adgilobrivi organoebis

warmomadgenlebs Soris. sadac aRniSnulia, rom `n. WumburiZe

monawileobas Rebulobda, rogorc foTis delegati

amierkavkasiis social-demokratebis saolqo konferenciaze,

maSasadame, unda icodes xsenebuli partiis adgilobrivi

organizaciis muSaobaze yvelaferi. mxedvelobaSia misaRebi misi

xasiaTis zogierTi gansakuTrebuli Tviseba da materialuri

mdgomareoba, amitom SesaZloa misi Cabma agenturul muSaobaSi.

ixmareT yvela saSualeba, rom imoqmedoT masze. gaafrTxileT

- 71 -

mxolod aSkara, gulaxdili Cveneba daixsnis Soreul adgilze

gadasaxlebisgan~. n. WumburiZeze ar gaWra araferma da ai,

sapasuxo werilis amonaweri: `yvela zoma miviRe, rom WumburiZe

Cameba agenturul muSaobaSi, ris Sesaxeb masTan foTis cixeSi

calke, didxans vawarmoe molaparakeba, magram sasurvel Sedegs

ver mivaRwie. rogorc Cveulebriv xdeba xolme, aseT SemTxvevaSi

n. WumburiZe uaryofs Tavis danaSauls~ (115).

1907 wlis instruqciaSi calke Tavad dakonkretebulad

aris gamoyofili `Sinagani agenturis~ SeZenis xerxebi.

politikuri policiis azriT `daagenturebas~ yvelaze metad

Seesabamebodnen Ziebis qveS myofi pirebi (dapatimrebulebi), an

isini, visac materialurad uWirda, gamoqceuli iyo

gadasaxlebidan, dapatimrebisas aRmouCines nivTmtkicebebi da

sxva (116).

`oxranka~ gadasabireblad arCeul pirs xSirad farulad

apatimrebda quCaSi, raTa pirispir `saubrisas~ gaewiaT masze

moraluri Tu fizikuri xasiaTis zewola. am xerxs iyenebdnen

umetesad maSin, roca gaaCndaT utyuari nivTmtkicebebi am piris

dasapatimreblad. Tu es xerxi ar gaWrida, dapatimrebis Semdeg

dakiTxvis dros cdilobdnen igi daeinteresebinaT fuliT an

sruli reabilitaciiT, anu saqmidan amoiRebdnen mis

antisaxelmwifoebriv saqmianobaSi damadanaSaulebel masalebs

da gaaTavisuf-lebdnen. instruqciebSi aRniSnulia, rom unda

esargeblaT partiis SigniT arsebuli uTanxmoebebiT da

Tanapartielebze raime mizeziT ganawyenebuli adamianebi

moeqciaT Tavisi gavlenis qveS. instruqciiT `gadasabireblad~

gamodgebodnen susti nebisyofis mqone, Tavis saqmianobis

sisworeSi daeWvebuli pirovnebebi. magaliTad a. umakovi

- 72 -

metsaxeliT `Curkini~ gulwrfeli, aqtiuri revolucioneridan

agentad iqca imis gamo, rom man cixeSi patimrobisas kargad

dainaxa gansxvaveba ubralo revolucionerebs da revoluciis

`aristokratebs~ _ partiul ierarqiaSi maRla mdgom pirebs

Soris.

igi wers: `cixeSi maT wiTeli jvari didi raodenobiT

amaragebda produqtebiT da CasacmeliT, da yvela es

`xalxisaTvis wamebulebi~ SeuzRudavad sargeblobdnen am

yvelafriT, cixeSi moxvedrili revoluciis TanamgrZnobi

ubralo muSebis da glexebisgan gansxvavebiT. CemTvis, asketi

revolucionerisaTvis gasakviri iyo mosmena, rom yvela

es…parazitebad gadaqceuli profesionali revolucionerebi _

social-demokratebi, socialist-revolucionerebi, anarqistebi

da bundistebi intimur saubrebSi erTmaneTs rogor

umJRavnebdnen, vin ramdeni miiRo organizaciidan sacxovreblad

da Semdeg rogor atrialebdnen am fuls~ (117).

instruqciaSi xazgasmulad aRniSnulia im pirTa

gadabirebis siadvile, vinc uaryofiTi, amoraluri qceviT

gamoirCeoda, radgan maTze makompromitirebeli masalis moZieba

arc ise Zneli iyo (118). magaliTisaTvis gamodgeba `narodnaia

volias~ aRmasrulebeli komitetis wevris degaevis

`daagentureba~. misi policiis departamentTan TanamSromlobis

erT-erT mizezad iqca is, rom degaevs sudeikinis miTiTebiT

moskovis `oxrankam~ sastumroSi mcirewlovan meZavTan

urTierTobis procesSi farulad gadauRo fotosuraTebi.

laparakia 1880-iani wlebis dasawyisze (119).

agenturis piradi saqmeebis Seswavlisas gavarkvieT, rom

xSirad politikuri policiis Cinebs arc ki sWirdebodaT

- 73 -

zemoqmedeba revolucionerebze. bevri xom revoluciaSi

monawileobas iRebda im imediT, rom SeZlebdnen fulis `Sovnas~.

imdenad xSiri iyo sakuTari samsaxuris SeTavazebis faqtebi

politikuri policiisaTvis, rom policiis departamentis erT-

erTi moxelis xatovani gamoTqmiT: `SeTavazeba aWarbebda

moTxovnilebas.~ aseTi iyo socialist-revolucionerebis

sabrZolo organizaciis erT-erTi xelmZRvaneli e. azefi,

romelmac SeZlo sabrZolo organizaciis salarodan sakmaod

mravalricxovani Tanxebis miTviseba da amasTan erTad sakmao

xelfassac iRebda policiis departamentisgan.

zogierTi piri agentad xdeboda Tavisi avantiuristuli

bunebis gamo, zogic ideuri mosazrebebiT. aseTi iyo zinaida

zuCenko, policiis departamentis saidumlo TanamSromeli

socialist-revolucionerebis partiaSi. igi xmamaRla acxadebda:

`emsaxureboda ideas da iyo policiis departamentis patiosani

TanamSromeli revolucionerebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi~ (120).

socialist-revolucioner maqsimalistebis partiis wevri,

amasTan policiis departamentis agenti kesinski gamoaSkaravebis

Semdeg ambobda: `Tqven Cven (laparakia agentebze) ver gvigebT.

Tqven ar gesmiT Cven ras ganvicdiT, roca erTi samyarodan

meoreSi gadavdivarT. ara Tqven ver gaigebT Cvens emociebs.~

kesinskisTan mosaubris TqmiT: `misi saxe gamoxatavda

avantiuristis gansakuTrebul netarebas~ (121).DEPAP

instruqciiT `daagentureba~ ZiriTadSi warmoadgenda

fsiqologiur aqts da iTxovda did sifrTxilesa da moTminebas.

policiis departamentis direqtoris belickis sityvebiT

`oxrankis~ oficers gadasabirebeli piri fsiqologiurad unda

mieyvana gulaxdili Cvenebis micemamde (122). muqara, wameba da

- 74 -

saerTod fizikuri zemoqmedeba miCneuli iyo arasasurvelad, mag-

ram praqtikaSi `oxrankelebs~ swored am ukanasknelis gamoyeneba

`uyvardaT~, radgan fsiqologiuri zemoqmedebis xerxebi

cxovrebis qarcecxlSi gamovlili revolucionerebis winaaRmdeg

xSirad ver amarTlebda. rodesac gadasabirebel pirze aranairi

zemoqmedeba ar Wrida, instruqciaSi arsebuli miTiTebis

Tanaxmad mas sakanSi usvamdnen saidumlo TanamSromels. igi

Sedioda ndobaSi patimarTan, cdilobda eTamaSa

`katalizatoris~ roli mis mier gulaxdili Cvenebis micemis

saqmeSi. politikuri policiis mier masze ganxorcielebuli

zewolis Sesasusteblad urCevda gaeca is xalxi, vinc ukve

imyofeboda patimrobaSi, magram aseT ankesze wamogebulebs

`oxrankelebi~ SantaJs uwyobdnen, emuqrebodnen, rom am saxis

gamcemlobis faqts acnobebdnen Tanapartielebs da ase axdendnen

gajiutebuli revolucioneris `daagenturebas~ (123).

gadabirebul pirs awerinebdnen Cvenebas, romelSic igi

gulaxdilad yveboda yvelafers, rac ainteresebda `oxrankas~ da

aRniSnavda, rom ina-niebda Tavis danaSauls. monaniebis Semdeg

mas exsneboda danaSauli da amasTan misi werilobiTi Cveneba

rCeboda garantad `oxrankaSi~ agentze zemoqmedebisaTvis.

gadabirebuli piri iricxeboda agenturis siaSi da iRebda

xelfass, amasTan erTad agrZelebda saqmianobas partiaSi (124).

masze gar-kveuli droiT iniSneboda fileruli meTvalyureoba

miwvdili informaciis sisworis Sesamowmeblad. `oxranka~ Tavis

mxriv iRebda zomebs, rom prokuroris warmomadgenlobasTan

SeTanxmebiT agentis saqmis mokvlevidan amoe-RoT is oqmebi,

romelsac SeiZleba misi Cavardna (gamJRavneba), an cixeSi

gagzavna moyoloda (125). im mizniT, rom mieCqmalaT agentis

- 75 -

roli revoluciuri organizaciis Cavardnis saqmeSi, garkveul

SemTxvevebSi organizaciis likvidaciis, partiis wevrTa

garkveuli jgufis dapatimrebis dros agentsac apatimrebdnen.

instruqciiT: `Cavardnis aRkveTis mizniT xandaxan SeiZleba

TanamSromlis dapatimreba, magram am saSualebas unda mivmarToT

mxolod ukidures SemTxvevaSi, radgan xelmeored mas ver

gamoviyenebT~. aqve miTiTebulia, rom Tu agenti iqneboda

dapatimrebuli mis ganTavisuflebas ar unda daeeWvebina

Tanapartielebi: `am mizniT Tavidan vanTavisuflebT misi

jgufidan ramodenime pirs, Semdeg TanamSromelsac. amasTan,

masTan erTad ganTavisuflebulebs ar unda eWiroT partiaSi

masze dabali adgili~ (126). im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac ver

xerxdeboda dapatimrebuli agentis ganTavisufleba da

konspiraciis dacvis mizniT saqmis kursSi ar ayenebdnen saerTo

policiis da sasamarTlos moxeleebs, maT uwyobdnen

patimrobidan gaqcevasac ki. magaliTad, agent `Curkinis~

sityvebiT, roca igi daapatimres, masTan `mivida misi

xelmZRvaneli rostovis `oxrankis~ ganyofilebis ufrosi s.

karpovi da SeumCnevlad acnoba, rom moumzada gaqceva. policiis

nawilis gorodovois misca Tanxa, rom `Curkinis~ gaqcevisaTvis

policiis nawilidan ar SeeSala xeli~ (127).

gadabirebuli piri mimagrebuli iyo erT xelmZRvanel

oficerze, romelic aZlevda mas metsaxels (kliCkas). mas

msgavseba ar unda hqonoda agentis saxelTan, mamis saxelTan. 1908

wels sastiki gafrTxileba misces adgilobrivi politikuri

Zebnis organoebs, rom metsaxeliT ar unda garkveuliyo, igi

qals ekuTvnoda Tu mamakacs (128). aRsaniSnavia, rom metsaxelad

SeiZleba yofiliyo nebismieri sityva, cifri _ `ivan-priezJi~,

- 76 -

`sluCaini~, `vaJni~, `995~, `3~ da sxva. agents metsaxeli SeiZleba

ori an samic ki hqonodaT. agentebs _ saidumlo TanamSromlebs

`oxrankis~ oficrebi mimoweraSi mxolod metsaxeliT

ixseniebdnen. rogorc wesi xelmZRvanel oficers imdroindeli

terminologiiT `mihyavda~ ramdenime saidumlo TanamSromeli.

Tbilisis `oxrankis~ ufross angilevs 1906-1907 wlebSi TveSi

saSualod aTi-TxuTmeti agenti `mihyavda~ adgilobriv

revoluciur organizaciebSi (129). agentebi saidumlo cnobebs

mxolod xelmZRvanel oficers awvdidnen. iSviaTad xdeboda or

oficerTan muSaoba. Tuki xelmZRvaneli sxva adgilze

gadavidoda samsaxurSi, maSin `misi~ agentebi cdilobdnen

gadasuliyvnen masTan, an anebebdnen Tavs muSaobas. peterburgis

`oxrankis~ ufrosi gerasimovi (1906-1910 wlebSi) wers, rom

`masTan erTad `samsaxuri~ datoves gansakuTrebulad

mniSvnelovanma agentebma, romlebic 1917 wlis revoluciis

Semdegac ar iqnen gaSifruli~ (130).

Tavis mxriv xelmZRvaneli oficeri cdilobda ar gadaeca

kargi agenti sxvisTvis. mas akonspirirebda sakuTari

kolegebisagan, raTa didxans mieRo mniSvnelovani informaciebi.

saqme imaSia, rom Sedegiani saidumlo TanamSromeli iZleoda

xelmZRvanelisaTvis karg masalas da Sesabamisad oficers

karierac uzrunvelyofili hqonda. saratovis `oxrankis~

ganyofilebis ufrosis rotmistr martinovis sityvebiT: `kargi

TanamSromlis gareSe SeuZlebelia karieris gakeTeba, mxolod

iq, sadac arian `soliduri TanamSromlebi~, win iwevian

Jandarmebi. erTi sityviT, `soliduri TanamSromeli~ _ es aris

warmateba, dawinaureba, jildoebi, ukontrolo Tanxebi,

Zalaufleba~ (131). bunebrivia, amdagvari `Sinagani konspiracia~

- 77 -

saidumlo TanamSromels icavda `jvaredini TvalTvalisagan~ _

damatebiTi kontrolisgan da aZlevda mas saSualebas

moetyuebina Tavisi erTaderTi `patroni~.

`daagenturebuli~ piris Semdgomi saqmianoba mTlianad

damokidebuli iyo mis xelmZRvanel oficerze, romelsac

instruqciiT `zemoqmedeba unda moexdina `TanamSromlis~

msoflmxedvelobaze da sulier ganwyobaze (132). SesaZleblobis

farglebSi ganeviTarebina masSi Segnebuli damokidebuleba

samsaxurisadmi da gaecno misTvis revoluciuri moZraobis

istoria~. aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTvelos centralur istoriul

arqivSi am dokuments misi wamkiTxavi Cinovnikis xeliT miwerili

aqvs ironiulad – `TanamSromlebSi revoluciuri

propagandisaTvis, xom ara?~ (133).

instruqciis ZiriTadi moTxovna, rogorc zemoT avRniSneT

iyo, gamoCenili partiuli moRvawis, organizaciis gavleniani,

aqtiuri wevris gadabireba. amasTan iTvleboda `Tundac susti

saidumlo TanamSromeli, myofi gamosakvlev garemoSi mogvcems

ganuzomlad did informacias, vidre sazogadoeba, romelSic

oficialurad trialebs oficeri~ (134).

gamoCenili partiuli moRvawis gadabireba axal Tavsatexs

uCenda xelmZRvanel oficers. axlad SeZenili `TanamSromlebi~

xom Tavis xelmZRvanelze kargad icnobdnen revoluciur wreebs,

ekavaT partiebSi wamyvani adgili da, bunebrivia, xSirad

brwyinvale oratorebi, partiul kamaTebSi da mitingebze

gamowrTobili, moazrovne adamianebi iyvnen. Tavis mxriv, es

ukanasknelni cdilobdnen Tavisi gavlenisaTvis daemorCilebinaT

xelmZRvaneli oficeri. rogorc wesi, `daagenturebul~ pirTan

fsiqologiuri TamaSi `vin vis?~ saxifaTo iyo. amitom

- 78 -

instruqciiT xelmZRvanels Tavidanve Tavisi avtoritetisaTvis

unda daeqvemdebarebina axlad SeZenili agenti (135).

rekomendirebuli iyo TanamSromelTan iseTi sando

urTierTobis damyareba, romelSic ar iqneboda aranairi

oficialuri da formaluri damokidebuleba. `TanamSromlis

cxovreba Cveulebriv moralurad mZimea da xelmZRvanelTan

paemnebi xSirad TanamSromlis cxovrebaSi erTaderTi momentia,

roca mas SeuZlia sulis moTqma, rom sindisis qejna ar

igrZnos~_ xazgasmulia instruqciaSi (136). policiis

departamentma icoda rasac urCevda adgilobriv `oxrankis~

ganyofilebebis oficrebs. instruqciis avtori gureviCi – im

dros ukve departamentSi saidumlo ganyofilebaSi arsebuli

zesaidumlo ganyofilebis Cinovniki, 1900-iani wlebis dasawyisSi

peterburgSi politikuri policiis saidumlo TanamSromeli iyo

da `muSaobda~ social-demokratiul partiaSi (137).

aucileblobas warmoadgenda agentTan xSiri piradi

Sexvedrebi, romelic konspiraciul binebSi imarTeboda. am

binebs `oxrankis~ ganyofilebis mwerlebi an unter-oficrebi

qiraobdnen, ise rom eWvi aravis aeRo (138). agentebs aZlevdnen

raime neitralur, kerZo misamarTs werilis, informaciis

gasagzavnad, anda miuTiTebdnen marSruts, romelzec gaivlida

`oxrankis” Cinovniki garkveul dRes, garkveul saaTs. agents,

Tuki undoda xelmZRvanelTan Sexvedra, Zirs unda daegdo

papirosi an asanTis kolofi mokidebis Semdeg. mas iRebda

`oxrankis” Cini da iq arsebul werils gadascemda

daniSnulebisamebr. igive wesiT xdeboda agentisTvis raime ambis

Setyobineba. instruqciaSi miTiTebulia, rom aseTi `Sexvedrebi~

unda momxdariyo gamaval ezoebSi, kibeebze, naklebad

- 79 -

xalxmraval adgilebSi (139). unter-oficrebis da ganyofilebis

darajis garda Tbilisis `oxrankis” ganyofilebis ufrosi

mekavSired iyenebda ganyofilebis darajis mcirewlovan

bavSvsac, romelmac social-demokratiul partiaSi ganyofilebis

agenti `vaJni” gamoaaSkarava Tavisi bavSvuri qceviT, roca

dauZaxa binaSi da kiTxvaze vin iyo, uTxra binis sxva

mcxovreblebs, rom mamamisi `oxrankis” ganyofilebis darajia,

xolo vanos (`vaJnis” namdvili saxeli) ki eZaxis `oxrankis”

ufrosio (140).

agentebTan Sexvedrebis dros oficrebs sastikad hqondaT

akrZaluli formiT misvla. maT samoqalaqo tansacmlis

SesaZenad specialuri Tanxa hqondaT gamoyofili (141).

policiis departamenti 1905-1907 wlebSi konspiraciul

binebSi agentebis mier Tavisi xelmZRvanelebis mokvlis gamo

iZulebuli gaxda daemuSavebina xerxebi aseT adgilebSi

Sexvedris Sesaxeb, masSi miTiTebuli iyo, rom ar daesvaT

TanamSromeli fanjris an sarkis win, xelmZRvaneli oficeri

pirveli unda misuliyo da gamosuliyo konspiraciul binidan da

sxva (142).

TanamSromlisgan miRebul informacias xelmZRvaneli

iwerda piradad da aformebda mas, e.w. `agenturuli Canaweris”

saxiT, specialur dRiurSi. masSi Sehqonda aseve damxmare

agenturis cnobebi. TiToeul TanamSromelze dRiuri

iwarmoeboda mesame pirSi, e.i. TanamSromelic moixsenieboda

informaciaSi namdvili saxeliT da gvariT, rogorc romelime

aralegaluri krebis, Tu teroristuli aqtis monawile sxva

pirebTan erTad (143). `agenturul CanawerebSi”, informaciis

- 80 -

miRebis TariRis garda, aRiniSneboda agentis fsevdonimi,

partiis dasaxeleba, xelmZRvanelis gvari (144).

saqarTvelos centraluri istoriuli arqivis fondebSi

arsebul `agenturul CanawerebSi” bevria sxvadasxva minaweri,

romelTa Sinaarsidan Cans, maT `oxrankis” oficrebi iyenebdnen

Savi samuSaosaTvis. miRebul informacias amuSavebdnen, krebdnen

sxvadasxva saxis cnobebs, erTmaneTTan ajerebdnen faqtebs da

amowmebdnen meTvalyure agentebis _ filerebis meSveobiT.

CanawerebSi moxseniebul pirebze miTiTebulia: daapatimres Tu

ara, visze ra monacemebi hqondaT da sxva. am Canawerebis mixedviT

keTdeboda moxsenebebi ramodenime aslad. erTi midioda

policiis departamentSi, meore _ xelaxla dasamuSaveblad

`oxrankis~ agenturul ganyofilebaSi, mesame _ TanamSromlis

pirad saqmeSi, meoTxe ki _ `agenturuli Canaweris” saxiT

Sesabamisi partiis an organizaciis saqmeSi (145). im SemTxvevaSi,

rodesac TanamSromeli piradad werda informacias, masSi igi

Tavis Tavsac ixseniebda mesame pirSi namdvili gvariTA da

saxeliT. amasTan erTad, Tuki fsevdonimad qalis saxeli hqonda,

mamakaci rusulad werda mdedrobiT sqesSi anda piriqiT (146).

agentebi xSirad malavdnen garkveuli saxis informacias,

radgan misi gacemiT SeiZleba sakuTari Tavi safrTxeSi CaegdoT.

`oxrankis~ Cinovnikebis daufiqrebeli moqmedebebis, an

ganyofilebaSi oficrebs Soris Sidakuluaruli brZolis

mizeziT Segnebulad xdeboda informaciis wyaros gamJRavneba. es

politikuri policiis Cinebma kargad icodnen. Sinagan saqmeTa

ministris miadgile JandarmTa Sefi generali kurlovi werda:

`politikuri Zebnis xelovneba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom sanaxevro

da zepiri faqtebiT xelmZRvanelma Seqmnas mosalodneli

- 81 -

danaSaulis Cadenis an iatakqveSa politikuri organizaciis

saqmianobis mTliani suraTi~ (147). amitom instruqciaSi

CamoTvlili iyo kiTxvebi, romlebic jvaredini dakiTxvis saxiT

unda gamoeyenebinaT da romelzec TanamSromels Sexvedrebisas

unda gaeca amomwuravi pasuxi:

1) partiis romeli wevrebi iyvnen aqtiuri da rogor

SeiZleboda maTze gare meTvalyureobis daweseba;

2) mocemul momentSi rogor da ranairad SeiZleba

gamovlindes organizaciis wevrebis teroristuli

saqmianoba;

3) politikuri ZebnisaTvis saintereso partiis wevrebi

Camovidnen, ra saqmeze wavidnen, ra mizniT.

agents unda gaego aqtiuri revolucionerebis

sacxovrebeli adgilebi, aseve ra parolebiT sargeblobdnen,

maTi Sexvedris adgilebis (iavkebi) misamarTebi da sxva. agents

aucileblad unda aReniSna sando iyo Tu ara mis mier

moZiebuli informacia, SemTxveviT gaigo, Tu piradad Seeswro.

informaciaSi dasaxelebul pirebze aucileblad unda

mieTiTebina partiuli metsaxelebi, namdvili saxeli da gvari,

aRewera isini fizikurad _ asaki, simaRle, agebulebis tipi,

siarulis manera, ra saxis tansacmels atarebdnen da sxva (148).

agenti garkveuli unda yofiliyo `Tavisi~ partiis

programaSi, strategiaSi da taqtikaSi. am sakiTxebSi cvlilebebi

droulad da sworad unda ecnobebina xelmZRvaneli

oficrisaTvis, miewodebina SeZlebisdagvarad mis xelT arsebuli

partiuli literatura. Cvens mier moZiebuli agentebis

moxsenebebis analizidan Cans, rom maTi nawili flobda

politikuri Zebnis garkveul xerxebs informaciis Segrovebis

- 82 -

mizniT. magaliTad, Tbilisis `oxrankis” ganyofilebis agenti

`riJi” anarqistebis _ qarTveli `jgufistebis” (rogorc mis

informaciaSia moxseniebuli) Sesaxeb wers: moZiebuli cnobebiT

SevZeli gamego `jgufistebis” namdvili monacemebi, asaxelebs

informaciis miRebis wyaroebs da iZleva informaciis analizs

(149). instruqciiT agentisaTvis xelmZRvanels unda eswavlebina

aseve konspiraciis dacvis da informaciis mopovebis xerxebi,

Tumca agents ar unda ewarmoebina aqtiuri gamokiTxva da ar

gamoeCina zedmeti interesi, rom ar daeeWvebina Tanapartielebi.

zemoT dasaxelebul organizacias Tbilisis `oxrankis”

ganyofilebis sami TanamSromeli `aSuqebda” (politikuri

policiis terminiT), anu agrovebda informacias. departamenti

iTxovda TiToeul organizaciaSi yolodaT ramdenime ori an

meti TanamSromeli, raTa gadaemowmebinaT mopo-vebuli

informacia. aseve daSvebuli iyo agents erTdroulad

`gaeSuqebina~ ramdenime organizacia. magaliTad, Tbilisis

`oxrankis” ganyofilebis agenti `georgievi” erTdroulad

iZleoda cnobebs social-demokratebze da daSnakebze (150).

gansakuTrebiT kargad momzadebul agentebs politikuri

policiis centridan (peterburgidan) agzavnidnen ruseTis

imperiis sxvadasxva teritoriaze adgilobriv revoluciur

organizaciebSi Segzavnis mizniT. maT aZlevdnen politikuri

Zebnis procesSi mopovebul parolebs, `iavkebis~ misamarTebs,

uqmnidnen legendas anu mogonil revoluciur warsuls. 1907

wlis martSi policiis departamentis saidumlo ganyofilebam

acnoba Tbilisis `oxrankis~ ganyofilebas: `policiis

departamentSi aris Semosuli agenturuli informacia, rom

samxedro-revoluciuri organizacia (maqsimalistebi _ T. s.)

- 83 -

TbilisTan kavSirs amyarebs Semdegi misamarTiT _ Tbilisi,

`serebrinnie riadis~ quCa, saxli #33, `rebekasTvis~. gacnobebT,

raTa gamoiyenoT frTxilad da gamoarkvioT `rebekas~ pirovneba

da misi kavSirebi~ (151). cnobili menSeviki teroristi, 1905-1907

ww. revoluciis dros baqoSi `moRvawe~ v. goguaZe ixsenebs: `im

xanad peterburgidan baqos movida xuTi lamazi `kursistka~. es

qalebi moxerxebulad muSaobdnen da ... daaWerines policias

xuTi socialist-revolucioneri ... rogorc aRmoCnda isini iyvnen

peterburgis `oxrankis~ ganyofilebidan gamogzavnilni baqoSi

samuSaod~ (152). aRsaniSnavia, rom axalgazrda qalebs `oxranka~

didi warmatebiT iyenebda agenturuli saqmianobisaTvis.

`oxrankis~ oficrebis azriT, mudmiv fsiqologiur daZabulobaSi

myofi revolucionerebi iolad uSlidnen guls qalbatonebs da

xSirad axerxebdnen raime mizeziT gadabirebuli axalgazrda

qalebis Segzavnas maT wreSi.

$3. damxmare agentura

saidumlo TanamSromlebis ricxvSi Sediodnen is pirebi,

vinc arc erT partias ar ekuTvnodnen, magram sistematurad

aZlevdnen `oxrankas~ informacias (153). isini SexebaSi

imyofebodnen revoluciur organizaciebTan, an mis romelime

wevrTan. revolucioner g. CxeiZis mogonebaSi aRniSnulia, rom

maTi organizacia TbilisSi sistematurad vardeboda da

Cavardnis mizezi, rogorc SemdgomSi gairkva, aRmoCnda

organizaciis wevris ndoba amxanagisadmi, romelic gamokiTxvis

- 84 -

meTodis gamoyenebiT saubrisas miRebul informacias awvdida

`oxrankas~ (154).

aseT pirebs, saidumlo TanamSromlebisagan gansxvavebiT

eZaxdnen `damxmare TanamSromlebs”, an `informatorebs~.

instruqciis mixedviT informatorebi iyofodnen or nawilad.

ZiriTadi informatorebi, romlebic iZleodnen cnobebs

sistematurad. aseTi iyo damxmare TanamSromeli `babajanovi~,

romelic ar Sedioda arc erT organizaciaSi, muSaobda kbilis

eqimad, iyo sazogadoebaSi miRebuli pirovneba da masTan

kabinetSi xSirad ikribebodnen revolucionerebi. policiis

departamentis daxasiaTebiT `babajanovs~ SeeZlo politikuri

Zebnis _ `informaciis mopoveba damoukideb-lad, flobda ra am

saqmisaTvis saWiro yvela monacemebs, idga ra axlos socialist-

revolucionerebTan da socialist-demokratebTan, icoda bevri

maTi konspiraciuli saidumlo~ (155).

ZiriTadi informatorebis garda iyvnen `mekavSire~ da

`SemTxveviTi~ agentebi, romlebic iZleodnen SemTxveviT,

naklebad mniSvnelovan cnobebs. maT ar gaaCndaT partiuli

kavSirebi, Sesabamisi nacnobobis wre, rom mudmivad miewodebinaT

`oxrankisaTvis~ informacia. isini ubralod abezRebdnen

danaxuls, mosmenils. maSinve iRebdnen Tavisi samsaxuris

sanacvlod fulad anazRaurebas 3-5 maneTamde (156). mudmivi da

SemTxveviTi informatorebi yoveli miwvdili informaciisaTvis

erTjeradad iRebdnen Tanxas. politikuri policiis mesveurebis

azriT, maTi gamoyeneba ar iyo mainc da mainc efeqturi, radgan _

`maT ar gaaCndaT mudmivi TanamSromlis dadebiTi Tvisebebi~

(157).

- 85 -

1902 wlis 9 ivliss policiis departamentis

gansakuTrebulma ganyofilebam daavala politikuri policiis

adgilobriv organoebs mieRoT zomebi glexebze

zemoqmedebisaTvis, raTa isini daxmarebodnen xelisuflebis

warmomadgenlebs agitatorebis da saerTod, revolucionerebis

gamoaSkaraveba-dakavebaSi. departamenti Tvlida, rom glexobaSi

aucileblad iqnebodnen arsebuli saxelmwifo sistemisa da

wesrigis dacvis momxreeebi, romlebic xelisuflebis

warmomadgenlebis moTxovniT erTmaneTs dauwyebdnen TvalTvals

(158).

1907 wlis instruqciaSi ki ukve gamoyofil iqna soflis

mosaxleobis is kategoria, vinc xalisiT TanamSromlobda

politikur policies. Tan eseni iyvnen: uqnara, zarmaci, Raribi

glexebi, visac ar gaaCnda miwa da samuSao, mTel dRes

atarebdnen saCaieebSi da duqnebSi. instruqciaSi naTqvamia isic,

rom saCaieebisa da duqnebis mepatroneebs, gamomdinare maTi

samuSaos specifikidan `uamrav xalxTan hqondaT urTierToba da

kargad iyvnen informirebuli, Tu ra xdeboda irgvliv 20-30

versze, xolo mSromel adamianebs uyvarT yvelaferze

gulaxdili msjeloba sasmelTan erTad~ (159). aqve aRniSnulia

soflis mwerlebis gamoyenebis sargeblianobac informaciis

mopovebaSi, magram `maTi Senaxva Zviri jdeba da mosaxleoba ar

endoba, guls ar uxsnis maT~. ase miaCnda policiis departaments.

1908 wels policiis departamentma mosTxova soflad

`damxmare agentebis~ yola JandarmTa sagubernio

sammarTveloebsac, radgan `marTalia, isini ar Sedian

organizaciebSi, magram mcire gasamrjelos fasad SeiZleba

miviRoT informacia mosaxleobis ganwyobaze, agitatorebis

- 86 -

gamoCenaze, antisaxelmwifoebriv masobriv gamosvlebze. maT

mieciT zusti miTiTebebi da acnobeT konspiraciuli misamarTebi

informaciis gadmosacemad~ (160).

am kategoriis damxmare TanamSromlebis SeZena qalaqSi

xdeboda res-tornebis, duqnebis, sastumroebis momsaxure

personalidan. rogorc policiis departamentis erT-erTi

yofili ufrosi aRniSnavda: `es ar aris axali _ inglisSi,

safrangeTSi, gansakuTrebiT germaniaSi TiToeuli Sveicari

policiis agentia~ (161).

politikuri policiis adgilobrivi organoebi moswavle

axalgazrdobis, studentobis, jariskacebis wreebSi mimdinare

movlenebisa da saqmianobis kursSi yofnis mizniT iyenebda maTi

sacxovrebeli binebis mepatroneebs, an im adamianebs, visTanac

hqondaT xSiri urTierToba, stumrobdnen an ikribebodnen.

informaciis mopovebis am xerxs ewodeboda `gverdiTi gaSuqeba”

(162). instruqciebSi mocemulia damxmare TanamSromlebis

klasifikacia sferoebis mixedviT – rkinigzis, fabrikis,

profesiuli kavSiris da sxva.

i. zubatovma 1902 wlidan praqtikaSi SemoiRo saidumlo

TanamSromleblad umaRlesi saswavleblebis studentebis gaCena.

isini studentTa wreSi agrovebdnen informacias da xelfass

iRebdnen `oxrankis” ganyofilebaSi. politikuri policiis Cinebi

Tavis wreSi maT ironiulad `oxrankis” stipendiantebs

uwodebdnen.

instruqciebSi calkea gamoyofili agenturis SeZenis

aucilebloba sasazRvro teritoriebze, gamomgoneblebSi _ im

wreebSi, vinc dakavebuli iyo avtomobilebiT, aviaciiT,

wyalqveSa curviT. aseve iTxovdnen `saredaqcio agenturis~

- 87 -

SeZenas, anu opoziciuri gazeTebis TanamSromlebis

`daagenturebas~ (163).

gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia agentura cixeebSi. laparakia im

patimrebze, romlebsac maTi samsaxuris sanacvlod aZlevdnen

Tanxas, umsubuqebdnen cixis reJims, an umcirebdnen patimrobis

vadas. magram am sakiTxs adgilebze jerovani yuradReba ar

eqceoda sxvadasxva mizezis gamo.

1907 wlis 7 oqtombers policiis departamentma TbilisSi

politikuri Ziebis organoebs mosTxova Tavisuflebis aRkveTis

adgilebSi saidumlo TanamSromlebis gaCena, radgan amiT

SeiZleboda winaswar aRekveTaT tusaRebis cixeebidan gaqceva

(164).

rogorc 1907 wlis 15 oqtombriT daTariRebuli Tbilisis

JandarmTa sagubernio sammarTvelos ufrosis werilidan Cans,

mas da Tbilisis `oxrankis~ ufross ganuxilavT TbilisSi

arsebul cixeebSi myof politikur tusaRebSi agenturis gaCenis

sakiTxi (165). irkveva, rom TbilisSi arsebul cixeebis tusaRebSi

agentura ar yavdaT da maT SesaZenad saTanado Tanxebi ar

hqondaT gamoyofili (166). TaTbirze mizanSeuwonlad miiCnies

Sinagani agenturis SeZena Tbilisis cixeebis zedamxedvelebs

Soris, xolo mazrebSi arsebul cixeebSi mjdom patimarTa

Soris agenturis gaCena, radgan saTanado Tanxebi ar gaaCndaT,

gadawyvites daevalebinaT mazris ufrosebisaTvis (167).

aRsaniSnavia, rom zogierTi saidumlo TanamSromeli

dapatimrebis Semdeg cixeSic agrZelebda muSaobas, awvdida

cnobebs `oxrankas”. zogic Tavisi nebiT jdeboda cixeSi, raTa iq

mieRo informacia cixeSi mjdomi Tanapartielebisagan Semdgomi

agenturuli muSaobis gagrZelebisaTvis. magaliTad, `oxrankis~

- 88 -

agenti movSe kaplani ixsenebs, rom igi revoluciur wreebTan

kavSirebis da parolebis misaRebad specialurad Cajda cixeSi

(168).

policiis departamentTan misi adgilobrivi organoebis

mimoweridan Cans, rom departamentis Cinebi ukmayofilo iyvnen

saidumlo TanamSromlebis gaCeniT mxolod cixis

administraciaSi (zedamxedvelebSi) da kvla-vindeburad

moiTxovdnen Sinagani agenturis gaCenas patimrebSi. specialur

cirkularul werilebSi miTiTebulia, rom Tuki gaiCendnen aseT

TanamSromels patimrebSi, misi vinaoba ar unda scodnoda cixis

administracias da ar unda SeesustebinaT maTTvis cixis reJimi,

radgan mis Sesustebas xSirad mosdevda agentis konspiraciis

darRveva (169).

arsebobda damxmare TanamSromlebis kidev erTi saxeoba _

saxelmwifo samsaxurSi myofi Cinovnikebi. maT Soris

TanamSromlebis SeZenaze gansakuTrebuli miTiTeba hqondaT

micemuli politikuri Zebnis adgilobriv organoebs. am

ukanasknelebs unda SeegrovebinaT informacia im Tanamdebobis

pirebze, visac materialurad uWirda, ar yofnida xelfasi da

SeeTavazebinaT Tanxa im cnobebis safasurad, romelic

politikuri Zebnis oficrebs ainteresebdaT. instruqcia aseve

iTxovda aseT saqmianobaSi gamoeyenebinaT akademiuri kavSirebis

is wevrebi, inteligenciis is warmomadgenlebi, vinc ideurad

miiswrafodnen SeewyvitaT areuloba da xalisiT iZleoda

cnobebs anazRaurebis gareSec ki (170).

1910 wels saqarTveloSi revoluciur presaSi gamoqveynda im

pirTa sia, visac revolucionerebi Tvlidnen provokatorebad,

`oxranka~ ki miiCnevda `saidumlo TanamSromlebad~ (171). sia

- 89 -

mowvdili iyo sazRvargareTidan, Sevsebuli adgilobrivi

revoluciuri organizaciebis xelT arsebuli informaciiT

policiis agentebze. siaSi 30-mde gvari figurirebs. `oxrankam~

aRniSnuli sia gadaamowma da iq myof pirTa did nawilze

araviTari cnoba ar aRmoaCnda. saqme imaSia, rom xSirad agentis

xelmZRvaneli oficeri ar aformebda miRebuli informaciis

wyaros, malavda mas sakuTari TanamSromlebisgan, rac

gamowveuli iyo ara marto konspiraciis dacvis aucileblobiT,

aramed imiTac, rom rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, didxans martos

sWeroda xelSi informaciis kargi wyaro.

revolucionerebi didad ar dagidevdnen gamcemis aRmoCenis

SemTxvevaSi vin iyo is sinamdvileSi saidumlo TanamSromeli –

Sinagani agenti, `damxmare TanamSromeli~, Tu erTjeradi

`informatori~. maTTvis yvela iyo provokatori. Cans es

ukanasknelnic moxvdnen zemoT aRniSnul siaSi. agenti-

TanamSromlebi am periodSi ukve yavdaT Jandarmeriis sagubernio

da rkinigzis JandarmTa policiis sammarTveloebs, Tumca

sakmaod mcire raodenobiT

Cvens mier gakeTebul Tbilisis `oxrankis~ ganyofilebis

saqmianobis analizidan Cans, rom agent-TanamSromelTa ricxvi

mudmivad icvleboda. agentebis xelmZRvanelobas eweodnen TviT

`oxrankis~ ganyofilebis ufrosi a. angelievi da ganyofilebis

agenturuli qveganyofilebis gamge roJanovi. agentebis

informaciebi Cawerilia maTi xeliT, rac metyvelebs imaze, rom

es orni iyvnen agenturis `xelmZRvanelebi~. rogorc wesi,

`gamoCenili~ agenti sakmaod male swuravda Tavis Tavs _

mJRavndeboda. politikuri policiis terminiT xdeboda

- 90 -

`Cavardna“. zogis erT TveSi, zogisac or-sam weliwadSi, risi

mizezebic mravlad moipoveboda (172).

`TanamSromelTa~ didi nawili sxvadasxva mizezis gamo

xSirad malavda revoluciuri organizaciis wevrebTan arsebul

kavSirebs, maTi dapatimrebisas (politikuri policiis terminiT

`likvidaciisas~) ki xSirad apatimrebdnen saidumlo

TanamSromlebs (173). saqme imaSia, rom `oxrankis~ yvela

CinisaTvis bunebrivia, ar iyo cnobili agentebis vinaoba.

revoluciis wlebSi naCqarevi likvidaciebi iwvevda Rirebuli

`saidumlo TanamSromlis~ vinaobis gamJRavnebas. isini xSirad

maTganve miwvdili informaciis safuZvelze ayavdaT patimrobaSi,

dapatimrebul revolucionerebs ki iseT braldebebs uyenebdnen,

rac pirdapir miuTiTebda gamcemis vinaobaze. erT-erTi

revolucioneris mogonebebSi aRniSnulia: `teroristuli aqtis

momzadebis Sesaxeb saubari gaxda cnobili JandarmTa

sammarTvelosaTvis. TviT wayenebuli braldebebis rigi

Seesabameboda saubris rigs. eWvi ar iyo, rom policia

informirebuli iyo saidumlo TanamSromlis meSveobiT~. amitom,

misive sityvebiT am saubarSi monawile pirebidan gamcemis

gamoTvla ioli gamodga (174). Tbilisis `oxrankis~ agent

`axverdovis~ moxsenebaSi xelmZRvanelisadmi vkiTxulobT, rom

Jandarmma dakiTxvisas dapatimrebulebs iseTi saxis kiTxvebi

dausva, riTac iolad gairkva informaciis gamcemis vinaoba (175).

TanamSromlis gamJRavneba xdeboda imis gamoc, rom

policiis departamentSi gagzavnili masala, romelic Seicavda

agentis namdvil saxels da gvars, ibeWdeboda kancelariaSi da

bunebrivia, kancelariis TanamSromlebisTvis maTi vinaoba

cnobili xdeboda. moTxovna _ `TanamSromlis” vinaoba scodnoda

- 91 -

mxolod xelmZRvanel oficers, irRveoda sxva mizezebiTac. 1908

wels saratovidan Tbilisis `oxrankis~ ufross egzavneba depeSa,

rom gamoiZaxes misi TanamSromeli social-demokratiul

partiaSi beriZe metsaxelad `uliCni~ (176).

Tbilisis `oxrankis~ agent-TanamSromeli `georgievi~

xelmZRvanelisadmi miwvdil informaciaSi werda, rom filerebs

aCvenebda ganyofilebisaTvis saWiro pirovnebas Semdegnairad: igi

masTan erTad gamovidoda binidan xelCakidebuli. amis Sedegad

ki agentis vinaoba cnobili gaxda `oxrankis~ filerebisaTvis

(177).

1908 wels e. azefi gaamJRavna policiis departamentis

yofilma ufrosma lopuxinma. amasTan dakavSirebiT policiis

departamenti politikuri Zebnis adgilobriv organoebs swerda:

`azefis mxilebam SeiZleba mavne gavlena iqonios zogierT

moqmed TanamSromelze. policiis departamenti Tvlis sworad

dayenebuli agentura warmoadgens erT-erT yvelaze Zlier

saSualebas revolucionerebis saqmianobis winaaRmdeg, amitom

misi SenarCuneba da ganviTareba aucilebelia. im SemTxvevaSi,

roca TanamSromeli azefis saqmesTan dakavSirebiT SiSobs, unda

mieTiTos mas, rom politikuri Zebnis organoebma SeZles

SeenarCunebinaT azefis saidumlo 16 wlis ganmavlobaSi da misi

gaxmaureba moxda gamonaklisis saxiT~ (178).

ramdenad iyo es `gacemis gamonaklisi SemTxveva” Cans vl.

burcevis sityvebidan, rom mis xelSi gaiara policiis

departamentis arqivis saidumlo dokumentaciis mTelma rigma

tomebma, romelic masTan mihqonda departamentis Cinovniks mcire

gasamrjelos fasad (179).

- 92 -

revolucioneri i. jorbenaZe `oxrankis~ agentis vinaobis

gamJRavnebas Semdegnairad aRwers: `goris organizaciis saqme

gairCa sasamarTlo palataSi ... me moviTxove TavisuflebaSi

myofi amxanagebidan ramenairad eSovaT es `saqme~ da

SemoegzavnaT cixeSi. Cemda moulodnelad esec advilad moewyo.

`saqmeSi~ aRmoCnda TanamSromlis monanieba misi monacemebis

miTiTebiT~ (180).

TviTon `oxrankis~ ganyofilebis ufrosis a. angilevis

mouqnelma moqmedebam gaamJRavna misi, SeiZleba iTqvas, yvelaze

ufro Zvirfasi monapovari social-demokratiul partiaSi. 4

TveSi Sewyda (1906 wlis dekemberi _ 1907 wlis aprili) social-

demokratiuli partiis, avlabris raionis samxedro

organizaciis xelmZRvanelis, SeTavsebiT `oxrankis~ agentis

`vaJnis~ saqmianoba. igi sakmaod Rirebul cnobebs iZleoda.

dawyebuli monacemebiT xelisuflebis Zalovani struqturebis im

Cinovnikebze, vinc revolucionerebTan TanamSromlobdnen,

damTavrebuli social-demokratiuli partiis samxedro

organizaciis wevrTa siiT. swored misi meSveobiT momzadda

TbilisSi social-demokratiuli partiis samxedro organizaciis

wevrTa dapatimreba. `vaJnis~ bolo moxsenebidan Cans, rogor

Caagdo is a. angilevma. rogorc zemoT SevniSneT angilevma mas

saxlSi gaugzavna `oxrankis~ ganyofilebis darajis

mcirewlovani bavSvi, romelmac gaamJRavna `vaJnis~ kavSiri

`oxrankasTan~ (181).

`TanamSromlebis~ vinaoba mJRavndeboda politikuri

policiis Cinovnikebs Soris arsebuli dapirispirebis gamoc.

policiis departamentis gansakuTrebuli ganyofileba 1908 wels

acnobebda Tavis adgilobriv organoebs: `xSirad politikuri

- 93 -

Zebnis adgilobrivi organoebis Cinebi cdiloben gadaibiron

Tavisi kolegebis xelqveiT myofi saidumlo TanamSromlebi,

aRuTqvamen fulad jildoebs. Tuki ver miaRwies maTgan

Tanxmobas,YaSineben, rom gaamJRavneben da zogierT SemTxvevaSi

gasces kidec isini~ (182).

instruqciebiT gadabirebis erT-erT xerxs warmoadgenda

fuliT da-xarbeba (183). `oxrankis~ ganyofilebis ufrosebi ar

eridebodnen gadasabireblad gamiznuli pirebis cixidan

gamoZaxebas da informaciis sanacvlod sTavazobdnen fuls (184).

instruqcia iTxovda: `saidumlo TanamSromlebi droulad unda

kmayofildebodnen Tavisi xelfasiT, romlis sidide

mdgomareobs pirdapir damokidebulebaSi maTgan miRebuli

agenturuli cnobebis RirebulebaSi da adgiliT, romelic

ukaviaT revoluciur organizaciaSi~. miTiTebulia im

TanamSromlebis fuladi jildoTi waxalisebis aucilebloba,

vinc iZleoda swor da sando cnobebs (185).

`oxrankis~ ganyofilebebis ufrosebis xelSi iyo moqceuli

sameTval-yureo da Sinagan agenturaze daSvebuli Tanxebi (186).

policiis departamentis saidumlo fondidan calke iyo

daSvebuli Tanxa konspiraciuli binebis Sesanaxad sagubernio

JandarmTa sammarTveloebis, `oxrankis~ ganyofilebebis da

`oxrankis~ punqtebisaTvis.

Tbilisis `oxrankis~ ganyofilebas revoluciis periodSi

konspiraciuli binebis dasaqiraveblad da saidumlo

TanamSromlebze gasacemad gamoyofili hqonda 13-dan 14 aTas

maneTamde weliwadSi. 1907 wlidan dauSves saidumlo

TanamSromlebze gasacemi Tanxa Tbilisis JandarmTa sagubernio

sammarTvelosaTvis (187).

- 94 -

Tbilisis `oxrankis~ ganyofilebis saidumlo

TanamSromlebi sxvadasxva raodenobis xelfass iRebdnen. Tanxis

gacemis uwyisSi iwereboda saidumlo TanamSromlis namdvili

saxeli, metsaxeli, romeli wlidan iyo `TanamSromeli~, ramdens

iRebda TveSi, ra Tanxa miiRo (188). Tanxa meryeobda 30-dan 50

maneTamde. yvelaze didi xelfasi gamowerilia social-

demokratiul organizaciaSi agent-TanamSromel beriZeze

(`uliCni~). mas 1908 wels TveSi saSualod 105 maneTi aqvs

miRebuli. TanamSromlebi SigadaSig iTxovdnen damatebiT

Tanxebs TiTqosda raime seriozuli saqmis gasaxsnelad,

tipografiis aRmosaCenad (189). aRsaniSnavia, rom maT akrZaluli

hqondaT `oxrankidan~ miRebuli TanxiT SeeZinaT raime Zvirfasi

nivTi. metic, instruqciis mixedviT: `TanamSromlebs usityvod

ekrZalebaT amxanagebis gamaspinZleba miRebuli xelfasiT,

sacxovrebeli pirobebis gaumjobeseba. sasurvelia, rom

gamonaklisi SemTxvevebis garda, TanamSromelma Tavisi Tavi

Caayenos materialurad gaWirvebuli adamianis mdgomareobaSi~

(190).

1905-1907 wlis revoluciis periodSi revoluciuri

agitaciis umTavres formas proklamaciebi, gazeTebi da saerTod,

nabeWdi saxis produqcia warmoadgenda. amitom, policiis

departamenti TiToeul gaxsnil saidumlo tipografiaze did

Tanxebs uxdida maT aRmomCenebs (191). did fulad jildos

iZleodnen aseve mosalodneli teroristuli aqtis,

eqspropriaciis momzadebis gaxsnis an gamoCenili

revolucioneris dapatimrebis SemTxvevaSic. politikuri

policiis oficrebi tyavSi Zvrebodnen saidumlo tipografiebis

aRmosaCenad da agentebis moTxovnebs akmayofilebdnen. isini ki

- 95 -

xSirad TviTon hqmnidnen xelovnurad danaSauls. am sakiTxs

SemdegSi SevexebiT

aRsaniSnavia, rom agent-TanamSromelze xelfasis garda

fuladi jildos gacemis dros konspiraciis dacvis mizniT ar

xdeboda xelwerilis CamorTmeva. am situacias ki `oxrankis”

oficrebi iyenebdnen agenturisaTvis gankuTvnili Tanxebis

misaTviseblad da masiurad xdeboda yalbi

`TanamSromlebisaTvis” gamoyofili Tanxebis miTviseba, rasac

xels uwyobda policiis departamentis moTxovna: `saidumlo

TanamSromlebi unda iyolioT yvela moqmed revoluciur

organizaciaSi da SeZlebisdagvarad ramdenime TiToeulSi~ (192).

policiis departamentis yofili ufrosis komisarovis

TqmiT `rac ar unda sasacilo iyos, `oxrankis~ ganyofilebebi

aformebdnen didi raodenobiT yalb agentebs~ (193). 1917 wlis

Tebervlis revoluciis Semdeg sakmaod bevri adamiani aRmoCnda

`oxrankis” ganyofilebebis `saidumlo TanamSromelTa~ siaSi ise,

rom maT amaze warmodgenac ki ar hqondaT. samwuxarod zogierTi

maTganisTvis es sazogadoebidan mokveTiT damTavrda, rogorc

`oxrankis~ agentebis.

saidumlo TanamSromels fasi Cavardnamde hqonda.

gamJRavnebis Semdeg maT garkveul dros uxdidnen xelfass,

aZlevdnen axal pasports sxva monacemebiT. Tbilisis `oxrankis~

ganyofilebis ufrosis cnobiT vinme a. fokelmanis

(metsaxeliT `briuzgli~) agenturuli moRvaweoba daiwyo

saidumlo TanamSromlis rangSi odesaSi, Semdeg Seicvala gvari

da miiRo axali pasporti. `muSaobda~ kiSinovSi, Semdeg kvlav

Seicvala pasporti da `muSaobda~ peterburgSi (194).O zogierT

damsaxurebul agents agzavnidnen moSorebul guberniebSi

- 96 -

`oxrankis~ ganyofilebebSi samuSaod. maT axal adgilze zogjer

iyenebdnen meTvalyure agentebad _ filerebad (195). irkutskis

`oxrankis~ ganyofilebis ufrosi 1906 wels iTxovda Tbilisis

`oxrankis~ ganyofilebis ufrosisagan: `raime mizeziT iqneb

surda mis ganyofilebaSi gadasvla romelime saidumlo

TanamSromels, 100 maneTi xelfasiT TveSi~ (196). gamJRavnebuli

agentebi xSirad TviTonac sTavazobdnen samsaxurs sxva

guberniebis `oxrankis~ ganyofilebebs. magaliTad baqos

`oxrankis~ punqtis ufrosi acnobebda a. angilevs, rom:

`mTavazobs samsaxurs Tqveni yofili TanamSromeli n. avalova,

metsaxeliT `Cor-nenkaia~, sandoa Tu ara, gamodgeba Tu ara,

ramdens uxdidiT?~ (197). 1907 wlis oqtomberSi Tbilisis

`oxrankis~ ufross samsaxuri SesTavaza i. d. zgurski-slianskim,

romelmac ganucxada a. angilevs, rom igi `ivan-priezJis~

metsaxeliT TanamSromlobda odesis `oxrankis~ ganyofilebaSi.

angilevma miRebuli wesisamebr gaagzavna SekiTxva odesaSi da

miiRo pasuxi: `i. d. zgurski-slianski iZleoda cnobebs

elizavetogradSi, Semdeg Cavarda da wavida odesaSi, sadac

iZleoda ukve `erTjerad~ cnobebs. aqedan wavida kavSirebis

uqonlobis gamo. aris eSmaki da moxerxebuli. kavkasiaSi SeuZlia

sargeblobis motana~ (198).

gamJRavnebuli agentebis umravlesobas, kerZod maT, visac

veRar gamoiyenebdnen momavalSi, garkveuli drois gasvlis

Semdeg, rogorc gamousadegar nivTs, ise agdebdnen quCaSi. am

adamianebs xelisuflebis mxridan emuqrebodaT xSirad

sikvdiliT dasja, anda patimroba adre Cadenili

danaSaulebebisaTvis. revolucionerebis mxridan ki sikvdili

garantirebuli hqondaT. revolucioner s. lomiZis mogonebaSi

- 97 -

vkiTxulobT: `1905-1908 wlebSi komitets aravin ekiTxeboda da

Tuki darwmundebodnen vinmes gamcemlobaSi, imaze bevr

gamoZiebas ar niSnavdnen da TviTon uswordebodnen, hklavdnen

gamcemlebs~ (199).

amitom yofili `saidumlo TanamSromlebi~, xSir

SemTxvevaSi iZulebiT gamxdari agentebad, aqeT-iqiT awydebodnen,

icvlidnen sacxovrebel adgilebs, imalebodnen, rom

aecilebinaT orive mxridan wamosuli saSiSroeba. imis gamo, rom

Cavardnis Semdeg xelmZRvanel oficers akrZaluli hqonda

maTTan urTierTobis gagrZeleba, mimarTavdnen pirdapir

policiis departaments. iTxovdnen Tanxebs, raTa Tavi gaetanaT,

manam cxovrebas xelaxla aiwyobdnen. policiis departamenti,

Tuki aRniSnuli piri aRricxvaze hyavda ayvanili adgilobrivi

`oxrankis~ ganyofilebebis mier miwvdili cnobebis safuZvelze,

xSir SemTxvevaSi uxdida maT 300-400 maneT erTjerad daxmarebas,

moTxovnilze bevrad naklebs (200). aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom

gansakuTrebiT sasargeblo e.w. `centralur agenturas~

uniSnavdnen pensias weliwadSi 1000-dan 2000 maneTamde, magram es

iSviaTi gamonaklisi iyo.

Semzaravi tragediebia aRwerili gamomJRavnebul agentTa

werilebis SinaarsSi policiis departamentis mimarT. isini

darCenilebi yovelgvari saxsrebis gareSe ecemodnen cxovrebis

fskerze, gamudmebiT icvlidnen sacxovrebel adgilebs,

iklavdnen Tavs. gamwarebuli adamianebi, visac CafurTxebuli

sulis meti, ar darCenodaT ra, midiodnen SantaJze Tavisi

yofili ufrosebis mimaT, rom gaamJRavnebdnen maTTvis cnobil

`oxrankis~ sxva agentebs. magaliTad, Tbilisis `oxrankis~ erT-

- 98 -

erTi yofili TanamSromeli eweoda TvalTvals `oxrankis~

TanamSromlebze da maT uCvenebda revolucionerebs (201).

Tbilisis `oxrankis~ ganyofilebis masalebSi aris saqme,

romelSic naTqvamia, radganac `Tbilisis `oxrankis~

ganyofilebam uari Tqva saerTo policiis yofil agent evgenia

meliq-Saxnazarovas samsaxurze, man iSova socialist-

revolucionerebis da `daSnakebis~ `iavkebi~ da gadasca maT

kavkasiis raionuli da Tbilisis `oxrankis” ganyofilebebis

oficrebis monacemebi – saxeli, gvari, garegnuli aRwera. amis

Sedegad axla social list-revolucionerebis partiaSi dgas

sakiTxi erT-erTi moxelis mokvlis Sesaxeb~ (202).

$4. meTvalyure agentebi-filerebi

marTalia instruqciebiT `mTavar da erTaderT safuZvels

politikuri ZiebisaTvis warmoadgenda sruliad saidumlo da

mudmivi agentura~, sakmao informacias revolucionerebze

`oxrankis” ganyofilebebisaTvis iZleodnen gare meTvalyureobis

agentebi – filerebi. faqtobrivad meTval-yureoba gaxleCili

iyo or nawilad – erTis mxriv gare meTvalyureoba filerebis

meSveobiT, romlebsac xalxSi uwodebdnen `Spikebs~ da

`goroxovoe palto~-s da meores mxriv revoluciuri

organizaciebi `Suqdeboda~ Signidan partiaSi myofi `oxrankis~

agentebis meSveobiT (203).

policiis departamenti 1894 wlidan nel-nela, mzardi

revoluciuri agitaciis gamo, iZulebuli gaxda ezruna

revoluciuri moZraobis gasaSuqeblad partiebSi saidumlo

- 99 -

agentebis gaCenaze. maTgan miRebuli cnobebis dasamuSaveblad ki

gaCnda saWiroeba moskovis `oxrankis~ ganyofilebasTan, rogorc

im wlebSi politikuri Zebnis centralur organosTan, Camoe-

yalibebinaT meTvalyure agentebis 30 kaciani razmi (204). am

razmis Camoyalibeba dakavSirebulia moskovis `oxrankis~

maSindel xelmZRvanel i. zubatovis TanaSemwe evstrate

mednikovis saxelTan. am ukanasknelis xelmZRvanelobiT moskovis

`oxrankasTan~ Camoyalibda e.w. `evstratkina Skolad~ wodebuli,

saswavleblis msgavsi dawesebuleba filerebis mosamzadeblad.

Tanamedrovis sityvebiT, igi uSvebda `TiTiT saCvenebel

filerebs~ (205). 1890-ani wlebis meore naxevarSi imdenad

nayofieri aRmoCnda moskovis `oxrankis~ filerTa razmis

saqmianoba, rom misi Semadgenloba 20 kaciT iqna gazrdili.

Tumca, amave dros guberniebSi ar yavdaT saidumlo agentura

da gare meTvalyureoba umetes SemTxvevaSi xorcieldeboda

gadacmuli Jandarmeriis unter-oficrebis mier, romlebsac

Tanamedrovis sityvebiT: `xandaxan aviwydebodaT Ceqmebze dezebis

moxsna~ (206).

1902 wels i. zubatovi gadavida ra policiis departamentis

gansakuTrebuli ganyofilebis ufrosad, masTan erTad

peterburgSi gadavida e. mednikovic. amave wels ruseTis

imperiis mTel teritoriaze jer `Zebnis~, Semdeg ki `oxrankis~

ganyofilebebis Seqmnis Semdeg moskovis `oxrankis~ filerTa

razmi reformirebul iqna. maTi nawili daigzavna guberniebSi

Camoyalibebul `Zebnis~ ganyofilebebSi (207).

1902 wlis 12 agvistos `Zebnis~ ganyofilebis debulebis

mixedviT ganyofilebis ufrosebs daevalaT ra politikuri

Zebnis _ gare meTvalyureobis da saidumlo agenturis

- 100 -

xelmZRvaneloba, MmaT ara marto unda gaeCinaT saidumlo

TanamSromlebi, aramed aerCiaT da eswavlebinaT meTval-yure

agentebis – filerebisaTvis (208).

1905-1907 wlebis revoluciis periodSi praqtikaSi damuSavda

da 1907 wels gamoica instruqcia #140 gare (fileruli)

meTvalyureobis organizebaze. debulebiT akrZaluli iyo, iseve

rogorc Jandarmeriis unter-oficrebis instruqciaSi filerebad

polonelebis da ebraelebis miReba, Tumca praqtikaSi es

moTxovna xSirad irRveoda.

instruqciaSi araferi iyo naTqvami konkretulad

mosaxleobis romeli kategoriidan unda SeeZinaT da Semdeg

aRezardaT filerebi. moskovis `oxrankis~ ufrosi 1905-1907

wlebis revoluciis periodSi fon koteni werda: `praqtikam

miCvena kargi filerebi gamodian kazakebidan, vaWrebidan, cixis

zedamxedvelebidan~. igi fileruli samsaxurisaTvis asarCevi

kandidatebidan upiratesobas aniWebda 30 welze naklebi asakis

adamianebs, simaRles. unda yofiliyo saSualoze dabali, kargi

mxedvelobis. `Tumca praqtikaSi vnaxe _ wers igi _

gansakuTrebiT kargi mxedvelobis pirTa ayvana uazrobaa, radgan

SedarebiT susti mxedvelobis pirebidan gamodian kargi

filerebi, magram maT ar unda hqonodaT SesamCnevi nakli

sikoWle, kuzi da sxva~ (209).

gare meTvalyureobis agentobis kandidats ganyofilebaSi

ori kviris ganmavlobaSi amowmebdnen. kerZod, cdilobdnen misi

xasiaTis Seswavlas sxva mosamsaxureebTan urTierTobis

safuZvelze. Semdeg agzavnidnen `samoqmedo teritoriis~ qalaqis

an dasaxlebuli punqtis detalurad gasacnobad. mas unda

scodnoda qalaqis ubnebi, quCebi, moednebi, policiis

- 101 -

ganyofilebebis ganlageba, saxlebs Soris gamavali ezoebi,

gasasvlelebi, duqnebi, baRebi, matareblis Semadgenlobis

gasvlis, Camosvlis dro, tramvais moZraobis ganrigi, meetleTa

sadgomebi, maTi taqsa, saswavlo, saxelmwifo da kerZo

dawesebulebebis ganlageba, fabrikebis, qarxnebis muSaobis

dawyebis dro, damTavreba, saxelmwifo mosamsaxureebis,

moswavleebis formis tansacmeli, ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi (210).

amis Semdeg axalbeda swavlobda garkveuli wesiT

pirovnebis aRweras. mas igi aseTi TanamimdevrobiT unda

daesaxasiaTebina _ sqesi, asaki, simaRle, agebuleba, Tmis feri,

erovneba, ra feris, stilis tansacmels atarebda, ra saxis

fexsacmeli ecva.

imisaTvis, rom erTi SexedviT ecnoT sameTvalyureo,

Tundac gadacmuli da garegnobaSecvlili, filers unda

Seeswavla sameTvalyureos siarulis manera, damaxasiaTebeli

moZraobebi, rogor eWira Tavi, xelebi, rogor adgamda fexebs da

sxva. instruqcia iTxovda, filerebs sameTval-yureos erTi

SexedviT damaxsovrebis mizniT xSirad evarjiSaT. dReSi

ramdenjerme nebismieri pirisaTvis quCaSi erTi Sexedvis Semdeg

unda daexuWaT Tvalebi da gonebaSi warmoedginaT misi

garegnuli monacemebi. meored Sexedvisas ki SeemowmebinaT

sworad Seafases Tu ara igi (211).

sameTvalyureosaTvis saxeze Sexedva nebadarTuli iyo

mxolod xalxmraval quCaze, bazarSi. yru quCebze da

gzajvaredinebze sameTval-yureosTan pirispir Sexvedra sastikad

iyo akrZaluli. `araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar unda SexvdeT mzeriT

sameTvalyureos. ar uCvenoT Tqveni Tvalebi, radgan Tvalebi

amaxsovrdeba yvelaze metad adamians~, iTxovda instruqcia (212).

- 102 -

praqtikaSi saqme sxvagvarad iyo. swored aqeT-iqiT Tvalis

cecebis da saxis ucebadi moridebis gamo scnobdnen xSirad

filerebs revolucionerebi.

damwyebi filerebi gadiodnen `praqtikul momzadebas~. maT

agzavnidnen sameTvalyureod romelime gamocdil filerze. am

ukanasknels evaleboda Tavidan mSvidad evlo, gaekeTebina

`Semowmebebi” _ uceb Semotrialebuliyo saxlebis kuTxeebTan

da Seemowmebina vinme xom ar uTvalTvalebda. rodesac fileri

ise iswavlida meTvalyureobas, rom sameTvalyureo mas ver

afiqsirebda, es ukanaskneli arTulebda Tavis marSruts, ereoda

xalxis masaSi, gadadioda erTi etlidan meoreSi.

praqtikuli meTvalyureobis yvelaze ufro damaxasiaTebeli

xerxebis Seswavlis Semdeg, damwyebebs agzavnidnen gamocdil

filerebTan erTad sameTvalyureod. `oxrankis~ ganyofilebaSi

yoveldRe xdeboda filerebis saRamos Sekrebebi. aq filerebi

gare meTvalyureobis ganyofilebis xelmZRvanel oficers

abarebdnen yoveldRiuri meTvalyureobis angariSs. oficeri

uxsnida maT, sworad moiqcnen Tu ara, ama Tu im konkretuli

situaciis dros. garda amisa, filerebs aswavlidnen, romeli

monacemebis SejerebiT SeiZleboda garkveva sameTvalyureo sad

cxovrobda, Camosulia Tu adgilobrivi, sameTvalyureos

Sexvedra sxva pirTan SemTxveviTi iyo Tu winaswar gamiznuli,

romel SemTxvevaSi SeiZleboda sameTvalyureos gaSveba

meTvalyureobidan da sxva.

zemoCamoTvlili monacemebis SejerebiT filerebi xSirad

damoukideblad xsnidnen saxelmwifo danaSauls. Tbilisis

`oxrankis~ fileris veCerinis mogonebaSi vkiTxulobT, rom man

1904 wlis zafxulSi yuradReba miaqcia rkinigzis sadgurSi

- 103 -

etliT mosul students da axalgazrda qals, romlebmac ar

andes sakmaod mZime ori kalaTa mebarguls da rodesac

daeWvebulma filerma gaaCxrekina policias es kalaTebi, iq

iaraRis 5000 tyvia aRmoaCina (213).

varSavis `oxrankis~ ganyofilebis gare meTvalyureobis

gamgis guri-nis mogonebebSi aRniSnulia, rom man varSavis erT-

erT baRSi SemTxveviT Sesulma yuradReba gaamaxvila ucnob

pirze, romelic aRelvebuli mimo-dioda. man Tavisi iniciativiT

`aiyvana~ meTvalyureobaSi da gamoarkvia igi iyo teroristi da

dapatimrebisas aRmouCines bombi (214).

filerebis sacxovrebel adgilze aravis ar unda scodnoda

maTi saqmianoba da muSaobis adgili. konspiraciis dacvis mizniT

filerebs unda mieTiTebinaT iseTi samsaxuri cnobismoyvare

mezoblebisaTvis, sadac muSaoba gvian RamiT mTavrdeboda

rkinigzaze, tramvais depoSi da sxva. policiis departamentis

brZanebiT 1907 wlidan filerebis vinaobis saidumlod Senaxvis

mizniT maTac saidumlo agenturis msgavsad dauwyes

metsaxelebis micema. filerebs unda CaecvaT rogorc

adgilobriv saSualo fenis warmomadgenlebs da tansacmeli ar

unda gamorCeuliyo im teritoriaze mcxovrebi mosaxleobis

saerTo masisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Cacmulobidan (215).

moqalaqeebze meTvalyureobis dawesebis mizezi ZiriTadad

ori iyo: pirveli _ agenturis miTiTebis gamo. meore imitom, rom

am moqalaqesTan urTierTobaSi imyofeboda is piri, viszec

dawesebuli iyo gare meTval-yureoba. magaliTad, socialist-

revolucionerebis mier kavkasiis policiis gamgis Sirinkinze

Tavdasxmis momzadebis dros, Tbilisis `oxrankis~ mier gare

meTvalyureoba, am partiis wevr maria nikolozis asul

- 104 -

xudadovaze dawesda agenturis miTiTebis Tanaxmad, xolo mis Zma

vladimirze ki Tavis dasTan xSiri Sexvedrebis gamo (216).

sameTvalyureoze TvalTvalis dawyebis davalebas e.w.

`nariads” fileri iRebda diliT gare meTvalyureobis gamgisgan.

mas uTiTebdnen adgils, saidan unda daewyo TvalTvali _

`aeyvana~ sameTvalyureo. sityvie-rad uTiTebdnen am piris

garegnul niSnebs, Tu gaaCndaT uCvenebdnen fotosuraTs.

sameTvalyureos `ayvanis~ Semdeg fileri mudmivad

uTvalTvalebda mas. dayveboda ukan da arkvevda sad wavidoda,

vis Sexvdeboda, esaubreboda, ra ecva sameTvalyureosTan

Semxvedr adamians, rodis dakarga igi meTval-yureobidan da ase

Semdeg (217). filerebs mkacrad afrTxilebdnen, rom sjobda

sameTvalyureo mietovebinaT, vidre igi SeamCnevda

meTvalyureobas (218).

meTvalyureobaSi ayvanil pirs fileri aZlevda metsaxels.

metsaxeli unda yofiliyo mokle, erTsityviani. iseTi, rom

garkveuliyo qals ekuTvnoda igi Tu mamakacs. aucilebeli

warmoadgenda iyo iseTi saxelis micema, romelic daaxasiaTebda

sameTvalyureos garegnobas. maria xudadovas micemuli hqonda

metsaxelad `drapovaia~, radgan atarebda drafis paltos, mis

Zmas vladimers ki `tiomni~ – atarebda Sav saTvales (219).

sameTvalyureosTan Sexvedril sxva pirebsac eZleodaT

metsaxelebi. am SemTxvevebSi aZlevdnen iseT metsaxelebs,

romelic raime garkveul jgufisTvis, magaliTad, ZaRlis

jiSebisTvis an Tevzebis saxeobebisTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli. es

saWiro iyo imisaTvis, rom naTeli yofiliyo romel pirebTan

kavSirSi midioda sameTvalyureos mTeli dRis marSrutis,

saqmianobis ganxilva saRamos Sekrebaze. filerebi xSirad

- 105 -

gadascemdnen erTmaneTs sameTvalyureoebs, raTa erTi da igive

piris TvalTvali ar aRmoeCina sameTvalyureos, Tuki erTsa da

imave pirs eZleoda sxvadasxva fileris mier gansxvavebuli

metsaxeli, es uceb irkveoda imave saRamos Sekrebebze.

filerebis gamokiTxvas `oxrankis~ oficrebi zogjer maT

sacxovrebel binebSi awarmoebdnen, sadac isini cxovrobdnen

konspirrebulad (220).

gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi meTvalyureobas erTad

anxorcielebda ori, sami fileri. instruqciiT erTs unda

emeTvalyura sameTval-yureosTvis zurgidan. meore da mesame

filers ki evloT im quCis paraleluri quCiT, romelzec

midioda sameTvalyureo. aseTi gaTvla mdgomareobda SemdegSi _

maTi nabiji ar unda yofiliyo Cqari sameTvalyureoze, raTa igi

gzajvaredinebze daefiqsirebinaT.

fileri, eZleoda Tu ara saSualeba, iwerda ubis wignakSi

sameTval-yureos Sesaxeb yvelafers drois miTiTebiT _ sad

Sevida, ramden xans darCa da sxva. am wignakis safuZvelze

abarebda angariSs Tavis xelmZRva-nels. yoveldRiuri

moxsenebebi erTad iyrida Tavs e.w. `gare meTvalyureobis

dRiurSi~ da ideboda im organizaciis Tu partiis saqmeSi,

romelsac ekuTvnoda sameTvalyureo piri.

meTvalyureobis gawevisas konspiraciul binebze, an

tipografiis, iaraRis sawyobis savaraudo adgilsamyofelze

iniSneboda `sameTvalyureo posti~. postze imyofeboda ori da

meti fileri. im mizniT, rom ar SeemCniaT erT adgilze mudmivad

myofi filerebi, isini xSirad icvlebodnen. am meTodiT

`oxrankis~ ganyofilebis filerTa didi nawili ecnoboda

sameTvalyureo pirTa jgufs da maTi TvalTvalidan gaSvebis

- 106 -

SemTxvevaSi damoukideblad awarmoebdnen maT Zebnas qalaqis Tu

dabis sxvadasxva ubnebSi.

zog SemTxvevaSi postebze mdgari filerebi qiraobdnen

sameTvalyureo obieqtis axlomdebare binebs an sastumros

nomrebs, romlis fanjrebic mdebareobda obieqtis mopirdapire

mxares. Sediodnen maRaziebSi, duqnebSi, sabiliardoebSi, sadac

vaWrobdnen, qeifobdnen, TamaSobdnen da amave dros am

dawesebulebis fanjrebidan uTvalTvalebdnen.

erT-erTi fileris mogonebaSi vkiTxulobT, rom

sameTvalyureo obieqtis win mdebare sabiliardoSi filerebma

daiwyes yoveldRe siaruli. ori TamaSobda, erTi ki sarkmlidan

akvirdeboda obieqts. `am xerxiT Cven SevZeliT tipografia

agveyvana gare meTvalyureobis Cavardnis gareSe~, amTavrebs

Tavis monaTxrobs fileri (221).

gare meTvalyureobis aseTsave xerxebs iyenebdnen im

periodSi evropis qveynebis specsamsaxurebi. cnobili social-

demokrati lev trocki (bronSteini) wers, rom safrangeTis

xelisufalni cudad epyrobodnen: `me gars mexveodnen jaSuSebi,

romlebic sruliad daufaravad `muSaobdnen~. isini movidnen

ludxanaSi, saidanac xelisguliviT moCanda mTeli Cveni quCa.

gaagdes patroni da iq moawyves TavianTi sameTvalyureo punqti,

es jaSuSebi fexdafex damdevdnen metroSi, taqsSi~ (222).

sameTvalyureo postze myof filerebs acmevdnen, rogorc

gazeTebis damtareblebs, wvril vaWrebs, kurierebs da isinic

Sesabamisad vaWrobdnen gazeTebiT, wvrili saqoneliT.

moZraobdnen ra sameTvalyureo obieqtis mimdebare quCebSi,

uTvalTvalebdnen gamJRavnebis riskis gareSe. filerebis

instruqciaSi miTiTebuli iyo, rogor unda daeWiraT Tavi Tu

- 107 -

sameTval-yureo moulodnelad gamovidoda Senobidan da

SeeCexeboda. rogor unda mdgariyvnen, rogor Sesuliyvnen

sameTvalyureosTan Tavis asarideblad ludxanaSi, duqanSi.

kerZod, uceb ar unda Setrialebuliyvnen da ar aeCqarebinaT

nabijisaTvis, ar unda evloT TvalSi mosaxvedri neli nabijiT.

agreTve mocemulia sameTvalyureos gamoCenis SemTxvevaSi

erTmaneTTan saniSnebeli niSnebis (`parolebis~) teqnika da sxva

(223).

revolucionerebis sabrZolo masalebis sawyobis, feTqebadi

nivTierebebis laboratoriis, tipografiis savaraudo ganlagebis

adgilze, Tu axlos iyo meetleTa gasaCerebeli adgili

sameTvalyureo postze ayenebdnen cxenosan filerebs, romelTa

damxmareebad trialebdnen wvril vaWrebad da gazeTebis

damtareblad gadacmuli filerebi.

filerebis saqmianobis ganmsazRvrel instruqciaSi mTeli

Tavia miZRvnili Tu rogor unda moqceuliyvnen meetle

filerebi: `meetlis gamoCena iqcevs meezoveebisa da darajebis

yuradRebas, romlebic Cveulebriv maT erekebian, raTa cxenebma

ar mosvaron iqauroba~ (224). meetle filers unda `daeWira

meezovis tipi" da erT-erTisTvis eTqva, rom eqimi miiyvana

avadmyofTan, meorisTvis saidumlod gaendo, rom elodeboda

`batons~, romelic aris sxvis colTan, an igive eTqva aseTive

`qalbatonze~, mesame miepatiJa gasamaspinZleblad, rom TiTqosda

Semosavliani adgilidan ar gaegdo. etliani filerebi

meTvalyureobdnen sameTvalyureos im drosac, roca isini

etlebiT sargeblobdnen, misdevdnen ukan maT etlebs.

peterburgis `oxrankas~ avtomobilebis ricxvis zrdis gamo am

mizniT avtomobilic ki hyavda. aqve avRniSnavT, rom am

- 108 -

periodSive ismineboda sameTvalyureo pirTa satelefono

saubrebic. amrigad, ruseTis politikuri policiis saqmianobaSi

teqnikuri progresi saxeze iyo.

raionuli `oxrankis~ ganyofilebebis Seqmnis Semdeg

filerebs periodulad gzavnidnen guberniebis im periferiul

teritoriebze, sadac revoluciuri moZraoba yvelaze metad iyo

ganviTarebuli (225). aseT SemTxvevaSi filerebs evalebodaT,

Tuki gaaCndaT ojaxi masTan erTad gamgzavrebuliyo, radgan

naklebi Sansi iyo gamJRavnebuliyo maTi saqmianoba. instruqciaSi

aRniSnulia, rom colTan an bavSvTan erTad gaseirneba

`faravda~ meTvalyureobas (226).

`mivlinebebSi~ myofi filerebi dakvirvebis Sedegebs

werilobiT acnobebdnen fostis meSveobiT xelmZRvanelebs.

rodesac icodnen sameTval-yureos gamgzavrebis adgili, iq

ugzavnidnen depeSas adgilobriv politikuri Zebnis

ganyofilebebs am piris meTvalyureobaSi ayvanis TxovniT. depeSa

dgeboda rogorc savaWro Setyobineba. masSi ganyofilebis gamge

ixsenieboda patronad, filerebi mosamsaxureebad, sameTvalyureo

piri saqonlad. magaliTad, `keTili inebeT da miiReT saqoneli~,

anda sameTvalyureos `dakargvis~ SemTxvevaSi _ `saqoneli

gafuWda~, dapatimrebisas _ `saqoneli Calagebulia yuTebSi~ da

sxva (227).

im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac sameTvalyureo tovebda qalaqs, mas

filerebi ukan miyvebodnen da sadac Cavidodnen, iq `abarebdnen~

adgilobriv filerebs. 1907 wlis 24 ianvars Tbilisis `oxrankis~

ganyofilebas policiis departamentma acnoba, rom

departamentSi Sesuli iyo informacia ruseTis social-

demokratiuli partiis V yrilobis mowvevis Sesaxeb.

- 109 -

departamenti iTxovda gamoerkviaT delegatebi adgilobrivi

organizaciidan da filerebs aeyvanaT meTvalyureobaSi. Tu

yriloba ruseTSi Catardeboda, miecilebinaT delegatebi

adgilamde, Tu sazRvargareT, maSin miecilebinaT sazRvramde da

iq daekavebinaT (228).

1907 wlamde meTvalyure agentura gaaCnda mxolod

`oxrankis~ ganyofilebebs. rkinigzis JandarmTa policiis

sammarTveloebi ar iyvnen movale yolodaT filerebi (229). 1908

wlis debulebiT raionuli `oxrankis~ ganyofilebebze

adgilobriv sagubernio JandarmTa sammarTveloebs daevalaT

gare meTvalyureobis organizacia _ Jandarmeriis unter-

oficrebisgan filerebis momzadeba. am debulebis $14-is mixedviT

aseTi unter-oficrebi unda yofiliyvnen saStato Semadgenlobis

2 procenti, xolo Tuki damatebiTi Statis unter-oficrebi

didi raodenobiT hyavdaT, maSin maTi Semadgenlobis naxevari

(230).

filerebis raodenoba 1905-1907 wlebSi saqarTveloSi

arsebul politikuri Zebnis ganyofilebebSi sakmaod mcire iyo.

Tbilisis `oxrankis~ ganyofilebas 1908 wlis martSi StatSi

yavda 9 fileri. 1909 wlis dasawyisSi maTi raodenoba gaizarda

17-mde. calke yavda filerebi kavkasiis raionuli `oxrankis~

ganyofilebas _ 28. yvelaze metad filerTa ricxvis naklebobas

ganicdida baTumis `oxrankis~ punqti, romelsac 1904 wels

StatSi hyavda ori fileri. 1905 wels kavkasiis policiis gamgem

daumata Tavisi kancelariis gansakuTrebuli ganyofilebis

policiis zedamxedvelTa ricxvidan ori piri fileruli

samuSaos Sesasruleblad. baTumis `oxrankis~ punqtis ufrosi

1906 wels Tbilisis JandarmTa sagubernio sammarTvelos ufross

- 110 -

acnobebda, rom 4 fileri arasakmarisi iyo, radgan SeiZleboda

mxolod ori sameTvalyureo postis dayeneba. seriozuli

meTvalyureobisas ki saWiro iyo sami postis dayeneba. sxva

teritoriidan sameTvalyureos `miRebisas~ ukve xdeboda

sakuTari meTvalyureobis moxsna da meTvalyureoba `vardeboda~

(231). 1908 wlis ivlisSi baTumis `oxrankis~ punqts daumates ori

fileri da maTi ricxvi eqvsamde gaizarda (232).

filerebs sakmaod mizerul Tanxas uxdidnen TveSi 7-dan 12

maneTamde (233). amitom, isini Tavis moxsenebebSi xSirad yalbad

rTavdnen etliT an konkiT mgzavrobis safasurs. aRniSnuli

xasiaTis sicrue axa-siaTebda TviT `oxrankis~ ganyofilebebis

xelmZRvanelebs, romlebic policiis departamentSi wardgenil

moxsenebebSi meTvalyureobis warmoebis Sesaxeb rTavdnen ara

marto im pirebs, viszec gare meTvalyureoba xorcieldeboda,

aramed `oxrankis~ ganyofilebaSi revoluciur organizaciebTan

kavSirSi aRricxul yvela pirs. policiis departamenti

Tbilisis `oxrankis~ ganyofilebis ufross 1906 wels

miuTiTebda: `angariSebSi CamoTvlili sameTvalyureoTa ricxvi

ar edreba ganyofilebis sameTval-yureo Zalebs da masSi

CarTuli arian ukve karga xnis dapatimrebuli pirebic ki~ (334).

zemoT aRniSnuli araswori informaciis miwvda gamowveuli

iyo imiT, rom pirveli _ departaments aCvenebdnen Tu ra

nayofierad muSaobdnen da meore _ elementarulad iTvisebdnen

gare meTvalyureobis warmoebisTvis gamoyofil Tanxebs.

droTa ganmavlobaSi filerebs dauwyes meti moTxovnebis

wayeneba. filerebs TvalTvalis garda sxva saxis saqmianobac,

rom SesZlebodaT da `Sinagani agenturis daxmarebis gareSe

moexdinaT revoluciuri organizaciebis mier sxvadasxva saxis

- 111 -

danaSaulis momzadebis gaxsna~, jer kidev 1905 wlis Sua xanebSi

policiis departamentma moindoma filerebis skolis daarseba

(235). 1907 wlis gare meTvalyureobis #140 instruqciiT filers

ara marto unda eTvalTvala, aramed gamoerkvia

sameTvalyureosTan SexebaSi myofi pirebis vinaoba, saqmianoba,

kavSirebi. logikurad Tu vimsjelebT, Caetarebina

revoluciuri garemos gamokvleva, rac iTxovda politikuri

Zebnis xerxebis codnas (236). policiis departamentma 1907 welsve

moiTxova politikuri Zebnis adgilobrivi ganyofilebebisgan

filerebis aRzrda-swavleba waremarTaT ise, rom ipovaT

gamosavali nebismieri situaciidan~ (237).

1908 wels policiis departamentma miuTiTa adgilobriv

politikuri Zebnis organoebs, rom `agenturuli cnobebis~

dasamuSaveblad naklebad seriozul agentTan erTad

`mivlinebaSi~ gaegzavnaT filerebic, romlebic: `unda

gamijnuliyvnen rutinul xerxebs da daekonspirirebinaT Tavisi

saqmianoba. mivlinebis adgilze unda CaecvaT rogorc wvril

vaWrebs an studentebs. gamoeyenebinaT politikuri Zebnis

xerxebi. ar dabneuliyvnen nebismier situaciaSi da epovaT

gamosavali nebismier dros~ (238).

aRsaniSnavia, rom filerebs praqtikaSi am mizniT xSirad

iyenebdnen. `oxrankis~ erT-erTi oficris mogonebaSi aRwerilia

meTval-yureobaSi ayvanili ojaxis mosamsaxure gogonas

meSveobiT rogor Seityves ojaxis wevrebis revoluciuri

saqmianobis yvela detali. am gogonas specialurad gaacnes

axalgazrda mamakaci _ fileri. man Tavi Seayvara gogonas da

daniSna kidec. ojaxma Tavisi mosamsaxuris saqmro, bunebrivia,

miiRo saxlSi da ndobiT ekideboda. amiT isargebla filerma da

- 112 -

sruli informacia Seagrova ojaxis wevrTa revoluciuri

saqmianobis Sesaxeb (239). filerebs `oxrankis~ ganyofilebebi

iyenebdnen aseve revolucionerebis farulad dasapatimrebladac.

filerebs instruqciis Tanaxmad ar unda scodnodaT

saidumlo TanamSromlebis vinaoba da garegnoba. praqtikaSi ki

es wesi mudmivad irRveoda. `oxrankis~ ganyofilebis ufrosebi

iZulebuli iyvnen mieTiTebinaT filerebisaTvis saidumlo

TanamSromlebi, raTa isini daecvaT SemTxveviTi

dapatimrebisagan. amasTan erTad politikuri Zebnis

saWiroebidan gamomdinare filerebi agentebs dayvebodnen ukan,

raTa maTTan SexebaSi myofi pirebi aeyvanaT meTvalyureobaSi.

magaliTad, e.a zefs ruseTis sxvadasxva qalaqSi mogzaurobisas

acilebda ramdenime gamocdili fileri, romlebic

meTvalyureobaSi iyvandnen masTan SexebaSi myof adgilobriv

revolucionerebs (240). saidumlo TanamSromlebs filerebi

Tavis wreSi uwodebdnen `podmetkas~ (241).

1906 wlidan `oxrankis~ ganyofilebebi inaxavdnen

gansakuTrebiT mouxerxebel filerebsac. rodesac revoluciur

organizaciaSi yavdaT agenti, an organizacia amzadebda

teroristul aqts, magram `oxrankas~ ar surda im dros misi

wevrebis dapatimreba, aseT filerebs e.w.'`branderebs~ uSvebdnen

sameTvalyureod (242). (`branderebis~ daniSnulebas Cven Semdgom

SevexebiT). bunebrivia, maT revolucionerebi maleve amCnevdnen

da saswrafod imalebodnen. ra Tqma unda aseTi xerxi sasurveli

ar iyo, radgan gamJRavnebul filers aRar SeeZlo aqtiuri

muSaoba. aseT SemTxvevaSi file-rebs ucvlidnen samsaxuris

adgils, gadayavdaT moSorebul guberniebSi, an aZlevdnen raime

oficialur samsaxurs (243).

- 113 -

1906 wlidan filerebs aZlevdnen fotosuraTian piradobis

mowmobebs. maTi saqmianobis gaumjobesebis mizniT 1908 wlidan

filerebze daiwyes liTonis Jetonebis gacema da konspiraciis

mizniT ki metsaxelebis micemac (244). Jetonis Cveneba sakmarisi

iyo policiis dabali CinebisTvis, raTa gaewiaT filerebisaTvis

daxmareba. magram iaraRi, romelic maT Tavis dasacavad

sWirdebodaT 1900-1910 wlebSi ar gaicemoda. Tbilisis `oxrankis~

ufrosi 1906 wlis 18 seqtembers acnobebda mefisnacvlis

kancelariis gansakuTrebuli ganyofilebis ufross, rom

filerebs revolucionerebi xSirad Tavs esxmodnen da

xocavdnen, icodnen ra, rom maT iaraRi ar gaaCndaT. `oxrankis~

ufross moyavda ramodenime konkretuli faqti da iTxovda

Tanxis gamoyofas ganyofilebis filerebis SesaiaraReb-lad (245).

filerebi xSirad sakuTari Secdomebis msxverplic

xdebodnen. cnobili avlabris aralegaluri stambis

meTvalyureobis procesSi erT-erTma filerma ase gasca Tavi.

sameTvalyureosTan pirispir Sexvedrisas mcire manZilis gavlis

Semdeg Semotrialda da saxeze daakvirda. or dReSi avlabris

stamba daarbia `oxrankam~ da es amocnobili fileric meore

dResve revolucionerebma mokles (246). zemoT dasaxelebul

sameTvalyureos warmoadgenda cnobili bolSeviki mixa

boWoriZe, romelic `oxrankis~ daxa-siaTebiT `iyo profesionali

revolucioneri da sakmaod frTxili meTvalyureobis mimarT~

(247).

- 114 -

$5. informaciis miRebis damatebiTi

xerxebi

politikuri policia saWiro informacias aseve iRebda maTi

`oficialuri agentebis~ _ Jandarmeriis sagubernio

sammarTveloebis da punqtis unter-oficrebidan. am

ukanasknelebs sxva saqmianobasTan erTad evalebodaT

meTvalyureoba mosaxleobaze da e.w. `faruli dazverviT~

informaciis mopoveba. meTvalyureobaSi igulisxmeboda

Tvalyuris devneba politikuri saqmianobisTvis adre

dapatimrebul pirebze, moswavle-axalgazrdobaze, gansakuTrebiT

maTze, vinc sazRvargareT swavlobda. aseve Tvalyuri unda

edevnebinaT proklamaciebis, broSurebis gavrcelebaze

mosaxleobaSi. SeekribaT cnobebi sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi

mimdinare movlenebze (248).

`faruli dazverva~ ki mdgomareobda SemdegSi. unter-

oficrebi uSua-lod mosaxleobasTan atarebdnen frTxil

gamokiTxvebs maTTvis saintereso piris Sesaxeb. policiis

departamenti miuTiTebda: `gamokiTxvisaTvis saintereso saganze

gadasvla SeumCnevlad unda moxdes, raTa gamokiTxuli ver

mixvdes ra da vin ainteresebs unter-oficers~ (249).

revoluciuri organizaciis Sesaxeb cnobebis miRebis

SemTxvevaSi unter-oficers unda gamoerkvia rodis moxda

organizaciis Camoyalibeba, misi Semadgenloba, gaCnda Tu ara

tipografia, iaraRis sawyobi da sxva. am saxis informaciis

miRebis saSualebad rekomendirebuli iyo fuladi jildos

gacemis aucilebloba, risi meSveobiTac gadaibirebdnen

organizaciis romelime wevrs.

- 115 -

politikuri policiis azriT meTvalyureobis da `faruli

dazvervis~ sawarmoeblad mosaxleobaze, kavkasiaSi saWiro iyo

`adgilobrivi pirobebis safuZvliani codna~, adgilobrivi

enebis Seswavla (250). Tbilisis JandarmTa sagubernio

sammarTvelos ufrosis azriT, `radganac punqtis unter-

oficrebma ar ician adgilobrivi enebi, ar aqvT saSualeba

politikuri Zebnisas miiRon aucilebeli cnobebi adgilobrivi

mcxovreblebisgan~, amitom, maTgan iTxovda adgilobrivi enebis

saswrafod Seswavlas (251).

mosaxleobasTan axlos yofnis mizniT Jandarmeriis

zogierTi oficeri trialebda adgilobrivi maRali

sazogadoebis wreSi. maTTan erTad TamaSobda banqos, qeifobda,

mReroda saojaxo warmodgenebze, eswreboda Teatralur

sanaxaobebs. erT-erT aseT oficers policiis departamentma

misca gafrTxileba, rom ar SeiZleboda sazogadoebis nebismier

warmomadgenelTan hqonoda am saxis familaruli

damokidebuleba. man Tavi Semdegnairad imarTla: `me vTvlidi,

rac metad visargebleb adgilobrivi sazogadoebis simpatiiT, es

ki mxolod maTTan axlo urTierTobiT miiRweva, rac metad

vicxovreb maTi cxovrebiT, ufro iolad mecodineba aseTi

sazogadoebis ganwyoba, radgan daqiravebul agenturas,

romliTac Cven `vaSuqebT~ iatakqveSa organizaciebs, am tipis

sazogadoebaSi ver SeviZenT~. rogorc Cans am argumentebma gaWra

da departamentsac igi metad aRar Seuwuxebia (252).

TanamedroveTa daxasiaTebiT, politikuri policiis maRali

Cinebi `TiTqmis yvela umaRlesi ganaTlebiT yovelTvis iyvnen

liberalebi da radikalebi, razec TviTon moaxsenebdnen yvela

- 116 -

inteligent patimars, mxolod Tvlidnen, rom ruseTi im dros ar

iyo mzad reformebisaTvis~ (253).

erT-erTi revolucioneris mogonebaSi aRwerilia aseTi

SemTxveva. quTaisis JandarmTa sagubernio sammarTvelos ufross

gamyreliZes demonstraciis darbevis Semdeg uTqvams

dapatimrebulisTvis: `mec qarTvelis guli miZgers, mec mesmis

Tqveni gulis wadili, magram cota unda davicadoT ... me es-esaa

movedi. rogorc qarTvels miTxariT vin iyo, vin yviroda?~ (254).

igive gamyreliZe erT-erT Tavis moxsenebaSi xelmZRvanelobas

Tavisi azris dasasabuTeblad swerda, rom _ me, rogorc

qarTveli, kargad vicnob Cemi xalxis ganwyobas da girCevT

arakeTilsaimedo pirTa mimarT saswrafod gamoiyenoT yvelaze

gadamwyveti represiuli zomebi (255).

informaciis mogrovebis erT-erT xerxs warmoadgenda

meTvalyureoba politikuri policiisaTvis saintereso piris

naTesavebze da axloblebze. cixidan an gadasaxlebidan

gaqceuli piris adgilsamyofelis dasadgenad, jer kidev 1902

wlis 13 ivlisis cirkularSi miuTiTebda policiis departamenti

adgilobrivi JandarmTa sagubernios sammarTvelos ufrosebs,

rom `meTvalyureoba aucileblad unda dawesebuliyo

saxelmwifo danaSaulSi eWvmitanili piris Soreul naTesavebze

da amxanagebze~ (256).

`oxrankelebi~ informacias iRebdnen legaluri da

aralegaluri presis saSualebiTac. specialurad agrovebdnen

proklamaciebs, broSurebs, revoluciur gazeTebs. maT

amuSavebdnen, xdeboda Sejereba JurnalebSi da sagazeTo

statiebSi mocemuli masalebis, sadac xSirad ixsenieboda ama Tu

im revoluciur aqtSi monawileebis fsevdonimebi, maTi

- 117 -

saqmianobis zogierTi detali. es yvelaferi ikribeboda,

analizdeboda da iSifreboda fsevdonimebis qveS dafaruli

pirebis vinaoba da saqmianoba (257).

damxmare informaciis saxiT grovdeboda xalxSi moaruli

xmebi, Worebi, romlebic aseve muSavdeboda, mowmdeboda.

yvelanairi cnobebis miReba xdeboda patimrebis dakiTxvis dros.

patimrebis Cvenebebi analizdeboda, edreboda sxva patimrebis Tu

TavisuflebaSi myofi revolucionerebis saubrebis Sinaarss,

romelsac gamokiTxvis saxiT awarmoebdnen `oxrankis~ agentebi.

saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi ki fizikuri ZaldatanebiT xdeboda

patimrebisgan informaciis miReba.

`oxrankis~ ganyofilebebs gaaCndaT informaciis miRebis

kidev erTi wyaro. eseni iyvnen ganyofilebebs daqvemdebarebuli

gare meTvalyureebis meore kategoriis agentebi _ policiis

zedamxedvelebi, romlebic Sediodnen `oxrankis~ StatSi, Tumca

oficialurad gaformebuli iyvnen saerTo policiis

kancelariaSi. policiis zedamxedvelebi kviraSi orjer

movaleni iyvnen gamocxadebuliyvnen `oxrankis~ ganyofilebaSi

davalebebis misaRebad (258). samsaxuris saWiroebidan gamomdinare

SeeZloT CaecvaT samoqalaqo tansacmeli, magram maTi

oficialuri forma iyo iseTi, rogoric ecvaT saerTo policiis

ubnis zedamxedvelebs _ `okolotnikebs~.

policiis zedamxedvelebs gzavnidnen saerTo policiasTan

erTad politikuri damnaSaveebis dasapatimreblad. evalebodaT

politikurad arakeTilsaimedo pirebis Sesaxeb cnobebis

Segroveba gamokiTxvebis da `gamokvlevis~ saSualebiT.

zedamxedvelebi movaleni iyvnen gamoerkviaT aseTi pirebis zusti

- 118 -

misamarTi, SeeswavlaT maTi sacxovrebeli binebis Sesasvlelebi,

fanjrebis ganlageba. gansakuTrebiT unda gaewiaT meTval-

yureoba moswavle axalgazrdobaze, SeekribaT cnobebi maT

cxovrebis wesze, saqmianobaze, saswavleblebSi aralegaluri

literaturis gavrcelebaze, saidumlo Sekrebebis mowyobaze.

informacia ZiriTadad unda mieRoT saswavlo dawesebulebebis

mosamsaxureebis meSveobiT. aseTive xasiaTis informacia

zedamxedvelebs unda moepovebinaT maTi samoqmedo raionis

fabrika-qarxnebis muSaTa cxovrebisa da saqmianobis Sesaxeb, iq

momuSave saamqros ostatebis, zedamxedvelebis saSualebiT.

informaciis mopovebis xerxebs zedamxedvelebs aswavlida

`oxrankis~ ganyofilebis erT-erTi oficeri. Jandarmeriis unter-

oficrebisgan gansxvavebiT policiis zedamxedvelebi

oficialurad valdebulni iyvnen CamoevloT sastumroebi,

saerTo sacxovreblebi, daqiravebuli kerZo binebi da

daemyarebinaT sando urTierToba am saxis dawesebulebebis

momsaxure personalTan. instruqciiT sastumroebis

mflobelebisaTvis am mizniT unda gaewiaT daxmareba cnobebis

aRebaSi qalaqis administraciisgan, eSuamdgomlaT saerTo

policiis CinebTan wvrilmani darRvevebis aRmoCenis SemTxvevaSi,

miecaT mosamsaxure personalisaTvis mcire Rirebulebis

saCuqrebi da sxva. imdenad did mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen

zedamxedvelebis mier sando urTierTobis damyarebas am

pirebTan, rom raime mizeziT Tuki kargi urTierToba ver

myardeboda, maT ucvlidnen samuSao adgilsac ki. iTvleboda,

rom policiis zedamxedvelebs aseTi urTierToba unda

gamoeyenebinaT imisaTvis, raTa mosaxleobas nebayoflobiT mieca

informacia. saqme ki daeyenebinaT ise, rom aucilebeli

- 119 -

Setyobinebebi binaze mietanaT maTTvis, saTanado anazRaurebis

fasad.

sainteresoa, rom policiis zedamxedvelebisagan iTxovdnen,

ra Tqma unda araoficialurad, sando urTierTobis damyarebis

mizniT, maTac mieRoT mcireodeni qrTami `sadResaswaulebis~

saxiT, radgan aseT SemTxvevaSi sastumroebis mflobelebTan,

kerZo gasaqiravebeli binebis mepatroneebTan myardeboda ufro

mWidro, gulaxdili urTierToba. `oxrankis~ ganyofilebis

oficrebi kiTxvaze _ raSia zedamxedvelis valdebuleba? imaSi

rom SeemowmebinaT kanonis zusti dacviT Sevsebulia Tu ara

dokumentacia sastumroSi, Caweris gareSe acxovreben

moqalaqeebs, amuSaveben damlageb-lebs (qalaqSi samuSaod

Camosuli pirebi movaleni iyvnen aRricxvaze damdgariyvnen

saerTo policiaSi), rac iwvevs xSirad konfliqts

administraciasTan, Tu imaSi, rom ar gaemaxvilebinaT aseT

sakiTxebze yuradReba da samagierod mieRoT informacia?

pasuxobdnen erTmniSvnelovnad _ `wvrilmani darRvevebisaTvis ar

unda mieqciaT yuradReba, raTa informaciis wyaroebTan ar

gaefuWebinaT urTierToba~ (259). aseTi saxis karg urTierTobas

zedamxedvelebi iyenebdnen imisaTvis, rom sastumroebis, Tu

kerZo binebis damlageblebs SeetyobinebinaT macxovreblebis

saeWvo qceva da maTi oTaxebis dasufTavebis Semdeg yvela

Canaweri da qaRaldis naxevic ki, rasac binaSi naxavdnen,

gadayris win aucileblad maTTvis gadaecaT.

politikuri Zebnis warmoebis damxmare saSualebebSi

Sedioda aseve `perlustracia~ _ kerZo Tu saxelmwifo

dawesebulebebis mosamsaxureebis, moqalaqeebis piradi mimoweris

saidumlod gaxsna da misi Sinaarsis gacnoba. kanoni

- 120 -

`perlustraciis~ Sesaxeb jer kidev ekaterine II gamosca. igi

ZiriTadad interesdeboda kerZo pirebis mimoweriT.

1900-iani wlebis dasawyisidan `perlustracias~ eweodnen

fostebSi specialurad gamoyofil kabinetebSi, romlis arseboba

mxolod mosamsaxureebis viwro wrem icoda. peterburgSi da

moskovSi arsebul aseT e.w. `Sav kabinetebSi~ 10-dan 15 kacamde

muSaobda, provinciebSi oridan xuTamde. aseTi saxis `Savi

kabineti~ arsebobda Tbilisis fostaSic (260).

mowmdeboda sazRvargareTidan Semosuli da iq gagzavnili

yvela korespondencia, banderoli, wigni, romelSic SeiZleboda

werilis moTavseba (261). aseve mowmdeboda imperiis teritoriaze

faruli zedamxedvelobis qveS myofi pirebis mimowera da im

adamianebis korespondenciac, visi misamarTiTac SeiZleba

esargeblaT zemoTaRniSnul pirebs.

ruseTis imperiis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 1035 muxlis

mixedviT SeiZleboda oficialuri zedamxedvelobis da

formaluri mokvlevis pro-cesSi myofi pirebis korespondenciis

amoReba da gaxsna. es xdeboda aseTnairad. `oxrankis~

ganyofilebis Cinovniki igzavneboda fostaSi da saintereso

piris gvari gadadioda xelidan xelSi, raTa ar yofiliyo

oficialuri mimowera (262). korespondenciis `perlustracia~

xdeboda TviT Sinagan saqmeTa saministroSic. aq am saqmes wlebis

ganmavlobaSi asrulebda cenzori mardarievi. sainteresoa, rom

a. lopuxinma mxolod wlebis Semdeg Seityo, rom mis mimoweras

policiis departamentis ufrosad yofnis periodSi

sistematurad kiTxulobdnen TviTon Sinagan saqmeTa ministris

pleves brZanebiT (263).

- 121 -

politikuri policiisTvis saintereso werilebs uRebdnen

fotosuraTs an iRebdnen werilis asls, mas xelaxla luqavdnen

da gzavnidnen daniSnulebis adgilze ukve pasuxis

`perlustraciisaTvis~.

policiis departamenti rekomendacias uwevda werilebis

`perlustracias~, radgan `maTSi aris monacemebi revuluciur

moZraobaze~ (264). werilebis Sinaarsi muSavdeboda-mowmdeboda,

xolo daSifruli werilebi ki policiis departamentSi

iSifreboda specialistebis mier. departamentSi am mizniT

miwveuli hyavdaT umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone, sxvadasxva enebis

mcodne pirebi (265). revolucionerebi xSirad iyenebdnen

daSifrul werilebs saidumlo SetyobinebebisaTvis. maTgan

gamoyenebuli gaxsnili Sifrebis gasaRebi igzavneboda

guberniebSi politikuri policiis adgilobriv

dawesebulebebSi. magaliTad, revolucionerebi dasaSifrad

xSirad iyenebdnen oficialur gamocemebs, Jurnalebs, wignebs.

amitom rekomendirebuli iyo Cxrekisas yuradReba mieqciaT erTi

da igive revoluciuri organizaciis wevrebs erTnairi wignebi

gaaC-ndaT, an am wignebSi romelime gverdi xSiri xmarebisagan

gacveTili, gaWuWyuli iyo Tu ara (266). sainteresoa, rom

wignebiT saidumlo werilebis daSifrvis aseTi meTodi

`oxrankam~ ki gaxsna 1905-1907 wlebis revoluciis periodSi,

magram germanelebma am xerxiT daSifrvis meTodi gaxsnes

mxolod meore msoflio omis bolos. mas SveicariaSi moqmedi

sabWoTa sadazvervo qseli iyenebda 1940-1943 wlebSi (267).

gaSifruli werilis avtoris, masSi moxseniebuli pirebis

Sesaxeb grovdeboda cnobebi da igzavneboda samisamarTo

ganyofilebaSi, romelic arsebobda qalaqebis, adaministraciuli

- 122 -

centrebis mmarTvelobiT organoebSi da iwodeboda `samisamarTo

magidad~. TbilisSi `samisamarTo magida~ qalaqis mmarTvelobaSi

daarsda 1906^wlis seqtemberSi (268). ruseTis imperiis kanonebiT

moqalaqeebi pasportis saSualebiT miwerili iyvnen romelime

adgilze, rasac akontrolebdnen swored `samisamarTo magidebi~.

policiis departamentma 1907 wlis maisSi mosTxova politikuri

Zebnis adgilobriv organoebs SeeZinaT da gaegzavnaT

departamentSi samisamarTo-sacnobaro wignebi, administraciuli

centrebis, qalaqebis gegmebi, quCebis sia, saxlebis mflobelebis

monacemebi (269).

kavkasiaSi politikuri policiis adgilobriv organoebs

ainteresebdaT ara marto revoluciuri orgnizaciis wevrebis,

aramed kavkasiis xelisuflebis umaRlesi warmomadgenlebis

mimowerac. erT-erTi aseTi warmomadgenlis werilis asli

sainteresoa imiT, rom masSi asaxulia peterburgSi sasaxlis

karze mimdinare intrigebi danaxuli kavkasiidan da Cans avtoris

simpatia-antipatia am intrigebSi monawile pirebis mimarT. Cans,

es informacia ainteresebda Tbilisis `oxrankis~ ganyofilebis

romeliRac maRalCinosans (270).

politikuri policiis interesis sagans Seadgenda

adgilobrivi mosaxleobis Sexeduleba carizmis politikaze

saqarTvelos mimarT. am mxriv saintereso `perlustrirebuli~

werilis asli aris Semonaxuli `oxrankis~ saqmeebSi. werilis

avtori vinme a. SaraSeniZe (werili qarTulidan aris rusulad

naTargmni) megobars swers `inteligent TaTarTan~ saubris

Sinaarss: `me masTan saubarma gamaoca. igi ambobda _ rusebi

daufiqreblad miiyvanen ruseTis imperias daRupvisaken. roca

rusuli gazeTebi qarTvelebs aqebdnen, radgan

- 123 -

marTlmadideblebi arian da aqezebdnen somxebis winaaRmdeg, Cven

molodinSi viyaviT da vakvirdebodiT. rodesac rusebma es ver

SeZles, maSin TaTrebi migvisies somxebze, daiwyo

sisxlismRvreli Setakebebi. Semdeg rusebma axali xerxi ixmares.

daadanaSaules qarTvelebi separatizmSi da daiwyes sadamsjelo

eqspediciebis gagzavna, qarTveli mosaxleobis darbevebi. axla

ki gaiZaxian `ruseTi rusebisaTvis~. Cvenc Tvali agvexila _

rusebisTvis zedmetebi varT, maT mxolod Cveni mxare sWirdebaT.

amitom, Cven, kazakebi, polonelebi da finelebi unda

gaverTiandeT maT winaaRmdeg~ (271).

verafers ityvi, werilSi kargad aris gadmocemuli (1907

weli) ruseTis imperiis politikuri policiis taqtika erovnul-

ganmaTavisuf-lebeli da revoluciuri moZraobis winaaRmdeg

amierkavkasiaSi, romelsac dResac, Cvens mier gavlili bolo

aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi kargi analogebi moeZebneba.

dokumentaciis, korespondenciis avtorebis gamosarkvevad,

eqspertizis CatarebisaTvis politikur policiis adgilobriv

organoebs specialistebi ar hyavdaT. isini am mizniT iyenebdnen

sufTa weris, xazvis maswavleblebs da Sesabamisad aZlevdnen

saTanado anazRaurebas (272).

XIX saukunis bolos evropaSi pirovnebis identifikaciis

ori mecnieruli sistema: anTropometria da daqtiloskopia

ebrZoda erTmaneTs. ruseTis imperiaSi 1890 wels saerTo da

politikuri policiis saWiroebisaTvis SemoRebuli iqna alfons

bertilionis mier Seqmnili anTropometria. Seiqmna policiis

departamentSi anTropometruli ganyofileba. 1903 wels

bertilionis mier SemuSavebuli pirovnebis vinaobis dasadgeni

specialuri programa daegzavna JandarmTa sagubernio

- 124 -

sammarTveloebs. masSi miTiTebulia, rom ar iyo saWiro

eWvmitanilebis gaSiSvleba, radgan prog-ramis mixedviT

specialuri xelsawyoebis meSveobiT izomeboda mxolod

adamianis Semdegi monacemebi: simaRle mjdomare da mdgomare

pozaSi, Tavis qalis sigrZe, sigane, Tmis feri, marcxena xelis

saSualo TiTis da nekis sigrZe, marcxena Tvalis feri da ase

Semdeg (273). es iTxovda did dros da gazomvebis procesSi

advili iyo Secdomebis daSveba. aRniSnuli sistema agebuli iyo

principze, rom adamianis sxeulis garkveuli nawilebi droTa

ganmavlobaSi ar ganicdian deformacias, rac cxadia simarTles

ar Seesabameba.

`daqtiloskopia~ _ TiTebidan anabeWdebis aReba ki,

rogorc aRvniSneT, ruseTis imperiaSi pirvelad SemoiRo

moskovis `oxrankis~ ufrosma i. zubatovma 1890-iani wlebis meore

naxevarSi da daiwyo misi farTod danergva 1902-1903 wlebidan.

zubatovis samsaxuridan wasvlis Semdeg am sistemis danergva

SeCerda garkveuli xniT da mxolod 1905-1907 wlebis revoluciis

dros damnaSaveTa ricxvis katastrofulma zrdam aiZula

policiis departamenti gaegrZelebina `daqtiloskopiis~

danergva Zalovan struqturebSi.

damnaSaveebis da eWvmitanilebis fotografireba ruseTSi

daiwyo 1870 wlebidan. am pirebs Jandarmeriis sagubernio

sammarTveloebSi profilSi da anfasSi 12 suraTs uRebdnen. 5

igzavneboda policiis departamentSi. 1903 wlidan patimrebs 6

fotos uRebdnen da maTgan or cals gzavnidnen centrSi (274).

ganyofilebaSi fotosuraTebi ekvreboda specialur blankebs:

erTi profilSi, erTi anfasSi, erTic mTeli taniT gadaRebuli.

Tu atarebda saTvales, saTvaliT da ase Semdeg. blankis meore

- 125 -

mxares aRniSnuli iyo pirovnebis gvari, saxeli, Tmis feri,

wverisa da ulvaSis sigrZe, yuris moyvaniloba, siarulis manera,

gansakuTrebuli niSnebi da sxva (275).

aRsaniSnavia, rom politikur danaSaulSi yvela

eWvmitanilis, an dapatimrebulis fotografireba 1905-1907

wlebSic ver xerxdeboda. revolucioner k. cincaZis mogonebaSi

vkiTxulobT: `etapSi vinc unda wasuliyo, avad gavxadeT da

saavadmyofoSi davawvineT. roca gamoiZaxes misi gvari, gavida

ambako samaniSvili. suraTebs quTaisSi ar iRebdnen maSin.

administracia ar icnobda da motyuvda~ (276). `oxrankis~

ganyofilebebSi xvdeboda sxva gziT mopovebuli fotoebic,

romlebsac politikur danaSaulSi eWvmitanili piris

axloblebidan, mosamsaxureebidan moipovebdnen, yidulobdnen.

$6. `oxrankis~ saerTo ganyofilebis saqmianoba

`oxrankis~ ganyofileba struqturulad iyofoda sam

ganyofilebad _ Sida meTvalyureobis (agenturul), gare

meTvalyureobis da saerTo ganyofilebad. or maTganze ukve

visaubreT, rac Seexeba saerTo ganyofilebas, igi awarmoebda

mTel oficialur mimoweras politikur Ziebaze policiis

departamentTan, JandarmTa sagubernio sammarTvelosTan, sxva

guberniebSi arsebul `oxrankis~ ganyofilebebTan (277).

nebismieri moqalaqe, romelic SexebaSi iyo `oxrankis~

ganyofilebis saqmianobasTan, imis ganurCevlad iyvnen ZebnaSi,

naTesauri Tu amxanaguri urTierToba hqonda politikurad

arakeTilsaimedo pirebTan registrirebuli iyvnen saerTo

- 126 -

ganyofilebaSi (278). `oxrankis~ saerTo ganyofilebis karToteka

Sedgeboda saregistracio furclebisgan. maTSi nebismier pirze

gvarisa da saxelis meSveobiT SeiZleboda Sesabamisi masalis

moZieba. calke iyo dapatimrebuli pirebis karToteka.

`saregistracio furcelze~ daitaneboda moqalaqis mokle

biografia, fotosuraTi, garegnuli aRweriloba, dapatimrebis

mizezi, ojaxuri mdgomareoba, axloblebis (da, Zma, mSoblebi)

misamarTebis miTiTebiT da agenturisagan miRebuli cnobebi am

piris danaSaulebriv saqmianobaze (279).

saerTo ganyofilebaSi igzavneboda policiis departamentis

cirkularebi Zebnili pirebis siiT, fotosuraTebiT. TiToeuli

sia Sedgenili iyo anbanis mixedviT. politikuri Zebnilebi xuT

jgufad iyvnen dayofili. pirvel jgufSi moTavsebuli iyvnen im

periodisaTvis (1900-1908 wlebi) carizmis politikuri policiis

azriT yvelaze saSiSi partiebis wevrebi: socialist-

revolucionerebi, socialist-revolucioneri maqsimalistebi da

anarqistebi, anu is partiebi, vis programaSic xelisuflebis

winaaRmdeg brZolis umTavres saSualebad gamocxadebuli iyo

terori. am jgufSi Sediodnen aseve imperiaSi arsebuli sxva

revoluciuri partiebis wevrebi. maTi jgufebi danomrili iyo

Sesabamisi aRniSvnebiT a/1 da a/2.

meore jgufis b/1-iT aRniSnul siaSi Sediodnen is pirebi,

viszec aRmoCenisTanave unda daemyarebinaT meTvalyureoba,

magram ar daepatimrebinaT da arc gaeCxrikaT. mxolod

ecnobebinaT maT Sesaxeb policiis departamentisaTvis. b2

aRniSvniT amave jgufSi aTavsebdnen im pirTa monacemebs, visac

akrZaluli hqonda imperiaSi Semosvla, gamoqceuli iyo

- 127 -

gadasaxlebidan, is ucxoelebi, viszec saWiro iyo

meTvalyureobis daweseba.

mesame jgufSi aRniSniT v, aTavsebdnen im revolucionerTa

metsaxelebs da fotosuraTebs, visi vinaobac ar iyo garkveuli

da saWiroebdnen amocnobas.

meoTxe jgufSi g aRniSvniT Tavsdebodnen pirebi, viszec

Zebna unda SeewyvitaT.

mexuTeSi d aRniSvniT Sedioda monacemebi moparuli,

dakarguli pasportebis, samsaxurebrivi blankebis, sxvadasxva

dokumentaciis da beWdebis Sesaxeb. es sia erTobliobaSi

warmoadgenda `oxrankis~ saerTo ganyofilebis politikuri

Zebnilebis karTotekis safuZvels (280).

saerTo ganyofilebisgan gansxvavebiT calke gaaCnda

registracia agenturul ganyofilebas. aq am ganyofilebis

`agenturul furclebze~ sxvadasxva partiebis mixedviT ivseboda

ramodenime feris blankebi. wiTel blankebze SehqondaT

politikuri policiis adgilobrivi organos samoq-medo

teritoriaze arsebuli socialist-revoluciuri partiis

wevrebis monacemebi, cisferze _ social-demokratebis, mwvaneze _

anarqistebis, yviTelze _ studentebis, TeTrze ki Seyvanili

hyavdaT sxvadasxva sazogadoebrivi organizaciebis,

profkavSirebis, amxanagobebis da sxvaTa wevrebi (281).

agenturuli ganyofilebisaTvis yvelaze saintereso

pirebze, laparakia partiis liderebze, revoluciuri

organizaciebis yvelaze aqtiur wevrebze adgendnen calke

saqmeebs (282). saqmeSi Tavsdeboda filerebis da agentebis mier

mopovebuli informacia konkretul pirovnebaze. agenturul

ganyofilebaSi registrirebul pirze informaciis moTxovnis

- 128 -

SemTxvevaSi keTdeboda `monacemebis~ furceli. masSi mokled iyo

gadmocemuli biografiuli monacemebi, gare meTvalyureobis

Sedegad filerebisgan miniWebuli metsaxeli, wodeba, saqmianoba,

asaki, sarwmunoeba, garegnuli aRweriloba, naTesauri da

revoluciuri kavSirebi, partiul ierarqiaSi dakavebuli adgili.

`monacemebis~ furcelze aRiniSneboda im agentis da fileris

metsaxelic, vinc miawoda informacia (283).

politikuri policiis adgilobrivi Tu centraluri

organoebis moTxovnis SemTxvevaSi dgeboda informaciis

gasagzavnad `cnoba~, romelSic agenturul ganyofilebaSi

aRricxvaze mdgomi piris antisaxelmwifoebrivi saqmianoba iyo

mTlianad asaxuli. magaliTad, n. Jordanias Sesaxeb gacemul

`cnobaSi~ asaxulia misi revoluciuri saqmianoba dawyebuli

`saqarTvelos Tavisuflebis ligis~ wevrobidan 1892 wlidan,

damTavrebuli social-demokratiul partiaSi moRvaweobiT (284).

saidumlo TanamSromlebi-agentebi, rogorc zemoT

avRniSneT, Tavis xelmZRvanel oficers sityvierad abarebdnen

angariSs paemnebis dros. `oxrankis~ oficeri maT monaTxrobs

iwerda `agenturuli Canaweris~ saxiT. Cawerili informacia

`oxrankis~ ganyofilebaSi muSavdeboda, ivseboda gare

meTvalyureobis da saerTo ganyofilebidan amoRebuli

masaliT(285). gaanalizebuli informaciis safuZvelze xdeboda

agenturuli qselis da mTlianad `oxrankis~ ganyofilebis

Semdgomi saqmianobis dagegmva.

TiToeul revoluciur organizaciaze cal-calke dgeboda

saqmeebi. magaliTad, socialist-federalisturi partiis saqme

Tbilisis `oxrankis~ ganyofilebaSi iwyeba 1907 wlis 2

oqtombridan da ivseboda masalebiT 1917 wlis 28 ianvramde.

- 129 -

saqmeSi Tavidan CamoTvlilia partiis wevrebi, monacemebi da

cnobebi maTi revoluciuri saqmianobis Sesaxeb. aRniSnulia vin

da rodis iqna dapatimrebuli (286).

sainteresoa partiis wevrebis CamonaTvali da maTi mokle

daxasiaTeba: `korneli ilarionis Ze kasraZe _ Zalian

seriozuli teroristi, ipolite varTagava _ qarTuli

saTavadaznauro gimnaziis maswavlebeli, akaki wereTeli _ poeti,

dimitri sofromis Ze jaSi _ gazeT `iveriis" TanamSromeli~ da

sxvebi. saqmeSi devs socialist-federalisturi partiis programa

da wesdeba. vrclad aris mocemuli 1907 wlis 2-7 oqtombers

Catarebuli partiis III konferenciis amsaxveli masala, romlis

analizidan Cans, rom `oxrankelebs~ socialist-federalistur

partiaSi yavdaT kargad informirebuli agenti, radgan

konferenciaze mimdinare procesebi TviTmxilvelis mieraa

aRwerili. saqmeSi moTavsebulia socialist-federalisturi

partiis Sesaxeb `oxrankis~ ganyofilebis ufrosis mier

gakeTebuli `mimoxilva~ _ partiis mTliani saqmianobis aRwera.

`mimoxilvis~ SedgenaSi gamoyenebulia partiis mier gamocemuli

aralegaluri literaturis, gazeTebis da nabeWdi saxis sxva

masalis egzemplarebi,romlebic saqmes Tan erTvis.

saqmis boloSi moTavsebulia diagramebi. erT-erTze

grafikulad wreebisa da xazebis meSveobiT gamoxatulia

socialist-federalisturi partiis organizaciuli agebuleba

(287). amdagvar diagramebs adgendnen yvela maTTvis cnobil

partiul organizaciaze calk-calke. wreebSi wer-dnen partiis

xelmZRvaneli pirebis, mmarTveli organos, rigiTi wevrebis

gvarebs da saxelebs. diagramis SuaSi Tavseboda partiis

xelmZRvanel centrSi Semavali pirebis monacemebi. mis garSemo

- 130 -

gverdebze rigiTi wevrebis. wreebis damakavSirebeli xazebi

miuTiTebdnen organizaciis wevrTa kavSirebs. Savi feris xazebiT

aRniSnavdnen partiuli saqmianobis romel sferoSi iyo

dasaqmebuli esa Tu is piri, mwvaneTi aRniSnavdnen pirad

nacnobobas. xazebis Tavmoyris adgili aRniSnavda organizaciis

centrs. diagramebis furcelze iwereboda im saidumlo

TanamSromlebis metsaxelebi, vinc miawoda informacia.

dasapatimreblad gamiznuli piris wres aferadebdnen yviTlad.

vinc daapatimres usvamdnen jvars (288).

diagramebze wreebis ricxvi izrdeboda partiuli

organizaciis ricxobriv zrdasTan erTad. amdagvar diagramebs

adgendnen yovelwliurad. maTi gadaxedviT naTeli xdeboda

wlebis ganmavlobaSi organizaciis muSaobis sruli suraTi.

isini Tavisi SinaarsiT iyo ori saxis: erTze asaxavdnen

partiuli organizaciis ganStoebebs, meoreze sakuTriv

konkretuli organizaciis wevrTa partiul kavSirebs.

maT adgendnen gare meTvalyureobis ganyofilebaSic. aq is

asaxavda organizaciis wevrebze meTvalyureobas da atarebda

Sida meTvalyureobis (agenturuli) ganyofilebisagan

gansxvavebiT konkretul xasiaTs. am ganyofilebis diagramebze

asaxulia fileruli meTvalyureobis qveS myof pirTa kavSirebi.

konkretuli monacemebi _ vis Sexvdnen, sad Sevidnen da sxva. am

masalas fileris angariSis mixedviT diagramebze itanda

`oxrankis~ oficeri. es diagramebi Tavis mxriv igzavneboda

agenturul ganyofilebaSi da iq ukve am ganyofilebis

diagramebze aisaxeboda (289).

gare meTvalyureobis ganyofilebaSi `gare meTvalyureobis~

dRiuri revoluciur partiebze cal-calke dgeboda. maTSi

- 131 -

dawvrilebiT isaxeboda partiis wevrebze meTvalyureobis

procesi. `dRiuris~ da `agenturuli Canawerebis~ safuZvelze

`oxrankis~ ganyofilebis ufrosi weliwadSi erTxel gzavnida

policiis departamentSi `politikur mimoxilvas~, sadac

aRwerili iyo samoqmedo raionis teritoriaze arsebuli

partiebis muSaoba. raionuli `oxrankis~ ganyofilebebis Seqmnis

Semdeg (1907 wlidan) `politikur mimoxilvebs~ gzavnidnen

raionuli `oxrankis~ ganyofilebis ufrosebi. am

`mimoxilvebidan~ Cans, rom `oxrankis~ TanamSromlebi sakmaod

obieqturad afasebdnen politikur situacias. magaliTisaTvis

mo-viyvanT maT Soris erTerTs.

1906 wlis 16 martiT daTariRebul `politikur

mimoxilvaSi~ Tbilisis da quTaisis guberniebSi revoluciuri

moZraobis da TbilisSi politikur ZalTa ganlagebis Sesaxeb

aRniSnulia: `aq politikuri sakiTxi mWidrod aris

gadaxlarTuli erovnul sakiTxTan, rac aZlevs did

upiratesobas revoluciur da opoziciur Zalebs Tavis

saqmianobaSi, amitom maTi amocana sanaxevrod gaadvilebulia~.

revoluciuri partiebis gavlena adgilobriv mosaxleobaze

da maT Soris vis ekava wamyvani adgili Semdegnairadaa

gadmocemuli: `umTavresi revoluciuri Zala TbilisSi

adgilobrivi proletariatia, upiratesad qarTuli, romelic

dgas ruseTis social-demokratiuli muSaTa partiis droSis

qveS. socialist-revolucionerebi, socialist-federalistebi da

`daSnakistebi~, rogorc revoluciuri Zala, arsebuli

politikuri reJimis winaaRmdeg kavkasiaSi aqtiuri saqmianobis

gamwevi ar arian~.

- 132 -

social-demokratebis wamyvan birTvad miCneulia `guruli

inteligencia~ n. Jordanias meTaurobiT. aRniSnulia: `isini am

moZraobis saTaveSi Cadgnen 1890-ian wlebSi da axlac igive

situaciaa.~ kavkasiaSi mimdinare revoluciuri procesebis mizezi

ki aris: `kavkasiis istoriulad Camoyalibebuli ekonomiuri

pirobebi~.

social-demokratiuli moZraobis wamyvan Zalad

dasaxelebuli arian menSevikebi da amitom xelisuflebis

winaaRmdeg brZolis taqtikac miCneulia maT mier SemuSavebulad.

dawvrilebiT ganxilulia menSevikebis wiTel razmelebis mier

warmoebuli partizanuli omis xerxebi. am xerxebis da meTodebis

SemmuSaveblad miCneulia n. Jordania _ `mTavari diqtatori

adgilobriv social-demokratiul moZraobaSi, udidesi

nebisyofis adamiani, romelsac SeuZlia saocari siswrafiT

yvelafris xelSi aReba da niWieri organizatoria~ (290).

moxsenebaSi saubaria aseve sxvadasxva sazogadoebrivi

wreebis politikur ganwyobaze, Tu rogor mimdinareobda mzadeba

saxelmwifo saTaTbiros arCevnebisaTvis, romeli partiebis

gavlena igrZnoboda saxelmwifo dawesebulebebis CinovnikebSi

da sxva.

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, policiis departamentis

yuradRebis mTavari sagani 1902 wlidan iyo socialist-

revolucionerebis partia `radgan maT Seqmnes `samxedro

organizacia~ da gadavidnen terorze~. Sesabamisad departamenti

Zalian bevr cirkulars gzavnida politikuri policiis

adgilobriv organoebSi miewodebinaT informacia socialist-

revolucionerebis partiis wevrebis saqmianobis, vinaobis

- 133 -

miTiTebiT da iyo Tu ara maTze makompromitirebeli masala. Tu

iyo aRiZra saqme, gaasamarTles, ra sasjeli daedoT da sxva (291).

1904 wlidan, gauqmda ra 1889 wlis 1 martis policiis

faruli zedamxedvelobis debuleba, `oxrankis~ ganyofilebis

Sinagani da gare meTvalyureobis qveS myof pirTa sia policiis

departamentSi igzavneboda weliwadSi erTxel 1 ianvrisaTvis.

revoluciuri organizaciebis ganadgurebis, wevrebis

dapatimrebidan erTi kviris Semdeg meTvalyureobis dRiuri da

sxva masala igzavneboda policiis departamentSi (292). raionuli

`oxrankis~ ganyofilebebis Camoyalibebis Semdeg ukve, zemoT

CamoTvlili Setyobinebebis garda, yovel Tve agzavnidnen mokle

cnobebis saxiT politikur damnaSaveebis Sesaxeb saidumlo

TanamSromlebisgan miRebul informacias.

revoluciuri moZraobis gaZlierebasTan erTad sul ufro

da ufro mcirdeboda vadebi politikuri ZebnisaTvis

aucilebeli masalis miwodebaze. 1904 wlidan daiwyes

politikuri motiviT dapatimrebulebis Sesaxeb informaciis

gagzavna 24 saaTis ganmavlobaSi (293). 1904 wlis 27 ivlisis

cirkulariT policiis departamentma moiTxova, rogorc ki

aiyvandnen meTvalyureobaSi politikurad arakeTilsaimedo

pirebs, maSinve ecnobebinaT centrSi (294). 1907 wlis `gare

meTvalyureobis~ instruqciiT `ox-rankis~ ganyofilebebi

policiis departaments ukve yovelTve ugzavnidnen aseve

angariSs im pirebze meTvalyureobis Sesaxeb, visac

uTvalTvalebdnen filerebi (295).

- 134 -

Tavi IV

saerTo policia politikuri Zebnis da Ziebis

adgilobrivi organoebis gverdiT

ruseTis imperiaSi 1862 wels Seicvala saerTo policiis

struqtura. sagubernio qalaqebSi Camoyalibda saqalaqo

policiis sammarTveloebi. maT xelmZRvanelobda policmeisteri.

yavda moadgileebi da gaaCnda kancelaria. qalaqi dayofili iyo

nawilebad (`uCastoki~), nawilebi ubnebad da `okolotkebad~.

nawilis saTaveSi idga pristavi, romelic Tavis mxriv

xelmZRvanelobda `okolotkebs~, policiis nawilis

zedamxedvelebs da `gorodovoebs~.

kavkasiaSi XIX saukunis bolos guberniebSi arsebul

TiToeul mazras sakuTari saerTo policiis organoebi gaaCnda

mazris ufrosis, misi TanaSemwis saxiT. mazris sapolicio

sammarTveloebi dayofili iyo `nawilebad~ (296). mazris ufross

emorCilebodnen `straJnikebi~, romlebic mcire razmebad

dayofili imyofebodnen soflebSi da dabebSi e.w. `punqtebze~

(297).

- 135 -

saerTo policiis saqmianobis sfero sakmaod farTo iyo.

maT evalebodaT: sazogadoebrivi wesrigis dacva, xelisuflebis

brZanebebis da dadgenilebebis gamoqveyneba, mosaxleobis aRwera,

damnaSaveTa dapatimreba, Zebna, meTvalyureoba samedicino

saWiroebisaTvis wurbelebis droulad daWeraze da sxva (298).

rogorc zemoT araerTxel avRniSneT, Sinagan saqmeTa

saministros policiis departamentSi Sesul saerTo policias

1882 wlis 1 martis `debulebiT policiis farul

zedamxedvelobaze~ daevala politikurad arakeTilsaimedo

pirebze saidumlo zedamxedvelobis warmoeba. aseT situaciaSi

maTi moqmedeba gadajaWvuli iyo Jandarmeriis sammarTveloebis

saqmianobasTan da saerTo policia moqmedebda rogorc

Jandarmeriis Cinebis damxmare Zala. Cven aRvniSneT, rom faruli

zedamxedvelobis warmoebis procesi sakmaod Sromatevadi iyo da

radgan igi mis pirdapir movaleobas ar warmoadgenda, saerTo

policia mas Tavs aridebda. Tavis uaryofiT rols TamaSobda

politikuri Zebnis da Ziebis teqnikis ucodinroba saerTo

policiis mier faruli zedamxedvelobis warmoebis saqmeSic.

amasTan, saerTo policias Zalian hqonda gatexili saxeli ara

marto sazogadoebis, aramed xelisuflebis TvalSic. 1900-iani

wlebis dasawyisSi sabaJo uwyebam gamosca gankarguleba

samsaxurSi ar mieRoT saerTo policiaSi namuSevari pirebi (299).

1904 wels, revoluciuri partiebis gaaqtiurebis periodSi

Sinagan saqmeTa ministrma aRniSnuli debuleba gaauqma da

saerTo policias CamoarTva faruli zedamxedvelobis warmoeba

(300). Tumca ukve 1905 wels naTeli gaxda, rom politikuri

policiis adgilobrivi organoebi veRar umklavdebodnen

xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebis winaaRmdeg mimarTul masiur

- 136 -

terors. amitom, qalaqis da mazris policiis sammarTveloebs

daevalaT revoluciuri moZraobis warmomadgenlebis,

saprotesto gamosvlebSi monawileebis, xelmZRvanelebis vinaobis

gamorkveva da maTi dapatimreba (301).

faqtobrivad, saerTo policias daekisra politikuri Zebnis

warmoeba, radgan revoluciur moZraobaSi monawileebis

saqmianobis gamorkveva SeuZlebeli iyo politikuri Zebnis

xerxebis gamoyenebis gareSe. ufro Sors wavida kavkasiis

policiis gamge generali Sirinkini. man 1906 wels gamosca

gankarguleba, romliTac saerTo policias qalaqad da sofelad

unda gaeCina agentura politikuri Zebnis sawarmoeblad.

1903-1908 wlebSi xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebis

winaaRmdeg gamosvlebSi lomis wili ekava teroristul aqtebs

da eqspropriaciebs. aRniSnuli saxis danaSauli mWidrod

dakavSirebulia sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulTan. ukve es

garemoeba apirobebda politikuri da saerTo policiis

erTmaneTis saqmianobis sferoSi SeWras.

Tbilisis policiis sammarTvelos ufrosi, misi TqmiT:

`iZulebuli iyo TiTqmis yoveldRe gaemeorebina pristavebis da

sisxlis samarTlis samZebro nawilis gamgisTvis, rom maT aravin

daepatimrebinaT da ar moexdinaT Cxrekebi `oxrankis~

ganyofilebasTan SeTanxmebis gareSe. yvela cnoba miRebuli

dasmenebis, Cvenebebis, gancxadebebis saSualebiT politikur

danaSaulze gadaecaT `oxrankis~ ganyofilebisaTvis.

SeesrulebinaT `oxrankis~ ganyofilebis xelmZRvanelis

moTxovnebi da brZanebebi. `oxrankis~ ganyofilebis CinebisaTvis

gaewiaT daxmareba nebismier sakiTxSi~ (302).

- 137 -

1906 wels `imis gamo, rom saerTo policiis Cinebi ufro

axlos dganan mosaxleobasTan, vidre politikuri policia~, maT

ukve policiis departamentidan daevalaT agenturis SeZena

qalaqebis da soflebis mosaxleobaSi (303).

aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom `saidumlo TanamSromlebis~ SeZena

1905 wlidan daevalaT rkinigzis JandarmTa policiis

sammarTveloebsac. 1908 wlis 11 maiss policiis departamentis

gansakuTrebulma ganyofilebam miuTiTa, rom `zogierT

sammarTvelos dRemde ar yavs `saidumlo TanamSromlebi~,

politikuri Zebna ki warmoadgens JandarmTa korpusis oficrebis

mTavar da pirdapir movaleobas~ (304).

1905-1907 wlebis revoluciis periodSi `agenturuli

masalis~ mopoveba daevalaT aseve rkinigzis JandarmTa policiis

sammarTveloebis punqtis unter-oficrebsac (305).

policiis departamentis moTxovnebis miuxedavad

Jandarmeriis oficrebi pasiurobdnen agenturis SeZenis sakiTxSi.

maTi saqmianoba xelmZRvanelobis mxridan fasdeboda mokvlevebis

raodenobiT. politikuri xasiaTis danaSaulis mzadebis aRmoCena

maT ar evalebodaT.

1905 wlis 26 Tebervals kavkasiaSi carizmma aRadgina

mefisnacvlis instituti. adgilobriv administraciul

xelisuflebas mieca meti uflebebi da damoukidebloba vidre

mTavarmmarTeblobis dros.

kavkasiaSi politikuri Zebnis da Ziebis centralizaciis

mizniT senatis brZanebiT 1905 wlis 22 maiss daarsda kavkasiis

policiis gamgis gansakuTrebuli Tanamdeboba. am Tanamdebobaze

iniSneboda samxedro Cini da Tu ar iricxeboda JandarmTa

korpusSi, ministris specialuri brZanebiT formdeboda. am

- 138 -

organom 1905 wlis seqtembridan daiwyo funqcionireba (306).

StatSi Sediodnen policiis gamge, gansakuTrebul davalebaTa

Stabs-oficrebi, ori kurieri. gaaCnda kancelaria, romelic

iyofoda or _ gansakuTrebul da saerTo ganyofilebad.

debulebiT gansakuTrebul ganyofilebas unda exelmZRvanela

politikuri Zebnisa da ZiebisaTvis, gaewia saerTo policiis

organoebis xelmZRvaneloba. gansakuTrebuli ganyofilebis

StatSi Sedioda mmarTveli, saqmismwarmoebeli, misi TanaSemwe, 2

Tarjimani, 3 mwerali. StatSi aseve Sediodnen policiis

zedamxedvelebic (307). misi saqmianoba daregulirebuli iyo

debulebiT `kavkasiaSi policiis gamgis saqmianobis Sesaxeb~ (308).

debulebiT unda momxdariyo politikuri da saerTo policiis

organoebis gaerTianeba. Sesabamisad kavkasiis policiis gamge

disciplinaruli da inspeqtoruli uflebebiT isargeblebda

JandarmTa sagubernio, saolqo, rkinigzis JandarmTa policiis

sammarTveloebis, cixesimagris JandarmTa policiis razmis

Cinebze. amasTan erTad, aRniSnuli organoebis da saerTo

policiis Cinebs uxelmZRvanelebda yvelanairi saxis politikuri

danaSaulis gamokvlevis procesSi. Jandarmeriis sagubernio

sammarTveloebs da saerTo policiis xelmZRvanelebs am

sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT moxsenebebi unda waredginaT policiis

gamgesTan.

Suamavlis roli Sinagan saministros da Jandarmeriis

adgilobriv organoebs Soris ekuTvnoda kavkasiis policiis

gamges. cirkularebi, instruqciebi, sxva saxelmZRvanelo

miTiTebebi misi meSveobiT unda gadascemoda Jandarmeriis

adgilobriv dawesebulebebs (309). rac Seexeba saerTo policiis

Cinebs, isini dauqvemdebarda mefisnacvalis moadgiles

- 139 -

samoqalaqo nawilSi. marTalia, maT kavkasiis policiis gamgis

miTiTebebi unda SeesrulebinaT, magram zemoT moyvanili

debulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli moTxovnebis Seusruleblobis

SemTxvevaSi, maTze zemoqmedebis ufleba policiis gamges ar

gaaCnda. faqtobrivad politikuri da saerTo policiis gaerTia-

nebis magivrad kavkasiis policiis gamges Suamavali organos

saxiT dauqvemdebarda mxolod kavkasiaSi arsebuli JandarmTa

sagubernio sammarTveloebi. amitom, mefisnacvalma voroncov-

daSkovma ruseTis imperatorTan gagzavnil werilSi, 1906 wlis 15

aprils moiTxova kavkasiis policiis gamgisTvis an meti

uflebebis miniWeba politikuri da saerTo policiis saqmianobis

gaerTianebis mizniT, anda gauqmeba da misi movaleobebis

gadacema mefisnacvlis kancelariisaTvis (310).

voroncov-daSkovis moTxovnis pasuxad 1906 wlis 23 aprils

ruseTis imperiis saxelmwifo sabWom gaauqma kavkasiis policiis

gamgis Tanamdeboba. misi saqmeebi gadavida mefisnacvlis

moadgilesTan samoqalaqo nawilSi. kavkasiis policiis gamgis

kancelaria SeuerTda mefisnacvlis kancelariis policiis

nawils gansakuTrebuli ganyofilebis saxiT. mis saTaveSi daaye-

nes Jandarmeriis oficeri vice-direqtoris uflebebiT. igi

emorCileboda mefisnacvlis kancelariis ufross (direqtors),

magram disciplinarul da samwyobro daqvemdebarebaSi iyo

JandarmTa korpusis meTaurTan (311).

mefisnacvlis kancelariis policiis nawilis

gansakuTrebuli ganyofilebis StatSi Sedioda: ganyofilebis

ufrosi – polkovniki, mdivani, 2 Stabs-oficeri, 3

saqmismwarmoebeli, 2 Cinovniki sxvadasxva davalebebisaTvis,

arqivariusi, registratori, Tarjimani, 3 kancelariis Cinovniki,

- 140 -

14 policiis zedamxedveli. Tu adre `oxrankis” ganyofileba

policiis gamges ar emorCileboda, axla gansakuTrebuli

ganyofilebis StatSi Semavali erTi oficeri mimagrebuli iyo

`oxrankis” ganyofilebis ufrosTan moadgilis movaleobis

Sesasruleblad (312). amasTan erTad, JandarmTa sagubernio,

samazro da rkinigzis JandarmTa policiis sammarTveloebi, cixe-

simagris JandarmTa policiis razmi baTumSi `saxelmwifo

danaSaulis aRmoCenis da gamokvlevis sakiTxSi” dauqvemdebarda

zemoaRniSnul gansakuTrebul ganyofilebas.

amrigad, mefisnacvlis kancelariis policiis nawilis

gansakuTrebuli ganyofilebas unda exelmZRvanela yvela saxis

politikur danaSaulze ZiebisaTvis, romelsac awarmoebdnen

JandarmTa sagubernio da saolqo sammar-Tveloebi da saerTo

policiis Cinebi. gansakuTrebuli ganyofileba Tavis mxriv

xelmZRvanelobda mefisnacvlis uSualo miTiTebebiT da

policiis departamentidan miRebuli gankargulebebiT. marTalia,

am ganyofilebas ufro meti uflebebi gaaCnda vidre kavkasiis

policiis gamges, Jandarmeriis Cinebi kvlavindeburad

emorCilebodnen sakuTari debulebis mixedviT dis-ciplinarul

da samwyobro damokidebulebiT JandarmTa korpusis Stabs.

gansakuTrebuli ganyofilebis droebiTi debulebis me-9 muxlis

Tanaxmad, politikuri xasiaTis movlenebis, sazogadoebrivi

cxovrebis umniSvnelovanesi faqtebis Sesaxeb informacias

awvdidnen policiis departamentis gansakuTrebul ganyofilebas

da aseve JandarmTa korpusis Stabs.

imis miuxedavad, rom Tbilisis `oxrankis~ ganyofilebaSi

mefisnacvlis policiis nawilis gansakuTrebuli ganyofilebis

TanamSromeli mivlinebuli iyo moadgilis statusiT, `oxrankis~

- 141 -

ganyofileba mainc ar iyo movale politikuri Zebnis procesSi

Caexedebina mefisnacvlis kancelariis gansakuTrebuli

ganyofileba.

1905-1906 wlebis revoluciis winaaRmdeg brZolis

gamocdilebis safuZvelze Sinagan saqmeTa saministrom 1906 wels

moaxdina politikuri Zebnis organoebis decentralizacia.

mianiWa maT garkveuli damoukidebloba politikuri Zebnis

saqmeSi. igi gamoixata e.w. `oxrankis olqebis~ SeqmnaSi. 1906 wlis

bolos imperiis teritoriaze Seiqmna aTi raionuli `oxrankis~

ganyofileba. TiToeuli ganyofileba moicavda ramdenime

gubernias. marTalia, kavkasiaSi 1906-1907 wlebSi Tbilisis

`oxrankis~ ganyofileba iTvleboda raionulad, reorganizacia

mas am wlebSi ar Seexo, imitom, rom politikuri Zebnis da

Ziebis organoebi kvlav Tavmoyrili iyo mefisnac-vlis

kancelariis policiis nawilis gansakuTrebul ganyofilebaSi

(313).

mefisnacvalma voroncov-daSkovma 1907 wels centraluri

xelisuf-lebisagan kvlav moiTxova kavkasiaSi politikuri Ziebis

da Zebnis organoebis gaerTianeba da aRZra Suamdgomloba

raionuli `oxrankis~ ganyofilebis Camoyalibebis Sesaxeb

kavkasiis teritoriaze, romlis saqmianoba unda miesadagebinaT

kavkasiis mxaris gansakuTrebul administraciul mowyobasTan.

1907 wlis 24 dekembers Seiqmna kavkasiis raionuli `oxrankis~

ganyofileba da rogorc iqna JandarmTa sagubernio

sammarTvelos oficrebs miecaT saSualeba aeRoT revanSi

`oxrankis~ oficrebze – Tbilisis JandarmTa sagubernio

sammarTvelos ufrosi dainiSna raionuli `oxrankis~

ganyofilebis ufrosad (314). 1908 wels kavkasiis raionuli

- 142 -

`oxrankis~ ganyofilebis StatSi Sedioda: ganyofilebis ufrosi

polkovniki, 2 moadgile – Stabs-oficrebi, 4 gansakuTrebul

davalebaTa Cinovniki, 1 saqmismwarmoebeli, saqmismwarmoeblis

TanaSemwe, registratori, Jurnalisti, 3 mwera-li, Tarjimani da

fotografi.

imperiis sxva adgilebSi daarsebuli raionuli `oxrankis~

ganyofilebebis _ peterburgis, moskovis, varSavis da sxvebis

xelmZRvaneloba daevalaT am qalaqebSi arsebul `oxrankis~

ganyofilebebis ufrosebs. amasTan, zemo CamoTvlil raionuli

`oxrankis~ ganyofilebebs xelmZRvanelobas uwevda policiis

departamentis gansakuTrebuli ganyofileba. kavkasiaSi ki

raionuli `oxrankis~ ganyofilebis ufrosi debulebis Tanaxmad

uSualod emorCileboda mefisnacvals.

kavkasiis (iwodeboda aseve _ Tbilisis `oxrankis~),

raionuli `oxrankis~ ganyofileba moicavda Tbilisis, baqos,

elizavetopolis, quTaisis, erevnis guberniebs, baTumis, yarsis

olqebs, zaqaTalis, soxumis mazrebs, baqos saqalaqisTaos, Savi

zRvis kavkasiis sanapiro olqs, gansakuTrebul raionul

olqebad gamoyofil yubanis, Tergis, daRestnis olqebs da Savi

zRvis gubernias.

kavkasiis raionuli `oxrankis~ ganyofilebam rogorc iqna

kavkasiaSi moaxdina politikuri Zebnis da Ziebis organoebis

gaerTianeba. raionuli `oxrankis~ debulebis mixedviT JandarmTa

sagubernio, rkinigzis JandarmTa policiis sammarTveloebi,

saerTo policiis saqalaqo da samazro sammarTveloebis Cinebi

politikuri Zebnis da Ziebis saqmeSi xelmZRvanelobdnen

raionuli `oxrankis~ ganyofilebis ufrosis miTiTebebiT.

- 143 -

mefisnacvlis kancelariis policiis nawilis

gansakuTrebuli ganyofilebis ufross ar gaaCnda is uflebebi,

rac raionuli `oxrankis~ ganyofilebis ufross. am ukanasknels

SeeZlo JandarmTa sagubernio sammarTvelos da saerTod

policiis nebismieri CinisaTvis daevalebina Cxrekis an

dapatimrebis warmoeba maTi uSualo xelmZRvanelebis gverdis

avliT.

raionuli `oxrankis~ ganyofilebis oficrebs SeeZloT

esargeblaT ara marto im masaliT, rac ki arsebobda

adgilobriv `oxrankis~ ganyofilebebSi da JandarmTa sagubernio

sammarTveloebSi, aramed hqondaT nebismieri saqmis gacnobis

ufleba. metic, `saidumlo TanamSromlebis~ sastiki

dakonspirirebis miuxedavad, maTi moTxovnis SemTxvevaSi

`agentebi~ unda gaecnoT da miecaT am ukanasknelebTan

Sexvedris saSualeba. debuleba raionuli `oxrankis~

ganyofilebis ufrosisagan iTxovda sakuTari e.w. `centraluri

agenturis~ gaCenas mis samoqmedo raionSi. bunebrivia, am

moTxovnis Semdeg, `saidumlo TanamSromlebis~ gaCena daiwyes

Tbilisis JandarmTa sagubernio sammarTveloSic, romlis

ufrosi amavdroulad iyo raionuli `oxrankis~ xelmZRvaneli.

raionuli `oxrankis~ ganyofilebis ufross SeeZlo,

politikuri Zebnis da Ziebis organoebis saqmianobis

koordinaciis da xelmZRvanelobis gaadvilebis mizniT, moewvia

am dawesebulebebis ufrosebis saolqo yriloba.

amrigad, kavkasiis raionuli `oxrankis~ ganyofilebis

SeqmniT faqtobrivad moxda politikuri Zebnis da Ziebis

organoebis gaerTianeba, magram, politikuri Zebna, gamomdinare

praqtikidan, kvlav adgilobrivi `oxrankis~ ganyofilebebis

- 144 -

prerogativa iyo. JandarmTa sagubernio sammarTveloebs

ZiriTadad politikuri Ziebis warmoeba uxdebodaT da movaleni

iyvnen maT mier mopovebuli informacia `oxrankis~ adgilobrivi

ganyofilebebisaTvis gadaecaT, Tumca, garkveulwilad, rogorc

zemoT avRniSneT, maT SeZles xelSi CaegdoT politikuri Zebnis

is nawili, rac `saidumlo TanamSromlebis~ xelmZRvanelobaSi

serTo gamoixateboda. fileruli meTvalyureobis warmoeba da

`saidumlo TanamSromlebis~ umetesoba kvlav Tbilisis

`oxrankis~ ganyofilebaSi iyo Tavmoyrili (315).

Tavi V

adgilobrivi administracia da politikuri

Zebnis da Ziebis organoebi 1894-1908 wlebSi

adgilobrivi xelisufleba gubernatorebis saxiT

anxorcielebda ara marto saerTo policiis saqmianobis

zedamxedvelobas da warmarTvas, aramed saerTo policiis mier

politikurad arakeTilsaimedo pirebze faruli

zedamxedvelobis warmoebaze Tvalyuris devnebas. 1881 wlis 14

agvistos SemoRebuli debulebiT, `saxelmwifo wesrigis da

sazogadoebrivi simSvidis dacvis zomebis Sesaxeb~ gubernatori

acxadebda gubernias `gansakuTrebul dacvaze~ da SeeZlo

politikurad arakeTilsaimedo pirebis ga-saxleba guberniidan.

- 145 -

gubernatoris kancelariidan igzavneboda im pirTa sia, viszec

saerTo policias evaleboda faruli zedamxedveloba.

1904 wlidan gubernatori gaxda e.w. `gansakuTrebuli

TaTbiris~ Tavmjdomare. am organos wevrebi iyvnen sagubernio

JandarmTa sammarTvelos ufrosi da saolqo sasamarTlos

prokurori. `gansakuTrebuli TaTbiris~ movaleobas Seadgenda

politikur danaSaulze mokvlevis warmoebis Sew-yveta, an Ziebis

gagrZelebaze miTiTebis micema. Sinagan saqmeTa saministro, am

sami dawesebulebis xelmZRvanelis erTad TavmoyriT, cdilobda

politikuri Ziebis ukeT warmarTvis mizniT SeeTanxmebina

adgilobrivi xelisuflebis, saerTo policiis da Jandarmeriis

oficrebis saqmianoba.

rogorc ukve avRniSneT, JandarmTa sagubernio

sammarTveloebis oficrebi xSirad ignorirebas ukeTebdnen

gubernatoris moTxovnebs, radgan guberniis xelmZRvanelobas

administraciulad ar eqvemdebarebodnen. policiis departamenti

Tavis mxriv urTierTgamomricxav cirkularebs ugzavnida

JandarmTa sagubernio sammarTveloebs – xan iTxovda

gubernatoris moTxovnaze gaegzavnaT Jandarmeriis oficrebs

Sesabamisi masala, magram saidumlo cnobebi ar CaerToT masSi

(316). xan ki avalebdnen gubernatorisaTvis gaegzavnaT misgan

moTxovnili sammarTveloSi arsebuli nebismieri saxis masala

(317).

praqtikaSi Jandarmebi gubernatorebs Tavisi Sexedulebis

mixedviT ugzavnidnen informacias. Jandarmeriis oficrebis

saqmianobis ganxilvisas aRvniSneT, rom isini xSirad aWarbebdnen

Tavis uflebebs, ereodnen iseTi sakiTxebis gadaWraSi, rac

gubernatoris uflebamosilebas warmoadgenda (318). 1905 wels

- 146 -

JandarmTa korpusis Stabi miuTiTebda Jandarmeriis Cinebs, rom

`Jandarmeriis oficrebi xazgasmuli damoukideblobiT iqcevian

gubernatorebTan urTierTobis dros da guberniis

xelisuflebas ukeTeben ignorirebas~ (319). amitom Sinagan saqmeTa

ministrma ubrZana JandarmTa sagubernio sammarTvelos ufrosebs:

`marTalia, isini ar arian uSualod damokidebuli

gubernatorebze, magram saxelmwifo danaSaulze Ziebis

warmoebis Sesaxeb informacia unda droulad miawodon da aseve

SeaTanxmon Tavisi saqmianoba guberniis xelisuflebasTan~ (320).

meores mxriv, policiis departamenti gubernatorisagan

iTxovda, rom saerTo policias antisaxelmwifoebriv

danaSaulze saqmeebis gamoZieba SeeTanxmebina JandarmTa

sagubernio sammarTvelos xelmZRvanelobisaTvis (321). amasTan,

politikuri policiis adgilobriv organoebs unda droulad

miewodebinaT maT mier mopovebuli policiuri xasiaTis _

sisxlis samarTlis, administraciuli Tu sayofacxovrebo

danaSaulis Sesaxeb mTeli informacia gubernatorebisaTvis (322).

ruseTis imperiaSi politikuri da saerTo policiis

saqmianoba mWidrod iyo gadajaWvuli ara marto erTmaneTTan,

aramed iusticiis saministros adgilobrivi organoebis –

sasamarTlo palatis, saolqo sasamarTlos, prokuraturis

muSaobasTan.

XIX-XX saukuneebis mijnaze ruseTis imperiaSi sisxlis

samarTlis saqmis gamoZieba iyofoda ramdenime stadiad.

winaswari moZieba Sedgeboda mokvlevisgan da gamoZiebisgan (323).

rogorc aRvniSneT, saxelmwifo (politikur) danaSaulze

mokvlevas awarmoebdnen Jandarmeriis oficrebi da aseve

sasamarTlos gamomZieblebi prokuroris zedamxedvelobis qveS

- 147 -

(324). mokvlevis mTavar mizans warmoadgenda danaSaulis faqtis

dadgena. Jandarmeriis oficers dapatimrebis Sesaxeb

dadgenileba unda ecnobebina sasamarTlo palatis

prokurorisaTvis (325). Cxrekebs atarebdnen sasamarTlos

gamomZiebeli an Jandarmeriis oficeri saerTo policiis

CinebTan erTad (326).

politikuri xasiaTis danaSaulze saerTo policias

damoukideblad Cxrekis da dapatimrebis ufleba hqonda im

SemTxvevebSi, rodesac adgilze sasamarTlos an politikuri

Ziebis warmomadgeneli ar imyofeboda (aseT SemTxvevaSi

gatarebuli RonisZiebebi kanoniT eqvemdebareboda Semowmebas

sasamarTlos warmomadgenlis, an gamomZieblis mier).

Jandarmeriis Cinebs politikuri saqmeebis Ziebis dros neba

hqondaT darTuli braldebuli gaeCxrikaT da daepatimrebinaT

Tavisi SexedulebiT. amrigad, SeeZloT braldebulis

patimrobaSi ayvana braldebis simZimis miuxedavad. braldebulis

korespodenciis amoRebas da gasinjvas gamomZieblis mier

sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba sWirdeboda. Jandarmebs ki SeeZloT

mxolod prokurorTan SeTanxmebiT (acnobebdnen) amoeRoT

korespodencia. saerTo policiis mier mokvlevis warmoebis

procesi imyofeboda sasamarTlos kontrolis qveS, Jandarmeriis

mier warmoebuli ki mxolod prokuroris zedamxedvelobis qveS

(327). braldebis wayenebisaTvis saWiro saxelmwifo danaSaulis

faqtze arsebuli masala JandarmTa sagubernio sammarTvelos

mier gadaecemoda saolqo sasamarTlos prokurors (an samxedro

saolqo sasamarTlos). prokurori Sesabamisi mtkicebulebebis

arsebobis an ararsebobis safuZvelze wyvetda saqmis Ziebas, an

aRZravda braldebas. am SemTxvevaSi prokurori adgenda

- 148 -

sabraldebo daskvnas, romelic midioda sasamarTloSi (328).

saxelmwifo danaSaulze aRZrul saqmeebs arCevdnen sasamarTlo

palata da saolqo sasamarTlo (329).

aRsaniSnavia, rom 1900-1908 wlebSi prokuratura cdilobda

meti kontrolis dawesebas Jandarmeriis Cinebis saqmianobaze,

magram mas Jandarmeriis oficrebis mier uflebamosilebis

gadaWarbebis an araswori moqmedebis Sesaxeb mxolod saCivris

gagzavnis ufleba gaaCnda policiis departamentSi. politikuri

policiis mxridan Cadenilma iseTi saxis samarTaldarRvevebma,

rogoricaa braldebis gareSe dapatimrebebi, Cxrekebi, imata 1905

wlidan. TviT axlad daniSnuli kavkasiis policiis gamge

Sirinkini aRaSfoTda, rodesac gamomJRavda Tbilisis JandarmTa

sagubernio sammarTvelos oficrebis mier Cadenili aseTi saxis

ramodenime aTeuli SemTxveva. Jandarmeriis oficrebi saerTod

ar ugzavnidnen dapatimrebis Sesaxeb gamotanil dadgenilebebis

asls sasamarTlo palatis prokurors (330). amitom, Tbilisis

saolqo sasamarTlos prokurori iZulebuli iyo kvlav da kvlav

moeTxova Tbilisis sagubernio JandarmTa sammarTvelos

ufrosisaTvis daeSvaT mokvlevis warmoebis procesSi

prokuraturis TanamSromlebi (331).

prokuratura Tavis mxriv xSirad mimarTavda Tbilisis

saerTo policiis xelmZRvanelobas, rom policiis pristavebi

arc Tu iSviaTad apatimrebdnen moqalaqeebs saxelmwifo

danaSaulis braldebis safuZvelze, risi uflebac maT ar

gaaCndaT da dapatimrebulebs gadascemdnen `oxrankis”

ganyofilebas. moqmedi kanonmdeblobiT ki es pirebi politikuri

Ziebis formaluri mokvlevis organos _ JandarmTa sagubernio

sammarTvelosaTvis unda gadaecaT.

- 149 -

sakmaod bevri saarqivo masala arsebobs Jandarmeriis,

`oxrankis” oficrebis da sasamarTlos gamomZieblebs Soris

arsebuli dapirispirebis Sesaxeb. sasamarTlo gamomZieblebis

moTxovnebis miuxedavad politikuri policiis Cinebi ar

cxaddebodnen sasamarTloSi – gamoucxadeblobas xsnidnen

konspiraciuli muSaobis meTodebis, Ziebis xerxebis gamJRavnebis

SiSiT maTi sasamarTloSi dakiTxvis SemTxvevaSi (332).

iusticiis saministro Tavis mxriv sasamarTlo palatis da

saolqo sasamarTlos prokurorebs sTxovda gaewiaT daxmareba

JandarmTa sagubernio sammarTveloebisaTvis iuridiuli

konsultaciebis saxiT, kerZod, miecaT rCevebi JandarmTa

sagubernio sammarTveloSi arsebuli masalidan gamomdinare

kanonis romeli muxliT daisjeboda damnaSave saqmis

sasamarTloSi gadacemis Semdeg, SeiZleboda Tu ara am saqmis

braldebis damZimeba damatebiTi mtkicebulebebis mopovebis

SemTxvevaSi da sxva (333).

1905-1907 wlebis revoluciis periodSi masiuri areulobebis

fonze policiis departamenti da Sinagan saqmeTa saministro

iTxovdnen revoluciuri moZraobis TvalsaCino

warmomadgenlebis dapatimrebas, an patimrobis vadis

gagrZelebas. politikuri policiis Cinebs ki xSirad ar

gaaCndaT Sesabamisi mtkicebulebebi, amitom maTgan iTxovdnen,

rom SeeTanxmebinaT aRniSnuli saxis dapatimrebebi sasamarTlo

palatis, an saolqo sasamarTlos prokurorebTan (334). Tuki

SeTanxmebas ver aRwevdnen, maSin aseTi saxis problemas

acnobebdnen Sinagan saqmeTa ministrs, romelic aTanxmebda

aRniSnul sakiTxs iusticiis ministrTan (335).

- 150 -

Sinagan saqmeTa ministrma durnovom neba misca politikuri

policiis Cinebs, Tuki sasamarTlo organoebi gadawyvetdnen,

TvalsaCino revolucio-nerebis, agitatorebis gaTavisuflebas

formaluri mokvlevis procesSi danaSaulebrivi faqtebis

arqonis gamo, isini ar gaeTavisuflebinaT policiis

departamentis nebarTvis gareSe (336).

saerTod ki es nakli – samxilis gareSe revolucionerebis

dapatimreba damaxasiaTebeli iyo politikuri policiisaTvis

1905-1906 wlebSi. amitom policiis departamentma 1906 wels

moiTxova naCqarevi dapatimrebis magivrad jer moepovebinaT

realuri samxili mtkicebulebebis saxiT.

1906 wels policiis reformis Sesaxeb Seqmnil komisias

daevala daemuSavebinaT debuleba Jandarmeriis oficrebisa da

sasamarTlos Cinebis SeTanxmebuli moqmedebis Sesaxeb

politikuri Ziebis procesSi, rac ar ganxorcielda (337).

uwyebrivi dapirispirebebis miuxedavad politikuri policia

sasamarTlo dawesebulebebis CinovnikebTan SeTanxmebas mainc

axerxebda ramodenime mizeziT. karieris gakeTebis survili am

ukanasknelebs ubiZgebda xelisuflebis TvalSi erTguli

moxelis saxeli daemsaxurebina. amasTan erTad, xelisufleba

Tavidan iSorebda misTvis arasasurvel sasamarTlos moxeleebs

– maT aTavisuflebdnen sxvadasxva sababiT samsaxuridan.

policiis departamentis erT-erTi didi rangis Cinovnikis

sityvebiT, `maTi bedi damokidebuli iyo politikuri policiis

adgilobrivi xelmZRvanelobis Sexedulebaze~ (338). amitom,

sasamarTlos Cinovnikebi xSirad uSvebdnen winaswar ganzraxviT,

Tu uneblied uxeS Secdomebs ganaCenis gamotanisas (339).

Cveulebisamebr isini sakmaod sastiki iyo. TviT Sinagan saqmeTa

- 151 -

saministros moxeleTa azriT, kavkasiaSi politikur danaSaulze

Zalian mkacri ganaCenebi gamohqondaT. magaliTad, Tbilisis

sasamarTlo palatis wevr bogorodskis ganaCenebi politikuri

saxis danaSaulze ruseTis imperiis saerTo statistikaSic ki

gamoirCeoda Tavisi sisastikiT (340).

aRsaniSnavia, rom xSirad dakiTxvisas prokuraturis

karieristi warmomadgenlebi, xedavdnen ra, rom braldebuli

fsiqologiurad iyo daTrgunuli da SeiZleba misgan

gulwrfeli aRiarebis miReba, romlis gamoyenebiT ki mas

`saidumlo TanamSromlad~ gaxdidnen, atyobinebda amis Sesaxeb

politikuri policiis warmomadgenels. es ukanaskneli Sedioda

kontaqtSi braldebulTan, `amuSavebda~ mas. amis Semdeg

prokuraturis warmomadgeneli ukve `saidumlo TanamSromlis~

mier micemuli Cvenebidan saerTod spobda, an iRebda iseT

faqtebs, romelebic braldebuls sasjeliT emuqreboda.

prokuraturis warmomadgenlebis aseTi moqmedeba dasturdeba

revolu-cioner g. CxeiZis mogonebidan: `1908 wlis noemberSi

damapatimres... roca veraferi gaiges Cemgan, mommarTes

Zveleburad: `Tqvi simarTle da axlave waxval samuSaod.

jamagirs aiReb erTi samad. icxovre SenTvis da verc veravin

verafers gaigebs. am winadadebis dros prokuroric iq iyo~ (341).

policiis departamentis Yyofili ufrosi beleckis sityvebiT:

`aseTi moqmedeba sistemad iyo gadaqceuli TviT Sinagan saqmeTa

ministrebis nebarTviT~ (342).

- 152 -

Tavi VI

politikuri policiis taqtika revoluciuri

moZraobis winaaRmdeg…1902-1908 wlebSi

$1. politikuri policiis taqtikuri xazi 1902-1905

wlebSi

politikuri policiis strategiul xazad revolucionerTa

teroris winaaRmdeg 1905-1907 wlebis revoluciis periodSi

faqtobrivad iqca saidumlo agenturis amoqmedeba, magram misi

gamoyenebis taqtikam gaiara Tavisi ganviTarebis ramodenime

etapi, iseve rogorc revolucionerebis mier gamoyenebulma

teroristulma taqtikam.

1902 wlidan 1905 wlis CaTvliT policiis departamentis

gansakuTrebuli(politikuri) ganyofilebis taqtikur xazs

revoluciuri organizaciebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi

warmoadgenda Semdegi.

1902-1903 wlis debulebebiT `Zebnis~ da `oxrankis~

ganyofilebebze `saidumlo TanamSromlebs~ evalebodaT mxolod

revoluciuri organizaciis saqmianobis `gaSuqeba~.

departamentis moTxovniT `oxrankis~ oficeri Tavis agenturul

qsels avalebda gamoekvliaT, SeeswavlaT revoluciuri

organizaciebis mTliani struqtura, daedginaT maTi partiuli

kavSirebi, organizaciis TanamgrZnobi pirebi da roca igi

ricxob-rivad gaizrdeboda, waeqezebinaT organizaciis wevrebi

aqtiuri gamosvlebisaken, rogorebicaa _ demonstraciebis,

gaficvebis mowyoba, aralegaluri literaturis gavrceleba,

tipografiebis dayeneba, iaraRis Semozidva. mokled, iseTi saxis

- 153 -

revoluciuri saqmianobis ganxorcieleba, rasac moyveboda

areulobebi, saxazino, saswavlo da sxva saxis dawesebulebebis

darbeva, Senobebis dazianeba, policiasTan demonstrantebis

Setakebebi, cema-tyepa da sxva. amis TvalsaCino magaliTia

ruseTis istoriidan 1905 wlis 9 ianvari, rodesac zubatovis

mfarvelobiT Seqmnilma muSaTa organizaciebma, policiis

departamentis agent gaponis meTaurobiT manifestacia moawyes

mefis sasaxlesTan da romelic sisxlisRvriT damTavrda.

politikuri policia QaseTi saxis saqmianobiT moipovebda

samxils revolucionerebis gasasamarTleblad. Tumca TviTon

agents ekrZaleboda revoluciuri organizaciis saqmianobaSi

aqtiuri monawileobis miReba (343). praqtikaSi es akrZalva

mudmivad irRveoda. SeuZlebelia saidumlo agents mieca sruli

informacia, Tu ar endobodnen organizaciis wevrebi. ndobas ki

mxolod aralegaruli literaturis gavrcelebiT, teroristul,

eqspropriaciul aqtebSi da iaraRis, asafeTqebeli nivTierebebis

SemozidvaSi monawileobis miRebiT, mokled, rom vTqvaT aqtiuri

revoluciuri moRvaweobiT Tu moipovebda.

rogorc zemoT avRniSneT `oxrankelebi~ Tvlidnen, rom

`soliduri TanamSromlis gareSe SeuZlebelia karieris

gakeTeba~ (344). solidur TanamSromlad, bunebrivia, iTvleboda

revoluciuri organizaciis saTaveSi mdgomi piri, amitom

xelmZRvaneli oficeri sityvier rekomendacias uwevda agents

daekavebina wamyvani adgili partiul ierarqiaSi, ris Sesaxeb

policiis departaments oficialurad ar atyobinebda. policiis

departamenti, ra Tqma unda, Tvals xuWavda aseTi SemTxvevebis

gamoaSkaravebis dros. rogorc avRniSneT 1902-1903 wlebSi

ZiriTadi yuradReba gadatanili iyo teroristuli tipis

- 154 -

organizaciebze da vis ecodineboda dakonspirirebuli

teroristuli aqtis momzadeba, Tu ara terorists. TviTon

policiis departamentis gansakuTrebuli ganyofilebis ufrosis

i. zubatovis miTiTebiT (im dros azefis xelmZRvanelis) e. azefi

1902 wels socialist-revolucionerebis `sabrZolo

organizaciaSi~ Sevida da daikava organizaciis xelmZRvanelis

adgili (345). amasTan, politikuri policiis taqtikis

SemmuSaveblebis varaudiT terori, da cxadia, aseTi aqtebis

dros uxvad daRvrili sisxlic revoluciur moZraobaze da

revolucionerebze uaryofiTi Sexedulebis Camoyalibebas

gamoiwvevda ubralo moqalaqeebis mxridan.

am taqtikuri xazis Seqmna miewereba i. zubatovs, romelic

xmamaRla acxadebda revolucionerebis misamarTiT: `Cven Tqven

giwvevT terorze da gagWyletTo~ (346). igi aclida revoluciur

organizaciebs gazrdiliyvnen, `momwifebuliyvnen~ da Semdeg

apatimrebda mis wevrebs. zubatovi varaudobda, rom agenturis

meSveobiT SeZlebdnen teroristuli organizaciebis kontrols,

magram praqtikaSi yvelaferi sxvagvarad aRmoCnda. politikuri

policiidan zubatovis wasvlis Semdeg qveyanaSi nel-nela

mzardi revoluciuri moZraobis winaaRmdeg policiis

departamentis Cinebma subieqturi da obieqturi mizezebis gamo

ver SeZles agenturis gamoyenebis taqtikis ganviTareba. Sedegad

ki policiis departamentis moTxovnas agentura gamoyenebinaT

mxolod informaciis Sesagroveblad moyva is, rom agenti

xSirad TviTneburad, xelmZRvanelis miTiTebis gareSe, Tavisda

moulodnelad winaurdeboda. xelmZRvanelisTvis saWiro

informaciis mopoveba mondomebul agents aiZulebda eaqtiura,

rac uxveWda avtoritets da gavlenas Tanamoazreebze. isic

- 155 -

malavda informacias, radgan xelmZRvanelisaTvis unda

Seetyobinebina informaciis miRebis wyaro, riTac gaamJRavnebda

Tavis realur adgils partiul ierarqiaSi.

swored amdagvar agents warmoadgenda azefi, romlis

xelmZRvanelobiTac socialist-revolucionerebis `sabrZolo

organizaciam~ SeZlo 1904 wlis 15 ivliss TviTon Sinagan

saqmeTa ministris pleves mokvla. pleves mkvlelobam imperiis

mosaxleobaSi didi gamococxleba Seitana. mas TviT teroris,

rogorc xelisuflebasTan brZolis saSualebis, uarmyofelebSi

dadebiTi gamoxmaureba moyva da male Sinagan saqmeTa axal

ministrad sviatopolsk-mirski dainiSna, romelmac Searbila

represiuli politika revolucionerebis mimarT. aman ufro

metad ganapiroba sxva politikuri partiebis mxridan aqcentis

aReba terorze, rogorc revoluciuri brZolis umTavres

saSualebaze.

erT-erTi qarTveli revolucioneris (social-demokrati)

mogonebaSi aRniSnulia, rom `1903-1905 wlis bolomde terori

Cveulebriv movlenad gadaiqca. gansakuTrebiT 1905 wels, vinc

cotaTi xels uSlida revoluciur moZraobas, imis winaaRmdeg

yvela revoluciuri partia terors mimarTavda, teroristuli

aqtebi bevri iyo. komitets aravin ekiTxeboda da Tuki

darwmundebodnen vinmes gamcemlobaSi, imaze bevr gamoZiebas ar

niSnavdnen, TviTon uswordebodnen. aseTma masiurma terorma

gastana TiTqmis 1909 wlamde~ (347).

revoluciis wlebSi revoluciuri organizaciebis mier

Seqmnili wiTeli razmebi sxva araferi iyo, Tu ara

teroristuli organizaciebi, radgan xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg

brZolaSi isini ZiriTadadDADiyenebdnen teroristuli brZolis

- 156 -

meTodebs da xerxebs. wiTel razmelebs ar SeeZloT

gamklavebodnen armiis regularul nawilebs, amitom

Tavdasxmebs axdendnen xelisuflebis im warmomadgenlebze, visze

Tavdasxmac ioli iyo, kerZod armiis, policiis, `oxrankis~

dabal Cinebze, samTavrobo dawesebulebebis Cinovnikebze,

mamasaxlisebze, sasamarTlos gamomZieblebze da sxvebze. terors

anxorcielebdnen Semdegi principiT: daartyi da gaiqeci.

daartyi susts, daucvels da ara Zliers. rogorc qarTveli

social-demokrati da socialist-federalisti teroristebis

mier Cadenili teroristuli aqtebis analizidan Cans isini

Sors iyvnen socialist-revolucionerebis `sabrZolo

organizaciis~ wevrebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli TviTganwirvidan.

marTalia, asafeTqebeli nivTierebebis damzadebis, bombebis

datenvis, maTi xmarebis dros xSirad iRupebodnen

Tavdamsxmelebi, magram `sabrZolo organizaciis~ teroristebi

Segnebulad midiodnen sasikvdilo riskze. magaliTad,

socialist-revolucionerebis „sabrZolo organizaciis“ wevrma

kaliaevma specialurad, Zalian axlo manZilidan esrola bombi

didi Tavadis sergei aleqsandres Zis etls, raTa msxverpli ar

gadarCeniliyo am manZilidan srolis SemTxvevaSi. Tumca icoda,

rom SeiZleba TviTonac daRupuliyo (348).

kavkasiis imdroindeli xelisuflebis SexedulebiT:

`saqarTveloSi socialist-revolucionerebma da socialist-

federalistebma Seqmnes meomari razmebi, isini Sedgeba

gavardnili, Tavze xelaRebuli pirebisagan da asruleben

davalebas administraciul pirTa mokvlis Sesaxeb. orive

organizaciis amocanas Seadgens erTi da igive mizani _

ibrZolos arsebuli reJimis winaaRmdeg teroris saSualebiT~

- 157 -

(349). maT ar Camouvardebodnen da zogjer sjobnidnen qarTveli

social-demokratebi. es ukanasknelni, garda imisa, rom teroriT

cdilobdnen `xalxis masebSi gaeRviZebinaT interesi Sinauri

politikisadmi, raTa xalxs Seeqmna samxedro jgufebi Tavisi

kerZo mCagvrelebis winaaRmdeg~, Tvlidnen, rom xalxis

calkeuli SeiaraRebuli gamosvlebi TandaTanobiT Seerwymeboda

saerTo-saxalxo ajanyebas (350).

n. Jordania 1905 wels social-demokratebis saqmianobas ase

axa-siaTebda: `isini terors iyenebdnen, rogorc iaraRs Tavis

dacvisa da policiur ZalTa Soris panikis daTesvisaTvis.

Tanaxmad aseTi Sexedulebebisa, Tbilisis komiteti axdenda

teroristul Tavdasxmebs Jandarmebze, metad erTgul

policielebze da `oxrankis~ agentebze. aman gamoiRo

mosalodneli Sedegi, mTeli aparati moeSala mTavrobas, SiSi da

Zrwola gamefda `oxrankaSi~. yvela maTgani Tavis gadarCenaze

fiqrobda. quCis baton-patroni gaxda social-demokratiuli

komiteti.… policia quCidan gaqra~ (351). ukve 1905 wlis 25

noembers Tbilisis `oxrankis~ ufrosi kavkasiis policiis gamges

swerda: `imis gamo, rom Tbilisis quCebi social-demokrati

menSevikebis organizaciis xelSia, policiis xelisufleba

faqtiurad mospobilia. social-demokratma milicionerebma

daiwyes devna filerebisa da `oxrankis~ ganyofileba aris

darbevis saSiSroebis winaSe. amitom, me movxseni yovelgvari

meTvalyureoba teroristebze~ (352).

terorma imdenad daaSina kavkasiaSi politikur policiis

adgilobriv organoebSi momuSave Cinebi, rom bevrma datova

samsaxuri, an iTxovdnen gadasvlas imperiis nebismier regionSi,

kavkasiis garda. TviTon Tbilisis `oxrankis~ agenturuli

- 158 -

ganyofilebis gamgem 1905-1906 wlebSi r. roJanovma Seitana pataki

gadaeyvanaT iseT samsaxurSi, romelic politikur Ziebas ar

Seexeboda _ `radgan samuSaom ukiduresobamde mouSala nervebi~

(353). TviTon umaRlesi xelisuflebis SexedulebiT _ `mimdinare

revoluciuri brZolis erT-erTi xerxi aris terori

Tanamdebobis pirebis winaaRmdeg, im mizniT, rom moiSoron

yvelaze saqmiani moxeleebi, vinc devnian revolucionerebs da

dezorganizacia Seitanon xelisuflebis organoebis

saqmianobaSi. samwuxarod ar SeiZleba ar aRiniSnos, rom

aRniSnulma sistemam revolucionerebs misca dadebiTi Sedegi~

(354). politikuri policiis adgilobrivi organoebis

monacemebiT `kavkasiaSi `teroristul niadagze~ 1907 wels

moxda 3060 mkvleloba da Zarcvis SemTxveva. maT Soris _ 689

mkvleloba da mkvlelobis mizniT Tavdasxmis faqti. am

teroristuli xasiaTis Tavdasxmebis dros teroristebma mokles

183 da daWres 90 Tanamdebobis piri~ (355).

aRsaniSnavia is garemoebac, rom revoluciuri partiebis

adgilobrivi komitetebi terorTan dakavSirebiT ufro

gadamwyvetad iyvnen ganwyobili, vidre centri. maSinac ki, roca

revoluciuri partiebis centraluri komitetebi iRebdnen

gadawyvetilebebs, Tundac droebiT SeeCerebinaT terori,

adgilobrivi komitetebi Tavisi saqmianobiT midiodnen miRebuli

dadgenilebebis winaaRmdeg (356). es ganpirobebuli iyo

ramodenime mizeziT.

n. Jordanias daskvniT, im dros `mTeli ... muSaobis iaraRi

iyo fuli. romeli meTauric, an jgufi fuls iSovida sadme, is

agrovebda Tavis irgvliv muSebs da liderobda. am mxriv

yvelaze ufro mdidari gamodga lenini. misi agentebi (stalini

- 159 -

da sxvebi) axdendnen eqsebs.……maT Caigdes yvirilis xazinidan

waRebuli fuli~ (357). fulis saSovnelad ki kavkasia-Si

arsebuli yvela revoluciuri partia axdenda eqspropriacebs.

SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxmebis gziT Zarcvavdnen saxelmwifo, Tu

kerZo dawesebulebebs, kerZo pirebs. teroristuli Zaladobis

sxvadasxva formidan eqspropriaciebi yvelaze metad aaxloebs

teroristebs sisxlis samarTlis damnaSaveebTan. maT Soris

ramodenime msgavsebaa: pirveli is, rom orive kategoria

Segnebulad arRvevs arsebul kanonebs, meore _ iyeneben

danaSaulis Cadenis praqtikulad erTnair saSualebebs, mesame _

teroristebi arc Tu iSviaTad eqspropriaciebs axdenen sisxlis

samarTlis damnaSaveebis gamoyenebiT da xSirad iTviseben xelSi

Cagdebuli fulis did nawils (358).

xSir SemTxvevaSi udanaSaulo adamianebis Zarcvam, fulis

gamoZalvis mizniT adamianebis gatacebam, magaliTad, menSevikma

teroristebma 1906 wels baTumSi am mizniT gaitaces

sazogadebaSi dafasebuli eqimi da Semdeg mokles, gamoiwvia

revoluciuri partiebis popularobis dacema mosaxleobaSi (359).

Semcirda Sesabamisad revoluciis TanamgrZnobTa raodenoba. sa-

xeli gautydaT aseve sazRvargareTac. magaliTad, TbilisSi

erevnis moednidan `legendaruli“ bolSevik-eqspropriatoris

kamos (ter-petrosianis) meTaurobiT social-demokratebis mier,

gatacebuli 250000 maneTis msxvili kupiurebis gadaxurdavebisas

SveicariaSi daapatimres cnobili bolSeviki litvinovi. n.

Jordanis sityvebiT, `gavarda xma mTel evropaSi, rom ruseTis

social-demokratebi arian banditebi, mcarcvelebi da sxva.

internacionali SeSfoTda, aseT xalxs CvenTan ra undao~ (360).

am da sxva mizezebis gamo (erT-erTi mizezi politikuri

- 160 -

policiis mier agenturis gamoyenebaSi taqtikis Secvlac iyo,

Tumca amaze Semdgom visaubrebT) 1907 wels jer socialist-

revolucionerebis centralurma komitetma, Semdeg ki social-

demokratebma da socialist-federalistebma gadawyvites

eqspropriaciebi aRar moewyoT. magram bolSeviki revolucioneri

k. cincaZis sityvebiT, isini mainc agrZelebdnen `eqsebs~ _

`radgan bolSevikebi Tvlidnen, rom `saxelmwifo `eqsebi~ da

xandaxan teroristuli aqtebic partizanuli omis nawilia,

romelsac erTgvari dezorganizacia Seaqvs mTavrobis

meqanizmSi…...…saWiroa partiam aiRos es saqme xelSi,

uxelmZRvanelos, gaaspetakos, `eqsebs~ daudos ideuri

safuZveli~ (361).

n. Jordania Tavis mogonebaSi am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT

aRniSnavs, radgan bolSevikebi agrZelebdnen `eqsebs~, masze imedi

daamyara plexanovma, rogorc eqspropriatorebis partiidan

garicxvis momxreze. Tumca misive sityvebiT: `me, ver Sevpirdi ...

Tu es orive kategoria Tavidan movicileT, partiaSi vinRa

darCeboda~ (362). mas partiidan wevrebis wasvla ki ar aRelvebda,

aramed sul sxva ram. zemoT dasaxelebuli revolucioneris k.

cincaZis mogonebaSive vkiTxulobT: `SemaerTebeli yrilobis

gaTavebis Semdeg, romelzedac menSevikebis wyalobiT

eqspropriaciebi dagmobili iyo, me SevekiTxe amxanag banusians:

SeiZleba Tu ara awi `eqsebis~ gakeTeba, ras ambobs amis Sesaxeb

noe Jordania ... man mipasuxa sityva-sityviT Semdegi: Tumca

yrilobam oficialurad uaryo, magram Sinaurulad adgilobriv

organizaciebs miando, sadac SesaZlebeli iqneba `eqsebis~

gakeTeba. noe Jordaniac am azrisaa da Tanaxmaa Cveni muSaobis

gagrZelebis~ (363). agrZelebdnen kidec `muSaobas~ _ menSevikebma

- 161 -

eqspropriaciebis akrZalvis Semdeg ramodenimejer scades

`eqsebis gakeTeba~ da `Telavis gzatkecilze moxdenili `eqsidan~

6 aTasi waiRes, mxolod menSevikebis organizacias Zlier cota

xvda, radgan meti nawili TviT moqmedma pirebma gainawiles~.

xolo xaragaulTan safosto matarebelze Tavdasxmisas

`daiRupnen menSeviki `eqsistebi~, gadarCenilma Tavdamsxmelma

gatacebuli fulidan organizacias araferi misca da TviT

gaiqca sazRvargareT~ (364). bolSevikebma ki, Tanamedrovis

mogonebiT, SeZles ramodenime warmatebuli `eqsis~ gakeTeba da

eqsproprirebuli fuli gadasces partias (365).

1905-1906 wlebSi ruseTis imperiaSi arsebuli revoluciuri

organizaciebi aqtiurad muSaobdnen, gaxSirda teroristuli

aqtebic. Sesabamisad, organizaciis wevrebis waqezeba aqtiuri

moqmedebis dasawyebad saidumlo TanamSromlebis meSveobiT

saWiro aRar iyo. demonstraciebi da policiasTan Sejaxebebi

yoveldRiur movlenebad gadaiqca. revoluciuri organizaciebis

saqmianobis mxolod `gaSuqeba~ da Semdeg maTi `likvidaciebi~

masiuri teroris fonze Sedegs ar iZleoda. ganadgurebuli

organizaciebis adgilze Cndeboda axlebi, maTSi ki agent-

TanamSromlebi ukve aRar iyvnen. Tbilisis `oxrankis~ agenturis

Semadgenlobis analizi gviCvenebs, rom maTi umravlesoba 1905-

1906 wlebSi iyvnen revoluciuri organizaciebis rigiTi wevrebi,

an Seadgendnen damxmare agenturas da organizaciis saqmianobaze

sruli suraTis Seqmna ar SeeZloT. organizaciis ganadgurebis

SemTxvevaSi isini gindac ar daepatimrebinaT, gansxvavebiT

xelmZRvanelobaSi mdgomi pirebisgan, sanam aRadgendnen

kavSirebs TanapartielebTan, veRar iZleodnen informacias, an

saerTod kargavdnen partiul kavSirebs.

- 162 -

amave wlebSi gamoikveTa agenturis samsaxuriT

sargeblobisTvis damaxasiaTebeli sxva naklic. rogorc zemoT

avRniSneT, agentebis marTva, mxolod erTi xelmZRvanelis

meSveobiT, iwvevda maT daukontrolireblobas. agenti-

TanamSromeli revoluciuri organizaciis saqmianobaSi ara

marto aqtiurad monawileobda da revolucionerebis azriT

eweoda `provokacias~ _ informacias awvdida `oxrankas~, aramed

sargeblobda xelmZRvanelis ndobiT, daukontrolireblobiT da

xelovnurad qmnida danaSauls, raTa mieRo fuladi jildo

revoluciuri aqtebis gaxsnis gamo. politikuri policiis

Cinebis azriT, swored es iyo `provokacia~. policiis

departamentis axladdaniSnuli direqtori truseviCi 1907 wlis

10 marts `oxrankis~ ganyofilebebs ugzavnis werils, romelSic

aRniSnulia: `policiis departamentSi Semovida cnobebi

saidumlo TanamSromlebis aqtiur monawileobaze iseTi saxis

revoluciur saqmianobaSi, rogoricaa eqspropriaciebi ...

TanamSromlebi ar unda eweodnen e.w. `provakatorobas~, anu

TviTon ar unda qmnidnen saidumlo sazogadoebebs da

pasuxismgeblobas akisrebdnen misi organizebisTvis sxva pirebs,

am saqmeSi meorexarisxovan rols, rom asruleben~ (366).

truseviCma ki moindoma garkveulwilad politikuri

policiis saqmianobaSi wesrigis Setana, magram im xerxebiT,

romlis akrZalvasac igi cdilobda, politikuri policia

anxorcielebda Tavis operatiul saqmianobas. kerZod: jer erTi

im revolucioners, romelsac ver apatimrebdnen samxilis

uqonlobis gamo, agenti xelmZRvanelis davalebiT aZlevda an

`miuyrida~ proklamaciebs, aralegalur literaturas, iaraRs.

aseT nivTmtkicebebs `oxrankis~ oficrebi aRuricxavad

- 163 -

inaxavdnen da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi aZlevdnen agents. meorec _

agenti ver moixveWda avtoritets, Tu ar Seqmnida revoluciur

wreebs, an Tu ar miiRebda monawileobas teroristul aqtebSi,

mesamec _ agentisgan xelovnurad Seqmnili organizaciis, Tu

`miyrili~ nivTmtkicebebis aRmoCenis SemTxvevaSi politikuri

policiis oficrebi SeZlebul dapatimrebulebs arTmevdnen

fuls da uSvebdnen. bunebrivia, rom xSirad agenti-

TanamSromlebic TviTneburad, fuladi jildos miRebis mizniT

qmnidnen organizaciebs, agrovebdnen xalxs, iZendnen iaraRs,

dgamdnen tipografiebs, Semdeg ki `oxrankis~ xelSi agdebdnen

(367). 1908 wlis ivlisSi policiis departamentis gansakuTrebuli

ganyofileba acnobebda Tbilisis `oxrankis~ ganyofilebas, rom

`navTis sawyobis gamges altievs agent-TanamSromelma, romelic

masTan muSaobda saqmeTa mmarTvelad, miuyara bombebi, raTa

mieRo fuladi jildo misi aRmoCenisaTvis~ (368). maRali Cinis

Jandarmeriis oficris sityvebiT 1905-1906 wlebSi jildoebs

tipografiis ricxvis mixedviT aZlevdnen da amitom erT patara

qalaqSi wlis ganmavlobaSi cxra tipografia `gauxsniaT~ _

`konkurentebis~ Ggulis gasaxeTqad (369).

$2. politikuri policiis taqtikuri xazi 1906 wels

policiis departamentma saidumlo TanamSromlebis

gamoyenebaSi revoluciuri moZraobis winaaRmdeg 1906 wlidan

daiwyo axali taqtikuri xazis gatareba. igi dakavSirebulia

peterburgis `oxrankis~ ufrosis general gerasimovis saxelTan.

sakuTari niWis wyalobiT dawi-naurebulma zubatovis moswavlem

da misma Rirseulma memkvidrem, ganaviTara politikuri Zebnis

- 164 -

zubatoviseuli meTodebi da xerxebi. TavisTavad cxadia, mas

aseT saqmeSi sakmaod Zlieri mfarveli da mxardamWeri unda

hyoloda mmarTvel wreebSi. aseTi mfarveli ki iyo caristuli

ruseTis istoriaSi erT-erTi yvelaze Zlieri saxelmwifo

moRvawe stolipini. stolipinis sa-xelTan aris dakavSirebuli

ara marto ruseTis kapitalistur relsebze gadasvlis sakmaod

saintereso gegmis ganxorcielebis dawyeba, aramed politikuri

policiis saqmianobis gaumjobesebaze zrunva. igi Tvlida, rom

mxolod daTmobebiT, an Zalismieri meTodebiT ar SeiZleboda

miznis miRweva. stolipinis azriT, romelic man gamoTqva

kavkasiis mefisnacvalTan saubarSi 1907 wels peterburgSi

Sexvedris dros: `politikuri Zebna aris revoluciur

moZraobasTan brZolis yvelaze Zlieri saSualeba~. man kargad

gaanaliza, rom revoluciis saboloo CaxSoba, SeuZlebeli iyo

`sworad dayenebuli da organizebuli agenturis~ gamoyenebis

taqtikis gareSe. swored mis saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli zemoT

moyvanili 1907 wlis `oxrankis~ ganyofilebebis axali

debulebis, aseve #120 `Sinagani agenturis organizaciaze da

wayvanaze~ da #140 gare (filerul) meTvalyureobaze

instruqciebis SemoReba. stolipini Tvlida, rom aucileblobas

warmoadgenda kompleqsuri RonisZiebebis gatareba. am periodSi

misi xelmoweriT gagzavnil erT-erT cirkularSi erTad aris

moTavsebuli Semdegi miTiTebebi: `adgilobrivma xelisuflebam

upirveles yovlisa unda miiRos zomebi, rac SeiZleba male

aRmofxvras is ekonomiuri mizezebi, romelsac eyrdnoba

revolucionerTa agitacia da…... agenturis meti yuradReba unda

mimarToT gansakuTrebiT mavne revolucionerebis winaaRmdeg,

romelTa amoReba warmoadgens policiis da Jandarmeriis Cinebis

- 165 -

pirveli rigis amocanas. sworad unda SeirCes maTi dapatimrebis

dro, kerZod unda miRebul iqnas sakmarisi miTiTebebi

agenturisgan, rom Segrovdes sakmarisi formaluri

mtkicebulebebi maT dasapatimreblad~ (370).

1906 wlidan im revoluciur organizaciebs, romlebSic

`soliduri TanamSromlebi~ yavdaT, aRar anadgurebdnen, piriqiT

maT icavdnen Cavardnebisgan. saerTo policias da Jandarmeriis

sagubernio sammarTveloebs miecaT miTiTeba, ar daepatimrebinaT

aravin, ar moewyoT araviTari Cxreka `oxrankis~ ganyofilebis

ufrosis gareSe. amis mizezi ki iyo is, rom ar momxdariyo

`oxrankis~ ganyofilebis operatiuli saqmianobis CaSla _

saidumlo TanamSromlis, an masTan dakavSirebuli pirebis

dapatimrebiT. saqme imaSia, rom dainerga, ufro swored dRis

sinaTleze gamotanil iqna zubatovisgan SemuSavebuli, misi

samsaxuridan ganTavisuflebis Semdeg ki miviwyebuli idea _

agenturis meSveobiT daekontrolebinaT da emarTaT

revoluciuri organizaciebi.

am periodidan `oxrankis~ ganyofilebebi mxolod maSin

axdendnen im revoluciuri organizaciebis likvidacias,

romelSic `kargi~ agenti yavdaT, roca gardauvali iyo iseTi

teroristuli aqti, an sxva saxis danaSauli, romelic mocemul

momentSi `oxrankis~ oficrebis azriT, arasasurvels

warmoadgenda da SeuZlebeli iyo misi aRkveTa revolucionerTa

dapatimrebis gareSe. amasTan, TanamSromlebs sTxovdnen

winaswar miewodebinaT informacia revoluciuri organizaciis

dasapatimreblad gamiznuli wevrebisaTvis ra saxis nivTieri

mtkicebulebebi SeiZleba aRmoeCinaT. saqme imaSia, rom 1905-1906

wlebSi teroristebis da saerTod revolucionerebis naCqarevma

- 166 -

dapatimrebebma, xSir SemTxvevaSi gadaumowmebeli cnobebis

safuZvelze nivTieri samxilis gareSe, uaryofiTi roli iTamaSa

`oxrankis~ muSaobis Sedegianobaze. baTumSi adgilobrivi

politikuri Zebnis organoebis mimoxilvaSi, revoluciuri

moZraobis Sesaxeb aRniSnul periodSi naTqvamia: `dRes daiWeren

agitators, xval aTavisufleben mas. maZiebel organoTa brZola

revoluciur moZraobasTan prokuraturis da sagamomZieblo

organoTa ganmartebiT umiznoa. Cven unda gvemtkicebina ama Tu im

pirisaTvis, rom is inaxavda aralegalur literaturas

gavrcelebis mizniT. amis dasamtkiceblad ki ar mogvepoveboda

saWiro masala da damnaSave Tavs aRwevda gasamarTlebas ...

revolucionerebs kargad aqvT Seswavlili axali sisxlis

samarTlis debuleba da maT winaaRmdeg veraviTar braldebas

ver wamoayeneb~ (371).

Sesabamisad revolucionerebic kargad icavdnen

konspiracias. ai, ras werda moskovis `oxrankis~ ufrosi

generali zavarzini bolSevikebis partiaSi konspiraciis

dayenebaze: `am partiaSi muSaobaSi rTaven wevrebs mxolod ama

Tu im konkretul saqmesTan dakavSirebiT. sargebloben metsa-

xelebiT, gaurbian xSir Sexvedrebs, cdiloben ar Seinaxon iseTi

sabuTebi, romelsac gamoiyenebs policia maT winaaRmdeg.

filerebis mier maTze TvalTvalis damyarebis aRmosaCenad

iReben sxvadasxva zomas. aseTis aRmoCenis SemTxvevaSi

gamodgaven pirobiT niSnebs gafrTxilebis mizniT _ lampars,

yvavilebis qoTans, an adgils ucvlian maT. partiis

xelmZRvaneloba yovelTvis imyofeba sazRvargareT. Tu vardeba

romelime adgilobrivi organizacia, amiT partiis muSaoba ar

iSleba mTlianobaSi. konspiraciuli mosazrebebiT TiTqmis

- 167 -

yovelTvis uars amboben Cvenebebis micemaze, konspiracia

gamovlenili bolSevikebisgan warmodgens Zalian saswavlebels~

(372). am azrs adasturebs cnobili bolSevikis v. menJickis

Sesaxeb, aseve cnobili bolSevikis e. stasovas mogoneba: `es iyo

ganaTlebuli marqsisti, kargi propagandisti da moxerxebuli

konspiratori. rogori Tvisebebi unda aRezarda Tavis TavSi

partiul muSaks? upirveles yovlisa sizuste. xandaxan gviwevda

Sexvedrebi quCaSi, romelime kuTxeSi da aq saWiro iyo sizuste.

Tu Tqven mixvediT dagvianebiT, amxanags uwevs lodini. amiT igi

amaxvilebs Tavis Tavze gorodovois, Spikis, meezovis

yuradRebas, amitom saWiroa wuTi-wuTze Sexvedra da Semdeg gzis

gagrZeleba. maSin Tqveni Sexvedra Caivlis SeumCnevlad. `iavkebi~

binebSi xSirad iyo eqimebTan da advokatebTan. miRebis saaTebi

maT gansazRvruli aqvT. maSasadame unda droulad mixvide da

gamoxvide. aseve saWiroa dakvirvebuloba, yuradReba irgvliv

myofebze. am Tvisebebs Cven vimuSavebdiT Semdegnairad: me

Sevdiodi oTaxSi da amxanagi meubneboda swrafad Setrialdi da

Tqvi ra dainaxe, roca Semoxvedi~ (373).

e. stasova exeba ra dakiTxvebis process aRniSnavs, rom

dakiTxvisas maT `oxrankelebi~ svamdnen sinaTlis wyaros

pirdapir da akvirdebodnen saxis gamometyvelebas. amitom: `ise

unda dagveWira Tavi, rom Tvalebis TamaSs ar gaeca Cveni azrebi

da grZnobebi~. kiTxulob zemoTmoyvanil citatebs da ggonia

laparakia Zlieri saxelmwifos specsamsaxuris agentebze. unda

iTqvas, rom es iyo v. leninis moTxovnis cxovrebaSi gatareba.

romlis sityvebiT `politikuri policiis winaaRmdeg brZola

iTxovs gansakuTrebul Tvisebebs, iTxovs revolucionerebs

profesiiT~ (374).

- 168 -

am da konspiraciis sxva xerxebis, meTodebis gamoyenebiT

revolucio-nerebi Rirseul winaaRmdegobas uwevdnen politikur

policias. sxvaTa Soris bolSevikebs es gamocdileba gamoadgaT

sabWoTa saxelmwifos mSeneblobaSi. v. menJicki 1919 wlidan

muSaobda CekaSi. man f. ZerJinskisTan erTad SeimuSava Cekas-s

struqtura, srulyo ucxo qveynebis specsamsaxurebis

ZirgamomTxreli saqmianobis winaaRmdeg brZolis meTodebi da

misi xelmZRvanelobiT moxda TeTrgvardiuli organizaciebis _

`nacionaluri centris~ da `taqtikuri centris~ aRmoCena da

ganadgureba moskovsa da peterburgSi. zemoT naxsenebi

bolSeviki terorist-eqspropriatori k. cincaZe ki 1920-ian

wlebSi iyo sabWoTa socialisturi saqarTvelos Ceka-s ufrosi.

amrigad, politikuri policiis brZola 1905-1906 wlebSi

revolucionerebis winaaRmdeg warmatebuli namdvilad ar iyo.

xolo aqtiu-ri revolucionerebis da teroristebis

dausjelobam gamoiwvia Zalismieri struqturebis (saerTo

policia, jari) mxridan sapasuxo reaqcia _ dapatimrebuli

revolucionerebis mkvlelobebi viTomc patimrebis gaqcevis

mcdelobis momizezebiT. daiwyo TeTri terori.

`oxrankis~ ganyofilebebma ki am miznisTvis gamoiyenes 1901-

1902 wlebSi zubatovis locva-kurTxeviT imperiis TiTqmis yvela

msxvil qalaqSi Camoyalibebuli Savrazmuli organizaciebi.

saqarTveloSi, kerZod TbilisSi Savrazmul organizaciebSi 1500-

dan 2000-mde kaci iyo gaerTia-nebuli, upiratesad rusebi.

revolucioneri v. cabaZe Tavis mogonebaSi aRniSnavda, rom `rusi

muSebis didi umravlesoba nacionalisturi azrovnebiT iyo

gamsWvaluli. aq isini gabatonebuli eris warmomadgenlad

grZnobdnen Tavs da amitom maTTan daaxloeba, rogorc

- 169 -

politikurad, ise konspiraciulad Zneli iyo~ (375) swored

rusebi Sediodnen TbilisSi arsebuli Savrazmuli

organizaciebis gverdiT Seqmnili sabrZolo razmebis

SemadgenlobaSi. naumovi, molCanovi, pioriSkini, ai, Savrazmeli

teroristebis mokle sia. maT sakmao raodenobis revolucioneri

gamoasalmes sicocxles. molCanovis xeliT daiRupa zemoT

dasaxelebuli socialist-revolucionerebis aleqsandre da

maria xudadovebis mama. maTsaviT revolucioneri, Zveli

xalxosani (375). isini TanamSromlobdnen `oxrankasTan~,

sargeblobdnen ra maTi mfarvelobiT im revolucionerebs, visac

`oxranka~ sxvadasxva mizezis gamo ver apatimrebda, fizikurad

spobdnen. agentebma politikuri policiis Cinebis miTiTebebis

Tanaxmad daiwyes sxva revoluciuri partiebis wevrebis

winaaRmdeg `sakuTari~ partiis wevrebis waqezeba. Tbilisis

`oxrankis~ saqmeebSi aris agenturis informacia romelSic

naTqvamia, rom `TbilisSi qarTvelebma Seqmnes viRac qalbatonis

meTaurobiT jgufi, romelmac gadawyvita gavlenian somxebze

teroris ganxorcieleba.~ meore informaciaSi ki naTqvamia:

`somxebma Seityves amis Sesaxeb da Tavis mxriv Seqmnes razmi

gavleniani qarTvelebis terorizebisaTvis~ (377). albaT,

politikuri policiis axali taqtikidan gamomdinare am

informaciis gavrcelebas da somxebisTvis Setyobinebas ar

Cauvlia `oxrankis~ agenturis gareSe.

im xanebSi didi aJiotaJi gamoiwvia moskovSi Savrazmuli

organizaciis wevris mier revoluciurad ganwyobili

axalgazrdis waqezebam da gamoyenebam xelisuflebisaTvis

arasasurveli gazeTis `moskovskie vedomos-tis~ redaqtoris,

amave dros saxelmwifo saTaTbiros deputatis iliosis

- 170 -

mosaklavad. am mkvlelobis saTave ido xelisuflebis da

politikuri policiis umaRles eSelonebSi mimdinare

intrigebSi. 1907 wlis dasawyisSi sasaxlis karis zogierTma

maRalCinosanma moindoma im momentSi maTTvis arasasurveli

finansTa ministris vites mokvla. politikuri policiis

davalebiT peterburgSi moqmedi `rusi xalxis kavSiris~ wevri

kazancevi gaecno vinme feodorovs, romelsac surda `aqtiuri~

revoluciuri moRvaweoba da SesTavaza Tavdasxmis mowyoba

viteze. daarwmuna, rom TviTon iyo socialist-revolucioner

maqsimalistebis partiis wevri. Tumca viteze Tavdasxmamde

feodorovi waaqeza `praqtikis~, Tu xelSi ufro kargad daWeris

mizniT Tavs dasxmodnen ilioss, radgan igi iyo Savrazmeli da

revolucionerTa mteri. kazancevma dagegma mkvlelobis Cadenis

detalebi. Sesruleba ki miando feodorovs. mxolod danaSaulis

Cadenidan erTi kviris Semdeg, iliosis vinaobis garkvevis Semdeg

mixvda feodorovi Tu ra mizniT gamoiyenes igi Savrazmelebis

ukan mdgomma politikuri policiis Cinebma (378).

`oxrankelebis~ mier TeTri teroris dawyeba

revolucionerebs mxedvelobidan ar gamorCaT. Tbilisis

`oxrankis~ ufrosi 1908 wels acnobebda Tbilisis samxedro

gubernators, rom `gasul wels muSaTa organizaciis wevrebma

gadawyvites teroris gakeTeba policiis da `oxrankis~ Cinebis

winaaRmdeg. `oxrankasTan~ dakavSirebiT igi gamoixata

ganyofilebis TanamSromlebis TvalTvalSi da maT miTiTebaSi

teroristebisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT gamoiCina Tavi olgas quCaze

momuSave gazeTebis gamyidvelma. man am saqmeSi sakmao

gamocdileba SeiZina~ (379). amave werilSi naTqvamia, rom social-

demokrat mixa CodriSvilis meuRle melano eweoda

- 171 -

ganyofilebis TanamSromlebis TvalTvals da uTiTebda maTze

teroristebs.

$3. wiTeli teroris ganxorcielebis

meTodebi da xerxebi

revolucionerebis mier ganxorcielebuli teroristuli

aqtebis dros gamoyenebul meTodebze da xerxebze warmodgenas

gvaZlevs socialist-revolucionerebis `sabrZolo

organizaciis~ saqmianobis analizi. misma wevrebma 1905-1907 wlis

revoluciis dros ganaxorcieles uamravi teroristuli aqti.

daxvewes da ganaviTares teroris ganxorcielebis `teqnika~. misi

erT-erTi xelmZRvanelis b. savinkovis sityvebiT: `teroristis

samuSao mdgomareobs ara marto imaSi, rom bombiT xelSi

gamovides quCaSi, aramed imaSic, rom terorists uxdeba

cxovreba ubralo adamianad da dakavebulia Zalian Zneli,

arasasiamovno saqmiT _ sistematuri meTvalyureobiT~ (380).

`sabrZolo organizaciis~ wevrebi gadacmulebi wvril

vaWrebad da meetleebad uTvalTvalebdnen momavali msxverplis

moZraobis marSruts. cdilobdnen daedginaT ra gziT moZraobda

terordaniSnuli piri da romel adgilze SeiZleboda masze

warmatebuli Tavdasxmis mowyoba. general trepovze

teroristuli aqtis momzadebisas `sabrZolo organizaciis~

wevri ivanovi mTeli weli, 1905 wlis Semodgomidan 1906 wlis

Semodgomamde muSaobda meetled (381). meTvalyureobis amdagvar

xerxs revolucionerebi ixseniebdnen `gare meTvalyureobis~

saxeliT. mis garda `sabrZolo organizaciaSi Caisaxa `Sinagani

Zebnac~. b. savinkovi organiza-ciaSi t. leontievas miRebis

- 172 -

mizezad (leontieva ar iyo mTlad normaluri) asaxelebs erTis

mxriv mis `erTgulebas revoluciisadmi da mzadyofnas misTvis

wasuliyo msxverplze~ da meores mxriv ki `qaliSvili iakutiis

vice-gubernatoris, aristokrati dediT da dediTve

dakavSirebuli mdidar da Cinosan peterburgTan, gvaZlevda

saSualebas gvyoloda kargi informaciis wyaro ministrebis da

didi Tavadebis Sesaxeb cnobebis misaRebad~ (382).

politikurma policiam 1905 wels gaxsna ,,sabrZolo

organizaciis~ zemoTxsenebuli meTodi – gare meTvalyureoba

meetleebis, wvrili vaWrebis saSualebiT da mis winaaRmdeg

miiRo saTanado kontrzomebi (383). azefma ki gerasimovis

xelmZRvanelobiT sruli dezorganizacia gaukeTa mis

saqmianobas. aq ar SevexebiT am dezorganizaciis meqanizms,

Tumca TavisTavad igi sainteresoa da policiis departamentis

axal taqtikur xazzec ufro naTeli warmodgenis Seqmna

SeuZlia. aRvniSnavT mxolod, rom azefma SeZlo daerwmunebina

sxvadasxva xerxiT TanamebrZolebi teroristuli brZolis

gagrZelebis uazrobaSi. magaliTad, roca xelisuflebis maRali

Tanamdebobis warmomadgenelze amzadebdnen Tavdasxmas, azefi

Segnebulad aZlevda maT cru marSruts da teroristebi isedac

fizikurad da fsiqologiurad gadaRlilebi imiT, rom ver

axerxebdnen samiznis moZraobis marSrutis dadgenas, amCnevdnen

moulodnelad filerebs. maT, azefis miTiTebis Tanaxmad,

teroristebze saTvalTvalod uSvebda generali gerasimovi.

oRond avalebda, rom teroristebs SeemCniaT meTvalyureebi.

bunebrivia, nerviuli daZabuloba Tavisas Svreboda da

teroritebic gaqceviT Svelodnen Tavs. upatronod tovebdnen

etlebs, konspiraciul binebs (384).

- 173 -

aseTi taqtikis gamoyenebis upiratesoba mdgomareobda

imaSic, rom marTalia ar xdeboda teroristuli organizaciis

wevrebis dapatimreba da maTi nawili ki damoukideblad

agrZelebda terors (teroristebs, maTi `gamzrdeli~

revoluciis aristokratebi, magaliTad, b. savinkovi unergavdnen

azrs, rom: `teroristis valia mudmivad iyos terorSi~), magram

jer erTi es teroristuli aqtebi ar iyo `centraluri

mniSvnelobis~, meorec aseTi taqtikiT narCundeboda

`centraluri mniSvnelobis agenti~. sainteresoa, rom rodesac

gaJona informaciam azefis policiasTan TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb

gerasimovma gawira sxva agenti socialist-revolucionerebSi

vinme tatarovi. am piris gamcemlobaze acnobes partiis wevrebs

da amiT daarwmunes isini, rom azefi informaciis gacemaSi

arafer SuaSi iyo. tatarovis, rogorc gamJRavnebuli agentis

mkvlelobis organizacia socialist-revolucionerebis

centralurma komitetma daavala TviTon azefs (385)!!!

politikuri policiis amdagvari taqtikis Sedegad 1906

wels azefis da savinkovis meTaurobiT moqmedma `sabrZolo

organizaciam~ arseboba Sewyvita. marTalia politikurma

policiam SeinarCuna azefi, magram socialist-revolucionerebis

centralur komitetTan male axali `sabrZolo organizacia~

Camoyalibda. misma xelmZRvanelobam kritikulad Seafasa Zveli

organizaciis gamocdileba da SeimuSava axali meTodebi

teroris gansaxorcieleblad. ai, rogor agviwers maT

organizaciis wevri: `organizacia Zebnas awarmoebda (e.i.

informacias agrovebda msxerplze) ori mimarTulebiT. `gare

Zebna~ _ quCis meTvalyureoba Sikrikebis da filerebis

meSveobiT SenarCunda, magram win wamoiwia `Sinaganma Zebnam.~

- 174 -

iZebnebodnen adamianebi sazogadoebaSi da partiaSi, visac

SeeZloT miecaT raime miTi-Teba, raime monacemebi aRniSnul

pirze (msxverplze), gare meTvalyureoba ki amowmebda maT

monacemebs~ (386).

am periodSi social-demokratebic sakmaod warmatebiT

iyenebdnen aseT xerxs, Tumca umTavresad eqspropriaciebis, an

adamianebis gatacebebis dros. 1905 wlis 3 oqtombers v. lenini

statiaSi `revoluciuri armiis razmebis amocanebi~ iZleva

konkretul miTiTebebs aseTi razmis saqmianobis sawarmoeblad

(387). aRniSnavs, rom razmis wevrebs unda SeemuSavebinaT

meTodebi da xerxebi xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg SeiaraRebuli

brZolis warmoebisaTvis. iZleva ra quCaSi brZolis

saSualebebis, meTodebis, xerxebis daxasiaTebas, lenini statiaSi

miuTiTebs, rom razmis wevrebs unda dauyovnebliv daewyoT

SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxmebi Tundac `uwesrigo, moumzadebeli

wvrili terori~. amasTan, aucilebeli iyo SeiaraRebuli

Tavdasxmebis dayofa or _ mosamzadebel da uSualo Tavdasxmis

(samxedro) operaciad. mosamzadebel periodSi lenini iTxovda

yovelgvari saxeobis iaraRis SeZenasTan erTad `ewarmoebinaT

dazverviTi samuSaoebi: cixis, policiis nawilebSi, saxelmwifo

dawesebulebebSi~. anu maTSi gaeCinaT sando pirebi da

daemyarebinaT kavSirebi am dawesebulebebis im TanamSromlebTan,

vinc raime saqmeSi SeiZleba gamosdgomodaT (388). zemoT moyvanil

SemTxvevaSi _ menSeviki teroristebis mier baTumSi fulis

gamoZalvis mizniT eqimis gataceba swored aseTi gegmiT iqna

mowyobili. im saavadmyofoSi, romelSic eqimi muSaobda moewyo

saavadmyofos zedamxedvelis TanaSemwed social-demokratiuli

partiis wevri da man moaxdina gatacebis organizacia (389).

- 175 -

1909 wlis oqtombridan `sluCainis~ fsevdonimiT

politikur policiasTan TanamSromlobas (rogorc agenti

socialist-federalistebSi) iwyebs dimitri sofromis Ze jaSi

(390). viTvaliswinebT ra am pirovnebisadmi interess ilia

WavWavaZis mkvlelobasTan dakavSirebiT, SevecdebiT masze cota

meti informaciis gadmocemas. aqve gvinda aRvniSnoT, rom ilia

WavWavaZis mkvlelobaSi politikuri policiis dadanaSauleba

motiviT TiTqos jaSi iyo `oxrankis~ agenti arasworia, radgan

1909 wlamde misi aseTi saxis kontaqti `oxrankasTan~ ar

moipoveba.

`oxrankis~ saqmeebSi arsebuli informaciiT jaSi 1904 wels

demonstraciaSi monawileobisaTvis daupatimrebiaT da oTxi

kvira ijda cixeSi. eweoda aqtiur revoluciur moRvaweobas _

monawileobda muSebis antisaxelmwifoebriv SekrebebSi,

avrcelebda mowodebebs, agrovebda Semowirulobebs ruseTis

social-demokratiuli partiis samxedro salarosaTvis,

sagubernio sammarTvelos Cinovnikidan, vinme e. tyemalaZisgan

iRebda xelisuflebis makompromitirebeli sabuTebis aslebs da

fsevdonimiT `zdeSni~ beWdida maT aralegalur gazeT `listok

barbi proletariata~-Si (391). ai, aseTi ideuri social-

demokratisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli qcevis pirovneba 1905 wlidan

xdeba socialist-federalisturi partiis wevri. igi amave

periodSi muSaobs gazeT `iveriaSi~. `oxrankis~ saqmeebSi mis

dasaxasiaTebaSi aRniSnulia pirdapir ase: dimitri sofromis Ze

jaSi _ gazeT `iveriis~ TanamSromeli (392).

aRsaniSnavia, rom TanamedroveTa mogonebebSi jaSi

gamocxadebulia 1906 wels social-demokratebis _ bolSevikebis

samxedro organizaciis xelmZRvanelis aleqsandre obolaZis

- 176 -

megobrad, romelic Tavis Tavs ase axasiaTebda:

`gadauWarbeblad vityvi, rom imdeni teroristuli aqti, rac me

wilad mxvda kavkasiaSi, aravis Seusrulebia~ (393). ase, rom jaSi

SeiZleba swored bolSevikebisgan iyo Segzavnili, social-

demokratebis azriT `burJuaziul socialist-federalistur

partiaSi~. ise ki jaSis pirovneba kargad jdeba social-

demokratebis mier teroristuli aqtebis da eqspropriaciebis

Casadenad 1905-1907 wlebSi gamoyenebuli xerxis sqemaSi _ sando

pirebis Segzavna mowinaaRmdegis banakSi.

am azris safuZvlianobas iribad adasturebs ilia

WavWavaZis mkvlelobis saqmis gamomZiebelis n. f. iliaSenkos

Sesaxeb arsebuli masala. TanamedroveTa cnobebiT, is ilias

mkvlelobis saqmis gamoZiebis Semdeg `jaSis saukeTeso megobari

gamxdara~ (394). 1921 wels ki n. f. iliaSenko bolSevikebis

SemosvlisTanave a. nazaretianis – iusticis saxalxo komisris

xelmowerili brZanebiT iniSneba `samxreT oseTis olqis

revkomSi saqmeTa mmarTvelis Tanamdebobaze~ (395). bunebrivia

Cndeba kiTxvebi: pirveli _ ra saerTo unda hqonoda sagangebo

saqmeTa gamomZiebel ilia-Senkos revolucioner jaSTan? da

meore _ mefis xelisuflebis Cinovniki iliaSenko ra

damsaxurebebis gamo darCa menSevikebis mmarTvelobis periodSi

sakmaod did sasamarTlo moxeled (iyo Tbilisis olqis

sasamarTlos da Tbilisis samoqalaqo miliciis sarevizio

komisiis wevri), xolo bolSevikebma igi cxinvalis revkomSi

samuSaod ratom gauSves? Tu davamatebT, rom iliaSenko iZiebda

ilias uaxloesi megobris n. xizanaSvilis (urbneli), cnobili

eTnografis, iuristis daWris saqmes da gamoZieba ar warmarTa

sworad, rasac male n. xizanaSvilze teroristebis meore

- 177 -

warmatebuli Tavdasxma moyva, vfiqrobT pasuxi unda veZioT

bolSevikebis taqtikaSi _ daemyarebinaT kavSirebi samTavrobo

struqturebSi momuSave pirebTan (396). sxvaTa Soris

TanamedroveTa Soris gavrcelebuli n. xizanaSvilis

mkvlelobis erT-erTi versia social-demokratebs sdebda brals.

meore versiiT ki n. xizanaSvili ojaxuri usiamovnebis niadagze

moakvlevina misma germa n. maCabelma. mkvleli ki iyo socialist-

federalisti teroristi korneli kasraZe (397). am versias

adasturebs Tbilisis JandarmTa saolqo sammarTveloSi

arsebuli masala, romelSic axsnilia mkvlelobis motivic:

`socialist-revoluciuri partiis Tbilisis samxedro

organizaciis~ wevri n. maCabeli iyo ugonod Seyvarebuli k.

kasraZeze da sayvarels moakvlevina n. xizanaSvili (398).

sainteresoa, rom rogorc zemoT SevniSneT, socialist-

federalistebis partiis saqmeSi partiis wevrTa siaSi erTad

figurireben d. jaSi da k. kasraZe (399).

leninis mier gamoTqmuli zemoT moyvanili saxelmZRvanelo

direqtivebi proklamaciebis saxiTac vrceldeboda. magaliTad,

social-demokratiuli partiis moskovis komitetis samxedro

organizaciis proklamaciaSi `rCevebi ajanyebul muSebs~

vkiTxulobT igive rCevebs, rasac lenini sTavazobda zemoT

aRniSnul statiaSi Tanapartiel sabrZolo razmebis wevrebs

(400). masSi leninis mier sakmaod dawvrilebiT aris ganxiluli

qalaqis quCebSi partizanuli brZolis warmoebis xerxebi.

dawyebuli iqidan, rom aucilebeli iyo qalaqis detaluri

Seswavla, binebSi Sesasvlelebis, gasasvlelebis, gamavali

ezoebis codna, or-sam kaciani sabrZolo razmebis Camoyalibeba,

SeiaraRebuli Sejaxebis arideba jariskacebTan, Tavdasxmebis

- 178 -

ganxorcieleba mxolod sust mowinaaRmdegeze, praqtikis mizniT

Savrazmuli organizaciis wevrebis permanentuli cema-tyepebis

mowyoba, erTmaneTis gasarCevad sibneleSi gamosacnobi niSnebis

SemuSaveba da sxva (401). sxvaTa Soris laTinuri amerikis

qveynebSi 1960-1980-ian wlebSi memarcxene teroristebis mier

qalaqebSi warmoebuli partizanuli brZolebi e.w. `saqalaqo

gerilia“, Tavisi meTodebiT, xerxebiT warmoadgens rusi

revolucionerebis, konkretulad ki igive bolSevikebis mier

gamoyenebuli teroristuli meTodebis, xerxebis gamoyeneba-

ganviTarebas. revoluciurad ganwyobili axalgazrdebis

teroristebad ga-dabirebis, fsiqologiuri damuSavebis xerxebic

TiTqmis erTmaneTis identuria. rac gasakviri ar unda iyos _

maTi konsultantebi sabWoTa specsamsaxurebis emisrebi iyvnen. es

ukanasknelni ki `izrdebodnen~ Ceka-s pirveli TanamSromlebis _

bolSevikebis da socialist-revolucionerebis maqsimalistebis

(memarcxene eserebis) teroristuli warsulis magaliTebze. maT

mier mefis ruseTis politikuri policiisgan gamoyenebuli

meTodebis, xerxebis ganviTarebam da sakuTar konspiraciul

gamocdilebasTan Serwymam Ceka-s memkvidre ssrk-s

specsamsaxurebi msoflioSi erT-erT uZlieresad aqcia. ise ki

kgb-s Zveli TanamSromlebi albaT sakmaod bevr saerTos ipovian,

Cvens mier `oxrankis~ ganyofilebebis saqmianobis ganxilvis

dros.

gamoyenebuli saSualebebis da terminologiis msgavsebasTan

erTad politikur policias da teroristul organizaciebs

gaaCndaT saerTo naklic. iseve, rogorc politikuri policiis

organoebi ver axerxebdnen saidumlo TanamSromlebis

dakontrolebas, iCendnen maT mimarT zedmet ndobas,

- 179 -

teroristuli organizaciebic konspiraciis mizniT ar

akontrolebdnen, ufro swored ar hqondaT dro da saSualebebi

Tavisi wevrebis Sesamowmeblad.

1904_1906 wlebSi `sabrZolo organizaciis~ xelmZRvanelis,

pleves da didi Tavadis sergei mixeilis Zis mkvlelobis

organizatoris azefis mxilebis Semdeg socialist-

revolucionerebma Seqmnes specialuri e.w. `sasamarTlo

gamomZiebeli komisia azefis saqmeze.~ am komisiam gaaanaliza

`sabrZolo organizaciis~ saqmianoba. gamoitana daskvna, rom

`centraluri teroris~ warmoebisadmi gadametebuli

mniSvnelobis micemam, romlis warmoebasac partia axarjebda

uzarmazar Tanxebs (magaliTad, safrangeTSi iaponiis samxedro

ataSesgan socialist-revolucionerebma miiRes 100000 aTasi

franki da misi didi nawili gadasces `sabrZolo organizacias~

(402)) da agzavnida Tavis yvelaze saukeTeso Zalebs, moyva

partiis kontrolisgan gancalkevebulad mdgomi organizaciis

Camoyalibeba (403). da ara marto Camoyalibeba. masSi Tavmoyrilma

`zeadamianobaze~ pretenziis mqone savinkovma, policiis

departamentis agentma azefma, fsiqiurma avadmyofebma t.

leontievam, d. briliantma da sxvebma advilad SeZles Tavisi

miswrafebebis realizacia. rac ar unda saocari iyos, swored

azefis xelmZRvanelobiT ganaxorciela `sabrZolo

organizaciam~ Tavisi yvelaze sastiki dartymebi xelisuflebis

winaaRmdeg. azefis xelSi igi damjer iaraRad iyo qceuli,

radgan es ukanaskneli wevrebs arCevda im niSniT, ramdenad

daeqvemdebarebodnen mas da unda yofiliyvnen gulwrfeli

revolucionerebi. es ki imitom sWirdeboda, rom ar Separvoda

- 180 -

policiis agenti _ departaments, misi saqmianobis dakontroleba,

rom ar SesZleboda.

revoluciuri organizaciebi Tavis mxriv cdilobdnen

informaciis Segrovebas politikuri policiis saqmianobis

Sesaxeb imave meTodebiT, romelsac `oxranka~iyenebda. arc Tu

iSviaTad TviTon `oxrankis~ Cinebi mi-diodnen

revolucionerebTan TanamSromlobaze sxvadasxva mizeziT.

Tbilisis `oxrankis~ TanamSromeli metsaxelad `bluza~ 1906

wels xelmZRvanels acnobebda, rom `policiis meaTe nawilis

ubnis zedamxedveli yvelas eubneba, rom me vTanamSromlob

`oxrankis~ ganyofilebasTan, vawvdi cnobebs ganyofilebis

ufross~ (404). rogorc `oxrankis~ ganyofilebis gamgem SemdegSi

gaarkvia policiis dasaxelebuli Cinis qcevis mizezi, sakmaod

prozauli iyo. igi ramdenime welia muSaobda erT adgilze da

ar awi-naurebdnen (405).

TviTon Tbilisis `oxrankis~ ganyofilebis Cinovniki v.

tiroevi, rogorc 1908 wels ganyofilebis ufrosma daadgina,

TanamSromlobda revolucionerebTan. awvdida cnobebs

`oxrankis~ saqmianobaze. igi adre dapatimrebulic ki iyo saerTo

policiis mier, erevnis moednidan bolSevikebis mier 250000

maneTis eqspropriaciis saqmesTan dakavSirebiT (406).

mas Semdeg, rac revoluciur Jurnal `biloes~ redaqtor

vl. burcevTan saubarSi policiis departamentis yofilma

direqtorma lopuxinma Seityo, rom azefis organizebuli iyo

pleves mkvleloba da ivarauda igi kavSirSi iyo p.

raCkovskisTan, vinc mis Semdeg gaxda policiis departamentis

direqtori gasca azefi burcevTan (407). es ukanaskneli muSaobda

socialist-revolucionerebSi policiis departamentis mier

- 181 -

Segzavnili agenturis gamomJRavnebaze. man SeZlo sxvadasxva

informaciis Sejerebis safuZvelze azefis gaSifvra, Tumca

saboloo wertili azefis agentobis damtkicebaSi dasva

lopuxinma. am faqtis gamo burcevma moipova popularoba,

rogorc saidumlo TanamSromlebis gamomJRavnebelma

revolucionerTa rigebSi. 1908 wlidan ruseTSi daiwyo

agentebis mxilebis bumi. burcevTan kavSiri daamyares policiis

departamentis gansakuTrebuli ganyofilebis ufrosis

TanaSemwem l. menSikovma da varSavis `oxrankis~ gansakuTrebul

davalebaTa Cinovnikma m. bakaim. maT samasze meti agentis

monacemebi gadasces revolucionerebs. burcevis mier policiis

agentebis gamomJRavnebis mizniT Seqmnil e.w. `sagamomZieblo

komisias~ xSirad ugzavnidnen politikur policiasTan

dakavSirebuli sxva pirebic dedans an asls gadaRebuls

saidumlo TanamSromlebis piradi saqmeebidan. burcevis

sityvebiT, mis xelSi gaiara policiis departamentis arqivis

saidumlo dokumentebma, romelic masTan mihqonda departamentis

Cinovniks mcire gasamrjelos fasad (408).

aRsaniSnavia, rom revolucionerebic Tavis mxriv

cdilobdnen SeeRwiaT politikuri policiis wiaRSi. jer kidev

1878 wels imdroindeli politikuri policiis xelmZRvanel

organoSi, imperatoris kancelariis III ganyofilebis me-3

eqspediciis agenturul ganyofilebaSi miiRes revolucioneri n.

kleCotnikovi. man xalxosnebSi arsebuli ramodenime gamcemi

gamoaaSkarava (maT Soris CvenTvis ukve kargad nacnobi i.

zubatovi) (409).

1905-1907 wlebis revoluciis periodSi SedarebiT

warmatebuli iyo socialist-revolucionerebis partiis wevris

- 182 -

petrovis mier peterburgis `oxrankis~ ganyofilebis saidumlo

agenturaSi SeRweva. am viTomda `gadabirebulma~ revolucionerma

isargebla xelmZRvanelis ndobiT da konspiraciul binaSi

aafeTqa petrogradis `oxrankis~ ufrosi polkovniki karpovi

(410).

am saqmeSi yvelaze met warmatebas miaRwia 1905_1907 wlebis

revoluciis dros socialist-revolucioner maqsimalistebis

partiam peterburgSi. 1906 wels aRniSnuli partiis wevri s. risi

`gadaibira~ policiis departamentma. s. risi winaswar

SeTanxmebuli iyo TanapartielebTan da SeZlo policiis

departamentis direqtoris darwmuneba, garkveuli realuri

informaciis `gacemis~ Sedegad Tavis gulwrfelobaSi. iZleoda

ra departamentisaTvis saintereso masalas, direqtori truseviCi

daajera, rom raTa ar CaSliliyo misi agenturuli saqmianoba,

xeli ar exloT maqsimalistebis petrogradis jgufisTvis.

amasTan, departamentis Cinovnikebisagan iRebda

organizaciisTvis saWiro informacias maTTan urTierTobis

dros da awvdida Tanapartielebs. amis Sedegad, maqsimalistebis

petrogradis jgufma, romlis saqmianoba, ase vTqvaT

`dazRveuli~ iyo politikuri policiis mxridan, moaxdina

ramodenime warmatebuli eqspropriacia da teroristuli aqti

(411).

1906 wels policiis departamentis mier axali taqtikuri xazis

SemoReba ganapiroba aseve qveynis mmarTvelobiT sistemaSi

moxdarma cvlilebebmac. ruseTis imperiis mmarTvelobaSi susti

gavlenis mqone, magram arCeviTma organom saxelmwifo

saTaTbirom revoluciuri partiebis daintereseba gamoiwvia.

- 183 -

partiebis garkveulma nawilma moindoma am organos saSua-lebiT

sakuTari miznebis ganxorcieleba.

1906 wlis noemberSi policiis departamenti acnobebda

politikuri Zebnis adgilobriv ganyofilebebs: `TiTqmis yvela

revoluciurma partiam gadawyvita miiRos saqmiani monawileoba

winasaarCevno agitaciaSi, cdilobs saTaTbiros meSveobiT

miaRwios arsebuli saxelmwifo wyobis Secvlas. am mizniT qmnian

gansakuTrebul komisiebs arCevnebis gamo, specialuri

agitatorebi ewevian gaZlierebul muSaobas sasurveli pirebis

xmosnebad da SemdegSi saxelmwifo saTaTbiros wevrebad

gasayvanad.

dauyonebliv moaxdineT gegmazomieri Sinagani da gare

meTvalyureobis organizeba raTa: pirveli _ gamoarkvioT pirebi

vis xelSic aris Tavmoyrili masalebi arCevnebis Sesaxeb

socialist-revolucionerebis, social-demokratebis, glexTa

kavSirebis anu maTi, vinc ar uweven saTaTbiros arCevnebs

boikots; meore _ gamoarkvieT pirebi, visac upireben xmosnebad

da saTaTbiros wevrebad arCevas. miiReT yvela zoma aseTebis

gamosaaSkaraveblad, gansakuTrebiT bolos dasaxelebuli

pirebis. maTze gamoiyeneT sisxlis samarTlis Semdegi muxlebi

... mimarTeT mTeli ZalRone maTi swrafi likvidaciisken

(dasapatimreblad) da dasadanaSauleblad zemoT moyvanili

muxlebiT sasamarTlos gamomZieblebis meSveobiT, raTa aseT

pirebs movuspoT ufleba xmosnebad da Semdeg saTaTbiroSi

asarCevad. im pirebze vinc ewevian da xelmZRvaneloben

winasaarCevno agitacias, Tuki sasamarTloTi devnas ver

movaxdenT, unda formaluri an `oxrankis~ mokvleva

ganvaxorcieloT~ (412). sxvagvarad, rom vTqvaT yvelanairad unda

- 184 -

SeeSalaT xeli partiebis kandidatebis arCevnebSi

monawileobisaTvis. ise arc revolucionerebi ixevdnen ukan

gamoeyenebinaT Tavisi miznebis SesrulebisaTvis yvelanairi

saSualebebi. Tbilisis `oxrankis~ saqmeebSi aris agenturuli

cnobebi, rom social-demokratebma Secvales amomrCevelTa siaSi

monacemebi da gaiyvanes Tavisi warmomadgenlebi xmosnebad.

aRniSnulia aseve, rom winasaarCevno periodSi `miuxedavad

gaerTianebisa, menSevikebi axSoben bolSevikebs da ar aZleven

muSaobis (agitaciis) saSualebas~ (413).

I da II saxelmwifo saTaTbiros muSaobis gamocdilebam,

revoluciuri partiebis mier saTaTbiros tribunis gamoyenebam

propaganda-agitaciisaTvis aiZula xelisufleba daewyo

kompleqsuri kontrzomebis gatareba maTi legaluri da

aralegaluri saqmianobis winaaRmdeg. policiis departamentis

daintereseba am sakiTxiT imdenad didi iyo, rom am periodis

cirkularuli werilebis gadaxedvisas gvrCeba STabeWdileba,

rom igi politikurma policiam revoluciuri moZraobis

winaaRmdeg brZolis erT-erT umTavres mimarTulebad aqcia.

Tumca 1907 wlis dasawyisSi policiis departamentis direqtoris

gagzavnil depeSaSi politikuri Zebnis adgilobrivi

ganyofilebebisadmi gamoTqmulia aRSfoTeba, rom: `JandarmTa

sammarTveloebi da `oxrankis~ ganyofilebebi ifarglebian

mxolod informaciis SegrovebiT xmosnebze da saTaTbiros

kandidatebze revoluciuri partiebidan. ar iCenen araviTar

aqtiurobas sasamarTlo devnis warmoebisTvis miTiTebuli

kandidatebis winaaRmdeg. xelisuflebis interesebSi Semavali

amocana darCenilia Seusruleblad, cxadia imitom, rom

policiis departamentisgan miTiTebuli miznis winaaRmdeg arc

- 185 -

agentura, arc Zebnis sxva saSulebebi ar iqnen mimarTuli da

gamoyenebuli. daZabeT mTeli Zalebi mis Sesasruleblad~ (414).

zemoT dasaxelebuli mizezebis gamo policiis departamenti

iZulebuli gaxda ganeviTarebina, Seevso 1906-1907 wlebis

taqtikuri xazi. Cven SemTxveviT ar avRniSneT, rom azefis,

rogorc agentis SenarCunebis miuxedavad, ar moaxerxda

socialist-revolucionerebis teroris SeCereba. metic, rogorc

ukve vnaxeT revoluciuri partiebis centraluri komitetebis

akrZalvebis miuxedavad, maTi adgilobrivi komitetebi

TviTneburad, `Sinaurulad~ agrZelebdnen terors. politikuri

policiis Cinebis Ralatis, `oxrankis~ muSaobis meTodebis

gamJRavnebis gamo ki gaiSifra uamravi agenti. aseT situaciaSi

umTavresi aqcenti policiis departamentma gaakeTa partiebis

adgilobriv da centralur organizaciebSi agenturis

raodenobis gazrdaze, maT sastik dakonspirirebaze da am

agenturis meSveobiT aralegaluri organizaciebis marTvaze da

Semdgom maT legalizaciaze.

revoluciuri partiebis legalizeba 1907 wlis bolodan

iqca politikuri policiis erT-erT mTavar miznad, radgan 1905-

1907 wlebSi kargad gamoCnda, rom revoluciis yvelaze mkveTri

gamovlinebebi _ teroristuli aqtebi, eqspropriaciebi

xorcieldeboda swored aralegaluri partiebis mier. maTTvis

oficialuri saagitacio tribunis micemiT politikuri policia

fiqrobda SeZlebda revoluciis beladebis ambiciebis

dakmayofilebas da Seasustebda revolucionerebis mxridan

brZolis ukiduresi saSualebebis gamoyenebis momxreTa

poziciebs. magram, revoluciurma partiebma iswavles ara marto

konspiraciis kargi dacva, aramed is xerxebic, riTac maTi

- 186 -

saarCevno agitaciisaTvis SeiZleboda xeli SeeSala politikur

policias. bunebrivia, rom isini axerxebdnen Sesabamisi

kontrzomebis miRebas da gahyavdaT TavisTvis sasurveli

kandidatebi saxelmwifo saTaTbiroSi.

amitom, Tu politikuri policia adre cdilobda arCevnebSi

monawileobis saSualeba xelovnurad moespo revoluciuri

partiebisaTvis, 1907 wlis bolodan maT amis saSualebas aZlevda.

metic _ politikuri policiis adgilobrivi da centraluri

organoebi cdilobdnen arCeviT organoebSi gaeyvanaT Tavisi

agentebi. magaliTad, 1910 wlidan bolSevikebSi policiis

departamentis agents r. malinovskis (agenturuli metsaxelebiT

_ `partnoi~, `iqsi~) politikuri policiis Cinebma gauwies

daxmareba ara marto mieRo monawileoba IV saxelmwifo

saTaTbiros arCevnebSi, aramed gaemarjva kidec (415).

imis gamo, rom saxelmwifo saTaTbiroSi deputatebad arCeva

ar SeeZloT warsulSi nasamarTlev pirebs, politikuri

policiis daxmarebiT malinovskim mospo Tavisi kriminaluri

warsulis damadasturebeli dokumenti saerTo policiis

arqividan. mas 1902 wels Cadenili hqonda Zarcva. xolo rodesac

daupirispirda winasaarCevno agitaciis periodSi vinme krivovi

da malinovskis saTaTbiroSi arCevas safrTxe Seeqmna, es

winaaRmdegoba swrafad mospes _ TviT Sinagan saqmeTa ministris

piradi brZanebiT krivovi daapatimrebul iqna (416). malinovskiT

politikuri policiis aseTi daintereseba gamowveuli iyo

imitom, rom rogorc moskovis `oxrankis~ saidumlo

TanamSromeli `sidori~ (a.a. poliakovi, romelmac ar icoda ra

malinovski iyo policiis departamentis agent-TanamSromeli),

moaxsenebda xelmZRvanelobas: `malinovski cdilobs wamoayenos

- 187 -

Tavisi kandidatura guberniidan muSaTa kuriiT da aris

safuZveli, rom igi arCevnebs iolad Caatarebs, radgan

sargeblobs popularobiT muSaTa Soris~ (417).

$4. politikuri policiis taqtikuri xazi 1907-1908

wlebSi

politikuri policiis mier taqtikuri xazis Secvla

pirdapir kavSirSi iyo 1905-1907 wlebis revoluciis ganviTarebis

etapebTan. 1907 wlidan revoluciis ukan daxevasTan erTad axali

taqtikuri xazi iqna SemuSavebuli.

am droidan policiis departamenti Seecada saidumlo

TanamSromlebis meSveobiT moexdina revoluciuri

organizaciebis marTva. Tu adrindeli instruqciebis Tanaxmad

agentebi organizaciis saqmianobaSi pasiuri roliT unda

dakmayofiliyvnen, 1907 wlis oqtomberSi dagzavnili policiis

departamentis specialuri cirkulari mTlianad cvlida

arsebul mdgomareobas. amieridan `oxrankis~ ganyofilebis

ufrosebi movaleni iyvnen _ `esargeblaT gardamavali

mdgomareobiT da win waewiaT TanamSromlebi organizaciis

centrisken~ (418). agentebs neba darTes organizaciis

xelmZRvanelobaSi ndobis mopovebis mizniT mieRoT monawileoba

organizaciis mier ganxorcielebul teroristul aqtebSi, TviT

politikuri policiis maRali rangis Cinebis winaaRmdeg. @aseTi

pirebis siis saTaveSi idga im momentSi policiis departamentis

- 188 -

vice-direqtori p. kurlovi (419)?! cirkularSi miTiTebuli iyo

aseve revoluciuri organizaciebis im wevrebis dapatimrebis

(`mimoqcevidan amoRebis~) aucilebloba, vinc TanamSromlebs

xels uSlidnen ierarqiul winsvlaSi, an gaaCndaT masTan cudi

damokidebuleba. samagierod, agentis axloblebi partiul

garemoSi xeluxleblad unda daetovebinaT, daecvaT SemTxveviTi

dapatimrebebisagan. rogorc ki agent-TanamSromlebi daikavebdnen

organizaciaSi maRal Tanamdebobebs, maT unda `bunebrivad~

SeecvalaT pozicia. kerZod, dawinaurebul TanamSromlebs

evalebodaT, rodesac monawileobas miiRebdnen TaTbirebSi,

sxdomebSi, sadac ixileboda partiis moqmedebis strategia da

taqtika, gansxvavebiT adrindeli miTiTebebisa, `daecvaT

revoluciuri moZraobis yvelaze Semamsubuqebeli

mimarTulebebi~. es ideebi maT unda gaevrcelebinaT aseve `im

garemoSi, romelSic trialebdnen~ (420). am periodidan daiwyes

revoluciuri organizaciis im wevrebis dapatimreba, vinc

brZolis ukidures saSualebebs icavdnen da `piradi TvisebebiT~

gavlena hqondaT Tanamoazreebze. erT-erTi revolucioneris

mogonebaSi vkiTxulobT: `TbilisSi 1907 wlidan Cveni

organizacia sistematiurad `vardeboda~, daiwyeboda muSaoba,

moewyoboda kavSirebi muSebTan da provinciasTan, erTi wlis an

weliwadnaxevris Semdeg ... iWerdnen mxolod inteligentebs,

iSviaTad mowinave erT an or muSas. danarCenebi xuluxlebeli

rCebodnen ... cxadi iyo viRacis xeli muSaobda~ (421).

politikuri Zebnis adgilobriv organoebs daevalaT

gaemaxvilebinaT gansakuTrebuli yuradReba, rom ar momxdariyo

organizaciebis gaerTianeba msxvil jgufebad, kavSirTa

kavSirebad. ar daaxloebuliyo sxvadasxva fraqciebi, magaliTad,

- 189 -

menSevikebis da bolSevikebis. am mizniT agenturas unda eTamaSa

gamTiSveli roli. gaewia winaaRmdegoba gaerTianebis

momxreebisaTvis Sesabamisi argumentaciis moSveliebiT, an

ecnobebina maTze da isi-nic amoeRoT `mimoqcevidan~ _

daepatimrebinaT (422). ase, rom menSevikebis da bolSevikebis

mcdelobebs gaerTianebuliyvnen am periodidan ukve policiis

departamenti uSlida xels. metic _ menSevikebis da

bolSevikebis warmomadgenlebis erT-erT aseT sakonsultacio

Sexvedraze, roca ixileboda sakiTxi maTi partiebis SesaZlo

gaerTianebis Sesaxeb, orive warmomadgeneli sityvierad Tanaxma

iyo gaerTianebuliyvnen, magram orive ayenebda iseT pirobebs,

rom oponents eTqva pirvelad uari gaerTianebaze. Tu ratom, es

gairkva mxolod 1917 wlis Semdeg _ oriveni `oxrankis~ agentebi

aRmoCndnen (423).

amrigad, policiis departamentma moiwadina agenturis

meSveobiT moexdina revoluciuri partiebis manipulacia. maTi

aseTi mcdeloba kargad Cans bolSevikebTan dakavSirebiT. 1907

wels bolSevikebis mier Catarebuli helsingforsis

konferenciis Sesaxeb gagzavnil werilSi policiis

departamentma mosTxova `oxrankis~ adgilobrivi ganyofilebebis

ufrosebs, rom maT Tavisi agentebisTvis adgilobriv social-

demokratiul organizaciebSi daevalebinaT mxaris daWera:

`moazrovne social-demokratebis _ leninis xazisTvis, radgan

leninma da misma Tanamoazreebma konferenciaze uaryves teroris,

rogorc brZolis meTodis gamoyeneba. isini apireben SesTavazon

partias, saerTod gamoricxon azri SeiaraRebuli ajanyebis da

demokratiuli respublikis Seqmnis Sesaxeb~ (424). rodesac 1912

wlis ianvarSi leninis iniciativiT Seikriba social-

- 190 -

demokratebis `saerTorusuli konferencia~ policiis

departamentma ar gauwia winaaRmdegoba mis mowvevas, winaswar

icoda ra agenturis meSveobiT vis airCevdnen, raze iqneboda

saubari da aseve miiRo yvela zoma, rom bolSevikebis momxreebi

moxvedriliyvnen masze _ daapatimra sxva fraqciis

warmomadgenlebi (425).

bolSevikebis partiisadmi politikuri policiis aseTi

`simpatiuri~ damokidebuleba advilad ixsneba im wlebSi

policiis departamentis direqtoris beleckis sityvebiT:

`social-demokratebis partia sakmaod kargad iyo gaSuqebuli

agentebis da Zebnis organoebis mier~ (426). bolSevikebis

centralur organizaciebSi aqtiurad muSaobdnen politikuri

policiis agentebi: m. briandinski, ia. Jitomirski, i. krivovi, a.

romanovi, a. marakuSevi da sxvebi (427). maT ricxvSi Sedioda

aseve r. malinovskic, romelic bolSevikebidan meoTxe

saxelmwifo saTaTbiroSi deputatad iyo arCeuli. sxvaTa Soris

bolSevikebis da menSevikebis gaerTianebis cnobili

mowinaaRmdege.

amrigad, policiis departamentis axal taqtikur xazad 1907-

1908 wlebidan iqca revoluciuri organizaciebis marTva

partiul ierarqiaSi yvela SesaZlo saSualebiT dawinaurebuli

agenturis meSveobiT. swored maTi meSveobiT SeZlo

xelisuflebam revoluciuri moZraobis lokalizeba da Semdeg

Caqroba. amitom, 1908-1914 wlebSi revoluciuri partiebis

xelmZRvanelobaSi kvlav cdilobdnen Tavisi agenturis

`gayvanas~ _ 1907 wlis instruqciis moTxovnis Sesabamisad

`ramdenimesi TviToeulSi~. magaliTisTvis socialist-

federalisturi partiis moyvanac kmara, romelSic 1909-1910

- 191 -

wlebSi ori agenti `sluCaini~ da `dvarianina~ yavda Tbilisis

`oxrankas~ (428).

zemoaRniSnuli taqtikis Sedegi iyo isic, rom social-

demokratebma da socialist-federalistebma saqarTveloSi

daSales Tavisi mebrZoli druJinebi. socialist-federalistebis

III partiulma konferenciam Tavisi mebrZoli druJinis saqmianoba

partiisgan damoukideblad gamoacxada: `radgan misma wevrebma

Caidines iseTi aqtebi, romelsac kavSiri ar hqonda revoluciur

saqmianobasTan~ (429). cxadia, gaumarTlebel teroristul da

eqspropriaciul aqtebs wiTelrazmelebi adrec sCadiodnen da

maSin iTvleboda _ `xes Wrian nafotebi cviva~, magram ukve 1907

wlidan, agenturis mier aseTi saxis aqtebis Sexseneba partiis

wevrebisaTvis kidev erTi argumenti iyo teroristul

saqmianobaze uaris Tqmis sasargeblod. amasTan, agenturis

gavleniT moxda ra revoluciuri partiebis saqmianobis

legalizacia, iseve rogorc `oxrankis~ gamJRavnebuli agentebi

moisroles quCaSi maTma xelmZRvanelebma, uamravi wiTelrazmeli

teroristic upatronod iqna mitovebuli partiuli

organizaciebis mier. legalizebul partiebs mZime balastad

ewvnen sisxlSi gaTxvrili, diskreditirebuli teroristebi.

erTiani xelmZRvanelobis uqonlobis gamo daqsaqsuli

wiTelrazmelebi, maT rigebSi isedac sakmao raodenobiT myofi

kriminalebis da aTasgvari juris mitmasnili naZiralebis

gavleniT, gadaiqcnen Cveulebriv yaCaRebad.

yofili wiTelrazmelebis mier ganxorcielebuli

Tavdasxmebi 1908-1909 wlebSi moklebuli iyo yovelgvar ideur

safuZvels. am sens verc erovnuli suliT `gaJRenTili~

socialist-federalisturi partiis teroristebi gadaurCnen. 1909

- 192 -

wels socialist-federalisturi partiis cnobili teroristi,

duSeTis xazinis erT-erTi eqspropriatori (social-list-

federalistma terorist-eqspropriatorebma 1906 wels duSeTis

xazinidan gaitaces 315000 maneTi), k. kasraZe Tavis Zmas swerda _

`imisaTvis, rom kargi mosavali aviRo unda davicado ... mere ki

amerikisaken movusvam da ara iq.~ es werili Semonaxulia

`oxrankis~ saqmeebSi, sadac aRniSnulia, rom werilSi

sinamdvileSi laparakia eqspropriaciuli aqtis Cadenaze da k.

kasraZe xelSi Cagdebuli fuliT apirebda sazRvargareT

gaqcevas (430). rogorc saqmeSi arsebuli sxvadasxva monacemebis

analizidan Cans, igi daapatimres `oxrankis~ agentis informaciis

safuZvelze, raTa aRekveTaT am saxis danaSaulis Cadena. Tu k.

kasraZe sazRvargareT apirebda gaqcevas, social-demokratebis

mier mitovebuli teroristebis didi nawili tyeebs Seexizna da

iqidan eweoda yaCaRobas. maTi `ideurad mdgradi~ nawili

gadaixvewa iranSi da miiRo monawileoba iranis revoluciaSi.

sxvaTa Soris aseT revolucioners warmoadgenda ilias

mkvlelobaSi mTavari eWvmitanili g. berbiWaSvili.

aseTi mdgomareoba sufevda ruseTis imperiis mTel

teritoriaze. ge-nerali gerasimovi _ policiis departamentis

axali taqtikis SemmuSavebeli da damnergavi, droebiTi

mTavrobis sagamomZieblo komisias 1917 wels uCvenebda: `im dros

(1907-1908 wlebSi) anarqistuli organizaciebis saxiT arsebobda

mZarcveluri organizaciebi, romlebsac anarqizmTan araviTari

saerTo ar hqondaT. es iyo darRveuli revoluciuri

organizaciebi, romlebic Zarcvavdnen da klavdnen ... eseni iyvnen

darRveuli revoluciis naZirlebi~ (431).

- 193 -

revaz gabaSvilis mogonebebSi sakmaod kargad aris asaxuli

es procesi. erT SemTxvevaSi igi exeba ra `revoluciur

gadasaxadebs~ aRwers socialist-federalistebis `samxedro

razmis~ wevrebTan Sexvedras TbilisSi, romlebic fuls

krebdnen `komitetis~ davalebiT. maT Soris gaimarTa Semdegi

dialogi _ `rezo CvenTan unda wamoxvide, komitetisgan varT

gamogzavnili `saqmeze~…... es sxvanairi saintereso saqmea:

davalebuli gvaqvs vaWrebidan gadasaxadis akrefa ... ai, ramdeni

SevagroveT ... wamodi Senc geqnebao~ (432). meore SemTxvevaSi ki

ukve aseT daterorebul Tavis naTesav moxuc qalze gviambobs,

romelsac miuvida werili fulis moTxovniT, romelzec

`rogorc moda iyo maSin aseTi sasiamovno werilebisaTvis,

daxatuli iyo kubo da gadajvaredinebuli Zvlebi~. r. gabaSvili

gadmogvcems moxucis damaterorebel eqspropriatorebTan

dialogs. kiTxvaze _ visi davalebiT modixarT? upasuxes, rom

iyvnen gamogzavnili social-demokratiuli partiis komitetisgan.

Tumca CaZiebis Semdeg aRiares: `yofili wiTelrazmelebi varT ...

exla aRaravis vWirdebiT da quCaSi gvikres Tavi, aRar viciT, ra

vqnaT ... kviraobiT mSivrebi davdivarT, xom ar viglaxavebT?~

(433).

mefis xelisuflebam, ivarauda ra revoluciuri

organizaciebi veRar SeZlebdnen aqtiur antisaxelmwifoebriv

gamosvlebs, daiwyo warmoSobiT ugvaro, dabali fenebidan

wamoweuli politikuri policiis Cinebis samsaxuridan

ganTavisufleba. peterburgis `oxrankis~ ufrosi generali

gerasimovi aiZules daetovebina samsaxuri. ise, gerasimovs didad

ar unaRvlia. man misive sityvebiT, daiwyo birJaze sakmaod

warmatebuli TamaSi _ Cans politikur policiaSi yofnisas

- 194 -

blomad fuli iSova. maleve samsaxuridan wavida spiridoviCi _

mefis piradi saidumlo policiis ufrosi, mefeze ramodenime

teroristuli Tavdasxmis momzadebis aRmomCeni. rac Seexeba

gerasimovTan erTad politikuri policiis 1906 da 1907 wlebis

taqtikuri xazebis Tanaavtors, gamoCenil saxelmwifo moRvawe

stolipins, igi 1911 wels kievis TeatrSi mefis loJis gverdiT

myofi, mokla vinme bogrovma. am pirovnebis Sesaxeb dRemde ar

arsebobs dadasturebuli informacia _ zogierTi mkvlevaris

azriT is iyo `oxrankis~ agenti, zogic mas socialist-

revolucioner maqsimalistebis mier politikur policiaSi

Segzavnil revolucionerad Tvlis (434).

ai, ase scenidan wavidnen politikuri policiis is

warmomadgenlebi, vinc xelisuflebis revolucionerebze

gamarjvebas Seuwyes xeli. cxadia, arc xelisuflebas surda

revolucionerebTan brZolaSi gamocdili, sisxlSi gaTxvrili,

politikuri policiis sakmaod Wkviani da ambiciuri

warmomadgenlebis Tanamdebobebze datoveba. revolucia, xom

Caaqres.

bunebrivia, 1914 wlamde SedarebiTi simSvidis periodSi

politikuri policiis saqmianoba Zveleburi gziT midioda.

policiis departamentis SexedulebiT, partiebSi Segzavnili

agenturis meSveobiT revoluciur banakSi mimdinare movlenebis

saqmis kursSi droulad dgebodnen da darwmunebuli iyvnen

revolucias uflebas ar miscemdnen gamoeRviZa. magram,

politikuri policiis xelmZRvanelobas 1905-1907 wlebis

revolucia ar gamoadga magaliTad da ar SeimuSava araviTari

samoqmedo gegma sarezervos saxiT qveyanaSi masobrivi

areulobebis dawyebis SemTxvevaSi.

- 195 -

Tumca, politikur policias, Cans Wkviani xalxic hyavda.

1917 wlis 26-27 TebervaliT daTariRebul moskovis `oxrankis~

erT-erTi ukanaskneli saqmis Tavfurcelze aseTi Canaweria:

Zveli reJimis bolo dReebi (435).

P.S.

wignSi gamoyenebul masalaze muSaobisas uamravi adamianis

biografias gavecani: profesionali revolucionerebi,

teroristebi, policiis dabali da maRali Cinebi, agentebi.

maTgan piradad Cemze yvelaze didi STabeWdileba samma adamianma

moaxdina:

lukasinskim _ polonuri patriotuli organizaciis wevrma,

romelmac 46 weli (1822-1868) martom gaatara butirkis cixis

sakanSi, sadac urTierToba hqonda mxolod cixis

zedamxedvelebTan. man pirvel Semxvedr patimars (1867 weli),

amdeni wlis martod yofnis Semdeg pirvelad sami SekiTxva

dausva: romeli welia? vin aris poloneTSi? ra xdeba

poloneTSi?

bakuninma _ cnobilma anarqistma, romelic cixeSi mjdomi

werda: `saSineli ram aris samudamo patimroba. gaataro cxovreba

miznis, interesis, imedis gareSe. roca yoveldRe eubnebi Sens

Tavs dRes me gavsuleldi, da xval gavxdebi ufro suleli.~

da i. kaliaevma _ socialist-revolucionerebis `sabrZolo

organizaciis~ teroristma, mefis biZis didi Tavadis sergei

aleqsandres Zis mkvlelma. sikvdiliT dasjis wina dRes

daweril mis avtobiografiaSi vkiTxulobT: `mamaCemi msaxurobda

ubnis zedamxedvelad varSavis policiaSi ... is iyo patiosani

adamiani, ar iRebda qrTamebs da amitom Zalian gaWirvebulad

- 196 -

vcxovrobdiT. Cemi Zmebidan mxolod me SevZeli universitetSi

Sesvla. me mjeroda Cemi Zalebis, miviswrafodi umaRlesi

ganaTlebis misaRebad da mqonda survili vyofiliyavi patiosani

sazogadoebrivi moRvawe. 1899 wlis sankt-peterburgis

universitetis studentur gaficvaSi monawileobis gamo

gamricxes universitetidan. es iyo saSineli dartyma CemTvis,

romelmac sabolood gansazRvra Cemi bedi.~ misi bedi ki

cnobilia. am sityvebis daweris meore dRes igi sikvdiliT

dasajes _ CamoaxrCes.

ai ase, universitetis Tu policiis romeliRac Cinovnikis

daufiqrebeli saqcielis gamo ruseTis imperias gauCnda kidev

erTi `cxovrebis Cveulebrivi ritmidan amovardnili~ adamiani,

romlis `siZulvilSi gamowrToba arsebuli xelisuflebisadmi~

profesional revolucionerebs namdvilad ar gauWirdaT da

romelmac gansxvavebiT revoluciis aristokratebisgan Zalian

axalgazrdam daamTavra Tavisi sicocxle `naTeli miznis,

interesis da imedis gareSe.~

da bolos _ rogorc zemoT vnaxeT teroristebi da

agentebi, gulwrfeli revolucionerebi da politikuri

policiis erTguli Cinebi saboloo jamSi gamoiyenes da

moiSores maTma patronebma. da dRevandeli gadasaxedidan Cvens

mier ganvlili bolo aTwleulis analizis safuZvelze unda

daveTanxmoT karl marqsis sityvebs: mizani romlis misaRwevad

saWiroa uRirsi saSualebebi, ar aris swori mizani.

- 197 -

gamoyenebuli literaturis sia

1. П.В. Оржеховский «Самодержавие против революционной России»

(1826 – 1880) Москва 1982г. л. 153

2. П.В. Оржеховский «Самодержавие против революционной России»

(1826 – 1880) Москва 1982г. л. 160

3. П.В. Оржеховский «Самодержавие против революционной России»

(1826 – 1880) Москва 1982г. л. 161

4. П.В. Оржеховский «Самодержавие против революционной России»

(1826 – 1880) Москва 1982г. л. 55

5. «Падение царского режима» Ленинград. Том I 1925г. л. 490

6. Н.П. Ерошкин «История государственных учреждений

дореволюционной России» Москва 1983г. л. 209

7. «Падение царского режима» Ленинград. Том III 1925г. л. 145

8. Н.П. Ерошкин «История государственных учреждений

дореволюционной России» Москва 1983г. л. 209

9. saqarTvelos centraluri istoriuli arqivi, fondi 153, aRwera 2, saqme 134, furceli 4

10. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 472 furc. 5

11. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 1073 furc. 5

12. scia f. 83 aR. 1. saq. 166 furc. 37

13. scia f. 153 aR. 2. saq. 224 furc. 71 14. scia f. 83 aR. 1. saq. 166 furc. 45

15. П.В. Оржеховский «Самодержавие против революционной России»

(1826 – 1880) Москва 1982г. л. 153 – 154

16. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 134 furc. 53 17. А.А. Лопухин «Изь Итоговь Служебнаго опыта» Москва 1907г. л. 26

18. А.А. Лопухин «Изь Итоговь Служебнаго опыта» М. 1907г. л. 27

19. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 32 furc. 9

20. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 32 furc. 82

21. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 37 furc. 104

22. А.А. Лопухин «Изь Итоговь Служебнаго опыта» М. 1907г. л. 19

23. scia f. 156 aR. 2. saq. 1 furc. 102

24. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 39 furc. 58

25. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 39 furc. 48

26. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 134 furc. 4

27. П.В. Оржеховский «Самодержавие против революционной России»

(1826 – 1880) Москва 1982г. л. 158

28. scia f. 156 aR. 1. saq. 3 furc. 62

29. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 344 furc. 1

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30. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 134 furc. 11

31. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 134 furc. 6

32. scia f. 156 aR. 2. saq. 3 furc. 56

33. scia f. 156 aR. 2. saq. 3 furc. 75

34. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 3326 furc. 1

35. scia f. 156 aR. 2. saq. 1 furc. 175

36. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 37 furc. 36

37. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 37 furc. 36

38. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 37 furc. 48

39. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 37 furc. 76

40. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 37 furc. 37

41. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 39 furc. 35

42. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 39 furc. 46

43. scia f. 156 aR. 2. saq. 1 furc. 127

44. `revoluciis mateane~ (Jurnali) #5 1923w. f. 90

45. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 39 furc. 101 46. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 39 furc. 45

47. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 236 furc. 31-35

48. n. nikolaZe `mogonebebi~. Tbilisi 1984w. gv. 161 49. f. maxaraZe `1905 weli amierkavkasiaSi~ Tbilisi 1926w. gv.

24 50. g. giorgaZe `sazogadoebrivi urTierToba saqarTveloSi~

(1864-1905) Tbilisi 1928w. gv. 213 51. f. maxaraZe `1905 weli amierkavkasiaSi~ Tb. 1926w. gv. 53 52. f. maxaraZe `1905 weli amierkavkasiaSi~ Tb. 1926w. gv. 54 53. z. SveliZe `revoluciuri organizacia `Tavisuflebis

liga~ Tbilisi 1969w. gv. 47 54. `revoluciis mateane~ Tb. 1923w. #2 gv. 96

55. z. SveliZe `revoluciuri organizacia `Tavisuflebis liga~ Tb. 1969w. gv. 90

56. g. giorgaZe `TviTmpyrobeloba da revolucia~ Tbilisi 1929w. tomi I gv. 101

57. a. bendianiSvili `erovnuli sakiTxi saqarTveloSi~ (1801-1921) Tb. 1980w. gv. 163

58. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 3202 furc. 1 59. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 318 furc. 176

60. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 318 furc. 72

61. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 318 furc. 72

62. «Былое» (журнал посвященный истории освободительного движения)

Петроград 1917г. №2 л. 194

- 199 -

63. А.И. Спиридовичь «Партия Социалистов – революционеров и Ея

предшественники» (1886 - 1916) Петроград 1918г. л. 25 64. `revoluciis mateane~ Tb. 1924w. #4-5 gv. 124 65. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 37 furc. 36 66. «Былое» Петроград 1917г. №2 л. 194 67. g. Jvania `amierkavkasiis bolSevikuri beWdviTi sityva

ruseTis pirveli revoluciis win da revoluciis periodSi~ Tb. 1984w. gv. 24

68. `1905-1907 wlebis revolucia saqarTveloSi~ (krebuli) Tb. 1955w. gv. 93

69. n. Jordania `Cemi warsuli~ Tb. 1990w. gv. 36 70. «Революционное движение 1860-х годов» (Сборник) Москва 1932г. л.

169-17 71. «Былое» Петроград 1917г. №2 л. 177 72. В.В. Витюк, С.А. Эфиров « «Левый» терроризм на западе: история и

современность» М. 1987г. л. 43 73. В.В. Витюк, С.А. Эфиров « «Левый» терроризм на западе: история и

современность» М. 1987г. л. 86 74. А.И. Спиридовичь «Партия Социалистов – революционеров и Ея

предшественники» (1886 - 1916) П. 1918г. л. 121 75. А.И. Спиридовичь «Партия Социалистов – революционеров и Ея

предшественники» (1886 - 1916) П. 1918г. л. 126 76. П.В. Оржеховский «Самодержавие против революционной России»

(1826 – 1880) Москва 1982г. л. 135

77. Б. Николаевский «История одного предателя» Москва 1991г. л. 45 78. Б. Николаевский «История одного предателя» М. 1991г. л. 45 79. «Былое» Петроград 1917г. №2 л. 195 80. Вл. Бурцев «В погоне за провокаторами» М. 1989г. л. 41 81. Б. Николаевский «История одного предателя» М. 1991г. л. 45 82. Вл. Бурцев «В погоне за провокаторами» М. 1989г. л. 41 83. Б. Николаевский «История одного предателя» М. 1991г. л. 46 84. `revoluciis mateane~ Tb. 1923w. #2 gv. 218 85. `1905-1907 wlebis revolucia saqarTveloSi~ (krebuli)

Tbilisi 1955w. gv. 182 86. `revoluciis mateane~ Tb. 1923w. #5 gv. 182 87. i. varTagava `mogonebebi~ Tbilisi 1962w. gv. 69 88. s. fircxalava `mogonebaTa furclebi~ Tb. 1988w. gv. 110 89. «Былое» Петроград 1917г. №2 л. 189 90. «Былое» Петроград 1917г. №2 л. 203 91. Б. Николаевский «История одного предателя» М. 1991г. л. 30 92. `revoluciis mateane~ Tb. 1924w. #4-5 gv. 124

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93. А.И. Спиридовичь «Партия Социалистов – революционеров и Ея

предшественники» (1886 - 1916) П. 1918г. л. 115 94. «Падение Царского режима» Л. Том III 1925г. л. 214 95. «Голос Минувшего» (журнал) М. 1917г. №9-10 л. 252 96. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 65 furc. 27

97. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 39 furc. 19

98. scia f. 156 aR. 2. saq. 1 furc. 164

99. scia f. 156 aR. 2. saq. 1 furc. 165

100. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 37 furc. 113 101. «Падение Царского режима» Л. Том III 1925г. л. 258 102. «Падение Царского режима» Л. Том III 1925г. л. 145 103. «Падение Царского режима» Л. Том III 1925г. л. 141 104. scia f. 156 aR. 2. saq. 1 furc. 163 105. «Голос Минувшего» (журнал) М. 1917г. №9-10 л. 252 106. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 65 furc. 19 107. «Преподование Истории в школе» (журнал) Москва 1966г. №1

статья Н.П. Эрошкина «Россия под Надзором» л. 99 108. «Падение Царского режима» М. Том III 1925г. л. 154 109. «Преподавание Истории в школе» М. 1966г. л. 92 110. Д.И. Шинджикашвили «Сыскная полиция в царской России в

перед Империализма» Омск 1973г. л. 34 111. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 37 furc. 477

112. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 1092 furc. 182-185

113. «Падение Царского режима» М. Том III 1925г. л. 271 114. Д.И. Шинджикашвили «Сыскная полиция в царской России в перед

Империализма» Омск 1973г. л. 49 115. `revoluciis mateane~ Tb. 1924w. #4-5 gv. 189 116. «Голос Минувшего» М. 1917г. №9-10 л. 281-282 117. «Былое» Петроград 1917г. №2 л. 257 118. В. Жухрай «Тайны Царской Охранки: авантюристы и провокаторы»

Москва 1991г. л. 281 119. В. Жухрай «Тайны Царской Охранки: авантюристы и провокаторы» М.

1991г. л. 15 120. П. Павлов «Агенты, Жандармы, Палачи» Петроград 1922г. л. 35 121. Вл. Бурцев «В погоне за провокаторами» М. 1989г. л. 86 122. «Падение Царского режима» Л. Том III 1925г. л. 271 123. «Голос Минувшего» М. 1917г. №9-10 л. 281-290 124. «Падение Царского режима» Л. Том III 1925г. л. 144 125. «Падение Царского режима» Л. Том I л. XV 126. «Голос Минувшего» М. 1917г. №9-10 л. 285 127. «Былое» Петроград 1917г. №2 л. 258-259 128. «Голос Минувшего» М. 1917г. №9-10 л. 286

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129. scia f. 95 aR. 1. saq. 92 furc. 16

130. Б. Николаевский «История одного предателя» М. 1991г. л. 169 131. «Голос Минувшего» М. 1917г. №9-10 л. 297 132. П. Павлов «Агенты, Жандармы, Палачи» Петроград 1922г. л. 18 133. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 1092 furc. 182-185

134. «Голос Минувшего» М. 1917г. №9-10 л. 283 135. П. Павлов «Агенты, Жандармы, Палачи» Петроград 1922г. л. 18 136. П. Павлов «агенты, Жандармы, Палачи» Петроград 1922г. л. 10 137. «Голос Минувшего» М. 1917г. №9-10 л. 285 138. «Голос Минувшего» М. 1917г. №9-10 л. 285 139. «Голос Минувшего» М. 1917г. №9-10 л. 285 140. scia f. 95 aR. 1. saq. 18 furc. 97

141. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 65 furc. 75

142. «Голос Минувшего» М. 1917г. №9-10 л. 286 143. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 65 furc. 75

144. scia f. 95 aR. 1. saq. 19 furc. 1

145. scia f. 95 aR. 1. saq. 1 furc. 13

146. «Былое» Петроград 1917г. №3 л. 197 147. П. Курлов «Конец Русского Царизма» Москва 1923г. л. 123 148. В. Жухрай «Тайны Царской Охранки: авантюристы и провокаторы» М.

1991г. л. 278 149. scia f. 95 aR. 1. saq. 13 furc. 1

150. scia f. 95 aR. 1. saq. 19 furc. 1-16

151. `dabruneba~ (revaz gabaSvili, valodia goguaZe - mogonebebi) Tbilisi 1992w. gv. 405

152. scia f. 95 aR. 1. saq. 17 furc. 142

153. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 65 furc. 78

154. `revoluciis mateane~ Tb. 1922w. #2 gv. 233 155. «Былое» Петроград 1917г. №2 л. 234 156. «Голос Минувшего» М. 1917г. №9-10 л. 302 157. П. Павлов «Агенты, Жандармы, Палачи» Петроград 1922г. л. 6 158. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 1 furc. 82

159. «Голос Минувшего» М. 1917г. №9-10 л. 266 160. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 65 furc. 77 161. «Падение Царского режима» Л. Том III 1925г. л. 271 162. «Падение Царского режима» Л. Том III 1925г. л. 330 163. В. Жухрай «Тайны Царской Охранки: авантюристы и провокаторы» М.

1991г. л. 6 164. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. furc. 3427

165. scia f. 95 aR. 1. saq. 73 furc. 17

166. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 7 furc. 95

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167. scia f. 95 aR. 1. saq. 73 furc. 17

168. «Былое» Петроград 1917г. №2 л. 246 169. scia f. 95 aR. 1. saq. 66 furc. 12

170. Д.И. Шинджикашвили «Сыскная полиция в царской России в перед

Империализма» Омск 1973г. л. 44 171. scia f. 95 aR. 1. saq. 66 furc. 117-118

172. В. Жухрай «Тайны Царской Охранки: авантюристы и провокаторы» М.

1991г. л. 139 173. scia f. 94 aR. 1. saq. 1 furc. 176 174. «Былое» Петроград 1917г. №3 л. 111-112 175. scia f. 95 aR. 1. saq. 7 furc. 26 176. scia f. 95 aR. 1. saq. 33 furc. 98 177. scia f. 95 aR. 1. saq. 19 furc. 7 178. «Голос Минувшего» М. 1917г. №9-10 л. 287 179. Вл. Бурцев «В погоне за провокаторами» М. 1989г. л. 160 180. `revoluciis mateane~ Tb. 1923w. #4-5 gv. 200 181. scia f. 95 aR. 1. saq. 18 furc. 1-10 182. scia f. 156 aR. 1. saq. 65 furc. 96 183. В. Жухрай «Тайны Царской Охранки: авантюристы и провокаторы» М.

1991г. л. 282 184. `revoluciis mateane~ Tb. 1923w. #3 gv. 131 185. П. Павлов «Агенты, Жандармы, Палачи» Петроград 1922г. л. 7 186. scia f. 156 aR. 2. saq. 1 furc. 166 187. П. Павлов «Агенты, Жандармы, Палачи» Петроград 1922г. л. 11 188. `revoluciis mateane~ Tb. 1924w. #4-5 gv. 65 189. scia f. 95 aR. 1. saq. 19 furc. 16 190. «Голос Минувшего» М. 1917г. №9-10 л. 284 191. «Падение Царского режима» Л. Том III 1925г. л. 263 192. «Падение Царского режима» Л. Том III 1925г. л. 278 193. «Падение Царского режима» Л. Том III 1925г. л. 154 194. scia f. 95 aR. 1. saq. 17 furc. 1-3

195. «Былое» Петроград 1917г. №2 л. 239

196. scia f. 95 aR. 1. saq. 17 furc. 149

197. scia f. 95 aR. 1. saq. 17 furc. 221

198. scia f. 95 aR. 1. saq. 17 furc. 217

199. ̀ revoluciis mateane~ Tb. 1924w. #4-5 gv. 122

200. «Былое» Петроград 1917г. №2 л. 232

201. scia f. 95 aR. 1. saq. 66 furc. 65

202. ̀ revoluciis mateane~ Tb. 1924w. #4-5 gv. 191

203. «Былое» Петроград 1917г. №2 л. 252

204. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 37 furc. 85

- 203 -

205. Б. Николаевский «История одного предателя» М. 1991г. л. 11

206. «Былое» Петроград 1917г. №2 л. 124

207. Д.И. Шинджикашвили «Сыскная полиция в царской России в перед

Империализма» Омск 1973г. л. 33 208. scia f. 156 aR. 2. saq. 1 furc. 163

209. «Былое» Петроград 1917г. №3 л. 44-45

210. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 65 furc. 2

211. scia f. 156 aR. 1. saq. 65 furc. 26

212. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 65 furc. 28

213. «Былое» Петроград 1917г. №3 л. 60

214. «Былое» Петроград 1917г. №3 л. 60-61

215. scia f. 156 aR. 2. saq. 65 furc. 26

216. scia f. 95 aR. 1. saq. 78 furc. 1

217. scia f. 95 aR. 1. saq. 16 furc. 25

218. «Голос Минувшего» М. 1917г. №9-10 л. 253

219. scia f. 95 aR. 1. saq. 78 furc. 1

220. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 109 furc. 183

221. «Былое» Петроград 1917г. №3 л. 55

222. ̀ saqarTvelos respublika~ (gazeTi) 2001 wlis 8 ivlisi #166-167

223. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 65 furc. 28

224. «Голос Минувшего» М. 1917г. №9-10 л. 263

225. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 65 furc. 76

226. «Голос Минувшего» М. 1917г. №9-10 л. 263

227. «Голос Минувшего» М. 1917г. №9-10 л. 258

228. scia f. 156 aR. 1. saq. 5 furc. 7

229. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 65 furc. 69

230. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 65 furc. 16

231. scia f. 94 aR. 1. saq. 110 furc. 1

232. scia f. 94 aR. 1. saq. 110 furc. 22

233. scia f. 94 aR. 1. saq. 110 furc. 49

234. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 65 furc. 77

235. Д.И. Шинджикашвили «Сыскная полиция в царской России в перед

Империализма» Омск 1973г. л. 33 236. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 65 furc. 27

237. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 65 furc. 75

238. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 65 furc. 75

239. «Былое» Петроград 1917г. №3 л. 55

240. Б. Николаевский «История одного предателя» М. 1991г. л. 49

241. В. Жухрай «Тайны Царской Охранки: авантюристы и провокаторы» М.

1991г. л. 259

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242. Б. Николаевский «История одного предателя» М. 1991г. л. 179

243. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 65 furc. 16

244. «Падение Царского режима» Л. Том III 1925г. л. 261 245. scia f. 13 aR. 27. saq. 65 furc. 50

246. scia f. 95 aR. 1. saq. 9 furc. 337

247. scia f. 95 aR. 9. saq. 9 furc. 221

248. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 37 furc. 36

249. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 38 furc. 6-23

250. scia f. 94 aR. 1. saq. 5 furc. 28

251. scia f. 156 aR. 2. saq. 3 furc. 56

252. П. Павлов «Агенты, Жандармы, Палачи» Петроград 1922г. л. 17 253. «Голос Минувшего» М. 1917г. №9-10 л. 283

254. ̀ revoluciis mateane~ Tb. 1923. #3 gv. 352

255. i. xuciSvili `1905-1907 wlebis revolucia saqarTveloSi~ Tbilisi 1955w. gv. 263

256. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 37 furc. 80

257. «Былое» Петроград 1917г. №2 л. 210

258. scia f. 94 aR. 1. saq. 14 furc. 30-36

259. «Былое» Петроград 1917г. №3 л. 51-52

260. «Преподавание Истории в школе» М. 1966г. л. 95 261. «Голос Минувшего» М. 1917г. №9-10 л. 223

262. «Голос Минувшего» М. 1917г. №9-10 л. 301

263. Б. Николаевский «История одного предателя» М. 1991г. л. 29

264. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 3216 furc. 8

265. «Падение Царского режима» Л. 1925г. л. 158

266. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 37 furc. 363

267. S. rado `doras fsevdonimiT~ (sabWoTa mzveravis mogonebebi) baTumi 1978w. gv. 191

268. scia f. 94 aR. 1. saq. 2 furc. 67

269. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 37 furc. 369

270. scia f. 95 aR. 1. saq. 13 furc. 125-130

271. scia f. 95 aR. 1. saq. 13 furc. 131

272. scia f. 95 aR. 1. saq. 37 furc. 93

273. scia f. 156 aR. 2. saq. 2 furc. 259

274. scia f. 156 aR. 1. saq. 1 furc. 185

275. «Голос Минувшего» М. 1917г. №9-10 л. 259

276. ̀ revoluciis mateane~ Tb. 1923. #4 gv. 65

277. Д.И. Шинджикашвили «Сыскная полиция в царской России в перед

Империализма» Омск 1973г. л. 30 278. «Голос Минувшего» М. 1917г. №9-10 л. 267

279. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 885 furc. 75

- 205 -

280. Д.И. Шинджикашвили «Сыскная полиция в царской России в перед

Империализма» Омск 1973г. л. 31 281. «Голос Минувшего» М. 1917г. №9-10 л. 268

282. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 37 furc. 372

283. scia f. 95 aR. 1. saq. 6 furc. 8

284. scia f. 95 aR. 1. saq. 42 furc. 306

285. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 37 furc. 379

286. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 3267 furc. 1

287. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 3267 furc. 101

288. «Голос Минувшего» М. 1917г. №9-10 л. 274

289. «Голос Минувшего» М. 1917г. №9-10 л. 276

290. scia f. 95 aR. 1. saq. 9 furc. 81

291. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 37 furc. 100

292. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 1092 furc. 184

293. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 37 furc. 181

294. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 37 furc. 113-114

295. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 65 furc. 77

296. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 38 furc. 49

297. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 236 furc. 31

298. А.А. Лопухин «Изь Итоговь Служебнаго опыта» М. 1907г. л. 38

299. «Голос Минувшего» М. 1917г. №9-10 л. 195

300. scia f. 83 aR. 1. saq. 5 furc. 20

301. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 626 furc. 273

302. scia f. 94 aR. 1. saq. 1 furc. 184

303. scia f. 94 aR. 1. saq. 4 furc. 10

304. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 3216 furc. 4

305. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 37 furc. 638

306. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 31 furc. 1

307. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 114 furc. 6

308. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 5 furc. 2

309. scia f. 156 aR. 1. saq. 1 furc. 258

310. scia f. 83 aR. 1. saq. 31 furc. 42

311. scia f. 83 aR. 1. saq. 114 furc. 56

312. scia f. 83 aR. 1. saq. 114 furc. 40

313. scia f. 94 aR. 1. saq. 1 furc. 111

314. scia f. 94 aR. 1. saq. 6 furc. 31

315. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 65 furc. 19

316. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 39 furc. 48

317. scia f. 156 aR. 1. saq. 2 furc. 17

318. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 39 furc. 58

- 206 -

319. scia f. 156 aR. 1. saq. 2 furc. 17

320. scia f. 13 aR. 27. saq. 47 furc. 16

321. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 36 furc. 41

322. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 39 furc. 49

323. Н.П. Ерошкин «История государственных учреждений

дореволюционной России» Москва 1983г. л. 239

324. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 38 furc. 10

325. scia f. 84 aR. 1. saq. 5 furc. 5

326. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 38 furc. 10

327. А.А. Лопухин «Изь Итоговь Служебнаго опыта» М. 1907г. л. 22

328. Н.П. Ерошкин «История государственных учреждений

дореволюционной России» Москва 1983г. л. 239

329. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 38 furc. 32

330. scia f. 83 aR. 1. saq. 5 furc. 5

331. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 39 furc. 82

332. scia f. 13 aR. 27. saq. 59 furc. 36

333. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 1092 furc. 286

334. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 1092 furc. 272

335. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 1092 furc. 282

336. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 1092 furc. 262

337. П. Курлов «Конец Русского Царизма» М. 1923г. л. 111

338. «Падение Царского режима» Л. Том III 1925г. л. 373

339. «Былое» Петроград 1917г. №2 л. 133

340. «Падение Царского режима» Л. Том I 1925г. л. 359

341. ̀ revoluciis mateane~ Tb. 1924. #1 gv. 214

342. «Падение Царского режима» Л. Том III 1925г. л. 372

343. Б. Николаевский «История одного предателя» М. 1991г. л. 14

344. «Голос Минувшего» М. 1917г. №9-10 л. 227

345. Б. Николаевский «История одного предателя» М. 1991г. л. 61

346. Б. Николаевский «История одного предателя» М. 1991г. л. 46

347. ̀ revoluciis mateane~ Tb. 1924. #4-5 gv. 105

348. «Былое» Петроград 1917г. №2 л. 100

349. f. maxaraZe `1905 weli amierkavkasiaSi~ Tb. 1926w. gv. 326

350. «Знание Сила» (журнал) М. 1990г. л. 8 351. n. Jordania `Cemi warsuli~ Tb. 1990w. gv. 49 352. scia f. 94 aR. 2. saq. 2 furc. 143

353. scia f. 94 aR. 1. saq. 5 furc. 10

354. scia f. 13 aR. 27. saq. 5113 furc. 8

355. scia f. 13 aR. 27. saq. 5281 furc. 4

356. А. И. Спиридович «Партия Социалистов-Революционеров и Ея

Предшественники» (1886-1916) П. 1916г. л. 298

- 207 -

357. n. Jordania `Cemi warsuli~ Tb. 1990w. gv. 55

358. ̀ revoluciis mateane~ Tb. 1923. #4 gv. 56

359. ̀ revoluciis mateane~ Tb. 1923. #4 gv. 59

360. n. Jordania `Cemi warsuli~ Tb. 1990w. gv. 55

361. ̀ revoluciis mateane~ Tb. 1923. #4 gv. 57

362. n. Jordania `Cemi warsuli~ Tb. 1990w. gv. 56

363. ̀ revoluciis mateane~ Tb. 1923. #4 gv. 56

364. ̀ revoluciis mateane~ Tb. 1923. #4 gv. 61

365. ̀ revoluciis mateane~ Tb. 1923. #4 gv. 62

366. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 98 furc. 44

367. «Падение Царского режима» Л. Том III 1925г. л. 147

368. scia f. 95 aR. 1. saq. 73 furc. 10

369. «Падение Царского режима» Л. Том III 1925г. л. 148

370. scia f. 13 aR. 27. saq. 5113 furc. 2

371. f. maxaraZe `1905 weli amierkavkasiaSi~ Tb. 1926w. gv. 324

372. В. Жухрай «Тайны Царской Охранки: авантюристы и

провокаторы» М. 1991г. л. 282

373. М. А. Смирнов «О Вячеславе Менжицком» (Воспоминание, очерки,

статьи) Москва 1985г. л. 25

374. В. И. Ленин. Полн. собр. соч. Том VI с. 112

375. ̀ revoluciis mateane~ Tb. 1923. #5 gv. 182

376. ̀ revoluciis mateane~ Tb. 1924. #1 gv. 321

377. scia f. 95 aR. 1. saq. 9 furc. 342

378. В. Жухрай «Тайны Царской Охранки: авантюристы и провокаторы» М.

1991г. л. 71

379. scia f. 95 aR. 1. saq. 9 furc. 5

380. «Былое» Петроград 1917г. №3 л. 93

381. «Былое» Петроград 1917г. №3 л. 92

382. «Былое» Петроград 1917г. №3 л. 78

383. «Былое» Петроград 1917г. №3 л. 116

384. Б. Николаевский «История одного предателя» М. 1991г. л. 176

385. Вл. Бурцев «В погоне за провокаторами» М. 1989г. л. 135 386. А. И. Спиридович «Партия Социалистов-Революционеров и Ея

Предшественники» (1886-1916) П. 1918г. л. 296

387. «В. И. Ленин о революции 1905 – 1907гг.» (Сборник) Москва 1984г. л.

251

388. «В. И. Ленин о революции 1905 – 1907гг.» (Сборник) Москва 1984г. л.

252

389. `revoluciis mateane~ Tb. 1923. #4 gv. 59, `saxalxo ganaTleba~ 07.06.1990w. e. goguaZe, `saidumlo seroba sofel baxvSi `Tavad ilia grigolis Ze WavWavaZis mosakvdineblad~

- 208 -

390. scia f. 95 aR. 1. saq. 33 furc. 79

391. scia f. 94 aR. 1. saq. 2 furc. 122

392. scia f. 94 aR. 1. saq. 70 furc. 2

393. `saxalxo ganaTleba~ 04.10.1990w. S. badriZe, `wiwamuris tragediis gamocanebi~

394. p. guguSvili `ilia WavWavaZis mkvleloba~ Tb. 1938w. gv. 27 395. scia f. 116 aR. 1. saq. 1042 furc. 148

396. «В. И. Ленин о революции 1905 – 1907гг.» Москва 1984г. л. 253 397. n. xizanaSvili `rCeuli iuridiuli nawerebi~ (krebuli)

Tbilisi 1981w. gv. 618 398. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 994 furc. 253

399. scia f. 94 aR. 1. saq. 70 furc. 2

400. g. Jvania `amierkavkasiis bolSevikuri beWdviTi sityva ruseTis pirveli revoluciis win da revoluciis periodSi~ Tb. 1984w. gv. 151

401. «В. И. Ленин о революции 1905 – 1907гг.» Москва 1984г. л. 251 402. d. SveliZe `federalistebi~ Tb. 1993w. gv. 158 403. А. И. Спиридович «Партия Социалистов-Революционеров и Ея

Предшественники» (1886-1916) П. 1918г. л. 121

404. scia f. 95 aR. 1. saq. 22 furc. 16

405. scia f. 95 aR. 1. saq. 27 furc. 47

406. scia f. 95 aR. 1. saq. 27 furc. 47

407. Вл. Бурцев «В погоне за провокаторами» М. 1989г. л. 146 408. scia f. 151 aR. 1. saq. 5 furc. 20

409. В. Жухрай «Тайны Царской Охранки: авантюристы и провокаторы» М.

1991г. л. 38

410. Б. Николаевский «История одного предателя» М. 1991г. л. 279

411. А. И. Спиридович «Партия Социалистов-Революционеров и Ея

Предшественники» (1886-1916) П. 1918г. л. 313

412. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 37 furc. 324

413. scia f. 95 aR. 1. saq. 9 furc. 289

414. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 37 furc. 336

415. В. Жухрай «Тайны Царской Охранки: авантюристы и провокаторы» М.

1991г. л. 285

416. В. Жухрай «Тайны Царской Охранки: авантюристы и провокаторы» М.

1991г. л. 286

417. В. Жухрай «Тайны Царской Охранки: авантюристы и провокаторы» М.

1991г. л. 287

418. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 98 furc. 44

419. П. Курлов «Конец Русского Царизма» М. 1923г. л. 5

420. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 37 furc. 477

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421. ̀ revoluciis mateane~ Tb. 1924. #1 gv. 233

422. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 37 furc. 478

423. «Голос Минувшего» М. 1917г. №9-10 л. 286

424. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 37 furc. 468

425. «Голос Минувшего» М. 1917г. №9-10 л. 276

426. «Падение Царского режима» Л. Том III 1925г. л. 286

427. В. Жухрай «Тайны Царской Охранки: авантюристы и провокаторы» М.

1991г. л. 287

428. scia f. 95 aR. 1. saq. 66 furc. 16

429. scia f. 94 aR. 1. saq. 70 furc. 140

430. scia f. 153 aR. 1. saq. 1592 furc. 7

431. «Падение Царского режима» Л. Том III 1925г. л. 3 432. `dabruneba~ (revaz gabaSvili, valodia goguaZe -

mogonebebi) Tbilisi 1992w. gv. 74 433. `dabruneba~ (revaz gabaSvili, valodia goguaZe -

mogonebebi) Tbilisi 1992w. gv. 77 434. В. Жухрай «Тайны Царской Охранки: авантюристы и провокаторы» М.

1991г. л. 152

435. «Голос Минувшего» М. 1917г. №9-10 л. 306