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Telecommunications BusinessTelecommunications BusinessLaw and Law and Pro-competitive PoliciesPro-competitive Policies

Info Communication Policy WorkshopInfo Communication Policy WorkshopAugust 8, 2003August 8, 2003

Tomoyuki TANUMADeputy Director

International Policy Division,Ministry of Public Management, Home Affairs,

Posts and Telecommunications (MPHPT), JAPAN

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Deployment of CompetitionDeployment of CompetitionDispute Settlement CommissionDispute Settlement Commission

ADSL and Competition Measures ADSL and Competition MeasuresNew Regulatory Framework in the era of New Regulatory Framework in the era of

Broadband Broadband

ReferenceReference

ContentsContents

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Deployment of Deployment of

CompetitionCompetition

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4

ro-competitive Policies in the Telecommunications Field inro-competitive Policies in the Telecommunications Field in Japan Japan

Competition and regulation

Range of regulation

Progress in

competition

1985 1995 2000

Nationwideestablishment of telecommunicationnetwork

Fostering NewCommon Carrierscompanies .

Establishingcompetition rules .

Public monopoly policy Managed competition policy Free competition policy

Policyissues

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5

To quickly build telecommunications networks nationwide(through intensivecapital investment).

To ensure technological uniformity (Telecommunications market had beenregarded as naturally monopolized market).To offer public service (ensuring universal service and fair use)

Public Monopoly Policy (~1985)Public Monopoly Policy (~1985)

(1952)

NTT Public Corp. built and maintained telecommunications networks.Business operations and government administration were not separated.

Two major objectives were achieved (no backlog left and automatic switchingestablished nationwide). Technological innovation The monopolistic nature was diluted. Higher, more diverse demand The limitations of the public corporation

business were recognized.

Ministry of Telecommunications NTT Public Corp. (Domestic) & KDD(Intl)

Justifications for Public Monopoly

Background of Privatization and the Introduction of Competition Policies

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6

Management Competition Policy (1985~1995)Management Competition Policy (1985~1995)

- Competition between the elephant and the ant

- Reliance on the NTT regional networks = unique market structure

- Entry management ~ adjusting for supply and demand (preventing excessivecompetition)

- Price management ~ tariff regulation (ensuring price competitiveness of NCC companies)- Connection management ~ connection interface (disclosing NTTinformation)

- Support policies for NCCs in financial and tax-related fields

Policy issues ensuring fair competition between NTT andNCCs (new common carriers)

Competition management policies

Fostering of NCCs

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Holding company

Data company

West regionalcompany

Free Competition Policy (1995) ~ Restructuring of Free Competition Policy (1995) ~ Restructuring of NTT NTT

- Promotion of fair competition (equal footing with new carriers)- Finding an appropriate business scale, efficiency of business

- Reinforcing international competitiveness

Aim of NTT restructuring

Mobile

Communications

company

internet companyLong-distanceinternational company

East regionalcompany

Software company

Format of NTT Restructuring

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Free Competition Policy(1995~) DeregulationFree Competition Policy(1995~) Deregulation

Easing entry regulations - Abolition of supply and demand adjustment (1997)

- Abolition of foreign ownership regulation (1998)

Easing tariff regulations - Approval system notification system (1998)

- price-capping system (applied to NTT regional telephone tariffs)(2000)

Easing of equipment regulations - Equipment ownership principle Approval for IRU (indefeasible of

users)(1997) making circuitspossible to resale (2000)

Progress in competition transition in policy from managedcompetition to free competition

Revision of the Telecommunications Business Law (2001)

Introduction of frameworks for wholesale telecommunications services

Expansion of the scope of business of NTT East/NTT West

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Free Competition Policies(1995Free Competition Policies(1995 ) Fair ) Fair Competition rulesCompetition rules

Establishment of transparent rules related to market structurepromotion of free competition below these rules

Interconnection rules - Interconnection orders and duty for carries to consent to connections

(1997) - Stipulation of NTT regional network connection tariffs and connection

conditions (approval system) (1997)

- Introduction of long-run incremental cost (LRIC) system forcalculating connection tariffs (2000) Telephone number rules

- Carrier pre-subscription (2001) - Number portability (2001)

Revision of the Telecommunications Business Law (2001)

Preparation of asymmetric regulations Preparation of a legal scheme pertaining to universal service

Set up of the Telecommunications Business Dispute SettlementCommission

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IPNetwork

Long distance/

international carriers Network

Conceptual figure of interconnectionConceptual figure of interconnection

NTTsBuilding

MainDistributionFrame

IPEquipment

NTT East / WestsNetwork

A PrefectureA Prefecture

Tandem Switch (ZC) 4.78Yen/3min

Local Switch (GC) 4.50Yen/3min

Point of interface

NTT East / Wests Network

Interconnectioncharges

Interconnectioncharges

B PrefectureB Prefecture

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Development of Competition Policies1 Diversification of services2 Reduction of charge3 Ensuring liability and security

Development of Competition Policies1 Diversification of services2 Reduction of charge3 Ensuring liability and security

Universal Fund Universal Fund

Pre-selection (Myline )Number portability

Pre-selection (MylineNumber portability NTT reorganization NTT reorganization

Asymmetric

Regulations prohibition of practices

Approval of new business

Asymmetric

Regulations prohibition of practices

Approval of new business

Competition Policies by the Telecommunications BusinessCompetition Policies by the Telecommunications BusinessLawLaw

and other Measuresand other Measures

InterconnectionRulesInterconnectionRules

DeregulationDeregulation

Dispute Settlement Mechanisms

Dispute Settlement Mechanisms

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Dispute Settlement Dispute Settlement

CommissionCommission

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Telecommunications Business DisputeTelecommunications Business DisputeSettlement CommissionSettlement Commission

Telecommunication Business Law (Revision in 2001) established

Telecommunications Business Dispute Settlement Commission

Special Body for settling dispute over issues such as interconnectionbetween telecommunication carriers.

Inside of MPHPT, but Independent of the department in charge of issuing permits and approvals

Consists of five commissioners appointed by the Minister, MPHPT withthe consent of both the House of Representatives and Councillors

Secretariat under the Commissions direct control

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Telecommunication Business Dispute Settlement Telecommunication Business Dispute Settlement Commission FunctionsCommission Functions

When one telecommunications carrier requests the conclusion of an agreement for interconnections, and the other carriers declines to negotiate or no negotiation are arranged, the first carrier can request to the Commission to mediate the

matter Mediation and ArbitrationMediation and Arbitration

Both mediation and arbitration are expected to be useful in settling disputesbetween telecommunications carriers fairly, simply and promptly.

Inquiry and ReportInquiry and Report The Minister of MPHPT shall inquire the Commission before making administrative

dispositions, such as orders or arbitrations concerning interconnection of

telecommunications facilities.The Commission will deliberate the matters and submit a report to the Minister.

RecommendationRecommendation The Commission is able to make recommendations on new competition rules

to the Minister of MPHPT based on knowledge gained in dealing with actualdisputes.

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Telecommunicationscarrier Telecommunicationscarrier Minister for Public

Management, HomeAffairs, Posts and

Telecommunications

Minister for PublicManagement, HomeAffairs, Posts and

Telecommunications

TelecommunicationsBusiness Dispute

Settlement Commission

TelecommunicationsBusiness Dispute

Settlement Commission

Adjudication

Request,mediation,arbitration

Request,adjudication Inquiry

Report

Request,directive

Mediation

Arbitration

Deliberations

Dispute arisingamong

telecommunications carriers

Directive tocommence

negotiations

Telecommunication Business DisputeTelecommunication Business DisputeSettlement Commission FunctionsSettlement Commission Functions

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ADSL and ADSL and

Competition MeasuresCompetition Measures

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0

1 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0

2 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0

3 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0

4 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0

5 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0

6 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0

7 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0

8 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0

9 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0

9 9 - 3 9 9 - 6 9 9 - 9 9 9 - 1 2 0 0 - 3 0 0 - 6 0 0 - 9 0 0 - 1 2 0 1 - 3 0 1 - 6 0 1 - 9 0 1 - 1 2 0 2 - 3 0 2 - 6 0 2 - 9 0 2 - 1 2 0 3 - 3 0 3

020,00040,00060,00080,000

100,000120,000140,000160,000180,000200,000220,000240,000260,000280,000300,000320,000340,000360,000380,000400,000420,000

0 0- 9 0 0- 1 2 0 1- 3 0 1- 6 0 1- 9 0 1- 1 2 0 2- 3 02 - 6 0 2- 9 0 2- 1 2 0 3- 3

Optic Fiber(FTTH)Optic Fiber(FTTH)for general users

Subscribers458,293Operators 13(End-Jun. 2003)

WirelessWireless Subscribers 34,000 Operators 21

(End-May. 2003)

Subscribers 8,257,118

(End-Jun.2003)Operators 44

(End-Jun. 2003)

Subscribers 8,257,118

(End-Jun.2003)Operators 44

(End-Jun. 2003)

Cable Internet Cable Internet Subscribers

2,224,000 Operators 301

(End-Jun. 2003)

Cable Internet Cable Internet Subscribers

2,224,000 Operators 301

(End-Jun. 2003)

00- 1201- 0301- 06 01- 09 01- 12 02- 0302- 06 02- 09 02- 12 03- 0

FTTH 500 1400 3500 9,300 26,400 68,600114,608206,189305,38Wireless 450 900 1,100 2,400 4,200 8,000 18,500 25,000 30,000 33,00

34,000

2,224,000

8,257,118

99- 03 99- 06 99- 09 99- 12 00- 03 00- 06 00- 09 00- 12 01- 03 01- 06 01- 09 01- 12 02- 03 02- 06 02- 09 02-12 03- 03 03- 06

DSL 211 1,235 2,537 9,723 70,655 291,333 650,796 1,524,3482,378,7953,300,926 4,233,2165,645,7287,023,039 8,257,118

CATV 32,000 66,000 92,000 154,000 216,000 329,000 463,000 625,000 784,000 967,000 1,151,0001,303,000 1,456,000 1,626,0001,800,0001,954,0002,069,000 2,224,000

458,293

Growth in Broadband Internet AccessGrowth in Broadband Internet Access

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Japan

NTTOthers

about60%

about 40%

Korea

KT

about 75%

about25%

Others

US

RBOCs

about90%

Othersabout10%

UK

BT

Others

about93%

about 7%

Germany

DT

Others

about 97%

about3%

Market Share of DSL Service ProvidersMarket Share of DSL Service Providers

Source: MPHPT

Source: OFTELADSLFactsheet Sep2002

Source: RegTPAnnual Report2001

Source: FCC Data on High-Speed Services for InternetAccess

Source: MIC 2002Korean Internet WhitePaper

ADSL A k i i i b ibADSL A t k i i ti b ib

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GCswitch

MDFsplitter

House A

DSLAM

router

ADSLModem

Telephone office

ADSL A company

Unbundling of subscriber line

House B

ADSLModem

ADSL B company

Internet

PSTN

router

DSLAM

ISP A ISP B

Co-location inTelephone office

ADSL Access network using existing subscriber ADSL Access network using existing subscriber facility facility

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Co-location refers to the installation of equipment necessary forinterconnections by interconnection carriers in buildings or other propertyowned by telecommunications carriers setting up category I designatedcommunications facilities.

The following rules have been established in order to facilitate matters forinterconnection carriers making co-location arrangements.

(1) Information must be posted regarding available space and the like

(September 2000).

(2) Procedures are established for interconnection carriers ownconstruction

and maintenance activities (September 2000).

Co-locationCo-location

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NTT East: 168/month NTT East: 168/month NTT West: 176/month NTT West: 176/month

NTT East: 2.62 NTT East: 2.627

\139/month\139/month

NTT West: 2.75 NTT West: 2.751

NTT East: 5,213/month NTT East: 5,213/month NTT West: 5,221/month NTT West: 5,221/month

NTT East: 1,829/month NTT East: 1,829/month NTT West: 1,950/month NTT West: 1,950/month

unbundling refers to divide the telecommunications facilities that make

up networks into segments and providing only those facilities necessary tothe carriers making interconnections.

Rules established for unbundling related to subscriber lines

(September 2000 )

Rules established for unbundling related to optical-fiber equipment

(April 2001)

Reference: Fiscal 2002

interconnection charges

Reference: Fiscal 2002

interconnection charges

unbundlingunbundling

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New Regulatory New Regulatory Framework in the era of Framework in the era of

Broadband Broadband

Ch i N k SCh i N k S

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InternetConventional PSTN

Calling party Called party

Voice-centric communicationsVoice-centric communications

Broadband (large capacity) platforms enables

simultaneous transmission of large volume of information,such as video, sound, data, etc.

Broadband (large capacity) platforms enables

simultaneous transmission of large volume of information,such as video, sound, data, etc.

Wireless Wireless

Fiber-optic

DSL

Fiber-optic

DSL CATV

Tokyo Osaka

router

Changes in Network StructureChanges in Network Structure

Long-distancecommunications network

Toll switch

Regionalcommunications network

Regionalcommunicatio

ns network

Local switch

The Internet is anetwork thattransmitinformation, bydividing theinformation to aunit of datasuitable fortransmissionwithout settingtransmissionroutes.

CATV

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Change to IP Network Change to IP Network

1. Fee1. Fee Metered Rate Flat RateFlat Rate

(traffic sensitive for time length and distance) 2. Access to Connection2. Access to Connection Dial-Up Always-ConnectedAlways-Connected 3. Service3. Service Voice, Fax (Individual services)

Integration of Voice, Data, Image and VideoIntegration of Voice, Data, Image and Video4. Speed, Volume4. Sp eed, Volume

Narrowband BroadbandBroadband UltraUltraBroadbandBroadband(54K or 64K) (8M,12M, 20M ) (100M )

5. Diversity of Connection Combination5. Diversity of Connection Combination Wire or Wireless Wire and WirelessWire and Wireless

(terrestrial and satellite)All copyrights reserved (MPHPT)

O li f R i i f h T l i iO li f R i i f h T l i i

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25

possible either to install owninfrastructure and/or to utilizeinfrastructure owned by others

Type-2 businessType-2 business telecom businesstelecom business

taking advantage of networks owned

by Type-1 businesses

Provision of services

Provision of services

current business categories new regime

network infrastructure

Provision of service

Provision of service

Provisionof service

Provisionof service



New regime corresponding

To transition from telephone-agetoIP-age

Outline of Revision of the TelecommunicationsOutline of Revision of the TelecommunicationsBusiness LawBusiness Law(plan in 2003)(plan in 2003)

Type-1 businessType-1 business

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26

1. Abolition of permission system for market entry anddiscontinuance of services by Type 1 Telecom.Business

2. Abolition of tariff regulations for non-dominantcarriers

3. Abolition of ex-ante regulations for non-dominantcarriers with regard to interconnections, such asprior notification of interconnection agreements

4. Maintenance of asymmetrical regulations for dominant carriers

5. Abolition of distinction between Type 1 and Type 2

Telecommunications business

The revision of TelecommunicationsThe revision of TelecommunicationsBusiness Law (Summary)Business Law (Summary)

h C f 1 d 2Th C f T 1 d T 2

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27

Emergence of type 1 carriersproviding services

with very limited scaleCATV operators (290 companies)Wireless LAN operatorsOtemachi access operators

The Concept of Type 1 and Type2The Concept of Type 1 and Type2carrierscarriersand the change of Market situationand the change of Market situation

As of 1985

Carriers establishing circuit facilities by themselves

Large Telephone Company Examples (as of March 1986)

NTT, KDD, Japan-Telecom and others (7 companies)Mainly providing PSTN (Telephone) service

Recenttrends

Type 1 Telecommunications Carriers

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Carriers borrowing circuit facilities from other carries

Mainly providing value-added services such asdata services to meet individual corporate needs

Emergence of type 2 carriersproviding services

To large number of public usersISP servicesIP-Telephone ServicesADSL Services

Value-added Service Provider As of1985

Recent

trends

Type 2 Telecommunications Carriers

Competition in the same service market has significantly progressed

l f kR l f S i 1 M k E

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29

Rules for Services 1. Market Entry Rules for Services 1. Market Entry

Current Scheme

Revised Scheme

Type 1 Carriers(installing circuit facilities)

Special Type 2carriers

General Type 2carriers

Carriers installinglarge-scale circuit facilities Other carriers

Enabling all carriers to develop business swiftly,

catching emerging business chance and meeting users needs.

PermissionNotification

to the Minister Registration

Registration Notification to the Minister

Resul

t

R l f S i 2R l f S i 2

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30

Type 1 Carriers Type 2 Carriers

Ensure users to be notified and to enable toswitch to other operators smoothly

Protection of user interestsNo rules for user protection

Notification to Users

+ Ex post Notification to the Minister

ALL Carriers

Rules for Services 2.Rules for Services 2. Suspension and discontinuation of Suspension and discontinuation of

business business

Establish rules for user protection at suspension and discontinuation

of business for all carriers

Result

Current Scheme

Revised Scheme

Permission Ex post Notification

R les for Ser ices 3Rules for Services 3

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31

Special Type 2 General Type 2

Services provided by dominant carriesinstalling so-called bottle-necked equipment Others

Uniform Charge

Accountability of important matters to users

Obligation to process complaints swiftly and properly

It sets scheme for appeal from users and business improvement order and so on.

Notification of the tariff for universal services is required; basic charge, local call,emergency call etc.Current regulatory scheme on dominant carriers is maintained.Scheme for appeal from users and business improvement order are maintained to

protect users.

Rules for Services 3.Rules for Services 3. Charges and other terms and Charges and other terms and

conditions conditions

Current Scheme

Contract tariff Contract tariff

Uniform Charge Relative contract possible

Securing Contract tariff Relative contract possible

Promote variable services to meet user needs, and enhance user protection

Resul t

Revised Scheme

Type 1

R l f I f t t 1 Ri ht fR l f I f t t 1 Right f

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All Type 1 Carriers (installing circuit facilities)

Which do not requirePerquisite

Which requires Rights-of-Way

Rules for Infrastructure 1. Rights of Rules for Infrastructure 1. Rights of Way Way

Rights-of-Way

Carriers installing circuit facilitiesEntry through Registration or Notification

Usage of public utility tunnelsUsage of public water wheninstalling undersea cablesSetting rights of use onproperty of othersSpeedy permission tooccupy road

ExamplesCATV operatorsSatellite operators etc.

Current Scheme

Revised Scheme

Rights-of-Way

Permission to market entry

Certificationof business

Enabling smooth deployment of infrastructureby giving rights-of-way to carriers at their requests

Resul t

Rules for Infrastructure 2Rules for Infrastructure 2

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33

Rules for Infrastructure 2.Rules for Infrastructure 2. Technical Standards, Interconnection Technical Standards, Interconnection

Technical standards to assure security and confidence are required continuously.

Assure end-to-end essential communications, by establishing rules for essentialcommunications between carriers.

Ex-ante regulation for transaction among carriers are abandoned, except forinterconnection to bottle-necked facilities.For disputes among carriers, Dispute Settlement Scheme and order for businessimprovement are available

Rules for security and confidence of network

Rules for interconnection

Rules for essential communications

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Terms and conditions of communications service

contract

1. Charge: xxx yen2. Terms and

conditions: 3. Responsibilities of

the provider anduser :

4. Treatment uponsuspension of service:

Provision of information on servicecontent to users upon conclusion of a

contract

Prior publication on market exit (legal requirement)

Provision of sufficient information on service contentwhen making a contract (legal requirement)

Strengthening Consumer ProtectionStrengthening Consumer Protection

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ReferenceReference

11 Expanding the number of telecommunications carExpanding the number of telecommunications car

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36

11 Expanding the number of telecommunications car Expanding the number of telecommunications car

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

1985 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

General Type- II carriers Special Type- II carriers Type- I carrier

Type-I telecommunications carrier :413

*of these, CATV business operators:303)Special Type=II carriers :115General Type-II carriers :10,789 Total :11,317

As of April 1, 2003

Type-I telecommunications carrier :413

*of these, CATV business operators:303)Special Type=II carriers :115General Type-II carriers :10,789 Total :11,317

As of April 1, 2003

Type-I telecommunication carriers:7Special Type-II carriers :9

General Type-II carriers :200 total :216

As of April 1, 1986

Type-I telecommunication carriers:7Special Type-II carriers :9

General Type-II carriers :200 total :216As of April 1, 1986

(as of the end of the year

(

fR f 2 f h l kS f h T l i i M k

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20020402 NTT East and West Regional NetworksNumber of NTT East and West regional network subscriber lines =74,887,000*

99% of total number of subscriber lines

NTT East and West Regional NetworksNumber of NTT East and West regional network subscriber lines =74,887,000*

99% of total number of subscriber lines

NCCLong-distance

networks

NCCLong-distance

networks

NCC mobilecommunications

NCC mobilecommunications

NCC regionalcommunications

network

NCC regionalcommunications

network

KDDI, JapanTelecom, JSAT(satellite-based

KDDI(au)J-PHONE

Type 2Telecommunications

networks

Type 2Telecommunications

networks

Nifty,ADSL-based

Electric power related,CATV-based

New Common Carrier reviation for the type 1 telecommunication carriers that have entered the market since the telecommunications system regulation of AprilAs of April 1st 2003, there are 413 such companies, providing a variety of services such as telephone, leased line and mobile telephonees. *For all of the services(telephone, ISDN, leased line etc.) provided by NTT East and West, 64kbps is counted as one line.

NTT Communicationslong-distance networkNTT Communicationslong-distance network

NTT DoCoMomobile communications

network

NTT DoCoMomobile communications

networkNTT DataNTT Data

NTT GroupNTT Group

Ref.2Ref.2 Structure of the Telecommunications Market Structure of the Telecommunications Market

connectionnegotiation




NCCNCC

R f 4R f 4 R d i f l i i iR d ti f t l i ti i

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0

100

200

300

400

500

Long-distance call (Tokyo-Osaka)Long-distance call (Tokyo-Osaka)

0

500

1000

1500

2000

KDDI 85.4.1 KDDI 96.11.23 98.1296.11

International call (Japan-U.S.A.) International call (Japan-U.S.A.)

260

70

0

100

200

300

400

93.3.25

20,00

15,00

10,00

5,00 100

200

300

400

NTT93.3.25

NTT93.3.25

NTT 900.12.1

J -PHONE1 99.6.1

0

3 minutes, daytime,weekdays)

Ref.4Ref.4 Reduction of telecommunications serviceReduction of telecommunications servicechargescharges

Local callLocal call

98.1.7

(3 minutes, daytime,weekdays)

\9\10

5

10

NTT Nov., 17, 1976TTNet Jan., 7, 1998

QTNet April 1, 1999

Jan., 10,2001

May 1, 2001

\9

\8.7

\8.5

\8.4

NTT East \9TTNet \8.7

NTT East andWestKDDI,JT,NTT-C\8.5TTNet,QTNet\8.4

25%

15%

Note: On March 25,1993, the 800MHz digital cellular phone service started.

NTT DoCoMo reduced the basic change to 4 500 yen (including a fee call allowance

TTNet March 1, 2001 , NTT-C KDDI JT March 1,2001Fusion April 1, 2001 , HEISEI DEN DEN Dec., 2001 MEDIA Jan., 2002 , C&WIDC April 21, 2002

Cellular phone 800Mhz digitalsystem

Cellular phone 800Mhz digitalsystem

(3 minutes, daytime,weekdays)

\400

0

TTNet\54

C&WIDC\18

Fusion,HEISEI DEN DENMEDIA\20 NTT-C,JT

KDDI \80

Basic fee\17,000

Call rate(Cellular phonefixed phone,Intra-prefectural)

KDD \450(Nov.,23, 1996)JT \440(Dec.,20, 1996)

C&W IDC \440(Dec.,20, 1996)

MCIWCJ \150(Dec.,1,1998)JT \180(Oct.,1,1999)C&W IDC \180(Oct.,5,1999)KDDI \180(Nov.,1,1999)TTNet \132(Nov.,1,1999)DTJ \75(Dec.,10,2000)

NTT-COM \160(April 3,2000)Fusion \45(Sep.,1,2001)MEDIA \45(Jan.,30,2002)HEISEI DEN DEN \45(Feb.,1,2002)

75%

73%

95

\4,300

TTNet,QTNet \9

NTT July 21, 1983

\1,530

KDD April 1,1985

Dec.,2000 NTT DoCoMoMar.,25,1993

J-PhoneJun.,1,1999

NTT DoCoMo and nineother companiesDec.,1,2000

NTT DoCoMoMar.,25,1993

9096%

\8.2

\7.5

MEDIA Jan., 30, 2002HEISEI DEN DEN Feb., 12002

MEDIA \8.2HEISEI DEN DEN\7.5

Nov.,1996

\260

\70

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