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REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE ENGENHARIA DE PESCA VOLUME 3, NÚMERO 1, 2008

Pesca, Aqüicultura, Tecnologia do Pescado e Ecologia Aquática

R E P E S C A ISSN

1980-587X

Revista Brasileira deEngenharia de Pesca

Volume 3, número 1 - janeiro de 2008

Expediente

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Veja: Nova espécie de molusco no Brasil

Rev. Bras. Enga. Pesca 3(1), jan. 2008

2

Eds.: José Milton Barbosa e Haroldo Gomes Barroso

EXPEDIENTE

DIRETOR

Haroldo Gomes Barroso - UEMA

EDITORES

José Milton Barbosa - UFRPE

Haroldo Gomes Barroso - UEMA

EDITORES ADJUNTOS

Adierson Erasmo de Azevedo - UFRPE

Emerson Soares - UFAL

ASSISTENTES DE EDIÇÃO

Manlio Ponzi Junior - UFRPE

Rogério Bellini - Netuno

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Junior Baldez - UEMA

Revisão do texto

Adierson Erasmo de Avezedo - UFRPE

José Milton Barbosa - UFRPE

COMISSÃO EDITORIAL

Alex Augusto Gonçalves - UFRGS

Angelo Brás Callou - UFRPE

Antônio Diogo Lustosa Neto - Consultor

Athiê Jorge Guerra dos Santos - UFRPE

Fábio Diniz - Embrapa/PI

Fábio Hazin - UFRPE

Fernando Porto - UFRPE

Heiko Brunken - Hochschule Bremen, Alemanha

Israel Aniceto Cintra - UFRA

Joachim Carolsfeld - World Fisheries Trust, Canadá

Leonardo Teixeira de Sales - UFPI

Luiz de Souza Viana - EMATER/PR

Maria do Carmo Figueredo Soares - UFRPE

Maria do Carmo Gominho Rosa - Unioeste

Maria Nasaré Bona - UFPI

Maria Raquel Coimbra - UFRPE

Neiva Maria de Almeida - UFPB

Paula Gênova de Castro - Instituto de Pesca/SP

Paulo de Paula Mendes - UFRPE

Raimundo Nonato de Lima Conceição - UFC

Rosângela Lessa - UFRPE

Sérgio Macedo Gomes de Mattos - SEAP/PE

Sérgio Makrakis - Unioeste

Sigrid Neumann Leitão - UFPE

Vanildo Souza de Oliveira - UFRPE

Walter Maia Junior - UFPB

__________________________________________________________________________________

Curso de Engenharia de Pesca Universidade Estadual do Maranhão

Departamento de Pesca e Aqüicultura Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco


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R454 Revista Brasileira de Engenharia de Pesca Nacional / editores José Milton Barbosa, Haroldo Gomes

Barroso -- São Luís, Ed. UEMA, 2008. V.3, n.1 : 128p. : il.

Semestral

1. Pesca 2. Aqüicultura 3. Ecossistemas Aquáticos, 4. Pescados – Tecnologia I. Barbosa, José Milton II. Barroso Haroldo Gomes III. Universidade Estadual do Maranhão

CDD 639


4

A

ISSN-1980-587X

REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE ENGENHARIA DE PESCA

Volume 3 Janeiro, 2008 Número 1

EDITORIAL

Engenharia de Pesca passa por um crescimento rápido e

inesperado, de forma que breve teremos novos profissionais diplomados

em universidades de diversos Estados da Federação. Certamente, esse

crescimento é uma afirmação do Engenheiro de Pesca enquanto

profissional e retrata a importância do setor pesqueiro para o crescimento

de nosso país. No entanto, observa-se, em alguns setores de nossa classe,

a preocupação com a qualidade da formação desses novos profissionais,

especialmente pela necessidade de Engenheiros de Pesca doutores para

formar os corpos docentes das instituições mantenedoras dos novos

cursos. Assim, como temos poucos doutores disponíveis na nossa

profissão, cabe a nós que atuamos na área acadêmica e de pesquisa

apoiar os cursos mais novos, inteirando-nos de suas necessidades,

orientando seus coordenadores, participando de projetos de pesquisa e

extensão, bem como ministrando palestras e disciplinas, como

professores convidados. Em suma, devemos, institucional e

individualmente, ter compromisso na formação dos novos Engenheiros

de Pesca que certamente se engajarão no engrandecimento do setor

pesqueiro nacional, ocupando com competência os espaços que nos são

de direito.

A caminhada continua...

José Milton Barbosa

Editor Chefe


5

Sumário

Atenção: Para abrir click em “ ”

I - ARTIGOS CIENTÍFICOS Comments on species of Solariella and Lamellitrochus (Trochidae, Tolariellinae) from the

continental slope of northeast Brazil, with the description of a new species José Carlos Nascimento de BARROS; Poliana Clara Pereira dos SANTOS; Jonata de Arruda FRANCISCO

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Influencia de los eventos climáticos El Niño y La Niña en la comunidad de Chaetognatha de las aguas superficiales del océano Pacifico colombiano.

Xiomara Franchesca GARCÍA DÍAZ; Lucia Maria de Oliveira GUSMÃO; Yimmy HERRERA

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Recrutamento e sucessão ecológica da macrofauna incrustante em substratos no porto do Recife - PE, Brasil.

Patrícia Paula Coelho Felipe NERY; Sigrid Neumann LEITÃO; Mucio Luiz Banja FERNANDES; Andréa Karla Pereira da SILVA; Adilson de Castro CHAVES

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Desenvolvimento de um produto de valor agregado: camarão empanado corte butterfly Alex Augusto GONÇALVES; Patrícia Ambros GOMES

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Fatores bióticos e abióticos que influenciam o desenvolvimento de branconeta (Crustacea: Anostraca)

José Patrocínio LOPES; Cibele Soares PONTES; Arrilton ARAÚJO; Miguel Arcanjo dos SANTOS- NETO

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II - ARTIGOS TÉCNICOS The creation of a shipwreck park off the coast of Pernambuco, Brazil

Douglas Cavalcanti dos SANTOS; Fábio Vieira HAZIN; Alessandra Fonseca FISHER;

Fernando Nascimento FEITOSA; Maria Elisabeth de ARAÚJO

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Avaliação da pesca através do banco de estatística e SIG na região de Santarém, Estado do Pará, Brasil.

Emerson Carlos SOARES; César Valdenir TEIXEIRA; Anselmo Cristiano de OLIVEIRA; Marcelo PARISE; Willer Hermeto Almeida PINTO

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Informações econômicas sobre a pesca de linha-de-mão e rede-de-emalhar no Estado de Pernambuco, Nordeste do Brasil.

Sérgio Macedo Gomes de MATTOS

108

III - RESENHAS Maravilhas e descaso ambiental na Amazônia

José Patrocínio LOPES 123

NORMAS PARA PUBLICAÇÃO 125

CONTATOS 128


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I – ARTIGOS CIENTÍFICOS COMMENTS OF SPECIES OF SOLARIELLA AND LAMELLITROCHUS (TROCHIDAE,

SOLARIELLINAE) FROM THE CONTINENTAL SLOPE OF NORTHEAST BRAZIL, WITH THE DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES

José Carlos Nascimento de BARROS*; Poliana Clara Pereira dos SANTOS; Jonata de Arruda

FRANCISCO Laboratório de Malacologia, Departamento de Pesca e Aqüicultura, Universidade Federal Rural

de Pernambuco

*E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract - Five species of Solariella and three species of Lamellitrochus were identified from

the continental shelf and slope of Northeast Brazil, and were revised based on morphology, the original descriptions and type material. Solariella quinni sp. n. is described based on its conchology, presenting wide incidence in coastal areas of Pernambuco off the state. Among the species known thus far for the Eastern Atlantic, S. quinni shows affinities with Solariella cristata Quinn, 1992 for having a conical, turbinate shell, deep umbilication, weakly convex base and spiral ornaments developed on the body whorl, but may be separated for showing 3 spiral cords on the 1st whorl, compared to 4 to 5 spiral cords in S. cristata. S. quinni is considered endemic to Northeast Brazil.

Keywords: Solariellinae, Solariella, Lamellitrochus, deep sea, Brazil.

COMENTÁRIOS SOBRE ESPÉCIES DE SOLARIELLA AND LAMELLITROCHUS

(TROCHIDAE, SOLARIELLINAE) DO TALUDE CONTINENTAL DO NORDESTE DO BRASIL, COM DESCRIÇÃO DE UMA ESPÉCIE NOVA

Resumo - Cinco espécies de Solariella e três espécies de Lamellitrochus foram identificadas na

plataforma e talude continental Nordeste do Brazil, e revisadas com base na morfologia, descrições originais e material tipo. Solariella quinni sp. n. é descrita com base em seus caracteres conquiológicos, apresentando ampla incidência nas áreas ao largo do estado de Pernambuco. Entre as espécies conhecidas no Atlântico Oriental, S. quinni apresenta afinidades com Solariella cristata Quinn, 1992 quanto ao formato cônico, umbílico profundo, base fracamente convexa e ornamentos espirais bem desenvolvidos sobre a volta do corpo, mas pode ser separado por apresentar 3 cordas espirais sobre a 1st volta, comparada a 4 ou 5 cordas espirais de S. cristata. S. quinni é considerada endêmica do Nordeste do Brasil.

Palavras chaves: Solariellinae, Solariella, Lamellitrochus, mar profundo, Brasil.


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INTRODUCTION

The genus Solariella was established by Wood (1842) based on a fossil species, S.

maculata, from the Crag Formation of England (Quinn, 1979) and was the first known genus for

the Upper Cretaceous (Cossmann, 1918, and Davies, 1935, both apud Hickman & McLean,

1990). Species are broadly distributed among all oceans and latitudes, living on unconsolidated

sediment in cold waters along the coast. Lamellitrochus was established by Quinn, 1991, for a

group of 8 species of the East Atlantic and is distinguished from Solariella for presenting

conical-turbinate shells with angular whorls, ornamentation formed by lamelliform axial ribs

that become obscure or absent on the body whorl, a strong, rounded shoulder, strong tubercles

that are lamelliform or conical, a smooth or tuberculate peripheral cord and a strong basal cord.

Most authors (Cossmann, 1918; Thiele, 1924; Davies, 1935; Wenz, 1938) have

considered Solariella to be among the Margaritinae. Finlay (1926) apud Hickman & McLean

(1990), transferred some species of Solariellinae to the Calliostomatidae (Thiele, 1924).

Conchological characters are related to the Umboniinae and Margaritinae subfamilies, which

can be described based on the morphology of the soft parts and the characteristics of the radulae

(Hickman & McLean, 1990).

Specimens from both genera were richly represented in sediment of the Continental

Slope of Northeast Brazil, where these groups have been little known due to a lack of

prospecting studies in deep waters. Only the "Challenger" Expedition (1873-1876) referenced

species in this region. Among the works that followed, we can highlight the surveys of Watson

(1886); Quinn (1979, 1991, 1992); Clench & Aguayo (1939); Dall (1889); Lopes & Cardoso

(1958).

ABBREVIATIONS

ANSP: Academy Natural Science of Philadelphia;

DMNH: Delaware Museum of Natural History, Wilmington, Delaware;

IOUSP: Oceanographic Institute of the Universidade de São Paulo;

LMUFRPE: Malacology Laboratory of the Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, PE,

Brazil;

MCZ: Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University;

MHNC: Museum aus Haus der Natur Cismar, Brawschwainn;

MNRJ: Nacional Museum of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil;

MZUSP: Museum of Zoology of the Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brazil;

UMML: Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami,

Florida.


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SYSTEMATICS

Class Gastropod Curvier, 1797

Subclass Prosobranchia M. Edwards, 1848

Order Archaeogastropoda, Thiele, 1925

Superfamily Trochoidea Rafinesque, 1815

Family Trochidae Rafinesque, 1815

Generic and subfamily diagnoses were based on Hickman & McLean (1990) and Quinn (1991).

Species descriptions were obtained from Quinn (1979 and 1991), Dall (1889) and Watson

(1886).

Subfamily Solariellinae Powell, 1951

References: Abbott (1974): 40; Clench & Aguayo (1939): 190; Dall (1889a): 44; Dall (1889b):

378-381; Hickman & McLean, 1990, p.111, figs. 72-75; Lopes & Cardoso (1958): 59-64;

Powell, 1951, p.102; Quinn, 1979, p.37-43; Quinn (1991): 81-91; Quinn (1992): 50-54; Rios

(1994): p.35.

Solariellinae [Trochidae] Powell, 1951 [Type genus: Solariella Wood, 1842]; Minoliinae

[Trochidae] Kuroda, Habe & Oyama 1971 [Type genus: Minolia A. Adams, 1860].

Type genus: Solariella Wood, 1842 [= Machaeroplax Friele, 1877].

Genus Solariella S. V. Wood, 1842

Margarita Leach, 1814 (partim); Machaeroplax Friele, 1877.

References: S. V. Wood (1842): 531; Quinn (1979): 37.

Type species: Solariella maculata S. V. Wood, 1842; pelo monótipo.

Type location: Formação Crag da Inglaterra (fóssil).

Diagnosis: Shell small, generally less than 10 mm high, trochoid, with tubular whorls, usually

widely umbilicate, umbilicus often bounded by a strong nodular keel. Sculpture of spiral cords

and collabral striae, or almost smooth.

Remarks: Genus established for the fossil Solariella maculata Wood, 1842. Solariella, since all

Margarita [= Margarites Gray, 1847] being separated from the catch; has in turn been used as a

depository of miscellaneous species. Many of the species assigned to Solariella can be placed in

Calliotropis, Dentystila or Microgaza (Quinn, 1991).


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Solariella quadricincta Quinn, 1992 (Figures 1 - 7)

References: Quinn, 1992: p.50-51, figs. 1- 4.

Type material: Holotype, USNM n◦. 859437.

Type location: Margarita Island, Venezuela, 11º22.5’N, 64º08.6’W, 60 m.

Material examined: Lt = 4.1 mm , Wt = 4.3 mm, La = 1.9 mm, Wa = 1.7 mm, Wp = 0.36 mm,

Wu = 1.3 mm, 4 ¾ whorls MHNC n◦. 64508: [01], Dredging 08, 11°58,7’ S, 36°49,2’ W,

01.XI.00, Sergipe (SE) Brazil, 100m; MNRJ n◦. 10581: [01], Dredging 17, 03°45,4’ S, 33°12,6’

W, 15.X.01, Ceará (CE) Brazil, 159 m; MZUSP n◦. 77077: [01], Dredging 03, 09°28’ S,

35°04’ W, 25.IX.99, Alagoas (AL) Brazil, 175 m; LMUFRPE n◦.500: [01], Dredging 21, 04°15’

S, 37°12’ W, 09.XI.01, CE, Brazil, 177 m.

Remarks: Shell moderately large in size, conical-turbinate, with emerged nucleus, smooth,

terminating with the emergence of the axial ribs of the 1st whorl, 4.1 mm x 4.3 mm, light

coloration with brown spots and streaks (starting at the suture) on the spiral cords and platform

below the suture. Protoconch very small, about 1 whorl. Teleoconch with 4 ¾ whorls, tubular,

strongly shouldered. 1st whorl ornamented by weak axial ribs that are distributed from suture to

suture and by a spiral cord above the suture a bit stronger than the ribs. 2nd whorl with the

formation of the platform below the suture, shoulder and peripheral keel intercalated by broad

axial ribs, which form thin nodules in the intersections. Penultimate whorl ornamented by 3

spiral cords. Spiral cords of the penultimate whorl are strong, the middle of which is lower and

narrower than the others, all with a weak appearance. Body whorl with a flat suture, bordered by

a fine, axially tuberculate spiral cord. Spiral cords are present on this whorl, the thinnest of

which is placed below the shoulder. Platform below the suture ornamented by fine axial threads.

The interspaces of the subsutural platform are intercalated by strong axial ribs; this platform is

broad, flattened, with an adapical elevation from the shoulder to the subsutural cord. Shoulder

strongly tuberculate, forming whitish rounded tubercles, displayed spirally. Region below the

shoulder with a secondary spiral cord that is narrower than the others and weakly nodular.

Peripheral cord with spirally developed tubercles, smaller than those found on the shoulder. The

region below the peripheral cord is narrower than the area below the shoulder and equally

ornamented by axial threads. Basal cord with a smoother appearance than the previous cords,

emerging from the suture on the body whorl. Base convex, strongly ornamented by 3-4 strong

spiral cords, basal cord closer to the circumbilical cord. Circumbilical cord strongly tuberculate,

terminating below the outer lip, interspaces with fine spiral threads, umbilicus broad,

corresponding to approximately 30% of the maximum width. Umbilicus funnel-shaped, with


10

convex inner walls, ornamented by 4-6 strong spiral cords. Aperture sub-circular, inner lip

concave. Outer lip fine and angular at the terminations of the axial cords of the body whorl.

Figures 1 a 7 - Solariella quadricincta, 4.1 x 4.3 mm: 1, ventral view; 2, dorsal view; 3, anterior

view; 4, aperture; SEM: 5, protoconch and 1st whorl, 200x; 6, posterior view, 43x;

7, subsutural plataform and shoulder, 80x.

Comments: Solariella quadricincta shows affinities with S. carvalhoi and apparently also with

Solariella staminea Quinn, 1992 from the Davis Seamont, 60 m; all presenting 4 strong,

subequal spiral cords corresponding to the primary spiral cords on the body whorl, which all

present a more distinctly nodular shoulder and the surface of the whorls covered entirely by

axial growth threads. S. quadricincta resembles S. carvalhoi for presenting 1 nuclear whorl, sub-

circular aperture with concave inner lip and angular outer lip, but S. quadricincta has an

emerged nucleus with a teleoconch of 5 ½ whorls (5-6 in S. carvalhoi), the 1st whorl displaying

only one strong cord crossed by weaker axial ribs, the 2nd whorl forming shoulder, peripheral

cord and axial ribs with nodules, suture forming a narrow channel bordered by a tuberculate

cord, base adorned with 3-4 strong, raised spiral cords (4-5 low spiral cords with axial nodules

only in the interspaces), umbilicus with convex walls ornamented with 4-6 spiral cords that are

broader and stronger than in S. carvalhoi, and weakly tuberculate. In S. carvalhoi, the umbilicus


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is narrower, the inner wall is convex, but with 5-7 spiral cords. The transition from the nuclear

whorls to the teleoconch in S. quadricincta corresponds to the emergence of the axial ribs,

whereas in S. carvalhoi this transition is only marked by growth threads.

Geographic distribution: Northeast Venezuela, Northeast Brazil (this study).

Bathymetry: 26 to 175 m.

Solariella carvalhoi Lopes & Cardoso, 1958 (Figures 8-14)

References: Lopes & Cardoso (1958), p. 59-61, figs. 1-3; Abbott (1974), p.41; Quinn, 1992,

p.515, figs. 5, 6; McGinty (1962); Rios (1994), p.35, pr. 10, fig. 105.

Type material: Holotype, IOUSP, n◦ 11-XI-56.

Type location: Brazil (Sao Paulo), 31°35'08"S, 50°50'W, 57 meters.

Material examined: Lt = 4.2 mm , Wt = 5.1 mm, La = 2 mm, Wa = 2.2 mm, Wp = 0.2 mm, Wu

= 1.7 mm, 4 ½ whorls. MHNC n◦. 64517: [01], Dredging 05, 10°41,1’ S, 36°19,1’ W, 27.X.00,

Alagoas (AL); Brazil, 130 m; MZUSP n◦. 77075: [01], Dredging 02, 09°07’ S, 34°53’ W,

17.IX.99, Alagoas (AL) Brazil, 104 m; [01], Dredging 03, 09°28’ S, 35°04’ W, 25.IX.99,

Alagoas (AL), Brazil, 175 m.

Remarks: Shell small, conical - low turbinate, convex contour, slightly iridescent appearance,

brown spots on the spiral cords and subsutural platform measuring 4.2 mm x 5.1 mm, 4 ½

whorls. Protoconch with 1 whorl, smooth, nucleus partially immersed. 1st whorl of glossy

aspect, ornamented by fine growth threads. 2nd whorl adorned with 3 spiral cords crossed by

axial threads, which form a fine reticulum. Body whorl has a very narrow sutural area, forming a

canalicule between the nodules of the axial ribs of the platform below the suture and the region

above the suture, corresponding to the space below the peripheral cord of the subsequent whorls.

Platform below the suture broad and ornamented by low axial ribs with smooth interspaces,

crossed by 2 spiral threads closer to the suture, the innermost of which is ornamented by fine

tubercles. Shoulder of a finely undulated appearance with the formation of spirally developed

tubercles, which are stronger than those found on the spiral cords of the body whorl. The

interspace between the shoulder and the peripheral cord divided nearly in the middle by a poorly

tuberculate sub-shoulder cord. Between the cord below the shoulder and the peripheral cord

there is a spiral ornament, with the presence of 2 spiral threads equidistant from the peripheral

cord. The space between the shoulder and the peripheral cord is twice as large as the space

between the peripheral cord and the basal cord. Peripheral cord finely nodular, the space below

the peripheral cord is reticulated. Basal cord similar to the peripheral cord. Base convex, with 4-


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5 spiral cords of same appearance, flattened and obscurely tuberculate. Basal interspaces entirely

ornamented by axial nodules. Circumbilical cord strongly ornamented by axial nodules.

Umbilicus broad, funnel-shaped. Intraumbilical region ornamented by 5-7 nodular spiral cords

with interspaces ornamented by spiral threads, umbilical wall convex. Aperture sub-circular,

inner lip amply concave. Outer lip angular.

Figures 8 a 14 - S. carvalhoi: 08, ventral view; 09, dorsal view; 10, anterior view; 11, aperture;

SEM: 12, protoconch; 13, protoconch and 1st whorl, 230x; 14, posterior view

and part of body whorl, 30x.

Comments: Solariella carvalhoi Lopes & Cardoso, 1958 is the oldest species of this group. It is

described for the southeastern Brazilian coast and can be separated from its congener Solariella

quadricincta Quinn, 1992 for having 4 spiral cords on the body whorl, the uppermost being

subsutural and more weakly nodular. The 2nd whorl presents 3 spiral cords crossed by axial

threads forming a clear reticulum; the base is ornamented by 4-5 spiral cords with axially

nodular interspaces. The circumbilical cord is tuberculate as it is in S. quadricincta, but the

nodules are lower and less rounded. The subsutural area of S. carvalhoi is smaller than that of S.

quadricincta, being a bit smoother in the latter and adorned by a subsutural spiral cord next to

the suture, whereas S. carvalhoi has 2 subsutural cords that are more distant from the suture. S.


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carvalhoi lives on sandy substrate and in calcareous algae between depths of 8 and 66 m (Rios,

1994).

Geographic distribution: Cuba; Brazil: Amapá, Alagoas (this study), Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo

and Santa Catarina.


Solariella quinni new species Barros & Pereira (Figures 15-21)

Type material: Holotype, MZUSP, n◦. 77083.

Type location: Pernambuco, Brazil, 51-71m.

Material examined: Lt = 6 mm , Wt = 5.9 mm, La = 2.1 mm, Wa = 2.5 mm, Wp = 0.2 mm, Wu

= 0.7 mm, 5 ¾ whorls. MZUSP: [01], Holotype n◦ 77083, 08°09’ S, 34°34’ W, 19.XII.2004,

Pernambuco (PE) Brazil, gravel bottom, 69-71m; n◦ 77084/ 77085, [02], paratypes, 08°11’S,

34°36’ W, 19.XII.2004, Pernambuco (PE), Brazil, gravel bottom, 51-60m; n◦. 77082: [01],

specimen, 08°11’ S, 34°34’ W, 18.XII.04, Pernambuco (PE), Brazil, gravel bottom, 66-71m;

ANSP n◦. 413511: [02], specimens, 08°09’ S, 34°34’ W, 18.XII.04, Pernambuco (PE), Brazil,

gravel bottom, 69-71m; LMUFRPE n◦. 503: [05], specimens, 08°11’ S, 34°34’ W, 18.XII.04,

Pernambuco (PE), Brazil, gravel bottom, 66-71m; MHNC n◦. 64503: [02], specimens, 08°11’ S,

34°36’ W, 18.XII.04, Pernambuco (PE), Brazil, gravel bottom, 51- 60m; MNRJ n◦.10578/10579

: [02], paratypes , 08°09’ S, 34°34’ W, 18.XII.04, Pernambuco (PE), Brazil, gravel bottom, 69-

71m.

Diagnosis: Conical-turbinate, body whorl weakly widened, shell with raised appearance. Suture

reentrant, forming channel. Platform below the suture forming nodules, with 3-5 fine spiral

threads. Shoulder with thinner tubercles or smooth appearance. Region below the shoulder with

2 spiral cords. Peripheral cord nodular, with the subperipheral area adorned by 2 fine spiral

cords. Basal cord smooth. Circumbilical cord weakly tuberculate. Umbilicus narrow.

Description: Shell conical-turbinate, 6 mm x 5.9 mm, angular contour, without nacre, base light-

colored with tan streaks and spots, 5 ¾ whorls, shouldered. Protoconch small and smooth, about

one whorl. 1st whorl with 3 spiral cords and the presence of the shoulder below the suture. 2nd

whorl and subsequent whorls a bit more reticulated, 4 spiral cords making up the shoulder. Body

whorl ample and broad. Suture reentrant, forming a channel in whorls 3 and 4, between the

smooth abapical cord and the cord below the strongly nodular suture. The abapical cord forms

the peripheral cord on the body whorl. Platform below the suture strongly ribbed, forming

adapical nodules and the lower part crossed by 3 to 5 fine spiral threads. The axial ornament is


14

always stronger in this region. Shoulder weakly forming tubercles that are weaker than those

below the suture or has a smoother appearance, however no specimen has a secondary cord that

is stronger than the shoulder. Region between the shoulder and the peripheral cord with the

presence of 2 spiral cords of the same appearance, which can vary from fine to broad, in the

latter case sub-equal to the shoulder and the peripheral cord. Platform with 2 spiral cords.

Between these sub-shoulder secondary spiral cords there are microscopic spiral threads.

Peripheral cord weakly nodular or smooth, but in both cases similar to the shoulder. Region

below the peripheral cord with 2 sub-equal fine spiral cords. Base broad, slightly convex and

ornamented by 10-12 spiral cords, the two innermost of which a bit more weakly tuberculate.

Circumbilical cord weakly tuberculate, bordered by a small spiral groove. Intraumbilical region

ornamented by 8-12 fine spiral threads intercalated by a fold that is a bit more reinforced.

Umbilicus very narrow, corresponding to 11% of the maximum width; funnel-shaped and very

sharp. Peristome strong. Inner lip concave, with a final reinforcement on the collumella due to

the termination of the circumbilical cord. Aperture sub-circular with posterior thinning. Outer lip

fine. Axial streaks on the platform below the suture and in the region between the shoulder and

the peripheral cord.

Geographic distribution: Pernambuco, Brazil.

Bathymetry: 51 to 71 meters.

Comments: Among the Solariella described thus far for the Atlantic, Solariella quinni sp n.

presents greater affinities with Solariella cristata Quinn, 1992, p. 52, fig. 7-8, which present a

solid conical-turbinate shell, are deeply umbilicated, with a narrow umbilicus, tan streaks, base

weakly convex and developed spiral ornaments on the body whorl; but are easily distinguished

as S. quinni has 3 spiral cords on the 1st whorl (4-5 spiral cords in S. cristata), a ample, broad

body whorl adorned by 4 primary spiral cords, 3-5 secondary spiral cords below the suture, 2

weaker spiral cords below the shoulder and 2 weak cords below the peripheral cord; a total of

11-13 irregular spiral cords on the body whorl (there are 14 subequal spiral cords in S. cristata);

the 2nd whorl is reticulated, form by 4 spiral cords crossed by axial ribs; the base is ample,

slightly convex, with 10-12 spiral cords, the 2 innermost being weaker. In S. cristata, the base is

equally convex, but composed of 7-10 spiral cords. S. quinni also presents a weakly nodular

circumbilical cord, separated from the other basal cords by a deep spiral groove. The umbilicus

is narrow in both species, with 8-12 spiral threads and a strong upper fold in S. quinni, and 4-6

nodular spiral cords in S. cristata. The width of the umbilicus ranges from 30 % of the

maximum width in S. cristata to 11 % in S. quinni. Despite the occurrence of particular affinities

of these species with S. carvalhoi and S. quadricincta, there are very profound differences,

which basically regard the presence of very developed spiral ornaments in S. quinni.


15

Figures 15 a 21 - Solariella quinni sp. n.: Paratype 1, 5.1 x 5.2 mm: 15, ventral view; 16 dorsal

view; 17, anterior view; 18, aperture; SEM: 19, nucleous of protoconch,

650x; 20, protoconch and 1st whorl, 200x; 21, posterior view and part of body

whorl, 23x.


16

Solariella lubrica (Dall, 1881) (Figures 22-28)

Margarita lubrica Dall, 1881; Margarita iridea Dall, 1889.

References: Dall, 1881, p.44; Dall, 1889, p.382; Quinn, 1979, p.42, figs. 68-74; Abbott, 1974,

p.41, fig. 290; Rios, 1994, p.36, pr. 10, fig. 109.


Type location: Margarita lubrica Dall, 1881 - Cuba (North of Havana), “Blake”, Est. 2, 23°14’

N, 82°25’ W, 1472 meters.


Wu = 0.36 mm, 4 1/8 whorls. LMUFRPE n◦. 504: [01], Dredging 31, 10o06’ S; 35º46’ W;

Alagoas (AL), Brazil, 16.XII.2001, muddy bottom, 720 m; MHNC n◦. 64519: [01], Dredging

11, 08°46,5’ S, 34°44,5’ W, 18.XI.00, Pernambuco (PE), Brazil, 690 m; MNRJ n◦. 10580: [01],

Dredging 09, 08°45,1’ S, 35°44,9’ W, 12.XI.00, Pernambuco (PE), Brazil, 500 m; MZUSP n◦.

77076: [01], Dredging 31, 10o06’ S; 35º46’ W; 16.XII.01, Alagoas (AL), Brazil, muddy bottom,

720 m.

Remarks: Shell small, 3.1 mm x 2.7 mm, contour conical, inflated, glossy with intense pink

color when alive to nacre white when dead, with 4 1/8 whorls. Protoconch small, polished, with

globose nucleus, emerged, with fine spiral striae, 1 ¼. 1st whorl with the formation of a

subsutural tuberculate spiral cord, which forms a narrow platform between the suture and this

cord. Tubercles are ornamented by 2 fine spiral threads. Body whorl inflated and smooth. Base

strongly convex, with the presence of a funnel-shaped umbilicus, which is bordered by 1-2

tuberculate cicumbilical cords and strong, short axial plications originating from the tubercles

and going to the base. Intraumbilical region formed by strong axial folds, umbilicus narrow and

deep. Aperture circular, with a dorsal narrowing. Inner lip concave, weakly reflected to the

umbilicus. Outer lip fine.

Geographic distribution: Florida Straights, Gulf of Mexico, Southern Caribbean, Brazil: Alagoas

(this study) and Rio Grande do Sul.



17

Figures 22 a 28 - Solariella lubrica, 3.1 x 2.7 mm: 22, ventral view; 23, dorsal view; 24, anterior

view; 25, intraumbilical region and aperture; SEM: 26, posterior view and

shoulder of body whorl, 450x; 27, nucleous of protoconch, 450x; 28, dorsal

view of protoconch, 230x.

Solariella amabilis (Jeffreys, 1865) (Figures 29-35)

Not Trochus cinctus sp. n, Philippi, 1836; Margarita elegantula nom. nud, Jeffreys 186;

Trochus amabilis Jeffreys, 1865; Trochus affinis nom. nud – Jeffreys MS, Friele 1874;

Machaeroplax affinis sp. n.- Jeffreys MS, Friele, 1877a; Machaeroplax hidalgoi sp. n. Fischer,

1882; Trochus amabilis var. n. affinis, Jeffreys, 1883.

References: Philippi, 1836, p.185, pl. 10; Jeffreys, 1865, p.300; Friele 1874, p.303; Friele 1877a,

p.313; Fischer, 1882, p.51; Jeffreys, 1883, p. 97; Fretter & Graham, 1977; Quinn, 1979, p.36,

figs. 51-54; Warén, 1993, p.161-162, figs. 2A, B, 7B, 8D.

Type material: Syntype, USNM, n◦ 179512.

Type location: T. amabilis, Shetland, Northeast Unst, 155-175 m.


18


Wu = 0.8 mm, 6 whorls. MHNC n◦. 64520: [01], Dredging 19, 03°30’51’’ S, 37°59’28’’ W, CE,

Brazil, 07.XI.01, 384 m; MZUSP n◦. 78952: [01], Dredging 06, 10°41,4’00’’ S, 36°18,7’00’’ W,

AL, Brazil, 28.X.00, 365m.

Remarks: Shell conical-turbinate, with angular shoulder, 2.3 mm x 2.4 mm, translucent when

recently dead and without nacre, 3 ¾ whorls. Protoconch small, nucleus a bit inflated and

emerged, with spiral threads on the surface of the protoconcha, with 1 whorl. 1st whorl

ornamented exclusively by 4 spiral (micro) cords, with the emergence of the platform below the

suture. 2nd whorl with 4 spiral cords crossed by fine axial ribs that form small nodules on the

cords. The uppermost cord is limited to the platform below the suture. On the 3rd whorl the sharp

axial ribs become more raised and are crossed by the shoulder below the suture, by a cord below

the shoulder and by the peripheral cord. There is a spiral cord below the suture on the platform,

which form nodules in the intersections with the axial ribs. Shoulder finely tuberculate where

these nodules coincide with the axial ribs coming from the platform below the suture. Region

below the shoulder with a thinner secondary cord, bordered by fine spiral threads from above to

below. Peripheral cord thin and smaller than the shoulder, with minute, spirally developed

nodules. Space between the shoulder and the peripheral cord is twice as large as the space

between the peripheral and basal cords. Region below the peripheral cord and shoulder entirely

covered by thin axial ribs. There are about 9 microscopic spiral threads in the region below the

peripheral cord. Basal cord lower and smoother than the peripheral cord, with the formation of

obscure nodules. Base conical, strongly convex, adorned by 5 spiral cords similar in appearance

to the basal cord, the innermost of which a bit stronger and flatter than the others. Circumbilical

cord strongly tuberculate axially. Umbilicus narrow, funnel-shaped. Umbilical aperture

narrowed. Intraumbilical region ornamented by 6 spiral cords interrupted by axial lamellae

coinciding with the nodules of the circumbilical cord; on the innermost side of this cord there is

a small depression or spiral groove, which develops to the outer part of the columella, forming a

v-shaped reentrance in this region. Aperture quadrangular, inner lip concave, outer lip fine,

strongly angular upwardly.

Comments: Solariella amabilis (Jeffreys, 1865) has been discussed by a number of authors

(Dall, 1889, Friele 1874, Warén, 1993) and all are unanimous in reporting the Nordic

distribution or, at most, a Mediterranean distribution, for most of the specimens collected, with a

bathymetric distribution between 150 and 800 m. S. amabilis is one of the first valid names of

recent European species. The shells collected off the Brazilian coast exhibit a typical pattern

presented by S. amabilis with the strong, sub-equal relatively smooth shoulder and peripheral


19

Figures 29 a 35 - S. amabilis, 2.3 x 2.4 mm: 29, ventral view; 30, dorsal view; 31, anterior view;

SEM: 32, suture and shoulder of body whorl, 100x; 33, protoconch of 1st

exemplar, 330x; 34, protoconch of 2nd exemplar, 250x; 35, axial and spiral

ornament of body whorl, 120x.

cord, body whorl with thin axial ribs starting at the platform below the suture forming nodules

on the shoulder, sharp carinae with nodules that are smaller than those of the shoulder and are

spirally developed; pronounced carinae; the region below the suture is ample and flat; the region

below the shoulder has evident spiral cords (which are not well pronounced in the Brazilian

material).

Geographic distribution: North Atlantic and Northeast Brazil: Alagoas and Ceará (this study).


Genus Lamellitrochus Quinn, 1991

References: Quinn, 1991, p. 81-91.

Type species: Margarita lamellosa Verril & Smith, 1880.

Type location: Barbados, at 220 m.


20

Atlantic species included: Solariella lamellosa (Verril & Smith, 1880), Lamellitrochus

pourtalesi (Clench & Aguayo, 1939); Lamellitrochus inceratus Quinn, 1991; L. carinatus

Quinn, 1991; L. suavis Quinn, 1991; L. filosus Quinn, 1991; L. fenestratus Quinn, 1991 and L.

bicoronatus Quinn, 1991.

Remarks: All shells are distinguished from all other solariellinae genera by their strongly

angular whorl profiles and distinctive macro and microsculpture.

Lamellitrochus inceratus Quinn, 1991 (Figures 36-42)

Calliostoma tiara Watson 1879: Dall, 1889a: 365;

Solariella amabilis Jeffreys 1865: Dall, 1889a: 378, 379;

Solariella lamellosa (Verril & Smith, 1880): Quinn, 1979: 40-42, figs. 61, 62.

References: Quinn, 1991, p. 88-90, figs. 25-27, 36.


Type location: Albatross sta. 2644, 25º40’N, 80º00’W, off Cape Florida, Key Biscayne, Florida,

at 353 m.

Material examined: Lt = 5.8 mm, Wt = 5.5 mm, La = 1.9 mm, Wa = 1.9 mm, Wp = 0.28 mm,

Wu = 2.1 mm, 6 whorls. ANSP n◦. 413512: [02], Dredging 07, 11°35,5’ S, 37°12,3’ W, Sergipe

(SE), Brazil, 30.X.00, 510 m; LMUFRPE n◦. 508: [10], Dredging 10, 09°04,7’ S, 34°51,2’ W,

17.XI.00, Alagoas (AL), Brazil, 520 m; MHNC n◦. 64509: [02], Dredging 04, 08°42,1’00’’ S,

34°44,1’00’’ W, Pernambuco (PE), Brazil, 25.III.00, 465 m; MNRJ n◦. 10586: [05], Dredging

31, 10o06’ S; 35º46’ W, Alagoas (AL), Brazil, muddy bottom, 16.XII.01, 720 m; MZUSP n◦:

77073: [05], Dredging 11, 08°46,5’ S, 34°44,5’ W, 18.XI.00, Pernambuco (PE), Brazil, 690 m.

Remarks: Shell small, reaching 5.8 mm x 5.5 mm, conical-turbinate, peripherally carinate

(similar to a keel), frequently umbilicate, white, lower side with fine nacre and outwardly with a

porcelain coating. Protoconch 0.325 mm of maximum width, 1 whorl. Teleoconch with 6

whorls, with one higher segment, forming a carinate keel; first whorl with strong, smooth axial

lamellae extending from suture to suture, quickly becoming restricted to the shoulder and

peripheral cord on the subsequent whorls; rather weak micro-pustules covering the entire surface

of the first 2 whorls; first whorl with 2 to 4 weak spiral threads, two of which interact with the

axial lamellae to form an angulation below the tuberculate suture and peripheral cord; 0-5 very

weak spiral threads between the angulation below the suture and the peripheral cord. Base

flattened, surrounded by a strong, smooth spiral cord; 5- 11 weak, flattened, smooth spiral cords


21

between the basal cord and the strong tuberculate circumbilical cord; umbilicus amply open,

41% of the maximum width of the shell, funnel-shaped and its walls have 0-4 weak spiral cords

and weak axial wrinkles. Aperture oblique, circular; Lips narrow; Peristome complete.

Figures 36 a 42 - Lamellitrochus inceratus, 5.8 x 5.5 mm: 36, ventral view; 37, dorsal view; 38,

anterior view; 39, protoconch, 180x (SEM); 40, spiral ornament of body whorl;

41, part of base and aperture; 42, intraumbilical region.

Comments: According to Quinn (1991), Lamellitrochus inceratus presents affinities with the

Atlantic species Lamellitrochus suavis Quinn, 1991, recorded for Barbados-Antilles, for having

a conical-turbinate contour and similarities in the shape of the sculpture, but Lamellitrochus

suavis is much smaller and presents little relation to other Atlantic species, except for the group

Lamellitrochus Quinn, 1991. As a means of quick recognition, the following descriptive

characteristics are attributed, which do not appear in the original description: the protoconch is

ornamented by microscopic spiral threads; the spiral threads may by absent between the

peripheral and basal cords, and if present (a maximum of 2 threads starting at the 4th whorl), it is

due to the dissolution of calcium carbonate; after the basal cord, there are 6 adjacent spiral

cords; a 7th spiral cord may be absent and, when present, it is located near the tuberculate cord;

the circumbilical cord presents 15-24 tubercles, and the central part of the base is often smooth;

the inner lip is reflected on perfect specimens, especially on the median portion. This is the first


22

record of the species for the Southern Atlantic and the 2nd occurrence of the genus

Lamellitrochus Quinn, 1991. Among the known species, it presents a strong affinity with

Lamellitrochus pourtalesi (Clench & Aguayo, 1939), in the conical-turbinate contour, strongly

pustulous ornamentation and the strongly canaliculate suture, but is easily distinguished by the

direction of the ornaments on the first post-embryonic whorl, which are typically axial in L.

inceratus and spirally developed in. The spiral angle is more acute in L. inceratus and the

protoconch in L. pourtalesi has a much more inflated nucleus. The base in L. pourtalesi is much

more conical, the basal threads are more raised and ornamented by many raised axial threads;

the umbilicus is distinct in both species, being broader, deeper and reaching the inner part of the

protoconch in L. inceratus. In L. pourtalesi, the umbilicus has a broad inner spiral cord that

culminates in the projection of the inner lip, which is reflected, giving a more reinforced

appearance to the aperture. A very evident angulation formed on the outer lip corresponds to the

termination of the shoulder, the peripheral cord and the basal cord. The tubercles on the shoulder

are more rounded and axially developed in L. inceratus; in L. pourtalesi, the shoulder has

spirally developed nodules that are a bit smaller in comparison with L. inceratus. The region

below the shoulder is relatively smooth, flat and ample in L. pourtalesi, whereas this region is

ornamented by 0-5 weak spiral threads in L. inceratus.

Geographic distribution: Southern Georgia, Florida Straights (Florida Cape to Dry Tortugas),

Havana and Honda Bay - Cuba; Yucatan Channel, Old Providence Island, Southeast Cuba,

North Porto Rico and the Lesser Antilles from the Dominican Republic to Santa Lucia;

Northeast Brazil (this study).

Bathymetry: from 250 to 500 meters.

Lamellitrochus pourtalesi (Clench & Aguayo, 1939) (Figures 43-49)

Margarita amabilis Jeffreys 1865; Solariella pourtalesi Clench & Aguayo, 1939.

References: Clench & Aguayo 1939, p.190, pl. 28 fig. 02; Quinn, 1979, p.42, figs. 63-64;

Type material: Holotype, MCZ n◦. 135.108.

Type location: “Atlantis” Station n◦ 2993 (N. Lat 23° 24; W. Long. 80° 44´) off Cardenas,

northern Cuba, 1276 m.


Wu = 2 mm, 5 ¼ whorls. ANSP n◦. 413514: [04], Dredging 11, 08°46,5’ S, 34°44,5’ W,

Pernambuco (PE), Brazil,18.XI.00, 690 m; LMUFRPE n◦. 507: [05], Dredging 27, 06°14’ S,

34°52’ W, Rio Grande do Norte (RN) Brazil, 26.XI.01, 500 m;. MHNC n◦. 64522: [03],

Dredging 31, 10°06’ S, 35°46’ W, Alagoas (AL), Brazil, 16.XII.01, 720 m; MNRJ n◦. 10584:


23

[06], Dredging 04, 08°42,1’00’’ S, 34°44,1’00’’ W, PE, Brazil, 25.03.00, 465 m; MZUSP

n◦.77072: [05]: Dredging 10, 09°04,7’ S, 34°51,2’ W, Alagoas (AL), Brazil, 17.11.00, 520 m;

[04], Dredging 12, 04°17,6’ S, 33°13,2’ W, Ceará (CE), Brazil, 07.X.01, 550 m.

Remarks: Shell small, reaching 7.5 mm x 6.5 mm, conical-turbinate, relatively flat, angled

contours, white, with pinkish spots on the spiral, pattern strongly nacre, 5 ¼ whorls. Protoconch

globose, with emerged nucleus, probably with spiral micro-sculpture, 1 whorl. 1st half of the 1st

whorl without axial ribs, with the upper part presenting incipient ribs. 2nd whorl ornamented by

strong axial ribs crossed by 3-4 weaker spiral lines, the uppermost of which forms the shoulder

and tubercles are formed in the intersections with the axial ribs; on the following whorls the

axial ornaments become less evident and the spiral ornaments become more conspicuous with

the development of tubercles, especially on the shoulder and peripheral cord, which are conical,

sharp and axially elongated. Platform very narrow between the shoulder and suture and the

region between shoulder and the suture is very narrow; the region between the shoulder and the

peripheral keel is broader and smoother. Peripheral cord weakly tuberculate, tubercles smaller

than those found on the shoulder. Region between the peripheral and basal cords is smooth.

Basal cord emerging above the suture of the outer lip, smooth. Body whorl ornamented

essentially spirally, with smooth interspaces, but ornamented by axial growth threads. Below the

shoulder there is a fine spiral cord, weakly nodular and closer to the shoulder than to the

peripheral cord. Formation of rectangular interspaces on the 2nd and 3rd whorls. Suture weakly

reentrant, forming a broad channel between the shoulder and peripheral cord on the spiral. Body

whorl ornamented adapically by the strongly tuberculate shoulder. Base conical, with 2-7 thin,

smooth spiral cords, the innermost of which has a finely tuberculate appearance. Circumbilical

cord strongly tuberculate, terminating at the lower part of the columella. Intraumbilical region

adorned by axial growth folds but, on the upper part of the narrowed umbilicus, with a strong

spiral fold and concave inner lip strongly reflected on its middle portion over the umbilical fold.

Aperture sub-circular, weakly angles at the termination of the peripheral keel. Columella fragile,

mouth roundly arched.

Comments: Among occurrences in the Southern Atlantic, the species that relates most closely to

Lamellitrochus pourtalesi appears to be Lamellitrochus inceratus. Both were related by Quinn

(1991), as was discussed earlier. The two Atlantic species -- Lamellitrochus fenestratus Quinn,

1991 and Solariella amabilis (Jeffreys, 1865) -- present affinities in the general contour of the

amply conical shell, the ornamentation pattern on half of the 1st post-nuclear whorl and the

tabulation of the whorls. In comparison to L. fenestratus, the teleoconch in L. pourtalesi is

larger, with 5 ¼ whorls (4.6 in L. fenestratus); the shoulder is equally nodular, but the nodules


24

Figures 43 a 49 - Lamellitrochus pourtalesi, 7.5 x 6.5 mm: 43, ventral view; 44, dorsal view; 45,

anterior view; 46, aperture; SEM: 47, protoconch with transition area, 180x; 48,

microesculpture of protoconch, 1000x; 49, ornament of body whorl , 160x.

are smaller and the area below the shoulder is slightly convex; it does not present a strong spiral

ornamentation as that exhibited by L. fenestratus. In L. pourtalesi, there is a cord below the

obscurely nodular shoulder. The distance from the peripheral cord to the basal cord corresponds

on both of the species, but the peripheral cord in L. fenestratus has much stronger tubercles. The

base is conical and developed, which is similar to L. pourtalesi, but the circumbilical cord

presents a double row of nodules. L. pourtalesi, L. fenestratus and S. amabilis present a

protoconch with fine spiral threads and the initial half of the 1st whorl with 4 spiral threads,

which probably unites them into a group with affinities; the nucleus of L. pourtalesi resembles

that of S. amabilis than that of L. fenestratus, but it is much more inflated in L. pourtalesi than

in either of the other two species. The teleoconch in L. pourtalesi resembles that in S. aff.

amabilis, especially with regard to the tabulation of the whorls, the depth of the suture and the

strongly tuberculate ornamentation, is easily distinguished from S. amabilis for possessing a

strongly tuberculate shoulder. The nodules found on the teleoconch of L. pourtalesi are axially

developed, whereas in S. aff. amabilis they are minute and spirally developed. The two species

resemble one another also in the distribution of the space below the shoulder and the region


25

below the peripheral cord; in both cases, the upper region is twice as large as the lower region,

but these two regions are covered in thin axial ribs only in S. aff. amabilis; in L. pourtalesi, there

are only spiral ornaments.

Geographic distribution: Florida (Eastern); Yucatan Straights; Cuba (North of Havana, North of

Matanzas); Antilles Sea; Northeast Brazil (this study).


Lamellitrochus carinatus Quinn, 1991 (Figures 50 - 56)

References: Quinn, 1991, p. 84-85, figs. 7-12.

Type material: Holotype, DMNH n.º 179393.

Type location: SW of Egmont Key, Florida, 366-421 m.

Material examined: Lt = 2.1 mm , Wt = 2.8mm, La = 0.8 mm, Wa = 0.9 mm, Wp = 0.2 mm,

Wu = 0.7 mm, 3 ¾ whorls. ANSP n◦. 413515: [03], Dredging 24, 04°51’40’’ S, 35°08’01’’ W,

24.11.01, CE, Brazil, 384 m; LMUFRPE n◦. 509: [10], Dredging 29, 06°13’22’’ S, 34°52’20’’

W, RN, Brazil, 26.11.01, 223 m; MHNC n◦. 64512: [02], Dredging 28, 06°13’39’’ S, 34°51’37’’

W, RN, Brazil, 26.11.01, 340 m; MNRJ n◦. 10585: [05], Dredging 04, 08°42,1’00’’ S,

34°44,1’00’’ W, PE, Brazil, 25.03.00, 465 m; MZUSP n◦. 77074: [10], Dredging 07, 11°35,5’ S,

37°12,3’ W, Sergipe (SE), Brazil, 30.X.00, 510 m; [05], Dredging 18, 02°05’ S, 41°05’ W,

30.X.2001, Ceará (CE) – Piauí, Brazil, 390 m.

Remarks: Shell with very small dimensions: 2.1 mm x 2.8 mm, conical, flattened, 3 ¾ whorls.

Protoconch microscopic (0.26 mm), white, smooth, 1 whorl; with nucleus partially immersed.

The axial ribs emerge at the suture next to the protoconch and terminate at the suture below. 1st

whorl of the teleoconch strongly ornamented by raised axial ribs that predominate in relation to

the 2 obscure spiral cords. 2nd whorl with the shoulder and peripheral cord more evident, with

the presence of a cord above and below the peripheral cord, the one below may be absent.

Formation of stronger pustules on this whorl and the following whorls. The presence of 1-4

weak spiral threads between the shoulder and the peripheral cord and 0-2 weak spiral threads

between the peripheral and basal cords. Body whorl inflated, with convex contour or angular

whorl, ornamented by raised, slightly prosocline axial ribs that emerge from the suture and

extend abapically to near the basal cord, becoming thinner and inconspicuous after the

peripheral cord. Suture a bit constricted; region below the suture ornamented solely by the

dorsal portion of the axial ribs or with the presence of a spiral cord that is weaker than the

shoulder, dividing the pustules in this region through the middle. Presence of either weak or


26

very strong nodules in this region of the shoulder. Platform below the suture either very narrow

or as broad as the region below the shoulder. Peripheral cord strong, undulated and ornamented

either by weak or strong tubercles aligned spirally. Basal cord entirely smooth. Base slightly

convex, with 4-7 spiral cords between the basal cord and the circumbilical cord; circumbilical

cord strongly tuberculate with tubercles that are either raised and strong or low and weak.

Intraumbilical region ornamented by axial cords crossed by 4-8 fine spiral threads coinciding

with the tubercles of the circumbilical cord; umbilicus broad, corresponding to 36 % of the

maximum width. Aperture rounded. Inner lip concave, slightly reflected. Outer lip fine and with

an inner thickening sheltering its internal part.

Geographic distribution: North Carolina, Florida, Cuba, Porto Rico, Antigua and Barbados;

Trinidad Island and Northeast Brazil (this study).


Figures 50 a 56 - Lamellitrochus carinatus, 2.1 x 2.8 mm: 50, ventral view; SEM: 51, dorsal

view; 52, anterior view; 53, axial and spiral ornament of body whorl,

100x.54, protoconch, 180x; 55, ornament of nucleous, 370x; 56, dorsal view

of protoconch, 350x.


27

Comments: Lamellitrochus carinatus Quinn, 1991, is the most distinct species of Lamellitrochus

described until the present, showing affinities with the genus Brookula Iredale, 1912, especially

with regard to the conical-flattened shape of the teleoconch and the strong, ribbed, reticulated

pattern. However, the species of Lamellitrochus are easily separated from this genus for having

evident cords and shoulder, constituting strong spiral ornamentation in relation to axial

ornamentation. The Brazilian forms are generally smaller than those of the Type material,

occasionally presenting a reduced number of spiral ornaments, from 1-4 weak spiral threads in

the region below the shoulder (1-7 threads in the Holotype) and 0-2 weak spiral threads in the

region below the peripheral cord (0-4 spiral threads in the Holotype). The base is weakly convex

in both forms, but the intraumbilical region is adorned by 4-8 fine spiral threads (1- 7 in the

Holotype) crossed by axial cords. KEY FOR SOLARIELLA AND LAMELLITROCHUS:

1- Adult shells small to medium sized, deeply umbilicate, conical, conical-globose and

conical-turbinate, with strong spiral and secondary axial ornamentation; base convex or

flattened, with smooth intraumbilical region and never strongly reticulated _______________ 2

1´- Adult shells of microscopic size, with broad umbilicus, conical-flattened shape, base slightly

convex; with strongly reticulated intraumbilical region ____________ Lamellitrochus carinatus.

2- Base strongly flattened or conical, with rounded aperture, body whorl with strong spiral

ornamentation and secondary or equally strong axial ornamentation, forming pustules _______ 3

2´- Shell conical-globose, base conical and strongly convex, body whorl inflated and smooth,

ornamented by a tuberculate subsutural spiral cord _____________________ Solariella lubrica

2- Region below the shoulder smooth or ornamented spirally and/or axially, equal to or

greater in size than the region below the peripheral cord, umbilicus broad, with spiral

ornamentation, basal ornamentation present, first post-embryonic whorl without axial cords __ 4

3´- Area below the shoulder with smooth appearance or with up to five spiral threads,

approximately equal in size to the area below the peripheral cord, tubercles rounded and axial,

umbilicus broad, smooth and deep, obscure basal threads, first post-embryonic whorl with axial

cords ____________________________________________________ Lamellitrochus inceratus

4 - Area below the shoulder with smooth appearance, broader than the area below the peripheral

cord, umbilicus broad, with an intraumbilical spiral cord, first post-embryonic whorl with strong

spiral ornamentation ______________________________________ Lamellitrochus pourtalesi

4´- Area below the shoulder spirally and axially ornamented, umbilicus broad and deep or

narrow and deep, with various inner spiral threads, first post-embryonic whorl with fine growth

threads and spiral ornamentation _________________________________________________ 5


28

5- Region below the shoulder broader than the area below the peripheral cord, thin secondary

cord, circumbilical cord strongly tuberculate, shoulder nodular and axial ribs on the body whorl

_____________________________________________________________ Solariella amabilis

5´- Region below the shoulder broader than the area below the peripheral cord, with a weaker

secondary cord that can be absent, circumbilical cord smooth or with weak nodules ________ 6

6- Base conical, slightly convex, with 10 to 12 weak spiral cords, the innermost weak and the

circumbilical cord weakly nodular, forming a periumbilical spiral groove

___________________________________________________________ Solariella quinni sp n.

6´- Base conical, strongly convex, with strong spiral cords ranging from three to five and a

strongly tuberculate circumbilical cord forming a groove, umbilicus broad, convex walls, with

four to six strong spiral cords, weakly tuberculate ___________________________________ 7

7- Umbilicus broad, with convex walls, four to six strong spiral cords, weakly tuberculate, base

with three to four strong, raised cords, circumbilical cord tuberculate __ Solariella quadricincta

7´- Umbilicus medium-sized, internally constricted, convex walls, with five to seven strong

spiral cords, base with four to five strong spiral cords, circumbilical cord with strong axial

nodules ______________________________________________________ Solariella carvalhoi

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We are grateful to Mr. Enilson Cabral, fishery´s engineer from the Research and

Management Center for Fishing Resources of the Northeast Coast - CEPENE/IBAMA, for his

considerable efforts in the collection of the samples from sediment taken from the Continental

Slope of Northeast Brazil. We would also like to thank Dr. Luiz Ricardo Lopes de Simone, from

the Zoology Museum of the Universidade de Sao Paulo – MZUSP, Dr. Paulo Márcio Sousa

Costa, from the National Museum of Rio de Janeiro and Dr. Ricardo Silva Absalão, from the

Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, for the critical reading of the manuscript and for

sending literature that gave sustainability to the conchological comments regarding the species,

and also Mr. Alexandre Dias Pimenta, from the Laboratory of the National Museum of Rio de

Janeiro and Mr. Rainer Jonas, from the Gesellschaft für Biotechnologische Forschung – GBF,

for sending us literature. We would also like to thank the Conselho Nacional de

Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq, for the financial support given to the

development of the identification work of the malacofauna from the Continental Slope of

Northeast Brazil.


29

REFERENCES

Abbott, R.T. (1974). American Seashells. 2nd ed. New York-London-Melbourne: Van Nostrand

Reinhold Co.

Clench, W. J. & C. G. Aguayo. (1939). Notes and descriptions of new deep-water Mollusca

obtained by the Harvard-Havana Expedition off the coast of Cuba. II Memorias de la Sociedad

Cubana de Historia Natural "Felipe Poey". 13: 190-191.

Dall, W. H. (1881). Reports on the results of dredging, under the supervision of Alexander

Agassiz, in the Gulf of Mexico, and in the Caribbean Sea, 1877-79, by the United States Coast

Survey Steamer Blake. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 9: 33-144.

Dall, W. H. (1889). Reports on the results of dredgings, under the supervision of Alexander

Agassiz, in the Gulf of Mexico (1877-78) and in the Caribbean Sea (1879-80), by the U. S.

Coast Survey Steamer “Blake”, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 18: 1-492.

Hickman, C. S. & J. H. Mclean. (1990). Systematic revision and supragenerics classification of

trochacean gastropods. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Science Series, 35.

Lopes. H. S. & P. Sá Cardoso. (1958). Sobre um novo gastrópodo Brasileiro do gênero

“Solariella” Wood, 1842 (Trochidae). Rev. Bras. Biol., 18(1): 59-64.

Quinn, J. F. Jr. (1979). Biological results of the University of Miami Deep-Sea Expeditions.

130. The systematics and zoogeography of the gastropod family Trochidae collected in the

Straits of Florida and its approaches. Malacologia, 19(1): 1-62

Quinn, J. F. Jr. (1991). Lamellitrochus, a new genus of Solariellinae (Gastropoda: Trochidae),

with descriptions of six new species from the Western Atlantic. Ocean Nautilus, 105(3): 81-91.

Rios, E. C. (1994). Seashells of Brazil. 2ed. Fundação Cidade do Rio Grande: Fundação

Universidade do Rio Grande.

Wood, S. V. (1842). A catalogue of shells from the Crag. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1(9): 527-544.

Warén, A. (1993). New and Little Known Mollusca from /Iceland and Scandinavia. Part 2 –

Sarsia, 7:159-201.

Watson, R. B. (1886). Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of the “Challenger”

during the Years of 1875. Scaphopoda and Gastropoda, 15: 49-93.


30

INFLUENCIA DE LOS EVENTOS CLIMATICOS EL NIÑO Y LA NIÑA EN LA

COMUNIDAD DE CHAETOGNATHA DE LAS AGUAS SUPERFICIALES DEL OCÉANO

PACÍFICO COLOMBIANO.

Xiomara Franchesca GARCÍA DÍAZ* ; Lucia Maria de Oliveira GUSMÃO;

Yimmy HERRERA

Departamento de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco

*E-mail: [email protected]

Resumen - Buscando determinar posibles indicadores biológicos de los eventos climáticos El Niño y la Niña, fueron analizadas la composición, abundancia y distribución de los quetognatos de las aguas superficiales del océano Pacifico colombiano (6°16’00”N - 1°18’00”N; 77°27’00”W - 84°00’00”W). Los organismos fueron colectados durante 5 cruceros oceanográficos realizados entre los años 1998 y 2000 (mayo-junio/1998; octubre/1998; mayo/1999; mayo-junio/2000 y noviembre-diciembre/2000) mediante arrastres superficiales horizontales con una red de plancton estándar de 65 µm de ojo de malla. La abundancia y distribución de los quetognatos fue relacionada con temperatura, salinidad, clorofila-a, circulación superficial del mar y nutrientes disueltos (amonio, nitrito, nitrato, fosfato y silicato), variables obtenidas simultáneamente en los cruceros oceanográficos. Para determinar posibles bioindicadores se realizó un diagrama de dispersión y un análisis de agrupamiento (Cluster). Se identificaron 19 especies, de las cuales las más abundantes fueron Sagitta enflata, S. hexaptera, S. regularis y S. zetesios. Se consideró a Pterosagitta draco como una especie potencialmente indicadora del evento climático El Niño y a Sagitta minima del evento La Niña, en el Pacifico colombiano. La clorofila-a indicó indirectamente, la mayor disponibilidad alimentar para los quetognatos durante el periodo La Niña. La relación entre la salinidad y la distribución de las especies, permitió determinar a Pterosagitta draco y Sagitta pacifica como especies de aguas oceánicas y Sagitta bedoti y S. robusta de aguas costeras del océano Pacifico colombiano.

Palabras clave: zooplancton, bioindicadores, biomasa fitoplanctónica, nutrientes, circulación superficial. Abstract - Looking identify possible biological indicators of climatic events El Niño and La Niña, the

Chaetognath composition, abundance and distribution of colombian Pacific ocean superficial waters (6°16’00”N - 1°18’00”N; 77°27’00”W - 84°00’00”W) were analyzed. The organisms were collected during five oceanographic expeditions made between 1998 and 2000 (May-June/1998; October/1998; May/1999; May-June/2000 and November-December/2000) through horizontal and superficial hauls using a standard net of 65 µm mesh size. The abundance and distribution of Chaetognath community were related with temperature, salinity, chlorophyll-a, superficial circulation and dissolved nutrients (ammonium, nitrite, nitrate, phosphate and silicate), variables obtained simultaneously during the expeditions. Possible bioindicators using dispersion diagram and correlations of cluster analysis were determined. Nineteen species were identified, and the most abundant were Sagitta enflata, S. hexaptera, S. regularis and S. zetesios. One potential indicator of El Niño in colombian Pacific was Pterosagitta draco and of La Niña was Sagitta minima. Chlorophyll-a indicated indirectly the high trophic availability for chaetognaths in La Niña weather event. The relationship between salinity and species distribution determined Pterosagitta draco and Sagitta pacifica off oceanic waters and Sagitta bedoti and S. robusta off coastal waters by Pacific ocean colombian waters.

Keywords: zooplankton, bioindicators, phytoplanktonic biomass, nutrients, superficial circulation.


31

INTRODUCCIÓN

El filo Chaetognatha es un grupo destacado dentro de la comunidad zooplanctónica

marina. Es predador activo de numerosos invertebrados y larvas de peces y, a su vez, es parte de

la dieta de algunos peces considerados de alto interés comercial. Por esta razón cumple un papel

ecológico importante en las redes tróficas y puede constituir un buen indicador de potencial

pesquero (Boltovskoy, 1981). Este filo también es comúnmente usado como indicador

hidrobiológico, debido a la estrecha relación existente entre su distribución y las masas de agua,

su significativa abundancia en los ecosistemas marinos y su simplicidad taxonómica (Pierrot-

Bults & Chidgey, 1988).

Numerosos trabajos enfocados en la distribución y abundancia de los quetognatos y su

relación con las características oceanográficas, sustentan su utilización como indicadores

biológicos. La distribución de especies como Sagitta enflata, S. hexaptera, S. pacifica y

Pterosagitta draco, es aparentemente independiente de las variaciones ambientales, por lo cual

son consideradas de carácter euritípico (Bieri, 1957, 1959; Sund & Renner, 1959; Sund, 1961,

1964; Alvariño, 1961, 1976; Boltovskoy, 1981; Pierrot-Bults & Chidgey 1988; Casanova,

1999). Sin embargo, existe un numeroso grupo de especies estenotípicas, cuya distribución está

relacionada con los movimientos de corrientes, temperatura del agua y concentración salina.

El océano Pacífico colombiano posee características climatológicas, geológicas e

hidrológicas que caracterizan la composición faunística de sus ecosistemas. El conocimiento de

la biodiversidad y su relación con las condiciones ambientales es una de las principales

herramientas para describir los ecosistemas en condiciones normales y detectar alteraciones por

causas naturales o antropogénicas. La manifestación de estas alteraciones, tanto en el océano

como en la atmósfera, trae consigo consecuencias en el medio natural, generando en muchas

ocasiones impactos socioeconómicos sobre los países afectados (IDEAM, 2002).

El evento El Niño - Oscilación del Sur - (ENOS) es un fenómeno atmosférico-oceánico

que afecta, entre otros, a los países localizados en la franja del Pacífico sureste con una

periodicidad de 2 a 7 años (Arntz & Fahrbach, 1996). La fase cálida del ENOS, denominada El

Niño, se caracteriza por traer consigo el calentamiento de las masas de agua, el hundimiento de

la termóclina y el aumento del nivel del mar, frente a las costas norte del Perú, Ecuador y sur de

Colombia (Mauna De Los Reyes, 1994). La fase fría del ENOS conocida como La Niña

corresponde a la ocurrencia de aguas sub-superficiales y superficiales frías en los sectores

central y este del océano Pacífico tropical (García & Hernández, 2000).

El Centro de Control de Contaminación del Pacífico (CCCP) es un instituto de

investigación oceanográfica que tiene dentro de sus objetivos estudiar las condiciones oceánicas,

biológicas e hidrológicas del Pacífico Colombiano y, adicionalmente, monitorear la ocurrencia


32

84w 83w 82w 81w 80w 79w 78w 77w 76w1N

2N

3N

4N

5N

6N

7N

8N

9N

1

3

5

7

10

12

14

16

17

19

21

23

25

27

29

31

33

36

38

43

45

47

49

59

61

63

65

75

77

79

81

91

93

95

97

107

109

111

113

PANAMA Golfo de Panamá

COLOMBIA

B. Solano

B/Ventura

Tumaco

C.Corrientes

Baudó

0111 Km

60 MNR. Mira

R. Patía

R. Naya

R. San Juan

R. Baudó

I. Malpelo

I. Gorgona

SECTOR CENTRAL

84w 82w 80w 78w 76w

1N

3N

5N

7N

9N

SUR AMERICA

N

de los eventos climáticos El Niño y La Niña en esa área, como parte del proyecto ERFEN

(Estudio Regional del Fenómeno El Niño) realizado en conjunto por los países del Pacífico

oriental suramericano. Dentro de este proyecto, el estudio de la distribución y composición del

filo Chaetognatha y su relación con las variables fisicoquímicas y ambientales, amplían el

conocimiento existente sobre la biota zooplanctónica del Pacífico colombiano.

MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS

TRABAJO DE CAMPO Y ANÁLISIS DE DATOS

Las estaciones de colecta hacen parte de una red de trabajo utilizada semestralmente por el

Centro de Control de Contaminación del Pacífico (CCCP) para la realización de las

expediciones PACÍFICO-ERFEN (Figura 1). La red estuvo localizada entre las latitudes

1°18’00” y 6°18’00” Norte y longitudes 77°27’00” y 84°00’00” Oeste y comprende un total de

38 estaciones en las cuales fueron colectados datos fisicoquímicos (temperatura, salinidad y

nutrientes) y fueron realizadas colectas biológicas (plancton y clorofila-a).

Figura 1 - Estaciones de colecta de las expediciones oceanográficas realizadas entre 1998 y 2000

en el océano Pacífico colombiano.


33

En este trabajo se analizaron las muestras correspondientes a 5 expediciones

oceanográficas PACÍFICO-ERFEN (Mayo 9 - Junio 3/1998; Octubre 16 – 29 / 1998; Mayo 6 -

25 / 1999; Mayo 9 - Junio 1 / 2000 y Noviembre 19 - Diciembre 6 / 2000). Para la obtención de

los parámetros fisicoquímicos temperatura y salinidad superficial, fue utilizado un CTD (marca

Seabird Electronics tipo SEACAT 19-01). Para la determinación de clorofila-a y nutrientes se

tomaron muestras de agua superficial con una botella Niskin de 5 litros de capacidad. La

determinación de las concentraciones de clorofila-a, amonio (NH4+), nitrito (NO2-), nitrato

(NO3), ortofosfato (PO4-3) y silicato (SiO3-2), se basaron en las metodologías de Strickland &

Parsons (1968).

Las muestras de plancton fueron colectadas con una red cónica estándar de 1,2 m de

longitud, 50 cm de diámetro de boca, y malla de 65 µm, con um flujometro (Marca Khalsico)

adaptado en la boca de la red. Los arrastres fueron horizontales y superficiales realizados en

forma circular a una velocidad de 3 nudos durante 10 minutos. Las muestras fueron preservadas

con formalina al 10% neutralizada con tetraborato de sodio.

Los resultados de circulación superficial del mar, para cada periodo, fueron realizados

utilizando el método de las corrientes de densidad desarrollado por Sandstrom & Helland-

Hansen (1903) con base en la teoría de la circulación de Bjerkness. Con esta información se

elaboraron gráficas de topografía dinámica en el programa SURFER ®8.

En laboratorio, los quetognatos fueron separados de las muestras para la realización del

conteo e identificación de los individuos. Se determino la densidad (ind 1000m-3), abundancia

relativa (%) y frecuencia de las especies encontradas en cada estación y periodo de muestreo.

Con la información obtenida, fueron determinados los índices de riqueza (Hill), diversidad

(Shanon-Wiener) y de equitabilidad (Pielou). Se calculó el índice de especificidad (H'2=-

Σ(Pi.Log2Pi); Pi=n2/N; n2: número de individuos de cada especie por periodo, N: número total

de individuos por periodo) para determinar especies estenotípicas (especies con distribución

limitada) y euritípicas (especies con amplia distribución) (Ramirez, 1999). Fue realizado un

análisis de agrupamiento (Cluster) con el método de Weighted Pair-group Method, Arithmetic

Average (WPGMA) y coeficiente de Bray-Curtis como índice de similaridad utilizando el

programa NTSYS ®2.1.

RESULTADOS

CONDICIONES OCEANOGRÁFICAS

La temperatura superficial del mar presentó valores superiores a la temperatura promedio

del océano Pacifico colombiano (OPC) en mayo de 1998 ( = 29,6; DS = 0,4; N = 17) y

conservó valores cercanos a la media (27 a 27,4°C) en los otros muestreos (Fig 2a). Esas altas


34

temperaturas encontradas en mayo de 1998 indicaron la intrusión de aguas calidas por la región

oeste del OPC. En los meses posteriores, fueron observadas las menores temperaturas en el

extremo sureste del OPC y las mayores en el extremo noroeste.

La distribución de la salinidad superficial presentó un patrón de valores que diferenció

tres franjas paralelas a la línea de costa: una franja costera próxima a la línea de costa (24-30

UPS), una de aguas intermedias (30-32 UPS) y una región de aguas oceánicas (32-36 UPS). En

los muestreos realizados en el primer periodo del año (entre mayo y junio de 98/99/00), el

gradiente de salinidad fue pequeño con variaciones poco marcadas entre aguas oceánicas y

costeras, generando salinidades medias altas para esos periodos (Fig 2b). Por el contrario, en los

muestreos realizados en el segundo período del año (oct/98 y nov-dic/00), el gradiente fue más

amplio (Fig 2b) debido al patrón de precipitaciones en el OPC (Régimen monomodal, con

menores precipitaciones en el segundo semestre del año). Durante mayo de 1999 se observó un

aumento atípico en las precipitaciones causado por el evento La Niña, que modificó el patrón de

salinidad ( = 31,6; DS = 1,8; N = 20).

Las mayores concentraciones superficiales de nitrato (valores superiores a 1µmol L-1)

fueron registradas en los dos muestreos de 1998, durante el mes de mayo en aguas oceánicas y

durante octubre en aguas intermedias (Fig 2c). Durante los otros cruceros analizados, las

concentraciones fueron bajas con valores entre 0,1 y 1µmol L-1.

Las concentraciones de nitrito fueron predominantemente bajas, con valores entre 0,01 y

0,6µmol L-1 (Fig 2d). Las mayores concentraciones fueron encontradas durante mayo de 1999

en todo el OPC durante la ocurrencia del evento climático La Niña ( = 5,2; DS = 6,8; N = 20).

Las concentraciones de amonio en el OPC oscilaron entre 0,1 y 0,8 µmol L-1 (Fig 2e). Sin

embargo, durante mayo de 1998 y mayo de 2000, se encontraron las concentraciones mas

elevadas de todo el periodo de muestreo con valores superiores a 1 µmol L-1 (Fig 2e).

Las concentraciones de fosfato fueron predominantemente bajas en todo el periodo de

muestreo, con valores entre 0,1 y 0,9 µmol L-1 (Fig 2f). De la misma forma que la concentración

de amonio, las mayores concentraciones fueron encontradas durante mayo de 1998 y mayo de

2000, en las áreas oceánica e intermedia respectivamente.

Las concentraciones de silicato oscilaron entre 0,1 y 80,74 µmol L-1 en todo el periodo en

estudio (Fig 2g).Las mayores concentraciones fueron encontradas en el sector intermedio del

OPC durante mayo de 1998 y en el sector oceánico durante mayo de 2000, con valores

superiores a 60 µmol L-1.


35

22

26

30

34

38

may-98 oct-98 may-99 may-00 nov-dic 00

UP

S0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14


µmol

NO

3 ¯ L

¯¹

02468

10121416182022

may-98 oct-98 may-99 may-00 nov-dic 00µm

ol N

O2 ¯

L¯¹

0

2

4

6

8


µmol

NH

4 + L

¯¹

0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1


µmol

PO

4 ¯³ L

¯¹

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90


µmol

SiO

3¯² L

¯¹

0

0,51

1,52

2,53

3,54

4,55


mgC

l-α m

¯³

24

26

28

30

32


TSM

(°C

)a.

c.

e.

d.

g.

b.

f.

h.

Figura 2 - Valores máximos, mínimos y promedio de las variables oceanográficas superficiales del

océano Pacifico colombiano en los cinco periodo durante 1998 y 2000. 2a Temperatura

(°C). 2b Salinidad (UPS). 2c Nitrato (µmol L-1). 2d Nitrito (µmol L-1). 2e Amonio

(µmol L-1). 2f Fosfato (µmol L-1). 2g Silicato (µmol L-1). 2h Clorofila-a (mg m-3).

Las concentraciones superficiales de clorofila-a oscilaron entre 0 y 4,92 mgCl-a m-3 (Fig

2h). De forma general, en las épocas de bajas temperaturas, se observaron sectores de altas

concentraciones en frente de la Ensenada de Tumaco y la Isla Gorgona (Figura 1), y bajas


36

concentraciones en el resto del OPC. Este patrón fue modificado únicamente en mayo de 1999,

en el cual se presentaron altas concentraciones en todo el OPC ( = 4,58; DS = 0,23; N = 20).

Los mapas de la circulación superficial del mar permitieron determinar de forma general,

un movimiento ciclónico localizado principalmente en el norte del área de estudio, el cual

cambió su posición longitudinal dependiendo de la época de muestreo (Figura 3). El único

periodo en el que no se evidenció este patrón de circulación fue en octubre de 1998 (evento La

Niña), donde se observó principalmente la formación de movimientos anticiclónicos (Figura

3b).

Figura 3 - a-e Circulación superficial del mar obtenida para los muestreos de 1998 a 2000

realizados en el océano Pacifico colombiano, basada en alturas dinámicas con

referencia de 500 db.

COMUNIDAD DE CHAETOGNATHA

Se identificaron en total 19 especies de quetognatos en las aguas superficiales del OPC.

Durante el único muestreo realizado bajo condiciones El Niño (mayo 1998) se encontraron 11

especies, dentro de las cuales Sagitta enflata y S. pulchra alcanzaron los mayores valores de

abundancia (Tabla 1). Durante la ocurrencia del evento La Niña, los Quetognatos estuvieron

representados por 15 especies en octubre de 1998 y por 13 en mayo de 1999 (Tabla 1).

84W 82W 80W 78W 76W

2N

4N

6N

8N

84W 82W 80W 78W 76W

2N

4N

6N

8N

i. NOV- DIC 00h. MAYO - 00

84W 82W 80W 78W 76W

2N

4N

6N

8N

g. MAYO - 99

84W 82W 80W 78W 76W

I. Malpelo

I. Gorgona

B. Solano

C. Corrientes

Baudo

B/ventura

Tumaco

PANAMA

COLOMBIA

I. Malpelo

I. Gorgona

B. Solano

C. Corrientes

Baudo

B/ventura

Tumaco

PANAMA

COLOMBIA

I. Malpelo

I. Gorgona

B. Solano

C. Corrientes

Baudo

B/ventura

Tumaco

PANAMA

COLOMBIA

84W 82W 80W 78W 76W

2N

4N

6N

8N

f. OCT 98

84W 82W 80W 78W 76W

2N

4N

6N

8N

e. MAYO 98

I. Malpelo

I. Gorgona

B. Solano

C. Corrientes

Baudo

B/ventura

Tumaco

PANAMA

COLOMBIA

I. Malpelo

I. Gorgona

B. Solano

C. Corrientes

Baudo

B/ventura

Tumaco

PANAMA

COLOMBIA

W

a. MAYO 98 b. OCT 98

c. MAYO 99 d. MAYO 00 e. NOV-DIC 00


37

Las especies dominantes durante ese periodo fueron S. enflata e S. hexaptera. Durante el

periodo de condiciones normales (mayo y nov-dic 2000), se encontró el mayor número de

especies con mayor abundancia de S. enflata y S. zetesios. Además de esas dos especies, las

especies con mayores dominancias fueron S. neglecta y S. regularis en mayo y S. robusta en

nov-dic de 2000. De acuerdo con lo observado, S. enflata fue una especie frecuente y abundante

en el OPC, independientemente de las variaciones ambientales ocurridas durante el periodo de

muestreo.

S. pulchra, S. regularis, S. hexaptera, S. zetesios, S. robusta y S. neglecta fueron especies

que aunque fueron encontradas con abundancias relativas inferiores a las alcanzadas por S.

enflata, obtuvieron valores representativos en algunas de las épocas de muestreo (Tabla 1). La

abundancia relativa de S. pulchra fue favorecida durante condiciones El Niño, S. hexaptera

durante La Niña e S. zetesios, S. robusta y S. neglecta durante condiciones normales.

Tabla 1 - Abundancia relativa (AR) y frecuencia (F) de las especies del filo Chaetognatha

encontradas en las aguas superficiales del Pacifico colombiano, durante las colectas

realizadas entre los años de 1998 y 2000.

mayo / 98 oct / 1998 mayo / 99 mayo / 2000 nov – dic / 2000El Niño La Niña La Niña - - ESPECIES

CHAETOGNATHA COD.

AR (%) F (%) AR (%) F (%) AR (%) F (%)

AR (%) F (%)

AR (%) F (%)

Sagitta enflata Sen 32,6 82 28,85 70 41,1 100 29,48 95 34,30 100 Sagitta hexaptera She 4,98 24 11,27 41 11,34 90 1,28 41 6,39 72 Sagitta pacifica Spa 6,08 24 8,56 26 7,3 55 0,69 5 6,00 11 Sagitta bedoti Sbe 7,18 29 9,29 33 7,69 70 0,03 3 0,16 6 Sagitta regularis Sre 7,18 24 4,89 15 7,47 65 10,47 73 6,35 67 Sagitta zetesios Sze 3,31 12 1,34 7 1,22 10 18,08 82 14,65 100 Kronhitta pacifica Kpa 4,97 24 2,69 11 1,33 15 0,47 45 1,46 44 Pterosagitta draco Pdr 6,08 24 2,82 11 2,12 25 1,60 14 - - Sagitta pulchra Spu 11,6 47 7,59 33 10,2 80 0,10 9 - - Sagitta decipiens Sde 9,39 29 4,12 11 2,14 25 - - - - Sagitta peruviana Spe 6,63 24 7,89 33 7,06 50 - - - - Sagitta minima Smi - - 4,04 15 0,47 10 - - - - Kronhitta subtilis Ksu - - 1,27 4 0,56 10 - - 0,06 11 Sagitta bipunctata Sbi - - 1,33 7 - - 0,10 9 0,07 11 Sagitta robusta Sro - - 4,05 19 - - 5,10 55 10,06 89 Sagitta ferox Sfe - - - - - - 6,50 45 3,12 33 Sagitta fridereci Sfr - - - - - - 4,10 50 6,12 83 Sagitta neglecta Sne - - - - - - 17,80 50 9,35 89 Sagitta tasmanica Sta - - - - - - 1,10 23 0,15 17 Juveniles no identificados juv - - - - - - 3,10 36 1,76 67

TOTAL ESPECIES 19 11 15 13 15 14


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Diversidad (Shannon) Equitabilidad (Pielou)

El Niño La Niña

La diversidad especifica del filo Chaetognatha (Figura 4) presentó bajos valores en todo el

periodo de estudio (


39

De acuerdo con los resultados, S. enflata fue la especie con características euritípicas mas

marcadas, al encontrarse con altas abundancias en 93 de las 103 muestras colectadas. Las

especies S. hexaptera, S. regularis e S. zetesios presentaron altas abundancias en

aproximadamente la mitad de las muestras colectadas (42 a 56), considerándolas también de

carácter euritípico. Por el contrario, las especies Pterosagitta draco, S. decipiens, S. bipunctata,

S. minima, S. ferox, S. tasmanica y Kronitta subtilis, presentaron una clara tendencia

estenotípica al presentarse en pocas muestras. De acuerdo con lo establecido por Ramirez

(1999), las posibles especies indicadoras, serian las que se encuentran en pocas estaciones con

altas abundancias, por lo tanto, las especies que reúnen estas características son: Pterosagitta

draco e S. decipiens.

Figura 5 - Análisis de agrupamiento (Indice de similaridad de Bray Curtis) de las especies del

filo Chaetognatha encontradas en las aguas superficiales del

revista brasileira de engenharia de pesca...revista brasileira de engenharia de pesca volume 3,...

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