produÇÃo jornalÍstica em tv regional: análise do trabalho do produtor do programa esportivo...

8/4/2019 PRODUÇÃO JORNALÍSTICA EM TV REGIONAL: Análise do trabalho do produtor do programa esportivo Jogada de Classe, da TV Horizonte

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Edfolo lj Nho~~j( rjinzhold aï ?= ocd~( o|zohgjc|j }jho \R Ad{iudc|j# D ed{cohi~|o D{hocld

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{jhjrëcnio( ohég lj ndcrilold~( ndgd |éncind~( li{ifjc|j~ j edfold{j~#

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gj~o# D }{df{ogo |ogkég ndc|o ndg go|é{io~ j rçljd~ gd~|{ocld ~dcd{o~ lj ic|jf{oc|j~ ld~

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D |{okohad lj }{dlzæîd lj zg }{df{ogo j~}d{|ird jcrdhrj lirj{~d~ bo|d{j~( gj~gd qzocld

ndgjc|ï{id~ ld~ ic|jf{oc|j~ lo gj~o lj|j{gicog d goid{ |jg}d lj rjinzhoæîd# Ndcbi{goæîd

lo }{j~jcæo lj ndcrilold~( }j~qzi~o lj ndc|jõld~ o ~j{jg li~nz|ild~ cd lio( }{dlzæîd j

jliæîd lj go|é{io~ ~îd ohfzgo~ lo~ bzcæúj~ lj~|j }{dlz|d{ j {j}þ{|j{( qzj onzgzho bzcæúj~

}o{o qzj d }{df{ogo ~jeo jikild ~jg ig}{jri~|d~# J~|o~ o|irilolj~ {johiuolo~ }d{ zg õcind}{dbi~~idcoh bd{og d~ }{icni}oi~ }dc|d~ lj dk~j{roæîd qzj fj{o{og zg }{dej|d gdcdf{ïbind

qzj ri~o bouj{ zg j~|zld lj no~d }o{o jc|jclj{ gjhad{ o {johilolj j d qzj icbhzjcnio co

bd{goæîd lj~~j cdrd j {jqzi~i|old }{dbi~~idcoh ld gj{nold lj ndgzcinoæîd#

Ai}d|j|inogjc|j( j~|j |{okohad }o{|iz lj }{j~~z}d~|d~ qzj~|idcïrji~( ndgd d bo|d lj d

}{df{ogo }dljg }o~~o{ o iljio lj qzj o bzcæîd ld }{dlz|d{ cîd ofhdgj{o gzi|o~ |o{jbo~( zgo

rju qzj o li~nz~~îd jc|{j d~ ndgjc|o{i~|o~ é d qzj goi~ ondc|jnj lz{oc|j ~zo jikiæîd0 dz(oiclo( qzj o~ }dzno~ go|é{io~ rjinzholo~ j d bd{go|d ld }{df{ogo }dljg hjro{ o n{j{ qzj(

}o{o o |o{jbo liï{io ld {j}þ{|j{ j }{dlz|d{( }dznd |jg}d é cjnj~~ï{id }o{o d nzg}{igjc|d lj

~zo~ bzcæúj~0 aï( |ogkég( d bo|d lj d Edfolo lj Nho~~j ~j{ rjinzhold }d{ zgo jgi~~d{o

{jfidcoh( d qzj }dlj lo{ o ig}{j~~îd lj qzj o~ |o{jbo~ ~îd {o{o~ j qzj qzo~j colo ~j }o~~o cd~

ko~|ild{j~( ad{o~ oc|j~ lo o|{oæîd i{ od o{#

Ohfzc~ oz|d{j~ |irj{og f{oclj ig}d{|ëcnio }o{o o jhokd{oæîd ld }{dej|d# Nao{ozljoz !;==2)

bdi zg ld~ qzj goi~ ndc|{ikzç{og # ]d{ ~j |{o|o{ lj zg }{df{ogo lj li~nz~~új~ j ndgjc|ï{id~(



:

}{jldgicoc|jgjc|j( d li~nz{~d old|old }jhd~ ic|jf{oc|j~ lo gj~o é zgo lo~ bd{go~ goi~

nho{o~ lo hicao jli|d{ioh }{d}d~|o( ndg d}iciúj~( ocïhi~j~ j ndgjc|ï{id~#

O ndc~|{zæîd ld li~nz{~d j d rohd{ lo icbd{goæîd ~îd okd{lold~ }d{ Nao{ozljoz !;==2)

ndgd ig}d{|oc|j gjid lj obi{goæîd ~dnioh# D |{dno{ ndcajnigjc|d j d ~okj{ of{jfog rohd{

gd{oh }o{o d iclirçlzd( lj~lj qzj ndg}{jjc~çrji~ }jhd~ }o{|ini}oc|j~ lo ndgzcinoæîd#

Jcqzoc|d zg }o~~o o icbd{goæîd( dz|{d o ic|j{}{j|o j ok~d{rj#

O hicfzofjg é zgo lo~ go{no~ goi~ bd{|j~ ld }{df{ogo( qzj |jg }{d}d~|o icbd{goh( ndg

j~}oæd }o{o libj{jc|j~ d}iciúj~# O icbhzåcnio lj rohd{j~ j bd{goæîd é nho{o co bd{go ndgd d~

ic|jf{oc|j~ j|j{cog ~zo ri~îd ld~ ondc|jnigjc|d~ ld bz|jkdh gicji{d#

Nao{ozljoz !;==2) lï oh|d f{oz lj ig}d{|ëcnio od icbd{goc|j( qzj }d~~zi bzcæîd ~dnioh }d{

bd{go{ d}iciîd( }d~~zi{ {j}{j~jc|o|irilolj j |j{ d }o}jh lj ~j{ d ‘}d{|old{ lo rj{lolj‗#

\{å~ no}ç|zhd~ ndc~|i|zjg d }{dej|d ndgd zg |dld# D }{igji{d no}ç|zhd {jbd{æo d rohd{ lo

ndgzcinoæîd j lo hicfzofjg ndgd ig}d{|oc|j bj{{ogjc|o }o{o ic|j{oæîd( ndg}{jjc~îd j

ic|j{}{j|oæîd lj gjc~ofjc~# Nao{ozljoz !;==2) é d }{icni}oh oz|d{ lj~|j no}ç|zhd( qzjljgdc~|{o o ndc~|{zæîd ld li~nz{~d ndgd zgo lo~ }{icni}oi~ |o{jbo~ ld~ gjid~ lj

ndgzcinoæîd# O bzcæîd ld ed{cohi~|o |ogkég é gd~|{olo( }d{ gjid lj ]jco !;==6)( qzj

j~nho{jnj qzj~i|d~ ig}d{|oc|j~ }o{o o~ o|irilolj~ lj~|j }{dbi~~idcoh# Kdccj{ !;==9) lj|ohao d~

n{i|é{id~ qzj d ed{cohi~|o ljrj old|o{ }o{o ~jhjnidco{ o~ cd|çnio~ qzj ~j{îd lirzhfolo~#

D ~jfzcld no}ç|zhd o}{j~jc|o o \R ndgd ig}d{|oc|j bj{{ogjc|o lj jrdhzæîd ~dnioh j |ogkég

ld~ iclirçlzd~# Ndg}o{o|d !;===) lj~|ono o ig}d{|ëcnio lo |jhjri~îd co rilo }dhç|ino( ~dnioh jjndcügino lo~ }j~~do~# Ond~|o'D{ezjho !?999) |ogkég o no{on|j{iuo ndgd d rjçnzhd qzj goi~

ndc~jfzj }jcj|{o{ cd nd|iliocd lo~ }j~~do~# O \R {jfidcoh é zgo cdro {johilolj ndg qzj o~

jgi~~d{o~ ~j lj}o{og( j o z|ihiuog ndgd }d~~ikihilolj }o{o o|icfi{ goi~ }j~~do~# Koui !;==?)

gd~|{o o {jfidcohiuoæîd ndgd cdrd nogicad }o{o o~ jg}{j~o~( }{icni}ohgjc|j cd qzj ~j

{jbj{j í n{ioæîd lj iljc|ilolj~ hdnoi~# Cj~|j ndc|j|d( o}o{jnj d ed{cohi~|o gzh|ibzcnidcoh(

ndg lirj{~o~ o|irilolj~( qzj rîd ohég ld qzj j{o }{d}d~|d ocd~ o|{ï~#

D |j{nji{d no}ç|zhd o}{j~jc|o d ai~|þ{ind lo \R Ad{iudc|j( ld }{df{ogo Edfolo lj Nho~~j j

gd~|{o o {jhoæîd ndc|{o|zoh jc|{j d rjçnzhd j o o|{oæîd# O j~|{z|z{o lo jgi~~d{o ic|j{bj{j



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li{j|ogjc|j cd |{okohad ld }{dlz|d{ j co hicao jli|d{ioh ld }{df{ogo( qzj |jg ndgd goid{

bdnd d ljko|j jc|{j d~ ic|jf{oc|j~ lo kocnolo# Rï{id~ i|jc~ ld }{df{ogo ~îd ocohi~old~ cj~|j

no}ç|zhd( ndgd ~zo hicfzofjg( dk~|ïnzhd~( jqzi}j j no{on|j{ç~|ino~#



6

?# NDGZCINOÆÎD5 D[IFJG J IG]D[\ËCNIO CO ^DNIJLOLJ O\ZOH

J~|j no}ç|zhd |{o|o ld rohd{ lo ndgzcinoæîd j lo |{dno lj j}j{iåcnio~ ji~|jc|j~ aï gihao{j~

lj ocd~# O |o{jbo liï{io lj co{{o|iro ld ed{cohi~|o cj~~j }{dnj~~d é lj j|{jgo ig}d{|ëcnio

}o{o o ndc~|{zæîd j gocz|jcæîd lj {johilolj~ ig}{j~niclçrji~ }o{o o rilo ld iclirçlzd# ]o{o

i~~d( o nzh|z{o jhokd{olo od hdcfd ld~ ocd~ gd~|{o o bd{æo lo hicfzofjg }o{o d ~okj{ }d}zho{#

Ndcajnj{ ~dk{j d li~nz{~d j o|zo{ ~dk{j jhj lj bd{go ic|jhifjc|j boujg lo~ |éncino~

ed{cohç~|ino~ „ jc|{j jho~( d~ n{i|é{id~ lj cd|iniokihilolj „ hzuj~( qzj ihzgicog d nogicad lo

}hjco ndgzcinoæîd#

?#? ]{icnç}id lo ndgzcinoæîd

Ndgzcino{ ~jg}{j bdi zgo cjnj~~ilolj ld adgjg# ^jg}{j ji~|iz j ~jg}{j roi ji~|i{#

Lj}di~ lj gzi|d |jg}d( ~z{fiz o cjnj~~ilolj }d{ ~j icbd{go{( ohiocld oç j~|j~ ldi~ bjcügjcd~

~dnioi~( i~|d é( d o|d lo ndgzcinoæîd j d lo ndc~|{zæîd lo icbd{goæîd( ndgd ni|o Nao{ozljoz

!;==2)#

O icbd{goæîd é qzj~|îd lj hicfzofjg( qzj o}{j~jc|o ~zo~ }{þ}{io~ no{on|j{ç~|ino~ jj~}jnibinoæúj~# Nolo hicfzofjg fj{o zgo ri~îd qzj ndc~|{þi zg ~jc|ild ko~|oc|j }o{|inzho{ ld

gzcld qzj cd~ nj{no#

Icbd{goæîd colo goi~ é ld qzj o |{oc~gi~~îd ld ~okj{ qzj }d~~zi zgo hicfzofjg ndgd

~z}d{|j }o{o d onj~~d o j~|j ndcajnigjc|d# D o|d lj |{oc~gi~~îd( ~jfzcld Nao{ozljoz !;==2)(

bou ndg qzj d iclirçlzd }o~~j lj zg j~|old lj ifcd{ëcnio o zg j~|old lj ~okj{( qzj d |i{o ld

lj~ndcajnild }o{o gj{fzhaï'hd cd ndcajnild#

Ndgzcinoæîd ~j d{ifico ld ho|ig ndggzci~( qzj qzj{ liuj{ ndgzg o |dld~# Loç o }ohor{o

ndgzcilolj# Gjhd !?96?) {jbd{æo o iljio lj }o{|ini}oæîd( ~j{ zg jc|{j rï{id~# D oz|d{

|ogkég lï ig}d{|ëcnio í |{dno lj icbd{goæúj~ cd }{dnj~~d ndgzcino|ird# D ic~|{zgjc|d lo

ndgzcinoæîd ljrj ~j{ ic|jhifçrjh j ~jz ndc|jõld ljrj {j~zh|o{ jg ndg}{jjc~îd gõ|zo jc|{j

d~ }o{|ini}oc|j~( lj|ohao Nao{ozljoz !;==2)#

O ndgzcinoæîd lj~jg}jcao rï{id~ }o}éi~( lj}jcljcld lo ï{jo dclj jho o|zo j lo bd{go

ndgd ondc|jnj# Od ocohi~o{ d bjcügjcd ndgzcino|ird( Gjhd !?96?) j~nho{jnj qzj nolo



9

D~ {jho|d~ d{oi~ oc|jnjlj{og d qzj jc|jcljgd~ adej ndgd ed{cohi~gd# Zg kdg jjg}hd ~îd

d~ {jho|d~ qzj d~ ldcd~ lj ko{j~ ~dhini|orog od~ rioeoc|j~ qzj }o~~orog }d{ ~jz

j~|okjhjnigjc|d( cd ic|zi|d lj ~okj{ cdrilolj~ j icbd{goæúj~ lj dz|{d~ hdnoi~# O }o~~ofjg lo

nzh|z{o d{oh }o{o o j~n{i|o( }d{ gjid ld~ |i}d~ ig}{j~~d~( }d~~ikihi|dz d olrjc|d ld ed{cohi~gd

gdlj{cd# Gj~gd o~~ig( o ndgzcinoæîd d{oh ndc|iczdz |jcld f{oclj rohd{( ~dk{j|zld cd

}{dnj~~d ed{cohç~|ind lj adej#

O ndgzcinoæîd j~n{i|o é ko~|oc|j oc|ifo( lo|olo lj nicnd gih ocd~ o#N# Jho oh|j{o o bd{go lj

}jc~o{( o~~ig ndgd o |{oc~gi~~îd ld }jc~ogjc|d# Cd ~jc|ild jrdhz|ird( o ig}{jc~o o}o{jnj(

o}þ~ ~z{figjc|d ld }o}i{d j ld }o}jh( ondg}ocaold~ }jho }{d}ofoæîd lo nzh|z{o j~n{i|o# Orj{lolji{o {jrdhzæîd co ai~|þ{io ld ed{cohi~gd ~j ljrj í ig}{j~~îd( obi{go ]jco !;==6)#

Zgo ri~îd icfåczo( }{j~jc|j co~ }{igji{o~ |jd{io~ lo icbd{goæîd j ni|olo }d{ Nao{ozljoz

!;==2)( {jbj{j'~j í bd{go ndgd o icbd{goæîd é |{oc~gi|ilo# O bdc|j lj icbd{goæîd cîd |jg

~zo co|z{juo qzj~|idcolo cjg ~zo qzoc|ilolj gjlilo# Jho é jcriolo od {jnj}|d{ o|{oré~ lj

zgo ic~|ëcnio lj |{oc~gi~~îd( |{oc~}o{jc|j j ~jfz{o# Od najfo{ od {jnj}|d{( d jbji|d lj~|o

gjc~ofjg cîd é qzj~|idcold# D {jnj}|d{ é no}ou lj {jfi~|{o{ j ljndlibino{ o icbd{goæîd( go~o qzj~|îd lo ic|j{}{j|oæîd cîd é okd{lolo#

\{o|o'~j lj zg gdljhd qzj ljbicj o ndgzcinoæîd ndgd zg ni{nzi|d bjnaold jc|{jjgi~~îd j {jnj}æîd( ic~|oz{ocld zgo {jhoæîd ~igé|{ino jc|{j o o|irilolj ld jgi~~d{(nzeo õcino bzcæîd ~j{io ‑ndlibino{’ o gjc~ofjg( j o ld {jnj}|d{( nzeo bzcæîd ~j{io‑ljndlibino{’ j~~o gj~go gjc~ofjg !NAO[OZLJOZ( ;==2( }# >:)

D o|d lj ic|j{ofi{ ndg d dz|{d é bord{ïrjh í jlznoæîd( }jho~ j}j{iåcnio~ }o~~olo~ jc|{j

}j~~do~ lo gj~go dz lj fj{oæúj~ libj{jc|j~( qzj n{iog zg }o|{igücid ndhj|ird# O li~}d~iæîdgjc|oh }dlj ~j{ oh|j{olo qzocld nzhgico jg |{oc~bd{goæúj~ cd~ iclirçlzd~( |oc|d d~ qzj

bd{cjnjg o icbd{goæîd( ndgd oqzjhj~ qzj o {jnjkjg# D iclirçlzd jrdhzi( bd{go d}iciîd( ~j

d{fociuo( |dgo gjlilo~ j j}hd{o ~zo no}onilolj#

Nao{ozljoz !;==2) ocohi~o j~|j |i}d lj ic|j{oæîd locld rohd{ od ~jc|ild fj{old }jho

ndgzcinoæîd j lj~n{jrj d li~nz{~d jg zgo nd{{jhoæîd jc|{j ldi~ }þhd~# Jcqzoc|d d ~zeji|d

qzj jcrio o gjc~ofjg ljrj {johiuo{ zg o|d lj ~ifcibinoæîd }~ind~~dnioh( o|{ikzicld'haj zg



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dkej|ird( d dz|{d {jnjkj( ic|j{}{j|o j oh|j{o( o|é gj~gd( d ~jz j~|old lj ndcajnigjc|d

oc|j{id{# \dlo ndgzcinoæîd fj{o j}j{iåcnio j( }d{ i~~d( d iclirçlzd ljio lj ~j{ d gj~gd#

Ndgzcino{ é j~|o{ jg {jhoæîd ndg d gzcld( go~ ko{{ji{o~ }dljg ~z{fi{ qzocld ~j |jg {jlj

lj ndc|o|d~ ic|j{f{z}oi~( ndcb{dc|ocld nho~~j~( ic~|i|ziæúj~ j nd~|zgj~# ]o{o zgo

ic|j{}{j|oæîd lo gjc~ofjg( d {jnj}|d{ ljrj }d~~zi{ }o{ëgj|{d~ qzj colo |åg o rj{ ndg d

~zeji|d icbd{gold{# D |{o|ogjc|d lold j ig}d~|d ohi roi lo{ d ljrild f{oz í icbd{goæîd

!NAO[OZLJOZ( ;==2)

Jg ohfzgo~ d}d{|zcilolj~( o icbd{goæîd é ~dhini|olo }d{ zg ~j{ qzj }{j|jclj cd{|jo{ ~zo

ndclz|o( dk|j{ ndcajnigjc|d dz bd{go{ zgo d}iciîd# Kz~no'~j ohfd qzj d |{oc~bd{gj# D{j~}dc~ïrjh }jho {j~}d~|o |jg( }d{ qzjg }j{fzc|o( d~ rohd{j~ ld ~okj{ j ndg}j|åcnio

o|{ikzçld~# ]o{o bïnih ndg}{jjc~îd( d~ ndc|{o|d~ lj ndgzcinoæîd lo ~dnijlolj ljrjg ~j{

ndcajnild~( o~~ig ndgd d~ nþlifd~ lj kdo jlznoæîd#

Cd no~d lo icinio|iro }o{|i{ lj qzjg eï }d~~zi o icbd{goæîd( j~|o |{oc~gi~~îd }dlj ondc|jnj{

}d{ ndc|o }{þ}{io dz dk{ifo|d{iogjc|j#

Nao{ozljoz !;==2) lj~|ono o ig}d{|ëcnio ld icbd{goc|j( qzj }d~~zi bzcæîd ~dnioh }d{ ~zo

{j}{j~jc|o|irilolj( ohég lo cd|d{ijlolj cjnj~~ï{io j }jhd f{oz lj jcfoeogjc|d qzj ~j j~}j{o

cd qzj ~j {jbj{j í~ icbd{goæúj~# Ko~|oc|j ~dhini|old( bou }o}jh lj ‑}d{|old{ lo rj{lolj’(

}o~~ocld zgo icbd{goæîd {j|i{olo lj rï{io~ bdc|j~( qzj fj{og zgo }hz{ohilolj lj

icbd{goæúj~ j iljio~# J~|j go|j{ioh é ocohi~old oc|j~ lo |{oc~gi~~îd lo rj{lolj ndc~jc~zoh(

locld j~}oæd }o{o d~ hold~ jcrdhrild~#

\ohrju ljrild o j~~o ig}d{|ëcnio( ï{jo~ j~}jnçbino~ bd{og j ~îd ljlinolo~ od j~|zld

}j{gocjc|j lo o{|j j lo bzcæîd lj icbd{go{# D~ bo|d~ lj|ohaold~ z|ihiuold~ }jhd~ gjid~

li~nz{~ird~ ljrjg ~j{ oz|åc|ind~( |{oc~}o{jc|j~( }o~~ocld o ig}{j~~îd lj ohfd ndcn{j|d j

ez~|d# O rj{d~~igihaocæo |ogkég é ig}d{|oc|j( zgo rju qzj d ondc|jnigjc|d é }o~~old(

~jcld cjnj~~ï{io zgo {jndc~|i|ziæîd# O j~|{o|éfio }{icni}oh é qzj o {johilolj ld bo|d „ o|é

gj~gd d |jg}d lj ljnz{~d lj zg ondc|jnigjc|d „ ~jeo {jndc~|{zçlo }o{o zg {jnj}|d{

ai}d|é|ind#



??

]o{o ]jco !;==6( }# ??)( ‘co ~dnijlolj }þ~'iclz~|{ioh( cîd aï kjg goi~ rohid~d qzj o

icbd{goæîd‗# D~ rjçnzhd~ lj icbd{goæîd kz~nog {jndc~|{zi{ d~ ondc|jnigjc|d~ qzj

ondc|jnjg |dld~ d~ lio~# O icbd{goæîd olqzi{iz |ogocao ig}d{|ëcnio co o|zohilolj qzj o

bzcæîd ld~ gjliold{j~ „ fj{ohgjc|j o|{ikzçlo od ed{cohi~|o „ é j~|{o|éfino j {jhjroc|j#

?#; D bouj{ ed{cohç~|ind

D ed{cohi~gd é ndcnji|zold }d{ ]jco !;==6) ndgd {jho|d~ j {j}d{|ofjc~ lj icbd{goæúj~ }o{o

dz|{d~ gjgk{d~ lj zgo ndgzcilolj( qzj kz~nog o ~jfz{ocæo j o j~|okihilolj ld

ndcajnigjc|d# Dz ~jeo( d ed{cohi~gd j~|ï ic|{ic~jnogjc|j hifold í icbd{goæîd# ]d{ég( o

hicfzofjg z|ihiuolo é bo|d{ }{j}dclj{oc|j lj ~znj~~d dz cîd lj~~o |{oc~gi~~îd lo gjc~ofjg#Ko~|o( }o{o i~~d( hjgk{o{ d {jbj{jcnioh {onidnçcid lj [d~~i !?91=( }# 6)( qzocld nho~~ibino d

ed{cohi~gd ndgd zgo ‘ndcqzi~|o lo~ gjc|j~ j nd{oæúj~ lj ~jz~ ohrd~5 hji|d{j~(

|jhj~}jn|old{j~ dz dzric|j~‗# I~|d é( zgo ezcæîd lo {ouîd j lo jgdæîd }o{o qzj d hji|d{ ~j

jc|{jfzj od }{dnj~~d icbd{go|ird#

]o{o nzg}{i{ |oh bzcæîd( [d~~i !?91=) lj~|ono o dkej|irilolj# Cd jc|oc|d( j~~j |i}d lj {jho|d

}hjcd lj i~jcæîd loqzjhj lj qzjg boho é zg gi|d( ~jcld libçnih ndhdno{'~j jg zgo }d~iæîdcjz|{o( ljiocld }o{o d {jnj}|d{ |i{o{ ~zo~ }{þ}{io~ ndcnhz~új~# D ed{cohi~|o( {j~}dc~ïrjh }d{

gjlio{ bo|d j rj{~îd( }d~~zi bd{goæîd nzh|z{oh( j}j{iåcnio~ j d}iciúj~ ko~|oc|j }{þ}{io~( qzj

~îd hjrolo~ ndc~ifd jg ogkijc|j }{dbi~~idcoh j }j~~doh# ^jcld o~~ig( |oh ndc|jõld j go|j{ioh

~jg}{j ~j{ï hjrold jg ndc|o( icbhzjcniocld ~jz~ o|d~( ljni~új~ j }d~inidcogjc|d~#

]jco !;==6) on{jli|o qzj ji~|j zgo ndcbz~îd jc|{j d gé|dld j d }{dbi~~idcoh qzocld d

o~~zc|d é o dkej|irilolj# D ed{cohi~|o eogoi~ ljio{ï lj ~j{ ~zkej|ird( zgo rju qzj ~jz~}{jndcnji|d~( iljdhdfio~ j no{åcnio~ cîd }dljg ~j{ j~qzjnild~ jg cjcazg gdgjc|d# ^jcld

o~~ig( d iljoh ~j{io ogjciuo{ o icbhzåcnio lj |oi~ no{on|j{ç~|ino~ cd {jho|d ld~ ondc|jnigjc|d~#

Jc|{j|oc|d( d }{dkhjgo ld ndcnji|d cîd j~|ï cd |jg}d( go~ co ic|j{}{j|oæîd# Odkej|irilolj é ljbicilo jg d}d~iæîd í ~zkej|irilolj( d qzj é zg f{oclj j{{d( }di~jho ~z{fj cîd }o{o cjfï'ho( go~( ~ig( }d{ {jndcajnj{ o ~zo icjri|okihilolj# ^jzrj{lolji{d ~ifcibinold j~|ï hifold í iljio lj qzj d~ bo|d~ ~îd ndc~|{zçld~ lj bd{go|îd ndg}hj|o qzj cîd ~j }dlj nzh|zï'hd~ ndgd o j}{j~~îd ok~dhz|o lo {johilolj!]JCO( ;==6( }# :=)#



?;

O}j~o{ ld gi|d( o dkej|irilolj é zg ld~ goid{j~ }o{ëgj|{d~ qzj o~ hicao~ jli|d{ioi~ lj

rjçnzhd~ ljrjg ~jfzi{ }o{o d kdg j ez~|d nzg}{igjc|d lj ~zo bzcæîd# ^j{ li{j|d j lo{ od~

ldi~ hold~ o d}d{|zcilolj lj gd~|{o{ ~zo~ ig}{j~~új~ ~îd o|i|zlj~ bzclogjc|oi~# O}j~o{ lj o

|jhjri~îd ~j{ ndc~ilj{olo }jhd }õkhind hjifd zg rjçnzhd dkej|ird( eï qzj ‘o~ igofjc~ cîd

gjc|jg‗ dz qzj ‘zgo igofjg rohj goi~ ld qzj gih }ohor{o~‗ „ ndgd j~|okjhjnjz d ~jc~d

ndgzg ' é lj ~j {jfi~|{o{ qzj d dhao{ lo nëgj{o {jnd{|o o {johilolj |oh qzoh }{d}új zgo

jliæîd dz hicao jli|d{ioh j( lj~~o bd{go( }j{gi|j li~|d{æúj~ j }{jbj{åcnio~ ~jhjnidcolo~#

]jco !;==6) on{jli|o qzj o bzcæîd ld ed{cohi~|o ljrj ~j ko~jo{ jg libj{jc|j~ }dc|d~ lj ri~|o#

Ri~új~ j~|j{jd|i}olo~ cîd ljrjg |j{ j~}oæd( o~~ig ndgd ndcnji|d~ }{é'bd{gold~# ‘Rj{ ndg

o~ hjc|j~ ld dz|{d é bzclogjc|oh cj~~o }{dbi~~îd‗ !]JCO( ;==6( }# ?:=)# [jho|iriuo{ }dlj ~j{zg |j{gd }dc|zoh j }{jni~d }o{o lj~ifco{ o~ o|irilolj~ lj |dld j qzohqzj{ ed{cohi~|o#

D~ ondc|jnigjc|d~ lj cd~~d nd|iliocd boujg }o{|j lo icbd{goæîd j |åg( co ~zo bd{go lj

ndc~|{zæîd( d~ gjid~ lj ndgzcinoæîd ko~|oc|j jcrdhrild~ j }{j~jc|j~# ]jco !;==6) ndgjc|o

qzj o biljhilolj ld~ bo|d~ lj~|j~ gjid~ é adej ko~|oc|j li~nz|ilo j }d~|o jg lõrilo# Jg

ohfzc~ gdgjc|d~( d ed{cohi~gd ~j gd~|{o }j{lild lioc|j lo~ gzlocæo~ }o{olifgï|ino~ lo~

lirj{~o~ li~ni}hico~ lo o|zohilolj# Ndj{åcnio j j~|okihilolj co ndc~|{zæîd lj ai~|þ{io~ jiljc|ilolj~ cîd ~îd |îd goi~ bïnji~ lj ~j{jg jcndc|{olo~#

Lioc|j lj lirj{~d~ ondc|jnigjc|d~( ohfzc~ rohd{j~ j n{i|é{id~ ~îd o|{ikzçld~ o j~|j~ {jho|d~(

ndgd ~jhjæîd ld qzj ~j{ï lirzhfold# \oi~ }{ï|ino~( o}dc|olo~ }d{ ]jco !;==6)( ndc~|i|zjg d

cjv~go`icf( qzj hjro jg ndc~ilj{oæîd o~}jn|d~ ndgd cd|iniokihilolj( rohd{j~'cd|çnio~(

ndc~|{zæîd lo ozliåcnio j {d|ico~ lj }{dlzæîd# O~ cd|çnio~ }d~~zjg {jbj{åcnio jg cd~~o

{johilolj# \oh {johilolj é ndc~|{zçlo o }o{|i{ lj zgo hþfino ic|j{co( n{i|é{id~ j~|okjhjnild~#

O nzh|z{o }{dbi~~idcoh ld~ ed{cohi~|o~ j o d{fociuoæîd ld~ }{dnj~~d~ }{dlz|ird~ ~îd ldi~

ig}d{|oc|j~ o~}jn|d~ ld cjv~go`icf( ~jfzcld Vdhb !?91:)# Jhj ocohi~o o cd|iniokihilolj

ndgd o no}onilolj qzj d~ bo|d~ |åg dz cîd }o{o ri{o{ cd|çnio# D~ {jqzi~i|d~ jifild~ ld~

ondc|jnigjc|d~ d bo{îd ~j{ cd|iniold~ dz cîd# ]o{o j~|o ocïhi~j( o j~|{z|z{o lj |{okohad j d

}dc|d lj ri~|d ld }{dbi~~idcoh |åg {jhjroc|j icbhzåcnio# D~ ic|j{j~~j~ j cjnj~~ilolj~ ld

ed{cohi~|o j lo jg}{j~o }d~~zjg ig}d{|oc|j }dlj{ lj ljni~îd# \{o|o'~j lj zgo {j}j|i|irilolj

ld~ }{dnjligjc|d~( zgo }{ï|ino }{dlz|iro j j~|ïrjh( ndg n{i|é{id~ bhjçrji~( qzj ~j{rjg ndgd



?>

zg fzio# Vdhb !?91:) ~zfj{j qzj o |dgolo lj ljni~îd cîd |jcao ljgo~iolo {jbhjîd( go~

~ig}hinilolj cd {onidnçcid#

D~ rohd{j~'cd|çnio o}dc|old~ }d{ Vdhb !?91:) j~|îd }{j~jc|j~ co~ ic|j{oæúj~ nd|ilioco~ ld~

ed{cohi~|o~ j ~îd {jbj{åcnio~ }o{o o jhokd{oæîd ld~ cd|iniï{id~# \oh n{i|é{id j~|ï jc{oiuold jg

|dld d }{dnj~~d icbd{go|ird( ljrild í j~no~~ju lj |jg}d j gjid~#

D gj{nold lj ndgzcinoæîd ed{cohç~|ino |jg z|ihiuold( od hdcfd lo ai~|þ{io( n{i|é{id~

cd|inid~d~ ko~jold~ cd~ ndcnji|d~ lj rohd{'cd|çnio o}hinold~( jc|{j dz|{d~ oz|d{j~( }d{ Vdhb

!?91:)# ]d{ég( oz|d{j~ goi~ o|zoc|j~ co ï{jo |éncino ed{cohç~|ino( ndgd Kdccj{ !;==9)(

{jndcbifz{o{og ohfzc~ |j{gd~ }o{o gjhad{ olo}|ï'hd~ í {d|ico jli|d{ioh lj ~jz~ rjçnzhd~#

Ljc|{j rï{id~ ondc|jnigjc|d~( n{i|é{id~ bonihi|og o ~jhjæîd ld qzj roi ~j{ rjinzhold# O

ok{ocfåcnio é d }{igji{d ld~ n{i|é{id~ }{igï{id~ o}dc|old~ }d{ Kdccj{ !;==9)# Jho ~j {jbj{j

od cõgj{d lj }j~~do~ qzj ~j{îd o|icfilo~ dz qzj ~db{j{îd ohfzg |i}d lj icbhzåcnio }d{ gjid

lj lj|j{gicold bo|d# ‘_zoc|d goid{ d cõgj{d lj }j~~do~ o|icfilo~ }d{ zg bo|d( goid{ o

}{dkokihilolj lj ~j{ }zkhinold‗ !KDCCJ[( ;==9( }# 9:)#

O f{orilolj lo~ ig}hinoæúj~ ld~ ondc|jnigjc|d~ é d ~jfzcld n{i|é{id ni|old }d{ Kdccj{

!;==9)# Cd|çnio~ {zic~ cjg ~jg}{j ~îd kjg'riclo~( go~ é ljrj{ ld ed{cohi~|o gd~|{o{ d qzj

j~|ï {zig( }o{o ~j{ gjhad{old( ohég lj j}d{ libinzhlolj~ }o{o qzj j~|o~ ~jeog gicigiuolo~

dz ~dhznidcolo~( boujcld rohj{ o z|ihilolj ~dnioh ld ed{cohi~gd( icbd{gocld d~ nilolîd~ }o{o

qzj j~|j~ |jcaog onj~~d í ~jz~ li{ji|d~# ‘_zoc|d goid{ bd{ o f{orilolj lj zg bo|d( goid{ o

}d~~ikihilolj lj ~j{ cd|iniold‗ !KDCCJ[( ;==9( }# 92)

D no{ï|j{ ai~|þ{ind ld qzj ondc|jnj é dz|{d n{i|é{id o ~j{ ocohi~old }jhd~ ed{cohi~|o~( ~jfzcld

Kdccj{ !;==9)# Ohfzc~ ondc|jnigjc|d~ ~j lj~|onog lj igjlio|d }jho ~zo ig}d{|ëcnio j

ig}d~iæîd( qzo~j qzj oz|dgï|ino# Ohég lj~~j~ bo|d~ |j{jg }{j~jcæo nj{|o cd cd|iniï{id( ~jz

|jg}d lj jikiæîd j ndkj{|z{o ~j{ï goid{ ld qzj d lo~ dz|{o~ cd|çnio~( jg bzcæîd lj ~zo

{jhjrëcnio ok~dhz|o# ‘]d{qzj o {jhjrëcnio ok~dhz|o ljhj~ j~gofo cd|çnio~ qzj( o|é jc|îd(

|icaog }j~d ~zbinijc|j }o{o fo{oc|i{ }{j~jcæo cd j~}jhad‗ !KDCCJ[( ;==9( }# 99)

Cd|çnio~ gjcd~ ig}d{|oc|j~ |ogkég }dljg ndg}d{ kjg d j~}jhad lj zg |jhjed{coh# Cd

jc|oc|d( ~zo ig}d{|ëcnio ~j{ï ocohi~olo lj ond{ld ndg d ndc|j|d lo~ dz|{o~ cd|çnio~( qzj



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j~|îd }o{o ~j{ rjinzholo~ coqzjho lo|o# Zg ondc|jnigjc|d qzj }d~~o( |jd{inogjc|j( {jnjkj{

oh|o {jhjrëcnio( }dlj |j{ ~zo ig}d{|ëcnio ligiczçlo( no~d( coqzjho lo|o( |jcaog ondc|jnild

bo|d~ j~|{dcld~d~( qzj gj{jæog goid{ ndkj{|z{o# J~|o é zgo }{ï|ino nd{{iqzji{o( ~jfzcld

Kdccj{ !;==9( }# ?=;)# ‘###_zj{d gd~|{o{ ndgd zgo cd|çnio( gj~gd lj oh|o {jhjrëcnio( }{jni~o

~j{ ndg}o{olo í~ ljgoi~( ld gj~gd lio( }o{o qzj o aij{o{qzio lj|j{gicj qzj ligjc~új~ |j{ï

o ndkj{|z{o# Dz gj~gd( ~j d o~~zc|d ~j{ï }zkhinold dz cîd‗ !KDCCJ[( ;==9( }# ?=;)

O ~jqzåcnio lj cd|çnio~ é dz|{d n{i|é{id iclinold }d{ Kdccj{ !;==9) ndgd {jhjroc|j }o{o o

bzcæîd ld ed{cohi~|o# D ndc|j|d j o ~jqzåcnio hþfino( qzj bonihi|og o ndg}{jjc~îd }jhd goid{

cõgj{d lj }j~~do~( ljrjg ~j{ dk~j{rold~ j ndhdnold~ jg }{ï|ino# O}j~o{ lj cd|çnio~ bon|zoi~(

ndg {jhjrëcnio ok~dhz|o ~j{jg }{id{ilolj( dz|{o~ cd|çnio~ cîd cjnj~~o{iogjc|j bon|zoi~(}dljg |j{ hzfo{ jg zgo jliæîd ed{cohç~|ino( no~d ~jeog õ|ji~ co ndg}{jjc~îd ld

|jhj~}jn|old{ lj lj|j{gicold ondc|jnigjc|d# ‘O~ {j}d{|ofjc~ cîd bon|zoi~ o}þiog o~ bon|zoi~

}o{o lo{ od }õkhind o d}d{|zcilolj lj {jbhj|i{ goi~ lj|ilogjc|j ~dk{j }{dkhjgo~

ig}d{|oc|j~###‗ !KDCCJ[( ;==9( }# ?=:)# Cd|çnio~ qzj jqzihik{jg d |jhjed{coh( dkej|d goid{

lj |{okohad ld oz|d{ jg qzj~|îd ~îd kjg'riclo~( d qzj gicigiuo d ig}on|d qzj }dlj dnd{{j{

ndg zg goid{ cõgj{d lj cd|çnio~ goi~ ljc~o~ dz ndg}hjo~# ‘Ndc|jg}hold~ ndg |jg}d

|dld~ d~ o~~zc|d~ goi~ {jhjroc|j~ ld lio( é ad{o lj ~jhjnidco{ d~ |jgo~ qzj ondg}ocao{îd dcd|iniï{id( qzj lo{îd {i|gd of{olïrjh( dz zg nhigo jqzihik{old###‗ !KDCCJ[( ;==9( }# ?=:)

Nao{ozljoz !;==6) j~nho{jnj qzj( }o{o qzj zg ondc|jnigjc|d {jnjko ig}d{|ëcnio j ~jeo

lj}{jjclild j rïhild( gdgjc|d~ ndgd o gdlibinoæîd( }j{nj}æîd j ~ifcibinoæîd ljrjg j~|o{

}{j~jc|j~# O oh|j{oæîd ld j~|old icinioh dz o|é gj~gd zgo {z}|z{o lo d{ljg j~|okjhjnilo qzj

}{drdqzj lj~jqzihçk{id ld ~i~|jgo é zg n{i|é{id o}dc|old#

Od gj~gd |jg}d( d oz|d{ iclino o }j{nj}æîd ndg ig}d{|oc|j rohd{ }o{o zg ondc|jnigjc|d

~j{ cd|iniold# Naogo{ o o|jcæîd( noz~o{ ig}on|d( bouj{ o libj{jcæo ~îd ohfzgo~ lo~

{jbj{åcnio~ }o{o o }j{nj}æîd#

J~~j jbji|d lj ~ohiåcnio {jgj|j o zgo d}j{oæîd }j{nj}|ird'ndfci|iro qzj bou ndgqzj ~jeo d ~zeji|d qzj ig}új ~jz dhao{ od gzcld( boujcld'd }o~~o{( ~jfzcld zg edfd lj ono~d j lj cjnj~~ilolj( lj zg j~|old lj lj|j{gici~gd ok~dhz|d o zg j~|oldlj gdrigjc|d ohjo|þ{id( lj zg j~|old lj cîd ondc|jnigjc|d od lj ondc|jnigjc|d !NAO[OZLJOZ( ;==6( }# ?==)

Dz|{d n{i|é{id cd|ïrjh }o{o zg ondc|jnigjc|d é o ~ifcibinoæîd qzj jhj no{{jfo# Jho ljrj ~j{

lifco lj ic|j{j~~j j cd|ïrjh ~dniohgjc|j# Zgo noljio lj noz~ohilolj~ }dlj{ï haj ndcbj{i{ o



?:

{ouîd lj ~j{# Cj~|j ndc|j|d( zg ld~ hold~ ljrj ~j{ d lj zg ~i~|jgo lj {jndcajnigjc|d qzj

}dlj bouj{ j~~o li~|icæîd jc|{j zg gzcld ndg {jf{o~ j hji~ ld hold lo ic|j{rjcæîd ld ~zeji|d#

[d~~i !?91=) gd~|{o |ogkég qzj( oc|j~ ld go|j{ioh ed{cohç~|ind ~j{ }zkhinold( jhj }o~~o }d{bih|{d~ ig}d{|oc|j~ cj~~j njcï{id# D }{igji{d ~j {jbj{j od jli|d{( qzj ljnilj d jcbdqzj o ~j{

~jfzild# Lj}di~ li~~d( d |ogocad qzj o cd|çnio i{ï dnz}o{( |jcld dz cîd lj~|oqzj( ohég lj

|ç|zhd( }d~iæîd( j( oiclo( o nõ}zho( li{j|d{j~ qzj j~|îd onigo ld jli|d{ j icbhzjg ljni~irogjc|j

jg |dld d }{dnj~~d lj jhokd{oæîd j lirzhfoæîd#

Ed{cohi~gd é o }{dbi~~îd qzj cîd }j{gi|j ondgdloæîd dz o {jgd|o nj{|juo lj ‑~okj{ |zld’

~dk{j zg {ogd dz ~dk{j d }{þ}{id }oç~# [d~~i !?91=) {jbd{æo d rohd{ lo hz|o }jho }j{gocjc|jo|zohiuoæîd j lo kz~no dk~j~~iro }jho ndg}hjgjc|oæîd lj ndcajnigjc|d~# ‘O bþ{gzho nd{{j|o

}o{o o kdo icbd{goæîd ed{cohç~|ino ljrj{io ~j{ o j~}jniohiuoæîd ld~ ed{cohi~|o~ j cîd o}jco~

j~}jniohi~|o~ }{o|inocld ed{cohi~gd‗ ![D^^I( ?91=( }# 6>)# J~|j }{dbi~~idcoh ljrj |{okohao{

jg }{dh lo ~dnijlolj( ~jg}{j#

[d~~i !?91=) obi{go( oiclo( qzj( o}j~o{ lj |dlo~ o~ libinzhlolj~( d ed{cohi~|o ljrj ~jg}{j

kz~no{ d~ }d{qzå~( bzclogjc|oi~ }o{o zgo kdo {j}d{|ofjg# ‘É }{jni~d bzclogjc|o{( od

gïigd( nolo zgo lo~ {j~}d~|o~ lolo~‗# ![D^^I( ?91=( }# <?)

?#> Ed{cohi~gd ndc|jg}d{ëcjd

Cd gzcld gdlj{cd( dclj o goid{io lo~ }j~~do~ jcndc|{o }dznd |jg}d }o{o lj|j{gicolo~

|o{jbo~( }dlj ~j{ }j{ifd~d j li~nz|çrjh obi{go{ qzj cicfzég jcndc|{o |jg}d }o{o hji|z{o~ lj

ed{coi~( ~zfj{j [d~~i !?91=)# Cîd ~j }dlj ~z}d{ qzj d~ hji|d{j~ |åg ilåc|ino boh|o lj |jg}d

}o{o |dld~ d~ o~~zc|d~# \oh bo|d }dlj |j{ ndc|{ikzçld }o{o zg j~qzjgo|i~gd jofj{old }d{

}o{|j ld~ ed{cohi~|o~( qzj onokog ljiocld lj bd{o ig}d{|oc|j~ bzcæúj~( ndgd d ldgçcid ld

ilidgo( gd~|{o{ ~jz j~|ihd }j~~doh j kz~no{ no}|o{( od gïigd( d ic|j{j~~j ld hji|d{#

]o{o [d~~i !?91=)( jg ~j |{o|ocld lj K{o~ih( ji~|j zgo ig}d{|oc|j ~jqzjho nzh|z{oh cd qzj ~j

{jbj{j od bouj{ ed{cohi~gd( qzj ~j |{o|o lo }{jbj{åcnio lj ljnho{oæúj~ í~ icbd{goæúj~#

Ndc~jqzåcnio lj zgo é}dno lj njc~z{o j o{kç|{id ig}d~|d# ]jco !;==6) |ogkég ~j }d~inidco(

obi{gocld qzj ji~|j goid{ }{jdnz}oæîd ndg d~ ndgjc|ï{id~ ~dk{j d~ ondc|jnigjc|d~ ld qzj

~dk{j d~ }{þ}{id~ ondc|jnigjc|d~#



?2

O ndhj|o ld goid{ cõgj{d }d~~çrjh lj icbd{goæúj~ é bzclogjc|oh }o{o d |{okohad ld

ed{cohi~|o# Ohég lj }j~qzi~o( d ndc|o|d ndg o~ bdc|j~ é zgo lo~ j|o}o~ qzj roi ndhokd{o{ }o{o

d ndcb{dc|d lo~ icbd{goæúj~ dk|ilo~# ]jc~ocld ci~~d( }{j~j{ro{ bdc|j~ é zg ‘jj{nçnid

icli~}jc~ïrjh od ed{cohi~|o‗ ![D^Î( ?91=( }# :?)# Najno{( {jnajno{ j ndcbj{i{ d go|j{ioh

ndhj|old oezlo gzi|d co rj{ibinoæîd lj icbd{goæúj~ nd{{j|o~# ‘_zj~|idco{ ndc|iczogjc|j é

zgo no{on|j{ç~|ino njc|{oh ld |{okohad lj nog}d ld {j}þ{|j{‗ ![D^Î( ?91=( }# :2)#

Cd }j{çdld jg qzj rirjgd~( dz|{o {johilolj oiclo o~~dgk{o d ed{cohi~gd( ndgd lj~|ondz

[d~~i !?91=) aï >? ocd~# Aï goid{ }{j~jcæo lo hikj{lolj lj jg}{j~o ld qzj lo hikj{lolj lj

ig}{jc~o# D~ ldcd~ ld~ gjid~ lj ndgzcinoæîd rjinzhog oqzihd qzj haj~ é goi~ ndcrjcijc|j jkjcébind# O iclj}jclåcnio( |îd cjnj~~ï{io j {o{o( é bord{ïrjh od hji|d{ }{icni}ohgjc|j( go~

|ogkég }o{o j~|j~ f{oclj~ rjçnzhd~ lj go~~o# D ndcbd{gi~gd j o onji|oæîd }o~~iro cîd

ljrjg ~j{ |j{gd~ ld rdnokzhï{id ld ed{cohi~|o# ]jco !;==6) obi{go qzj d lj~jcrdhrigjc|d

ld~ nocoi~ lj icbd{goæîd j~|ï ~jg}{j o|{jhold o ic|j{j~~j~ jndcügind~ dz }dhç|ind~#

O~ f{oclj~ ofåcnio~ lj cd|çnio~ }d~~zjg f{oclj bd{æo boujcld }o{|j lj~|j gjnoci~gd libz~d{

j o}{j~jc|o rçcnzhd~ j li{ji|d~ ndg d~ fdrj{cd~ lj ~jz~ {j~}jn|ird~ }oç~j~( lj|ohao [d~~i!?91=)# [o{ogjc|j( d~ ic|j{j~~j~ lj~|o~ noljio~ lj ndgzcinoæîd ndicniljg ndg o~ lo~ coæúj~

dclj j~|îd ic~|oholo~# D oz|d{ oiclo obi{go qzj o goid{io lo~ }zkhinoæúj~ k{o~ihji{o~ ~j

}{jdnz}o goi~ ndg icbd{goæúj~ lj hdnoi~ li~|oc|j~( od icré~ lj bdno{ jg ondc|jnigjc|d~

{jfidcoi~ j conidcoi~#

J~~j é zg |j{{i|þ{id jg qzj ~j ridho zgo lo~ }{igji{o~ hiæúj~ qzj ~j o}{jclj cd}{igji{d ocd lj qzohqzj{ bonzhlolj {oudïrjh lj ed{cohi~gd( qzoh ~jeo o lj qzj d qzj

ondc|jnj }j{|d lj gicao no~o é goi~ ig}d{|oc|j ld qzj d qzj ondc|jnj o qzihügj|{d~j qzihügj|{d~ lj li~|ëcnio ![D^Î( ?91=( }# 1:)

Gjhd !?91:) ndc|j|zohiuo |oh {johilolj od gdgjc|d lj z{kociuoæîd( |îd }{j~jc|j o|zohgjc|j#

O}j~o{ lj zgo nho~~j ldgicoc|j( zgo dz|{o nho~~j( o lj |{okohaold{j~( gd~|{o ~zo }{j~jcæo(

o|{oré~ lj jc|ilolj~( ~iclino|d~ j }zkhinoæúj~ orzh~o~( ljbjcljcld ic|j{j~~j~ lj nho~~j~

~zkoh|j{co~#

D hzn{d é zg dkej|ird igicjc|j( dclj d~ {jnz{~d~ }{drjcijc|j~ lj }zkhinilolj ~îd kjcébind~(go~ cîd goi~ ld qzj d~ ~zk~çlid~ j~|o|oi~# Gjhd !?91:) jcbo|iuo d bo|d lj d ed{cohi~gd



?6

o~~zgi{ j~|{z|z{o d}j{onidcoh |ç}ino lo~ jg}{j~o~ no}i|ohi~|o~( no{on|j{iuocld'~j }d{ goid{

hdcfjrilolj# O j~|{z|z{o no}i|ohi~|o }{d}d{nidcdz gdlj{ciuoæîd ld }o{qzj f{ïbind k{o~ihji{d(

ig}d{|oæîd lj jqzi}ogjc|d~( {ï}ilo j jbinijc|j }{dlzæîd lj ed{coi~( hir{d~ j {jri~|o~(

ondg}ocaolo~ }jho ndc~|oc|j iclz~|{iohiuoæîd ld }oç~# D ed{coh ri~hzgk{o o }d~~ikihilolj lj

~j{ zg jg}{jjcligjc|d {jc|ïrjh# D kdg {jhonidcogjc|d ndg d J~|old }j{gi|j o jc|{olo lj

rj{ko~ {jc|ïrji~ j lj bord{j~ lj f{oclj ic|j{j~~j#

O {jhoæîd ndg d J~|old é ndc~|oc|j( zgo rju qzj }d{ jhj ~îd |dgolo~ ig}d{|oc|j~ ljni~új~(

ndgd ndcnj~~îd lj nocoh j hikj{oæîd lj qzd|o~# O ic|j{bj{åcnio ld J~|old ~z}j{o d ndc|{dhj

o}o{jc|j jc|{j }{irold j j~|o|oh( obi{gocld'~j dci}{j~jc|j( j~nho{jnj Gjhd !?91:)# ]d{ ~zo

rju( ]jco !;==6) ndc|j|zohiuo o qzj~|îd( icbd{gocld qzj d fdrj{cd bdi d }{icni}oh ofjc|j ldlj~jcrdhrigjc|d lo ig}{jc~o( lj~lj d }j{çdld ndhdcioh#

Jg li{jæîd ndc|{ï{io( bi{go'~j o cjnj~~ilolj lj zg }{dej|d lj ndgzcinoæîd ljgdn{ï|ind(

b{z|d lo gdkihiuoæîd ld~ nilolîd~( ic|j{ricld co fj~|îd lo ~dnijlolj( ndg d~ gjid~ lj

ndgzcinoæîd ~jcld zg j~}oæd lj icbd{goæîd }hz{oh j d}iciîd hir{j# O~ ljni~új~ ig}d~|o~

}jho~ gj|o~ no}i|ohi~|o~ libinzh|og o }{j~jcæo lj nilolîd~ ndg li{ji|d j ndc~niåcnio lj

}o{|ini}oæîd j ndc|{ikziæîd }dhç|ino j ~dnioh#

Cj~~j ~jc|ild é qzj d ~i~|jgo lj ndgzcinoæîd lj go~~o lj~jg}jcao d }o}jh ljjlznold{ ndhj|ird( }j{gi|icld d onj~~d o zg nj{|d |i}d lj ndcajnigjc|d qzj ricnzhod~ iclirçlzd~ í ~zo ndc|jg}d{ocjilolj( go~ od gj~gd |jg}d d{ijc|o o ~zo}j{nj}æîd }o{o o}{jjclj{ ~ifcibinold~ ndg}o|çrji~ ndg o iljdhdfio ldgicoc|j !GJHD( ?91:( }# ?=)#

]jco !;==6) ~j {jbj{j í~ cd|çnio~ qzj rjgd~ o|zohgjc|j ndgd }{dlz|d~ j}d~|d~ j í rjclo co

ri|{icj ld no}i|ohi~gd iclz~|{ioh# O~ icbd{goæúj~( jg |dld~ d~ ~jz~ o~}jn|d~( ~îd

|{oc~bd{golo~ jg gj{nold{io j d ndc~zgild{ ri{o zg dkej|d ndgj{nioh# ‘O gçlio }{dlzu

njhjk{ilolj~ }o{o }dlj{ {johigjc|o{'~j ljho~ o nolo ic~|oc|j jg zg gdrigjc|d nçnhind j

icic|j{{z}|d‗ !]JCO( ;==6( }# 11)#

J~|j~ j dz|{d~ o~}jn|d~ j~|îd li{j|ogjc|j {jhonidcold~ od bouj{ ed{cohç~|ind( qzj jcrdhrj

rï{io~ o|irilolj~( ndgd {j}d{|ofjg( }{dlzæîd j jliæîd# Co {johilolj ld~ gjid~ lj

ndgzcinoæîd( o~ {jloæúj~ j~|îd gjcd{j~ j o~ bzcæúj~ onokog }d{ ~j onzgzho{# D~

}{dbi~~idcoi~ olqzi{jg cdrd~ ndcajnigjc|d~ j j~|îd nolo rju goi~ j~}jniohiuold~ }o{o ~z}{i{

o~ cjnj~~ilolj~ lo~ jg}{j~o~#



?1

;# O \R NDGD BJ[[OGJC\O \[OC^BD[GOLD[O J IC^\[ZGJC\D LJ

\[OKOHAD

Cj~|j no}ç|zhd( o |jhjri~îd é o}{j~jc|olo ndgd zgo lo~ gçlio~( dz ~jeo( zg ld~ gjid~ }jhd~

qzoi~ d~ ed{cohi~|o~ gd~|{og ~jz |{okohad# Od gj~gd |jg}d jg qzj j~|j rjçnzhd o}{j~jc|o

jrdhzæúj~( o ~dnijlolj |ogkég d ondg}ocao# D }{dlz|d{ lj \R é jgdhlz{old oqzi cj~|j

|{okohad ndgd zgo }jæo naorj cj~|j }{dnj~~d lj ndc~|{zæîd |jhjri~iro# Nokj o jhj d{fociuo{ j

}hocjeo{ d qzj roi ~j{ |{oc~gi|ild# Jhj |{okohao cd~ ko~|ild{j~ }o{o qzj |zld ' ld |j|d í

igofjg ' ondc|jæo ljc|{d ld }{jri~|d#

;#? Icbhzåcnio j ljgdn{o|iuoæîd lo \R

J~|zlo{ j ndg}{jjclj{ o~ niåcnio~ lo ndgzcinoæîd ~îd |o{jbo~ }{ouj{d~o~# Obicoh( o

ndgzcinoæîd ~j |{oc~bd{gdz( ~dk{j|zld co ~dnijlolj ndc|jg}d{ëcjo( cd }dc|d lj f{oclj

ic|j{~jæîd lo rilo }dhç|ino( ~dnioh j jndcügino lo~ }j~~do~# Ljc|{d lj~~j ndc|j|d( o |jhjri~îd

~j o}{j~jc|o ndgd zg ld~ rjçnzhd~ lj ndgzcinoæîd qzj goi~ lj|åg ‘cd|ïrjh ic|jc~ilolj lo~

gjc~ofjc~ qzj |{oc~gi|j‗ !NDG]O[O\D( ?99?( }# >=?)#

O |jhjri~îd lï o }d~~ikihilolj }o{o }j~~do~( jg hzfo{j~ li~|oc|j~( |j{jg onj~~d í~ icbd{goæúj~

j ondc|jnigjc|d~# ^jz nz~|d é koid j ~jz }dlj{ é bd{gilïrjh j õcind( |d{cocld'~j d }{icni}oh

co ndgzcinoæîd k{o~ihji{o# O}j~o{ ld oh|d nz~|d |éncind lj }{dlzæîd j jgi~~îd ld ~icoh( o

{jnj}æîd é ko{o|o j lj}jclj( o}jco~( ld o}o{jhad qzj( adej jg lio( é goi~ onj~~çrjh o |dlo~ o~

nho~~j~ jndcügino~ lo }d}zhoæîd# J~~o ndc|o é bjnaolo qzocld ~j |jg d }dlj{ bd{gilïrjh j

õcind lo~ igofjc~ j ld~ |j|d~ qzj d rjçnzhd |{oc~gi|j j qzj d |d{co zg ld~ }{icni}oi~ co

ndgzcinoæîd j co nzh|z{o k{o~ihji{o~#

O |jhjri~îd é d rjçnzhd qzj gjhad{ ndc~jfzj }jcj|{o{ cd nd|iliocd lo~ }j~~do~(

iclj}jcljc|jgjc|j lj ilolj( ~jd( {oæo dz nho~~j( ndgjc|o Ond~|o'D{ezjho !?999)# ]o{o

gzi|o~ }j~~do~( o \R é o õcino bdc|j lj icbd{goæîd# Gzi|d goi~ qzj i~~d( jho ic|j{bj{j cd qzj

o f{oclj go~~o lo }d}zhoæîd ~jc|j( }jc~o j bou# D oz|d{ gd~|{o }{jdnz}oæîd }jho boh|o lj

qzohilolj jg gzi|d~ }{df{ogo~( qzj cîd ~îd rifiold~ }jhd fdrj{cd j }jhd ndc|jõld }dznd

bd{go|ird j d{ijc|old{#



?9

D rçcnzhd najfo o ~j{ |îd j~|{ji|d qzj jc|{j d~ ; j d~ ?: ocd~( o õcino ndi~o qzjn{iocæo~ boujg goi~ ld qzj rj{ \R é ld{gi{# Ez~|ogjc|j czgo bo~j n{ç|ino( jg qzjd~ gdljhd~ qzj dk~j{rog ~îd lj j|{jgo ig}d{|ëcnio }o{o o bd{goæîd lj ~jz~rohd{j~ j }ol{új~ lj ndg}d{|ogjc|d !OND^\O'D[EZJHO( ?999( }# ?<)

Ndg}o{o|d !?99?) obi{go qzj o \R |jclj o ~j{ zgo {jbj{åcnio }o{o rohd{j~ ~dnioi~( ~z}j{ocld

ic~|i|ziæúj~ qzj( |jd{inogjc|j( ~îd {j~}dc~ïrji~ }d{ lj~jg}jcao{ j~|j }o}jh( ndgd j~ndho(

J~|old j If{jeo# D ~ig}hj~ bo|d lj ~j{ |{oc~gi|ild }jho |jhjri~îd eï bou ndg qzj d

ondc|jnigjc|d |jcao {joh }d~~ikihilolj }o{o ~j{ old|old j |{oc~bd{gold jg nd~|zgj#

]o{o Gjhd !?91:)( o bzcæîd ld~ gjid~ lj ndgzcinoæîd é o lj zg jlznold{ ndhj|ird(

}j{gi|icld ndc~|oc|j ndc~|{zæîd ld ndcajnigjc|d# D kjg'ndgzg ljrj ~j{ o gj|o }{jnç}zo ji~~d ~þ }dlj ~j lo{ }d{ gjid lj zgo igofjg lj ic~|ëcnio~ cjz|{o~ j dkej|iro~#

D o}{jcliuold qzj ondc|jnj( }d{ gjid lo |jhjri~îd( }dlj ro{io{( lj}jcljcld ld }{df{ogo#

Ond~|o'D{ezjho !?999) fo{oc|j qzj jc~icogjc|d~ ndg o |jhjri~îd }dljg ~z{fi{ }d{ gjid lj

}{df{ogo~ lj l{ogo j jc|{j|jcigjc|d# Cj~~j ndc|j|d( rohd{j~ ndc~|{z|ird~ |ogkég }dljg

o}o{jnj{( boujcld lo \R zg gjid lj ~dhzæîd lj }{dkhjgo~ ~dnioi~ j ~z}d{|j }o{o d

lj~jcrdhrigjc|d lj }oç~j~ goi~ }dk{j~( ocohi~o d oz|d{# F{oclj }o{|j ld }dlj{ qzj o \R |jg

ljrj'~j í {j}{j~jc|oæîd ld~ jrjc|d~ lj bd{go goi~ riro j ndcn{j|o#

Cd K{o~ih( o onji|oæîd lo \R nd~|zgo ~j{ bord{ïrjh }jho goid{ }o{|j lo }d}zhoæîd( ~jfzcld

Ond~|o'D{ezjho !?999)# Jcqzoc|d ohfzc~ ~îd iclibj{jc|j~( dz|{d~ ~îd biéi~ |jhj~}jn|old{j~( od

gj~gd |jg}d jg qzj qzj~|idcog o qzohilolj lo }{df{ogoæîd# ‘D }õkhind cîd }d~~zi zgo

o|i|zlj n{ç|ino }j{oc|j o \R }d{qzj jho j~|ï bd{|jgjc|j o~~dniolo o zgo o|irilolj lj

jc|{j|jcigjc|d j houj{ ‑icdbjc~ird~’# Ohiï~( }o{o zgo f{oclj go~~o lj k{o~ihji{d~( o \R

{j}{j~jc|o o õcino bdc|j lj houj{ ‑f{o|zi|o’ j lj bïnih onj~~d‗ !OND^\O'D[EZJHO( ?999( }#

?2)#

Adicjbb !?992) j~nho{jnj qzj d |j{gd }{df{ogoæîd roi ohég ld lj~jcad ~jqzjcnioh lj

}{df{ogo~# Jhj no{{jfo o~}jn|d~ j~~jcnioi~ lo |jhjri~îd( ndgd d }ol{îd j~|é|ind( qzj }d~~zi o

no}onilolj lj icbhzjcnio{ j jcrdhrj{ qzjg o~~i~|j# ‘O }{df{ogoæîd é o naorj }o{o d

ndcajnigjc|d j o li~nz~~îd lo bzcæîd o qzj ~j lj~|ico j~~j rjçnzhd qzj ok~d{rj j |{oc~bd{go

o |jhjri~îd‗ !ADICJBB( ?992( }# ;>)( lj~|ono# Ndg}{jjclj'~j( lj~|o bd{go( o ig}d{|ëcnio lj

zgo }{df{ogoæîd lj qzohilolj( qzj ic|j{bi{o }d~i|irogjc|j co rilo ld~ iclirçlzd~# ]o{o d



;=

oz|d{( o nzh|z{o |jhjri~iro k{o~ihji{o é no{jc|j lj d}æúj~ lj ndc~zgd( noz~ocld zgo ohijcoæîd

lo ~dnijlolj#

^zo~ f{olj~ lj }{df{ogoæîd ~îd }{o|inogjc|j icli~|icfzçrji~ jc|{j ~i# Co bd{go( cdndc|jõld j ~dk{j|zld co o{qzi|j|z{o( qzo~j |dld~ d~ }{df{ogo~ fzo{log zgof{i|oc|j ~jgjhaocæo( qzj cîd {jbhj|j o ogkiæîd lj ~jfzi{ d qzj j~|ï locld nj{|d jgndcezc|d( go~ d |jgd{ lj j}j{igjc|o{ d qzj }d~~o lo{ j{{old i~dhologjc|j!ADICJBB( ?992( }# ?:>)

O bd{|j }{j~jcæo ld J~|old cd~ gjid~ lj ndgzcinoæîd é ndc|{oli|þ{io od li~nz{~d lj bzcæîd

~dnioh lo |jhjri~îd# D~ ic|j{j~~j~ lo gïqzico }dhç|ino j ldgicold{o bohog goi~ oh|d j

ndc|{ikzjg }o{o zg qzol{d lj }j{~zo~îd iljdhþfino ezc|d od~ |jhj~}jn|old{j~# ‘Rå'~j(

}d{|oc|d( qzj d J~|old }d~~zi libj{jc|j~ bonj~( ic|j{oficld lj gdld o }{j~j{ro{ d ndc|{dhj}dhç|ind ~dk{j d~ gjid~ lj ndgzcinoæîd( gj~gd qzj ~jeog fj{ild~ }jho icinio|iro }{irolo‗

!GJHD( ?91:( }# 1)# Ohég ld J~|old( f{oclj~ jg}{j~o~ |ogkég }d~~zjg }dlj{ }dhç|ind

~zbinijc|j }o{o ndc|{dho{ j hzn{o{ ndg d qzj ~j{ï rjinzhold#

O}j~o{ lj~|o~ bd{æo~ iljdhþfino~( qzj ndc|{dhog d }jc~ogjc|d j d~ nd~|zgj~ lj zgo go~~o

ndc~zgild{o( zg dz|{d }{dnj~~d {jrj{~d o}o{jnj j lï d}d{|zcilolj }o{o nocoi~ ndg o~~zc|d~

j }õkhind ljbicild~ j ~jhjnidcold~# O lj~go~~ibinoæîd é zg jhjgjc|d }{j~jc|j( qzj ok{jj~}oæd }o{o rjçnzhd~ ~jfgjc|d~ j d{fociuold~( obi{go Adicjbb !?992)# D goid{ cõgj{d lj

d}æúj~ lj nocoi~ |jhjri~ird~ ljio d ndc|{dhj lj jgi~~d{o~ li~|oc|j j {jbd{æo o }d|jcniohilolj

lo |jhjri~îd lj ~j{ zg ic~|{zgjc|d lj ndcajnigjc|d j jc|{j|jcigjc|d lo ~dnijlolj#

Cj~|j njcï{id( |jg'~j o kjg'riclo najfolo ld~ nocoi~ bjnaold~ qzj( jg ndcnd{{åcnio ndg d~

okj{|d~( }{dgdrjz !j oiclo }{dgdrj) zgo ndcnd{{åcnio ~olio( ~dk{j|zld cd ëgki|d hdnoh#

\jg'~j( o~~ig( o li~nz~~îd cjnj~~ï{io lo ljgdn{o|iuoæîd ndgd oh|j{co|iro }o{o zgo cdro

bd{go lj gjc|ohilolj~ j nd~|zgj~( bo|d }o{o qzoh o ic|j{cj| |jg ndc|{ikzçld ~i~|jgo|inogjc|j#

O ljgdn{onio ig}hino jg gzlocæo~ co~ {jhoæúj~ lj bd{æo( ndg goi~ }{j~jcæo lo ifzohlolj j

lj ~j|d{j~ ~zkoh|j{cd~( n{i|ino ^ihro !?919)# O oz|d{o gd~|{o o ig}d{|ëcnio lj zgo

ndc~|i|ziæîd lj ~zeji|d~ ndhj|ird~ ndc~nijc|j~( {jicriclinocld li{ji|d~ lj nilolîd# ‘O õcino

}d~~ikihilolj riïrjh lj ljgdn{o|iuoæîd }o~~o }jho jhokd{oæîd lj bd{go~ oh|j{co|iro~ lj

ndgzcinoæîd‗ !^IHRO( ?919( }# ;6)

O ljgdn{o|iuoæîd lo icbd{goæîd( ~jeo }jhd~ gjid~ |{olinidcoi~ j( o|é gj~gd( }jho~ gçlio~ndcrj{fjc|j~( é j~~jcnioh }o{o zgo ~dnijlolj ez~|o j d{fociuolo# ]o{o Ndg}o{o|d !;===)( zg



;?

cdrd ~i~|jgo ic~|i|znidcoh |j{io qzj ~j{ ndc~|{zçld( ndikicld( o~~ig( d bdnd bicocni~|o j zgo

hz|o lj~jcb{jolo }d{ ozliåcnio ld~ rjçnzhd~ lj ndgzcinoæîd#

O}j~o{ lo {j~~ohro lj qzj d {onidnçcid lj Ndg}o{o|d !;===) ~jeo z|þ}ind( on{jli|o'~j qzj

j~|çgzhd~ jlznonidcoi~ j }{j}o{oæîd n{ç|ino lioc|j lo {jnj}æîd lo~ gjc~ofjc~ |jhjri~iro~

}d~~og ndc~|{zi{ cdrd~ nilolîd~ j( ndc~jqzjc|jgjc|j( cdrd~ |jhj~}jn|old{j~#

F{oæo~ í ic|j{cj|( }d{ jjg}hd( é nolo rju goi~ ndgzg o ic|j{rjcæîd ld |jhj~}jn|old{ ezc|d í

}{df{ogoæîd |jhjri~iro# Nho{d qzj( oiclo( cîd é d njcï{id iljoh lo d}iciîd hir{j ndgd

jj{nçnid lj zgo |o{jbo ~dnioh( lj {j~}dc~okihilolj ndhj|iro( |oh qzoh hjgk{dz Gjhd !?91:)#

J~}j{o'~j lj }{dbi~~idcoi~ lj ohfzgo~ ï{jo~( ~dk{j|zld oqzjho~ hifolo~ í gçlio( goid{j~ic|j{rjcæúj~# ]o{o Ndg}o{o|d !;===)( }o{o ljgdn{o|iuo{ d~ gjid~ lj ndgzcinoæîd( o |o{jbo

roi ohég lo {jj~|{z|z{oæîd ld~ þ{fîd~ lj ig}{jc~o# Zg {jfigj lj nilolocio }dlj{ï

}d~~ikihi|o{ d hir{j onj~~d í~ rio~ lj ndgzcinoæîd j}hd{olo~ }jhd~ rjçnzhd~#

]{idhhi !;===) on{jli|o qzj oiclo aï gzi|d o bouj{ jg kz~no lj~|o ljgdn{o|iuoæîd# Zg }{dej|d

lj {jbd{go ~j{io zgo lo~ d}æúj~ }o{o nd{{ifi{ d lj~jqzihçk{id jc|{j {jlj~ lj ndkj{|z{o

conidcoh gzi|d bd{|j~ j j~|oæúj~ lj ohnocnj {jfidcoh gzi|d b{ono~#

^îd cjnj~~ï{id~ gjnoci~gd~ hjfoi~ lj {jfzhoæîd( ig}dcld í~ jgi~~d{o~ }j{njc|zoi~dk{ifo|þ{id~ lj }{dlzæîd hdnoh j {jfidcoh( j |ogkég lj oqzi~iæîd lj }{df{ogoæîdiclj}jcljc|j( ndgd bdi dkjljnild cd~ J~|old~ Zcild~( }d{ jjg}hd( }d{ goi~ lj <=ocd~ !][IDHHI( ;===( }# ;;)

;#; \R [jfidcoh5 |jclåcnio j no{on|j{ç~|ino~

O bd{æo ld~ rjçnzhd~ lj ndgzcinoæîd k{o~ihji{d~( jg j~}jnioh d~ qzj o|zog cd gjid|jhjri~ird( |jg f{oclj ig}d{|ëcnio co }{dlzæîd j |{oc~gi~~îd lj icbd{goæúj~ od~

|jhj~}jn|old{j~# Ndg d olrjc|d lo \R }ofo cd }oç~( d bz|z{d lo |jhjri~îd okj{|o ~j |d{cdz

zgo }{jdnz}oæîd }o{o jg}{j~ï{id~( ndgzcinold{j~ j jjnz|ird~ lj~|j gjid( qzj gd~|{og(

ljc|{d lj~|j ndc|j|d( d ic|j{j~~j jg n{io{ zgo iljc|ilolj {jfidcoh ndg o~ ndgzcilolj~(

j~nho{jnj Koui !;==?)# O {jfidcohiuoæîd lo |jhjri~îd é d }{icni}oh bo|d{ lj ~dk{jriråcnio lo~

jgi~~d{o~ ld }oç~#

O {jfidcohiuoæîd gd~|{o ~j{ zg cdrd nogicad }o{o o~ jg}{j~o~ lj ndgzcinoæîd# D lj~obid

bino }d{ ndc|o lj ndcnihio{ zgo }{df{ogoæîd {jfidcoh lj qzohilolj ndg d oh|d nz~|d



;;

cjnj~~ï{id# Zgo lo~ j~|{o|éfio~ lo~ jgi~~d{o~ {jfidcoi~ é obihio{'~j o zgo \R lj goid{ }d{|j

j lj }jcj|{oæîd conidcoh j z|ihiuo{ ohfzc~ j~}oæd~ }o{o {johiuo{ ~zo }{df{ogoæîd#Rdh}o||d

!;==1) j~nho{jnj qzj \R {jfidcoh é zg f{z}d hdnoh j {jfidcohiuold jcqzoc|d jgi~~d{o~

{jfidcohiuolo~ {j}{dlzujg d~ gdljhd~ lo~ {jlj~ obihiolo~#

O \R {jfidcoh o}o{jnj jg zg gdgjc|d dclj o fhdkohiuoæîd gd~|{o ~zo bd{æo Cd~ lio~ lj

adej( d adgjg hdnoh }dlj ~j |d{co{ zg nilolîd fhdkoh( ndg oezlo lo icbd{gï|ino j |jncdhdfio#

D lj~jcrdhrigjc|d ld~ gjid~ lj ndgzcinoæîd j bhzd fhdkohiuold lo icbd{goæîd o}{digdz

hdnohilolj~ li~|oc|j~ j ic|jc~ibindz {jhoæúj~ ~dnioi~( ndgjc|o Koui !;==?)#

O ig}d{|ëcnio lo {jfidcohiuoæîd ~j ndg}o{o í lo fhdkohiuoæîd( }d{ ~j{ zgo |jclåcnio j }jhooz|dcdgio lo gçlio hdnoh j {jfidcoh( d qzj icbhzjcnio o~ o|i|zlj~ lj~~j }õkhind {jnj}|d{(

j~nho{jnj Nog}d~ !;==:)# É ig}d{|oc|j qzj biqzj nho{d( ndgd liu ]j{zuud !;==>)( qzj o

fhdkohiuoæîd cîd go|o o {jfidcohiuoæîd# Co rj{lolj( jho ~j{rj }o{o ‘{jrohd{iuo{‗ zgo

iljc|ilolj hdnoh( dclj o~ f{oclj~ gçlio~ ozgjc|og d~ j~}oæd~ lj~|icold~ í~ ndgzcilolj~ j

ndc|{ikzjg }o{o o ic|j{id{iuoæîd lo \R cd }oç~#

O}j~o{ lj ~j{ zg bjcügjcd {jnjc|j( j~|zlid~d~ eï ndc~ilj{orog o {jfidcohiuoæîd ndgd zgbo|d{ }{igd{lioh co lénolo lj ?99=# O }{þ}{io Ndc~|i|ziæîd Bjlj{oh lj ?911( cµ ;;?( icni~d

III( }{jrio o {jfidcohiuoæîd lo }{dlzæîd nzh|z{oh( o{|ç~|ino j ed{cohç~|ino lo~ jgi~~d{o~ lj

|jhjri~îd( o}j~o{ lo boh|o lj hji~ d{licï{io~ qzj {jfzhogjc|jg ~zo ig}hoc|oæîd#

D }{dnj~~d lj {jfidcohiuoæîd lo gçlio |jhjri~iro é }dznd ndcajnild( ~jfzcld Koui( qzj o

ndcnji|zo ndgd ‘P###W oqzjho qzj {j|{oc~gi|j ~jz ~icoh o zgo lj|j{gicolo {jfiîd j qzj |jcao

~zo }{df{ogoæîd rdh|olo }o{o jho gj~go‗ !KOUI( ;==?( }# ?2)# O jgi~~d{o {jfidcoh ri~olirzhfo{ |oc|d o~~zc|d~ hdnoi~ ndgd dz|{d~ qzj ondc|jnjg jg dz|{d~ hzfo{j~ ld }oç~ j ld

gzcld#

Zg ld~ kjcjbçnid~ lo {jfidcohiuoæîd( ~jfzcld Koui !;==?)( é o goid{ bd{æo j iljc|ilolj lo~

no{on|j{ç~|ino~ nzh|z{oi~ lj nolo ndgzcilolj# J~~j }o}jh roi lj jcndc|{d í adgdfjcjiuoæîd

ld~ bd{go|d~ |jhjri~ird~ }{d}d~|o }jho~ f{oclj~ {jlj~ lj ndgzcinoæîd#

D jbji|d jndcdginogjc|j {jc|ïrjh lo {jfidcohiuoæîd lo~ jgi~~d{o~ lj |jhjri~îdgd~|{o qzj( gj~gd d gzcld nogicaocld o }o~~d~ ho{fd~ jg li{jæîd í fhdkohiuoæîd(o~ }j~~do~ lj~jeog }{igji{d ~j ~jc|i{ icbd{golo~ loqzihd qzj ondc|jnj co ~zo



;>

nilolj( co ~zo {jfiîd( }o{o lj}di~ ~j icbd{go{ ~dk{j d qzj dnd{{j cd {j~|d ld gzcld#O ndgzcinoæîd j~|ï nolo rju goi~ li{ifilo j }j~~doh( j é cj~|j rïnzd qzj d {jfidcohn{j~nj !KOUI( ;==?( }# 19)

O}j~o{ ld |jg}d j lo icbd{goæîd( co o|zohilolj( ~j{jg fhdkoi~( o~ }j~~do~ ndc|iczogrirjcld jg zg j~}oæd hdnoh( hifolo~ í~ {oçuj~ bogihio{j~ j ndgzci|ï{io~# Rdh}o||d !;==1)

lj|ohao qzj rï{id~ bo|d{j~ ndg}újg nolo {jfiîd( |d{cocld'd õcino( li~|ic|o j ndg}hjo# D~

o~}jn|d~ fjdf{ïbind~( nzh|z{oi~( ~dnioi~( }dhç|ind~ j jndcügind~ lj nolo hdnoh ~îd libj{jc|j~ j

}o{|inzho{j~#

Cj~~j ndc|j|d( d ed{cohi~gd {jfidcoh }dlj bzcnidco{ ndgd obi{gold{ lj iljc|ilolj~( }dc|zo

Nog}d~ !;==:( }#>)5 ‘lj~~o bd{go( |oi~ gjid~ j~no}og í~ bd{go~ |{olinidcoi~ lj ndc|{dhj j

}dljg( lj bo|d( |{oc~bd{go{jg'~j jg zg j~}oæd }õkhind( bd{|ohjnjcld j}{j~~új~ lo

iljc|ilolj ndhj|iro hdnoh j {jfidcoh‗ !NOG]D^( ;==:( }#>)# O oz|d{o icbd{go( oiclo( qzj j~~j

orocæd lo~ j}{j~~új~ lj iljc|ilolj~ ndhj|iro~ ‘P###W lj~obiog o fhdkohiuoæîd j d

nd~gd}dhi|i~gd( jg bzcæîd lo ~icfzho{ilolj nzh|z{oh P###W‗# !NOG]D^( ;==:( }# <)#

Bino bïnih ndg}{jjclj{( lj~|o bd{go( qzj é {j~}dc~okihilolj lo \R {jfidcoh bouj{ d

|jhj~}jn|old{ }jc~o{ d ~jz hdnoh ljc|{d ld fhdkoh( dz ~jeo( ld }o{|inzho{ }o{o d fjcé{ind# J~~j

{onidnçcid é no}ou lj hjrï'hd }o{o ohég lj ~zo ndgzcilolj j d ic|jf{o{ï o ~i~|jgo~ goi~

og}hd~# O~ cjnj~~ilolj~ j~}jnçbino~ lo~ ndgzcilolj~ o ~j{jg o|icfilo~ |ogkég ljrjg ~j{

hjrolo~ jg ndc~ilj{oæîd# O hicfzofjg lo jgi~~d{o {jfidcoh ro{io lj ond{ld ndg ~jz }j{bih# O

li{j|{iu jli|d{ioh ro{io lj ond{ld ndg qzj~|új~ ndgzci|ï{io~( iclino Nog}d~ !;==:)# O oæîd

{jfidcoh é ndc~|{zçlo jg zgo {jhoæîd }{þigo ndg d~ }õkhind~ loqzjho hdnohilolj# O

jgi~~d{o ljrj |j{ d ndg}{dgi~~d lj lo{ zgo ic|jc~o ri~ikihilolj í }jnzhio{ilolj lo {jfiîd#

Od ndcqzi~|o{ d |jhj~}jn|old{ {jfidcoh( ozgjc|o'~j o }d~~ikihilolj lj fj{o{ {jnji|o

}zkhini|ï{io ndg }jqzjcd~ oczcnioc|j~# Adej( }dlj'~j rj{ f{oclj~ {jlj~ boujcld

icrj~|igjc|d~ jg hdnohilolj~ qzj oc|j~ cîd {jnjkiog qzohqzj{ ndkj{|z{o ed{cohç~|ino( gd~|{o

Nog}d~ !;==:)#

Koui !;==?) {j~~oh|o qzj o qzohilolj ld~ }{df{ogo~ j o n{jlikihilolj ezc|d od }õkhind |ogkég

~îd ig}d{|oc|j~( jg jgi~~d{o~ {jfidcoi~( }o{o o ndcqzi~|o lo ozliåcnio j bd{goæîd lo

riokihilolj ld rjçnzhd( qzj }dlj ~j{ gjlilo }d{ gjid lo bd{æo ld gj{nold hdnoh j ld ~jz



;<

}dlj{ lj ndc~zgd# ]o{o Rdh}o||d !;==1)( o \R {jfidcoh z|ihiuo o }{digilolj j zg li~nz{~d

ndgzci|ï{id }o{o ndc~|{zi{ o {j}{j~jc|oæîd jndcügino ld hdnoh#

O no}|oæîd lj {jnz{~d~ }zkhini|ï{id~ j d lj~jcrdhrigjc|d lj~|j gj{nold bino{og goi~ bïnji~

ndg o okj{|z{o lj jgi~~d{o~ {jfidcoi~( fo{oc|j Koui !;==?)( d qzj fo{oc|iz j~}oæd }o{o

}jqzjco~ j gélio~ jg}{j~o~# D nz~|d lj }{dlzæîd j lirzhfoæîd lj zg ndgj{nioh {jfidcoh é

gzi|d goi~ ko{o|d ld qzj cd ëgki|d j~|olzoh dz conidcoh#

;#> Zg cdrd }{dbi~~idcoh( d gzh|ibzcnidcoh

O niåcnio j o |jncdhdfio |åg }{dlzuild lirj{~o~ |{oc~bd{goæúj~ co~ {jhoæúj~ azgoco~# I~~d|jg ~ild ~jc~çrjh |oc|d cd ndc|o|d ndg dz|{o~ }j~~do~ ndgd co~ o|irilolj~ }{dbi~~idcoi~ ld

lio'o'lio# D lj~jcrdhrigjc|d lj bj{{ogjc|o~ j jqzi}ogjc|d~ |{dzj cdro~ no{on|j{ç~|ino~ }o{o

o ndgzcinoæîd( ondg}ocaolo }d{ ndcrj{fåcnio j zg f{oclj }{dnj~~d lj lifi|ohiuoæîd# Cdro~

hicfzofjc~ ~îd n{iolo~ j é ig}d{|oc|j qzj d~ }{dbi~~idcoi~ lj nolo ï{jo j~|jeog o|jc|d~ }o{o o

|{oc~bd{goæîd qzj o}o{jnj nd|iliocogjc|j# Cd jc|oc|d( gzi|d~ lj~|j~ }{dbi~~idcoi~ cîd

gd~|{og gzi|d ic|j{j~~j }jho cdro {johilolj# ‘D goi~ }{jdnz}oc|j é rj{ibino{ o icé{nio lj

gzi|d~ }{dbi~~idcoi~ lj |jhjri~îd( ~dk{j|zld ed{cohi~|o~( qzj ifcd{og }d{ ndg}hj|d gzi|o~ lo~gzlocæo~ ~ifcibino|iro~ jg ~zo }{ïi~‗ !OCFJHZNNI j NO^\[D( ;==9( }# >)

O ri{|zohilolj( ~jfzcld d~ oz|d{j~( é o f{oclj {j~}dc~ïrjh }jho }d~~ikihilolj lj

}{j~jc|ibinoæîd jg rï{id~ hzfo{j~ od gj~gd |jg}d# D~ rohd{j~ lj |jg}d j j~}oæd ~db{j{og

gzlocæo~ j adej }d~~zjg zg rohd{ goid{ ld qzj d lj |jg}d~ o|{ï~# O bd{go lj |{oc~gi~~îd

lo icbd{goæîd j~|ï nolo rju goi~ igjlio|o j d }o}jh ld ed{cohi~|o ~db{jz oh|j{oæúj~ ljc|{d

lj~|j ndc|j|d( ig}zh~idcolo }jhd~ orocæd~ |jncdhþfind~# Cd jc|oc|d( rï{io~ jgi~~d{o~ cîdondg}ocao{og |oh jrdhzæîd#

D cdrd gdljhd lj }{dlzæîd j |{oc~gi~~îd lj ndc|jõld {jqzj{ zgo }j{~}jn|iro goi~}o{|ini}o|iro( licëgino j ~jfgjc|olo# J~~o lj~o|zohiuoæîd }{drdno o o|zohicndj{åcnio lj gocz|jcæîd ld~ gj~gd~ ~z}d{|j~( fåcj{d~ j bd{go|d~( ~jg o ljriloo|jcæîd í~ udco~ gzh|igçlio~ !OCFJHZNNI j NO^\[D( ;==9( }# 1)

]o{o d~ oz|d{j~( zg cdrd }j{bih lj }{dbi~~idcoh ~j{ï jifild ljc|{d lj~|o {johilolj# Gzlocæo~

j~|é|ino~ j ~dnioi~ ~j{îd }{j~jcniolo~ j |j{îd d }dlj{ lj oh|j{o{ d~ cçrji~ li~nz{~ird~ lo

icbd{goæîd# D ed{cohi~|o |j{ï qzj j~|o{ }{j}o{old }o{o zgo cdro bd{go lj }{dlzui{ ndc|jõld(



;:

|oc|d cd qzj ~j {jbj{j od ldgçcid |jncdhþfind ndgd co~ rï{io~ gçlio~ lj ndgzcinoæîd j

ic|j{oæîd qzj |j{îd goi~ ig}d{|ëcnio co~ ~zo~ o|irilolj~#

\oro{j~ !;=?=) obi{go qzj o~ jg}{j~o~ n{jli|og í gdlj{cilolj o cjnj~~ilolj lj

}{dbi~~idcoi~ bhjçrji~# O}j~o{ lj jj{nj{ rï{io~ bzcæúj~( jhj é {jgzcj{old }d{ zgo ~þ#

O|é lénolo~ o|{ï~( d }o}jh ld ed{cohi~|o higi|oro'~j í icbd{goæîd j ic|j{}{j|oæîd ld~ bo|d~#

Adej( j~|o |o{jbo eï ok{ocfj o gjlioæîd lj gõh|i}ho~ icbd{goæúj~ }o{o o ndc~|{zæîd lj

cd|çnio~# D~ gjid~ }jhd~ qzoi~ o~ icbd{goæúj~ najfog rîd lj~lj d nog}d lo }{dlzæîd o|é o

}{þ}{io ozliåcnio#

‘D libj{jcnioh ld ai}j{|jhjed{cohi~|o j~|ï jg n{io{ zgo cdro d{fociuoæîd lo icbd{goæîd(

cdrd~ bhzd~ lj onj~~d }o{o {j~}ohlo{ o qzohilolj lo~ icbd{goæúj~ „ ~z}j{ocld d ~|o|z~ lj

~ig}hj~ co{{old{ lj bo|d~‗ !OCFJHZNNI j NO^\[D( ;==9( }# 9)# O icbd{goæîd é

d{fociuolo }d{ gjid lj zgo zcilolj naorj !hic`) jg ndcezc|d ndg bo|d~ j ni{nzc~|ëcnio~

}{j~jc|j~ cj~|j nikj{j~}oæd# O~ }ho|obd{go~ ~îd lirj{~o~ j nolo rju goi~ ndcrj{fjc|j~ jc|{j

~i#

]o~|d{ !;=?=) on{jli|o qzj j~~o~ cdro~ no{on|j{ç~|ino~ ~îd lj~obid~ }o{o d ed{cohi~|o

ndc|jg}d{ëcjd cd qzj ~j {jbj{j í qzohilolj ld ~jz |{okohad# D oz|d{ gd~|{o o ig}d{|ëcnio lj

zg aïki|d }o{o j~|j }{dbi~~idcoh( zgo {d|ico lj |{okohad# ‘D ai}j{ed{coh~i|o }d~~zi rï{io~

bzcæúj~ j |oh bo|d }dlj ~j{ qzj~|idcold ljc|{d ld nog}d }{dbi~~idcoh‗

Ndhdno{ co~ gîd~ ld ed{cohi~|o d |{okohad lj o}z{oæîd( }{dlzæîd lj |j|d( no}|oæîdlj rçljd j igofjc~( jliæîd j }zkhinoæîd fj{o zg }{dbi~~idcoh gzh|igçlio# Cd

jc|oc|d( }dlj'~j qzj~|idco{ ~j o |{oc~bd{goæîd ld ed{cohi~|o jg zg ‘bou'|zld‗ é}d~i|ird }o{o o oz|dcdgio ld nog}d ed{cohç~|ind dz cîd !]O^\D[( ;=?=( }# 6)

F{olig !;==>) on{jli|o qzj o~ cdro~ |jncdhdfio~ ~îd {j~}dc~ïrji~ }jho }{j~jcæo lj~~j

{j}þ{|j{ gzh|igçlio( zg cdrd }{dbi~~idcoh qzj ~j dbj{jnj }o{o d }õkhind# O~ cjnj~~ilolj~ qzj

o ndcrj{fåcnio o}{j~jc|o }dljg ljio{ gjcd~ |jg}d }o{o o icrj~|ifoæîd j rj{ibinoæîd ld~

bo|d~( i|jc~ ig}d{|oc|j~ }o{o o bzcæîd ed{cohç~|ino( ndgjc|o#

O gzh|i}hinilolj lj hicfzofjc~ o ~j{ ldgicolo }jhd ai}j{|jhjed{cohi~|o }dlj noz~o{ o qzjlo

ld ndc|{dhj jli|d{ioh j ld }ol{îd lj qzohilolj( okd{lo F{olig !;==>)# J~~o ljbiniåcnio é



;2

icolgi~~çrjh }o{o o bzcæîd ~dnioh lj zg rjçnzhd |îd ~ifcibino|ird qzoc|d é o |jhjri~îd(

~dk{j|zld cd gjid {jfidcoh# ‘D{o( |dld~ j~~j~ bo|d{j~ ~dgold~ ig}hino{îd zgo {jcdroæîd

}{dbzclo co~ bd{go~ ed{cohç~|ino~ ld bz|z{d( j gocji{o~ lirj{~o~ lj o}{j~jc|o{ o icbd{goæîd‗

!F[OLIG( ;==>( }# ?;:)

Ndg o }{j~jcæo lo ndcrj{fåcnio( j~|o~ cdrilolj~ ld nog}d ed{cohç~|ind i{îd icbhzjcnio{

dz|{d~ gjid~ lj ndgzcinoæîd# D bz|z{d é ig}{jri~çrjh }o{o F{olig !;==>)( zgo rju qzj o~

}{ï|ino~ j hicfzofjc~ ~j gd~|{og fjcj{ohiuolo~( ljrild od ~jz gdgjc|d lj j}j{igjc|ohi~gd#

Lj qzohqzj{ bd{go( o~ ic~|i|ziæúj~ bd{gold{o~ ljrjg }{irihjfio{ o bd{goæîd }d{ gjid lj zg

kdg |j|d( nho{d j n{io|ird( bo|d{ goi~ ig}d{|oc|j ld qzj o goci}zhoæîd |jncdhþfino lj rï{io~

bj{{ogjc|o~#

;#< ]{dlzæîd ed{cohç~|ino ljc|{d lo \R

Ljc|{d ld gjid |jhjri~ird( zgo lo~ bzcæúj~ lj goid{ {jhjrëcnio é o ld }{dlz|d{# J~|j

}{dbi~~idcoh é {j~}dc~ïrjh }d{ lirj{~o~ o|irilolj~ qzj }j{gjiog |dld zg }{df{ogo lj \R(

jg b{jc|j j }d{ lj|{ï~ lo~ nëgj{o~# ^jfzcld Ko{kji{d j Higo !;==;)( jhj bzcnidco ndgd zg

jhd jc|{j ed{cohi~|o~ j o }o{|j |éncino( ondg}ocaocld d }{df{ogo jg lirj{~o~ bo~j~( lj~lj dicçnid# ]o{o Kdco~id !;==;)( o bzcæîd lj }{dlz|d{ ~j o~~jgjhao o lj zg goj~|{d( }jhd }o}jh

ndc~|oc|j lj ~z}j{ri~îd# No{gd !;=??)? o}dc|o qzj o~ |o{jbo~ ld }{dlz|d{ ro{iog j }o~~og

}jhd hjroc|ogjc|d lo }oz|o( o}z{oæîd o}{dbzclolo ld~ bo|d~ j riokihiuoæîd ld~ {jnz{~d~

go|j{ioi~ j azgocd~#

D }{dlz|d{ }dlj |{okohao{ ndg cd|çnio~ bon|zoi~ dz ndg dz|{o~( o|zoi~ j {jhjroc|j~# Cd

}{igji{d no~d( ~jfzcld Kdccj{ !;==9)( jhj ozihio o {j}d{|ofjg j o jliæîd co o}z{oæîd ljicbd{goæúj~ ndg}hjgjc|o{j~# Ndg cd|çnio~ o|zoi~( d }{dlz|d{ ~zfj{j od jli|d{'najbj }oz|o~

~dk{j o~~zc|d~ lirj{~d~# ‘O~~ig( é co|z{oh qzj d~ }{dlz|d{j~ jc|{jg co {jzciîd ndg o

}{jdnz}oæîd lj dk|j{ o o}{droæîd ld jl|d{'najbj }o{o o goid{io loqzjho~ }{d}d~|o~

}{jriogjc|j ~jhjnidcolo~‗ !KDCCJ[( ;==9( }# ??1)# D }{dlz|d{ ljrj dkjljnj{ od ndcnji|d

d{ificoh ld }{df{ogo j j~|o{ o|jc|d í~ goi~ lirj{~o~ o|irilolj~ j icbd{goæúj~ ld ~jz

nd|iliocd# N{io|irilolj j gjc|j okj{|o ~îd bo|d{j~ ig}d{|oc|j~ }o{o d |{okohad lj~|j

}{dbi~~idcoh( ocohi~o Kdco~id !;==;)#

? NO[GD( Ljci~j Bj{coclj~# Jc|{jri~|o ndcnjlilo od oz|d{# Kjhd Ad{iudc|j( ?> lj ok{ih lj ;=??



;6

D }{dlz|d{ ljrj ~j{ zg ic~}i{old{( ~okjcld ndgzcino{'~j j lo{ jjg}hd~# Kz~no{ ~dhzæúj~

ic|jhifjc|j~ é zg bdnd }j{gocjc|j( gj~gd ndg o }d~~ikihilolj lj {jnz{~d~ higi|old~# Bihad

!;==?) obi{go qzj é ljhj qzj }o{|jg o~ iljio~ o ~j{jg ig}hoc|olo~( ohég lo dk|jcæîd lj

{jnz{~d~ bicocnji{d~ }o{o |{oc~bd{go{ j~~o iljio jg ohfd {joh# D{fociuoæîd( f{oclj

igoficoæîd j icinio|iro lj oh|d foko{i|d ~îd o~}jn|d~ o}dc|old~ }d{ ^|o~ajbb !?961)#

O iljio ndcnjkilo ld }{df{ogo ljrj ~j{ orohiolo }jhd }{dlz|d{ o |dld gdgjc|d# Zg |jgo

gzi|d og}hd }dlj ~j{ li~}j{~d od gj~gd |jg}d jg qzj zg ondc|jnigjc|d j~|{ji|d ljgoi~

higi|o o o|jcæîd lo ozliåcnio# Ki~|ocj j Konjho{ !;==2) on{jli|og qzj o ocïhi~j ld~ lold~

dk|ild~ oezlo o ljbici{ d jcbdqzj( locld o ljrilo {jhjrëcnio }o{o o cd|çnio# Kdco~id !;==;)ondc~jhao qzj d }{d}þ~i|d ld }{df{ogo czcno ~jeo ljiold lj hold( o~~ig ndgd d kdg ~jc~d

j }j~qzi~o#

Zg bo|d ndgzg co ig}{jc~o é o rjinzhoæîd lj cd|çnio~ ko~|oc|j }o{jnilo~ }d{ libj{jc|j~

rjçnzhd~# Cj~|j o~~zc|d( zg }{dlz|d{ ljrj bouj{ o libj{jcæo# Ed{coi~ ~îd icbhzjcniold~ }d{

|jhjed{coi~( qzj icbhzjcniog zgo jgi~~d{o lj {ïlid j|n# ‘É }{jni~d {jndcajnj{ qzj |ogkég

nd{{jgd~ o|{ï~ lj o~~zc|d~ }z{o j ~ig}hj~gjc|j }d{qzj |irj{og lj~|oqzj jg ohfzg dz|{drjçnzhd‗ !KI^\OCJ j KONJHHO[( ;==2( }# <:)# O {jhjrëcnio( cj~|j no~d( onoko ~jcld

ifcd{olo( jg}dk{jnjcld d jj{nçnid ld ed{cohi~gd j o higi|oæîd ld~ o~~zc|d~ jg }oz|o(

j~nho{jnj{jg o~ oz|d{o~#

Kz~no{ zg }dc|d libj{jcnioh j qzj ~oio ld hzfo{ ndgzg }dlj ~j{ zg o|{o|ird o goi~ }o{o d

|jhj~}jn|old{ ~j{ o|{oçld }jhd ndc|jõld ld }{df{ogo# No{gd !;=??) iclino o }j~qzi~o ndgd

ic~|{zgjc|d co dk|jcæîd lj icbd{goæúj~ qzj }dljg |{ouj{ ndc|jõld {jhjroc|j }o{o d}{df{ogo#

Kdco~id !;==;) |ogkég iclino o }j~qzi~o ndgd jhjgjc|d bzclogjc|oh }o{o o j~|{z|z{o lj zg

}{df{ogo lj |jhjri~îd# O j}j{iåcnio ld }{dbi~~idcoh j zgo }j~qzi~o j|jc~iro }{d|jfjg lj

~jc|ild~ }{jezlinioi~ co gjc~ofjg# Ljc|{d lo }j~qzi~o( o ic|j{cj| ~j |d{cdz zgo bj{{ogjc|o

lj f{oclj ig}d{|ëcnio# Oc|j~ lo ~zo }{j~jcæo( ndc~jfzi{ zgo icbd{goæîd j{o libçnih j d~

}{dlz|d{j~ j{og bd{æold~ o o}{jclj{( }d{ ~i }{þ}{id~( d~ nogicad~ goi~ riïrji~# Ki~|ocj j

Konjhho{ !;==2) obi{gog qzj o ic|j{cj| ohfjgdz o }{dlzæîd# O}j~o{ lj ~zo z|ihilolj( jho }dlj



;1

~j{ }j{ifd~o( zgo rju qzj cjg |zld qzj ~j jcndc|{o ohi é rj{lolji{d# O najnofjg( cj~|j

gdgjc|d( é }{igd{lioh#

Dz|{o~ {jbj{åcnio~ }o{o d }{dlz|d{ lj \R ~îd o é|ino ndgd higi|j( o kdo icbd{goæîd j d

{j~}ji|d od }õkhind j ~jz~ ic|j{j~~j~# D kdg |j|d é dz|{d o~}jn|d {jhjroc|j }o{o ed{cohi~|o~ j

}{dlz|d{j~# ^jeo jg qzohqzj{ gjid lj ndgzcinoæîd( jhj é o bd{go }jho qzoh d }õkhind |j{ï d

ndcajnigjc|d lo icbd{goæîd# ]d{|oc|d( ~zo }{j~jcæo ljrj ~j{ ~jg}{j cd|olo( ndg nho{juo j

dkej|irilolj( ~jg o|{i|d~ cd nogicad lo ndgzcinoæîd#

Ki~|ocj j Konjho{ !;==2) jcoh|jnjg d |{okohad lo }{dlzæîd k{o~ihji{o( {j~}ji|olo j

{jndcajnilo gzcliohgjc|j# O ndcqzi~|o lo n{jlikihilolj é zgo lo~ goid{j~ ~o|i~boæúj~ }o{oj~|j }{dbi~~idcoh( od hold ld lj~obid lj |{okohao{ jg jqzi}j j }{dlzui{ cd|çnio~ qzj najfog o

gihao{j~ lj }j~~do~ |dld~ d~ lio~#

O ndg}d~iæîd lo ozliåcnio }dlj oezlo{ o lj~jcrdhrj{ zg }{df{ogo( dclj j~|j ~okj{io lo~

cjnj~~ilolj~ ld~ |jhj~}jn|old{j~# Bihad !;==?) on{jli|o qzj o~ }j~qzi~o~ lj ozliåcnio }dljg

oezlo{ ko~|oc|j d }{dlz|d{ o ri~zohiuo{ d }õkhind( ohég lj oezlo{ co }j{nj}æîd j ~jc~ikihilolj#

‘O }j~qzi~o nd~|zgo ndcbi{go{ dz o}dio{ d qzj eï ~j ~okj( ohég lj o}dc|o{ o~}jn|d~ qzj}o~~og lj~}j{njkild~( eï qzj |zld gzlo {o}ilogjc|j‗ !BIHAD( ;==?( }# ><?)# D }{dlz|d{

cîd }dlj |j{ ndgd }{id{ilolj ~jz~ lj~jed~ j rdc|olj~( go~ o~}i{oæúj~ ld }õkhind#

‘Iclj}jcljc|j ld fd~|d( lo j~ndhao }j~~doh o {j~}ji|d ld ndc~zgd giliï|ind ld }{dlz|d{( jhj

ljrj ~jg}{j |j{ jg gjc|j qzj jhj cîd j~|ï }{dlzuicld }o{o ~jz ndc~zgd‗ !CO^NIGJC\D(

;=??);#

É lj kdg f{old qzj |dld~ ~jeog icbd{gold~ ~dk{j d~ }o~~d~ ld |{okohad ld }{dlz|d{( qzjljrj |ogkég ~okj{ d ~zbinijc|j ~dk{j d |{okohad lj nolo gjgk{d lo jqzi}j# I~~d d ozihio{ï

co |dgolo lj ljni~új~ ic|jhifjc|j~# O nho{juo j bonihilolj co ndgzcinoæîd oezlog cd |{okohad

lj~|j }{dbi~~idcoh( qzj ljrj gd|iro{( fzio{ j ~j{ zg ic~}i{old{# D dkej|ird ndgzg ljrj ~j{

|o{jbo lj |dld~# Co~nigjc|d !;=??) j~nho{jnj qzj d }{dlz|d{ ljrj ~j{ nho{d co ljbiciæîd lo~

bzcæúj~( zgo rju qzj d onõgzhd lj o|irilolj é {jnd{{jc|j# Oiclo }o{o jho( d |{okohad lo

}{dlzæîd é o ko~j lj qzohqzj{ }{df{ogo j qzoc|d gjcd~ d |{okohad lj~|j }{dbi~~idcoh é

}j{njkild( lz{oc|j d }{df{ogo( gjhad{#

; CO^NIGJC\D( Go{io Ririocj [dl{ifzj~# Jc|{jri~|o ndcnjlilo od oz|d{# Kjhd Ad{iudc|j( ?> lj ok{ih lj ;=??



;9

># D ][DF[OGO EDFOLO LJ NHO^^J5 OCÏHI^J J NDC\JQ\D LJC\[D LO

\R AD[IUDC\J

J~|j no}ç|zhd ljlino'~j o o}{j~jc|o{ o jgi~~d{o qzj |{oc~gi|j d }{df{ogo Edfolo lj Nho~~j( o

\R Ad{iudc|j# D ai~|þ{ind j no{on|j{ç~|ino~ }jnzhio{j~ lj~|j rjçnzhd icbhzjcniog o o|{oæîd( qzj

é ocohi~olo }d{ libj{jc|j~ ëcfzhd~# O gj|dldhdfio lj }j~qzi~o iclino d~ oz|d{j~ qzj ~j{ri{og

lj {jbj{åcnio }o{o o ndc~|{zæîd lo }j~qzi~o( ~jfzilo }jho ocïhi~j goi~ o}{dbzclolo ld

}{df{ogo ndgd zg |dld( lirilild jg no|jfd{io~# O j~|{z|z{o lo jgi~~d{o( o hicao jli|d{ioh ld

}{df{ogo j ~zo hicfzofjg j jjg}hd~ lj ~i|zoæúj~ qzj gd~|{og o j~~åcnio ld }{df{ogo ~îd

ohfzc~ ld~ i|jc~ lj goid{ {jhjrëcnio cj~|o ocïhi~j#

>#? Ai~|þ{ind lo \R Ad{iudc|j

O \R Ad{iudc|j bou }o{|j lo [jlj No|jl{oh lj Ndgzcinoæîd No|þhino( qzj j~|ï hifolo í

O{qzilidnj~j lj Kjhd Ad{iudc|j# Bzclolo jg ?> lj ofd~|d lj ?991( o jgi~~d{o }{dlzu o

goid{ }o{|j lj ~zo }{df{ogoæîd( qzj nd~|zgo ~j rdh|o{ }o{o o nzh|z{o j jrocfjhiuoæîd#

Rohd{j~ n{i~|îd~ j~|îd icnd{}d{old~ í }{d}d~|o lo \R Ad{iudc|j j od~ }{df{ogo~ |{oc~gi|ild~}jho {jlj# Nilolocio( jlznoæîd( icbd{goæîd j jc|{j|jcigjc|d ~îd dz|{d~ bo|d{j~ icnd{}d{old~

od ed{cohi~gd }{o|inold }jho \R Ad{iudc|j#

^zo gi~~îd é ‘\{okohao{ o ndgzcinoæîd lj gdld o ndc|{ikzi{ }o{o o ndc~|{zæîd lj zgo

~dnijlolj goi~ ez~|o( azgoco j b{o|j{co‗

O \R Ad{iudc|j é |{oc~gi|ilo }jhd nocoh okj{|d ?9 !ZAB) j }d{ d}j{old{o~ lj nocoh o nokd

jg Kjhd Ad{iudc|j !;; ' CJ\ j ;< ' Di\R)# ^jz ~icoh ok{ocfj rï{io~ nilolj~ ld ic|j{id{ ljGico~ j |ogkég ld K{o~ih( }d{ gjid lj ~o|éhi|j#

>#; Ai~|þ{ind ld Edfolo lj Nho~~j

D }{df{ogo Edfolo lj Nho~~j ji~|j lj~lj ;=== j ~jg}{j |jrj ndgd o}{j~jc|old{ d

j}j{ijc|j ed{cohi~|o D{hocld Ozfz~|d( }{dbi~~idcoh ndg goi~ lj <= ocd~ lj o|zoæîd co ï{jo

j~}d{|iro# É rjinzhold }jho \R Ad{iudc|j !nocoh ?9 jg j nocoi~ ;; lo CJ\ j ;< lo Di \R)(

lio{iogjc|j( lo~ ?;a>= í~ ?>a>=( ndg {j}{i~j í =a# D }{df{ogo }d~~zi bd{go|d ed{cohç~|ind j

|ogkég lj jc|{j|jcigjc|d# D~ |jhj~}jn|old{j~ }dljg }o{|ini}o{ ld }{df{ogo o|{oré~ lj jgoih



>=

j |vi||j{# D }{df{ogo j~}d{|ird dnz}o hzfo{ jg zgo {jlj lj ndgzcinoæîd no|þhino }d{ gjid

lo ndg}{o lj j~}oæd#

O}j~o{ lj ~j{ rjinzhold j }{dlzuild }jho \R Ad{iudc|j( d }{df{ogo é zgo nd'}{dlzæîd lj

D{hocld Ozfz~|d ndg o jgi~~d{o( zgo rju qzj o icinio|iro ld }{df{ogo bdi ld ed{cohi~|o j

cîd lo \R# Lj~|o bd{go( d }{dbi~~idcoh }ofo }jhd j~}oæd li~}dcikihiuold j ndc|o ndg o oezlo

lo jgi~~d{o }o{o |j{ o j~|{z|{z{o cjnj~~ï{id }o{o ~zo rjinzhoæîd j }{dlzæîd#

D bd{go|d ld }{df{ogo ~jg}{j bdi d gj~gd5 zgo kocnolo( bd{golo }jhd o}{j~jc|old{ j

ndcrilold~ lj {jcdgj cd ed{cohi~gd j~}d{|ird lj Gico~ Fj{oi~( qzj |åg o bzcæîd lj

ndgjc|o{ o~ }{icni}oi~ cd|çnio~ jcrdhrjcld d~ nhzkj~ ld j~|old j |ogkég ld K{o~ih#Ndcrilold~ |ogkég ~îd zgo ndc~|oc|j cd }{df{ogo# \{jicold{j~( li{ifjc|j~ j edfold{j~ ~îd

o~ }{j~jcæo~ goi~ {jfzho{j~#

]jho kocnolo ld }{df{ogo( eï }o~~o{og cdgj~ lj lj~|oqzj ld ed{cohi~gd gicji{d( ndgd

Ohkj{|d [dl{ifzj~ j Vihhy Fdc~j{( co{{old{j~ lo [ïlid I|o|ioio( Bj{cocld ô~~d( j'co{{old{

lo \R Fhdkd( ]ozhd [dkj{|d ]{j~|j~( j'edfold{ ld O|hé|ind( ^dc ôhrold{ j [dkj{|d Ogo{oh(

ed{cohi~|o~( [jcå ôc|oco( bihad ld bohjnild |éncind \jhå ôc|oco j d j'edfold{ \d~|îd#

O|zohgjc|j( d~ gjgk{d~ bid~ lo kocnolo ~îd D{hocld Ozfz~|d( ndgd o}{j~jc|old{ j d~

ndgjc|o{i~|o~ ]ozhd Ouj{jld ![ïlid Icndcbilåcnio)( Bhïrid Oc~jhgd( D~rohld [ji~ ![ïlid~

Fhdkd'NKC)( Aé{nzhj~ ôc|d~ ![ïlid~ Fhdkd'NKC)( Nhïzlid [jujclj ![ïlid~ Fhdkd'NKC)

j Héd Fdgilj ![ïlid J~|olîd'J^]C)# Jg nolo lio ld }{df{ogo( rjinzhold lj ~jfzclo o

~j|o( o kocnolo é ndg}d~|o }d{ libj{jc|j~ ic|jf{oc|j~#

Cd~ ocd~ lj ;=== j ;==?( d }{df{ogo j{o rjinzhold }jho [jlj Gico~# Jg ;==;( ondc|jnjz o

j~|{jio }jho \R Ad{iudc|j( dclj o|é adej }j{gocjnj cd o{# ^jz bd{go|d ~jg}{j bdi lj

kocnolo( ndg j~}oæd }o{o go|é{io~ ndg o~ õh|igo~ cdrilolj~ ld~ nhzkj~ lj Gico~ Fj{oi~#

Cd~ ndgjc|ï{id~( kz~nog'~j o i~jcæîd j d kdg ~jc~d( ljiocld lj hold o }o~~idcohilolj# O~

d}iciúj~ ld~ ndgjc|o{i~|o~ gzi|o~ rjuj~ ~îd lirj{fjc|j~( }d{ég ~jg}{j {j~}ji|olo~#

Ohég ld~ ndgjc|ï{id~( d }{df{ogo ndc|o ndg go|é{io~ !gélio lj ldi~ gicz|d~ lj lz{oæîd)

bji|o~ }jhd }{dlz|d{ jg edfd~ j njc|{d~ lj |{jicogjc|d( okd{locld d qzj lj goi~ {jnjc|j j



>?

ig}d{|oc|j ondc|jnjz co~ }{icni}oi~ of{jgioæúj~ lj bz|jkdh lj Gico~ Fj{oi~# Co~ go|é{io~(

jc|{jri~|o~ ndg edfold{j~( |éncind~( li{ifjc|j~ j |d{njld{j~( ohég lj hocnj~ lo~ }o{|ilo~ ld~

nhzkj~ j fdh~ lo~ {dlolo~( o~~ig ndgd nho~~ibinoæîd ld~ nog}jdco|d~# Ld~ qzo|{d khdnd~( ldi~

nd~|zgog ~j{ j~}jnçbind~ }o{o O|hé|ind j N{zuji{d( ~j}o{ologjc|j#

Ohég lo~ go|é{io~( ~îd oczcniold~( lz{oc|j d }{df{ogo( lj bd{go ohjo|þ{io( }{dlz|d~ j

jg}{j~o~( qzj ~j{rjg ndgd ig}d{|oc|j o}did bicocnji{d }o{o o gocz|jcæîd ld }{df{ogo#

O }{dlzæîd eï }o~~dz }jho~ gîd~ lj Ajc{iqzj Ocl{é !j [ïlid Icndcbilåcnio)( Go{njhd

Kjnahj{ ![ïlid~ Fhdkd j NKC)( ]jl{d Ajc{iqzj Riji{o ![ïlid~ Fhdkd j NKC)( Ajc{iqzj

Ndgici !]{jbji|z{o lj Kjhd Ad{iudc|j) j Nï~~id O{{jfzy !O~~j~~d{io lj Ndgzcinoæîd ldNhzkj O|hé|ind Gicji{d)#

>#> Gj|dldhdfio lj }j~qzi~o

]o{o lo{ jgko~ogjc|d í }j~qzi~o( o {jri~îd kikhidf{ïbino é d }{igji{d |þ}ind o ~j{ ocohi~old(

}jho ig}d{|ëcnio j~~jcnioh j ndg}hjgjc|o{# Oz|d{j~ lj ï{jo~ lirj{~o~( go~ ndg {jhoæîd li{j|o

ndg d |{okohad( bd{og ndc~zh|old~ j |irj{og ndc|{ikziæîd }o{o d lj~jcrdhrigjc|d onolågind#O {jri~îd ~j {jbj{j í~ ndcnhz~új~ goi~ ig}d{|oc|j~ lo~ kikhidf{obio~ goi~ }j{|icjc|j~( o}dc|o

Go{ndci !?91;)#

Zgo lo~ }{icni}oi~ {jbj{åcnio~ bdi ]o|{in` Nao{ozljoz !;==2)( qzj li~nd{{j ~dk{j o

ig}d{|ëcnio lo icbd{goæîd# O |{dno jc|{j icbd{gold{ j icbd{goc|j é j~~jcnioh }o{o d

lj~jcrdhrigjc|d lo ndgzcinoæîd j |ogkég ld~ iclirçlzd~#

Dz|{d~ oz|d{j~ |ogkég bd{og kz~nold~( ndgd Gjhd j ]jco !;==2)( }o{o ndg}hjgjc|o{ d

rohd{ lo icbd{goæîd j ndgzcinoæîd co ~dnijlolj# D |{okohad ld ed{cohi~|o |ogkég bdi

}j~qzi~old( eï qzj ~zo bzcæîd roi ohég lj ndgzcino{ j icbd{go{( o|jcljcld o ~dnijlolj j

locld o jho zg ic~|{zgjc|d lj jrdhzæîd }d{ gjid lo dkej|irilolj#

O |jhjri~îd |jg ig}d{|oc|j bzcæîd co ~dnijlolj o|zoh( }jho ~zo ok{ocfåcnio j icbhzåcnio qzj

jj{nj# Oz|d{j~ o}dc|og j~|j gjid lj ndgzcinoæîd ndgd jhd jc|{j libj{jc|j~ ~j|d{j~ lo

~dnijlolj( }jhd bïnih onj~~d o icbd{goæúj~ lj libj{jc|j~ hdnohilolj~#



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O \R {jfidcoh é zg nogicad qzj ~j o}{j~jc|o co o|zohilolj j é lj~|onold }d{ Koui !;==?)# D

oz|d{ rå o {jfidcohiuoæîd lj jgi~~d{o~ ndgd bo|d{ lj ~dk{jriråcnio j goid{ hifoæîd ndg o~

ndgzcilolj~ dclj j~|îd ic~j{ilo~# ]d{ég( j~~j njcï{id iclino gzlocæo~ cd bd{go|d lo

}{dlzæîd |jhjed{cohç~|ino j bou ~z{fi{ d }{dbi~~idcoh gzh|i|o{jbo( |þ}ind~ lj f{oclj {jhjrëcnio

cj~|j |{okohad#

]o{o o }j~qzi~o( é cjnj~~ï{id ocohi~o{ d }{df{ogo ~jhjnidcold( o~~ig ndgd ~jz ndc|jõld(

bzcæîd j no{on|j{ç~|ino~# ]o{o i~~d( ~j{ï bji|o ocïhi~j ld j~|zld lj no~d lj ohfzc~ }{df{ogo~(

j~ndhaild~ ljc|{d lj ldi~ n{i|é{id~5 o) bicoh ld Nog}jdco|d K{o~ihji{d lj Bz|jkdh( {johiuold cd

~jfzcld ~jgj~|{j lj ;=?=0 k) ndhj|o lj qzo|{d }{df{ogo~( ~jcld zg }d{ ~jgoco( }o{o qzj

zgo ri~îd fj{oh ld gå~ lj jikiæîd ld }{df{ogo( dkej|d lj j~|zld lj~|o gdcdf{obio( bd~~jndg}{jjclilo ljc|{d ld~ o~~zc|d~ j ondc|jnigjc|d~ cd|iniold~# D j~|zld lj no~d ri~o

d{fociuo{ d~ lold~( }{j~j{rocld d no{ï|j{ ld dkej|d !GO[NDCI j HO@O\D^( ?91;)# J~~o

gj|dldhdfio lj |{okohad é zgo ig}d{|oc|j bj{{ogjc|o qzocld ~j qzj{ {j~}dclj{ }j{fzc|o~

ndgd ‑}d{ qzå4’ j ‑lj qzj bd{go4’ j qzocld d }j~qzi~old{ |jg }dznd ndc|{dhj ld~ jrjc|d~#

O dk~j{roæîd }o{|ini}oc|j }j{gi|i{ï ndcajnj{ lj }j{|d d nd|iliocd ld }{dlz|d{ lj \R#

Ondg}ocao{ ~zo {d|ico liï{io( ~zo~ libinzhlolj~ j d qzj jcrdhrj d }{dnj~~d lj }{dlzæîd ~j{îdo|i|zlj~ }{jnç}zo~ lj~|o ocïhi~j# ‘Ndc~i~|j co }o{|ini}oæîd {joh ld }j~qzi~old{ ndg o

ndgzcilolj dz f{z}d‗ !GO[NDCI j HO@O\D^( ;==?( }# ?9<)# ]d{ gjid lo dk~j{roæîd

}o{|ini}oc|j( d }j~qzi~old{ }dlj{ï ~j ndhdno{ ld hold lj ljc|{d lo ocïhi~j j o~~zgi{ d }o}jh

ld dz|{d( boujcld }o{|j loqzjhj ogkijc|j#

Jc|{jri~|o~ ndg j'}{dlz|d{j~ ld }{df{ogo j( |ogkég( ndg d jli|d{'najbj oezlo{îd o

jhznilo{ lõrilo~ j qzj~|idcogjc|d~# O~ }j{fzc|o~ ~j{îd {j~}dclilo~ }j~~dohgjc|j dz }d{jgoih j ~j {jbj{jg od }{dnj~~d lj }{dlzæîd ld }{df{ogo( o~~ig ndgd o ~jz ai~|þ{ind(

jrdhzæúj~( }o{nj{io~( libinzhlolj~( roc|ofjc~ j lj~roc|ofjc~#

O gj|dldhdfio lj }j~qzi~o ljrj( |ogkég( ok{ocfj{ o~ no|jfd{io~ lj ocïhi~j( }jho }{j~jcæo

lj~|o~ cd lio o lio ld }{dlz|d{# Jho~ d{fociuog o~ icbd{goæúj~ dk|ilo~ j( }o{o nolo zgo

ljho~( d }j~qzi~old{ i{ï bouj{ lj|j{gicolo~ }j{fzc|o~ }o{o ~zo ocïhi~j j lj~n{iæîd( ~zfj{j

Lzo{|j j Ko{{d~ !;==2)



>>

^îd jho~5 o) o hicfzofjg }{é'}{dlzuilo j o hicfzofjg icbd{goh( qzj ic|j{bj{jg co bd{go lj

li~nz{~d }o{o ndg d |jhj~}jn|old{0 k) d n{i|é{id lj cd|iniokihilolj( ig}d{|oc|j {jnz{~d z~old

}jhd }{dlz|d{ }o{o o ~jhjæîd ld qzj roi od o{0 n) o }oz|o5 }d{ |j{ o bzcæîd lj d{ijc|o{ d

|{okohad lj }{dlzæîd0 l) o jqzi}j( ndg |o{jbo~ li~|{ikzçlo~( ohiolo od~ jqzi}ogjc|d~

li~}dcçrji~0 j) o~ no{on|j{ç~|ino~ |éncino~( ndgd cõgj{d j |jg}d lo~ go|é{io~( ~jz bdnd(

cõgj{d lj }o~~ofjc~ j bdc|j~( qzoc|ilolj lj cd|o~ ~jno~ j ndkj{|o~#

>#>#? Hicfzofjg }{é'}{dlzuilo

D }{igji{d i|jg o ~j{ ocohi~old ld }{df{ogo Edfolo lj Nho~~j é o hicfzofjg z|ihiuolo }jhd~

ndclz|d{j~ lo o|{oæîd j }jhd~ ~jz~ ndcrilold~# J~~o bd{go lj ndgzcinoæîd ro{io ljc|{d ldndc|j|d jli|d{ioh o nolo jliæîd( }dljcld ~j{ }{dlzuilo j( oiclo( icbd{goh j j~}dc|ëcjo(

no{on|j{ç~|ino~ }{j}dclj{oc|j~#

O~ hicfzofjc~ }{é'}{dlzuilo~ ld }{df{ogo o}o{jnjg }d{ gjid lo~ ‘nokjæo~‗ lo~ go|é{io~(

qzj ~îd }{j}o{olo~ ndg oc|jnjlåcnio( }{j~jc|j~ cd {d|ji{d( ndg d ic|zi|d lj ndcrilo{ d

|jhj~}jn|old{ o o~~i~|i{ od go|j{ioh }{dlzuild#

J~|o~ naogolo~ ~îd bd{goi~ j( od gj~gd |jg}d( li{j|o~ j nz{|o~# J~|j~ |j|d~ lj o}{j~jc|oæîd

lo~ go|é{io~ ljrjg ~j{ o|{o|ird~( ndg d ic|zi|d lj fj{o{ ic|j{j~~j cd |jhj~}jn|old{( }o{o qzj

j~|j ndc|iczj ondg}ocaocld o o|{oæîd j }d~~o ~j icbd{go{ oiclo goi~ ~dk{j d~ nhzkj~ lj

bz|jkdh lj Gico~ Fj{oi~#

Cd }{df{ogo ld lio ?= lj cdrjgk{d lj ;=?=( D{hocld naogo go|é{io ld O|hé|ind( qzj

edfo{io( coqzjho lo|o( ig}d{|oc|j }o{|ilo ndc|{o d ]ohgji{o~( ndg o ~jfzic|j ‑nokjæo’5 ‘Dgjid nog}d Bokiocd j d o|onoc|j [ino{ld Kzjcd edfog adej j j~|îd ndcbioc|j~ jg zg

{j~zh|old }d~i|ird# Ndcbi{o j~|o go|é{io‗># Jg dz|{o d}d{|zcilolj( cd lio ; lj cdrjgk{d lj

;=?=( o nokjæo ~j {jbj{j í |jc|o|iro lj {jnz}j{oæîd ld O|hé|ind lj}di~ lj goi~ zgo lj{{d|o#

‘O}þ~ }j{lj{ }o{o d Kd|obdfd cd ldgicfd j rdh|o{ }o{o o udco lj {jkoiogjc|d( d~ edfold{j~

ld O|hé|ind }jc~og cd Fzo{oci# Rogd~ rj{ j~|o go|é{io‗<

> ]{df{ogo Edfolo lj Nho~~j lj ?= lj cdrjgk{d lj ;=?=< ]{df{ogo Edfolo lj Nho~~j ; lj cdrjgk{d lj ;=?=



><

Co ~jfzclo }o{|j ld }{df{ogo ld lio ;: lj dz|zk{d lj ;=?=( zgo b{o~j lj okj{|z{o lï icçnid

od khdnd# O b{o~j ~jhjnidcolo bdi ld edfold{ Dkico( ld O|hé|ind( bifz{o lj lj~|oqzj co }o{|ilo

ld lio oc|j{id{5 ‘é libçnih liuj{ aï qzoc|d |jg}d cd~~d |d{njld{ j~|oro j~}j{ocld }d{ j~|o

ri|þ{io‗#

J~|o j dz|{o~ b{o~j~ ~îd o}{j~jc|olo~ cd icçnid lj nolo khdnd j |dlo~ jho~ }d~~zjg zg |dg

naogo|ird( lj {j}j{nz~~îd# O hicao jli|d{ioh ld }{df{ogo( ndg}d~|o }d{ kocnolo j ljko|j~(

|jg {jhoæîd li{j|o ndg j~|o b{o~j( qzj }dlj lo{ d{ifjg o ndgjc|ï{id~ j li~nz~~új~ ~dk{j o

j}{j~~îd ~jhjnidcolo# Jho |ogkég( gzi|o~ rjuj~( iclino d nhzkj qzj ~j{ï goi~ lj~|onold cd

khdnd#

D }{df{ogo ld lio ; lj cdrjgk{d é iciniold ndg }{icni}oi~ o~ gocnaj|j~ ld lio( ndg

lj~|oqzj }o{o o oz~åcnio ld uofzji{d ld N{zuji{d( Nhïzlid Noæo}o( }o{o d {j~|oc|j ld ocd(

ljrild o zgo ndc|z~îd( j }o{o o koio gélio lj }õkhind ld Nog}jdco|d K{o~ihji{d# ‘N{zuji{d

}j{lj uofzji{d }o{o d {j~|d ld Nog}jdco|d# K{o~ihji{d lj~|j ocd |jg gjcd{ gélio lj }õkhind

lj~lj ;==2‗( obi{gdz D{hocld Ozfz~|d#

Cd qzo{|d khdnd( D{hocld o}{j~jc|o o go|é{io ld Ogé{ino( qzj |j{io zg ig}d{|oc|jndg}{dgi~~d cd lio }d~|j{id{# J~|o {j}d{|ofjg |{ou icbd{goæúj~ ~dk{j {j|d{cd~ j lj~bohqzj~

j( oiclo( o|zohiuog d |d{njld{ ~dk{j o jqzi}j qzj jc|{o{io jg nog}d#

>#>#; Hicfzofjg j~}dc|ëcjo

O hicfzofjg j~}dc|ëcjo é zgo ndc~|oc|j cd }{df{ogo Edfolo lj Nho~~j# D bd{go|d lj

kocnolo j ljko|j lo o|{oæîd bonihi|o o ic|j{oæîd jc|{j d~ }o{|ini}oc|j~( qzj ~j ndgzcinog ljbd{go ~dh|o( go~ {j~}dc~ïrjh#

Jg |dld~ d~ }{df{ogo~( d o}{j~jc|old{ D{hocld Ozfz~|d z|ihiuo kd{lúj~( fj{ohgjc|j liï{id~ j

ifzoi~ }o{o ~ozlo{ d~ |jhj~}jn|old{j~( o}{j~jc|o{ d }{df{ogo j ndcnji|zï'hd ndgd ‑d goi~

~é{id lo \R gicji{o’# Ohég li~~d( d |jhj~}jn|old{ |jg onj~~d í~ bj{{ogjc|o~ lj ic|j{o|irilolj(

~dk{j|zld d jgoih j d |vi||j{ : ndg o o|{oæîd#

: edfololjnho~~jM|rad{iudc|j#ndg#k{ $ vvv#|vi||j{#ndg$Tedfololjnho~~j#



>2

j~|j ~îd {jnd{{jc|j~ co o|{oæîd# Rå'~j( oqzi( zgo icbd{gohilolj hjfi|igolo }jho hicao jli|d{ioh

ld }{df{ogo#

Cd qzo{|d j õh|igd khdnd( |jg'~j |ogkég o naogolo ld o}{j~jc|old{ }o{o d~ fdh~ lo {dlolo#

‘Rogd~ rj{ d~ fdh~ lo {dlolo( }új co |jho‗( li~~j D{hocld Ozfz~|d( }jlicld o jikiæîd od

ndc|{dhj'gj~|{j lo jgi~~d{o ld qzj lj gjhad{ ondc|jnjz co {jnég'bicohiuolo {dlolo ld

Nog}jdco|d K{o~ihji{d#

O ~jfzclo }o{|j ld }{df{ogo ld lio ?= lj cdrjgk{d lj ;=?= é iciniolo ndg zgo b{o~j lj

okj{|z{o ld |éncind ld Ogé{ino( qzj aorio edfold ig}d{|oc|j }o{|ilo ldi~ lio~ oc|j~# Zgo rju

qzj o b{o~j lj okj{|z{o é lj zg }{dbi~~idcoh lj~|j nhzkj( d o}{j~jc|old{ o}{drji|o }o{o naogo{zgo go|é{io ndg d~ gjhad{j~ hocnj~ lo õh|igo }o{|ilo lo jqzi}j gicji{o( qzj ~oiz lj{{d|olo#

O naogolo ld o}{j~jc|old{ bdi o ~jfzic|j5 ‘Go~ rogd~ rj{ d Ndjhaîd qzj edfdz dc|jg#

]j{ljz jg no~o( goi~ lj nicnd gih |d{njld{j~ lj O|hé|ind j N{zuji{d |ogkég }{j~|ifiocld j d

Ogé{ino( å Ogé{ino###‗#

]d{ gjid ljho( }dlj'~j cd|o{ zgo |d{nilo j kdo rdc|olj ld ëcnd{o ndg d |j{nji{d |igj lo

no}i|oh( qzj ndc|o ndg zg }jqzjcd cõgj{d lj o}diold{j~ j gzi|o~ rjuj~ lj}jclj lj|d{njld{j~ lj dz|{d~ nhzkj~ }o{o ozgjc|o{ d cõgj{d lj }{j~jc|j~ qzocld edfo jg no~o#

Zgo rju qzj d }{df{ogo |jg ndgd }{icni}oi~ o~~zc|d~ d~ |igj~ lj bz|jkdh lj Gico~ Fj{oi~( é

~jg}{j ig}d{|oc|j {j~~oh|o{ o icrj~|ilo lo o|{oæîd }o{o ndg j~|o~ jqzi}j~( lirzhfocld ~zo~

|{oliæúj~( icbhzåcnio~( o|irilolj~ j cd|çnio~# Nog}d~ !;==:) j~nho{jnj qzj d bd{|ohjnigjc|d lj

j}{j~~új~ ndhj|iro~ hdnoi~ j {jfidcoi~ j~no}og lo~ bd{go~ lj ndc|{dhj qzj }{jldgicog jg

dz|{d~ gjid~# Zg jjg}hd lj~|o j}{j~~îd {jfidcoh ondc|jnj cd }{df{ogo ld lio ; ljcdrjgk{d lj ;=?=( qzocld D{hocld( o}þ~ hj{ jgoih lj zg |jhj~}jn|old{( iclifcold ndg o

}{jbj{åcnio lo gçlio }d{ cd|inio{ bo|d~ ld~ |igj~ lj [id lj Eocji{d j ^îd ]ozhd( obi{go5

‘J~|dz lj ond{ld ndg rdnå# Jg ^îd ]ozhd( jhj~ cîd lîd gzi|o ‑ndhaj{ lj naï’ }o{o cþ~

gj~gd( cîd‗#1

D{hocld Ozfz~|d cîd |jg o gçcigo }{jdnz}oæîd jg ~j{ ig}o{nioh j ocohi~o d~ edfd~ ld bicoh

lj ~jgoco lj gocji{o icbd{goh# J~~j {jnz{~d( ndgd hjgk{dz Nao{ozljoz !;==2)( cd }{igji{d

1 ]{df{ogo Edfolo lj Nho~~j ld lio ; lj cdrjgk{d lj ;=?=



>6

no}ç|zhd lj~|j |{okohad( {jbd{æo d ndc|{o|d lj ndgzcinoæîd jc|{j d~ ic|j{hdnz|d{j~( cd no~d d

Edfolo lj Nho~~j ndg o ~zo ozliåcnio bijh#

Zgo {dlolo jhj|{iuoc|j( lj gzi|d~ fdh~( lj gzi|o jgdæîd j ndg hocnj~ }dhågind~#Oqzi jg Gico~ Fj{oi~ ji~|io zgo jzbd{io jofj{olo }d{ }o{|j ld N{zuji{d( ndggd|ird~( }jhd |igj j }jho }d~iæîd co |okjho# Ndc|{o o~ j}jn|o|iro~( d O|hé|indrjcnjz( ~oiz lo udco ld {jkoiogjc|d j oiclo |i{dz d N{zuji{d lo udco ljnho~~ibinoæîd# O |d{nilo ld O|hé|ind cîd }dlio qzj{j{ goi~ 9

Cd ~jfzcld khdnd( o~ hicfzofjc~ icbd{goi~ |ogkég ~j {j~zgjg od~ ndgjc|ï{id~ }j~~doi~ ld~

}o{|ini}oc|j~ ld }{df{ogo# O}j~o{ lj nolo zg |j{ ~jz nhzkj ld nd{oæîd( d~ ndgjc|ï{id~

|jc|og gd~|{o{ ig}o{niohilolj( ndg}{dgi~~d ndg o rj{lolj j {j~}dc~okihilolj#

D ed{cohi~|o [ogdc ^ohfold bou o }j{fzc|o ‘Cîd bdi }åcoh|i4‗( hdfd o}þ~ ]ozhd Ouj{jld

obi{go{ qzj cîd ji~|iz boh|o cd hocnj go{nold }jhd eziu# O}j~o{ lo nho{juo lo edfolo( qzj cîd

gd~|{dz icb{oæîd( [ogdc ^ohfold obi{go qzj o }jcohilolj cîd ji~|iz j }jlj oiclo qzj d

hocnj ~jeo ocohi~old ndg nohgo( ic~i~|icld jg ~zo d}iciîd jqzirdnolo#

Ocïhi~j~ j ndgjc|ï{id~ |åg ndgd {jbj{åcnio zgo d}iciîd j ri~îd }j~~doh ld }o{|ini}oc|j ld

}{df{ogo# Cd jc|oc|d( o~ ocïhi~j~ ~îd goi~ ndg}hj|o~ j bzclogjc|olo~( ndg noz~o~ jndc~jqøåcnio~ locld bd{æo í ~zo }{j~jcæo# Eï d~ ndgjc|ï{id~ ~îd goi~ k{jrj~( li{j|d~(

}dljcld |ogkég fj{o{ ohfzg |i}d lj {j}j{nz~~îd#

Lz{oc|j o jikiæîd ld~ gjhad{j~ gdgjc|d~ lo }o{|ilo jc|{j Ogé{ino j Koaio( cd }{df{ogo ld

lio ?= lj cdrjgk{d lj ;=?=( d~ }o{|ini}oc|j~ ld }{df{ogo j|j{cog ~zo~ ig}{j~~új~ j

d}iciúj~ onj{no ld qzj ~j }o~~dz# ‘D hocæogjc|d bdi hï lj |{ï~ j d fdhji{d }dlj{io |j{ ~oçld

oc|j~‗( li~~j d ndgjc|o{i~|o ]ozhd Obdc~d ~dk{j d gdgjc|d lo j}zh~îd ld edfold{ ld

Ogé{ino# O kdo nog}ocao lo jqzi}j gicji{o ljc|{d lj no~o( o}j~o{ lo lj{{d|o( |ogkég bdi

joh|olo }jhd ndhjfo lj kocnolo ]ozhd Ouj{jld5 ‘D Ogé{ino( o|é j~|o }o{|ilo( |icao o ~jfzclo

gjhad{ nog}ocao ld nog}jdco|d edfocld ljc|{d lj no~o( binocld o|{ï~ ld Nd{i|iko(

~dgjc|j‗#

Cd lio ;: lj dz|zk{d ld gj~gd ocd( d ndg}dcjc|j lo kocnolo( ]ozhd Ouj{jld( ocohi~o o

d}æîd ld |{jicold{ ld O|hé|ind( qzj bju zgo gdlibinoæîd jqzirdnolo( jg ~zo d}iciîd# ‘D

Ld{iroh gjjz goh# Jhj ndhdndz d Locijh No{rohad cd hzfo{ ld Lijfd \o{ljhhi j d |igj bindz

9 ]{df{ogo Edfolo lj Nho~~j ld lio ;: lj dz|zk{d lj ;=?=



>1

}j~old( ~jg ~oçlo# D Cj|d Kj{dho ~j{io o gjhad{ d}æîd }jho ~zo rjhdnilolj# Lj}di~( Ld{iroh

|jc|dz ndc~j{|o{ d j{{d go~ cîd bdi }d~~çrjh‗( obi{gdz Ouj{jld# Cd|j( oqzi( qzj j}{j~~új~

ndgzc~ cd bz|zkjh k{o~ihji{d( ndgd ‘|igj }j~old‗ dz ‘|igj ~jg ~oçlo‗ bd{og z~olo~ ri~ocld(

jnhz~irogjc|j( od }õkhind ~jfgjc|old qzj o~~i~|j od }{df{ogo#

D~ ndgjc|ï{id~( }d{ ~zo rju( ~îd goi~ no{{jfold~ lj ic|jcæîd d}ico|iro# É gzi|d ndgzg lj

~j dzri{ j}{j~~új~ j~}jnçbino~ ld bz|jkdh# ]ozhd Obdc~d bou zg ndgjc|ï{id ~dk{j d fdh lj

Fihkj{|d ld N{zuji{d# ‘Bdi zg fdhoæd( fdh lj qzjg {johgjc|j ~okj edfo{ kdho‗( obi{gdz d

ndgjc|o{i~|o# ‘Jhj jc|{dz gzi|d kjg co }o{|ilo‗( ndg}hj|dz ]ozhd Ouj{jld# ]ozhd Obdc~d

oiclo k{icno ndg d bo|d lj d edfold{ Dkico |j{ bji|d |{å~ fdh~ co }o{|ilo# ‘D J~|ïlid ]o{qzj ld

^okiï( dclj ondc|jnjz d edfd( }dlj gzlo{ ~jz cdgj }o{o ]o{qzj ld Dkico‗( obi{gdz dndgjc|o{i~|o( hjgk{ocld qzj Dkico |ogkég aorio go{nold |{å~ fdh~ cj~|j gj~gd j~|ïlid jg

}o{|ilo ld Nog}jdco|d Gicji{d lj ;=?=#

D ed{cohi~|o j ndgjc|o{i~|o [ogdc ^ohfold ocohi~o zg ld~ fdh~ ld O|hé|ind( }d{ gjid ld

}d~inidcogjc|d j{{old ld~ uofzji{d~ ld N{zuji{d# ‘Cj~|j hocnj( d Jlno{hd~ j~|ï hï co b{jc|j( j

dhajg kjg dclj j~|oro d Noæo}o( qzj najfdz o|{o~old j j~|oro li~|oc|j ld o|onoc|j# D

Noæo}o é kdg edfold{( go~ cîd bju zgo kdo }o{|ilo‗( obi{gdz d ndgjc|o{i~|o( o}{j~jc|ocldbohao~ qzj nzhgico{og ndg d fdh o|hj|inocd#

Oiclo co |j{nji{o }o{|j ld }{df{ogo ld lio ;: lj dz|zk{d( d o}{j~jc|old{ D{hocld Ozfz~|d

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|{o|olo j }{dro lj ndgd d Edfolo lj Nho~~j bdfj ld qzj o \R ndcnjcnidcdz }ol{dciuo{ ndgd

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ondc|jnj{( zgo rju qzj {johiuog lirj{~o~ bzcæúj~ jg zgo gj~go lo|o( gzi|o~ rjuj~ jg zg

nz{|d j~}oæd lj ad{o~# D }{dlz|d{${j}þ{|j{( }jhd onõgzhd lj bzcæúj~( |ogkég }dlj ~j ~jc|i{

noc~old jg lj|j{gicolo lo|o( d qzj }dlj ic|j{bj{i{ co qzohilolj ld ~jz |{okohad# Jg lio~ lj

j|j{co( d ed{cohi~|o najfo o }o~~o{ ?; ad{o~ icic|j{{z}|o~ }d{ ndc|o ld }{df{ogo#



<2

>#>#2 Jqzi}j

]d{ ~j |{o|o{ lj zgo jgi~~d{o lj }jqzjcd }d{|j( o \R Ad{iudc|j ndc|o ndg jqzi}j higi|olo lj

}{dbi~~idcoi~# O}j~o{ lj rï{io~ o|irilolj~ ~j{jg jj{nilo~ }o{o o rjinzhoæîd ld Edfolo lj

Nho~~j( d~ }{dbi~~idcoi~ ~îd d~ gj~gd~ |dld~ d~ lio~# ^zo~ bzcæúj~ ~îd o lj nëgj{o( o~~i~|jc|j

lj j~|õlid( li{j|d{ lj \R( d}j{old{ lj no{on|j{j~( d}j{old{ lj ïzlid j ndc|{dhj'gj~|{j# J~|o~

o|irilolj~ |{okohaog li{j|ogjc|j cd }{df{ogo( jcqzoc|d dz|{d~ gjgk{d~( qzj |ogkég boujg

}o{|j lo jqzi}j( ~îd {j~}dc~ïrji~ }d{ dz|{o~ bzcæúj~ lj li{jæîd( ndd{ljcoæîd j

ondg}ocaogjc|d# D~ cdgj~ lj |dld~ d~ jcrdhrild~ ~îd jikild~ cd~ n{éli|d~( od bicoh ld

}{df{ogo#

O kocnolo ld Edfolo lj Nho~~j ~db{j ro{ioæúj~ lj ond{ld ndg o lo|o ld }{df{ogo# ^dgjc|j

D{hocld j ]ozhd Ouj{jld j~|îd }{j~jc|j~ co o|{oæîd |dld~ d~ lio~( jcqzoc|d d~ dz|{d~

ndgjc|o{i~|o~ ~j {jrjuog lz{oc|j o ~jgoco# Edfold{j~( |éncind~ j li{ifjc|j~ ~îd

ndc~|oc|jgjc|j ndcrilold~ }o{o }o{|ini}o{ lo kocnolo# Cj~|o~ d}d{|zcilolj~( j~|j~ ri~i|oc|j~

onokog lj~jg}jcaocld zg }o}jh ~igiho{ í ld~ dz|{d~ ndg}dcjc|j~( }d{ |j{jg o

d}d{|zcilolj lj ndgjc|o{ j j|j{co{ ~zo~ d}iciúj~ ~dk{j d~ }{icni}oi~ ondc|jnigjc|d~ ld

lio$~jgoco#

O jqzi}j ld }{df{ogo ld lio ;: lj dz|zk{d lj ;=?= é ndg}d~|o }jhd~ ic|jf{oc|j~ lo kocnolo

!D{hocld Ozfz~|d( [ogdc ôhfold( ]ozhd Ouj{jld j ]ozhd Obdc~d)#

Cd lio ; lj cdrjgk{d lj ;=?=( d~ ic|jf{oc|j~ lo gj~o j{og K{zcd Go{zg( Nhïzlid [jujclj(

D{hocld Ozfz~|d j ]ozhd Obdc~d#

Cd lio ?= lj cdrjgk{d lj ;=?=( o kocnolo j{o ndg}d~|o }d{ D{hocld Ozfz~|d( [ogdc

ôhfold( ]ozhd Ouj{jld( ]ozhd Obdc~d j }jhd ndcrilold \aiofd [ikji{d( o|onoc|j ld

N{zuji{d#

O }{jbj{åcnio ld~ ic|jf{oc|j~ lo kocnolo }jhd~ ldi~ goid{j~ |igj~ lj Kjhd Ad{iudc|j é

jqzihik{olo# D{hocld Ozfz~|d j [ogdc ôhfold ~îd o~~zgilogjc|j n{zuji{jc~j~ j dz|{d~

ic|jf{oc|j~( ndgd ]ozhd Obdc~d j ]ozhd Ouj{jld( ~îd o|hj|inocd~( o}j~o{ lj cîd j|j{co{jg

i~~d jg gzi|d~ gdgjc|d~# D Ogé{ino cîd }d~~zi {j}{j~jc|oc|j~( ndg jnjæîd lo~ lo|o~ jg

qzj ohfzg edfold{ dz |éncind lj~|o jqzi}j é ndcrilold j }o{|ini}o o|irogjc|j ld }{df{ogo#



<6

O}j~o{ lo }{jbj{åcnio( |dld~ ndc~jfzjg goc|j{ i~jcæîd jg ~zo~ d}iciúj~ j ndhdnoæúj~# O

õcino jnjæîd( }dlj'~j liuj{( {jbj{j'~j o [ogdc ^ohfold( qzj jg gzi|d~ gdgjc|d~ ~j joh|o

j }o{jnj goi~ zg |d{njld{ lj o{qzikocnolo boujcld }o{|j ld }{df{ogo#

I~~d onoko ~j li~|ocniocld zg }dznd }{d}d~|o ld }{df{ogo# Nolo zg |jg ~zo~ }{þ}{io~

no{on|j{ç~|ino~ }o{o j|j{co{ ~zo~ d}iciúj~# Jcqzoc|d ]ozhd Ouj{jld j [ogdc ^ohfold

}d~~zjg zg kdg ndcajnigjc|d lj ko~|ild{j~( ]ozhd Obdc~d ~jg}{j lï d}iciúj~ {jbd{æolo~

}d{ cõgj{d~ j j~|o|ç~|ino~( of{jfocld rohd{ od~ ndgjc|ï{id~ j d}iciúj~#

>#>#6 No{on|j{ç~|ino~ |éncino~

O hicao jli|d{ioh ld Edfolo lj Nho~~j }{irihjfio o li~nz~~îd( d~ ndgjc|ï{id~ j d ljko|j ld~

gjgk{d~ lo kocnolo# Go|é{io~ bon|zoi~( qzj gd~|{og o {johilolj ld~ nhzkj~( ndg

icbd{goæúj~ o|zohiuolo~( ~îd rjinzholo~ lio{iogjc|j( go~ ~jz |jg}d nd~|zgo ~j{ nz{|d j ~zo

dkej|irilolj( cç|ilo# D }{df{ogo liï{id }d~~zi zgo ad{o lj lz{oæîd( ndg qzo|{d khdnd~ lj

?;’( lirilild~ }d{ ic|j{rohd~ lj >’#

O gélio lj go|é{io~( }d{ }{df{ogo( é lj |{å~ o qzo|{d# Ndgd nolo khdnd !o }o{|i{ ld ~jfzcld(

zgo rju qzj d }{igji{d é }o{o o}{j~jc|oæúj~ j icbd{goæúj~ fj{oi~) {jbj{j'~j o zgo jqzi}j(

zg dz ldi~ go|j{ioi~ ~îd }{j}o{old~ }o{o nolo zgo ljho~( ndgd ~dcd{o~( jc|{jri~|o~( go|é{io~

dz igofjc~ lj edfd~#

D cõgj{d lj go|é{io~ lj nolo |igj lj}jclj( |ogkég( lo li~}dcikihilolj ld go|j{ioh o qzj d

}{dlz|d{ |jrj onj~~d# Cd{gohgjc|j( ji~|j jqzihçk{id lo~ cd|çnio~( }{icni}ohgjc|j lj O|hé|indj N{zuji{d# D Ogé{ino( jg ohfzgo~ d}d{|zcilolj~( é o}jco~ ndgjc|old lz{oc|j d }{df{ogo(

ndgd ondc|jnjz cd lio ;: lj dz|zk{d lj ;=?=#

Cd }{df{ogo ld lio ; lj cdrjgk{d( D{hocld naogo zgo go|é{io ld O|hé|ind( qzj gd~|{o

igofjc~ ld õh|igd edfd lo jqzi}j ondg}ocaolo~ }d{ k{jrj~ lj}digjc|d~ lj ldi~ edfold{j~#

O }o{|ilo oiclo {j}j{nz|io jc|{j o gçlio j~}d{|iro j ~j{riz ndgd ‘focnad‗ }o{o ljko|j~ lo

gj~o# O~ cd|o~ ndkj{|o~( dz ~jeo( igofjc~ d{fociuolo~ ~dk }{dlzæîd |j|zoh ld {j}þ{|j{(

|ogkég ndcajnilo ndgd ‘dbb‗( |åg( jg gélio( o lz{oæîd lj ldi~ gicz|d~# Ndgd |{oujg zg

o~}jn|d ri~zoh goi~ go{noc|j( ~jcld ondg}ocaolo~ }d{ ~dcd{o~( ~zo lz{oæîd é goid{#



<1

Cd|o~ ~jno~( nzeo j~~åcnio é o}jco~ |j|zoh ~jg o z|ihiuoæîd lj igofjc~( |ogkég o}o{jnjg

ndc~|oc|jgjc|j cd }{df{ogo( o}j~o{ lj cîd bouj{jg }o{|j ld {d|ji{d# Jho~ cîd ~îd }{dlzuilo~

}{jriogjc|j j ~îd nz{|o~( }d~~zicld o ic|jcæîd lj }{drdno{ j j~|jclj{ ljko|j~ ~dk{j d |jgo

}{d}d~|d# O lz{oæîd lj~~j |i}d lj |j|d |jhjri~ird cîd }o~~o ld~ ?=’’ j ~zo }{j~jcæo ro{io(

cîd lj nhzkj }o{o nhzkj( go~ lo~ icbd{goæúj~ qzj d~ ic|jf{oc|j~ lo kocnolo }d~~zjg j ld ~jz

ic|j{j~~j jg j|j{cï'ho~#

Oiclo cd }{df{ogo ld lio ; lj cdrjgk{d( cd|o~ ~jno~ ~îd lirzhfolo~( {jbj{icld'~j í ~i|zoæîd

ld~ nhzkj~ gicji{d~ co ~é{ij K( ndgd d goz gdgjc|d ld I}o|icfo j d kdg gdgjc|d lj

Ohj~~ocl{d( edfold{ lj o|oqzj lj~|o jqzi}j# D{hocld Ozfz~|d |ogkég ndgzcino qzj( cd lio}d~|j{id{( ~j{ï {johiuold d edfd lj dz|{o jqzi}j gicji{o( d Ogé{ino( bicohiuocld ndg o

lirzhfoæîd ld~ {j~zh|old~ lo ~é{ij O( cdrogjc|j#

Cd }{igji{d khdnd ld }{df{ogo ld lio ;: lj dz|zk{d lj ;=?=( d o}{j~jc|old{ o}{j~jc|o zgo

cd|o ~jno ndg d~ {j~zh|old~ lo {dlolo# ]o{o {jbd{æo{( oiclo é jikilo zgo cd|o ndkj{|o ndg

|dld~ d~ {j~zh|old~ j o nho~~ibinoæîd lj gdgjc|d ld Nog}jdco|d K{o~ihji{d# Lz{oc|j o

hdnzæîd( zgo o{|j gd~|{o o~ icbd{goæúj~ lirzhfolo~#

Cd |j{nji{d khdnd ld }{df{ogo ld lio ;: lj dz|zk{d( é jikilo zgo ~dcd{o ld |{jicold{ ld

O|hé|ind( Ld{iroh Eõcid{( ndgjc|ocld ~dk{j o o|zoæîd lj ~zo jqzi}j lioc|j ld goid{ {iroh# O

~dcd{o gd~|{o( {j~zgilogjc|j( o~ ig}{j~~új~ ld |{jicold{ ~dk{j d edfd j ~zo jqzi}j#

Cd }{df{ogo lo gj~go lo|o( o }{j~jcæo lj zgo cd|o ndkj{|o ~j gd~|{o }d{ gjid ld ndg}on|d

ld edfd jc|{j O|hé|ind j N{zuji{d# J~|j rçljd( ondg}ocaold }jhd~ ndgjc|ï{id~ ld~ }{icni}oi~hocnj~( }d~~zi zg |jg}d goid{ od~ lo~ go|é{io~ cd{gohgjc|j jikilo~# Ndgd rï{id~ hocnj~

lj {jhjrëcnio ondc|jnj{og lz{oc|j o }o{|ilo( ndc~ilj{olo d goid{ nhï~~ind ld j~|old( j{o

j~~jcnioh }o{o d }{df{ogo gd~|{ï'hd~ !icnhz~irj ndg {j}j|iæúj~)( d |jg}d lj~|o go|é{io ~j

j~|jclj#

Cd }{df{ogo ld lio ?= lj cdrjgk{d lj ;=??( d ndg}on|d ld edfd ld Ogé{ino é o }{igji{o

cd|o ndkj{|o }{j~jc|j# Jcqzoc|d o~ igofjc~ ld edfd ~îd jikilo~( d~ ic|jf{oc|j~ lo kocnolo

ndgjc|og ~dk{j o o|zoæîd lo~ jqzi}j~ j ~dk{j d~ gdgjc|d~ qzj icbhzjcnio{og cd {j~zh|old

lo }o{|ilo#



<9

>#>#1 ]o|{dnicold{j~ j ic|j{oæîd ndg |jhj~}jn|old{

D }{df{ogo Edfolo lj Nho~~j rohd{iuo ko~|oc|j o }o{|ini}oæîd ld }õkhind# ]o{o i~~d( j~|o

ic|j{oæîd é ~dhini|olo lirj{~o~ rjuj~ lz{oc|j d }{df{ogo# D~ |jhj~}jn|old{j~ }dljg jcrio{

gjc~ofjc~ }d{ gjid lj jgoih dz ld |vi||j{# D o}{j~jc|old{ ~jg}{j ljio okj{|d d j~}oæd

}o{o o d}iciîd lo ozliåcnio( ‘qzj ~jg}{j é {j~}ji|olo( gj~gd qzocld cîd ~j ndcnd{lj ndg

~zo ri~îd‗#

D~ }o|{dnicold{j~ ld }{df{ogo o}o{jnjg jg lirj{~d~ gdgjc|d~# O lirzhfoæîd lo go{no lj

jg}{j~o~ é j~~jcnioh }o{o o gocz|jcæîd ld }{df{ogo( qzj ndc|o ndg j~~o rj{ko }zkhini|ï{io}o{o i{ od o{ lio{iogjc|j# Gjhd !?91:) eï ~j }d~inidcoro jg {jhoæîd o i~~d( obi{gocld qzj d

ed{cohi~gd |jg o~~zgild j~|{z|z{o |ç}ino lo~ jg}{j~o~ no}i|ohi~|o~#

D o}{j~jc|old{ o}{drji|o ohfzc~ |{jnad~ }o{o lirzhfo{ }{dlz|d~ j jg}{j~o~# Zg kdg jjg}hd

ondc|jnj cd gdgjc|d ld ic|j{rohd( qzocld D{hocld Ozfz~|d naogo d~ ndgj{nioi~( ‘jcqzoc|d

|dgogd~ oqzi zg }dznd lj~~o }{jnid~o ïfzo gicj{oh###‗

Cd }j{çdld ocohi~old( zg ld~ }o|{dnicold{j~ {johiuoro zgo }{dgdæîd( qzj ndc|oro ndg o

}o{|ini}oæîd ld }õkhind( }d{ jgoih( {j~}dcljcld o zgo ~ig}hj~ }j{fzc|o5 ‘qzoh d

~z}j{gj{nold qzj |jg ~jg}{j zg }j{|icad lj rdnå4‗ O {j~}d~|o j{o d cdgj ld oczcnioc|j

!^z}j{gj{nold~ KA)# O~~ig( o jg}{j~o |icao ~jz cdgj oczcniold ndc~|oc|jgjc|j( jg |dlo~

o~ ~i|zoæúj~ jg qzj d jclj{jæd jhj|{ücind ! edfololjnho~~jM|rad{iudc|j#ndg#k{) j{o

lirzhfold#

Cd }{df{ogo ld lio ; lj cdrjgk{d( D{hocld Ozfz~|d lirzhfo d~ }{jæd~ ld oczcnioc|j j o

}j{fzc|o lo }{dgdæîd# Jhj oiclo }jlj qzj [ogdc ^ohfold( od rird( lå o {j~}d~|o }o{o d~

|jhj~}jn|old{j~( bonihi|ocld j gd|irocld zgo f{oclj }o{|ini}oæîd co }{dgdæîd n{iolo#

>#>#9 D }{dlz|d{ gzh|ibzcæîd

D }{dlz|d{ j {j}þ{|j{ ld }{df{ogo Edfolo lj Nho~~j }d~~zi rï{io~ |o{jbo~ liï{io~# Od gj~gd

|jg}d jg qzj ljrj i{ od~ edfd~ j njc|{d~ lj |{jicogjc|d }o{o ndk{i{ o~ õh|igo~ cd|çnio~ j

ondg}ocao{ d~ ko~|ild{j~ ld~ |igj~( jhj |ogkég ljrj }jc~o{ co~ }oz|o~ j jc|{jri~|o~ qzj i{îd



:=

od o{# Ljbici|irogjc|j( cîd é zgo |o{jbo bïnih# D onõgzhd lj bzcæúj~ }dlj }{jezlino{ o

qzohilolj ld }{df{ogo( qzj }dlj{io |j{ go|é{io~ j~}jnioi~ j libj{jcniolo~ ndg zg bdnd

libj{jc|j ld qzj o o|{oæîd nd~|zgo rjinzho{# Ljrild í ~dk{jno{fo( o~ go|é{io~ nd~|zgog

o}jco~ lo{ o~ õh|igo~ icbd{goæúj~ ld~ |igj~( ~jg ~oi{ gzi|d ld hzfo{'ndgzg#

D }o}jh ld }{dlz|d{ |ogkég jcrdhrj }o~~ofjc~( hdnzæîd j co{{oæîd ld~ |j|d~ lo~ go|é{io~(

o~~ig ndgd ~zo jliæîd# J~ndhaj{ o~ igofjc~ qzj i{îd od o{( n{io{ |j|d~ naogo|ird~(

~jhjnidco{ o~ gjhad{j~ }o{|j~ lj jc|{jri~|o~ j ljbici{ d |jg}d lj nolo go|é{io( }o{o qzj j~|o~

cîd biqzjg noc~o|iro~( ~îd ohfzgo~ lo~ |o{jbo~ lj~|j }{dbi~~idcoh( qzj ljrj old|o{ n{i|é{id~ lj

cd|iniokihilolj ndgd {jbj{åcnio }o{o }{dlzæîd lj ~jz go|j{ioh# O~ cd|çnio~ lj goid{ lj~|oqzj

ld~ nhzkj~ cîd }dljg ~j{ j~qzjnilo~ j ~jg}{j |åg hzfo{ fo{oc|ild lz{oc|j o o|{oæîd# O~dcd{o lj Ld{iroh Eõcid{( cd }{df{ogo ld lio ;: lj dz|zk{d lj ;=?=( bdi rjinzholo ljrild í

ig}d{|ëcnio ld edfd ndc|{o d goid{ {iroh j lj~|j }{dbi~~idcoh }o{o d {j~zh|old bicoh lo }o{|ilo#

B{o~j~ ndg o~ õh|igo~ icbd{goæúj~ ld gzcld j~}d{|ird( qzj }o~~og jg bd{go|d lj {dlo}é(

lz{oc|j d~ khdnd~( é |ogkég |o{jbo ld }{dlz|d{( qzj é zg rj{lolji{d bou'|zld ld }{df{ogo#

D cõgj{d gélid lj go|é{io~ }d{ }{df{ogo é lj |{å~ o qzo|{d# ]o{o i~~d( d }{dbi~~idcoh ljrj

najfo{ ndg ko~|oc|j oc|jnjlåcnio í jgi~~d{o }o{o }{j}o{oæîd j }{dlzæîd ld go|j{ioh qzj i{ïod o{#

D }{dlz|d{ oiclo bino jcno{{jfold }d{ ndcrilo{ j ndcbi{go{ d~ }o{|ini}oc|j~ liï{id~ lo gj~o(

o~~ig ndgd j~ndhaj{ o~ b{o~j~ lj okj{|z{o lj nolo khdnd#

Co kocnolo( |dld~ d~ ic|jf{oc|j~ {jnjkjg zg go|j{ioh ndg o~ }{icni}oi~ icbd{goæúj~ ld~

nhzkj~ gicji{d~ j |ogkég lj dz|{d~ f{oclj~ nhzkj~ ld K{o~ih# J~|j go|j{ioh é hild }jhdo}{j~jc|old{ jg ohfzc~ gdgjc|d~ ld }{df{ogo( }o{o |{oc~gi|i{ icbd{goæúj~ lj ic|j{j~~j ld

|jhj~}jn|old{( ndgd cõgj{d lj }dc|d~ lj ohfzc~ nhzkj~( o~~ig ndgd ~zo }d~iæîd co |okjho#

Cj~|j o{qzird( oiclo ndc~|og |okjho lj nho~~ibinoæîd( õh|igd~ j }{þigd~ edfd~( lj}digjc|d~

{jhjroc|j~ qzj }dljg ~j{ri{ lj ko~j }o{o li~nz~~új~( jc|{j dz|{o~ icbd{goæúj~ qzj }d~~og ~j{

j}hd{olo~# \dld j~|j ndc|jõld é j|{oçld }jhd }{dlz|d{ lio{iogjc|j lo ic|j{cj|( bj{{ogjc|o

bzclogjc|oh }o{o j~|j }{dbi~~idcoh#



:?

O }{dlzæîd ld {d|ji{d |ogkég é lj {j~}dc~okihilolj ld }{dlz|d{( qzj ljrj lo{ ifzoh j~}oæd

}o{o d~ |igj~ lj Gico~ Fj{oi~# J~|j jqzihçk{id é ig}d{|oc|j }o{o o ig}{j~~îd ld |jhj~}jn|old{

lj zg }{df{ogo i~jc|d j ig}o{nioh( qzj lå cd|çnio~ {jhjroc|j~ ~dk{j o~ jqzi}j~ gicji{o~#

O|hé|ind j N{zuji{d ~jg}{j |åg ~zo~ }{icni}oi~ cd|çnio~ lirzhfolo~ }d{ gjid lj go|é{io~(

ndg}on|d~ dz ~dcd{o~# D Ogé{ino ~jg}{j é ni|old( go~ jg ohfzc~ }{df{ogo~( cjg od gjcd~

zgo go|é{io lj~|j nhzkj é rjinzholo( ndgd dnd{{jz cd }{df{ogo ld lio ;: lj dz|zk{d lj

;=?=( qzj ljz goi~ lj~|oqzj od nhï~~ind jc|{j O|hé|ind j N{zuji{d#

Jg zgo lo~ }dzno~ bzcæúj~ qzj d }{dlz|d{ cîd jj{nj icbhzåcnio( j~|îd d~ ndgjc|ï{id~ lo

kocnolo( lj {j~}dc~okihilolj lj ~jz~ oz|d{j~( õcino j jnhz~irogjc|j#



:;

NDCNHZ^ÎD

O~ ai}þ|j~j~ icinioi~( igoficolo~ oc|j~ lo jhokd{oæîd lj~|j |{okohad gdcdf{ïbind( bd{og

{jbz|olo~( ljbici|irogjc|j# Dz|{o~( cd jc|oc|d( bd{og {jbd{æolo~# É( }d{ jjg}hd( d no~d ld

}dznd cõgj{d lj go|é{io~ ld }{df{ogo Edfolo lj Nho~~j( dclj nolo zgo ljho~ jcrdhrj |dld

zg }{dnj~~d lj dk|jcæîd lj igofjc~ j jliæîd }o{o ~zo rjinzhoæîd#

Jcqzoc|d ohfzgo~ {j}d{|ofjc~ ~îd bji|o~ cd hdnoh lj edfd dz |{jicogjc|d lo~ jqzi}j~( dz|{o~

igofjc~ ljrjg ~j{ dk|ilo~ }d{ lirj{~o~ bd{go~( ndgd ic|j{cj| dz }d{ gjid lj dz|{o~

jgi~~d{o~#

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