portfolio bactéria

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Page 1: Portfolio Bactéria

7/23/2019 Portfolio Bactéria

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`lexçpglVDPXADCGD 

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hgpnéåd hn lpxn

Vclmnolknmxdn hnugim ipìed

gc~uxpléådn vgmx~pl Hgigxlc

nhgéåd hn gklinmukdxgdm iplvbgeu

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Vdhn udlp nuxplmbd- Klu# d mdkn hncn ç @lexçpgl- Mdu ghdu hdu

lmdu 26# d klipncd i~pg hn Ulcqlhdp# pnudcqn~ lhdxlp d ujlxnedkd qg`pléåd v~culmxn vlpl vnpedppnp l elvgxlc hl @lbglud`pn |~lxpd vn|~nmgmlu pdhlu- Adg lë# `nk lë# |~n d nmxådudxnpdvdcgxlmd hdu @lppgu nmedmxpd~ u~l x~pkl- Hn elpl# lilcnpl "anplu plhgelgu hd lualcxd' vpde~pd~ gmenuulmxnknmxn vdp~k mdkn# ~kl ghnmxghlhn# ~kl cninmhl hn vpdxnuxd# ~k xnrxdgkvlexlmxn# ~kl pnqncléåd# ~k--- ~k---

~kl vlclqpl,

L hge~chlhn adg k~gxl lxç |~n ~k vl~cguxl pnudcqnuun nuuln|~léåd-

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Ugkvcnu# d`onxgqd "edk ongxåd hn lhonxgqd'# vpda~mhd# nmgikìxgedn k~gxd vdv~clp- L lvpdqléåd adg ~mëuudml n @lexçpglud`pnqgqn~ l xdhlu klmd`plu plhgelgu edkd `dmncnuu# pdejucghnu

n xlmxlu d~xplu |~n pdclplk vdp lë-

@pnqn bguxõpged

hn ~k lvncghd

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kgRnc $ <778

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Gmgegd~ l elppngpl hn v~`cgegxìpgd ml Liïmegl Nminmbdmdqd#

nk <776- Vluud~ vnclu vpgmegvlgu liïmeglu hn v~`cgeghlhn hnUlcqlhdp# xnmhd xpl`lcbdu pncnqlmxnu edk ecgnmxnu edmbn+eghdu edkd Edage# Võcd Vnxpd|~ëkged hn Elklélpg# UbdvvgmiVgnhlhn# Pnhn ^mgklp# Edmuxp~xdpl Lmhpç I~gklpånu# Vpdkç+hgel# nmxpn d~xpdu- D`xnqn enpxg elhd hl Lvvcn @plugc# nuepgxõpgdhl Lvvcn md @plugc# lxplqçu hl Gmxnpalen Edmu~cxdpgl# xdpmlmhd+unnuvneglcguxl nk uguxnkl hn vpdh~éåd hgigxlc# unmhd ~k hduvd~edu enpxg elhdu vncl nkvpnul md Mdpxn+Mdphnuxn hd vlëu-Gkvclmxd~ ml Ale~chlhn AXE d vpgkngpd Lvvcn Xplgmgmi

Enmxnp hd Mdphnuxn- Xlk`çk luunuudpd~ hgqnpulu liïm+eglu n vpdh~xdplu md knpelhd# |~lcgagelmhd du vpdaguugdmlguhn epgléåd n vpdh~éåd l xpl`lcblpnk edk d uguxnkl LvvcnKlegmxdub# uguxnkl Ipìaged Lhd`n n Agmlc E~x Ux~hgd hlLvvcn- Ç gmxniplmxn hl n|~gvn qnmenhdpl hd Vpïkgd Nxbduhn Odpmlcgukd hn 0661 vncd hde~knmxìpgd HGU @lgrd U~c-Lx~lcknmxn ç uõegd+hgpnxdp hl \~lmxl Luunuudpgl hn Edk~mgeléåd-

_gklchd kncd

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EDP PGUED! U N P G I P L A G L! U N P G

EDP PGUED! U N P G I P L A G L! GU N P G EDP PGUED! U N P G I P L A G L! GU N P G

L\^LPG^UP N U G H N M E N

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~k vdmxd ungenmxdu n hnzdgxd

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n hnedpléåd

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EDP PGUED!U N P G I P L A G L

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80666+666 ― Xnc- "9<' 0000+6666 + A lr "9<' 0000+<<<<

hcdvnuFcdvnz-edk-`p― yyy-cdvnu-edk- p

HLMGNCL ! ECL^HGL CDVnU

lp|~gxnx~pl n hnedpléåd

HlmgnclCdvnuLp|~gxnxl

P~lQ~cc~xvL x~npd# 7 7 # Hdc~kulm Qncg|~g#Ulcqlhdp+ @L80666+666 ― Xnc-"9<'0000+6666 + Alr "9<'0000+<<<<

hcdvnuFcdvnz-edk- p― yyy-cdvnu-edk- p

HLMGNCL ! ECL^HGL 

CDVnUlp|~gxnx~pl n hnedpléåd

H! ECDVnUlp|~gxnx~pl

n hnedpléåd

P~lQ~cc~xvL x~npd#77#Hdc~kulmQncg|~g#U lcqlhdp +@L

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hcdvnuFcdvnz-edk-`p―yyy-cdvnu-edk- p

P~lQ~cc~xv Lx~npd# 77# Hdc~kulm Qncg|~g# Ulcqlhdp + @L

80666+666 ― Xnc- "9<' 0000+6666 + A lr "9<' 0000+<<<<hcdvnuFcdvnz-edk-`p ― yyy-cdvnu-edk-`p

HLMGNCL ! ECL^HGL CDVnU

lp|~gxnx~pl  n hnedpléåd

lvnclpgl

Vlvnc Xgk`plhd

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Vdp l|~g# vluulplk du `lpþnu klcqlhdu#

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Uåd Aplmegued hd Edmhn@lbgl + 0669 

V P N A N G X ^ P L K ^ M G E G V L C H N

Uåd Aplmeguedhd EdmhnXPL@LCBLMHD VNCL GI^LCHLHNUDEGLC

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Ip~vdLkdp nkEpguxd

Vlpxgegvn hl xplhgegdmlc Pnzl hn UlmxdLmxømgd hn Uåd Aplmegued hd Edmhn

  Hlxl?  <1 Hn O~mbd hn 0669Bdpìpgd?  L Vlpxgp Hlu <7b56  Cdelc? 

Vplél Ulmxl Ep~z

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   U UV P N A N G X ^ P L K ^ M G E G V L C H N

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@lclméd Udeglc n Lk`gnmxlc

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Egnmxnuhn|~nd lenuudæ nmnpiglça~mhlknmxlcvlpld gmepnknmxdhlnh~eléåd#ulÿhn#vpdh~éådn gmdqléåd#vgclpnuhnxdhludegnhlhnkdhnpml#lEDNC@Lxnkun nkvnmblhdmnuxnuÿcxgkduegmedlmdunknrvlmhgpu~lupnhnu#nanx~lmhdklguhn 766kgcmdqlucgiléþnu-Nuungknmudhnulagdnedmøkgedn hninuxåd# lcçkhn kncbdplpl|~lcghlhnhnqghlhn klguhn8 kgcbþnuhnvnuudlu#~kliplmhnvlpxnmlìpnlp~plc#edmxpg`~g~hnegugqlknmxnvlpld epnuegknmxdnedmøkgedn udeglchdmduudnuxlhd-

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GimlegdCìzlpdHgpnxdpVpnughnmxn

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P~l Apnhnpged Ugkþnu 2># Nh Nkvpnuìpglc Ugkdmunm + Ulclu <>60$<>62Ulcqlhdp + @L + 8<206+60< + @plugc

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 L Nkvpnulk pnul L 

 yyy-kle`lbgl-edk-`p yyy-lvvcn-edk-`p

Bì hdgu lmdu |~n l Kle @lbgl l`pg~ lu u~luvdpxlu# edk ~k vpgmegvlc d`onxgqd? lxnmhnp edkedkvnxïmegl n vpdauugdmlcgukd d knpelhd Lvvcn

Klegmxdub hl @lbgl-Vlpl vdhnp pnlcgzlp nuxn d`onxgqd dplk pnlcgzlhdugmÿknpdu gmqnuxgknmxdu# iplélu ldu |~lgu l Kle@lbgl dg elhluxplhl edkd Pnqnmhl Uvneglcgux

 Lvvcn n Luuguxïmegl xçemgel l~xdpgzlhl# lxd |~nmdu kdxgqd~ l pnlcgzlp klgdpnu nkvpnnmhgknmxdu-

Pnenmxnknmxn gml~i~plkdu l Kle @lbglUxdpn# l ÿmgel cdol nuvneglcgzlhl hd MdpxnMdphnuxn hnhgelhl l vpdh~xdu vlpl vclxldpklKle# n d Kle @lbgl Xplgmgmi# ~k uguxnkl hnxpngmlknmxd "dm+ugxn" vlpl elvlegxlp xdhdu dumëqngu hn ~u~pìpgdu Kle hl @lbgl n d~xpdu nuxlhduqgzgmbdu- Nuxnu mdqdu nkvpnnmhgknmxdu edcdelplkl Kle @lbgl edkd nkvpnul vlhpåd vlpl luunuudpgl#u~vdpxn xçemged n qnmhlu hl klgdpgl hlu liïmegluhn vpdvlilmhl# ipìaelu# nhgxdplu hn qëhnd n d~xplunkvpnulu |~n ~xgcgzlk n|~gvlknmxdu Lvvcn-

Xdhdu nuxn unpqgédu nuxåd hnxlcblhdu mnuxnvdpxdcgd# epglhd nuvneglcknmxn vlpl |~n d mduudvpgkngpd edmxlxd edk l u~l nkvpnul# qdeï pnen`l~kl hnuepgéåd edkvcnxl hl klgdpgl hlu udc~éþnu|~n l Kle @lbgl vdhn cbn dnpnenp# oì |~n unpglgkvduuëqnc edcdelp ~kl cguxl edkvcnxl# hnqghd lugmÿknplu dvéþnu dnpgeghlu-

Nuvnplkdu |~n l vlpxgp hnuxn vpgkngpdedmxlxd# vduulkdu gmgeglp klgu |~n ~kl pncléådedknpeglc# ~kl pncléåd hn vlpenpgl n edmalmél-

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Xpl`lcblkdu edk lu kncbdpnu klpelu hd knpelhd# nmxpnnclu vdhnkdu hnuxlelp lu uni~gmxnu ?

 Lvvcn ― Udmw ― Nvudm ― BV ― Lial ― ^klr Xnjxpdmgr ― CI ― Ulku~mi ― \VU ― Wlklbl ―

Gdknil 

Vlpl mduudu ecgnmxnu edpvdplxgqdu# l Kle@lbgl vduu~g~khnvlpxlknmxd hn qnmhlu nrec~ugqd# dmhn vpdauugdmlgu hl ìpnl#edk klgu hn <6 lmdu hn nrvnpgïmegl md knpelhd# vdhnpådluunuudplp lu nkvpnulu l nuedc bnp l knc bdp udc ~éåd edk dkncbdp e~uxd `nmnëegd- N vlpl d qlpnod# l Kle@lbgl hguvdmg gcgzd~ l Kle @lbgl Uxdpn# |~n vduu~g du mdqduclmélknmxduhd knpelhd# u~vpgknmxdun lenuuõpgdu vlplun~gKle# g@ddj n du d~xpdu kdhncdu hl cgmbl Lvvcn-

 Qnmbl edmbnenp du mdqdu iplqlhdpnu hn EH‗u ^U@ nAgpnygpn# B~`‗u ^U@# Uelmmnpu ^U@ edcdpghdu# _gv Hpgqn‗u#E l kn pl u h g ig xl g u# I lk nu # U d y lp n u# Xd h du d u x g vd u h nlhlvxlhdpnu# el`du# nk~gxd klgu-

^k hdu vpgmegvlgu d`onxgqdu hl Kle @lbgl ç xpl`lcblp l vpç n l võuqnmhl edk xdxlc vpdauugdmlcgukd# lxplqçuhl gkvclmxléådhn~k cl dplxõpgd nuvneglcgzlhd# edk xçemgedu xpngmlhdu ml vpõvpgl Lvvcn @plugc# edk xdxlc nrvnpgïmegl vlpl lxnmhnp xdhdudumëqnguhn~u~pìpgdu-

L Kle @lbgl dnpnen ldu un~u ecgnmxnu du uni~gmxnu unpqgédu ?

<- Cl`dplxõpgd nuvneglcgzlhd"Luuguxïmegl xçemgel l~xdpgzlhl Lvvcn'

0- U~vdpxn xçemged cdelc n dm+ugxn lxplqçu hnedmxplxdu hn klm~xnméåd hgpnegdmlhdu l mnenuughlhn hl u~l nkvpnul-

5- U~vdpxn Dm+cgmn "Gmxnpmnx' lxplqçu hnmduud cgmj hnhgelhd hn <02j 

8- Lenuuõpgl edknpeglc

>- Gkvclmxléåd hn pnhnu

Edmughnplkdu nuxnu unpqgédu k~gxd gkvdpxlmxnu vlpl |~n u~l nkvpnul ilplmxl ~k lvpdqngxlknmxd xdxlc hd un~gmqnuxgknmxd# lcçk hn l~knmxlp edmughnplqncknmxn l qghl ÿxgc hdu un~u n|~gvlknmxdu- ^kl `dl luunuudpgl lmxnu hl edkvpl n ~k `dk u~vdpxn xçemged lvõu# uåd hgnpnmeglgugkvdpxlmxnu md hgl l hgl hd un~ mniõegd-

Vlpl udcgegxlp nuxnu unpqgédu ç uõ nmxplp nk edmxlxd edkmduul ìpnl edpvdplxgql# linmhlp~kl qgugxl unk mnmb~k e~uxd# nhnvdgu hguxd l u~l nkvpnul vdhnpì nu|~nenp hn |~lc|~npvpd`cnkl edk un~u n|~gvlknmxdu-

 O~mxd edk l gml~i~pléåd hl Kle @lbgl Uxdpn# dg clmélhd dKle @lbgl Xplgmgmi# ~k uguxnkl hnxpngmlknmxd "dm+ugxn" vlpl vclxldpkl Klegmxdub# ldmhn uåd kgmguxplhdu e~pudu hduudylpnu klgu vdv~clpnu hd k~mhd Lvvcn-

Vlpl nuxnue~puduhguvdkduhn vpdauugdmlgu edk klguhn<6 lmdu hn nrvnpgïmegl ml vclxldpkl# |~n elvlegxlplk edk

naegïmegl du vpdauugdmlgu hl u~l nkvpnul-

Mnuxl vpgkngpl lun uåd kgmguxplhdu du uni~gmxnu e~pudu?

Nuxådunmhd gkvcnknmxlhdu e~puduhdgu uni~gmxnuudylpnu?

Nk klxçpgl hnhglu n bdpìpgdu vlpl mduudu e~pudu# l u~l nkvpnulxnk l vduug `gc g hlhn hn neblp x~ pklu nrec ~ ug q lu ninpnmeglpdu hglun bdpìpgdu |~n unolk klguedmqnmgnmxnu vlpl un~u ~megdmìpgdu# ligcgzlmhd luugk d clhd dvnplegdmlc hl u~l nkvpnul# n ld knukd xnkvd# elvlegxlmhd un~u vpdauugdmlguplvghlknmxn-

Vpdh~xduh~xduVpd UnpqgédugéduUnp E~puduuduE~p

lhlvxlhdpnu# el`du# nk~gxd klgu--

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Qgmbd Xgmxd

Klc`neP( 50 #90

Qgmbd Xgmxd

Eduxlh‗D~pdP( 0> #88 Qgmbd @plmed

ElpxlQgnolP( 5> #88

Qgmbd Xgmxd

ElpxlQgnolP( 07 #50

Qgmbd Xgmxd

ElpxlQgnolP( 58 #>1

LzngxdmlNue~pl

LpinmxgmlP( 52 #19Ji

Npqgcbl

EbgcnP( 0> #76Ji

@lmhngolElmlvçu

VnpgmgP( 9 #76

LzngxdmlNue~plIplmhn

LpinmxgmlP( 88 #50Ji

LzngxdmlIplmhn

LpinmxgmlP( 80 #09Ji

Luvlpidu@plmedu

BncgduP( 07 #50 Luvlpidu@plmedu

BncgduP( 00 #76

Lcelvlppl

BncgduP( 09 #76

86 lmdu hn |~lcghlhn# lidpl xlk`çk ml Iplél-

Ybgujw 2 lmdu

@clej! YbgxnP( 80 #66

Qgmbd @plmed d~X gmxd

Klp|~nu E- EdmeblP( >7 #76 elhl

EleblélV~pl

Ulilxg`lP( <6 #76

Qgmbd@plmedNuv~klmxn

_dmgmP( 08 #76

P( <7 #76JiP(  #< 76 i

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09 

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02 

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07 

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56 

    P   n   q    g   u   x   l    h   d    X   ~   p    g   u   k   d    h   l    @   l    b    g   l

    K   l   p   é   d    0    6    6    2  ―   l   m   d    <    $   m    ¿    9  ―    @   l    b    g   l  +    @   p   l   u    g    c

Nmxpnqguxl nrec~ugql

KDPLNU KDPNGPL Nrec~ugqn Gmxnpqgny

Gxlvlpgel

@NCN_L N KGUXÇPGDUHD D^XPD CLHD HL GCBL @nl~xw lmh Kwuxnpw apdk xbn @lejEdlux da xbn Guclmh

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Du nmelmxdu hl eghlhn elmxlhl vdp ElwkkgXbn Egxw‗u Klige U~mi `w Elwkkg

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Q deï oì adg 

l @lbgl# mïil4 

Måd4 

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HdpgqlcElwkkg

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@lbgl‗u Uåd Odåd

blu mdy `ni~m Lcc d @plzgc Acdeju

xd Odgm xbn Adppd A~m

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D Uåd Odådhl @lbgl

 Oì edknéd~

@lbgl‗u UådOdåd

D @plugc gmxngpd qnk elgp md dppõ

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7/23/2019 Portfolio Bactéria

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^kl hlu klgu gkvdpxlmxnu nvgd+mngplu gmdqléþnu# adg l gmec~uåd hl`g`cgdxnel qgpx~lc# edk lenuud vlpldu mduudu luudeglhdu# lxplqçu hn un+mblu vnuudlgu# ldu klgu gkvdpxlmxnu

vnpgõhgedu hl nuvneglcghlhn? –E~ppnmxDvgmgdm gm Epgxgelc Elpn‛ n –EpgxgelcElpnKnhgegmn‛-

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 L`pgkdu ~k nuvléd vlpl hgq~ciléådhdu nqnmxdu hl nuvneglcghlhn# gmenmxg+qlmhd xlgu lxgqghlhnu nk mduud nuxlhd-

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Edmxgm~lkdu edk nuvléd pnunpql+hd vlpl l hgq~ciléåd hnvpdxdedcdu

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Nuxpngxlmhd mduulu edk~mgeléþnu#l`pgkdu ~k `lmed hnhlhdu lxplqçuhd elhluxpd –dm+cgmn‛ hd n+klgc hdluudeglhd# vlpl d nmqgd vnpgõhged hnknmulinmu xgvd –mnyu+cnxxnpu‛- Gmec~ë+kdu# lgmhl# lci~klu nm|~nxnu# l`dp+hlmhd xnklu e~pgdudu edkd elpilbdpìpgl hnvclmxþnu# hdunu kìrgklu~u~lgu hn hpdiluqludlxgqlu#nmxpnd~xpdu# vlpl xnpkdu ghçgl hl hgqnpug+hlhnhn mduul vdv~cléåd kçhgel-

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KlpeduEdpxgzdKçhged Gmxnmugqguxl

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Angpl hnUlmxlml# bdon# vduu~g 80 cng+xdu hnXnplvgl Gmxnmugql unmhd |~n 2 uådhn^XG Vnhgìxpgel n > hn^XG mndmlxlc- L gkvclmxléåd hd E~pud hn Knhgegml ml^mgqnpughlhnNuxlh~lc hnAngplhnUlm+xlml#o~mxlknmxn edk E~pudu hn Nmnp+klink# Agugdxnplvgl# M~xpgéåd# UnpqgédUdeglc n Vugedcdigl# hnklmhl ~kl vdcë+xgel hnnrvlmuå d hd edmbnegknmxd edkgmqnuxgknmxd nkxpngmlknmxd nnh~eléådedmxgm~lhl mnuxl ìpnl hn gmxnpnuun- Nm+ ak# mdu hnuvnhgkd+mdu edk l enpxnzl hnpnqnp#nk`pnqn# du lkgidu md EDDXG@L-

Ylimnp I~gklpånuAdilimdcgEddphnmlhdp hl^XGLh~cxdhd Bduvgxlc Inplc Ecçpguxdm Lmhplhn

Edmxpg`~géåd |~nlo~hlmd hgll hgl

Vc~ilhl md k~mhd

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       8       8    $       6       6       6       0    +       0    1    $       6       6  -       6

       6       6  -       6

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EC L^HGD 

X GMDED Q  N P N L H D P

 L^MN P L

>< 05EDCGILÉÅD L ADPÉL HD VDQD

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         $ 

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          -         6        6 

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     g    p    l    i     n   k

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5> 

 0><05Q N P N L H D P

ECL^HGD

XGMDEDEDCGILÉÅD L ADPÉL HD VDQD

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       6       6  -       6

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DCG 

EDCGILÉÅD L ADPÉL HD VDQD

ECL^HGDXGMDEDQ N P N L H D PQ N P N L H D P

 0><05EDCGILÉÅD L QD_ HD VDQD

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51 

 Vpdanuudpl 

Q N P N L H D P L

<7166VXM + Pnmdql Ugkþnu Agcbd

Nh~eléådnk Vpgkngpd

C~ilp 

 Vpdanuudpl 

Q N P N L H D P L

<7166VXM + Pnmdql Ugkþnu Agcbd

Nh~eléådnk Vpgkngpd

C~ilp 

PGXL PG@NGPDPGXL PG@NGPDQ N P N L H D P L

 V  X

5<892

ELPCDU

@LXGUXL

Q N P N L H D P

V BU   + M õ u a l znkd u l h g a n p ïm é l -PNMDQL ^L^Ì

 Vpdanuudpl 

VXM + Pnmdql Ugkþnu AgcbdNh~eléåd nk Vpgkngpd C~ilp 

Q N P N L H D P L

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Q N P N L H D P L

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59 

 Vdgu _ç# 0662 xì lë-

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

–Xpl`lcblp hn klmngpl udeglc vdp ~k a~x~pd u~uxnmxìqnc-‛ Hnv- _ç hlu Qgpinmu 

Klgd  H U X \ \ U U 

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8 > 1 9 2 7 <6

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elkgmbd vduul unp gc~kgmlhd n |~n

edmxgm~nkdu ~mghdu- Vdgu# l ~mgåd#

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@dlu anuxlu n ancgz 0662-

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52 

V C L M N O L K N M X D H D U G X N

@dxåd hnMlqniléåd Elkvd vlpl elhluxpd

Bguxõpgedhd Ugxn

Vclwnp Bdx Mnyu Nmqglp Cgmj

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57 

2

 OlmnclAc~x~lmxn

@lppl hnmlqniléåd

Bdkn L vìigml Bdkn ç l vligml hn l`np+x~pl# unkncblmxn l vìigml hn nuvnpl-

 Xnk edkd a~mhd ~kl gklink plm+høkgel |~n ç uncnegdmlhl hn ~klcguxl hn gklinmu# lcçk hl @lppl hnMlqniléåd# l olmncl ff~x~lmxn –Mdqg+hlhnu‛ n du –Ëedmnu Kgmgkgzlhdu‛-

Ëedmnu KgmgkgzlhduMdu –Ëedmnu Kgmgkgzlhdu‛ elpåd lu

 olmnclu edk d u Epçhgxdu hd Ugxn# d`dxåd vlpl legdmlp d –Nangxd hd Ugxn‛#|~n ç ~kl lmgkléåd hn Aclub |~n un

ud`pnvþn l vìigml# edk nangxd xplmu+cÿeghd# |~n vdhnpì qlpglp edmadpkn dvnpëdhd "edmanxnu md elpmlqlc'# lcçkhlu olmnclu |~n unpåd kgmgkgzlhlulxplqçu hd `dxåd hn kgmgkgzléåd hl

 olmncl-

@lppl hn MlqniléådMl –@lppl hn A~méþnu‛# elpåd xdhlulu a~megdmlcghlhnu hd Ugxn n xnpì hdgunuxlhdu# Lxgqd n Gmlxgqd-

Md Gmlxgqd elpåd d Vclwnp# vlpl edm+xpdclp d ì~hgd# unpåd nrg`ghdu du BdxMnyu# edk lu ÿcxgklu klmebnxnu#d elkvd hn elhluxpd vlpl d @lmedhn Hlhdu# d Bguxõpged hd Ugxn# vlpll mlqniléåd gmxnpml edk d dxåd hnNmqglp Cgmj# vdgu l mlqniléåd hd pd+

 yunp måd a~megdml md vdpxlc# lcçk hd`dxåd Mlqnilp vlpl lxgqlp l lppl-

Md Lxgqd nuxlpåd d Knm~ vlpl l nu+edcbl hlu unéþnu# du Hnxlcbnu hd

 Ì~hgd# dmhn ç gmhgelhl l ebl xçe+mgel hl kÿugel |~n nuxì xdelmhd mdknknmxd# l cguxlink hlu vìigmlu hlunéåd uncnegdmlhl md kdknmxd n du@dxþnu hn Nrxplu-

GedmnuKgmgkgzlhdu

@dxåd hnMlqniléåd

Elkvdvlplelhluxpd

Bguxõpgedhd Ugxn

Vclwnp Bdx Mnyu Nmqglp Cgmj

Knm~

Hnxlcbnuhd L~hgd

Vligmlu

Nrxplu

Epçhgxdu

Nangxd

 OlmncluKgmgkgzlhlu

@lppl hnmlqniléådlxgqlhl

@dxåd hnKgmgzlp

7

@lppl hnpdclink

Pdclinkhl olmncl

@lppl hnpdclink

UepdccElud lu olmnclu ff~x~lmxnu ~cxplvlu+unk du cgkgxnu hl olmncl hd `pdyunp#unpåd nrg`ghlu lpplu hn pdclink |~nlanxlpåd lvnmlu lu olmnclu ff~x~lmxnu#xdhd du d~xpdu ncnknmxdu måd pnu+vdmhnpåd ld uepdcc hl vìigml-

NuelcdmlknmxdEdk l ~xgcgzléåd hd Olql Uepgvx çvduuëqnc epglp ~k Nuelcdmlknmxd Hg+màkged |~n vduug`gcgxn l kìrgkl qlcd+pgzléåd hl gklink hnmxpd hl olmncl-

D ugxn |~lmhd ç elppnilhd klrgkgzll olmncl hd `pdyunp- Un d ~u~ìpgd pn+hgknmugdmlp d xlklkbd hl olmncl lgklink hn a~mhd ledkvlmblpì nuxnpnhgknmugdmlknmxd# cnqlmhd nk edmxl|~lc d ngrd "bdpgzdmxlc d~ qnpxgelc' ud+apnpì l knmdp pnh~éåd# alznmhd luugkedk |~n l gklink unkvpn vpnmeblxdhd d `lejipd~mh hl olmncl-

D~xpl qlmxlink ç |~n d ugxn unpì gmhn+vnmhnmxn hn pnudc~éåd# lhlvxlmhd+unxlmxd nk kdmgxdpnu lmxgidu hn `lgrlhnmgéåd "266r166'# |~lmxd nk kd+mgxdpnu kdhnpmdu |~n lcelmélk l lcxlhnmgéåd "<608r912'-

Ulmzdmlcghlhn L l`npx~pl hd ugxn vdhnpì qlpglp hnledphd edk l delugåd# hn adpkl l|~n un epgn ~k cgmj hd Vdpxlc edknqnmxdu hl delugåd- Vdhnpnkdu# vdp nrnkvcd# gmgeglp d ugxn md vnpëdhd hdelpmlqlc edk ~kl edpxgml hn egmnklun l`pgmhd n pnqnclmhd d ugxn-

 Xlk`çk unpì vduuëqnc nk hnxnpkg+mlhlu hlxlu l`pgp ~kl ulcl hn eblxnmxpn l lpxguxl n d vÿ`cged# xplznmhdgmxnpléåd xdxlc-

<608r912

266r166

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 Olmncl hnMdqghlhnu

Kgmbl ElulUnéåd gmgeglc hd Vdpxlc dmhn unpådv~`cgelhlu lu ÿcxgklu mdqghlhnu ud+`pn Hlmgncl Knpe~pw# lvpnunmxlpì l@lbgl# hn adpkl qgpx~lc# ld qgugxlmxn nlu mdqlu pnqncléþnu `lglmlu ld vÿ+`cged- Edmxlpì edk lu vìigmlu Mdqg+hlhnu# Ubdyu# Mduul Xnppl n Mdqdu

 Xlcnmxdu-

Mdqghlhnu? Vìigml dmhn unpåd v~+`cgelhlu lu klmebnxnu hlu ÿcxgklumdxëeglu n lu mdqghlhnu hd Vdpxlc-Unpì xlk`çk ~k cgmj vlpl d~xplu vì+igmlu hd Vdpxlc nuxlpì lxgql ml l`np+x~pl hd Ugxn- "Oì v~`cgelhd'

Ubdyu? Linmhl hn ubdyu hl lp+xguxl n cgmj vlpl adpk~cìpgd hn vpd+vduxl hn edmxplxléåd hn ubdy-"<¯ Alun'

Mduul Xnppl? Xd~p qgpx~lc vncdu klgu`ncdu vdmxdu x~pëuxgedu hl @lbgl# ~xg+cgzlmhd l xnemdcdigl \~gejXgkn QP"bxxv?$$yyy-lvvcn-edk$|~gejxg+kn$xnebmdcdignu$|xqp$'# dmhn d gm+xnpml~xl vdhnpì –qgugxlp‛ l @lbgl hn

|~lc|~np c~ilp hd k~mhd ugkvcnu+knmxn lppluxlmhd d kd~un ud`pn lgklink hd cdelc lvpnunmxlhd-"0¯ Alun'

Mdqdu Xlcnmxdu? Vìigml hnhgelhllu pnqncléþnu hlu lpxnu `lglmlu# unp+

 qgpì hn gmenmxgqd vlpl lpxguxlu hl xnppln vdhnpì inplp léþnu vpdkdegdmlguedkd edme~pudu# nrvdugéþnu# nxe-" 0¯ Alun'

Linmhlhn Ubdyu

Cgmj vlpladpk~cìpgdhn vpdvduxl

Cguxlhn vdmxdux~pëuxgedu

hl @lbgl

\~gejXgknQgpx~lcVclwnp

Bguxõpgedhd Cdelc

<<

Cguxlinkhdu Hguedu

Ledmxnegknmxduhd lmd

Gklinklkvcglhl

Cguxl hlugklinmu

Hnxlcbnuhd Hgued

Cnxpl hlkÿugel

Pncléådhdu HQH‗u

Hnxlcbnuhd HQH

Pncléådhlu adxdu

Cguxlinkhlu ilcnpglu

Kgmbl BguxõpglMnuxl unéåd nuxlpåd lu vìigmlu pn+clegdmlhlu æ bguxõpgl hl elmxdpl- L|~gnuxlpåd l gdipll# hguedipll n qghn+dipll hn Hlmgncl Knpe~pw nk hnxl+cbnu# lcçk hn ilcnpglu hn adxdu pnxpl+xlmhd l qghl hl lpxguxl-

Kgmbl Qghl? L `gdipll hn Hlmgn+cl Knpe~pw edmxlhl lmd l lmd- Dgmxnpml~xl nuedcbn d lmd n hnvdgumlqnil vncdu ledmxnegknmxdu hdvnpëdhd uncnegdmlhd- Elhl ledm+xnegknmxd xplpì ~k pnu~kd hd alxdn u~l ilcnpgl hn adxdu-"<¯ Nxlvl'

Kgmbl Kÿugel? Unpì ~kl olmncl ff~+x~lmxn edk l pncléåd hn xdhdu du hgu+edu hn Hlmgncl Knpe~pw- Elhl hguedxplpì l u~l ebl xçemgel# du mdknu n lucnxplu hlu kÿugelu- Unpì vduuëqnc d~+

 qgp xpnebdu hn xdhlu lu edkvdugéþnun elhl hgued xnpì ~k cgmj vlpl edkvpllxplqçu hd ugxn hl cdol qgpx~lc# vlpengplhd Vdpxlc Hlmgncl Knpe~pw-"<¯ Nxlvl'

Kn~u Kdknmxdu? HQH‗u hn Hl+mgncl Knpe~pw- Xlk`çk edmxlpìedk ~kl olmncl ff~x~lmxn edk l pn+cléåd hn HQH‗u hl elmxdpl# elhlHQH lvpnunmxlpì u~l ebl xçemg+el# ~k xpnebd hd HQH n d cgmj vlpledkvpl lxplqçu hn cdol qgpx~lc-"0¯ Nxlvl'

Kgmblu Gklinmu? Cguxl hn Ìc`~muhn Adxdipll elxlcdilhdu vdp xn+klu- Nuxnu xnklu vdhnpåd unp un+éþnu adxdipìelu edk lpxguxlu hnpnmdkn# d~ |~n adplk qnge~clhluvdp qnëe~cdu nuvneglcgzlhdu# knhglm+xn l l~xdpgzléåd hdu knukdu-"0¯ Nxlvl'

Pncléådhlu kÿugelu

<0

Cguxl hluKnmulinmu

@dxådhn nmqglpknmulink

Cguxl hdupnelhdu

Vclwnp

Bguxõpged

Cgmj vlpledmxlxdu

Gmuxgx~géþnuUnéåd hnhgelhl l gmuxgx~géþnu cgilhlul lpxguxl lcçk hl vìigml hnhgelhl lElmxd hl Eghlhn-

Elmxd hl Eghlhn? Bguxõpged# edpvdxçemged# nuxp~x~pl n cgmj vlpl edmxlxduedk nmhnpnéd# xncnadmnu n nklgcu hduhnvlpxlknmxdu hl Elmxd hl Eghlhn-"<¯ Alun'

D~xplu Gmuxgx~géþnu? Vìigmlu edklu Gmuxgx~géþnu |~n edmxlk edk ledcl`dpléåd hl Lpxguxl n |~n xn+mblk pncnqàmegl udeglc-"0¯ Alun'

Kdknmxd ËmxgkdMnuxl unéåd# du gmxnpml~xlu vdhn+påd un lvpdrgklp hl lpxguxl# vduxlm+hd knmulinmu n adxdu- Vdhnpåd unp epglhlu léþnu vpdkdegdmlgu l k hngmenmxgqlp l vlpxgegvléåd hd vÿ`cged-

Hneclpléþnu? Vìigml edmxnmhd luknmulinmu vduxlhlu md ugxn- Blqn+pì ~kl xpglink vncl nhgxdpgl hd ugxn nvdhnpåd unp vduxlhdu hnvdgknmxduxdklhdu edk adpklhdpnu hn dvgmgåd-"<¯ Nxlvl'

Pnelhdu? Knmulinmu iplqlhlunk unepnxìpgl ncnxpømgel- ^kl cgmblxncnaømgel nrec~ugql iplqlpì lu knm+ulinmu h~plmxn l unklml- L elhlvnpëdhd unpì v~`cgelhd ~k Vdheluxedk lu knmulinmu klgu gmxnpnu+ulmxnu- Vdhnpåd unp epglhlu léþnuvpdkdegdmlgu xgvd –Hneclpn un~lkdp l @lbgl‛ d~ –D |~n qdeï klgu

iduxl md elpmlqlc hn Ulcqlhdp4‛"0¯ Nxlvl'

Klmhn u~l adxd? Vìigml dmhn daå vdhnpì vduxlp l adxd |~n xgpd~ hllpxguxl- "0¯ Nxlvl'

<5

El`néluhlu Mdxëeglu

Mdxëegledkvcnxl

 Olmncl hnCdigm

Gkvpnmul L|~g unpåd v~`cgelhlu lu mdxëeglu hdVdpxlc n hn d~xpdu qnëe~cdu æ pnuvng+xd hl elmxdpl- Mnuxl vìigml# xlk`çkun nmedmxplpì d cdigm vlpl d unpqgédhn AXV hn xplmuanpïmegl hn lp|~gqduvlpl du odpmlcguxlu-

Mdxëeglu? nuxn cgmj xnpì lu mdxëeglunuedcbghlu vncl nhgxdpgl hd ugxn# edm+xnmhd lxç knukd mdxlu ud`pn d~+xpdu qnëe~cdu |~n xnmblk v~`cgelhdgmadpkléþnu ud`pn Hlmgncl Knpe~pw-"<¯ Nxlvl'

AXV? Unpqgéd hn xplmuanpïmegl hn lp+|~gqdu# |~n uõ unpì lenuuëqnc lxplqçuhn cdigm edk unmbl- Unpåd epglhluedmxlu nuvneëelu vlpl odpmlcguxlu n

 qnëe~cdu hn edk~mgeléåd md gmx~g+xd hn hguxpg`~gp klxnpglc hn hgq~cil+éåd hn adpkl hgpnegdmlhl vlpl |~nmåd blol h~vcgeghlhn hn qnge~cléådml këhgl- Xlk`çk unpì vduuëqnc pn+en`np klxnpglc lxplqçu hd AXV nxplmuanpïmeglu hn vpdonxdu vlpl lig+cgzlp l vpdh~éåd hl Elmxd hl Eghl+hn vlpl |~lc|~np c~ilp |~n l n|~g+vn hn Hlmgncl Knpe~pw nuxnol-"0¯ Alun'

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86 

  

<¿ Lvlpnen l cnxpl –n‛ nk lmgkléåd#|~n måd vnpxnmen l iplagl hl vlclqpl-Nuxl cnxpl agelpì k~hlmhd u~l admxnxdhd d xnkvd-

0¿ Lvlpnenplk nk lmgkléåd# d`onxduhd mduud hgl+l+hgl? hnuvnpxlhdp#edmxpdcn pnkdxd# vpnilhdp#vplmebl hn u~pa# agil# nxe-Nk hganpnmxnu edpnu n kdqgknxdu#adpklmhd ~kl xnrx~pl hn a~mhd-

5¿ Lu d~xplu cnxplu hl vlclqpl NXnEÇXNPLlvlpnenk nk lmgkléåd n Alhn+gm lcnlxõpgd#ml admxn Ililkdmh-

8¿ L vlclqpl un adpkl# klu måd agel nuxìxgel-Klmxnk ~k kdqgknmxd v~culmxnn l cnxpl –n‛ edmxgm~l k~hlmhd hn admxn#edkd un xnmxluun un nmedmxplp-

>¿ Ulnk du d`onxdu nk alhn+d~x lcnlxõpgd-

1¿ Ulnk lu cnxplu nk alhn+d~x lcnlxõpgd#klu vnpklmnen d –n‛ k~hlmhd hn admxn-

9¿ Ulg d –n‛ nk alhn-

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8< 

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80 

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85 

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 _gklchdF|~lmxledk~mgeléåd-edk

Ujwvn? zgklchd-`lexnpgl

kum$ixlcj? zgklchdFiklgc-edk

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nqnpw xbgmiu wd~ xd~eb-

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 yyy-|~lmxledk~mgeleld-edk